Datasets:

BrightData
/

Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 140k rows

url stringlengths 31 184	title stringlengths 1 146 ⌀	table_of_contents stringlengths 2 24.4k	raw_text stringlengths 16 424k ⌀	cataloged_text stringlengths 2 1.2M	images stringlengths 2 86.9k	see_also stringlengths 2 149k ⌀	references stringlengths 2 542k	external_links stringlengths 2 292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kego_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota	Kego Township, Cass County, Minnesota	["1 Geography","1.1 Major highways","1.2 Lakes","1.3 Adjacent townships","1.4 Cemeteries","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 47°0′20″N 94°12′41″W / 47.00556°N 94.21139°W / 47.00556; -94.21139"Kego" redirects here. It is also Japanese for young silkworm. Township in Minnesota, United StatesKego Township, MinnesotaTownshipKego Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaKego Township, MinnesotaKego Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 47°0′20″N 94°12′41″W / 47.00556°N 94.21139°W / 47.00556; -94.21139CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyCassArea • Total36.2 sq mi (93.8 km2) • Land31.6 sq mi (81.8 km2) • Water4.6 sq mi (12.0 km2)Elevation1,365 ft (416 m)Population (2000) • Total465 • Density14.7/sq mi (5.7/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code56655Area code218FIPS code27-32588GNIS feature ID0664606 Kego Township is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 465 as of the 2000 census. Kego is a name derived from the Ojibwe language, meaning "fish". Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (94 km2), of which 31.6 square miles (82 km2) is land and 4.6 square miles (12 km2) (12.81%) is water. The city of Longville is located entirely within Kego Township geographically but is a separate entity. Major highways Minnesota State Highway 84 Minnesota State Highway 200 Lakes Blot Lake Boxell Lake Boxnell Lake Bullhead Lake Carnahan Lake County Lake Craig Lake (north three-quarters) Crown Lake Football Lake Ford Lake (west edge) Gijik Lake Girl Lake (vast majority) Gooseberry Lake Kego Lake Little Silver Lake (vast majority) Long Lake Long Lake (west three-quarters) Lundeen Lake Maple Lake Marshall Lake Nellie Lake (north three-quarters) Silver Lake (east edge) Tadpole Lake Tamarack Lake Three Island Lake Town Line Lake (south half) Woman Lake (north edge) Adjacent townships Boy Lake Township (north) Rogers Township (northeast) Inguadona Township (east) Wabedo Township (south) Woodrow Township (southwest) Pine Lake Township (west) Cemeteries The township contains the following cemeteries: Riverside and Saint Edwards. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 465 people, 200 households, and 138 families residing in the township. The population density was 14.7 inhabitants per square mile (5.7/km2). There were 628 housing units at an average density of 19.9 per square mile (7.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 85.38% White, 13.12% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 1.29% from two or more races. There were 200 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.78. In the township the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $30,750, and the median income for a family was $35,481. Males had a median income of $25,972 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,598. About 11.7% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over. References United States National Atlas United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS) ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census website". Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 89. vteMunicipalities and communities of Cass County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: WalkerCities Backus Bena Boy River Cass Lake Chickamaw Beach East Gull Lake Federal Dam Hackensack Lake Shore Longville Motley‡ Pillager Pine River Remer Walker Map of Minnesota highlighting Cass CountyTownships Ansel Barclay Becker Beulah Birch Lake Blind Lake Boy Lake Boy River Bull Moose Bungo Byron Crooked Lake Deerfield Fairview Gould Hiram Home Brook Inguadona Kego Leech Lake Lima Loon Lake Maple May McKinley Meadow Brook Moose Lake Otter Tail Peninsula Pike Bay Pine Lake Pine River Ponto Lake Poplar Powers Remer Rogers Salem Shingobee Slater Smoky Hollow Sylvan Thunder Lake Torrey Trelipe Turtle Lake Wabedo Walden Wilkinson Wilson Woodrow Unorganizedterritories East Cass North Cass North Central Cass Wahnena CDP Whipholt Unincorporatedcommunities Ah-gwah-ching Brevik Bridgeman Casino Ellis Esterdy Graff Inguadona Leader Leech Lake Mae Mildred Onigum Oshawa Outing Pontoria Raboin Ryan Village Schley Snowball Sylvan Tobique Wabedo Wilkinson Indianreservation Leech Lake Indian Reservation‡ Ghost town Cuba Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silkworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm"},{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Kego\" redirects here. It is also Japanese for young silkworm.Township in Minnesota, United StatesKego Township is a township in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 465 as of the 2000 census.[3] Kego is a name derived from the Ojibwe language, meaning \"fish\".[4]","title":"Kego Township, Cass County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Longville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longville,_Minnesota"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (94 km2), of which 31.6 square miles (82 km2) is land and 4.6 square miles (12 km2) (12.81%) is water.The city of Longville is located entirely within Kego Township geographically but is a separate entity.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MN-84.svg"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State Highway 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MN-200.svg"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State Highway 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_200"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Minnesota State Highway 84\n Minnesota State Highway 200","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lakes","text":"Blot Lake\nBoxell Lake\nBoxnell Lake\nBullhead Lake\nCarnahan Lake\nCounty Lake\nCraig Lake (north three-quarters)\nCrown Lake\nFootball Lake\nFord Lake (west edge)\nGijik Lake\nGirl Lake (vast majority)\nGooseberry Lake\nKego Lake\nLittle Silver Lake (vast majority)\nLong Lake\nLong Lake (west three-quarters)\nLundeen Lake\nMaple Lake\nMarshall Lake\nNellie Lake (north three-quarters)\nSilver Lake (east edge)\nTadpole Lake\nTamarack Lake\nThree Island Lake\nTown Line Lake (south half)\nWoman Lake (north edge)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boy Lake Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Lake_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Rogers Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Inguadona Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguadona_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Wabedo Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabedo_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Pine Lake Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Lake_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent townships","text":"Boy Lake Township (north)\nRogers Township (northeast)\nInguadona Township (east)\nWabedo Township (south)\nWoodrow Township (southwest)\nPine Lake Township (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cemeteries","text":"The township contains the following cemeteries: Riverside and Saint Edwards.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 465 people, 200 households, and 138 families residing in the township. The population density was 14.7 inhabitants per square mile (5.7/km2). There were 628 housing units at an average density of 19.9 per square mile (7.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 85.38% White, 13.12% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 1.29% from two or more races.There were 200 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.78.In the township the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.The median income for a household in the township was $30,750, and the median income for a family was $35,481. Males had a median income of $25,972 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,598. About 11.7% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Cass County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Cass_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Cass_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". Retrieved January 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n108","url_text":"89"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kego_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota&params=47_0_20_N_94_12_41_W_region:US-MN_type:city(465)","external_links_name":"47°0′20″N 94°12′41″W / 47.00556°N 94.21139°W / 47.00556; -94.21139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kego_Township,_Cass_County,_Minnesota&params=47_0_20_N_94_12_41_W_region:US-MN_type:city(465)","external_links_name":"47°0′20″N 94°12′41″W / 47.00556°N 94.21139°W / 47.00556; -94.21139"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020547/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/","external_links_name":"United States National Atlas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405165306/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tgrshp2007/tgrshp2007.html","external_links_name":"United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/domestic/","external_links_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS)"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n108","external_links_name":"89"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cut,_London	The Cut, London	["1 Street market","2 References"]	Coordinates: 51°30′12.3″N 0°6′24.6″W / 51.503417°N 0.106833°W / 51.503417; -0.106833Street in London, England The Old Vic theatre, at the western end of the Cut in Lambeth The Young Vic theatre, halfway along the northern side of the Cut The Cut (formerly New Cut) is a street in London which runs between Waterloo Road in Lambeth and Blackfriars Road in Southwark, approximately parallel to the South Eastern Railway. The Old Vic theatre is at the western (Lambeth) end, and the more experimental Young Vic theatre halfway along on the other side. Lewisham Southwark College is sited on the south side of the Cut and at the eastern (Southwark) end is Southwark Underground station. Waterloo and Waterloo East stations are also nearby. Street market Lower Marsh and the Cut formed the commercial heart of the area from the early 19th century. Henry Mayhew estimated in the 1840s that 300 costermongers attended the market here. He described the scene in his work London Labour and the London Poor: THE LONDON STREET MARKETS ON A SATURDAY NIGHT. The street sellers are to be seen in the greatest numbers at the London street markets on a Saturday night. Here, and in the shops immediately adjoining, the working-classes generally purchase their Sunday's dinner ... on Saturday night, or early on Sunday morning, the New-cut, and the Brill in particular, is almost impassable. Indeed, the scene in these parts has more of the character of a fair than a market. There are hundreds of stalls, and every stall has its one or two lights ... these, with the sparkling ground-glass globes of the tea-dealers' shops, and the butchers' gaslights streaming and fluttering in the wind, like flags of flame, pour forth such a flood of light, that at a distance the atmosphere immediately above the spot is as lurid as if the street were on fire. ... This stall is green and white with bunches of turnips—that red with apples, the next yellow with onions, and another purple with pickling cabbages. One minute you pass a man with an umbrella turned inside up and full of prints; next, you hear one with a peepshow of Mazeppa, and Paul Jones the pirate, describing the pictures to the boys looking in at the little round windows. Then is heard the sharp snap of the percussion-cap from the crowd of lads firing at the target for nuts; and the moment afterwards, you see either a black man half-clad in white, and shivering in the cold with tracts in his hand, or else you hear the sounds of music from Frazier's Circus ... Such, indeed, is the riot, the struggle, and the scramble for a living, that the confusion and uproar of the New-cut on Saturday night have a bewildering and saddening effect upon the thoughtful mind. The fortunes of the street market changed rapidly with time. In 1851 Mayhew wrote: "Since the above description was written, the New Cut has lost much of its noisy and brilliant glory. In consequence of a New Police regulation, "stands" or "pitches" have been forbidden, and each coster, on a market night, is now obliged, under pain of the lock-up house, to carry his tray, or keep moving with his barrow. The gay stalls have been replaced by deal boards, some sodden With wet fish, others stained purple with blackberries, or brown with walnut-peel; and the bright lamps are almost totally superseded by the dim, guttering candle. Even the pole under the tray or "shallow" is resting on the ground, the policeman on duty is obliged to interfere. The mob of purchasers has diminished one-half; and instead of the road being filled with customers and trucks, the pavement and kerb-stones are scarcely crowded." The market in the Cut continued until the 1950s, when the street was designated as the B300 thoroughfare between Borough High Street and Westminster Bridge Road; the remaining traders moved to Lower Marsh where some street stalls continue (to 2019), or to new shops rebuilt on the bombed sites. A boxing gymnasium situated above a pub on the Cut is alleged to be where the modern rules for the sport of boxing were penned. The street is also now home to a range of restaurants, shops and offices. References ^ The London Street-Folk. Vol. 1. London, UK: George Woodfall and Son. 1851. Retrieved 30 September 2013.Volume 1 E-Text. hdl:10427/53837 – via Tufts Digital Library. vteRestaurants in LondonCurrent A. Wong Ace Cafe Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester Angus Steakhouse Bar Italia Bel Canto Bentley's Oyster Bar and Grill The Blues Kitchen Bob Bob Ricard Bocca di Lupo Bombay Brasserie Bread Street Kitchen Captain Kidd Casa Tua Camden Chez Bruce Chiltern Firehouse China Tang Chutney Mary Cipriani S.A. Club Gascon Colony Côte The Cube D&D London Dell Restaurant Din Tai Fung Dinner by Heston Blumenthal Dishoom East India Arms Elystan Street L'Escargot The French House, Soho The Fryer's Delight Galvin at Windows Le Gavroche Goat, Chelsea Gordon Ramsay Plane Food Gourmet Burger Kitchen Grodzinski Bakery Hakkasan Hampshire Hog Hard Rock Cafe Harry's Bar Hawksmoor itsu The Ivy Joe Allen Kai Mayfair Kerbisher & Malt Kettner's Townhouse Kitchen Table Langan's Brasserie The Ledbury Leon Restaurants Lima Locanda Locatelli Mark's Club Mash Mon Plaisir Murano Nando's Nobu Berkeley St Pétrus Pied à Terre PizzaExpress Polish Hearth Club Pollen Street Social Pret a Manger Prospect of Whitby Quaglino's Quo Vadis Regency Cafe Restaurant Gordon Ramsay The River Café Rules St. John San Lorenzo Scandinavian Kitchen Scoff & Banter Kensington Scott's Seashell of Lisson Grove Sexy Fish Simpson's-in-the-Strand sketch Sofra Sticks'n'Sushi Sweetings Tamarind Tokyo Diner La Trompette Veeraswamy Wagamama Wasabi The Wolseley Wong Kei Yauatcha Zafferano Zaika Zuma Defunct Angela Hartnett at The Connaught L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Aubergine L'Autre Pied Bincho Bloom's restaurant The Blue Cockatoo Café Monico The Capital Restaurant Le Caprice Cereal Killer Cafe The Chicago Pizza Pie Factory Cranks Dickie Fitz Food for Thought Fuzzy's Grub Gaby's Deli The Gay Hussar Gilgamesh Gioconda coffee bar Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's Granita Grecian Coffee House Harveys Herman ze German Hibiscus Hindoostane Coffee House Hotel Café Royal InSpiral Lounge Isow's Kuo Yuan Lee Ho Fook Maison Novelli The Mangrove Minerva Café Mirabelle Mont Blanc Restaurant La Noisette The Nosh Bar Pall Mall Restaurant Parsons Restaurant Pearce & Plenty Pharmacy Pinoli's Restaurant The Restaurant Marco Pierre White Rhodes Twenty Four Rhodes W1 Roussillon Les Saveurs de Jean-Christophe Novelli The Square La Tante Claire Titanic Tom Aikens Union Street Café Vineet Bhatia London Related Chinatown, London The Cut, London Greek Street 51°30′12.3″N 0°6′24.6″W / 51.503417°N 0.106833°W / 51.503417; -0.106833 This London road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterloo_the_old_vic_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Vic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Young Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Vic"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Road"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(England)"},{"link_name":"Old Vic theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"Young Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Vic"},{"link_name":"Lewisham Southwark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham_Southwark_College"},{"link_name":"Southwark Underground station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"link_name":"Waterloo East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_East_railway_station"}],"text":"Street in London, EnglandThe Old Vic theatre, at the western end of the Cut in LambethThe Young Vic theatre, halfway along the northern side of the CutThe Cut (formerly New Cut) is a street in London which runs between Waterloo Road in Lambeth and Blackfriars Road in Southwark, approximately parallel to the South Eastern Railway. The Old Vic theatre is at the western (Lambeth) end, and the more experimental Young Vic theatre halfway along on the other side. Lewisham Southwark College is sited on the south side of the Cut and at the eastern (Southwark) end is Southwark Underground station. Waterloo and Waterloo East stations are also nearby.","title":"The Cut, London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Henry Mayhew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mayhew"},{"link_name":"costermongers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costermonger"},{"link_name":"London Labour and the London Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Labour_and_the_London_Poor"},{"link_name":"Mazeppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa"},{"link_name":"Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones"},{"link_name":"New Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"B300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_3_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"Borough High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_High_Street"},{"link_name":"Westminster Bridge Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Bridge_Road"},{"link_name":"Lower Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Marsh"},{"link_name":"the modern rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules"}],"text":"Lower Marsh and the Cut formed the commercial heart of the area from the early 19th century. Henry Mayhew estimated in the 1840s that 300 costermongers attended the market here. He described the scene in his work London Labour and the London Poor:THE LONDON STREET MARKETS ON A SATURDAY NIGHT. \nThe street sellers are to be seen in the greatest numbers at the London street markets on a Saturday night. Here, and in the shops immediately adjoining, the working-classes generally purchase their Sunday's dinner ... on Saturday night, or early on Sunday morning, the New-cut, and the Brill in particular, is almost impassable. \nIndeed, the scene in these parts has more of the character of a fair than a market. There are hundreds of stalls, and every stall has its one or two lights ... these, with the sparkling ground-glass globes of the tea-dealers' shops, and the butchers' gaslights streaming and fluttering in the wind, like flags of flame, pour forth such a flood of light, that at a distance the atmosphere immediately above the spot is as lurid as if the street were on fire. ...\n\nThis stall is green and white with bunches of turnips—that red with apples, the next yellow with onions, and another purple with pickling cabbages. One minute you pass a man with an umbrella turned inside up and full of prints; next, you hear one with a peepshow of Mazeppa, and Paul Jones the pirate, describing the pictures to the boys looking in at the little round windows. Then is heard the sharp snap of the percussion-cap from the crowd of lads firing at the target for nuts; and the moment afterwards, you see either a black man half-clad in white, and shivering in the cold with tracts in his hand, or else you hear the sounds of music from Frazier's Circus ... Such, indeed, is the riot, the struggle, and the scramble for a living, that the confusion and uproar of the New-cut on Saturday night have a bewildering and saddening effect upon the thoughtful mind.The fortunes of the street market changed rapidly with time. In 1851 Mayhew wrote: \"Since the above description was written, the New Cut has lost much of its noisy and brilliant glory. In consequence of a New Police regulation, \"stands\" or \"pitches\" have been forbidden, and each coster, on a market night, is now obliged, under pain of the lock-up house, to carry his tray, or keep moving with his barrow. The gay stalls have been replaced by deal boards, some sodden With wet fish, others stained purple with blackberries, or brown with walnut-peel; and the bright lamps are almost totally superseded by the dim, guttering candle. Even the pole under the tray or \"shallow\" is resting on the ground, the policeman on duty is obliged to interfere. The mob of purchasers has diminished one-half; and instead of the road being filled with customers and trucks, the pavement and kerb-stones are scarcely crowded.\"[1]The market in the Cut continued until the 1950s, when the street was designated as the B300 thoroughfare between Borough High Street and Westminster Bridge Road; the remaining traders moved to Lower Marsh where some street stalls continue (to 2019), or to new shops rebuilt on the bombed sites.A boxing gymnasium situated above a pub on the Cut is alleged to be where the modern rules for the sport of boxing were penned. The street is also now home to a range of restaurants, shops and offices.","title":"Street market"}]	[{"image_text":"The Old Vic theatre, at the western end of the Cut in Lambeth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Waterloo_the_old_vic_1.jpg/220px-Waterloo_the_old_vic_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Young Vic theatre, halfway along the northern side of the Cut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Young_Vic.jpg/220px-Young_Vic.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"The London Street-Folk. Vol. 1. London, UK: George Woodfall and Son. 1851. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924092592751","url_text":"The London Street-Folk"}]},{"reference":"Volume 1 E-Text. hdl:10427/53837 – via Tufts Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://dl.tufts.edu/catalog/","url_text":"Volume 1 E-Text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10427%2F53837","url_text":"10427/53837"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Cut,_London&params=51_30_12.3_N_0_6_24.6_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°30′12.3″N 0°6′24.6″W / 51.503417°N 0.106833°W / 51.503417; -0.106833"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924092592751","external_links_name":"The London Street-Folk"},{"Link":"http://dl.tufts.edu/catalog/","external_links_name":"Volume 1 E-Text"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10427%2F53837","external_links_name":"10427/53837"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Cut,_London&params=51_30_12.3_N_0_6_24.6_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°30′12.3″N 0°6′24.6″W / 51.503417°N 0.106833°W / 51.503417; -0.106833"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cut,_London&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford,_Tasmania	Guildford, Tasmania	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Road infrastructure","4 Bibliography","5 See also","6 References"]	Coordinates: 41°27′20″S 145°41′31″E / 41.4555°S 145.6920°E / -41.4555; 145.6920 Town in Tasmania, AustraliaGuildfordTasmaniaGuildfordCoordinates41°27′20″S 145°41′31″E / 41.4555°S 145.6920°E / -41.4555; 145.6920Populationnil (2016 census)Postcode(s)7321Location81 km (50 mi) S of WynyardLGA(s)Waratah–WynyardRegionNorth-west and westState electorate(s)BraddonFederal division(s)Braddon Localities around Guildford: West Coast Hampshire, Parrawe Loyetea Waratah, West Coast Guildford Loongana, Middlesex West Coast West Coast Middlesex Guildford is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Waratah–Wynyard in the North-west and west LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 81 kilometres (50 mi) south of the town of Wynyard. The 2016 census has a population of nil for the state suburb of Guildford. History Guildford was gazetted as a locality in 1974. It was a railway station and junction on the Emu Bay Railway in West Coast Tasmania. It was an important junction to the Waratah Branch (Mount Bischoff) railway, and in turn a connection to the 2-foot (0.61 m) gauge Magnet Tramway (Operating 1901 to 1910s). The station and associated buildings no longer exist. Geography The Arthur River forms part of the western boundary. The Hellyer River rises in the south of the locality and flows through to the north. Road infrastructure The Murchison Highway (Route A10) passes through from north-west to south. Route B18 (Ridgley Highway) starts at an intersection with A10 and runs north-east until it exits. Route B23 (Waratah Road) starts at an intersection with A10 and runs south-west until it exits. Route C132 (Belvoir Road) passes through the south-east corner of the locality. Bibliography Atkinson, H.K. (1991). Railway Tickets of Tasmania. ISBN 0-9598718-7-X. Rae, Lou (1997). The Emu Bay Railway. ISBN 0-9592098-6-7. Along the Line in Tasmania. Book 2. Private Lines. Traction Publications. 1972. ISBN 0-85829-003-0. See also Australia portalTransport portal Railways on the West Coast of Tasmania References ^ a b "2016 Census Quick Stats Guildford (Tas.)". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ a b "Placenames Tasmania – Guildford". Placenames Tasmania. Select “Search”, enter "1027K", click “Search”, select row, map is displayed, click “Details”. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ Google (13 September 2020). "Guildford, Tasmania" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ "Tasmanian Road Route Codes" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment. May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020. vteWestern region of Tasmania, AustraliaCities andother settlements Queenstown Crotty Darwin Dundas Gormanston Guildford Linda Pillinger Regatta Point Rosebery Strahan Tullah Waratah Williamsford Zeehan Governance Braddon (federal) Braddon (state) Franklin Land District Montgomery Land District Montagu Land District West Coast Council Lyell Murchison Zeehan MountainsWestCoastRange Black Darwin Dundas Heemskirk Huxley Jukes Lyell Murchison Owen Read Read Volcanics Sedgwick Sorell Strahan Zeehan Tyndall Geikie Tyndall Eldon Eldon Peak Engineer unnamed peak Raglan unnamed peak Sticht unnamed peak National parks Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Rivers Anne Anthony Franklin Gordon Henty King Lea Mackintosh Murchison Pieman Queen Sophia Lakes Beatrice Burbury Dora Gordon Mackintosh Margaret Murchison Pieman Rosebery Westwood Dams Crotty Darwin Gordon Power stations Anthony Power Development Bastyan Gordon John Butters Lake Margaret Mackintosh Reece Tribute Transport Anthony Road Hercules Haulage Lyell Highway Murchison Highway Queenstown Airport Strahan Airport Railways Emu Bay Macquarie Heads breakwater Melba Mount Dundas – Zeehan North East Dundas North Mount Lyell Strahan–Zeehan Wee Georgie Wood West Coast Wilderness Locomotives and rolling stock TGR G class (1896) TGR K class Railway stations andformer railway stations Queenstown Regatta Point Zeehan LandmarksNatural Birchs Inlet Cape Sorell Darwin Crater Granville Harbour Hells Gates Iron Blow Kelly Basin Linda Valley Macquarie Harbour Montezuma Falls Nelson Falls Ocean Beach Trial Harbour Man-made Cape Sorell Lighthouse Gaiety Theatre Galley Museum Paragon Theatre Queenstown Oval People of note Convicts on the West Coast Crotty Davey Gould Joyce Long Moore Pearce Piguenit Piners Rae Sticht Whitham Mining Comstock Mine Copper Mines Henty Gold Mine Mount Jukes Mine sites Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company Mount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program North Mount Lyell North Mount Lyell Disaster (1912) Renison Bell Stichtite West Coast Tasmania Mines Books andnewspapers For the Term of His Natural Life Gould's Book of Fish The Peaks of Lyell Walk to the West Western Tasmania: A land of Riches and Beauty Zeehan and Dundas Herald The West Coast Miner Other Darwin glass The Unconformity Round Earth Theatre Company Tasmanian West bioregion Western Tasmanian Football Association Western Tasmanian languages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waratah–Wynyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waratah%E2%80%93Wynyard_Council"},{"link_name":"North-west and west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-west_and_west_LGA_Region"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Wynyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynyard,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016Y-1"}],"text":"Town in Tasmania, AustraliaGuildford is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Waratah–Wynyard in the North-west and west LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 81 kilometres (50 mi) south of the town of Wynyard. The 2016 census has a population of nil for the state suburb of Guildford.[1]","title":"Guildford, Tasmania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Placename-2"},{"link_name":"Emu Bay Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Line,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Magnet Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Tramway"}],"text":"Guildford was gazetted as a locality in 1974.[2]\nIt was a railway station and junction on the Emu Bay Railway in West Coast Tasmania.\nIt was an important junction to the Waratah Branch (Mount Bischoff) railway, and in turn a connection to the 2-foot (0.61 m) gauge Magnet Tramway (Operating 1901 to 1910s). The station and associated buildings no longer exist.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_River_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Hellyer River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellyer_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Arthur River forms part of the western boundary. The Hellyer River rises in the south of the locality and flows through to the north.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murchison Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_Highway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Placename-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Murchison Highway (Route A10) passes through from north-west to south. Route B18 (Ridgley Highway) starts at an intersection with A10 and runs north-east until it exits. Route B23 (Waratah Road) starts at an intersection with A10 and runs south-west until it exits. Route C132 (Belvoir Road) passes through the south-east corner of the locality.[2][4]","title":"Road infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9598718-7-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9598718-7-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9592098-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9592098-6-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85829-003-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85829-003-0"}],"text":"Atkinson, H.K. (1991). Railway Tickets of Tasmania. ISBN 0-9598718-7-X.\nRae, Lou (1997). The Emu Bay Railway. ISBN 0-9592098-6-7.\nAlong the Line in Tasmania. Book 2. Private Lines. Traction Publications. 1972. ISBN 0-85829-003-0.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"Railways on the West Coast of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania"}]	[{"reference":"Atkinson, H.K. (1991). Railway Tickets of Tasmania. ISBN 0-9598718-7-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9598718-7-X","url_text":"0-9598718-7-X"}]},{"reference":"Rae, Lou (1997). The Emu Bay Railway. ISBN 0-9592098-6-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9592098-6-7","url_text":"0-9592098-6-7"}]},{"reference":"Along the Line in Tasmania. Book 2. Private Lines. Traction Publications. 1972. ISBN 0-85829-003-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85829-003-0","url_text":"0-85829-003-0"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Guildford (Tas.)\". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC60253?opendocument","url_text":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Guildford (Tas.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Guildford\". Placenames Tasmania. Select “Search”, enter \"1027K\", click “Search”, select row, map is displayed, click “Details”. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1","url_text":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Guildford\""}]},{"reference":"Google (13 September 2020). \"Guildford, Tasmania\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/UEGGJCFhAzJQ4ddN7","url_text":"\"Guildford, Tasmania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Tasmanian Road Route Codes\" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment. May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112712/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf","url_text":"\"Tasmanian Road Route Codes\""},{"url":"https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guildford,_Tasmania&params=41.4555_S_145.692_E_type:city_region:AU-TAS","external_links_name":"41°27′20″S 145°41′31″E / 41.4555°S 145.6920°E / -41.4555; 145.6920"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guildford,_Tasmania&params=41.4555_S_145.692_E_type:city_region:AU-TAS","external_links_name":"41°27′20″S 145°41′31″E / 41.4555°S 145.6920°E / -41.4555; 145.6920"},{"Link":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC60253?opendocument","external_links_name":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Guildford (Tas.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1","external_links_name":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Guildford\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/UEGGJCFhAzJQ4ddN7","external_links_name":"\"Guildford, Tasmania\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112712/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tasmanian Road Route Codes\""},{"Link":"https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howick,_Northumberland	Howick, Northumberland	["1 Governance","2 Landmarks","3 Notable people","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°27′04″N 1°35′53″W / 55.451°N 1.598°W / 55.451; -1.598 Human settlement in EnglandHowickHowickHowickLocation within NorthumberlandOS grid referenceNU2551Civil parishLonghoughtonUnitary authorityNorthumberlandCeremonial countyNorthumberlandRegionNorth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townALNWICKPostcode districtNE66Dialling code01665PoliceNorthumbriaFireNorthumberlandAmbulanceNorth East UK ParliamentBerwick-upon-Tweed List of places UK England Northumberland 55°27′04″N 1°35′53″W / 55.451°N 1.598°W / 55.451; -1.598 Howick (/ˈhoʊɪk/ HOH-ik) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Longhoughton, in Northumberland, England, between Boulmer and Craster. It is just inland from the North Sea, into which Howick Burn flows from Howick Hall. In 1951 the parish had a population of 246. Governance On 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished and merged with Longhoughton. Landmarks Howick Hall Howick Hall was the seat of the Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, after whom the famous tea is named. The original Earl Grey tea was specially blended by a Chinese mandarin to suit the water at Howick, and was later marketed by Twinings. Howick Hall Gardens & Arboretum are open to the public. Howick is the namesake of the nearby Mesolithic Howick house archaeological site. Notable people Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after whom the tea is named, had his seat at Howick Hall. Fred Taylor, Halley Professor of Physics at Oxford University, grew up in the village from age 5. Notes ^ Not, as commonly believed, /hɔɪk/ HOYK as in Hawick. The pronunciation varies among the inhabitants, depending on social class; the aristocrats in the Hall use "Hoh-ick" but the villagers invariably use "How-ick". References ^ "Population statistics Howick AP/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 17 January 2022. ^ "Relationships and changes Howick AP/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 17 January 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Howick, Northumberland. Howick Hall Gardens site GENUKI (Accessed: 22 November 2008) vtePopulated coastal places in Northumberland AnticlockwiseCraster Howick ClockwiseBoulmer This Northumberland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈhoʊɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"HOH-ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Longhoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhoughton"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Boulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulmer"},{"link_name":"Craster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craster"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Howick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howick_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandHowick (/ˈhoʊɪk/ HOH-ik)[a] is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Longhoughton, in Northumberland, England, between Boulmer and Craster. It is just inland from the North Sea, into which Howick Burn flows from Howick Hall. In 1951 the parish had a population of 246.[1]","title":"Howick, Northumberland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished and merged with Longhoughton.[2]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howick_Hall_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"Earl Grey tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea"},{"link_name":"Twinings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinings"},{"link_name":"Howick house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howick_house"}],"text":"Howick HallHowick Hall was the seat of the Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, after whom the famous tea is named. The original Earl Grey tea was specially blended by a Chinese mandarin to suit the water at Howick, and was later marketed by Twinings. Howick Hall Gardens & Arboretum are open to the public.Howick is the namesake of the nearby Mesolithic Howick house archaeological site.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"Fred Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Taylor_(physicist)"}],"text":"Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after whom the tea is named, had his seat at Howick Hall.\nFred Taylor, Halley Professor of Physics at Oxford University, grew up in the village from age 5.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"/hɔɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"HOYK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ Not, as commonly believed, /hɔɪk/ HOYK as in Hawick. The pronunciation varies among the inhabitants, depending on social class; the aristocrats in the Hall use \"Hoh-ick\" but the villagers invariably use \"How-ick\".[citation needed]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Howick Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Howick_Hall_01.jpg/220px-Howick_Hall_01.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population statistics Howick AP/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10319213/cube/TOT_POP","url_text":"\"Population statistics Howick AP/CP through time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain_through_Time","url_text":"A Vision of Britain through Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Relationships and changes Howick AP/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10319213","url_text":"\"Relationships and changes Howick AP/CP through time\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Howick,_Northumberland&params=55.451_N_1.598_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°27′04″N 1°35′53″W / 55.451°N 1.598°W / 55.451; -1.598"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Howick,_Northumberland&params=55.751729_N_1.603279_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Howick","external_links_name":"NU2551"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Howick,_Northumberland&params=55.451_N_1.598_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°27′04″N 1°35′53″W / 55.451°N 1.598°W / 55.451; -1.598"},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10319213/cube/TOT_POP","external_links_name":"\"Population statistics Howick AP/CP through time\""},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10319213","external_links_name":"\"Relationships and changes Howick AP/CP through time\""},{"Link":"http://www.howickhallgardens.org/","external_links_name":"Howick Hall Gardens site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108093140/http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Howick/index.html","external_links_name":"GENUKI"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howick,_Northumberland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Farm,_Vermont	Fletcher Farm School	["1 Location","2 School history","3 Programs","4 References","5 Sources"]	Coordinates: 43°23′20″N 72°39′46″W / 43.388790°N 72.662851°W / 43.388790; -72.662851Vocational (arts and crafts) school in the United StatesFletcher Farm SchoolLocationLudlow, VermontUnited StatesCoordinates43°23′20″N 72°39′46″W / 43.388790°N 72.662851°W / 43.388790; -72.662851InformationTypeVocational (arts and crafts)Established1948Enrollment40–80 per weekWebsitewww.fletcherfarm.org The Fletcher Farm School is an arts and crafts school in Ludlow, Vermont, USA, operated by the non-profit Society of Vermont Artists and Craftsmen. Courses are given on weekends in winter and spring, and during the summer. The school teaches a broad range of skills including fiber arts, woodworking, pottery, jewelry and photography. Location The school is on Vermont Route 103 between Ludlow and Proctorsville. It lies in Vermont's beautiful Green Mountains. The property is at the east end of the village of Ludlow. It was settled in 1783 by Jesse Fletcher and Lucy Keyes. The first frame house they built is said to be the oldest in the town. In 1805 they built a larger addition. Both were still in use as of 2014. The property stayed in the family, and successive owners added buildings. These include barns and cabins where visitors can stay during summer courses. At other times students can stay in Ludlow. The Society of Vermont Artists and Craftsmen runs a small arts-and-crafts store at the school in summer. School history Allen M. Fletcher, a banker, was governor of Vermont in 1912–15. His widow and daughters gave the property to the YWCA in 1928 for use as a training school. The program did not succeed and in 1933 the YWCA returned the property to the Fletchers. Later that year a non-profit educational foundation was formed named Fletcher Farm Inc. It was given the property, including the buildings and about 400 acres (160 ha) of meadows and forest, on condition that the property should always by used for educational purposes. The original trustees included Dorothy Canfield Fisher and Robert Frost. The school gave various adult education courses over the next fifteen years. For example, in the summer of 1934 Grace Coyle organized a two-week group work institute for forty YWCA and settlement house workers at Fletcher Farm. In 1935 two theologians, Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman, spent ten days at a religious retreat at Fletcher Farm. In 1955, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his doctoral dissertation on the differences in the two men's views of God. In 1948 the farmhouse, sugar house and barns were leased to the non-profit Society of Vermont Craftsmen. They have operated the Fletcher Farm Craft School ever since. The noted weaver Berta Frey was an instructor at the Fletcher Farm School in the early years. Irene Slater taught at the school in the 1950s, described as a "professional decorator, specializing in the reproduction of reverse painting of old clock and mirror glasses. Collector of original pieces." Ronald Alfred Slayton taught summer courses at the school in the 1950s and 1960s, where he developed a naturalistic style of watercolor painting, rich in color. Joseph Skinger taught jewelry for several years at the school. Programs Students are generally mature adults. Fees cover food and lodging, tuition and studio space. The school offers the oldest and most respected crafts program in Vermont. Subjects have included off-loom weaving, wooden-spoon carving, quilting, pottery, bookbinding and gourd or birch-bark vessel design. In 2014 the Winter/Spring classes included basketry, fiber arts, fine arts and photography, jewelry and lapidary. The summer courses included basketry, clay, early American decoration, fiber arts, fine arts and photography, glass, jewelry, quilting and fabrics, specialty arts and crafts and wood and woodcarving. References ^ a b c Berman 2008, p. 84. ^ a b c d Rogers & Rogers 2006, p. 168. ^ a b c d History of the Fletcher Family... ^ Alissi 2008, p. 16. ^ Morrissey 1984, p. 214. ^ Norris 1979, p. 3. ^ Clause 2012, p. 185. ^ Duffy, Hand & Orth 2003, p. 271. ^ Stead 2007. ^ Tree & Carter 2012, p. 62. ^ Classes, Fletcher Farm School. Sources Alissi, Albert S. (2008-06-30). Perspectives on Social Group Work Practice. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-1964-8. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Berman, Eleanor (2008-08-03). Traveling Solo. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5200-3. Retrieved 2014-07-20. "Classes". Fletcher Farm School. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Clause, Bonnie Tocher (2012). Edward Hopper in Vermont. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-61168-328-8. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Duffy, John J.; Hand, Samuel B.; Orth, Ralph H. (2003). The Vermont Encyclopedia. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-58465-086-7. Retrieved 2014-07-20. "History of the Fletcher Family and our lovely Campus". Fletcher Farm School. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Morrissey, Charles T. (1984-12-17). Vermont: A History. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-34871-2. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Norris, J.A. (1979). The Book of Giving – A History of The Ontario Handweavers and Spinners, 1956–1979. Toronto: Ontario Handweavers and Spinners. ISBN 0-9690137-0-1. Rogers, Barbara Radcliffe; Rogers, Stillman (2006-10-01). Vermont. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-4214-1. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Stead, Nancy Wolfe (11 January 2007). "Skinger family's history at museum". Stowe Today. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Tree, Christina; Carter, Rachel (2012-09-17). Explorer's Guide Vermont (Thirteenth Edition) (Explorer's Complete). Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-773-0. Retrieved 2014-07-20.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludlow, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_(town),_Vermont"}],"text":"Vocational (arts and crafts) school in the United StatesThe Fletcher Farm School is an arts and crafts school in Ludlow, Vermont, USA, operated by the non-profit Society of Vermont Artists and Craftsmen.\nCourses are given on weekends in winter and spring, and during the summer. \nThe school teaches a broad range of skills including fiber arts, woodworking, pottery, jewelry and photography.","title":"Fletcher Farm School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vermont Route 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Route_103"},{"link_name":"Proctorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctorsville,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersRogers2006168-2"},{"link_name":"Green Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman200884-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_the_Fletcher_Family...-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersRogers2006168-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersRogers2006168-2"}],"text":"The school is on Vermont Route 103 between Ludlow and Proctorsville.[2]\nIt lies in Vermont's beautiful Green Mountains.[1]\nThe property is at the east end of the village of Ludlow. It was settled in 1783 by Jesse Fletcher and Lucy Keyes. \nThe first frame house they built is said to be the oldest in the town. In 1805 they built a larger addition. Both were still in use as of 2014. \nThe property stayed in the family, and successive owners added buildings.[3]\nThese include barns and cabins where visitors can stay during summer courses.[2]\nAt other times students can stay in Ludlow. The Society of Vermont Artists and Craftsmen runs a small arts-and-crafts store at the school in summer.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen M. Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_M._Fletcher"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Canfield Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Canfield_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Robert Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_the_Fletcher_Family...-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_the_Fletcher_Family...-3"},{"link_name":"Grace Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Coyle"},{"link_name":"group work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work_with_groups"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlissi200816-4"},{"link_name":"Paul Tillich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich"},{"link_name":"Henry Nelson Wieman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Nelson_Wieman"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey1984214-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_the_Fletcher_Family...-3"},{"link_name":"Berta Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Frey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris19793-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClause2012185-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffyHandOrth2003271-8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Skinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Skinger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStead2007-9"}],"text":"Allen M. Fletcher, a banker, was governor of Vermont in 1912–15. His widow and daughters gave the property to the YWCA in 1928 for use as a training school. The program did not succeed and in 1933 the YWCA returned the property to the Fletchers.\nLater that year a non-profit educational foundation was formed named Fletcher Farm Inc.\nIt was given the property, including the buildings and about 400 acres (160 ha) of meadows and forest, on condition that the property should always by used for educational purposes. The original trustees included Dorothy Canfield Fisher and Robert Frost.[3]The school gave various adult education courses over the next fifteen years.[3]\nFor example, in the summer of 1934 Grace Coyle organized a two-week group work institute for forty YWCA and settlement house workers at Fletcher Farm.[4]\nIn 1935 two theologians, Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman, spent ten days at a religious retreat at Fletcher Farm. In 1955, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his doctoral dissertation on the differences in the two men's views of God.[5]In 1948 the farmhouse, sugar house and barns were leased to the non-profit Society of Vermont Craftsmen.\nThey have operated the Fletcher Farm Craft School ever since.[3]\nThe noted weaver Berta Frey was an instructor at the Fletcher Farm School in the early years.[6]\nIrene Slater taught at the school in the 1950s, described as a \"professional decorator, specializing in the reproduction of reverse painting of old clock and mirror glasses. Collector of original pieces.\"[7]\nRonald Alfred Slayton taught summer courses at the school in the 1950s and 1960s, where he developed a naturalistic style of watercolor painting, rich in color.[8]\nJoseph Skinger taught jewelry for several years at the school.[9]","title":"School history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman200884-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersRogers2006168-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreeCarter201262-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasses,_Fletcher_Farm_School-11"}],"text":"Students are generally mature adults.[1]\nFees cover food and lodging, tuition and studio space.[2]\nThe school offers the oldest and most respected crafts program in Vermont. Subjects have included off-loom weaving, wooden-spoon carving, quilting, pottery, bookbinding and gourd or birch-bark vessel design.[10]\nIn 2014 the Winter/Spring classes included basketry, fiber arts, fine arts and photography, jewelry and lapidary. \nThe summer courses included basketry, clay, early American decoration, fiber arts, fine arts and photography, glass, jewelry, quilting and fabrics, specialty arts and crafts and wood and woodcarving.[11]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perspectives on Social Group Work Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TiUOm9vuEFIC&pg=PA16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4391-1964-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1964-8"},{"link_name":"Traveling Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tSHuxkR-T5EC&pg=PA84"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7627-5200-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5200-3"},{"link_name":"\"Classes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fletcherfarm.org/classes.asp"},{"link_name":"Edward Hopper in Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_U2jTj1GDXMC&pg=PA185"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61168-328-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-328-8"},{"link_name":"The Vermont Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&pg=PA271"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58465-086-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-086-7"},{"link_name":"\"History of the Fletcher Family and our lovely Campus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fletcherfarm.org/aboutus.asp"},{"link_name":"Vermont: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sULfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-34871-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34871-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9690137-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690137-0-1"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=W-SQiBNnWs8C&pg=PA168"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7627-4214-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4214-1"},{"link_name":"\"Skinger family's history at museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stowetoday.com/stowereporter/archives/article_42bd8b44-e33e-5a4b-bf53-706c21984026.html"},{"link_name":"Explorer's Guide Vermont (Thirteenth Edition) (Explorer's Complete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nVlDQ0z__EEC&pg=PA62"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58157-773-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-773-0"}],"text":"Alissi, Albert S. (2008-06-30). Perspectives on Social Group Work Practice. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-1964-8. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nBerman, Eleanor (2008-08-03). Traveling Solo. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5200-3. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\n\"Classes\". Fletcher Farm School. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nClause, Bonnie Tocher (2012). Edward Hopper in Vermont. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-61168-328-8. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nDuffy, John J.; Hand, Samuel B.; Orth, Ralph H. (2003). The Vermont Encyclopedia. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-58465-086-7. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\n\"History of the Fletcher Family and our lovely Campus\". Fletcher Farm School. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nMorrissey, Charles T. (1984-12-17). Vermont: A History. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-34871-2. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nNorris, J.A. (1979). The Book of Giving – A History of The Ontario Handweavers and Spinners, 1956–1979. Toronto: Ontario Handweavers and Spinners. ISBN 0-9690137-0-1.\nRogers, Barbara Radcliffe; Rogers, Stillman (2006-10-01). Vermont. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-4214-1. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nStead, Nancy Wolfe (11 January 2007). \"Skinger family's history at museum\". Stowe Today. Retrieved 2014-07-20.\nTree, Christina; Carter, Rachel (2012-09-17). Explorer's Guide Vermont (Thirteenth Edition) (Explorer's Complete). Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-773-0. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Alissi, Albert S. (2008-06-30). Perspectives on Social Group Work Practice. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-1964-8. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TiUOm9vuEFIC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Perspectives on Social Group Work Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1964-8","url_text":"978-1-4391-1964-8"}]},{"reference":"Berman, Eleanor (2008-08-03). Traveling Solo. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5200-3. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSHuxkR-T5EC&pg=PA84","url_text":"Traveling Solo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5200-3","url_text":"978-0-7627-5200-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Classes\". Fletcher Farm School. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fletcherfarm.org/classes.asp","url_text":"\"Classes\""}]},{"reference":"Clause, Bonnie Tocher (2012). Edward Hopper in Vermont. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-61168-328-8. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_U2jTj1GDXMC&pg=PA185","url_text":"Edward Hopper in Vermont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-328-8","url_text":"978-1-61168-328-8"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, John J.; Hand, Samuel B.; Orth, Ralph H. (2003). The Vermont Encyclopedia. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-58465-086-7. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&pg=PA271","url_text":"The Vermont Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-086-7","url_text":"978-1-58465-086-7"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Fletcher Family and our lovely Campus\". Fletcher Farm School. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fletcherfarm.org/aboutus.asp","url_text":"\"History of the Fletcher Family and our lovely Campus\""}]},{"reference":"Morrissey, Charles T. (1984-12-17). Vermont: A History. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-34871-2. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sULfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214","url_text":"Vermont: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34871-2","url_text":"978-0-393-34871-2"}]},{"reference":"Norris, J.A. (1979). The Book of Giving – A History of The Ontario Handweavers and Spinners, 1956–1979. Toronto: Ontario Handweavers and Spinners. ISBN 0-9690137-0-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690137-0-1","url_text":"0-9690137-0-1"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Barbara Radcliffe; Rogers, Stillman (2006-10-01). Vermont. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-4214-1. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W-SQiBNnWs8C&pg=PA168","url_text":"Vermont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4214-1","url_text":"978-0-7627-4214-1"}]},{"reference":"Stead, Nancy Wolfe (11 January 2007). \"Skinger family's history at museum\". Stowe Today. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stowetoday.com/stowereporter/archives/article_42bd8b44-e33e-5a4b-bf53-706c21984026.html","url_text":"\"Skinger family's history at museum\""}]},{"reference":"Tree, Christina; Carter, Rachel (2012-09-17). Explorer's Guide Vermont (Thirteenth Edition) (Explorer's Complete). Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-773-0. Retrieved 2014-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVlDQ0z__EEC&pg=PA62","url_text":"Explorer's Guide Vermont (Thirteenth Edition) (Explorer's Complete)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-773-0","url_text":"978-1-58157-773-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fletcher_Farm_School&params=43.38879_N_72.662851_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"43°23′20″N 72°39′46″W / 43.388790°N 72.662851°W / 43.388790; -72.662851"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fletcher_Farm_School&params=43.38879_N_72.662851_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"43°23′20″N 72°39′46″W / 43.388790°N 72.662851°W / 43.388790; -72.662851"},{"Link":"http://www.fletcherfarm.org/","external_links_name":"www.fletcherfarm.org"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TiUOm9vuEFIC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Perspectives on Social Group Work Practice"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSHuxkR-T5EC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Traveling Solo"},{"Link":"http://www.fletcherfarm.org/classes.asp","external_links_name":"\"Classes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_U2jTj1GDXMC&pg=PA185","external_links_name":"Edward Hopper in Vermont"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&pg=PA271","external_links_name":"The Vermont Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.fletcherfarm.org/aboutus.asp","external_links_name":"\"History of the Fletcher Family and our lovely Campus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sULfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214","external_links_name":"Vermont: A History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W-SQiBNnWs8C&pg=PA168","external_links_name":"Vermont"},{"Link":"http://www.stowetoday.com/stowereporter/archives/article_42bd8b44-e33e-5a4b-bf53-706c21984026.html","external_links_name":"\"Skinger family's history at museum\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVlDQ0z__EEC&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"Explorer's Guide Vermont (Thirteenth Edition) (Explorer's Complete)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Arkansas	Lake City, Arkansas	["1 Geography","1.1 List of highways","2 Notable facts and former residents","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 References","6 Gallery"]	Coordinates: 35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000 City in Arkansas, United StatesLake City, ArkansasCityCraighead County Courthouse, Eastern District in Lake CityLocation of Lake City in Craighead County, Arkansas.Coordinates: 35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000Country United StatesState ArkansasCounty CraigheadGovernment • MayorCameron TateArea • Total3.18 sq mi (8.24 km2) • Land3.15 sq mi (8.17 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)Elevation226 ft (69 m)Population (2020) • Total2,326 • Density737.71/sq mi (284.83/km2)Time zoneUTC−06:00 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)ZIP Code72437Area code870FIPS code05-37780GNIS feature ID0077429Websitehttp://lakecityar.com/ Lake City is a city in Craighead County, Arkansas, United States, along the St. Francis River. Lake City is one of two county seats in Craighead County. The population was 2,326 as of the 2020 census. It is included in the Jonesboro, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography Lake City is located in eastern Craighead County at 35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000 (35.817866, -90.439927), along the west bank of the St. Francis River. It is 16 miles (26 km) east of downtown Jonesboro. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.1 square miles (7.9 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 1.35%, is water. List of highways Highway 18 Highway 135 Highway 158 Notable facts and former residents The St. Francis River Bridge in Lake City is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The St. Francis River Bridge located in Lake City is the only lift bridge in the world that has been raised only once since its construction. To construct a four-lane highway, a new bridge was constructed in 2002 and the lift bridge was moved to a location just south of the new bridge where it remains as a landmark. Bart Barber, 64th President of the Southern Baptist Convention, was born and raised in Lake City. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1900434—19104483.2%192063541.7%193076019.7%19407863.4%1950783−0.4%19608508.6%197094811.5%19801,84294.3%19901,833−0.5%20001,9566.7%20102,0826.4%20202,32611.7%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Lake City racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 2,112 90.8% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 42 1.81% Native American 13 0.56% Asian 5 0.21% Pacific Islander 1 0.04% Other/Mixed 92 3.96% Hispanic or Latino 61 2.62% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,326 people, 936 households, and 651 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,956 people, 731 households, and 546 families residing in the town. The population density was 881.9 inhabitants per square mile (340.5/km2). There were 776 housing units at an average density of 349.9 per square mile (135.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.67% White, 0.05% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. 1.02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 731 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.00. In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $30,844, and the median income for a family was $33,477. Males had a median income of $27,798 versus $19,205 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,126. About 11.4% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over. Education Lake City is part of the Riverside School District, formed as a result of consolidation with the Lake City School District with that of nearby Caraway on July 1, 1985. The Riverside High School mascot and athletic teams are known as "the Rebels". There are two elementary schools associated with the school: one is located in Lake City and the other in Caraway. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake City, Arkansas. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ Local.Arkansas.gov - Lake City, retrieved September 3, 2012 ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake City city, Arkansas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Bart Barber Archives". ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls Archived 2015-09-12 at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on October 13, 2017. Gallery vteMunicipalities and communities of Craighead County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seats: Jonesboro and Lake CityCities Bay Bono Brookland Caraway Cash Jonesboro Lake City Monette Map of Arkansas highlighting Craighead CountyTowns Black Oak Egypt CDP Bowman Other unincorporatedcommunities Aetna Antioch Buck Snort Fiftysix Goobertown Herman Ghost town Credit Arkansas portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Arkansas Arkadelphia Arkansas City Ash Flat Ashdown Augusta Batesville Benton Bentonville Berryville Blytheville Booneville Camden Charleston Clarendon Clarksville Clinton Conway Corning Danville Dardanelle De Queen Des Arc DeValls Bluff DeWitt El Dorado Eureka Springs Fayetteville Fordyce Forrest City Fort Smith Greenwood Hamburg Hampton Harrisburg Harrison Heber Springs Helena-West Helena Hope Hot Springs Huntsville Jasper Jonesboro Lake City Lake Village Lewisville Little Rock Lonoke Magnolia Malvern Marianna Marion Marshall Melbourne Mena Monticello Morrilton Mount Ida Mountain Home Mountain View Murfreesboro Nashville Newport Osceola Ozark Paragould Paris Perryville Piggott Pine Bluff Pocahontas Prescott Rison Russellville Salem Searcy Sheridan Star City Stuttgart Texarkana Van Buren Waldron Walnut Ridge Warren Wynne Yellville Arkansas portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Craighead County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"St. Francis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_River"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"}],"text":"City in Arkansas, United StatesLake City is a city[2] in Craighead County, Arkansas, United States, along the St. Francis River. Lake City is one of two county seats in Craighead County. The population was 2,326 as of the 2020 census.[3] It is included in the Jonesboro, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Lake City, Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_City,_Arkansas&params=35_49_4_N_90_26_24_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"Lake City is located in eastern Craighead County at 35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000 (35.817866, -90.439927),[4] along the west bank of the St. Francis River. It is 16 miles (26 km) east of downtown Jonesboro.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.1 square miles (7.9 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 1.35%, is water.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arkansas_18.svg"},{"link_name":"Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_18_(Arkansas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arkansas_135.svg"},{"link_name":"Highway 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_135_(Arkansas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arkansas_158.svg"},{"link_name":"Highway 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_158_(Arkansas)"}],"sub_title":"List of highways","text":"Highway 18\n Highway 135\n Highway 158","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Francis_River_Bridge,_Lake_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"St. Francis River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_River_Bridge_(Lake_City,_Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"lift bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_bridge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bart Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Barber"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The St. Francis River Bridge in Lake City is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.The St. Francis River Bridge located in Lake City is the only lift bridge in the world that has been raised only once since its construction.[citation needed] To construct a four-lane highway, a new bridge was constructed in 2002 and the lift bridge was moved to a location just south of the new bridge where it remains as a landmark.Bart Barber, 64th President of the Southern Baptist Convention, was born and raised in Lake City.[5]","title":"Notable facts and former residents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,326 people, 936 households, and 651 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-8"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 1,956 people, 731 households, and 546 families residing in the town. The population density was 881.9 inhabitants per square mile (340.5/km2). There were 776 housing units at an average density of 349.9 per square mile (135.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.67% White, 0.05% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. 1.02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 731 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.00.In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $30,844, and the median income for a family was $33,477. Males had a median income of $27,798 versus $19,205 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,126. About 11.4% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riverside School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_School_District_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"Lake City School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"that of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caraway_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraway,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consolfrom1983-9"},{"link_name":"Riverside High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_High_School_(Lake_City,_Arkansas)"}],"text":"Lake City is part of the Riverside School District, formed as a result of consolidation with the Lake City School District with that of nearby Caraway on July 1, 1985.[9] The Riverside High School mascot and athletic teams are known as \"the Rebels\". There are two elementary schools associated with the school: one is located in Lake City and the other in Caraway.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_025.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_024.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_020.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_017.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_City_AR_009.jpg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Craighead County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"County seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Brookland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookland,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Caraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraway,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Monette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monette,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Black Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Oak,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"CDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman,_Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Other unincorporatedcommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Aetna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetna,_Craighead_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Buck Snort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Snort,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fiftysix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiftysix,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Goobertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goobertown,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arkansas_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arkansas_county_seats"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arkansas_county_seats"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arkansas_county_seats"},{"link_name":"County seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadelphia,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_City,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Ash Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Flat,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Batesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Berryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berryville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Blytheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blytheville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Booneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booneville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Clarksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Corning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Danville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Dardanelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelle,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"De Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Queen,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Des Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Arc,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"DeValls Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeValls_Bluff,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Eureka Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fordyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordyce,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Forrest City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_City,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Heber Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Helena-West Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena-West_Helena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lake Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Village,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lewisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lonoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonoke,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Marianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Morrilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrilton,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mount Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mountain Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mountain View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Murfreesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Osceola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Ozark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Paragould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragould,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Perryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Piggott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggott,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Pine Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescott,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Rison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rison,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Russellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Fulton_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Searcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searcy,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Star City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_City,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Texarkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Buren,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldron,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Walnut Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Ridge,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Wynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynne,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Yellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2523959#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/124385221"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567040805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84112257"}],"text":"vteMunicipalities and communities of Craighead County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seats: Jonesboro and Lake CityCities\nBay\nBono\nBrookland\nCaraway\nCash\nJonesboro\nLake City\nMonette\nMap of Arkansas highlighting Craighead CountyTowns\nBlack Oak\nEgypt\nCDP\nBowman\nOther unincorporatedcommunities\nAetna\nAntioch\nBuck Snort\nFiftysix\nGoobertown\nHerman\nGhost town\nCredit\n\nArkansas portal\nUnited States portalvteCounty seats of Arkansas\nArkadelphia\nArkansas City\nAsh Flat\nAshdown\nAugusta\nBatesville\nBenton\nBentonville\nBerryville\nBlytheville\nBooneville\nCamden\nCharleston\nClarendon\nClarksville\nClinton\nConway\nCorning\nDanville\nDardanelle\nDe Queen\nDes Arc\nDeValls Bluff\nDeWitt\nEl Dorado\nEureka Springs\nFayetteville\nFordyce\nForrest City\nFort Smith\nGreenwood\nHamburg\nHampton\nHarrisburg\nHarrison\nHeber Springs\nHelena-West Helena\nHope\nHot Springs\nHuntsville\nJasper\nJonesboro\nLake City\nLake Village\nLewisville\nLittle Rock\nLonoke\nMagnolia\nMalvern\nMarianna\nMarion\nMarshall\nMelbourne\nMena\nMonticello\nMorrilton\nMount Ida\nMountain Home\nMountain View\nMurfreesboro\nNashville\nNewport\nOsceola\nOzark\nParagould\nParis\nPerryville\nPiggott\nPine Bluff\nPocahontas\nPrescott\nRison\nRussellville\nSalem\nSearcy\nSheridan\nStar City\nStuttgart\nTexarkana\nVan Buren\nWaldron\nWalnut Ridge\nWarren\nWynne\nYellville\n Arkansas portalAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"The St. Francis River Bridge in Lake City is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/St._Francis_River_Bridge%2C_Lake_City.jpg/220px-St._Francis_River_Bridge%2C_Lake_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Craighead County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Craighead_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Craighead_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_05.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Local.Arkansas.gov - Lake City, retrieved September 3, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://local.arkansas.gov/local.php?agency=Lake%20City","url_text":"Local.Arkansas.gov - Lake City"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake City city, Arkansas\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212183221/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0537780","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake City city, Arkansas\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0537780","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Bart Barber Archives\".","urls":[{"url":"https://erlc.com/multi_author/bart-barber/","url_text":"\"Bart Barber Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0537780&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_City,_Arkansas&params=35_49_4_N_90_26_24_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_City,_Arkansas&params=35_49_4_N_90_26_24_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000"},{"Link":"http://lakecityar.com/","external_links_name":"http://lakecityar.com/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_City,_Arkansas&params=35_49_4_N_90_26_24_W_type:city","external_links_name":"35°49′4″N 90°26′24″W / 35.81778°N 90.44000°W / 35.81778; -90.44000"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_05.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"http://local.arkansas.gov/local.php?agency=Lake%20City","external_links_name":"Local.Arkansas.gov - Lake City"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212183221/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0537780","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake City city, Arkansas\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0537780","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://erlc.com/multi_author/bart-barber/","external_links_name":"\"Bart Barber Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0537780&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkansased.gov/public/userfiles/Legal/ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls","external_links_name":"ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912013154/http://www.arkansased.gov/public/userfiles/Legal/ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124385221","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567040805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84112257","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Luigi_de_Borgia,_1st_duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa	Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st Duke of Gandía	["1 See also","2 References"]	1st duke of Gandía and son of Pope Alexander VI Arms of the Duke of Gandía and of the Borja or Borgia Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st Duke of Gandía (Spanish: Pedro Luis de Borja, Latin: Petrus Ludovicus de Boria) (1458 or 1460 – 1488 or 1491) was a Valencian noble. Pier Luigi was the son of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), and an unknown free-woman (de tune Diacono Cardinali et soluta). He was half-brother of, among others, Isabella Borgia and Girolama Borgia, born by unknown mothers, and Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia and Goffredo Borgia, all born by Vannozza Cattanei. He was promised to María Enríquez de Luna of the House of Enríquez. Due to Pier Luigi's untimely death, she would later wed his younger brother Giovanni (also known as Juan) in September 1493. Pier Luigi Borgia fought alongside the Spanish armies during the Granada War (Reconquista). Following his heroic triumph during the Battle of Ronda, King Ferdinand II rewarded him with the title of 'grandee of Spain' on 18 May 1485. The lands of Gandia, the ancestral home of the Borgia family, were initially inherited by Pier Luigi (Pedro Luis). However, before becoming duke of Gandía, he purchased the duchy through a financial agreement with local nobles Andrés de Cabrera, Marquis of Moya, and his wife, Beatriz de Bobadilla. Through this agreement, Pier Luigi was required to provide the marquis an unknown sum, albeit considered small, and accept certain rights pertaining to the crown and of Valencia over the lands of the duchy. Some sources state that Pedro Luis' father gave him 50,000 ducats in order to purchase the territory. In late 1485, King Ferdinand II officially elevated Pier Luigi's status to duke of Gandía. In his will, Pier Luigi ceded the duchy to his younger brother Giovanni and demanded a dowry of 10,000 florins to be given to his sister, Lucrezia. See also House of Borgia Route of the Borgias References ^ Sabatini, Rafael (1912). The Life of Cesare Borgia. p. 39. Retrieved February 25, 2011. ^ Hernán, Enrique García (1894). Sanctus Franciscus Borgia. pp. 226–228. Retrieved February 25, 2011. ^ Oliver y Hurtado, Manuel D. Rodrigo de Borja; Sus hijos y descendientes (Spanish) Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia p408-409 ^ Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5. ^ Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5. Preceded byFerdinand II of Aragon Duke of Gandía 1483 - 1491 Succeeded byGiovanni Borgia	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COA_Duke_of_Gandia.svg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Gandía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Borja or Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgia"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Valencian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_(people)"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Isabella Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Borgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Girolama Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolama_Borgia"},{"link_name":"Cesare Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Borgia"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia"},{"link_name":"Goffredo Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia"},{"link_name":"Vannozza Cattanei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"María Enríquez de Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Luna"},{"link_name":"House of Enríquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Enr%C3%ADquez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Granada War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"grandee of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee"},{"link_name":"Gandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandia"},{"link_name":"duke of Gandía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Gand%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Andrés de Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_de_Cabrera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Moya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_of_Moya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beatriz de Bobadilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_de_Bobadilla"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"}],"text":"Arms of the Duke of Gandía and of the Borja or BorgiaPier Luigi de Borgia, 1st Duke of Gandía (Spanish: Pedro Luis de Borja, Latin: Petrus Ludovicus de Boria) (1458 or 1460[1] – 1488[2] or 1491) was a Valencian noble. Pier Luigi was the son of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), and an unknown free-woman (de tune Diacono Cardinali et soluta).[3] He was half-brother of, among others, Isabella Borgia and Girolama Borgia, born by unknown mothers, and Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia and Goffredo Borgia, all born by Vannozza Cattanei.[4]He was promised to María Enríquez de Luna of the House of Enríquez. Due to Pier Luigi's untimely death, she would later wed his younger brother Giovanni (also known as Juan) in September 1493.[5]Pier Luigi Borgia fought alongside the Spanish armies during the Granada War (Reconquista). Following his heroic triumph during the Battle of Ronda, King Ferdinand II rewarded him with the title of 'grandee of Spain' on 18 May 1485.The lands of Gandia, the ancestral home of the Borgia family, were initially inherited by Pier Luigi (Pedro Luis). However, before becoming duke of Gandía, he purchased the duchy through a financial agreement with local nobles Andrés de Cabrera, Marquis of Moya, and his wife, Beatriz de Bobadilla. Through this agreement, Pier Luigi was required to provide the marquis an unknown sum, albeit considered small, and accept certain rights pertaining to the crown and of Valencia over the lands of the duchy. Some sources state that Pedro Luis' father gave him 50,000 ducats in order to purchase the territory. In late 1485, King Ferdinand II officially elevated Pier Luigi's status to duke of Gandía.In his will, Pier Luigi ceded the duchy to his younger brother Giovanni and demanded a dowry of 10,000 florins to be given to his sister, Lucrezia.","title":"Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st Duke of Gandía"}]	[{"image_text":"Arms of the Duke of Gandía and of the Borja or Borgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/COA_Duke_of_Gandia.svg/120px-COA_Duke_of_Gandia.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"House of Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia"},{"title":"Route of the Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_the_Borgias"}]	[{"reference":"Sabatini, Rafael (1912). The Life of Cesare Borgia. p. 39. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NBEEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Life of Cesare Borgia"}]},{"reference":"Hernán, Enrique García (1894). Sanctus Franciscus Borgia. pp. 226–228. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFYRAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Sanctus Franciscus Borgia"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2071-5","url_text":"0-7864-2071-5"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2071-5","url_text":"0-7864-2071-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NBEEAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Life of Cesare Borgia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFYRAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Sanctus Franciscus Borgia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/boletnrealacad0809realuoft#page/408/mode/2up","external_links_name":"D. Rodrigo de Borja; Sus hijos y descendientes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbacoochee,_Alabama	Arbacoochee, Alabama	["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Arbacoochee","2.2 Historic Demographics","3 Arbacoochee Precinct (1880-1950)","4 Notable people","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 References"]	Coordinates: 33°34′34″N 85°31′02″W / 33.57611°N 85.51722°W / 33.57611; -85.51722Unincorporated community in Alabama, United States Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesArbacoochee, AlabamaUnincorporated community1922 fire insurance map of ArbacoocheeArbacoochee, AlabamaShow map of AlabamaArbacoochee, AlabamaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°34′34″N 85°31′02″W / 33.57611°N 85.51722°W / 33.57611; -85.51722CountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountyCleburneElevation961 ft (293 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)GNIS feature ID159079 Arbacoochee is an unincorporated community in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States. History Arbacoochee was named after the old Creek Indian village of "Abihkuchi", which translates to "a pile at the base." Gold was discovered here in 1832, and the local mines produced over $5,000,000 worth of gold. In 1845, Arbacoochee had a population of over 5,000 people and was home to twenty general stores, five saloons, a school, two churches, two hotels, two mining supply stores, a fire department, race track, and over 100 homes. Most of the residents departed when news of the California Gold Rush reached Alabama, and only a few families remained. A post office was operated in Arbacoochee from 1842 to 1904. Demographics Arbacoochee Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 188050—U.S. Decennial Census Arbacoochee first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village and as the 10th beat/precinct of Cleburne County (see below). The population of the village made it the second largest community in the county behind the then-county seat of Edwardsville. The village did not report again on the census, although the precinct bearing its name continued to report until 1950. Historic Demographics CensusYear Population StatePlaceRank CountyPlaceRank 1880 50 (-) 211th (-) 2nd (-) Arbacoochee Precinct (1880-1950) Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880877—18901,04619.3%1900896−14.3%19108990.3%1920833−7.3%19301,08430.1%1940826−23.8%1950607−26.5%U.S. Decennial Census The Arbacoochee Beat (Precinct) (Cleburne County 10th Beat) first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census. It was changed from "beat" to "precinct" in 1890. The precinct continued to report until 1950. In 1960, the precinct was merged as part of a larger reorganization of counties into the census division of Heflin. Notable people Seaborn McDaniel Denson and Thomas Jackson Denson, musicians and singing school teachers within the Sacred Harp tradition References Notes ^ 1st year Arbacoochee reported on census ^ (-)Indicates no immediate prior population figure or rank ^ Racial demographics not reported for places of less than 2,500 on 1880 census. References ^ "Arbacoochee". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ Plott, Bill (August 10, 1970). "Gold Mining Still Going On in Alabama". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa: Tim Thompson. Retrieved June 2, 2014. ^ "Arbachoochee (Arbacoochee) Alabama". Ghosttownsandmines.com. November 20, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2014. ^ "Cleburne County". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ a b "Table III - Population of Civil Divisions less than counties, in the aggregate at the Censuses of 1880 and 1870" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1880. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ "Number of Inhabitants - Alabama" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1960. vteMunicipalities and communities of Cleburne County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: HeflinCity Heflin Map of Alabama highlighting Cleburne CountyTowns Edwardsville Fruithurst Ranburne CDP Hollis Crossroads Unincorporatedcommunities Abel Abernathy Ai Arbacoochee Chulafinnee Hopewell Liberty Hill Muscadine Trickem Alabama portal United States portal This Cleburne County, Alabama state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Cleburne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleburne_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesUnincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesArbacoochee is an unincorporated community in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States.","title":"Arbacoochee, Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Arbacoochee was named after the old Creek Indian village of \"Abihkuchi\", which translates to \"a pile at the base.\"[1] Gold was discovered here in 1832, and the local mines produced over $5,000,000 worth of gold. In 1845, Arbacoochee had a population of over 5,000 people and was home to twenty general stores, five saloons, a school, two churches, two hotels, two mining supply stores, a fire department, race track, and over 100 homes.[2] Most of the residents departed when news of the California Gold Rush reached Alabama, and only a few families remained.[3]A post office was operated in Arbacoochee from 1842 to 1904.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1880Census-6"}],"sub_title":"Arbacoochee","text":"Arbacoochee first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village and as the 10th beat/precinct of Cleburne County (see below). The population of the village made it the second largest community in the county behind the then-county seat of Edwardsville.[6] The village did not report again on the census, although the precinct bearing its name continued to report until 1950.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historic Demographics","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heflin,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Arbacoochee Beat (Precinct) (Cleburne County 10th Beat) first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census. It was changed from \"beat\" to \"precinct\" in 1890. The precinct continued to report until 1950. In 1960, the precinct was merged as part of a larger reorganization of counties into the census division of Heflin.[8]","title":"Arbacoochee Precinct (1880-1950)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seaborn McDaniel Denson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborn_McDaniel_Denson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jackson Denson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jackson_Denson"},{"link_name":"singing school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_school"},{"link_name":"Sacred Harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp"}],"text":"Seaborn McDaniel Denson and Thomas Jackson Denson, musicians and singing school teachers within the Sacred Harp tradition","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Alabama highlighting Cleburne County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Cleburne_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Cleburne_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arbacoochee\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/159079","url_text":"\"Arbacoochee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Plott, Bill (August 10, 1970). \"Gold Mining Still Going On in Alabama\". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa: Tim Thompson. Retrieved June 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19700810&id=jwcdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E5wEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,2044197","url_text":"\"Gold Mining Still Going On in Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arbachoochee (Arbacoochee) Alabama\". Ghosttownsandmines.com. November 20, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghosttownsandmines.com/ghost-towns-by-state/37-alabama-ghost-towns/48-arbachoochee-arbacoochee-alabama.html","url_text":"\"Arbachoochee (Arbacoochee) Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleburne County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129114120/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=AL&county=Cleburne","url_text":"\"Cleburne County\""},{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=AL&county=Cleburne","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150507121432/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Table III - Population of Civil Divisions less than counties, in the aggregate at the Censuses of 1880 and 1870\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1880.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-09.pdf","url_text":"\"Table III - Population of Civil Divisions less than counties, in the aggregate at the Censuses of 1880 and 1870\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Inhabitants - Alabama\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1960.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/37721510v1p2ch2.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Inhabitants - Alabama\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arbacoochee,_Alabama&params=33_34_34_N_85_31_02_W_region:US-AL_type:city","external_links_name":"33°34′34″N 85°31′02″W / 33.57611°N 85.51722°W / 33.57611; -85.51722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arbacoochee,_Alabama&params=33_34_34_N_85_31_02_W_region:US-AL_type:city","external_links_name":"33°34′34″N 85°31′02″W / 33.57611°N 85.51722°W / 33.57611; -85.51722"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/159079","external_links_name":"\"Arbacoochee\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19700810&id=jwcdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E5wEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,2044197","external_links_name":"\"Gold Mining Still Going On in Alabama\""},{"Link":"http://www.ghosttownsandmines.com/ghost-towns-by-state/37-alabama-ghost-towns/48-arbachoochee-arbacoochee-alabama.html","external_links_name":"\"Arbachoochee (Arbacoochee) Alabama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129114120/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=AL&county=Cleburne","external_links_name":"\"Cleburne County\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=AL&county=Cleburne","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150507121432/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table III - Population of Civil Divisions less than counties, in the aggregate at the Censuses of 1880 and 1870\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""},{"Link":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/37721510v1p2ch2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Number of Inhabitants - Alabama\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arbacoochee,_Alabama&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacotalpan,_Veracruz	Tlacotalpan	["1 The town","2 The Music","3 Geography and environment","4 History","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 18°37′N 95°40′W / 18.617°N 95.667°W / 18.617; -95.667Town in Veracruz, MexicoTlacotalpanTownTlacotalpan seen from the Papaloapan riverTlacotalpanShow map of VeracruzTlacotalpanShow map of MexicoCoordinates: 18°37′N 95°40′W / 18.617°N 95.667°W / 18.617; -95.667Country MexicoStateVeracruzTown status1847City status9 May 1865Elevation10 m (30 ft)Population (2010) • Total8,853Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (US Central))WebsiteMunicipio de TlacotalpanUNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHistoric Monuments Zone of TlacotalpanCriteriaCultural: ii, ivReference862Inscription1998 (22nd Session)Area75 haBuffer zone320 ha Tlacotalpan is a city in Tlacotalpan Municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998 primarily for its architecture and colonial-era layout. The town was established in 1550 on what was originally an island in the Papaloapan River. From the colonial era to the 20th century, it was an important port, one of few interior river ports in Latin America. However, with the construction of the railroad, Tlacotalpan's importance faded. Starting in the latter 20th century, efforts to conserve the city's Spanish/Caribbean architecture and layout began, culminating in World Heritage status. Today, its main economic support is fishing and tourism, especially to the annual feast in honor of Our Lady of Candlemas. The town It is nicknamed the "pearl of the Papaloapan." Tlacotalpan is distinct among most urban settlements in Latin America as it is a river port set back from the ocean. It is a World Heritage Site because of its layout, architecture, history and traditions. The urban layout and architecture date back to the 17th century, and the town has mostly conserved both. The layout is a checkboard, covering 153 blocks on 75 hectares. This is divided into two sections: a "Spanish" section in the west and a smaller "native" one in the east, separated by a public area with commercial and official buildings along with some public spaces. The Spanish section of town is characterized by wide streets that parallel the Papaloapan River and connected by narrow lanes. Through this area, there are parks, and public spaces with mature trees, such as the Parque Hidalgo, noted for wandering musicians and Plazuela de Doña Maria, just east of the center, in the oldest section of town, surrounded by workshops that make furniture, musical instruments and other fine wood products. The architecture is characterized by one and two-story colonnaded houses Andalucian style inner courtyards, Caribbean-style arches, red-tile roofs and colorful facades, some of which date to the 18th century. These are particularly abundant in the San Miguelito and La Candelaria neighborhoods. Many of the houses still retain their interior layout and even traditional furnishings. Although past its heyday in the 19th century, Tlacotalpan is still classified as a river port by the Mexican government, mostly serving fishing boats and small naval patrols. It has a 160-meter-long cement dock, and a boardwalk along the river, much of it lined with restaurants. Set back slightly from the riverfront is the main square, called Plaza Zaragoza. It is laid out in white marble and dotted with palm trees. In the center, there is a 19th-century kiosk designed by local sculptor Francisco Sanchez Terán. The main landmark along this plaza is the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Candlemas (Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria) on the north side. This church was built in the late 18th century (starting 1770) under Juan de Medina using stone brought from reefs in the Gulf of Mexico to house the Virgin Mary image inside, brought by sailors to the town in the 17th century. The city's main annual celebration fills this church with candles and flowers. The other church along the plaza is the San Cristóbal Parish, which dates from 1849. It is Neoclassical with some Moorish influence, which a clock in its tower said to have come from England over two centuries ago. Its main altarpieces inside is sculpted from wood and contains a notable image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. There is also in important altar dedicated to Jesus in the side chapel next to the main altar area. However, neither the sanctuary nor the parish is the oldest standing church in the town. This is the San Miguelito Church, located at the Plaza de las Madres. It was constructed in 1785 during the height of Baroque in Mexico. The last main structure at Plaza Zaragoza is the municipal palace. It was constructed in 1849 and contains various oil paintings by Salvador Ferrando as well as an archive of documents that date back to the colonial period. Just east of the Sanctuary is a small plaza called the Plazuela Agustín Lara, named for a statue here of the songwriter. The Casa Artesanal Rafaela Murillo de Barbero is on the south side of this plaza, which used to be the municipal jail. Today it contains finely embroidered dresses, blouses, men's traditional suits and wood furniture and other products. The Salvador Ferrando Museum is located on the east side, dedicated to a painter and pioneer in the preservation of Veracruz's cultural heritage, in a house that belonged to him. The museum contains works by the artist and others along with antiques from his time period. View of the Agustín Lara House Museum The Agustín Lara House Museum is located on Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán Street east of the main plaza and is one of the most active cultural centers. It is dedicated to the songwriter and poet who lived much of his life in the town. It contains photographs and objects related to Lara and his career along with some of other important area artists such as Salvador Ferrando, Alberto Fuster and the more contemporary Eric Arana. Another landmark linked to Lara's life is the Blanca Nieves Cantina, also known as the Museum Bar of Tobías Carbajal Rivera. It was a favorite hangout of the songwriter, where he drank the local alcoholic beverage called “toritos” with friends. It has been in business for over sixty years, but originally called El Encango de Tobías. Its current name, "Snow White" in Spanish, comes from Lara himself, as a tribute to then-owner Tobías Carbajal and his seven children. The museum section of the bar contain the only statue of Lara depicted in a guayabera and palm fond hat. The town's cultural center is also named after Lara (Casa de Cultura Agustín Lara). Located on Venustiano Carranza Avenue, its serves as a meeting place for artists, musicians and dancers, offering classes in traditional Veracruz zapateado dance and various instruments. It also has a permanent exhibition of items related to Lara, along with paintings by Salvador Ferrando and Alberto Fuster. The Nezahuacoyotl Theater is also on Venustiano Carranza, constructed in 1891 in French style during the Porfirio Díaz period. One other house converted into an attraction is the “mini zoo.” The structure and collection belonged to Pío Barrán. It houses a collection of objects and animals, especially from the making of movies that Barrán collected over his lifetime, including a notable collection related to Agustín Lara. The most unusual aspect of the site is the collection of exotic animals, a number of which run free on the property. The collection includes crocodiles, turtles, pelicans and birds of prey. The Jardín del Arte Tlacotalpeño (Tlacotalpan Art Garden) exhibits and sells works by artists in the region. It is located just south of the main square. The Music In the intense festive calendar of Mexico, the celebration of the Virgen de la Candelaria in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, is a must. From January 31 to February 2, thousands of people crowd the streets of this beautiful place. During this festival, most Tlacotalpeños open their houses to accommodate thousands of visitors. During the days of the fair, the XXXVI National Meeting of Jaraneros and Versadores will be held in Plaza Doña Martha from 5:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. 56 groups are considered in the program, each one will have a participation of 10 to 30 minutes. Every night, ending this Encounter, the fandango will begin in the same square. There will also be fandangos in front of the church of San Miguel Arcángel better known as San Miguelito. These forums are coordinated by Diego López Vergara from the Siquisiri group. Geography and environment Tlacotalpan is located in the center of the eastern Mexico state of Veracruz, about 90 km from the port of Veracruz and 203 km southeast of the capital, Xalapa. It is part of the Sotavento region of the state. The geography of the area is somewhat flat, with rolling foothills towards the west. Most of the territory (60%) is used for livestock grazing, with about 15% under cultivation and 20% covered by water. The territory is defined by the Papaloapan River, along with the San Juan and Tuxpan Rivers which are both tributaries of the first. The Papaloapan is navigable, but there is neither dredging or signaling for boat traffic. House in the town showing levels of flooding in 2010 The area has a semi-tropical climate, with an average annual temperatureof 25.1C. There are two distinct seasons. From October to April, the weather is dominated by the passing of cold fronts from the north, called "nortes." These fronts can cause strong winds and tornados. During the rest of the year, the weather is dominated by the Atlantic Current (Corriente Atlántica), which are warm and humid winds coming from the southeast of Mexico, causing most of the area's annual rainfall. September is the stormiest month and the area is also affected regularly by hurricanes. These can cause severe flooding such as the case of Hurricane Roxanne in 1995, Hurricanes Dean and Felix in 1997, Hurricane Karl in 2010 and Hurricane Ernesto in 2012. The vegetation is deciduous, with main tree species being holm oak, ash (Fraxinus), willow and poplar. There are also areas with mangroves. The area has some oil deposits. History Early colonial era map showing Tlacotalpan as an island at the Salvador Ferrando Museum The name "Tlacotalpan" is a Spanish modification of the Nahuatl "Tlaxcotaliapan" which means "land between the waters." This refers to the island of the original settlement in the Papaloapan River. When the north bank of the river was modified, the island was adjoined to the mainland. In the mid-19th century, the name was San Cristobal Tlacotalpan, but has since been shortened. Much is not known about the pre Hispanic history of the area, but the area was originally inhabited by the Totonacs. These were later displaced by the Toltecs in the 12th century. In 1461, Moctezuma Ilhuicamina began the Aztec's first efforts to expand here, then controlled by the Cotaxtlan dominion. In 1475, Axayacatl conquered it along with Coixtlahuaca, Tochtepec and Cosamaloapan, giving all these areas their current names. In 1518, Pedro de Alvarado led an expedition sailing up the Papaloapan area and in 1521, Hernán Cortés sent Gonzalo de Sandoval here to search for gold. After the Conquest in 1521, Alfonso Romero received the area as an encomienda. In the current municipality, in a place then called Coanapa-Ayotzinapa, Cortés set up the first sugar cane mill in Mexico in 1532. In 1550, it was granted by the Spanish king to Gaspar Rivakeneyra on which he kept livestock. He could not prevent fishermen from establishing the town but he required them to build a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Candlemas. Colonization of the area was slow with only twelve Spaniards in 1544 and no more than 320 by 1777. Figures on other populations during the colonial period are missing but in 1808 there were 1,156 indigenous inhabitants and 1,616 "pardos" or people of indigenous and African heritage. At the beginning of the 17th century, there was an attempt to subordinate the area to Cosamaloapan, but the indigenous population here resisted it successfully. In the 17th century, it became a commercial center for surrounding haciendas, which led to growth in its Spanish population. Its wealth and status as a port attracted English pirates in the 17th and 18th centuries and the city was burned down once by them in 1667. In 1714, the Papaloapan flooded and forced the movement of the city to its current location, then called Chuniapa. The town suffered three other major fires in 1698, 1788 and 1790. The last two prompted authorities to require rebuilding with stone walls, tile roofs and the establishment of open spaces with trees. Those who could not rebuild in this fashion were forced to move to the eastern part of the town which had more relaxed requirements. Most of the oldest buildings date from this time and determined the common style of large houses with courtyards, tile roofs and arched passages. The municipality's territory was fixed by the end of the 18th century. Tlacotalpan reached its height as a port city in the 19th century. At the beginning of this century, French, German and Italian immigrants came to the area to plant and weave cotton, to be sold in English markets. Starting in 1821, Tlacotalpan experienced economic grown as a port for products from Oaxaca and Puebla going to Veracruz and abroad to New Orleans, Havana and Bordeaux. By 1855 it was home to eighteen steamships and a large sailing ship which transported timber, tobacco, cotton, grain, sugar, brandy, leather, salted meat, crocodiles, heron feathers, furniture and soap. In 1825 one of Mexico's first nautical colleges was opened, founded by Guadalupe Victoria. In 1847, Tlacotalpan was officially declared a town in recognition of its participation in the defense against U.S. forces in the Mexican–American War. In 1864 the town was taken by French forces under Marechal one day after taking Alvarado. Later that same year, Republican forces under Alejandro García retook the area. In 1865 it was declared a city and provisional capital for its resistance against the French. In 1879, Miguel Z. Cházaro founded Veracruz's third preparatory school. Here Porfirio Díaz organized an uprising against the government of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, which led to a name change of Tlacotalpan de Porfirio Díaz in 1896. This was changed to the current version after the Mexican Revolution. At the beginning of the 20th century, the town had eight schools, three hotels, nine factories and 100 single-storied houses. However, in the first part of the 20th century, Tlacotalpan's importance as a port, which had sustained it since the colonial period, waned with the construction of the Ferrocarril del Istmo railroad. Its population grew only slightly from 1950 to 1980 and has remained stable since then at a bit over 8,800. World Heritage Site plaque in the main square In 1968, conservation efforts began when Tlacotalpan was declared a "typical city" of Mexico by the state of Veracruz. In 1986 it was declared a Historic Monuments Zone by the federal government to be managed by the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH) and the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA). In 1985 and 1997 a transition zone was established which includes areas across the river which serves as a buffer to the main conservation area. In 1998, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its history as a river port, its architecture and its traditions in poetry, music and dance. Since these declarations INAH and the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Arts (FONCA) have worked to revitalize the city and improve the economy, particularly through tourism. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l González, Víctor Manuel Jiménez; Vázquez, Itos, eds. (2010). Veracruz: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado. Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-607-400-323-9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan". World Heritage Organization. Retrieved April 23, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Mexico Desconocido Guía Especial Descubre Veracruz". México Desconocido. Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido: 70–73. April 2014. ISSN 1870-9397. ^ a b c d e f g h "Tlacotalpan, Veracruz" (PDF). Mexico: SEMAR. Retrieved April 23, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Tlacotalpan". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Veracruz. Mexico: INAFED. 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tlacotalpan, Veracruz. Tlacotalpan, Veracruz - Pearl of Papaloapan - article with photos. Tlacotalpan - Estado de Veracruz, Mexico - photo gallery. Google map vteWorld Heritage Sites in MexicoNorth West Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California1 Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino North Central Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro Historic Centre of Zacatecas Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Protected town of San Miguel de Allende and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco West Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila Revillagigedo Archipelago Historic Centre of Morelia Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California1 Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve1 East Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl1 Pre-Hispanic City of El Tajín Historic Centre of Puebla Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan South West Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque South Central Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System Central University City Campus of the UNAM Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl1 Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco Luis Barragán House and Studio Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve1 Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán South East Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Historic Fortified Town of Campeche Pre-Hispanic City of Chichén Itzá Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal 1 Shared by more one region vte State of VeracruzXalapa (capital)Municipalities of VeracruzHuasteca Alta Region Chalma Chiconamel Chinampa de Gorostiza El Higo Naranjos Amatlán Ozuluama de Mascareñas Pánuco Platón Sánchez Pueblo Viejo Tamalín Tamiahua Tampico Alto Tantima Tantoyuca Tempoal de Sánchez Huasteca Baja Region Álamo Temapache Benito Juárez Castillo de Teayo Cerro Azul Chicontepec de Tejeda Chontla Citlaltépetl Huayacocotla Ilamatlán Ixcatepec Ixhuatlán de Madero Tancoco Tepetzintla Texcatepec Tlachichilco Tuxpan Zacualpan Zontecomatlán de López y Fuentes Totonaca Region Cazones de Herrera Chumatlán Coahuitlan Coatzintla Coxquihui Coyutla Espinal Filomeno Mata Gutiérrez Zamora Mecatlán Papantla Poza Rica Tecolutla Tihuatlán Zozocolco de Hidalgo Nautla Region Atzalán Colipa Juchique de Ferrer Martínez de la Torre Misantla Nautla San Rafael Tenochtitlán Tlapacoyan Vega de Alatorre Yecuatla Capital Region Acajete Acatlán Actopan Alto Lucero Altotonga Apazapan Ayahualulco Banderilla Chiconquiaco Coacoatzintla Coatepec Cosautlán de Carvajal Emiliano Zapata (Dos Ríos) Ixhuacán Jalacingo Jalcomulco Jilotepec Landero y Coss Las Minas Las Vigas de Ramírez Miahuatlán Naolinco Perote Rafael Lucio Tatatila Teocelo Tepetlán Tlacolulan Tlalnelhuayocan Tonayán Villa Aldama Xalapa Xico Sotavento Region Boca del Río Cotaxtla Jamapa La Antigua (José Cardel) Manlio Fabio Altamirano Medellín Paso de Ovejas Puente Nacional Soledad de Doblado Tlalixcoyan Úrsulo Galván Veracruz Mountains Region Acultzingo Alpatláhuac Amatlán de los Reyes Aquila Astacinga Atlahuilco Atoyac Atzacan Calcahualco Camarón de Tejeda Camerino Z. Mendoza Carrillo Puerto (Tamarindo) Chocamán Coetzala Comapa Córdoba Coscomatepec Cuichapa Cuitláhuac Fortín de las Flores Huatusco Huiloapan de Cuauhtémoc Ixhuatlán del Café Ixhuatlancillo Ixtaczoquitlán La Perla Los Reyes Magdalena Maltrata Mariano Escobedo Mixtla de Altamirano Naranjal Nogales Omealca Orizaba Paso del Macho Rafael Delgado Río Blanco San Andrés Tenejapan Sochiapa Soledad Atzompa Tehuipango Tenampa Tepatlaxco Tequila Texhuacán Tezonapa Tlacotepec de Mejía Tlaltetela Tlaquilpa Tlilapan Tomatlán Totutla Xoxocotla Yanga Zentla Zongolica Papaloapan Region Acula Ángel R. Cabada Alvarado Amatitlán Carlos A. Carrillo Chacaltianguis Cosamaloapan de Carpio Ignacio de la Llave Isla Ixmatlahuacan José Azueta Juan Rodríguez Clara Lerdo de Tejada Otatitlán Playa Vicente Saltabarranca Santiago Sochiapan (Xochiapa) Tierra Blanca Tlacojalpan Tlacotalpan Tres Valles Tuxtilla Los Tuxtlas Region Catemaco San Andrés Tuxtla Santiago Tuxtla Hueyapan de Ocampo Olmeca Region Acayucan Agua Dulce Chinameca Coatzacoalcos Cosoleacaque Hidalgotitlán Ixhuatlán del Sureste Jáltipan Jesús Carranza Las Choapas Mecayapan Minatitlán Moloacán Nanchital Oluta Oteapan Pajapan San Juan Evangelista Sayula de Alemán Soconusco Soteapan Tatahuicapan Texistepec Uxpanapa Zaragoza Authority control databases International VIAF Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tlacotalpan Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacotalpan_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Papaloapan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaloapan_River"}],"text":"Town in Veracruz, MexicoTlacotalpan is a city in Tlacotalpan Municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998 primarily for its architecture and colonial-era layout. The town was established in 1550 on what was originally an island in the Papaloapan River. From the colonial era to the 20th century, it was an important port, one of few interior river ports in Latin America. However, with the construction of the railroad, Tlacotalpan's importance faded. Starting in the latter 20th century, efforts to conserve the city's Spanish/Caribbean architecture and layout began, culminating in World Heritage status. Today, its main economic support is fishing and tourism, especially to the annual feast in honor of Our Lady of Candlemas.","title":"Tlacotalpan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"Andalucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalucia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Moorish influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"Salvador Ferrando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Ferrando"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"the songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Lara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaraMuseumTlacotalpan02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Agustín Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Lara"},{"link_name":"Alberto Fuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Fuster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Arana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Arana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"toritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torito"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"}],"text":"It is nicknamed the \"pearl of the Papaloapan.\"[1]Tlacotalpan is distinct among most urban settlements in Latin America as it is a river port set back from the ocean. It is a World Heritage Site because of its layout, architecture, history and traditions. The urban layout and architecture date back to the 17th century, and the town has mostly conserved both.[2] The layout is a checkboard, covering 153 blocks on 75 hectares. This is divided into two sections: a \"Spanish\" section in the west and a smaller \"native\" one in the east, separated by a public area with commercial and official buildings along with some public spaces. The Spanish section of town is characterized by wide streets that parallel the Papaloapan River and connected by narrow lanes.[2] Through this area, there are parks, and public spaces with mature trees, such as the Parque Hidalgo, noted for wandering musicians and Plazuela de Doña Maria, just east of the center, in the oldest section of town, surrounded by workshops that make furniture, musical instruments and other fine wood products.[2][3] The architecture is characterized by one and two-story colonnaded houses Andalucian style inner courtyards, Caribbean-style arches, red-tile roofs and colorful facades, some of which date to the 18th century.[3] These are particularly abundant in the San Miguelito and La Candelaria neighborhoods.[1] Many of the houses still retain their interior layout and even traditional furnishings.[2]Although past its heyday in the 19th century, Tlacotalpan is still classified as a river port by the Mexican government, mostly serving fishing boats and small naval patrols. It has a 160-meter-long cement dock, and a boardwalk along the river, much of it lined with restaurants.[3][4]Set back slightly from the riverfront is the main square, called Plaza Zaragoza. It is laid out in white marble and dotted with palm trees. In the center, there is a 19th-century kiosk designed by local sculptor Francisco Sanchez Terán.[1][3]The main landmark along this plaza is the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Candlemas (Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria) on the north side. This church was built in the late 18th century (starting 1770) under Juan de Medina using stone brought from reefs in the Gulf of Mexico to house the Virgin Mary image inside, brought by sailors to the town in the 17th century. The city's main annual celebration fills this church with candles and flowers.[1][3][5]The other church along the plaza is the San Cristóbal Parish, which dates from 1849. It is Neoclassical with some Moorish influence, which a clock in its tower said to have come from England over two centuries ago. Its main altarpieces inside is sculpted from wood and contains a notable image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. There is also in important altar dedicated to Jesus in the side chapel next to the main altar area.[1]However, neither the sanctuary nor the parish is the oldest standing church in the town. This is the San Miguelito Church, located at the Plaza de las Madres. It was constructed in 1785 during the height of Baroque in Mexico.[3]The last main structure at Plaza Zaragoza is the municipal palace. It was constructed in 1849 and contains various oil paintings by Salvador Ferrando as well as an archive of documents that date back to the colonial period.[1]Just east of the Sanctuary is a small plaza called the Plazuela Agustín Lara, named for a statue here of the songwriter. The Casa Artesanal Rafaela Murillo de Barbero is on the south side of this plaza, which used to be the municipal jail. Today it contains finely embroidered dresses, blouses, men's traditional suits and wood furniture and other products.[1][3] The Salvador Ferrando Museum is located on the east side, dedicated to a painter and pioneer in the preservation of Veracruz's cultural heritage, in a house that belonged to him. The museum contains works by the artist and others along with antiques from his time period.[1][3]View of the Agustín Lara House MuseumThe Agustín Lara House Museum is located on Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán Street east of the main plaza and is one of the most active cultural centers. It is dedicated to the songwriter and poet who lived much of his life in the town. It contains photographs and objects related to Lara and his career along with some of other important area artists such as Salvador Ferrando, Alberto Fuster and the more contemporary Eric Arana.[1][3] Another landmark linked to Lara's life is the Blanca Nieves Cantina, also known as the Museum Bar of Tobías Carbajal Rivera. It was a favorite hangout of the songwriter, where he drank the local alcoholic beverage called “toritos” with friends. It has been in business for over sixty years, but originally called El Encango de Tobías. Its current name, \"Snow White\" in Spanish, comes from Lara himself, as a tribute to then-owner Tobías Carbajal and his seven children.[3] The museum section of the bar contain the only statue of Lara depicted in a guayabera and palm fond hat.[1]The town's cultural center is also named after Lara (Casa de Cultura Agustín Lara). Located on Venustiano Carranza Avenue, its serves as a meeting place for artists, musicians and dancers, offering classes in traditional Veracruz zapateado dance and various instruments. It also has a permanent exhibition of items related to Lara, along with paintings by Salvador Ferrando and Alberto Fuster.[3][5]The Nezahuacoyotl Theater is also on Venustiano Carranza, constructed in 1891 in French style during the Porfirio Díaz period.[3]One other house converted into an attraction is the “mini zoo.” The structure and collection belonged to Pío Barrán. It houses a collection of objects and animals, especially from the making of movies that Barrán collected over his lifetime, including a notable collection related to Agustín Lara. The most unusual aspect of the site is the collection of exotic animals, a number of which run free on the property. The collection includes crocodiles, turtles, pelicans and birds of prey.[3]The Jardín del Arte Tlacotalpeño (Tlacotalpan Art Garden) exhibits and sells works by artists in the region. It is located just south of the main square.[1]","title":"The town"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the intense festive calendar of Mexico, the celebration of the Virgen de la Candelaria in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, is a must. From January 31 to February 2, thousands of people crowd the streets of this beautiful place. During this festival, most Tlacotalpeños open their houses to accommodate thousands of visitors. During the days of the fair, the XXXVI National Meeting of Jaraneros and Versadores will be held in Plaza Doña Martha from 5:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. 56 groups are considered in the program, each one will have a participation of 10 to 30 minutes. Every night, ending this Encounter, the fandango will begin in the same square. There will also be fandangos in front of the church of San Miguel Arcángel better known as San Miguelito. These forums are coordinated by Diego López Vergara from the Siquisiri group.","title":"The Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"port of Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Xalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalapa"},{"link_name":"Sotavento region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotavento_Region"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Veracruz)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flooding2010Tlacotalpan_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Roxanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Roxanne"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes Dean and Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Karl_(2010)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Ernesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ernesto_(2012)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"holm oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"}],"text":"Tlacotalpan is located in the center of the eastern Mexico state of Veracruz, about 90 km from the port of Veracruz and 203 km southeast of the capital, Xalapa. It is part of the Sotavento region of the state.[5]The geography of the area is somewhat flat, with rolling foothills towards the west.[5] Most of the territory (60%) is used for livestock grazing, with about 15% under cultivation and 20% covered by water.[4]The territory is defined by the Papaloapan River, along with the San Juan and Tuxpan Rivers which are both tributaries of the first.[5] The Papaloapan is navigable, but there is neither dredging or signaling for boat traffic.[4]House in the town showing levels of flooding in 2010The area has a semi-tropical climate, with an average annual temperatureof 25.1C.[4][5] There are two distinct seasons. From October to April, the weather is dominated by the passing of cold fronts from the north, called \"nortes.\" These fronts can cause strong winds and tornados.[4] During the rest of the year, the weather is dominated by the Atlantic Current (Corriente Atlántica), which are warm and humid winds coming from the southeast of Mexico, causing most of the area's annual rainfall. September is the stormiest month and the area is also affected regularly by hurricanes. These can cause severe flooding such as the case of Hurricane Roxanne in 1995, Hurricanes Dean and Felix in 1997, Hurricane Karl in 2010 and Hurricane Ernesto in 2012.[4]The vegetation is deciduous, with main tree species being holm oak, ash (Fraxinus), willow and poplar. There are also areas with mangroves.[5]The area has some oil deposits.[5]","title":"Geography and environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalvadorFerrandoMuseum22.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Papaloapan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaloapan_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Totonacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totonacs"},{"link_name":"Toltecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Moctezuma Ilhuicamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctezuma_Ilhuicamina"},{"link_name":"Axayacatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axayacatl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Hernán Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo de Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"encomienda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"people of indigenous and African heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Mexican"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"Cosamaloapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosamaloapan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rincones-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"steamships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"Ferrocarril del Istmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrocarril_del_Istmo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semar-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldHeritageSiteTlacotalpan.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-5"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAH"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whounesco-2"}],"text":"Early colonial era map showing Tlacotalpan as an island at the Salvador Ferrando MuseumThe name \"Tlacotalpan\" is a Spanish modification of the Nahuatl \"Tlaxcotaliapan\" which means \"land between the waters.\" This refers to the island of the original settlement in the Papaloapan River.[2][4] When the north bank of the river was modified, the island was adjoined to the mainland.[2] In the mid-19th century, the name was San Cristobal Tlacotalpan, but has since been shortened.[5]Much is not known about the pre Hispanic history of the area, but the area was originally inhabited by the Totonacs. These were later displaced by the Toltecs in the 12th century.[2][5] In 1461, Moctezuma Ilhuicamina began the Aztec's first efforts to expand here, then controlled by the Cotaxtlan dominion. In 1475, Axayacatl conquered it along with Coixtlahuaca, Tochtepec and Cosamaloapan, giving all these areas their current names.[5]In 1518, Pedro de Alvarado led an expedition sailing up the Papaloapan area and in 1521, Hernán Cortés sent Gonzalo de Sandoval here to search for gold.[2][5] After the Conquest in 1521, Alfonso Romero received the area as an encomienda. In the current municipality, in a place then called Coanapa-Ayotzinapa, Cortés set up the first sugar cane mill in Mexico in 1532.[5] In 1550, it was granted by the Spanish king to Gaspar Rivakeneyra on which he kept livestock. He could not prevent fishermen from establishing the town but he required them to build a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Candlemas.[2]Colonization of the area was slow with only twelve Spaniards in 1544 and no more than 320 by 1777. Figures on other populations during the colonial period are missing but in 1808 there were 1,156 indigenous inhabitants and 1,616 \"pardos\" or people of indigenous and African heritage.[2]At the beginning of the 17th century, there was an attempt to subordinate the area to Cosamaloapan, but the indigenous population here resisted it successfully.[5] In the 17th century, it became a commercial center for surrounding haciendas, which led to growth in its Spanish population. Its wealth and status as a port attracted English pirates in the 17th and 18th centuries and the city was burned down once by them in 1667.[1][5]In 1714, the Papaloapan flooded and forced the movement of the city to its current location, then called Chuniapa. The town suffered three other major fires in 1698, 1788 and 1790. The last two prompted authorities to require rebuilding with stone walls, tile roofs and the establishment of open spaces with trees. Those who could not rebuild in this fashion were forced to move to the eastern part of the town which had more relaxed requirements. Most of the oldest buildings date from this time and determined the common style of large houses with courtyards, tile roofs and arched passages.[2][5]The municipality's territory was fixed by the end of the 18th century.[5]Tlacotalpan reached its height as a port city in the 19th century. At the beginning of this century, French, German and Italian immigrants came to the area to plant and weave cotton, to be sold in English markets.[2] Starting in 1821, Tlacotalpan experienced economic grown as a port for products from Oaxaca and Puebla going to Veracruz and abroad to New Orleans, Havana and Bordeaux. By 1855 it was home to eighteen steamships and a large sailing ship which transported timber, tobacco, cotton, grain, sugar, brandy, leather, salted meat, crocodiles, heron feathers, furniture and soap.[2] In 1825 one of Mexico's first nautical colleges was opened, founded by Guadalupe Victoria. In 1847, Tlacotalpan was officially declared a town in recognition of its participation in the defense against U.S. forces in the Mexican–American War. In 1864 the town was taken by French forces under Marechal one day after taking Alvarado. Later that same year, Republican forces under Alejandro García retook the area. In 1865 it was declared a city and provisional capital for its resistance against the French. In 1879, Miguel Z. Cházaro founded Veracruz's third preparatory school. Here Porfirio Díaz organized an uprising against the government of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, which led to a name change of Tlacotalpan de Porfirio Díaz in 1896. This was changed to the current version after the Mexican Revolution.[5] At the beginning of the 20th century, the town had eight schools, three hotels, nine factories and 100 single-storied houses.[2]However, in the first part of the 20th century, Tlacotalpan's importance as a port, which had sustained it since the colonial period, waned with the construction of the Ferrocarril del Istmo railroad.[4][5] Its population grew only slightly from 1950 to 1980 and has remained stable since then at a bit over 8,800.[2]World Heritage Site plaque in the main squareIn 1968, conservation efforts began when Tlacotalpan was declared a \"typical city\" of Mexico by the state of Veracruz.[2][5] In 1986 it was declared a Historic Monuments Zone by the federal government to be managed by the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH) and the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA). In 1985 and 1997 a transition zone was established which includes areas across the river which serves as a buffer to the main conservation area.[2] In 1998, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its history as a river port, its architecture and its traditions in poetry, music and dance.[3]Since these declarations INAH and the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Arts (FONCA) have worked to revitalize the city and improve the economy, particularly through tourism.[2]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"View of the Agustín Lara House Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/LaraMuseumTlacotalpan02.JPG/220px-LaraMuseumTlacotalpan02.JPG"},{"image_text":"House in the town showing levels of flooding in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flooding2010Tlacotalpan_02.JPG/175px-Flooding2010Tlacotalpan_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Early colonial era map showing Tlacotalpan as an island at the Salvador Ferrando Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SalvadorFerrandoMuseum22.JPG/220px-SalvadorFerrandoMuseum22.JPG"},{"image_text":"World Heritage Site plaque in the main square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/WorldHeritageSiteTlacotalpan.JPG/220px-WorldHeritageSiteTlacotalpan.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"González, Víctor Manuel Jiménez; Vázquez, Itos, eds. (2010). Veracruz: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado. Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-607-400-323-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-400-323-9","url_text":"978-607-400-323-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan\". World Heritage Organization. Retrieved April 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/862","url_text":"\"Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico Desconocido Guía Especial Descubre Veracruz\". México Desconocido. Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido: 70–73. April 2014. ISSN 1870-9397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9397","url_text":"1870-9397"}]},{"reference":"\"Tlacotalpan, Veracruz\" (PDF). Mexico: SEMAR. Retrieved April 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://digaohm.semar.gob.mx/derrotero/cuestionarios/cnarioTlacotalpan.pdf","url_text":"\"Tlacotalpan, Veracruz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tlacotalpan\". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Veracruz. Mexico: INAFED. 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424035854/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM30veracruz/municipios/30178a.html","url_text":"\"Tlacotalpan\""},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM30veracruz/municipios/30178a.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tlacotalpan&params=18_37_N_95_40_W_region:MX_type:city(8853)","external_links_name":"18°37′N 95°40′W / 18.617°N 95.667°W / 18.617; -95.667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tlacotalpan&params=18_37_N_95_40_W_region:MX_type:city(8853)","external_links_name":"18°37′N 95°40′W / 18.617°N 95.667°W / 18.617; -95.667"},{"Link":"http://www.tlacotalpan-turismo.gob.mx/","external_links_name":"Municipio de Tlacotalpan"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/862","external_links_name":"862"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/862","external_links_name":"\"Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9397","external_links_name":"1870-9397"},{"Link":"http://digaohm.semar.gob.mx/derrotero/cuestionarios/cnarioTlacotalpan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tlacotalpan, Veracruz\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424035854/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM30veracruz/municipios/30178a.html","external_links_name":"\"Tlacotalpan\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM30veracruz/municipios/30178a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.johntoddjr.com/94%20Tlacotalpan/tlacotalpan.htm","external_links_name":"Tlacotalpan, Veracruz - Pearl of Papaloapan - article with photos."},{"Link":"http://www.pbase.com/larpman/tlacotalpan","external_links_name":"Tlacotalpan - Estado de Veracruz, Mexico - photo gallery."},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=18.611434,-95.661049&spn=0.473736,0.689392&z=11","external_links_name":"Google map"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/309637685","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10037239","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn,_Aberdeenshire	Blackburn, Aberdeenshire	["1 Governance","2 Geography","3 Economy","4 Culture and community","5 Sport","6 Education","7 References"]	Coordinates: 57°12′19″N 2°17′20″W / 57.205283°N 2.288903°W / 57.205283; -2.288903 Human settlement in ScotlandBlackburnScots: An Dubh AlltView of Blackburn from the south of the village.BlackburnLocation within AberdeenshirePopulation3,050 (mid-2020 est.)OS grid referenceNJ826127Council areaAberdeenshireLieutenancy areaAberdeenshireCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townAberdeenPostcode districtAB21Dialling code01224 79PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish UK ParliamentWest Aberdeenshire and KincardineScottish ParliamentAberdeenshire West List of places UK Scotland 57°12′19″N 2°17′20″W / 57.205283°N 2.288903°W / 57.205283; -2.288903 Blackburn is a rapidly growing village northwest of Aberdeen, Scotland, and is situated in Aberdeenshire. Local amenities include an industrial estate, primary school, nursing home, post office, Starbucks Drive Thru, local Co-op and a community hall. Governance Blackburn is part of the West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine county constituency for UK Parliament elections. For Scottish elections Blackburn is part of the Aberdeenshire West constituency and part of the North East Scotland electoral region. Blackburn is within the East Garioch ward which forms part of the Garioch administrative area of Aberdeenshire Council. Fintray and Kinellar Community Council represents the views of residents to Aberdeenshire Council and other public bodies. Geography Located 8.5 miles (14km) WNW of Aberdeen and 92 miles (150km) NNE of Edinburgh, Blackburn is a village just north of Backhill Wood where small streams form and join into Black burn from which the village takes its name. The burn runs north to join the River Don. Economy Blackburn Industrial Estate is located at the south end of the village adjacent to the A96. Culture and community Kinellar Church - geograph.org.uk - 1222089 Kinellar Community Hall was opened by The Princess Royal on the 2nd of March 2005. It is used for sports, birthday parties and social events. Kinellar Parish Church, located just north of the village, is no longer in use. Sport Blackburn AFC, formed in 1947, is an Aberdeenshire AFA Division Two (East) team. Education Blackburn has one school, Kinellar Primary School, which provides primary education for local pupils. Pupils travel by bus to neighbouring Kemnay and attend Kemnay Academy for secondary education. On New Year's Day 2016, there was a fire at Kinellar School, reported to police at around 2.15am. Significant damage was caused to nursery and P1 classes. A 16 year old was arrested and charged in relation to the fire. The old school was demolished, and a new £12 million school was built on its site. It includes a nursery, games area, community park and additional car parking. References ^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ Kinellar Community Hall, accessed 13 February 2019 ^ "Kinellar Parish Church - Kinellar, Grampian - Places of Worship in Scotland \| SCHR". www.scottishchurches.org.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2020. ^ "Boy charged over primary school fire". BBC News. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ^ Lindsay, Kali (10 June 2016). "£12m approved to build new North-east primary school after fire". Evening Express. Retrieved 1 August 2018. vteSettlements and places of interest in Garioch, AberdeenshirePrimary settlements Blackburn Insch Inverurie Kemnay Kintore Newmachar Westhill Other settlements Auchleven Blairdaff Colpy Dunecht Echt Elrick Garlogie Hatton of Fintray Kingseat Kinmuck Old Rayne Oyne Pitcaple Sauchen Skene Places of interest Bennachie Chapel of Garioch Castle Fraser Dunnideer Leslie Castle Maiden Stone vteAreas and primary settlements in Aberdeenshire (see also: Aberdeen City)in Banff and Buchan Aberchirder Banff Fraserburgh Gardenstown Inverallochy and Cairnbulg Macduff Portsoy Rosehearty Sandhaven Whitehills in Buchan Boddam Crimond Cruden Bay Fetterangus Hatton Longside Maud Mintlaw New Deer New Pitsligo Peterhead St Combs St Fergus Strichen Stuartfield in Formartine Balmedie Cuminestown Ellon Fyvie Newburgh Oldmeldrum Pitmedden Potterton Rothienorman Tarves Turriff in Garioch Blackburn Insch Inverurie Kemnay Kintore Newmachar Westhill in Kincardine and Mearns Drumoak Fettercairn Gourdon Inverbervie Johnshaven Laurencekirk Luthermuir Newtonhill Portlethen St Cyrus Stonehaven in Marr Aboyne Alford Ballater Banchory Braemar Huntly Lumphanan Tarland Torphins This Aberdeenshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"industrial estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_estate"},{"link_name":"Starbucks Drive Thru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks"},{"link_name":"Co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-op_Food"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandBlackburn is a rapidly growing village northwest of Aberdeen, Scotland, and is situated in Aberdeenshire. Local amenities include an industrial estate, primary school, nursing home, post office, Starbucks Drive Thru, local Co-op and a community hall.","title":"Blackburn, Aberdeenshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Aberdeenshire_and_Kincardine_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire_West_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"North East Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)"},{"link_name":"East Garioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Garioch_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Garioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garioch"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Fintray and Kinellar Community Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fintray_and_Kinellar_Community_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Blackburn is part of the West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine county constituency for UK Parliament elections.For Scottish elections Blackburn is part of the Aberdeenshire West constituency and part of the North East Scotland electoral region.Blackburn is within the East Garioch ward which forms part of the Garioch administrative area of Aberdeenshire Council.Fintray and Kinellar Community Council represents the views of residents to Aberdeenshire Council and other public bodies.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire"}],"text":"Located 8.5 miles (14km) WNW of Aberdeen and 92 miles (150km) NNE of Edinburgh, Blackburn is a village just north of Backhill Wood where small streams form and join into Black burn from which the village takes its name. The burn runs north to join the River Don.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A96_road"}],"text":"Blackburn Industrial Estate is located at the south end of the village adjacent to the A96.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinellar_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1222089.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kinellar Church - geograph.org.uk - 1222089Kinellar Community Hall was opened by The Princess Royal[citation needed] on the 2nd of March 2005. It is used for sports, birthday parties and social events.[2]Kinellar Parish Church, located just north of the village, is no longer in use.[3]","title":"Culture and community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackburn AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackburn_AFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire AFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Amateur_Football_Association"}],"text":"Blackburn AFC, formed in 1947, is an Aberdeenshire AFA Division Two (East) team.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kemnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Kemnay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Blackburn has one school, Kinellar Primary School, which provides primary education for local pupils. Pupils travel by bus to neighbouring Kemnay and attend Kemnay Academy for secondary education.On New Year's Day 2016, there was a fire at Kinellar School, reported to police at around 2.15am. Significant damage was caused to nursery and P1 classes. A 16 year old was arrested and charged in relation to the fire.[4] The old school was demolished, and a new £12 million school was built on its site. It includes a nursery, games area, community park and additional car parking.[5]","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Kinellar Church - geograph.org.uk - 1222089","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kinellar_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1222089.jpg/220px-Kinellar_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1222089.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","url_text":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland","url_text":"National Records of Scotland"}]},{"reference":"\"Kinellar Parish Church - Kinellar, Grampian - Places of Worship in Scotland \| SCHR\". www.scottishchurches.org.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/649/name/Kinellar+Parish+Church+Kinellar+Grampian","url_text":"\"Kinellar Parish Church - Kinellar, Grampian - Places of Worship in Scotland \| SCHR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy charged over primary school fire\". BBC News. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-35266346","url_text":"\"Boy charged over primary school fire\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Kali (10 June 2016). \"£12m approved to build new North-east primary school after fire\". Evening Express. Retrieved 1 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/12m-approved-to-build-school/","url_text":"\"£12m approved to build new North-east primary school after fire\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackburn,_Aberdeenshire&params=57.205283_N_2.288903_W_region:GB_type:city(3050)","external_links_name":"57°12′19″N 2°17′20″W / 57.205283°N 2.288903°W / 57.205283; -2.288903"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackburn,_Aberdeenshire&params=57.204743_N_2.289643_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Blackburn","external_links_name":"NJ826127"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blackburn,_Aberdeenshire&params=57.205283_N_2.288903_W_region:GB_type:city(3050)","external_links_name":"57°12′19″N 2°17′20″W / 57.205283°N 2.288903°W / 57.205283; -2.288903"},{"Link":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","external_links_name":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://www.kinellarhall.com/","external_links_name":"Kinellar Community Hall"},{"Link":"http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/649/name/Kinellar+Parish+Church+Kinellar+Grampian","external_links_name":"\"Kinellar Parish Church - Kinellar, Grampian - Places of Worship in Scotland \| SCHR\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-35266346","external_links_name":"\"Boy charged over primary school fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/12m-approved-to-build-school/","external_links_name":"\"£12m approved to build new North-east primary school after fire\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackburn,_Aberdeenshire&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molalla_Prairie,_Oregon	Molalla Prairie, Oregon	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°7′44″N 122°35′56″W / 45.12889°N 122.59889°W / 45.12889; -122.59889 Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United States Place in Oregon, United StatesMolalla PrairieMolalla PrairieLocation within the state of OregonShow map of OregonMolalla PrairieMolalla Prairie (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°7′44″N 122°35′56″W / 45.12889°N 122.59889°W / 45.12889; -122.59889CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyClackamasTime zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP codes97038 Molalla Prairie is an unincorporated community of approximately 3,500 residents in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. The community is located south of Molalla. In June 2009, 178 residents of the area signed petitions calling for a vote on forming a hamlet, hoping it would give the area more political clout on issues such as opposition to a natural gas pipeline through the area and agritourism. In March 2010, residents within the boundaries of the proposed hamlet voted in favor of formation by a 75–60 vote. On April 1, 2010, the hamlet came into existence after the Clackamas County Board of Commissioners approved the formation. In October 2014, all members of the hamlet's board of directors voted to resign and donate the hamlet's trust fund to the nearby hamlet of Beavercreek. The future of the community remains uncertain. References ^ Tims, Dana (January 6, 2010). "Molalla Prairie people tap into hamlet program". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 11, 2010. ^ Monroe, Bethany (March 11, 2010). "Voters approve Hamlet of Molalla Prairie". Molalla Pioneer. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010. ^ Monroe, Bethany (April 1, 2010). "County approves formation of Molalla hamlet". Molalla Pioneer. Retrieved June 11, 2010. ^ "Hamlet of Molalla Prairie Board of Directors minutes for October 2014" (PDF). October 7, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2014. External links Molalla Prairie Hamlet map Hamlet of Molalla Prairie Website Official page at Clackamas County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Clackamas County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: Oregon CityCities Barlow Canby Estacada Gladstone Happy Valley Johnson City Lake Oswego‡ Milwaukie‡ Molalla Oregon City Portland‡ Rivergrove‡ Sandy Tualatin‡ West Linn Wilsonville‡ Clackamas County mapHamlets Beavercreek Molalla Prairie Mount Hood Villages Mulino Stafford CDPs Boring Damascus Government Camp Jennings Lodge Oak Grove Oatfield Rhododendron Othercommunities Barton Brightwood Bull Run Carus Carver Cazadero Cherryville Clackamas Colton Cottrell Eagle Creek Faubion Jean Kelso Ladd Hill Lakewood Liberal Logan Lone Elder Macksburg Marmot Marquam Marylhurst Milwaukie Heights Mountain Air Park Needy New Era Redland Ripplebrook Riverside Shadowood Springwater Sunnyside Welches Wemme Wildwood Yoder Zigzag Indian reservation Warm Springs Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Oregon portal United States portal Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Clackamas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackamas_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Molalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molalla,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"agritourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agritourism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beavercreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavercreek,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United StatesPlace in Oregon, United StatesMolalla Prairie is an unincorporated community of approximately 3,500 residents in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. The community is located south of Molalla.In June 2009, 178 residents of the area signed petitions calling for a vote on forming a hamlet, hoping it would give the area more political clout on issues such as opposition to a natural gas pipeline through the area and agritourism.[1] In March 2010, residents within the boundaries of the proposed hamlet voted in favor of formation by a 75–60 vote.[2] On April 1, 2010, the hamlet came into existence after the Clackamas County Board of Commissioners approved the formation.[3]In October 2014, all members of the hamlet's board of directors voted to resign and donate the hamlet's trust fund to the nearby hamlet of Beavercreek. The future of the community remains uncertain.[4]","title":"Molalla Prairie, Oregon"}]	[{"image_text":"Clackamas County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Clackamas_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Oregon_highlighting_Clackamas_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Tims, Dana (January 6, 2010). \"Molalla Prairie people tap into hamlet program\". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2010/01/molalla_prairie_people_tap_int.html","url_text":"\"Molalla Prairie people tap into hamlet program\""}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Bethany (March 11, 2010). \"Voters approve Hamlet of Molalla Prairie\". Molalla Pioneer. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317204924/http://www.molallapioneer.com/news/2010/March/11/Local.News/voters.approve.hamlet.of.molalla.prairie/news.aspx","url_text":"\"Voters approve Hamlet of Molalla Prairie\""},{"url":"http://www.molallapioneer.com/news/2010/March/11/Local.News/voters.approve.hamlet.of.molalla.prairie/news.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Bethany (April 1, 2010). \"County approves formation of Molalla hamlet\". Molalla Pioneer. Retrieved June 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.molallapioneer.com/news/2010/April/01/Local.News/county.approves.formation.of.molalla.hamlet/news.aspx","url_text":"\"County approves formation of Molalla hamlet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hamlet of Molalla Prairie Board of Directors minutes for October 2014\" (PDF). October 7, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204449/http://www.clackamas.us/citizenin/documents/molalla/agenda20141007.pdf","url_text":"\"Hamlet of Molalla Prairie Board of Directors minutes for October 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.clackamas.us/citizenin/documents/molalla/agenda20141007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molalla_Prairie,_Oregon&params=45_7_44_N_122_35_56_W_type:city_region:US-OR","external_links_name":"45°7′44″N 122°35′56″W / 45.12889°N 122.59889°W / 45.12889; -122.59889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Molalla_Prairie,_Oregon&params=45_7_44_N_122_35_56_W_type:city_region:US-OR","external_links_name":"45°7′44″N 122°35′56″W / 45.12889°N 122.59889°W / 45.12889; -122.59889"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2010/01/molalla_prairie_people_tap_int.html","external_links_name":"\"Molalla Prairie people tap into hamlet program\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317204924/http://www.molallapioneer.com/news/2010/March/11/Local.News/voters.approve.hamlet.of.molalla.prairie/news.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Voters approve Hamlet of Molalla Prairie\""},{"Link":"http://www.molallapioneer.com/news/2010/March/11/Local.News/voters.approve.hamlet.of.molalla.prairie/news.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.molallapioneer.com/news/2010/April/01/Local.News/county.approves.formation.of.molalla.hamlet/news.aspx","external_links_name":"\"County approves formation of Molalla hamlet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204449/http://www.clackamas.us/citizenin/documents/molalla/agenda20141007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hamlet of Molalla Prairie Board of Directors minutes for October 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.clackamas.us/citizenin/documents/molalla/agenda20141007.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820055240/http://www.clackamas.us/citizenin/documents/molalla/mapmolalla.pdf","external_links_name":"Molalla Prairie Hamlet map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714140042/http://www.hamletofmolallaprairie.org/","external_links_name":"Hamlet of Molalla Prairie Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100326180312/http://www.clackamas.us/community/molalla-prairie.jsp","external_links_name":"Official page at Clackamas County website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315141029","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carron,_County_Clare	Carran	["1 Geography","2 Economy","3 Places of interest","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°02′06″N 9°04′35″W / 53.0350°N 9.0763004°W / 53.0350; -9.0763004Village in County Clare, Ireland For other places called Carron, see Carron (disambiguation). Village in Munster, IrelandCarran An CarnVillageSt. Columba's ChurchCarranLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°02′06″N 9°04′35″W / 53.0350°N 9.0763004°W / 53.0350; -9.0763004CountryIrelandProvinceMunsterCountyCounty ClarePopulation (2011) • Total106Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST))Irish Grid ReferenceR277992 Carran painted in the first half of the 19th century by a travelling French artist Temple Cronan Carran church Cassidy's Carran (Irish: An Carn, meaning 'the cairn'), also Carron, is a small village in County Clare, Ireland. It is in the Burren region, within a civil parish of the same name. It is notable mainly for being the birthplace of Michael Cusack, the inspirer and co-founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. At the time of the 2011 Census, Carran had 106 inhabitants. Geography Carran parish is located on the uplands of the Burren and is bounded on the northwest by County Galway and on the south by Kilnaboy. Slieve Carran, one of the highest points in the Burren, lies north of the village. The land is mainly rocky pasture with much limestone. In the past there were copper mines. It is said that Saint Columb founded an abbey at Glanculmkil, later to become the parish church. An 1837 account said this church was in ruins, and there were the remains of two other old churches at Crunane and Glanculmkil. A stone bed is called Saint Columb's bed, and nearby is a spring of fine water. The parish contains the townlands of Ballyconry, Ballydoora, Ballyline, Cahermackirilla, Cahergrillaun, Cappagh, Cappaghkennedy, Carran, Castletown, Clab, Clooncoose, Commons, Coolnatullagh, Coskeam, Creevagh, Crughwill, Fahee North, Fahee South, Fanygalvan, Glencolumbkille North, Glencolumbkille South, Iskancullin, Keelhilla, Knockans Lower, Knockans Upper, Meggagh East, Meggagh West, Mogouhy, Moheramoylan, Moheraroon, Moygowna, Poulacarran, Poulaphuca, Poulawack, Poulcaragharush, Pullagh, Rannagh East, Rannagh West, Sheshodonnell East, Sheshodonnell West, Sladoo and Termon. Economy In the village itself, a pub/restaurant (Cassidy's), a hostel, and a number of bed and breakfasts can be found. It also sports a church, a schoolhouse (built in 1858): 24 and a town hall. The schoolhouse now is used by the "Burrenlife Project". The number of inhabitants was 106 at the time of the 2011 Census, down from 115 in 2006. Carran is located centrally to a number of tourist sights: Within eight kilometres of the village are several stone forts, Poulnabrone dolmen, a turlough (disappearing lake) and limestone scenery ("pavement"). There is also Gleann Ciosog (a Gaelic Athletic Association pitch for the local football team Michael Cusacks). Carran was the birthplace of Michael Cusack, the inspirer and co-founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. A visitor centre commemorating him has been constructed south of the village on road L1014. East of the village is a Field Research Station, opened in 1975 by University College Galway (now NUI Galway).: 95 A bit beyond is the "Burren Perfumery", according to Lonely Planet the "only handycraft perfumery in Ireland". In addition, the area offers walking trails like the "Carran loop" or around the Carran turlough and scenic views over the Burren.: 22–31, 92–97 Places of interest Carran church (Teampull a'Chairn), located on the road between Leamaneh Castle and Ballyvaughan, is a ruin that measures 19 metres in length and 7 metres in breadth. The west end contains a (broken) belfry at the top and the south end has a pointed doorway and two windows, one of which is pointed and the other which is broken. These features indicate a construction date in the 15th century. The east end contains another pointed window broad on the inside and narrow on the outside. There seem to have been living quarters for the priest above the ground floor worship area. A broken stone altar remains under this window and at the left corner is a holy water font. In the north wall were three corbels decorated with carved heads, two males and one female. Only one of these heads now remains, two were removed in the 1970s. The remaining head wears a kind of hood or helmet or basinet indicating a carving from the late 14th or early 15th century.: 35–36 : 122–7 The cliff-bound valley of Kilcorney, 7 kilometres away, is characteristic of the area. Not far from the village is Temple Cronan, a 12th-century church. The west end of the church has some grotesque Romanesque heads on its exterior wall. In the churchyard there are two Cumdachs for bones, according to tradition built by St. Cronan. They are constructed from large flagstones, so placed as to meet at the top similar to a roof. West of the church is the holy well, Tobar Chronain, at which stations are performed. In Keelhilla townland lies the hermitage of Colman mac Duagh, a pilgrimage destination since medieval times and the site of a small oratory and several other antiquities. Also situated in the parish is Poulawack Cairn (Poll an Bhaic, The Hole of the Angle), a Neolithic/Bronze Age burial site excavated first by the Harvard Archaeological Expedition of 1934. Cahercommaun triple stone fort in the neighbouring Parish of Kilnaboy, is also close to Carran. Another ring fort in the area is Caherconnell. Creevagh wedge tomb is located in the parish. Cashlaungar, a stone ringfort located 2.7 km to the south of Carran. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References ^ a b "Census 2011". Central Statistics Office Ireland. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ "An Carn/Carran". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ Samuel Lewis (1837). "Carrune, Carron or Carne". County Clare: A History and Topography. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ "Map of Carran Parish showing Townlands". Clare County Library. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ a b c Kirby, Tony (2011). The Burren & The Aran Islands - A walking guide. The Collins Press. ISBN 9781905172979. ^ "Burren Life Project website". Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ "Michael Cusack Visitor Centre". Michael Cusack Visitor Centre. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ "Burren Perfumery". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ "Carran Looped Walk". Discover Island/Failte Ireland. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ Cunningham, George (1978). Burren Journey. Shannonside Mid Western Regional Tourism Organisation. ^ Carthy, Hugh (2011). Burren Archaeology. The Collins Press. ISBN 9781848891050. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carran. Michael Cusack Visitor Centre Accommodation in Carron Caherconnell Stone Fort homepage vtePlaces in County ClareCounty town: EnnisTowns Ennis Ennistymon Killaloe Kilkee Kilrush Lahinch Lisdoonvarna Milltown Malbay Newmarket-on-Fergus Shannon Tulla Villages Ardnacrusha Aughinish Ballaghline Ballyea Ballycannan Ballynacally Ballyvaughan Barefield Bodyke Boston Bridgetown Broadford Bunratty Cahiracon Carrigaholt Clarecastle Clonlara Cloonanaha Clooneenagh Connolly Coolmeen Cooraclare Coore Corofin Cranny Cratloe Cree Cross Crusheen Doolin Doonaha Doonbeg Doora Fanore Feakle Hurlers Cross Inagh Ivarstown Kilbaha Kildysart Kilfenora Kilkishen Killimer Kilmaley Kilmihil Kilmoon Kilmurry Kilnaboy Kilnamona Kilshanny Knock Labasheeda Liscannor Lissycasey Meelick Mountshannon Moyasta Mullagh Murroogh Noughaval O'Brien's Bridge O'Callaghan's Mills Parteen Quilty Quin Ruan Scarriff Sixmilebridge Spancill Hill Spanish Point Toonagh Tuamgraney Tubber Tullig Whitegate Regions Burren Loop Head Peninsula Islands Aughinish Canon Island Deer Island Inis Cathaig (or Scattery Island) Inis Cealtra Inishloe Inishmacowney Mutton Island Trummer List of townlands in County Clare Category:Mountains and hills of County Clare Category:Rivers of County Clare Category:Geography of County Clare vteBaronies and civil parishes of County ClareBaronyCivil parishesBunratty Lower Bunratty Clonloghan Drumline Feenagh Kilconry Kilfinaghta Kilfintinan Killeely (part) Kilmaleery Kilmurry-Negaul Kilnasoolagh St. Munchin's (part) St. Patrick's (part) Tomfinlough Bunratty Upper Clooney, Bunratty Upper Doora Inchicronan Kilraghtis Quin Templemaley Burren Abbey Carran Drumcreehy Gleninagh Kilcorney Killonaghan Killeany Kilmoon Noughaval Oughtmama Rathborney Clonderalaw Kilchreest Kildysart Kilfidane Killimer Killofin Kilmihil Kilmurry McMahon Corcomroe Clooney, Corcomroe Kilfenora Killaspuglonane Kiltoraght Kilmanaheen Kilmacrehy Killilagh Kilshanny Ibrickane Kilfarboy Killard Kilmurry Ibrickane Kilmacduane (part) Inchiquin Dysert Inagh Kilkeedy Kilnaboy Kilnamona Rath Ruan Islands Clareabbey Clondagad Drumcliff Killone Kilmaley Leitrim Kilbarron Clonrush Inishcaltra Moyarta Kilballyowen Kilfearagh (Kilkee) Kilrush Moyarta Kilmacduane (part) Tulla Lower Clonlea Killaloe Killokennedy Killuran Kilseily Kiltenanlea O'Brien's Bridge Ogonnelloe Tulla Upper Feakle Kilnoe Moynoe Tuamgraney Tulla * (part) refers to civil parishes which span two different baronies	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carron (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carron_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DV405_no._Carran_Tual.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_Temple_Cronan.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carran-church-ruins.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cassidy%27s_pub_and_restaurant,_Carran,_Co._Clare_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250624.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logainm-2"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"the Burren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burren"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Michael Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cusack_(Gaelic_Athletic_Association)"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"}],"text":"Village in County Clare, IrelandFor other places called Carron, see Carron (disambiguation).Village in Munster, IrelandCarran painted in the first half of the 19th century by a travelling French artistTemple CronanCarran churchCassidy'sCarran (Irish: An Carn, meaning 'the cairn'),[2] also Carron, is a small village in County Clare, Ireland. It is in the Burren region, within a civil parish of the same name. It is notable mainly for being the birthplace of Michael Cusack, the inspirer and co-founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. At the time of the 2011 Census, Carran had 106 inhabitants.","title":"Carran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Kilnaboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilnaboy"},{"link_name":"Saint Columb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Columb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Carran parish is located on the uplands of the Burren and is bounded on the northwest by County Galway and on the south by Kilnaboy. Slieve Carran, one of the highest points in the Burren, lies north of the village.The land is mainly rocky pasture with much limestone. In the past there were copper mines. It is said that Saint Columb founded an abbey at Glanculmkil, later to become the parish church. An 1837 account said this church was in ruins, and there were the remains of two other old churches at Crunane and Glanculmkil. A stone bed is called Saint Columb's bed, and nearby is a spring of fine water.[3]The parish contains the townlands of Ballyconry, Ballydoora, Ballyline, Cahermackirilla, Cahergrillaun, Cappagh, Cappaghkennedy, Carran, Castletown, Clab, Clooncoose, Commons, Coolnatullagh, Coskeam, Creevagh, Crughwill, Fahee North, Fahee South, Fanygalvan, Glencolumbkille North, Glencolumbkille South, Iskancullin, Keelhilla, Knockans Lower, Knockans Upper, Meggagh East, Meggagh West, Mogouhy, Moheramoylan, Moheraroon, Moygowna, Poulacarran, Poulaphuca, Poulawack, Poulcaragharush, Pullagh, Rannagh East, Rannagh West, Sheshodonnell East, Sheshodonnell West, Sladoo and Termon.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bed and breakfasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso2011-1"},{"link_name":"Poulnabrone dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen"},{"link_name":"turlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlough_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Michael Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cusack_(Gaelic_Athletic_Association)"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-7"},{"link_name":"NUI Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUI_Galway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-5"},{"link_name":"Lonely Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loop-9"}],"text":"In the village itself, a pub/restaurant (Cassidy's), a hostel, and a number of bed and breakfasts can be found. It also sports a church, a schoolhouse (built in 1858)[5]: 24 and a town hall. The schoolhouse now is used by the \"Burrenlife Project\".[6]The number of inhabitants was 106 at the time of the 2011 Census, down from 115 in 2006.[1]Carran is located centrally to a number of tourist sights: Within eight kilometres of the village are several stone forts, Poulnabrone dolmen, a turlough (disappearing lake) and limestone scenery (\"pavement\"). There is also Gleann Ciosog (a Gaelic Athletic Association pitch for the local football team Michael Cusacks). Carran was the birthplace of Michael Cusack, the inspirer and co-founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. A visitor centre commemorating him has been constructed south of the village on road L1014.[7]East of the village is a Field Research Station, opened in 1975 by University College Galway (now NUI Galway).[5]: 95 A bit beyond is the \"Burren Perfumery\", according to Lonely Planet the \"only handycraft perfumery in Ireland\".[8]In addition, the area offers walking trails like the \"Carran loop\" or around the Carran turlough and scenic views over the Burren.[5]: 22–31, 92–97 [9]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leamaneh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamaneh_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ballyvaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyvaughan"},{"link_name":"corbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbels"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journey-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arch-11"},{"link_name":"Temple Cronan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Cronan"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_sculpture"},{"link_name":"churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Cumdachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumdach"},{"link_name":"St. Cronan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Chua_of_Balla"},{"link_name":"Tobar Chronain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobar_Chronain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colman mac Duagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colman_mac_Duagh"},{"link_name":"Poulawack Cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulawack_Cairn"},{"link_name":"Harvard Archaeological Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Cahercommaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahercommaun"},{"link_name":"Caherconnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caherconnell_Stone_Fort"},{"link_name":"Creevagh wedge tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creevagh_(wedge_tomb)"},{"link_name":"Cashlaungar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashlaungar"}],"text":"Carran church (Teampull a'Chairn), located on the road between Leamaneh Castle and Ballyvaughan, is a ruin that measures 19 metres in length and 7 metres in breadth. The west end contains a (broken) belfry at the top and the south end has a pointed doorway and two windows, one of which is pointed and the other which is broken. These features indicate a construction date in the 15th century. The east end contains another pointed window broad on the inside and narrow on the outside. There seem to have been living quarters for the priest above the ground floor worship area. A broken stone altar remains under this window and at the left corner is a holy water font. In the north wall were three corbels decorated with carved heads, two males and one female. Only one of these heads now remains, two were removed in the 1970s. The remaining head wears a kind of hood or helmet or basinet indicating a carving from the late 14th or early 15th century.[10]: 35–36 [11]: 122–7 \nThe cliff-bound valley of Kilcorney, 7 kilometres away, is characteristic of the area.\nNot far from the village is Temple Cronan, a 12th-century church. The west end of the church has some grotesque Romanesque heads on its exterior wall. In the churchyard there are two Cumdachs for bones, according to tradition built by St. Cronan. They are constructed from large flagstones, so placed as to meet at the top similar to a roof. West of the church is the holy well, Tobar Chronain, at which stations are performed.\nIn Keelhilla townland lies the hermitage of Colman mac Duagh, a pilgrimage destination since medieval times and the site of a small oratory and several other antiquities.\nAlso situated in the parish is Poulawack Cairn (Poll an Bhaic, The Hole of the Angle), a Neolithic/Bronze Age burial site excavated first by the Harvard Archaeological Expedition of 1934.\nCahercommaun triple stone fort in the neighbouring Parish of Kilnaboy, is also close to Carran.\nAnother ring fort in the area is Caherconnell.\nCreevagh wedge tomb is located in the parish.\nCashlaungar, a stone ringfort located 2.7 km to the south of Carran.","title":"Places of interest"}]	[{"image_text":"Carran painted in the first half of the 19th century by a travelling French artist","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/DV405_no._Carran_Tual.png/250px-DV405_no._Carran_Tual.png"},{"image_text":"Temple Cronan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Exterior_Temple_Cronan.JPG/250px-Exterior_Temple_Cronan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Carran church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Carran-church-ruins.jpg/250px-Carran-church-ruins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cassidy's","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cassidy%27s_pub_and_restaurant%2C_Carran%2C_Co._Clare_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250624.jpg/250px-Cassidy%27s_pub_and_restaurant%2C_Carran%2C_Co._Clare_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250624.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Clare.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Clare.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"\"Census 2011\". Central Statistics Office Ireland. Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cso.ie/census/table8.htm","url_text":"\"Census 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)","url_text":"Central Statistics Office Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"An Carn/Carran\". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165632","url_text":"\"An Carn/Carran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenames_Database_of_Ireland","url_text":"Placenames Database of Ireland"}]},{"reference":"Samuel Lewis (1837). \"Carrune, Carron or Carne\". County Clare: A History and Topography. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/carrune1837.htm","url_text":"County Clare: A History and Topography"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of Carran Parish showing Townlands\". Clare County Library. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/carran_townlands.htm","url_text":"\"Map of Carran Parish showing Townlands\""}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Tony (2011). The Burren & The Aran Islands - A walking guide. The Collins Press. ISBN 9781905172979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905172979","url_text":"9781905172979"}]},{"reference":"\"Burren Life Project website\". Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burrenlife.com/","url_text":"\"Burren Life Project website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Cusack Visitor Centre\". Michael Cusack Visitor Centre. Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michaelcusack.ie/","url_text":"\"Michael Cusack Visitor Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burren Perfumery\". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ireland/carron-around/sights/farms-workshops-factories/burren-perfumery-floral-centre","url_text":"\"Burren Perfumery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carran Looped Walk\". Discover Island/Failte Ireland. Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discoverireland.ie/Activities-Adventure/carran-looped-walk/74110","url_text":"\"Carran Looped Walk\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, George (1978). Burren Journey. Shannonside Mid Western Regional Tourism Organisation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carthy, Hugh (2011). Burren Archaeology. The Collins Press. ISBN 9781848891050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848891050","url_text":"9781848891050"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carran&params=53.035_N_9.0763004_W_dim:25000_region:IE_type:city(106)","external_links_name":"53°02′06″N 9°04′35″W / 53.0350°N 9.0763004°W / 53.0350; -9.0763004"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carran&params=53.035_N_9.0763004_W_dim:25000_region:IE_type:city(106)","external_links_name":"53°02′06″N 9°04′35″W / 53.0350°N 9.0763004°W / 53.0350; -9.0763004"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carran&params=53.038881_N_9.078581_W_region:IE_scale:25000","external_links_name":"R277992"},{"Link":"http://www.cso.ie/census/table8.htm","external_links_name":"\"Census 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/1165632","external_links_name":"\"An Carn/Carran\""},{"Link":"http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/carrune1837.htm","external_links_name":"County Clare: A History and Topography"},{"Link":"http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/carran_townlands.htm","external_links_name":"\"Map of Carran Parish showing Townlands\""},{"Link":"http://www.burrenlife.com/","external_links_name":"\"Burren Life Project website\""},{"Link":"http://www.michaelcusack.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Cusack Visitor Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ireland/carron-around/sights/farms-workshops-factories/burren-perfumery-floral-centre","external_links_name":"\"Burren Perfumery\""},{"Link":"http://www.discoverireland.ie/Activities-Adventure/carran-looped-walk/74110","external_links_name":"\"Carran Looped Walk\""},{"Link":"http://www.michaelcusack.ie/","external_links_name":"Michael Cusack Visitor Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.claretourist.com/towns/carron/","external_links_name":"Accommodation in Carron"},{"Link":"http://www.burrenforts.ie/","external_links_name":"Caherconnell Stone Fort homepage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingguo	Xingguo County	["1 History","2 Administration","3 Geography","3.1 Location","3.2 Topography","3.3 Rivers","3.4 Climate","4 Demographics","5 Places of interests","6 Transportation","6.1 Highways and roads","6.2 Railway","6.3 Air","7 Culture","7.1 Hakka culture","7.2 Folk song","7.3 Feng shui","8 Notable people","9 Cuisine and specialities","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 26°20′02″N 115°20′46″E / 26.33389°N 115.34611°E / 26.33389; 115.34611County in Jiangxi, People's Republic of ChinaXingguo County 兴国县HingkwoCountyNickname: County of Generals (将军县)Location of Xingguo County (red) in JiangxiCoordinates: 26°20′02″N 115°20′46″E / 26.33389°N 115.34611°E / 26.33389; 115.34611CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceJiangxiPrefecture-level cityGanzhouSeatLianjiang (潋江镇)Area • Total3,214.46 km2 (1,241.11 sq mi)Dimensions • Length84 km (52 mi) • Width71.5 km (44.4 mi)Population (2010) • Total719,830 • Density220/km2 (580/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code342400Area code0797Websitewww.xingguo.gov.cn Xingguo County (simplified Chinese: 兴国县; traditional Chinese: 興國縣; pinyin: Xīngguó Xiàn) is a county in south central Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of and located in the north of the prefecture-level city of Ganzhou, with a total area of 3,214.46 km2 (1,241.11 sq mi). Its population was 719,830 at the 2010 census. History In 236 during the Three Kingdoms period Pingyang County was set up in the current area of Xingguo County. In 982 during the Northern Song period the county of Xingguo was set up, named after the Taipingxingguo era (AD 976 – 984) of the emperor of that time. Xingguo was one of the counties controlled by the Chinese Communist Party in the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet, a constituent entity of the Chinese Soviet Republic from 1931. Xingguo county was the site of pioneering achievements in land reform, educational reform, and organizational development.: 49 Mao Zedong praised these successes as part of "Xingguo Model" in 1934, and they became an important point of reference for other Communist Party policy experiments in the later 1930s and the 1940s.: 49 The county was captured by the Kuomintang forces in 1934 as part of the fifth encirclement campaign. Administration As of end of 2019, Xingguo has jurisdiction over 8 towns, 17 townships and 1 economic development zone. The seat of the county locates at the Lianjiang Town. 8 towns Lianjiang Town (潋江镇) Jiangbei Town (江背镇) Gulonggang Town (古龙冈镇) Meijiao Town (梅窖镇) Gaoxing Town (高兴镇) Liangcun Town (良村镇) Longkou Town (龙口镇) Chenggang Town (城岗镇) 17 townships Xingjiang Township (兴江乡) Zhangmu Township (樟木乡) Dongcun Township (东村乡) Xinglian Township (兴莲乡) Jiecun Township (杰村乡) Shefu Township (社富乡) Butou Township (埠头乡) Yongfeng Township (永丰乡) Longping Township (隆坪乡) Juncun Township (均村乡) Chayuan Township (茶园乡) Chongxian Township (崇贤乡) Fengbian Township (枫边乡) Nankeng Township (南坑乡) Fangtai Township (方太乡) Dinglong Township (鼎龙乡) Changgang Township (长冈乡) Geography The location of Xingguo (in red) within Jiangxi Province. Location Xingguo County locates in the central south of Jiangxi Province, and in the north of Ganzhou prefectural level city. The distance to the center of Ganzhou is about 82 kilometers, and the distance to the provincial capital Nanchang is about 346 kilometers. The top of Mount Dawushan, the highest point of Xingguo County. Topography The length from east to west is 84 kilometers and the width from north to south is 71.5 kilometers. Xingguo is mostly covered by hills and mountains: mountains over 1000 meters on the east, north and west edges, while hilly areas in the center and south parts, with a small basin around the county seat Lianjiang Town. The highest point is the Mount Dawushan at Fengbian Township in the north with elevation of 1204 meters, while the lowest point locates at Mubu Village, Longkou Township in the south with elevation of 127.9 meters. Rivers The rivers in Xingguo are mostly tributaries to Gong River, which forms Gan River together with Zhang River near the city center of Ganzhou. There are several reservoirs in Xingguo, the largest one being Changgang Reservoir at Changgang Township. Climate Xingguo has a humid subtropical climate. The annual average temperature is 19.0 °C, and the average annual precipitation is 1545 mm. Climate data for Xingguo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 26.4(79.5) 30.5(86.9) 31.9(89.4) 34.7(94.5) 36.0(96.8) 37.5(99.5) 40.4(104.7) 40.4(104.7) 37.9(100.2) 36.5(97.7) 32.8(91.0) 26.6(79.9) 40.4(104.7) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.2(54.0) 15.1(59.2) 18.3(64.9) 24.7(76.5) 28.8(83.8) 31.3(88.3) 34.5(94.1) 33.9(93.0) 30.8(87.4) 26.5(79.7) 21.0(69.8) 15.0(59.0) 24.3(75.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 7.8(46.0) 10.3(50.5) 13.8(56.8) 19.7(67.5) 23.9(75.0) 26.8(80.2) 29.2(84.6) 28.5(83.3) 25.6(78.1) 20.8(69.4) 15.3(59.5) 9.6(49.3) 19.3(66.7) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.9(40.8) 7.2(45.0) 10.7(51.3) 16.1(61.0) 20.4(68.7) 23.5(74.3) 25.1(77.2) 24.8(76.6) 21.9(71.4) 16.8(62.2) 11.4(52.5) 6.0(42.8) 15.7(60.3) Record low °C (°F) −4.5(23.9) −3.3(26.1) −1.7(28.9) 3.8(38.8) 10.0(50.0) 14.2(57.6) 19.3(66.7) 20.3(68.5) 13.9(57.0) 5.0(41.0) −0.7(30.7) −6.3(20.7) −6.3(20.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 70.5(2.78) 92.1(3.63) 178.4(7.02) 173.7(6.84) 230.9(9.09) 258.7(10.19) 160.3(6.31) 163.8(6.45) 68.6(2.70) 57.4(2.26) 74.0(2.91) 53.1(2.09) 1,581.5(62.27) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.2 12.6 17.9 16.4 17.3 16.8 11.5 14.0 8.6 5.9 7.7 8.4 148.3 Average snowy days 1.8 1.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 3.4 Average relative humidity (%) 78 79 82 80 80 80 73 76 76 73 76 75 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 81.3 82.3 79.5 109.5 129.1 143.3 244.3 216.1 179.9 166.6 134.5 120.4 1,686.8 Percent possible sunshine 25 26 21 29 31 35 58 54 49 47 42 37 38 Source: China Meteorological Administration Demographics According to the official website, the population in 2015 was about 820,000. Xingguo is Hakka area, the ancestors of the population mostly came from Henan, Gansu and other provinces such as Shaanxi, Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong. There are a small number of She people living in Xingguo. According to the records, there were 810 households and 4419 She people in 1986. Four villages in Xingguo are designated to She people. Places of interests Lianjiang Academy. Zhuhua Pagoda. The inscription "Yongzhen Jiangnan" on top of the Mount Dawushan. The Revolutionary Sites of Xingguo is on the list of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level. It includes 5 different sites where Mao Zedong, Communist Party, and Red Army had had activities during 1929 - 1933. As a result of these activities, there has been 54 persons from Xingguo appointed as major generals, lieutenant generals, or colonel generals in the army (later additional 2 persons were appointed). So Xingguo is nicknamed as the County of Generals. In addition, there are 19 historical and cultural sites protected at the provincial level, 9 sites at the prefectural city level, and 25 sites at the county level. Lianjiang Academy: Built in 1738 as an academy of classical learning. Mao Zedong held the training class for cadre on land reforms here in 1929. Later it functioned as the seat of the Soviet government of Xingguo County from 1930 to 1934. Protected at the national level as a part of the Revolutionary Sites of Xingguo. Zhuhua Pagoda: Initially built during the Tang dynasty, later rebuilt in 1550 during the Ming dynasty. The central pillar is in square shape, which is quite uncommon among pagodas. Protected at the provincial level. Inscription "Yongzhen Jiangnan" ("Eternally safeguarding the south of Yangtze") by Wen Tianxiang: It locates in a temple at the top of Mount Dawushan. Protected at the provincial level. Bingxin Cave: Scenery with Danxia landform. Taipingyan Cave: A cave in Karst landscape area in Meijiao Town. Transportation Highways and roads Expressways of China: G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway, Xingguo–Ganxian Expressway China National Highways: G238, G319, G356 Provincial roads: S227, S229 Railway There are two railway stations in the county. High-speed services call at Xingguo West railway station and all other services call at Xingguo railway station. Air Both airports are within 100 kilometers distance. Ganzhou Huangjin Airport Jinggangshan Airport Culture Hakka culture Xingguo is a settlement for Hakka people, so it has the characteristics of Hakka culture, including the Hakka Chinese language. Folk song In Xingguo there is a unique folk song genre called Xingguo Shan'ge (mountain song). Feng shui Xingguo is also one of the founding places of feng shui philosophy. Sanliao Village in Meijiao Town is known as the First Village of Feng Shui Culture. Notable people Colonel generals: Chen Qihan, Xiao Hua Lieutenant general: Qiu Huizuo Politicians: Guo Shengkun, Wang Taihua, Yang Shangkui, Zeng Qinghong Cuisine and specialities Xingguo red carp Steamed and dried sweet potato Xingguo fish noodle: made from fish meat and sweet potato powder. Fen long chuang: fish or meat covered by sweet potato powder, together with spicy taro or sweet potato slices and rice noodles, steamed in a big bamboo case. Together with 4 small dishes, Mao Zedong named it as Si xing wang yue (fours stars gazing at the moon). References ^ a b c d e f "历史沿革". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ a b c "GÀNZHŌU SHÌ (Prefecture-level City)". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ Heilmann, Sebastian (2018). Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China’s Rise. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-962-996-827-4. ^ "行政区划". www.ganzhou.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2020-10-21. ^ a b c "自然资源". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "兴国县简介". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2015-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ Hu Yuchun (2015-12-25). "兴国畲族历史考（一）". xingguoxian.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ a b "文物保护——兴国县各级文物保护单位名单". jxxggmjng.com (in Chinese). 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ "我县新增13处省级文物保护单位". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2018-07-01. ^ a b c "资源特产". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ ""四星望月"——毛泽东命名的客家菜". xgjjw.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-03-21. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xingguo County. Look up Xingguo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Official website of Xingguo County government vteCounty-level divisions of Jiangxi ProvinceNanchang (capital)Prefecture-level citiesNanchang Donghu District Xihu District Qingyunpu District Qingshanhu District Xinjian District Honggutan District Nanchang County Anyi County Jinxian County Jingdezhen Zhushan District Changjiang District Leping city Fuliang County Pingxiang Anyuan District Xiangdong District Lianhua County Shangli County Luxi County Jiujiang Xunyang District Lianxi District Chaisang District Gongqingcheng city Ruichang city Lushan city Wuning County Xiushui County Yongxiu County De'an County Duchang County Hukou County Pengze County Xinyu Yushui District Fenyi County Yingtan Yuehu District Yujiang District Guixi city Ganzhou Zhanggong District Nankang District Ganxian District Ruijin city Longnan city Xinfeng County Dayu County Shangyou County Chongyi County Anyuan County Dingnan County Quannan County Ningdu County Yudu County Xingguo County Huichang County Xunwu County Shicheng County Ji'an Jizhou District Qingyuan District Jinggangshan city Ji'an County Yongfeng County Yongxin County Xingan County Taihe County Xiajiang County Suichuan County Anfu County Jishui County Wan'an County Yichun Yuanzhou District Fengcheng city Zhangshu city Gao'an city Tonggu County Jing'an County Yifeng County Fengxin County Wanzai County Shanggao County Fuzhou Linchuan District Dongxiang District Nanfeng County Le'an County Jinxi County Nancheng County Zixi County Yihuang County Guangchang County Lichuan County Chongren County Shangrao Xinzhou District Guangfeng District Guangxin District Dexing city Poyang County Wuyuan County Yanshan County Yugan County Hengfeng County Yiyang County Yushan County Wannian County Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Ganzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citypop-2"}],"text":"County in Jiangxi, People's Republic of ChinaXingguo County (simplified Chinese: 兴国县; traditional Chinese: 興國縣; pinyin: Xīngguó Xiàn) is a county in south central Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of and located in the north of the prefecture-level city of Ganzhou, with a total area of 3,214.46 km2 (1,241.11 sq mi). Its population was 719,830 at the 2010 census.[2]","title":"Xingguo County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Northern Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"emperor of that time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi%E2%80%93Fujian_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Chinese Soviet Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"fifth encirclement campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Jiangxi_Soviet"}],"text":"In 236 during the Three Kingdoms period Pingyang County was set up in the current area of Xingguo County. In 982 during the Northern Song period the county of Xingguo was set up, named after the Taipingxingguo era (AD 976 – 984) of the emperor of that time.[1]Xingguo was one of the counties controlled by the Chinese Communist Party in the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet, a constituent entity of the Chinese Soviet Republic from 1931. Xingguo county was the site of pioneering achievements in land reform, educational reform, and organizational development.[3]: 49 Mao Zedong praised these successes as part of \"Xingguo Model\" in 1934, and they became an important point of reference for other Communist Party policy experiments in the later 1930s and the 1940s.[1]: 49The county was captured by the Kuomintang forces in 1934 as part of the fifth encirclement campaign.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adminDiv-4"}],"text":"As of end of 2019, Xingguo has jurisdiction over 8 towns, 17 townships and 1 economic development zone.[4] The seat of the county locates at the Lianjiang Town.8 towns17 townships","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jiangxi_Xingguo.svg"}],"text":"The location of Xingguo (in red) within Jiangxi Province.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_top_of_the_Dawushan_Mountain.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Xingguo County locates in the central south of Jiangxi Province, and in the north of Ganzhou prefectural level city. The distance to the center of Ganzhou is about 82 kilometers, and the distance to the provincial capital Nanchang is about 346 kilometers.The top of Mount Dawushan, the highest point of Xingguo County.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-5"}],"sub_title":"Topography","text":"The length from east to west is 84 kilometers and the width from north to south is 71.5 kilometers. Xingguo is mostly covered by hills and mountains: mountains over 1000 meters on the east, north and west edges, while hilly areas in the center and south parts, with a small basin around the county seat Lianjiang Town. The highest point is the Mount Dawushan at Fengbian Township in the north with elevation of 1204 meters, while the lowest point locates at Mubu Village, Longkou Township in the south with elevation of 127.9 meters.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-5"},{"link_name":"Gan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_River"},{"link_name":"Zhang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_River"},{"link_name":"Ganzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou"},{"link_name":"Changgang Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changgang_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"The rivers in Xingguo are mostly tributaries to Gong River,[5] which forms Gan River together with Zhang River near the city center of Ganzhou.There are several reservoirs in Xingguo, the largest one being Changgang Reservoir at Changgang Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-5"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Xingguo has a humid subtropical climate. The annual average temperature is 19.0 °C, and the average annual precipitation is 1545 mm.[5]Climate data for Xingguo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n34.7(94.5)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n37.5(99.5)\n\n40.4(104.7)\n\n40.4(104.7)\n\n37.9(100.2)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n32.8(91.0)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n40.4(104.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n24.3(75.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−4.5(23.9)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n3.8(38.8)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n−6.3(20.7)\n\n−6.3(20.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n70.5(2.78)\n\n92.1(3.63)\n\n178.4(7.02)\n\n173.7(6.84)\n\n230.9(9.09)\n\n258.7(10.19)\n\n160.3(6.31)\n\n163.8(6.45)\n\n68.6(2.70)\n\n57.4(2.26)\n\n74.0(2.91)\n\n53.1(2.09)\n\n1,581.5(62.27)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n11.2\n\n12.6\n\n17.9\n\n16.4\n\n17.3\n\n16.8\n\n11.5\n\n14.0\n\n8.6\n\n5.9\n\n7.7\n\n8.4\n\n148.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n1.8\n\n1.0\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.5\n\n3.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n78\n\n79\n\n82\n\n80\n\n80\n\n80\n\n73\n\n76\n\n76\n\n73\n\n76\n\n75\n\n77\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n81.3\n\n82.3\n\n79.5\n\n109.5\n\n129.1\n\n143.3\n\n244.3\n\n216.1\n\n179.9\n\n166.6\n\n134.5\n\n120.4\n\n1,686.8\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n25\n\n26\n\n21\n\n29\n\n31\n\n35\n\n58\n\n54\n\n49\n\n47\n\n42\n\n37\n\n38\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[6][7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XGintro-8"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Gansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"She people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shezu-9"}],"text":"According to the official website, the population in 2015 was about 820,000.[8] Xingguo is Hakka area, the ancestors of the population mostly came from Henan, Gansu and other provinces such as Shaanxi, Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong.[1]There are a small number of She people living in Xingguo. According to the records, there were 810 households and 4419 She people in 1986.[9] Four villages in Xingguo are designated to She people.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lianjiang_Academy_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhuhua_Pagoda_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscription_-_Yongzhen_Jiangnan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Sites of Xingguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Sites_of_Xingguo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtectedSites-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newProvSites-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtectedSites-10"},{"link_name":"academy of classical learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academies_(Shuyuan)"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wen Tianxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang"},{"link_name":"Danxia landform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danxia_landform"},{"link_name":"Karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"}],"text":"Lianjiang Academy.Zhuhua Pagoda.The inscription \"Yongzhen Jiangnan\" on top of the Mount Dawushan.The Revolutionary Sites of Xingguo is on the list of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level. It includes 5 different sites where Mao Zedong, Communist Party, and Red Army had had activities during 1929 - 1933.[10] As a result of these activities, there has been 54 persons from Xingguo appointed as major generals, lieutenant generals, or colonel generals in the army (later additional 2 persons were appointed). So Xingguo is nicknamed as the County of Generals.[1]In addition, there are 19 historical and cultural sites protected at the provincial level,[11] 9 sites at the prefectural city level, and 25 sites at the county level.[10]Lianjiang Academy: Built in 1738 as an academy of classical learning. Mao Zedong held the training class for cadre on land reforms here in 1929. Later it functioned as the seat of the Soviet government of Xingguo County from 1930 to 1934. Protected at the national level as a part of the Revolutionary Sites of Xingguo.\nZhuhua Pagoda: Initially built during the Tang dynasty, later rebuilt in 1550 during the Ming dynasty. The central pillar is in square shape, which is quite uncommon among pagodas. Protected at the provincial level.\nInscription \"Yongzhen Jiangnan\" (\"Eternally safeguarding the south of Yangtze\") by Wen Tianxiang: It locates in a temple at the top of Mount Dawushan. Protected at the provincial level.\nBingxin Cave: Scenery with Danxia landform.\nTaipingyan Cave: A cave in Karst landscape area in Meijiao Town.","title":"Places of interests"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G72_Quanzhou%E2%80%93Nanning_Expressway"},{"link_name":"G319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_319"}],"sub_title":"Highways and roads","text":"Expressways of China: G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway, Xingguo–Ganxian Expressway\nChina National Highways: G238, G319, G356\nProvincial roads: S227, S229","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xingguo West railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xingguo_West_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xingguo railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingguo_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"There are two railway stations in the county. High-speed services call at Xingguo West railway station and all other services call at Xingguo railway station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganzhou Huangjin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou_Huangjin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jinggangshan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinggangshan_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Both airports are within 100 kilometers distance.Ganzhou Huangjin Airport\nJinggangshan Airport","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hakka Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese"}],"sub_title":"Hakka culture","text":"Xingguo is a settlement for Hakka people, so it has the characteristics of Hakka culture, including the Hakka Chinese language.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shan'ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan%27ge"}],"sub_title":"Folk song","text":"In Xingguo there is a unique folk song genre called Xingguo Shan'ge (mountain song).","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feng shui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"}],"sub_title":"Feng shui","text":"Xingguo is also one of the founding places of feng shui philosophy. Sanliao Village in Meijiao Town is known as the First Village of Feng Shui Culture.[1]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chen Qihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qihan"},{"link_name":"Xiao Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(general)"},{"link_name":"Qiu Huizuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo"},{"link_name":"Guo Shengkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Shengkun"},{"link_name":"Wang Taihua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Taihua"},{"link_name":"Yang Shangkui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Shangkui"},{"link_name":"Zeng Qinghong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong_(female)"}],"text":"Colonel generals: Chen Qihan, Xiao Hua\nLieutenant general: Qiu Huizuo\nPoliticians: Guo Shengkun, Wang Taihua, Yang Shangkui, Zeng Qinghong","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techan-12"},{"link_name":"sweet potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techan-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techan-12"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sixingwangyue-13"}],"text":"Xingguo red carp[12]\nSteamed and dried sweet potato[12]\nXingguo fish noodle: made from fish meat and sweet potato powder.[12]\nFen long chuang: fish or meat covered by sweet potato powder, together with spicy taro or sweet potato slices and rice noodles, steamed in a big bamboo case. Together with 4 small dishes, Mao Zedong named it as Si xing wang yue (fours stars gazing at the moon).[13]","title":"Cuisine and specialities"}]	[{"image_text":"The location of Xingguo (in red) within Jiangxi Province.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiangxi_Xingguo.svg/180px-Jiangxi_Xingguo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The top of Mount Dawushan, the highest point of Xingguo County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_top_of_the_Dawushan_Mountain.jpg/200px-The_top_of_the_Dawushan_Mountain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lianjiang Academy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lianjiang_Academy_2.jpg/300px-Lianjiang_Academy_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zhuhua Pagoda.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zhuhua_Pagoda_1.jpg/300px-Zhuhua_Pagoda_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The inscription \"Yongzhen Jiangnan\" on top of the Mount Dawushan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Inscription_-_Yongzhen_Jiangnan.jpg/300px-Inscription_-_Yongzhen_Jiangnan.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"历史沿革\". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/xgwh/lsyy/201312/t20131201_166228.html","url_text":"\"历史沿革\""}]},{"reference":"\"GÀNZHŌU SHÌ (Prefecture-level City)\". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-jiangxi-admin.php?adm1id=3607","url_text":"\"GÀNZHŌU SHÌ (Prefecture-level City)\""}]},{"reference":"Heilmann, Sebastian (2018). Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China’s Rise. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-962-996-827-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann","url_text":"Heilmann, Sebastian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press","url_text":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4","url_text":"978-962-996-827-4"}]},{"reference":"\"行政区划\". www.ganzhou.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2020-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ganzhou.gov.cn/c100146/2019-05/07/content_c60d03cb3d2f4059b900c4f4e35b2c79.shtml","url_text":"\"行政区划\""}]},{"reference":"\"自然资源\". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/csgk/zrzy/201312/t20131201_166810.html","url_text":"\"自然资源\""}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"兴国县简介\". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2015-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/csgk/xqgk/201312/t20131201_166227.html","url_text":"\"兴国县简介\""}]},{"reference":"Hu Yuchun (2015-12-25). \"兴国畲族历史考（一）\". xingguoxian.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.xingguoxian.cn/15/12/687639.html","url_text":"\"兴国畲族历史考（一）\""}]},{"reference":"\"文物保护——兴国县各级文物保护单位名单\". jxxggmjng.com (in Chinese). 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jxxggmjng.com/OtherView.asp?ID=139","url_text":"\"文物保护——兴国县各级文物保护单位名单\""}]},{"reference":"\"我县新增13处省级文物保护单位\". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2018-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/dtxx/zwdt/201803/t20180326_472360.html","url_text":"\"我县新增13处省级文物保护单位\""}]},{"reference":"\"资源特产\". xingguo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/csgk/zytc/","url_text":"\"资源特产\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"四星望月\"——毛泽东命名的客家菜\". xgjjw.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xgjjw.com/dftc/sxwy.asp","url_text":"\"\"四星望月\"——毛泽东命名的客家菜\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xingguo_County&params=26_20_02_N_115_20_46_E_region:CN-36_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"26°20′02″N 115°20′46″E / 26.33389°N 115.34611°E / 26.33389; 115.34611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xingguo_County&params=26_20_02_N_115_20_46_E_region:CN-36_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"26°20′02″N 115°20′46″E / 26.33389°N 115.34611°E / 26.33389; 115.34611"},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.xingguo.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/xgwh/lsyy/201312/t20131201_166228.html","external_links_name":"\"历史沿革\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-jiangxi-admin.php?adm1id=3607","external_links_name":"\"GÀNZHŌU SHÌ (Prefecture-level City)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ganzhou.gov.cn/c100146/2019-05/07/content_c60d03cb3d2f4059b900c4f4e35b2c79.shtml","external_links_name":"\"行政区划\""},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/csgk/zrzy/201312/t20131201_166810.html","external_links_name":"\"自然资源\""},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/csgk/xqgk/201312/t20131201_166227.html","external_links_name":"\"兴国县简介\""},{"Link":"http://news.xingguoxian.cn/15/12/687639.html","external_links_name":"\"兴国畲族历史考（一）\""},{"Link":"http://www.jxxggmjng.com/OtherView.asp?ID=139","external_links_name":"\"文物保护——兴国县各级文物保护单位名单\""},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/dtxx/zwdt/201803/t20180326_472360.html","external_links_name":"\"我县新增13处省级文物保护单位\""},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/zjxg/csgk/zytc/","external_links_name":"\"资源特产\""},{"Link":"http://www.xgjjw.com/dftc/sxwy.asp","external_links_name":"\"\"四星望月\"——毛泽东命名的客家菜\""},{"Link":"http://www.xingguo.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Official website of Xingguo County government"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/144680961","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRgvKQHdPXd4Cy3Jb68C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538001505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90025221","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00632648","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_N%C3%A5s	Johan Nås	["1 References"]	Norwegian footballer (born 1983) Johan NåsPersonal informationFull name Johan Nils NåsDate of birth (1983-02-09) 9 February 1983 (age 41)Height 1.92 m (6 ft 3+1⁄2 in)Position(s) DefenderStrikerSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls) Eide og Omegn –2003 Træff 2004 Lørenskog ? (24)2005 Molde 1 (0)2006 Follo 2007 Kongsvinger 2007–2008 Follo 2008 → Ull/Kisa (loan) 2009–2011 Strømmen 2012–2013 Frigg Club domestic league appearances and goals Johan Nås (born 9 February 1983) is a Norwegian football defender and striker. Nås hails from Eide. He played for SK Træff in 2003, when his transfer to Lørenskog IF was announced. He scored 24 league goals in the 2004 season, and was subsequently purchased by first-tier club Molde FK. However, he flopped greatly, playing only one Norwegian top division game, in 2005, as an 86th-minute substitute. In early 2006 he joined Follo FK. Since Follo were relegated, he joined Kongsvinger IL in early 2007; however, he returned after half a year. In August 2008 he was loaned out to Ullensaker/Kisa IL for the remainder of the season, In 2009, he joined Strømmen IF. In 2012, he went on to Frigg Oslo FK. References ^ a b Jacobsen, Arild (15 February 2005). "Spissen ble stopper". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ "Vennecup med nivå". Tidens Krav (in Norwegian). 10 November 2003. Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ Solbakken, Espen; Svesengen, Morten; Bakkehaug, Wegard (28 November 2003). "Fotballovergangene på Romerike". Tidens Krav (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ Engås, Terje (13 January 2005). "Storscorer klar for Molde". Sunnmørsposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ "Johan Nås". 100% Fotball, Norwegian Premier League stats. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ "Johan Nås til Kongsvinger". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). 12 March 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ Hanstensen, Karin (14 December 2007). "Johan Nås signerte toårs kontrakt". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ "Johan Nås utleid til Ull/Kisa". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2009. ^ Tørnkvist, Ray (13 April 2012). "Rutinen inntar Frigg foran sesongen" (in Norwegian). Frigg Oslo FK. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014. This biographical article related to a Norwegian association football defender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"football defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_defender"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_striker"},{"link_name":"Eide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SK Træff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Tr%C3%A6ff"},{"link_name":"Lørenskog IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8renskog_IF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2004 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_2._divisjon"},{"link_name":"Molde FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norwegian top division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_top_division"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tippeligaen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Follo FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follo_FK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-follo-1"},{"link_name":"Kongsvinger IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"loaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(football)"},{"link_name":"Ullensaker/Kisa IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullensaker/Kisa_IL"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frigg Oslo FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg_Oslo_FK"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Norwegian footballer (born 1983)Johan Nås (born 9 February 1983) is a Norwegian football defender and striker.Nås hails from Eide.[2] He played for SK Træff in 2003, when his transfer to Lørenskog IF was announced.[3] He scored 24 league goals in the 2004 season, and was subsequently purchased by first-tier club Molde FK.[4] However, he flopped greatly, playing only one Norwegian top division game, in 2005, as an 86th-minute substitute.[5]In early 2006 he joined Follo FK.[1] Since Follo were relegated, he joined Kongsvinger IL in early 2007;[6] however, he returned after half a year.[7] In August 2008 he was loaned out to Ullensaker/Kisa IL for the remainder of the season,[8] In 2009, he joined Strømmen IF.In 2012, he went on to Frigg Oslo FK.[9]","title":"Johan Nås"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jacobsen, Arild (15 February 2005). \"Spissen ble stopper\". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oblad.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060215/SPORT/102150041","url_text":"\"Spissen ble stopper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vennecup med nivå\". Tidens Krav (in Norwegian). 10 November 2003. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tk.no/sporten/article791884.ece","url_text":"\"Vennecup med nivå\""}]},{"reference":"Solbakken, Espen; Svesengen, Morten; Bakkehaug, Wegard (28 November 2003). \"Fotballovergangene på Romerike\". Tidens Krav (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rb.no/lokal_sport/article806675.ece","url_text":"\"Fotballovergangene på Romerike\""}]},{"reference":"Engås, Terje (13 January 2005). \"Storscorer klar for Molde\". Sunnmørsposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smp.no/article/20050113/FOTBALL/501130313","url_text":"\"Storscorer klar for Molde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johan Nås\". 100% Fotball, Norwegian Premier League stats. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225132126/http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/index.jsp?service=default&stats=true&type=person&personId=82800001","url_text":"\"Johan Nås\""},{"url":"http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/index.jsp?service=default&stats=true&type=person&personId=82800001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Johan Nås til Kongsvinger\". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). 12 March 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oblad.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070312/SPORT/103120044","url_text":"\"Johan Nås til Kongsvinger\""}]},{"reference":"Hanstensen, Karin (14 December 2007). \"Johan Nås signerte toårs kontrakt\". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120904220541/http://www.oblad.no/article/20071214/SPORT/37604412","url_text":"\"Johan Nås signerte toårs kontrakt\""},{"url":"http://www.oblad.no/article/20071214/SPORT/37604412","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Johan Nås utleid til Ull/Kisa\". Østlandets Blad (in Norwegian). 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120905054916/http://www.oblad.no/article/20080822/SPORT/365409592","url_text":"\"Johan Nås utleid til Ull/Kisa\""},{"url":"http://www.oblad.no/article/20080822/SPORT/365409592","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tørnkvist, Ray (13 April 2012). \"Rutinen inntar Frigg foran sesongen\" (in Norwegian). Frigg Oslo FK. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030944/http://idrett.speaker.no/Organisation.asp?WCI=wiKlubbKassaNews&WCU=1253438&CatId=496422","url_text":"\"Rutinen inntar Frigg foran sesongen\""},{"url":"http://idrett.speaker.no/Organisation.asp?WCI=wiKlubbKassaNews&WCU=1253438&CatId=496422","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oblad.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060215/SPORT/102150041","external_links_name":"\"Spissen ble stopper\""},{"Link":"http://www.tk.no/sporten/article791884.ece","external_links_name":"\"Vennecup med nivå\""},{"Link":"http://www.rb.no/lokal_sport/article806675.ece","external_links_name":"\"Fotballovergangene på Romerike\""},{"Link":"http://www.smp.no/article/20050113/FOTBALL/501130313","external_links_name":"\"Storscorer klar for Molde\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225132126/http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/index.jsp?service=default&stats=true&type=person&personId=82800001","external_links_name":"\"Johan Nås\""},{"Link":"http://fotball.bt.no/eliteserien/index.jsp?service=default&stats=true&type=person&personId=82800001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oblad.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070312/SPORT/103120044","external_links_name":"\"Johan Nås til Kongsvinger\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120904220541/http://www.oblad.no/article/20071214/SPORT/37604412","external_links_name":"\"Johan Nås signerte toårs kontrakt\""},{"Link":"http://www.oblad.no/article/20071214/SPORT/37604412","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120905054916/http://www.oblad.no/article/20080822/SPORT/365409592","external_links_name":"\"Johan Nås utleid til Ull/Kisa\""},{"Link":"http://www.oblad.no/article/20080822/SPORT/365409592","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030944/http://idrett.speaker.no/Organisation.asp?WCI=wiKlubbKassaNews&WCU=1253438&CatId=496422","external_links_name":"\"Rutinen inntar Frigg foran sesongen\""},{"Link":"http://idrett.speaker.no/Organisation.asp?WCI=wiKlubbKassaNews&WCU=1253438&CatId=496422","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_N%C3%A5s&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Christopher	Luke Christopher	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Extended plays","3.3 Mixtapes","3.4 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]	American rapper Luke ChristopherBackground informationBirth nameLuke Christopher HubbardBorn (1993-05-08) May 8, 1993 (age 31)Los Angeles, CaliforniaOriginLos Angeles, CaliforniaGenres Hip hop pop Occupation(s) Rapper singer-songwriter producer Years active2015–presentLabelsByStorm Entertainment / RCAWebsiteLuke Christopher official websiteMusical artist Luke Christopher Hubbard (born May 8, 1993) is an American rapper, singer, producer and songwriter. Known as Luke Christopher, he is signed to ByStorm Entertainment / RCA. Early life Luke Christopher was born in Van Nuys, CA. He grew up in the San Fernando Valley and in Westlake Village, California. As a teenager, he started making songs in his room from scratch. After graduating from high school, he was accepted by the University of Southern California, but he did not attend due to the fact that he was offered a record deal by Interscope Records his senior year of high school. Career Early on in his career, Christopher was discovered by Music Executive Ron Fair and Jimmy Iovine his senior year of high school. Before releasing his first mixtape, Christopher had released several songs. On January 1, 2012, he released his debut mixtape, titled Building Skies. The music was compared to Drake's by musical website Breakonacloud.com. On July 6, 2012 he released TMRW, TMRW, a mixtape that began to make waves in Los Angeles. In 2013 he signed a record agreement with ByStorm Entertainment / RCA by Mark Pitts and Peter Edge. On September 30, 2014 he landed a new mixtape titled TMRW, TMRW Pt. II. Most of the mixtape's fifteen tracks were produced by Luke himself. On January 24, 2015 Christopher's song "Lot to Learn" entered the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists Charts at 28. On September 11, 2015, Christopher released a double EP, YSTRDY and TMRW. While YSTRDY contains remastered songs from old projects, TMRW features new content including the hit single "They Know". After its debut on iTunes, TMRW immediate positioned itself in the Top 100 albums in the Hip-Hop/Rap category. His song Roses from the TMRW was subsequently featured in the Galaxy S7 ad campaign. On July 28, 2017 he published his first studio album "TMRWFRVR" including 15 songs, one of which was a copy of the 2015 hit song from the album "TMRW", "Lot to Learn" (ByStorm Entertainment and RCA). On August 10, 2018, Christopher released the first single of his project "THE RENAISSANCE" called 'TROUBLE'. This began the weekly releasing of new singles from this project. The project ended on August 1, 2019, after he released the final song from the project 'BIG HEADED'. By the end of the project, he had released 52 songs. Discography Studio albums List of studio albums Title Album details TMRWFRVR Released: July 28, 2017 Label: ByStorm Entertainment, RCA Format: Digital download Extended plays TMRW (2015) Mixtapes List of mixtapes Title Album details Building Skies Released: January 1, 2012 Label: self-produced Format: Digital download TMRW, TMRW Released: July 6, 2012 Label: self-produced Format: Digital download The Wonder Years Pt.1 Released: October 30, 2013 Label: ByStorm Entertainment, RCA Format: Digital download TMRW, TMRW Pt. II Released: September 30, 2014 Label: ByStorm Entertainment, RCA Format: Digital download Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Album AUS AUT GER ITA NED NOR SWE "Life Jackets" 2014 — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Ms. Holy Water" — — — — — — — "They Know" 2015 — — — — — — — TMRW "Upside Down" — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Plans" — — — — — — — "Lot to Learn" 2016 26 32 36 43 59 25 27 TMRW "Changed Me" — — — — — — — Non-album single "Waterfalls" 2017 — — — — — — — TMRWFRVR References ^ Ray, Jason (October 15, 2013). "Luke Christopher "The Alphabet (Official Music Video)"". Hotnewhiphop.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "Meet-N-Greet: RCA's Newest Hip-Hop Signee Luke Christopher". Urbanbridgez.com. November 29, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "Meet Luke Christopher, The West Coast's Next Big Thing". Vibe (magazine). November 18, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ a b Manison, Kiera (August 13, 2014). "Luke Christopher Discusses Being Signed Twice Before The Age Of 21". blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "Building Skies – Luke Christopher (Mixtape)". thekollection.com. January 2, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ DePetris, Aaron (February 15, 2012). "Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)". Tip of the Tung. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ a b c "Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)". breakonacloud.com. January 2, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW, TMRW". defpenradio.com. July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ a b "NEW MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW TMRW". themaskedgorilla.com. July 6, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ Tan, Emily (August 22, 2014). "Luke Christopher Talks Debut Album, Common's Advice & Kanye West's Influence". theboombox.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ a b "ByStorm Entertainment's LUKE CHRISTOPHER Releases New Mixtape TMRW TMRW PT II". 360magazine. September 30, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ Cole, Tyler (November 19, 2014). "Luke Christopher 'TMRW TMRW Pt. II' (Review)". Guardian Liberty Voice. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists – January 24, 2015". Billboard. January 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ Victoria, Johnson (September 21, 2015). "Luke Christopher, 'YSTRDY' & 'TMRW' ". Retrieved September 8, 2016. His second effort, TMRW, proves that sometimes you have to bring a bit of the past into the future, as it modernizes '30s-style jazz with piano medleys and drum snares on the first track, "Roses." ^ Lee, sungyoung (July 27, 2016). "Samsung: Go with Galaxy". Retrieved September 8, 2016. ^ a b "Luke Christopher Announces July 28th Release Date For His Highly-Anticipated Debut Album Tmrwfrvr; Releases New Single And Video 'Waterfalls'". RCA Records. June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017. ^ Kunsman, Todd (October 30, 2013). "Luke Christopher – The Wonder Years (EP)". Ohsofreshmusic.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "australian-charts.com – Discography Luke Christopher". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn". ^ "Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn". ^ "VG-lista - Topp 20 Single uke 16, 2016". lista.vg.no. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. ^ Steffen Hung. "Luke Christopher - Lot To Learn". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved August 13, 2022. External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"}],"text":"Musical artistLuke Christopher Hubbard (born May 8, 1993) is an American rapper, singer, producer and songwriter.[1] Known as Luke Christopher, he is signed to ByStorm Entertainment / RCA.","title":"Luke Christopher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westlake Village, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Village,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urban-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vibe-3"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"}],"text":"Luke Christopher was born in Van Nuys, CA. He grew up in the San Fernando Valley and in Westlake Village, California.[2][3] As a teenager, he started making songs in his room from scratch. After graduating from high school, he was accepted by the University of Southern California, but he did not attend due to the fact that he was offered a record deal by Interscope Records his senior year of high school.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Fair"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Iovine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Iovine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackamerica-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cloud-7"},{"link_name":"Drake's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cloud-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorilla-9"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Mark Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pitts"},{"link_name":"Peter Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Edge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackamerica-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360mag-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianlv-12"},{"link_name":"Lot to Learn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_to_Learn"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Galaxy S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_S7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lot to Learn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_to_Learn"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"}],"text":"Early on in his career, Christopher was discovered by Music Executive Ron Fair and Jimmy Iovine his senior year of high school.[4] Before releasing his first mixtape, Christopher had released several songs.[5] On January 1, 2012, he released his debut mixtape, titled Building Skies.[6][7] The music was compared to Drake's by musical website Breakonacloud.com.[7] On July 6, 2012 he released TMRW, TMRW, a mixtape that began to make waves in Los Angeles.[8][9]In 2013 he signed a record agreement with ByStorm Entertainment / RCA by Mark Pitts and Peter Edge.[4][10] On September 30, 2014 he landed a new mixtape titled TMRW, TMRW Pt. II.[11] Most of the mixtape's fifteen tracks were produced by Luke himself.[12] On January 24, 2015 Christopher's song \"Lot to Learn\" entered the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists Charts at 28.[13]On September 11, 2015, Christopher released a double EP, YSTRDY and TMRW. While YSTRDY contains remastered songs from old projects, TMRW features new content including the hit single \"They Know\". After its debut on iTunes, TMRW immediate positioned itself in the Top 100 albums in the Hip-Hop/Rap category. His song Roses from the TMRW was subsequently featured in the Galaxy S7 ad campaign.[14][15]On July 28, 2017 he published his first studio album \"TMRWFRVR\" including 15 songs, one of which was a copy of the 2015 hit song from the album \"TMRW\", \"Lot to Learn\" (ByStorm Entertainment and RCA).On August 10, 2018, Christopher released the first single of his project \"THE RENAISSANCE\" called 'TROUBLE'. This began the weekly releasing of new singles from this project. The project ended on August 1, 2019, after he released the final song from the project 'BIG HEADED'. By the end of the project, he had released 52 songs.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"TMRW (2015)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ray, Jason (October 15, 2013). \"Luke Christopher \"The Alphabet (Official Music Video)\"\". Hotnewhiphop.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/luke-christopher-luke-christopher-the-alphabet-video.20251.html","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher \"The Alphabet (Official Music Video)\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet-N-Greet: RCA's Newest Hip-Hop Signee Luke Christopher\". Urbanbridgez.com. November 29, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://urbanbridgez.com/2013/11/29/meet-n-greet-rcas-newest-hip-hop-signee-luke-christopher/","url_text":"\"Meet-N-Greet: RCA's Newest Hip-Hop Signee Luke Christopher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Luke Christopher, The West Coast's Next Big Thing\". Vibe (magazine). November 18, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/2014/11/meet-luke-christopher-interview/","url_text":"\"Meet Luke Christopher, The West Coast's Next Big Thing\""}]},{"reference":"Manison, Kiera (August 13, 2014). \"Luke Christopher Discusses Being Signed Twice Before The Age Of 21\". blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/08/13/luke-christopher-discusses-being-signed-twice-before-the-age-of-21/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher Discusses Being Signed Twice Before The Age Of 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Building Skies – Luke Christopher (Mixtape)\". thekollection.com. January 2, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thekollection.com/building-skies-luke-christopher-mixtape/","url_text":"\"Building Skies – Luke Christopher (Mixtape)\""}]},{"reference":"DePetris, Aaron (February 15, 2012). \"Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)\". Tip of the Tung. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://tipofthetung.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/luke-christopher-building-skies-mixtape/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)\". breakonacloud.com. January 2, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://breakonacloud.com/2012/01/02/luke-christopher-building-skies-mixtape/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW, TMRW\". defpenradio.com. July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://defpenradio.com/mixtape-luke-christopher-tmrw-tmrw/","url_text":"\"MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW, TMRW\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW TMRW\". themaskedgorilla.com. July 6, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themaskedgorilla.com/new-mixtape-luke-christopher-tmrw-tmrw/","url_text":"\"NEW MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW TMRW\""}]},{"reference":"Tan, Emily (August 22, 2014). \"Luke Christopher Talks Debut Album, Common's Advice & Kanye West's Influence\". theboombox.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboombox.com/luke-christopher-new-album-interview/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher Talks Debut Album, Common's Advice & Kanye West's Influence\""}]},{"reference":"\"ByStorm Entertainment's LUKE CHRISTOPHER Releases New Mixtape TMRW TMRW PT II\". 360magazine. September 30, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://360magazine.tumblr.com/post/98831892003/bystorm-entertainments-luke-christopher-releases","url_text":"\"ByStorm Entertainment's LUKE CHRISTOPHER Releases New Mixtape TMRW TMRW PT II\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Tyler (November 19, 2014). \"Luke Christopher 'TMRW TMRW Pt. II' (Review)\". Guardian Liberty Voice. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://guardianlv.com/2014/11/luke-christopher-tmrw-tmrw-pt-ii-review/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher 'TMRW TMRW Pt. II' (Review)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists – January 24, 2015\". Billboard. January 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/twitter-emerging-artists/2015-01-24","url_text":"\"Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists – January 24, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Victoria, Johnson (September 21, 2015). \"Luke Christopher, 'YSTRDY' & 'TMRW' [REVIEW]\". Retrieved September 8, 2016. His second effort, TMRW, proves that sometimes you have to bring a bit of the past into the future, as it modernizes '30s-style jazz with piano medleys and drum snares on the first track, \"Roses.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://theboombox.com/luke-christopher-ystrdy-tmrw-review/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher, 'YSTRDY' & 'TMRW' [REVIEW]\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, sungyoung (July 27, 2016). \"Samsung: Go with Galaxy\". Retrieved September 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvadvertsongs.com/samsung-go-with-galaxy/#comment-2145","url_text":"\"Samsung: Go with Galaxy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Christopher Announces July 28th Release Date For His Highly-Anticipated Debut Album Tmrwfrvr; Releases New Single And Video 'Waterfalls'\". RCA Records. June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcarecords.com/news/luke-christopher-announces-july-28th-release-date-highly-anticipated-debut-album-tmrwfrvr-releases-new-single-video-waterfalls/","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher Announces July 28th Release Date For His Highly-Anticipated Debut Album Tmrwfrvr; Releases New Single And Video 'Waterfalls'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA Records"}]},{"reference":"Kunsman, Todd (October 30, 2013). \"Luke Christopher – The Wonder Years (EP)\". Ohsofreshmusic.com. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohsofreshmusic.com/2013/10/luke-christopher-wonder-years-ep.html","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher – The Wonder Years (EP)\""}]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com – Discography Luke Christopher\". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com – Discography Luke Christopher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn\".","urls":[{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher&titel=Lot+To+Learn&cat=s","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher&titel=Lot+To+Learn&cat=s","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn\""}]},{"reference":"\"VG-lista - Topp 20 Single uke 16, 2016\". lista.vg.no. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502103630/http://lista.vg.no/liste/topp-20-single/1/dato/2016/uke/16","url_text":"\"VG-lista - Topp 20 Single uke 16, 2016\""},{"url":"http://lista.vg.no/liste/topp-20-single/1/dato/2016/uke/16","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steffen Hung. \"Luke Christopher - Lot To Learn\". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved August 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher&titel=Lot+To+Learn&cat=s","url_text":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot To Learn\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lukechristopherofficial.com/","external_links_name":"Luke Christopher official website"},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/luke-christopher-luke-christopher-the-alphabet-video.20251.html","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher \"The Alphabet (Official Music Video)\"\""},{"Link":"http://urbanbridgez.com/2013/11/29/meet-n-greet-rcas-newest-hip-hop-signee-luke-christopher/","external_links_name":"\"Meet-N-Greet: RCA's Newest Hip-Hop Signee Luke Christopher\""},{"Link":"http://www.vibe.com/2014/11/meet-luke-christopher-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Luke Christopher, The West Coast's Next Big Thing\""},{"Link":"http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/08/13/luke-christopher-discusses-being-signed-twice-before-the-age-of-21/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher Discusses Being Signed Twice Before The Age Of 21\""},{"Link":"http://thekollection.com/building-skies-luke-christopher-mixtape/","external_links_name":"\"Building Skies – Luke Christopher (Mixtape)\""},{"Link":"https://tipofthetung.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/luke-christopher-building-skies-mixtape/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)\""},{"Link":"http://breakonacloud.com/2012/01/02/luke-christopher-building-skies-mixtape/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher – Building Skies (Mixtape)\""},{"Link":"http://defpenradio.com/mixtape-luke-christopher-tmrw-tmrw/","external_links_name":"\"MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW, TMRW\""},{"Link":"http://www.themaskedgorilla.com/new-mixtape-luke-christopher-tmrw-tmrw/","external_links_name":"\"NEW MIXTAPE: Luke Christopher – TMRW TMRW\""},{"Link":"http://theboombox.com/luke-christopher-new-album-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher Talks Debut Album, Common's Advice & Kanye West's Influence\""},{"Link":"https://360magazine.tumblr.com/post/98831892003/bystorm-entertainments-luke-christopher-releases","external_links_name":"\"ByStorm Entertainment's LUKE CHRISTOPHER Releases New Mixtape TMRW TMRW PT II\""},{"Link":"http://guardianlv.com/2014/11/luke-christopher-tmrw-tmrw-pt-ii-review/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher 'TMRW TMRW Pt. II' (Review)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/twitter-emerging-artists/2015-01-24","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists – January 24, 2015\""},{"Link":"http://theboombox.com/luke-christopher-ystrdy-tmrw-review/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher, 'YSTRDY' & 'TMRW' [REVIEW]\""},{"Link":"http://tvadvertsongs.com/samsung-go-with-galaxy/#comment-2145","external_links_name":"\"Samsung: Go with Galaxy\""},{"Link":"https://rcarecords.com/news/luke-christopher-announces-july-28th-release-date-highly-anticipated-debut-album-tmrwfrvr-releases-new-single-video-waterfalls/","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher Announces July 28th Release Date For His Highly-Anticipated Debut Album Tmrwfrvr; Releases New Single And Video 'Waterfalls'\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohsofreshmusic.com/2013/10/luke-christopher-wonder-years-ep.html","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher – The Wonder Years (EP)\""},{"Link":"http://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher","external_links_name":"\"australian-charts.com – Discography Luke Christopher\""},{"Link":"http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher&titel=Lot+To+Learn&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn\""},{"Link":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher&titel=Lot+To+Learn&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot to Learn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502103630/http://lista.vg.no/liste/topp-20-single/1/dato/2016/uke/16","external_links_name":"\"VG-lista - Topp 20 Single uke 16, 2016\""},{"Link":"http://lista.vg.no/liste/topp-20-single/1/dato/2016/uke/16","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Luke+Christopher&titel=Lot+To+Learn&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Luke Christopher - Lot To Learn\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130729100647/http://www.lukechristophermusic.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/09a6607d-4d1e-42e8-8b67-5af2b5156f86","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis	Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis	["1 See also","2 References"]	Medical conditionPrimary cutaneous histoplasmosisSpecialtyDermatology Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis is a rare skin condition, reported on the penis, characterized by a chancre-type lesion with regional adenopathy.: 316 See also Histoplasmosis References ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. vteFungal infection and mesomycetozoeaSuperficial andcutaneous(dermatomycosis): Tinea = skin;Piedra (exothrix/endothrix) = hairAscomycotaDermatophyte(Dermatophytosis)By location Tinea barbae/tinea capitis Kerion Tinea corporis Ringworm Dermatophytids Tinea cruris Tinea manuum Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) Tinea unguium/onychomycosis White superficial onychomycosis Distal subungual onychomycosis Proximal subungual onychomycosis Tinea corporis gladiatorum Tinea faciei Tinea imbricata Tinea incognito Favus By organism Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum canis Microsporum audouinii Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton schoenleini Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton verrucosum Other Hortaea werneckii Tinea nigra Piedraia hortae Black piedra Basidiomycota Malassezia furfur Tinea versicolor Malassezia folliculitis Trichosporon White piedra Subcutaneous,systemic,and opportunisticAscomycotaDimorphic(yeast+mold)Onygenales Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii Coccidioidomycosis Disseminated coccidioidomycosis Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasmosis Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis Histoplasma duboisii African histoplasmosis Lacazia loboi Lobomycosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Paracoccidioidomycosis Other Blastomyces dermatitidis Blastomycosis North American blastomycosis South American blastomycosis Sporothrix schenckii Sporotrichosis Talaromyces marneffei Talaromycosis Scedosporiosis Emmonsiosis Emmonsia parva Adiaspiromycosis Yeast-like Candida albicans Candidiasis Oral Esophageal Vulvovaginal Chronic mucocutaneous Antibiotic candidiasis Candidal intertrigo Candidal onychomycosis Candidal paronychia Candidid Diaper candidiasis Congenital cutaneous candidiasis Perianal candidiasis Systemic candidiasis Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica C. auris C. glabrata C. lusitaniae C. tropicalis Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumocystosis Pneumocystis pneumonia Mold-like Aspergillus Aspergillosis Aspergilloma Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Primary cutaneous aspergillosis Exophiala jeanselmei Eumycetoma Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa Chromoblastomycosis Geotrichum candidum Geotrichosis Pseudallescheria boydii Allescheriasis Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans Cryptococcosis Trichosporon spp Trichosporonosis Zygomycota (Zygomycosis)Mucorales (Mucormycosis) Rhizopus oryzae Mucor indicus Lichtheimia corymbifera Syncephalastrum racemosum Apophysomyces variabilis Entomophthorales (Entomophthoramycosis) Basidiobolus ranarum Basidiobolomycosis Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus Conidiobolomycosis Microsporidia (Microsporidiosis) Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis Mesomycetozoea Rhinosporidium seeberi Rhinosporidiosis Ungrouped Alternariosis Fungal folliculitis Fusarium Fusariosis Granuloma gluteale infantum Hyalohyphomycosis Otomycosis Keratomycosis Phaeohyphomycosis This infection-related cutaneous condition article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancre"},{"link_name":"adenopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenopathy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews-1"}],"text":"Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis is a rare skin condition, reported on the penis, characterized by a chancre-type lesion with regional adenopathy.[1]: 316","title":"Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis"}]	[]	[{"title":"Histoplasmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasmosis"}]	[{"reference":"James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-2921-0","url_text":"0-7216-2921-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Vrachnas	Nikos Vrachnas	["1 Biography","2 Musical background and style","3 Recordings","4 References"]	Nikos Vrachnas (Greek: Νίκος Βραχνάς) was a rembetiko bouzouki player who in his playing evoked the Piraeus rembetiko style of the 1930s. Biography Nikos Vrachnas was born into a poor family in Nikaia (Kokkinia), Piraeus. There is some uncertainty about his year of birth, which has been given variously as circa 1936, or 1941. He died in Piraeus in 2004. As a young man he worked in foundries, while later on he was better known as a second hand dealer and scrap metal collector. Never seeking publicity, he did not achieve popularity on a larger scale, though his musicianship was known and much appreciated within a small group of rebetes and fans during his lifetime. Musical background and style Vrachnas began playing as a child in 1952. He became familiar as a youth with many of the legendary figures of rembetiko who at that time had been forgotten, such as Markos Vamvakaris, Yiorgos Batis, Stelios Keromitis, Nikos Tsokaropoulos and many others who played in the area. His style is a synthesis of the early styles of Markos Vamvakaris and Stelios Keromitis (with whom he learned) and the Piraeus school of the 1930s; traces of older styles also characterize his simple melodic taximia (improvisations) and powerfully played zeibekika, always executed with the use of open strings and his rough and passionate baritone voice. Recordings Few live recordings of his playing survive to capture his original style, which survived basically unchanged until the 21st century. However, the rembetiko producer Charles Howard recorded sessions with Vrachnas in about 1980, and in 2000, of which three songs have been issued on CD: Vrachnas' own composition "Κάτω απ’ τη Σκάλα του Παπά" ('Down by the Priest's Jetty') (2000), "Ηθέλα να' μουν Ηρακλής" ('I wanted to be Hercules') by Markos Vamvakaris, and "Ραντεβόυ σαν περιμένω" ('Waiting for you on our date') by Ioannis Papaioannou. The rest of these recordings remain unissued. A number of privately recorded videos also survive. References ^ The earlier, approximate, date is given by Charles Howard in the notes to Rembetika: Greek Music from the Underground, JSP Records, 2006. ^ Klein, Tony: Mortika - Rare Vintage Recordings from a Greek Underworld, ARKO records, Uppsala, 2005. ^ Mortika - Rare Vintage Recordings from a Greek Underworld, ARKO records, Uppsala, 2005. CD and book, also issued as 2LP box by Mississippi Records, 2009. ^ Rembetika: Greek Music from the Underground, JSP Records, 2006. ^ Rembetika 2: More of the Secret History of Greece's Underground Music, JSP Records, 2008. ^ "ΝΙΚΟΣ ΒΡΑΧΝΑΣ - YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-11-26. vteRebetiko Byzantine music Greek folk music Majore and minore Makams Laïko Singers and composers R. Abatzi G. Asikis Y. Batis D. Bayianteras S. Bellou G. Chasavetis M. Chiotis A. Dalgas L. Daralas A. Delias R. Eskenazi S. Gavalas M. Genitsaris S. Haskil A. Hatzichristos K. Karipis A. Katinaris G. Kavouras G. Mitsakis A. Nikolaidis M. Ninou G. Ogdontakis S. Pagioumtzis M. Papagika G. Papaioannou V. Papazoglou S. Peristeris S. Perpiniadis K. Roukounas D. Semsis K. Skarvelis Smyrneiki Estudiantina Smyrna Trio A. Tomboulis P. Toundas I. Tsaous P. Tsaousakis V. Tsitsanis M. Vamvakaris G. Vidalis N. Vrachnas Current V. Capossela A. Iakovidis M. Katinari B. Tsertos D. Mystakidis Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Greek singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nikos Vrachnas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia,_Attica"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"foundries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"scrap metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap_metal"},{"link_name":"publicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity"},{"link_name":"rebetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebetes"}],"text":"Nikos Vrachnas was born into a poor family in Nikaia (Kokkinia), Piraeus. There is some uncertainty about his year of birth, which has been given variously as circa 1936, or 1941.[1] He died in Piraeus in 2004. As a young man he worked in foundries, while later on he was better known as a second hand dealer and scrap metal collector. Never seeking publicity, he did not achieve popularity on a larger scale, though his musicianship was known and much appreciated within a small group of rebetes and fans during his lifetime.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Markos Vamvakaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos_Vamvakaris"},{"link_name":"Yiorgos Batis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiorgos_Batis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"improvisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation"},{"link_name":"zeibekika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeibekiko"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"}],"text":"Vrachnas began playing as a child in 1952. He became familiar as a youth with many of the legendary figures of rembetiko who at that time had been forgotten, such as Markos Vamvakaris, Yiorgos Batis, Stelios Keromitis, Nikos Tsokaropoulos and many others who played in the area. His style is a synthesis of the early styles of Markos Vamvakaris and Stelios Keromitis (with whom he learned)[2] and the Piraeus school of the 1930s; traces of older styles also characterize his simple melodic taximia (improvisations) and powerfully played zeibekika, always executed with the use of open strings and his rough and passionate baritone voice.","title":"Musical background and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Papaioannou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannis_Papaioannou"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Few live recordings of his playing survive to capture his original style, which survived basically unchanged until the 21st century. However, the rembetiko producer Charles Howard recorded sessions with Vrachnas in about 1980, and in 2000, of which three songs have been issued on CD: Vrachnas' own composition \"Κάτω απ’ τη Σκάλα του Παπά\" ('Down by the Priest's Jetty') (2000),[3] \n\"Ηθέλα να' μουν Ηρακλής\" ('I wanted to be Hercules') by Markos Vamvakaris,[4] and \n\"Ραντεβόυ σαν περιμένω\" ('Waiting for you on our date') by Ioannis Papaioannou.[5] The rest of these recordings remain unissued. A number of privately recorded videos also survive.[6]","title":"Recordings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ΝΙΚΟΣ ΒΡΑΧΝΑΣ - YouTube\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419124200/https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3B6AC179795B515E&search_query=vraxnas","url_text":"\"ΝΙΚΟΣ ΒΡΑΧΝΑΣ - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3B6AC179795B515E&search_query=vraxnas","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419124200/https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3B6AC179795B515E&search_query=vraxnas","external_links_name":"\"ΝΙΚΟΣ ΒΡΑΧΝΑΣ - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3B6AC179795B515E&search_query=vraxnas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000462469824","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e466c411-f517-480d-90b9-113c5a35bf00","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikos_Vrachnas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium_sulfide	Cerium sulfide	[]	Cerium sulfide may refer to: Cerium monosulfide, CeS Cerium(III) sulfide, Ce2S3 Index of chemical compounds with the same nameThis set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cerium monosulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium_monosulfide"},{"link_name":"Cerium(III) sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium(III)_sulfide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"set index article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles"},{"link_name":"chemical compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Cerium_sulfide&namespace=0"}],"text":"Cerium monosulfide, CeS\nCerium(III) sulfide, Ce2S3Index of chemical compounds with the same nameThis set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Cerium sulfide"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Cerium_sulfide&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_65_(1921%E2%80%931932)	List of former state routes in Georgia (1–199)	["1 State Route 1E","2 State Route 3W (Albany 1946–1957)","3 State Route 3W (Albany 1960–1973)","4 State Route 3W (Thomaston)","5 State Route 3E (Thomaston)","6 State Route 3N","7 State Route 3S (Thomaston)","8 State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1937–1946)","9 State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1954–1955)","10 State Route 3E (Atlanta–Marietta)","11 State Route 3S (Marietta)","12 State Route 4 (1919–1929)","13 State Route 7W","14 State Route 7E","15 State Route 9E","16 State Route 11E","17 State Route 13W","18 State Route 15W","19 State Route 16S","20 State Route 20 (1919–1921)","21 State Route 20 (1921–1929)","22 State Route 26E","23 State Route 27S","24 State Route 28 (1919–1937)","25 State Route 34 (1919–1926)","26 State Route 36 (1919–1941)","27 State Route 42A","28 State Route 43 (1919–1941)","29 State Route 44 (1919–1921)","30 State Route 45 (1919–1926)","31 State Route 46 (1919–1921)","32 State Route 50N","33 State Route 50S","34 State Route 51 (1919–1921)","35 State Route 52 (1921–1937)","36 State Route 54B","37 State Route 56 Spur","38 State Route 60 (1921–1926)","39 State Route 60 (1930–1940)","40 State Route 62 (1926–1929)","41 State Route 63 (1921–1967)","41.1 State Route 63 Spur","42 State Route 63 (1968–1986)","43 State Route 65 (1921–1926)","44 State Route 68 (1921–1932)","45 State Route 69","46 State Route 70 (1932–1941)","47 State Route 72 (1930–1941)","48 State Route 73W","49 State Route 73E","50 State Route 85W","51 State Route 85E","52 State Route 86 (1930–1940)","53 State Route 91W","54 State Route 105 (1932–1937)","55 State Route 131","56 State Route 134","57 State Route 143","57.1 State Route 143 Connector","58 State Route 148 (1939–1949)","59 State Route 148 (1955–1966)","60 State Route 154 (1940–1946)","61 State Route 158 (1940–1941)","62 State Route 160 (1939–1995)","63 State Route 160 (1940–1941)","64 State Route 161","65 State Route 163","66 State Route 167","67 State Route 170","68 State Route 175","69 State Route 176","70 State Route 179","70.1 State Route 179 Connector","71 State Route 181 (1940–1941)","72 See also","73 References","74 External links"]	Standard state highway markersStateGeorgia State Route XX (SR XX)System links Georgia State Highway System Interstate US State Special This is a list of former state routes in the U.S. state of Georgia. This list represents routes that traveled through the state but are no longer in operation, have been decommissioned, or have been renumbered. State Route 1E State Route 1ELocationFloyd County–RomeExisted1955–1985 State Route 1E (SR 1E) was a route in Floyd County extending along present-day Old Cedartown Road, Park Avenue, Maple Avenue, East Sixth Street, and 2nd Avenue from US 27/SR 1 to US 27/SR 1, as well as US 411/SR 53. Originally part of US 27/SR 1, it was originally designated as SR 1 before being reassigned as SR 1E in 1955. US 27/SR 1 had been relocated along former SR 1 Spur, which is present-day US 27/SR 1 from Old Cedartown Road to present-day US 411 in 1938 with the old route remaining as SR 1 through Lindale. When US 27 was upgraded and relocated in 1968 to the Rome Connector, SR 1E was truncated to end at the present-day interchange of Maple Avenue. Essentially a business route for an unincorporated community south of Rome, the state no longer saw the value in retaining an old alignment and transferred control to Floyd County in 1985. State Route 3W (Albany 1946–1957) State Route 3WLocationAlbanyExisted1946–1960 State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway in the city of Albany. It traversed portions of Dougherty and Lee counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path as it currently does in the Albany metropolitan area. By the end of 1926, the segment of the highway from the Mitchell–Dougherty county line to Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this stretch of SR 3. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was projected to be designated from the western part of Albany to US 19/SR 3 north of the city. By the middle of 1950, the entire length of SR 3W was hard surfaced. By July 1957, SR 3 in the northern part of Albany was redesignated as SR 3 Conn. due to SR 3W being redesignated as part of SR 3. State Route 3W (Albany 1960–1973) State Route 3WLocationAlbanyExisted1960–1973 State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in the city of Albany. It traversed portions of Dougherty and Lee counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment from the Mitchell–Dougherty county line to Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on it through the Albany metropolitan area. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was projected to be designated from the western part of Albany to US 19/SR 3 north of the city. By April 1949, the southern part of SR 3W was hard surfaced, while its northern part had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the middle of 1950, the entire length of SR 3W was hard surfaced. By July 1957, SR 3 in the northern part of Albany was redesignated as SR 3 Conn. due to SR 3W being redesignated as part of SR 3. By June 1960, SR 3 Conn. was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline, and its old path was redesignated as the second SR 3W in the city. In 1973, SR 3W was redesignated as part of SR 3, while its former path was redesignated as part of SR 133. State Route 3W (Thomaston) State Route 3WLocationThomastonExisted1963–1987 State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3W was redesignated as SR 3S. State Route 3E (Thomaston) State Route 3ELocationThomastonExisted1963–1987 State Route 3E (SR 3E) was a state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3E was redesignated as SR 3N. State Route 3N State Route 3NLocationThomastonExisted1987–1988 State Route 3N (SR 3N) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3E was redesignated as SR 3N. In 1988, SR 3N in Thomaston was redesignated as the northbound lanes of SR 3. State Route 3S (Thomaston) State Route 3SLocationThomastonExisted1987–1988 State Route 3S (SR 3S) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3W was redesignated as SR 3S. In 1988, SR 3S in Thomaston was redesignated as the southbound lanes of SR 3. State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1937–1946) State Route 3WLocationAtlanta–MariettaExisted1937–1946 State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through this area as it currently does. By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this segment of the highway. The Atlanta–Marietta segment had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline. State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1954–1955) State Route 3WLocationAtlanta–MariettaExisted1954–1955 State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a short-lived state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through these cities as it currently does. By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this segment of SR 3. It had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on Hemphill Street and Northside Drive. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline. By June 1954, the second SR 3W in this area was designated between the two cities. By June 1955, it was redesignated as part of SR 3. State Route 3E (Atlanta–Marietta) State Route 3ELocationAtlanta–MariettaExisted1937–1985 State Route 3E (SR 3E) was a state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through these two cities as it currently does. By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this entire segment of SR 3, which had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. SR 3E's path from SR 120 in the east part of Marietta to US 41/SR 3 in the northwestern part of the city. The rest of SR 3E was under construction. By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on Hemphill Street and Northside Drive. All of SR 3E in the northern part of Atlanta was hard surfaced. From the north part of the city to the northwest part, the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Later that year, all of SR 3E from Atlanta to northwest of the Fulton–Cobb county line had a completed hard surface. In 1940, nearly the entire segment of SR 3E in Marietta had a completed hard surface. It was under construction from northwest of the Fulton–Cobb county line to the eastern part of Marietta. By the end of the next year, the entire length of SR 3E had a completed hard surface. By February 1948, SR 3E was moved off of Hemphill Avenue. It, along with US 41 Temp., followed US 19 on Spring Street, then traveled west on 14th Street and resumed the Northside Drive path. By April 1949, US 41 Temp./SR 3E's southbound lanes traveled on Hemphill Avenue. By the middle of 1950, US 41 Temp./SR 3E was shifted off of US 19 on Spring Street and 14th Street, and traveled on Hemphill Avenue again. In 1952, US 41 Temp. was redesignated as part of the US 41 mainline. In 1985, SR 3E was decommissioned. State Route 3S (Marietta) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017) State Route 3SLocationMariettaExisted1965–1980 State Route 3S (SR 3S) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Marietta in Cobb County, Georgia. By the end of 1965, it was designated from SR 3 to SR 5. Between 1974 and March 1980, SR 3S was redesignated as SR 3 Spur. State Route 4 (1919–1929) State Route 4LocationAlabama–CartersvilleExisted1919–1929 State Route 4 (SR 4) was a state highway that was formed at least as early as 1919. It began at the Alabama state line, traveled to the east-southeast and intersected SR 1 in Rome. It then curved to the southeast and reached its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 3 in Cartersvile. By the end of 1921, SR 4 was extended southeast into the main part of Cartersville, on a concurrency with SR 3 and headed north-northeast to an intersection with SR 2/SR 53 in Fairmount. By the end of 1926, almost all of the Alabama–Rome segment, and the southern half of the 1921 extension, had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In the vicinity of Rome, the highway had a "completed hard surface". About half of the Rome–Cartersville segment was under construction. The easternmost part of this segment, and nearly the entire SR 3 concurrency, had a "completed semi hard surface". By the end of 1929, the entire length of the original segment of SR 4 was redesignated as SR 20, with US 41W designated along the Rome–Cartersville segment. US 41 was designated along the former SR 3 concurrency. The 1921 extension was redesignated as SR 61. SR 4 was reused on that same day as a redesignation of parts of SR 15, SR 17, and SR 24. State Route 7W State Route 7WLocationCrisp CountyExisted1963–1985 State Route 7W (SR 7W) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR 7 through the Cordele area was split into SR 7W and SR 7E. SR 7W traveled through the western part of the city. In 1985, it was decommissioned. The entire route was in Crisp County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes US 41 / SR 7 south / SR 7E northSouthern terminus of SR 7W and SR 7E; northern terminus of southern segment of SR 7 Cordele US 280 / SR 30 US 41 / SR 7 north / SR 7E southNorthern terminus of SR 7W and SR 7E; southern terminus of northern segment of SR 7 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 7E State Route 7ELocationCrisp CountyExisted1963–1985 State Route 7E (SR 7E) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR 7 through the Cordele area was split into SR 7W and SR 7E. SR 7E traveled through the main part of the city, concurrent with US 41. In 1985, it was redesignated as part of the SR 7 mainline. The entire route was in Crisp County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes US 41 / SR 7 south / SR 7W northSouthern terminus of SR 7W and SR 7E; northern terminus of southern segment of SR 7 Cordele US 280 / SR 30 SR 257 northSouthern terminus of SR 257 US 41 / SR 7 north / SR 7E southNorthern terminus of SR 7W and SR 7E; southern terminus of northern segment of SR 7 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 9E State Route 9ELocationForsyth, Dawson, and Lumpkin countiesLength21.319 mi (34.310 km)Existed1941–1981 State Route 9E (SR 9E) was a 21.319-mile-long (34.310 km) state highway. It was originally constructed early in 1941. In July 1981, as the extension of SR 400 had reached SR 60 south-southeast of Dahlonega, this designation was decommissioned. The routing that was followed by SR 9E starts where Hopewell Road splits from the current SR 9 north-northeast of Coal Mountain in Forsyth County, and parallels SR 400 very closely. The road changes names to Lumpkin Campground Road as it enters Dawson County, passes by the North Georgia Premium Outlet Mall, then crosses SR 53 and SR 400 in rapid succession. Just before intersecting with SR 136 the road changes names again to Harmony Church Road, then is called Auraria Road as it becomes SR 136. The road crosses SR 400 once more to its west, parts ways with SR 136, then travels north through the community of Auraria into Lumpkin County to its northern terminus at SR 9/SR 52 west of Dahlonega. State Route 11E State Route 11ELocationBibb CountyExisted1953–1963 State Route 11E (SR 11E) was a state highway that existed entirely within Bibb County in the Macon metropolitan area. It functioned like an eastern alternate route of US 41/SR 11/SR 49. In 1953, it was established from US 41/SR 11/SR 49/SR 247 south-southwest of Macon to US 41/SR 11/SR 49 in the city. Between June 1960 and June 1963, SR 49 was shifted eastward, off of US 41/SR 11 and replacing SR 11E. State Route 13W State Route 13WLocationFulton and DeKalb countiesExisted1946–1971 State Route 13W (SR 13W) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from US 19/SR 9 north of Atlanta to the southwestern corner of North Atlanta. Between February 1948 and April 1949, its northern terminus was extended to US 23/SR 13 east-northeast of North Atlanta. In 1971, SR 13W was redesignated as part of SR 141 (Peachtree Road/Peachtree Industrial Boulevard) and SR 13 Conn. CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes FultonBuckhead US 19 / SR 9 (Peachtree Road)Southern terminus SR 237 (Piedmont Road) DeKalbDoraville SR 141 northSouthern terminus of SR 141 US 23 / SR 13 (Buford Highway)Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 15W State Route 15WLocationAthensExisted1946–1949 State Route 15W (SR 15W) was a short-lived state highway that existed completely within the city limits of Athens. It functioned like a bypass of downtown. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from US 129/US 441/SR 15/SR 24 north-northwest to US 129/SR 15. Between February 1948 and April 1949, the path of SR 15 was shifted westward, replacing SR 15W. The entire route was in Athens, Clarke County. mikmDestinationsNotes US 129 / US 441 / SR 15 / SR 24Southern terminus US 29 / US 78 / SR 8 / SR 10 US 129 / SR 15Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 16S State Route 16SLocationJefferson, Glascock, and Warren countiesExisted1942–1952 State Route 16S (SR 16S) was a state highway that existed in portions of Jefferson, Glascock, and Warren counties. In 1942, it was established from an intersection with SR 16 west-northwest of Wrens to another intersection with SR 16 southeast of Warrenton. A decade later, the path of SR 16 southeast of Warrenton was shifted southward, replacing the path of SR 16S. The portion from southeast of Warrenton to northwest of Wrens was redesignated as SR 16 Conn., while the portion from northwest of Wrens to north of Louisville was redesignated as SR 16 Conn. CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Jefferson SR 16Southern terminus Glascock No major junctions Warren SR 16Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 20 (1919–1921) State Route 20LocationGray–SpartaExisted1919–1921 State Route 20 (SR 20) was a very short-lived state highway that traveled from Gray to Sparta. It was formed at least as early as 1919 and was decommissioned in 1921 and redesignated SR 22. It began at an intersection with SR 11 in Gray. It traveled to the east-northeast and entered Milledgeville, where it intersected SR 24 and SR 29. It then went northeast to Sparta, where it met its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 15 and SR 16. SR 20 was reused that same year on a different road (see below). State Route 20 (1921–1929) State Route 20LocationLouisville–WaynesboroExisted1921–1929 State Route 20 (SR 20) was a state highway in the east-central part of the state. At least as early as 1919, part of SR 24 was established from Louisville to Waynesboro. By the end of September 1921, the path of SR 24, from Waynesboro to Louisville, was shifted northwestward. The former path of SR 24 was redesignated as SR 20. Between October 1926 and October 1929, the path of SR 24, from Augusta to Louisville, was reverted to the Waynesboro–Louisville path, replacing SR 20. SR 24's former path, on US 1, was redesignated as part of SR 4. SR 20 was reused on that same day as a redesignation of most of the original SR 4. CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes JeffersonLouisville US 1 / SR 17 / SR 24Western terminus Burke SR 56 southNorthern terminus of SR 56 Waynesboro SR 21Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 26E State Route 26ELocationTybee IslandExisted1969–1985 State Route 26E (SR 26E) was a state highway that existed in the eastern part of Chatham County, in Savannah Beach, which is what Tybee Island was known as at the time. The roadway that would eventually become SR 26E was established between June 1963 and the end of 1965, as SR 26 Loop, between two intersections with US 80/SR 26 in the southern part of the city. In 1969, it was redesignated as SR 26E. In 1985, SR 26E was decommissioned. The entire route was in Savannah Beach, Chatham County. mikmDestinationsNotes US 80 / SR 26Western terminus US 80 / SR 26Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 27S State Route 27SLocationDodge CountyExisted1965–1977 State Route 27S (SR 27S) was a state highway that existed in the central part of Dodge County, southwest of Eastman. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, it was established from US 341/SR 27 west of Eastman to US 23/US 341/SR 27 southeast of the city. In 1977, it became the new route of US 341/SR 27. The entire route was in Dodge County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes US 341 / SR 27Western terminus US 23 / US 341 / SR 27Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 28 (1919–1937) State Route 28LocationGeorgetown–ViennaExisted1919–1937 State Route 28 (SR 28) was a state highway that traveled from Georgetown to Vienna. It was established at least as early as 1919 and was decommissioned in 1937. It began at an intersection with SR 39 in Georgetown. It traveled to the northeast and intersected SR 1 in Lumpkin. It curved to the east-southeast through Preston. In Americus, the highway intersected SR 3 and SR 26. It headed to the east and entered Vienna, where it met its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 7. By the end of 1926, a segment just east of Preston was under construction. The eastern half of the Preston–Americus segment had a completed hard surface. The Dooly County portion of the highway had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By the end of 1929, a segment just east of Lumpkin and a segment just west of Preston had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By the middle of 1930, SR 28 was extended northeast from Vienna to Hawkinsville. A few months later, the Richland–Preston segment was under construction. By 1932, US 280 was designated on the Richland–Americus segment. Near the end of the year, the entire Vienna–Hawkinsville segment had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By the end of 1937, s segment just southwest of Hawkinsville had a completed hard surface. Just a few months later, all of SR 28 had been redesignated as SR 27. This was done so that SR 28 could be reused on former SR 52 and SR 105 to match South Carolina. State Route 34 (1919–1926) State Route 34LocationCarrollton–Villa RicaExisted1919–1926 State Route 34 (SR 34) was a short-lived state highway in the western part of the state. It was established at least as early as 1919 and was decommissioned in 1926. When it was established, it extended from SR 1 and SR 16 in Carrollton to SR 8 in Villa Rica. In 1926, its entire length consisted of a "sand clay or top soil" surface and was redesignated as a southern branch of SR 8. Within three years, US 78S had been designated along the path of SR 8's southern branch. A decade later, US 78S had been redesignated as US 78 Alt. Nearly another decade later, SR 8 had been redesignated as SR 8 Alt. By the beginning of 1953, US 78 Alt. had been decommissioned. By the middle of 1954, SR 8 Alt. had been redesignated as SR 166 from Carrollton to northeast of the city and SR 61 from that point to Villa Rica, as they travel today. SR 34 was reused in 1930 along part of its current route. State Route 36 (1919–1941) State Route 36LocationCommerce–South Carolina state line east-southeast of ElbertonExisted1919–1941 State Route 36 (SR 36) was a state highway that originally existed from Danielsville to Elberton, when it was established at least as early as 1919. By the middle of 1930, its western terminus was shifted southwestward into Athens. By the end of the year, the western terminus had been reverted to Danielsville and extended northwest to Commerce. The Athens–Comer segment was redesignated as SR 82. In 1941, SR 82 west of Comer and the Comer–South Carolina segment of SR 36 had been redesignated as SR 72, while the Commerce–Comer segment of SR 36 had been redesignated as an extension of SR 98. That same day, the old SR 72 was redesignated as SR 36. State Route 42A State Route 42ALocationAtlantaExisted1941–1946 State Route 42A (SR 42A) was a state highway in Atlanta. It was entirely concurrent with US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 (Ponce de Leon Avenue). It was formed in 1941 and decommissioned only five years later, in 1946. It began at an intersection with US 19/SR 9 in the northern part of the city. From there, US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12/SR 42A traveled to the east to an intersection with SR 42. Here, SR 42A ended, and US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 continued to the east. State Route 43 (1919–1941) State Route 43LocationAtlantaExisted1919–1941 State Route 43 (SR 43) was a state highway that originally existed from a point north-northwest of Gainesville, north-northeast to Cleveland, and then northwest to Turners Corner, when it was established at least as early as 1919. Its original southern terminus was at SR 11 north-northwest of Gainesville, and its original northern terminus was at SR 9 in Turners Corner. By the end of 1921, SR 11 and SR 43 were swapped in this area. SR 11 took over the entire route of SR 43, while SR 43 was shifted to travel from a point north-northeast of Gainesville northwest to SR 9 just northeast of Dahlonega. By the end of 1926, the southern part of the new path had a sand clay or top soil surface, and the rest of it had a completed semi hard surface. By the end of 1929, the Lumpkin County portion of the highway had a completed hard surface. By the middle of the next year, all of the highway was completed. In 1941, SR 43 was redesignated as SR 52. Note that SR 43 was reused on former SR 70 to match South Carolina that same day. State Route 44 (1919–1921) State Route 44LocationAlabama state line northwest of Jakin–BrinsonExisted1919–1921 State Route 44 (SR 44) was a short-lived state highway that only existed from the Alabama state line, northwest of Jakin, to Brinson. It was established at least as early as 1919, and was decommissioned by the end of 1921. It was redesignated as part of SR 38. SR 44 was reused in 1921 along part of its current route. State Route 45 (1919–1926) State Route 45LocationAvondale Estates–west-southwest of AthensExisted1919–1926 State Route 45 (SR 45) was a short-lived state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established at least as early as 1919 on a path from SR 8 and SR 13 in Lawrenceville, south-southeast to Loganville, east-southeast to SR 11 in Monroe, and east-northeast to SR 15 in Watkinsville. By the end of 1921, the Lawrenceville–Loganville segment was redesignated as a southern extension of SR 13, the western terminus was extended west-southwest to what was known as "Ingleside" (now known as Avondale Estates), and the eastern terminus was shifted to the northwest to end at SR 8 west-southwest of Athens. By the end of 1926, the segment from Ingleside (now labeled as "Avondale") to Loganville and the segment from Monroe to the Athens area were redesignated as US 78/SR 10, while the Loganville–Monroe segment was also redesignated as US 78 and SR 13 (and possibly SR 10). SR 45 was reused in 1930 along part of its current route. State Route 46 (1919–1921) State Route 46LocationSylvester–TiftonExisted1919–1921 State Route 46 (SR 46) was a short-lived state highway that started at SR 32 and SR 33 in Sylvester to SR 7 and SR 35 in Tifton. It was established at least as early as 1919. By the end of 1921, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 50. SR 46 was reused in 1921 along part of its current route. State Route 50N State Route 50NLocationAlbanyExisted1963–1973 State Route 50N (SR 50N) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Albany, within Dougherty County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 50N was established at least as early as 1919 as SR 32 from Dawson through Albany and into Sylvester. By the end of 1921, SR 50 was designated across the state. This truncated SR 32 at Ashburn. By the end of 1926, the portion of SR 50 in the eastern part of Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the middle of 1930, from west of Albany to the Worth–Tift county line, the highway had a completed hard surface. The western half of the Dougherty County portion of the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed semi hard surface. In January 1932, the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed hard surface. Between February 1948 and April 1949, US 82 was designated on SR 50 through the Albany area. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR& 50 through Albany was split into SR 50N and SR 50S. SR 50N used Broad Avenue and Sylvester Road, while US 82/SR 50S used Oglethorpe Avenue and Albany Expressway. In 1973, SR 50N was redesignated as SR 50 Conn., while SR 50S was redesignated as the SR 50 mainline. State Route 50S State Route 50SLocationAlbanyExisted1963–1973 State Route 50S (SR 50S) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Albany, within Dougherty County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 50S was established at least as early as 1919 as SR 32 from Dawson through Albany and into Sylvester. By the end of 1921, SR 50 was designated across the state. This truncated SR 32 at Ashburn. By the end of 1926, the portion of SR 50 in the eastern part of Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the middle of 1930, from west of Albany to the Worth–Tift county line, the highway had a completed hard surface. The western half of the Dougherty County portion of the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed semi hard surface. In January 1932, the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed hard surface. Between February 1948 and April 1949, US 82 was designated on SR 50 through the Albany area. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR& 50 through Albany was split into SR 50N and SR 50S. SR 50N used Broad Avenue and Sylvester Road, while US 82/SR 50S used Oglethorpe Avenue and Albany Expressway. In 1973, SR 50N was redesignated as SR 50 Conn., while SR 50S was redesignated as the SR 50 mainline. State Route 51 (1919–1921) State Route 51LocationAlbanyExisted1919–1921 State Route 51 (SR 51) was a state highway in Fannin County. Between 1919 and 1920, SR 51 was designated from Blue Ridge to the Tennessee state line. By the end of 1921, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 5. Note that the SR 51 number was reused in 1921 along part of the current highway. State Route 52 (1921–1937) State Route 52LocationColumbia–Richmond countiesExisted1921–1937 State Route 52 (SR 52) was a state highway in Columbia and Richmond counties, in the Augusta metropolitan area. Between 1919 and 1921, SR 52 was designated from the South Carolina state line, northwest of Augusta, and the South Carolina state line again on the northeastern edge of the city. Before 1926 ended, the entire length of SR 52 had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. By the middle of 1930, in an area northwest of Augusta, SR 52 was shifted to a more western alignment. This segment was located about half of the distance from the Columbia–Richmond county line and the original segment. The original part northwest of the split did not have a highway number. The highway had a "completed hard surface" from there to Augusta. The year ended with all of SR 52 having a "completed hard surface". The original part's Richmond County portion did, too. By February 1932, the entire length of the highway had a completed hard surface. Near the end of the year, the northwestern part of SR 52 was shifted back to its original alignment and re-signed as SR 52. The western extended part was re-designated as SR 104. Before 1938, all of SR 52 was redesignated as the southern segment of SR 28. State Route 54B State Route 54BLocationSharpsburg–FayettevilleExisted1921–1934 State Route 54B (SR 54B) was a state highway just south of Atlanta. When it was established in between 1919 and 1921, it extended from an intersection with SR 16 in Sharpsburg northeast to an intersection with SR 54 in Fayetteville. By the end of 1926, the northern half had a sand clay or top soil surface. Nearly a decade later, the entire length of SR 54B was redesignated as a re-routing of the SR 54 mainline. State Route 56 Spur Further information: Georgia State Route 56 § Augusta spur route; and Transportation in Augusta, Georgia § Doug Barnard Parkway State Route 56 SpurLocationAugustaLength6.6 mi (10.6 km)Existed2014 State Route 56 Spur (SR 56 Spur) was a 6.6-mile-long (10.6 km) spur route that existed entirely within the southeastern part of Richmond County. Its route was entirely within the city limits of Augusta. Its west–east section was part of Tobacco Road. It was known as Doug Barnard Parkway for the rest of its length. Its entire length was within the city limits of Augusta. Its southern terminus was at an intersection with the SR 56 mainline (Mike Padgett Highway). Its northern terminus was at an intersection with US 1/US 25/US 78/US 278/SR 10/SR 121 (Gordon Highway) in downtown Augusta. Here, the roadway continues as Molly Pond Road. The highway was decommissioned in 2014. State Route 60 (1921–1926) State Route 60LocationSterlingExisted1921–1926 State Route 60 (SR 60) was a short-lived state highway in the southeastern part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it extended from SR 27 in Sterling northeast to an intersection with SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. By the end of 1926, the highway was removed from the state highway system. This short segment of highway would later be used as part of SR 131 in 1939, in which this section became part of SR 99, and SR 131 was shifted further north. State Route 60 (1930–1940) State Route 60LocationSocial CircleExisted1930–1940 State Route 60 (SR 60) was a very short state highway that existed entirely within Walton County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 60 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. The entire length of the highway had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, this road was designated as SR 60. At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. It later became SR 213 one year later. This portion became part of SR 229, which along with SR 213, was decommissioned in the 1980s. SR 60 was reused as a renumbering of former SR 86, and SR 86 was reused to renumber the duplicate SR 160. State Route 62 (1926–1929) State Route 62LocationTalmo–HomerExisted1926–1929 State Route 62 (SR 62) was a short-lived state highway in the northeastern part of the state. It was proposed between 1919 and 1921 on a path from SR 11 at a point northwest of Jefferson, at approximately the location of Talmo, northeast to SR 15 in Homer. By the end of 1926, SR 62 was established on this same path, with US 129 having been applied onto SR 11. Within three years, this short highway had been decommissioned. State Route 63 (1921–1967) State Route 63LocationFancy Hall–PembrokeExisted1921–1967 State Route 63 (SR 63) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it only extended from SR 30 in Ellabell to SR 26 at a point that approximates today's location of Eden. By the end of 1926, its termini were shifted to SR 30 in Lanier to US 80/SR 26 in Blitchton. By the end of 1929, the highway's western portion had a "sand clay or top soil" surface, while its eastern portion was under construction. Also, the western terminus was shifted again, to Pembroke. The next year, the eastern portion had a sand clay or top soil surface. At the end of the year, US 280 was designated along the entire path of SR 63. Before 1934 ended, the western portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Just a few months later the eastern portion of SR 63 was under the same condition. About six months later, the eastern terminus area had a completed hard surface. Near the end of 1936, the rest of the highway also had a completed hard surface. About a year later, SR 30's length southeast of Pembroke was swapped with the entire length of SR 63. That meant that SR 63 easternmost terminus was now at US 17/SR 25 southeast of Clyde. The portion of this "new" path just southeast of Pembroke, as well as the entire segment southeast of Clyde, was under construction. Within a year, those under construction segments had completed grading, but were not surfaced. By the middle of 1939, a small portion of the highway farther to the southeast of Pembroke had the same conditions. Before the year ended, the rest of the highway's length also had the same conditions. A few months later, most of the highway's length that today is within the boundaries of Fort Stewart was under construction. Later in 1940, the segment from US 17/SR 25 to SR 144 southeast of Clyde had a completed hard surface. About five years later, Fort Stewart was established. Most of the state highways that traveled within the area now covered by the base were removed. Due to this, SR 63 was split into two short segments: one from the northern edge of the base to Pembroke and one from Richmond Hill to the southeastern edge of the base. By the end of 1948, state highways were re-established through the base, thereby reconnecting SR 63 as a single highway. One year later, the eastern terminus of the highway was extended south-southeast to Fancy Hall. Before 1953 ended, the Keller–Richmond Hill segment was hard surfaced. In 1954, the segment from the northern edge of Fort Stewart to Pembroke was hard surfaced. At the end of the decade, the Fancy Hall–Keller segment was paved. Before 1966 began SR 63 Spur had been established from SR 63 southeast of Richmond Hill east to Fort McAllister. In 1967, SR 67's path south of Pembroke was shifted to the east, taking over the entire path of SR 63; therefore, SR 63 Spur was redesignated as SR 67 Spur. State Route 63 Spur State Route 63 SpurLocationSoutheast of Richmond Hill–Fort McAllisterExisted1966–1967 State Route 63 Spur (SR 63 Spur) was a short-lived spur route of SR 63. Before 1966 began, SR 63 Spur was established from the SR 63 mainline southeast of Richmond Hill east to Fort McAllister. In 1967, SR 67's path south of Pembroke was shifted to the east, taking over the entire path of SR 63; therefore, SR 63 Spur was redesignated as SR 67 Spur. In the middle 1970s, SR 144 was extended east and south-southeast, taking over the route of SR 67 southeast of Fort Stewart; therefore, SR 67 was redesignated as SR 144 Spur. State Route 63 (1968–1986) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) State Route 63LocationGlennville, GeorgiaExisted1968–1986 State Route 63 (SR 63) went from SR 144 to SR 196. This was cancelled in 1986. It does not show on any official GDOT state maps, but is on some online maps. The SR 63 was reused in 1989 along the current highway. State Route 65 (1921–1926) State Route 65LocationRabun CountyExisted1921–1926 State Route 65 (SR 65) was a state highway that formerly exited in the extreme northeastern part of the state. At least as early as 1919, a local road was established between the North Carolina and South Carolina state lines in Rabun County. By 1921, this road was designated as SR 65. By the end of 1926, this was cancelled. In 1932, this route was restored as SR 105. This roadway would eventually be redesignated as the northern segment of SR 28. SR 65 was reused on an unrelated route (no longer part of the current route) in 1932. State Route 68 (1921–1932) State Route 68LocationCumming–BufordExisted1921–January 1932 State Route 68 (SR 68) was a short-lived state highway in the north-central part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it extended from SR 9 in Cumming southeast to SR 13 in Buford. In January 1932, SR 68 was decommissioned and redesignated as part of SR 20. SR 68 was reused for part of its current route by March 1932. State Route 69 State Route 69LocationTowns CountyExisted1930–1960 State Route 69 (SR 69) was a very short state highway located entirely in Towns County in the extreme northern part of the state. The highway traveled from US 76/SR 2 north to the North Carolina state line, where it became North Carolina Highway 69 (NC 69). SR 69 followed the roadway currently designated as the concurrency of SR 17/SR 515. It was formed in 1930, and was redesignated as part of SR 17 between 1957 and 1960. Between 1919 and 1921, the roadway that would eventually become SR 69 was established as an unnumbered road from SR 2 in Hiawassee to the North Carolina state line north of Hiawassee. By the end of 1930, this road was designated as SR 69, with a completed semi hard surface. A few years later, the highway's location was shifted a few miles to the west. Its southern terminus was still at SR 2, but began northwest of Hiawassee, as it currently travels. By the end of 1935, the highway had a completed hard surface. Twenty years later, SR 17 north of US 76/SR 2 was shifted to the west to travel concurrently with SR 69. Between 1957 and 1960, SR 69 was decommissioned, while SR 17 stayed on this segment of highway. State Route 70 (1932–1941) State Route 70LocationLincolntonExisted1932–1941 State Route 70 (SR 70) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. When it was established between 1930 and 1932, it extended from Lincolnton to the South Carolina state line. At this time, the highway was under construction. In early 1934, SR 70 was extended south-southwest to US 78/SR 10/SR 17 north-northwest of Thomson. By the end of 1937, the segment of SR 70 from Lincolnton to the South Carolina state line had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1938, a small portion of the highway southwest of Lincolnton had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1941, all of SR 70 was redesignated as SR 43 to match South Carolina. SR 70 was not reused until 1968, when a county road and part of SR 74 was renumbered to SR 70. State Route 72 (1930–1941) State Route 72LocationWoodland–CovingtonExisted1930–1941 State Route 72 (SR 72) was a state highway in the west-central and central parts of the state. It was established in 1930 on a path from US 19/SR 3 north-northwest of Thomaston to SR 18 in Barnesville. Later that year, the western terminus was shifted southward into Thomaston. At the end of 1933, SR 72 was extended northeast to Jackson. A few months later, it was extended again, this time north-northeast to Covington. Three years later, the entire length of the Thomaston–Barnesville segment had a "completed hard surface". Later that year, SR 72 was extended southwest to SR 41 in Woodland. The next year, the eastern terminus was under construction. By the middle of 1939, the then-western terminus had a completed hard surface. At this time, the then-eastern terminus had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. Near the end of 1940, SR 72 was extended north-northwest along SR 41 to Manchester and then west-northwest to SR 85 in Warm Springs. It was possibly also extended west-southwest to US 27/SR 1 in Pine Mountain, but GDOT maps didn't show a highway number for this segment of highway. The entire extension had a completed hard surface. Meanwhile, the eastern terminus was under construction. By the end of the year, the eastern terminus had a completed hard surface. A few months later, the entire Newton County portion that didn't have a hard surface was under construction. By the end of 1941, the entire highway was redesignated as SR 36. The Newton County portion that didn't have a hard surface had completed grading, but was not surfaced. SR 72 was reused as a renumbering of most of old SR 36 and part of SR 82 to match South Carolina. The rest of SR 36 became an extension of SR 98. State Route 73W State Route 73WLocationBulloch CountyExisted1960–1993 State Route 73W (SR 73W) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established and paved between two intersections with US 25/US 301/SR 73. It traveled north-northwest to an intersection with SR 46 and then northeast to its northern terminus. In 1993, it was decommissioned. The entire route was in Bulloch County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes US 25 / US 301 / SR 73 south / SR 73E northSouthern terminus of SR 73W and SR 73E; northern terminus of southern segment of SR 73 SR 46 US 25 / US 301 / SR 73 north / SR 73E southNorthern terminus of SR 73W and SR 73E; southern terminus of northern segment of SR 73 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 73E State Route 73ELocationBulloch CountyExisted1960–1993 State Route 73E (SR 73E) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established on US 25/US 301 as a redesignation of SR 73. It straddled the intersection with SR 46/SR 119. In 1993, it was reverted to be part of SR 73. The entire route was in Bulloch County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes US 25 / US 301 / SR 73 south / SR 73W northSouthern terminus of SR 73W and SR 73E; northern terminus of southern segment of SR 73 SR 46 / SR 119 US 25 / US 301 / SR 73 north / SR 73W southNorthern terminus of SR 73W and SR 73E; southern terminus of northern segment of SR 73 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 85W State Route 85WLocationSouth of Shiloh–WoodburyExisted1952–1995 State Route 85W (SR 85W) was a state highway that existed from south of Shiloh to Woodbury. The highway that would eventually become SR 85W was established in 1930 as part of SR 85 from south of Shiloh to SR 41 in Warm Springs. By the middle of 1933, the portion of the highway from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. The next year, the segment of the highway just south-southwest of Warm Springs was shifted westward to a curve into the city. At the end of 1936, two segments were under construction: around Shiloh and just west-southwest of Warm Springs. By the middle of 1937, a portion from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs was under construction. Near the end of the year, part of the Waverly Hall–Warm Springs segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1939, the segment from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had a completed hard surface. In 1940, SR 163 was built from Warm Springs to Woodbury. By the middle of 1941, SR 163's segment just northeast of Warm Springs was under construction. In 1942, a portion of SR 163 northeast of Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. By the middle of 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 163 from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs. By 1952, SR 163 was redesignated as SR 85W. That year, SR 85W's segment south of Warm Springs was reverted to being designated as SR 163. The next year, this was undone. Also, the segment of SR 85W from Warm Springs to Woodbury had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1960 and 1963, US 27 Alt. was shifted eastward onto SR 85E from south of Shiloh to Manchester. About thirty-three years later, SR 85W was redesignated SR 85 Alt. State Route 85E State Route 85ELocationSouth of Shiloh–WoodburyExisted1957–1995 State Route 85E (SR 85E) was a state highway between south of Shiloh and Woodbury. In 1935, SR 85 was extended southeast on SR 41 to Manchester and then north-northeast through Woodbury. At the end of 1936, part of SR 85 around Shiloh was under construction. In 1940, SR 85, from Manchester to approximately halfway between it and Woodbury, was under construction. At the end of 1941, a portion of SR 85 just east-northeast of Manchester had a completed hard surface. At this time, a portion of the highway from south of Woodbury had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1943, a portion northeast of Manchester had a completed hard surface. The next year, a portion south of Woodbury had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. The entire length of SR 85 from south of Shiloh to Chalybeate Springs had a completed hard surface. A small portion north-northeast of Chalybeate Springs had a sand clay or top soil surface; the portion from there to Woodbury had a completed hard surface. Between 1946 and 1948, the Chalybeate Springs–Woodbury segment had a completed hard surface. Between 1955 and 1957, SR 85 from south of Shiloh to Woodbury was redesignated as SR 85E. Between 1960 and 1963, US 27 Alt. was shifted eastward onto SR 85E from south of Shiloh to Manchester. About thirty-two years later, SR 85E was redesignated as part of the SR 85 mainline again. State Route 86 (1930–1940) State Route 86LocationLumpkin–Fannin countiesExisted1930–1940 State Route 86 (SR 86) was a short-lived state highway in the North Georgia mountains region of the north-central part of the state. In 1930, SR 86 was established from Blue Ridge northeast to the North Carolina state line west-northwest of Ivy Log. In January 1932, the entire length of SR 86 was under construction. The next month, the western terminus of SR 86 was shifted eastward to begin northwest of Morganton. By mid-1933, the portion of SR 86 from northwest of Morganton to Mineral Bluff had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. Later that year, the entire length of SR 86 had a completed semi hard surface. In 1936, the entire length of SR 86 was under construction. At the beginning of 1937, SR 86 was extended southeast to US 19/SR 9 in Porter Springs. A few months later, SR 86's original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In late 1940, all of SR 86 was renumbered SR 60. About 37 years later, the original segment of SR 86, from Mineral Bluff to the state line was used for the path of SR 60 Spur, because SR 60 was rerouted over SR 245, which was cancelled. SR 86 was reused that same day as a renumbering of the duplicate SR 160. State Route 91W State Route 91WLocationDougherty CountyExisted1946–1973 State Route 91W (SR 91W) was a state highway in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It functioned like an alternate route of SR 91. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from SR 91 south-southwest of Albany to SR 3W just west of the city. By February 1948, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1973, SR 234 was extended to the east, absorbing all of SR 91W. State Route 105 (1932–1937) State Route 105LocationRabun CountyExisted1932–1937 State Route 105 (SR 105) was a state highway that existed entirely within Rabun County in the northeastern part of the state. The road that would eventually become SR 105 was established at least as early as 1919 between the North Carolina and South Carolina state lines. By 1921, the highway was signed as SR 65. This SR 65 was cancelled in 1926. SR 105 was designated in late 1932. By the end of 1934, the entire length of SR 105 was under construction. By the middle of 1937, SR 105 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Before 1938, all of SR 105 was redesignated as the northern segment of SR 28. SR 105 was reused on an unrelated route in 1938 (no longer part of its current route). State Route 131 State Route 131LocationGlynn–McIntosh countiesExisted1936–1989 State Route 131 (SR 131) was a state highway that was located in Glynn and McIntosh counties in the coastal part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 131 was established between 1919 and 1921 as SR 60 from SR 27 north-northwest of Brunswick to SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. By the end of 1926, it was decommissioned. SR 131 was established in 1936 on what is currently SR 99 on an eastern curve between intersections with US 17/SR 25 in Darien and Eulonia. Later that year, the portion from Darien to approximately Meridian was under construction. In 1938, this segment had a "completed hard surface". From approximately Meridian to approximately Valona, the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In late 1939, SR 131 was established on a segment from US 84/SR 50 west-northwest of Brunswick to SR 32 northwest of Brunswick and on a segment from US 25/US 341/SR 27 southwest of Darien to US 17/SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. However, there is no indication if these were separate segments of the highway or extensions. The segment from approximately Valona to Eulonia was under construction. A few months later, the northern terminus of the southern segment was shifted eastward to a southwest–northeast routing. Also, the western terminus of the central segment was shifted south-southwest to connect with SR 32 at US 25/US 341/SR 27 north-northwest of Brunswick. By the end of 1941, the southern segment was under construction. The central segment was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The Valona–Eulonia segment of the northern segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1943, the entire length of all three segments of SR 131 were redesignated as an extension of SR 99. SR 131 was moved to an alignment from South Newport to east-northeast of it. The entire length of this new segment had a completed hard surface. By the end of 1946, the highway was extended east-southeast to the Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge. This extension had a completed hard surface. By the end of the decade, SR 131 was extended west-southwest to Jones. In 1953, the entire length of this extension had completed grading, but was not surfaced. About a decade later, this segment was hard surfaced. In 1977, it was decommissioned. Twelve years later, the eastern part was decommissioned, as well. State Route 134 State Route 134LocationTelfair–Wheeler countiesExisted1937–1988 State Route 134 (SR 134) was a state highway that was located in Telfair and Wheeler counties. It was established in early 1937 from US 341/SR 27 southwest of Towns to SR 15 in Jordan. This segment of highway remained virtually unchanged for over a decade, when it was given a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By early 1949, SR 134 was established on a segment from SR 149 south-southeast of McRae to US 341/SR 27 northwest of Lumber City. However, there is no indication if the two segments were separate or were connected via a concurrency with US 341/SR 27 between them. By the middle of 1950, US 23 was designated on US 341/SR 27 between the two segments. In 1953, the original segment of SR 134 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, this segment was hard surfaced. Between 1957 and 1960, SR 15 at this segment's eastern end was shifted farther to the east. Its former path was redesignated as part of SR 19. Between 1960 and 1963, the newer segment of SR 134 was paved. It wasn't until 1988 that the entire length of the highway was decommissioned. State Route 143 State Route 143LocationDade, Walker, Gordon, and Pickens countiesLength61.044 mi (98.241 km)Existed1937–1977 State Route 143 (SR 143) was a state highway in the northwestern and north-central parts of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 143 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 1 from LaFayette to Trenton. By the end of 1921, SR 1 west of LaFayette was shifted to the east and off its former alignment. SR 53 was indicated to be a "contingent road" from LaFayette to Calhoun, with a concurrency with SR 1 in LaFayette. By the end of 1926, a portion of SR 53 northwest of Calhoun had a "completed semi hard surface". The decade ended with SR 53's path west of Calhoun being shifted farther to the south. The segment of SR 53 that had existed from LaFayette to Villanow was redesignated as part of SR 2. In 1930, the portion of SR 2 from approximately Naomi to Villanow had a completed semi hard surface. In February 1932, this segment's eastern end was shifted slightly to the north. In 1934, SR 2 was extended to an undetermined point northwest of LaFayette. A few years later, SR 143 was established on SR 53's former path from Vilanow to Calhoun. Later that year, SR 2 was extended farther to the northwest. Its southeast part (northwest of LaFayette) was under construction, while its northwest part had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the middle of 1939, SR 2 was extended northwest to its intersection with SR 157. The western two-thirds of its length in this area had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Near the end of the year, SR 2 was extended north-northwest to an intersection with US 11/SR 58 in Trenton. The eastern part of this extension was under construction. In early 1940, this last extension of SR 2 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Around the middle of the year, the portions of SR 2 both north-northwest and east-southeast of the SR 157 intersection had a "completed hard surface". The next year, nearly the entire portion of SR 2 from just south-southeast of Trenton to just southeast of Cooper Heights had a completed hard surface. Later that year, SR 143 was designated on an eastern alignment from SR 53 east of Fairmount to SR 5 and SR 53 in Tate. By the end of 1946, SR 2 was extended to the Alabama state line. Also, its segment from LaFayette to Villanow was hard surfaced. By early 1948, all of SR 2 west-southwest of Trenton, the entire western segment of SR 143, and the eastern half of the eastern segment of SR 143, had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The western half of its eastern segment was indicated to be "projected mileage". By the middle of 1949, SR 2 was shifted much farther to the north. Its former alignment from the Alabama state line to Villanow was redesignated as a western extension of the western segment of SR 143. A portion northwest of LaFayette was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1950, a portion just east-southeast of Trenton was hard surfaced. In 1953, the portion west-southwest of Trenton and the portion from Sugar Valley to Calhoun were hard surfaced. The eastern segment's portion east of the SR 156 intersection had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, this last segment was hard surfaced. By mid-1955, the Gordon County segment of the western segment (from Villanow to Sugar Valley) and the portion of the eastern segment (west of the SR 156 intersection) had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1960, the entire western segment was hard surfaced. Nearly the entire part of the eastern segment west of the SR 156 intersection was decommissioned. By the end of 1963, the decommissioned part of the eastern segment was re-instated. In 1970, a portion of the eastern segment southeast of the SR 53 intersection was hard surfaced. In 1973, the portion of the eastern segment was decommissioned was indicated to be "under construction or projected mileage". In 1977, all of the western segment from the Alabama state line to northwest of Sugar Valley was redesignated as part of SR 136. All of the western segment from northwest of Sugar Valley to Calhoun was redesignated as SR 136 Conn. The eastern segment from its western terminus to northeast of Sharp Top was redesignated as SR 379; northeast of this point to west of Tate was redesignated as part of SR 108; and from there to Tate was redesignated as SR 108 Conn. State Route 143 Connector State Route 143 ConnectorLocationGordonExisted1972–1977 State Route 143 Connector (SR 143 Conn.) was a connecting route in the northwestern part of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 143 Conn. was established between 1963 and 1966 as an unnumbered road from SR 143 northwest of Sugar Valley to Resaca. In 1972 it was designated as SR 143 Conn., ending at US 41/SR 3. In 1977, all of SR 143 west of a point northwest of Sugar Valley and all of SR 143 Conn. were redesignated as parts of SR 136. State Route 148 (1939–1949) State Route 148LocationFort Oglethorpe–RinggoldExisted1939–1949 State Route 148 (SR 148) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 148 was established between 1919 and the end of 1921 as an unnumbered road from SR 1 in Fort Oglethorpe to SR 3 in Ringgold. By the end of 1926, US 41 was designated on SR 3. The entire length of the highway had a "completed semi hard surface". In 1930, US 41W was designated on SR 1. By the end of 1934, US 41W was decommissioned. It was redesignated as part of US 27. By the middle of 1939, the unnumbered road was designated as SR 148. 1940 ended with the entire length of SR 148 having a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1949, SR 2 was shifted to the north, replacing the entire length of SR 148. State Route 148 (1955–1966) State Route 148LocationMonroe CountyExisted1955–1966 State Route 148 (SR 148) was a state highway in the central part of the state. SR 148 was designated between the middle of 1954 and the middle of 1955 from SR 18 east-southeast of Forsyth to SR 87 eas of Bolingbroke. Its entire length had a "completed hard surface". Between 1957 and 1960, Interstate 75 (I-75) and SR 401 were built on a northeastern bypass of Forsyth. The southern terminus of this bypass connected with the western terminus of SR 148. Between 1960 and 1963, I-75 (and possibly SR 401) was extended southeast to just northeast of Bolingbroke, replacing SR 148 northwest of this point. Between 1963 and the end of 1966, I-75 was extended southeast through the Macon area, replacing SR 148 from northeast of Bolingbroke to east of this community (between the I-475 interchange northwest of Bolingbroke and SR 19 Spur east of the community, I-75 was under construction). The remainder of SR 148 was redesignated as part of SR 19 Spur. State Route 154 (1940–1946) State Route 154LocationPickens–Dawson countiesExisted1939–1946 State Route 154 (SR 154) was a state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established in late 1939 from an intersection with SR 156 in Blaine to SR 5 in Talking Rock. The next year, it was under construction. Before the year ended, it was established on an eastern alignment from SR 108 northeast of Jasper to SR 183 northwest of Dawsonville. Around the middle of 1941, this new segment was under construction. In 1942, the original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, both segments of SR 154 were redesignated as parts of SR 136. SR 154 was reused for a former section of SR 41 that same day. State Route 158 (1940–1941) State Route 158LocationTunnel Hill–VarnellExisted1940–1941 State Route 158 (SR 158) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. In 1940, SR 158 was established from US 41/SR 3 in Tunnel Hill to SR 71 in Varnell. At the end of the next year, it was renumbered SR 201, because there was already another SR 158 elsewhere in the state. State Route 160 (1939–1995) State Route 160LocationClayton–DeKalb countiesLength5.7 mi (9.2 km)Existed1939–1995 State Route 160 (SR 160) was a state highway in northern Clayton and southwestern DeKalb counties. SR 160 was established from SR 54 in Forest Park to SR 42 south-southeast of Constitution. By the end of 1949, it was extended south-southeast on SR 54 and then west-northwest to US 19/US 41/SR 3. In 1995, the western segment was decommissioned completely, while the eastern segment was redesignated as SR 54 Conn. State Route 160 (1940–1941) State Route 160LocationTreutlen CountyExisted1940–1941 State Route 160 (SR 160) was a state highway in the central part of the state. In 1940, SR 160 was established from SR 78 south of Adrian to SR 46 west of Oak Park. Later that year, SR 160's segment from south of Adrian to SR 56 northeast of Soperton had a "completed hard surface". The eastern part of the highway was under construction. By the end of 1941, all of SR 160 was renumbered SR 86, with the portion from northeast of Soperton to west of Oak Park having a completed hard surface, as there was already another SR 160 elsewhere in the state. State Route 161 State Route 161LocationCedartown–Cave SpringExisted1939–1963 State Route 161 (SR 161) was a state highway in central Polk County and southwestern Floyd counties. Its southern terminus was in Cedartown. It proceeded northwest to Cave Spring to an intersection with US 411/SR 53. It was established with a "completed hard surface" in 1939. Between 1960 and 1963, it was redesignated as part of an extended SR 100. State Route 163 State Route 163LocationSouth of Shiloh–WoodburyExisted1940–1952 State Route 163 (SR 163) was a state highway in the west-central part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 163 was established as SR 85 from south of Shiloh to SR 41 in Warm Springs. By the middle of 1933, the entire highway had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. The next year, the segment of the highway just south-southwest of Warm Springs was shifted westward to a curve into the city. At the end of 1936, two segments were under construction: around Shiloh and just west-southwest of Warm Springs. By the middle of the year, a portion from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs was under construction. Near the end of the year, the segment form south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced. 1939 ended with the segment from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs having a completed hard surface. In 1940, SR 163 was built from Warm Springs to Woodbury. By the middle of 1941, SR 163's segment just northeast of Warm Springs was under construction. In 1942, a portion of SR 163 northeast of Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. By the middle of 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 163 from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs. By 1952, SR 163 was redesignated as SR 85W. State Route 167 State Route 167LocationChatham, Effingham, Screven, Jenkins countiesExisted1940–1955 State Route 167 (SR 167) was a state highway that existed on a southeast-to-northwest path from the Savannah metropolitan area to Millen. In early 1940, the highway was established on a path from US 17/SR 25 southwest of Savannah and then north-northwest to US 280/SR 26 west-northwest of the city. In 1942, US 280 was truncated to the west-northwest; its path through this area was redesignated as an east-southeast extension of US 80. SR 167 was extended west-northwest on US 80/SR 26 to just west-northwest of the Chatham–Effingham county line and then on a solo path to the north-northwest to the Effingham–Screven county line. The original segment was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The entire concurrency with US 80/SR 26 and its solo trek from there to Guyton had a "completed hard surface". The next year, SR 167 was extended northwest to Millen. In 1944, a small portion of the highway north-northwest of Guyton had a completed hard surface. By the end of 1948, the original segment was indicated to have "projected mileage". A small portion between Guyton and Egypt had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. Another small portion northwest of that one had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By 1952, the segment northwest of US 80/SR 26 was redesignated as a southeast extension of SR 17, with a portion southeast of Millen having completed grading, but not being surfaced. By the middle of 1955, the original segment of SR 167 was decommissioned. State Route 170 State Route 170LocationDade–Walker countiesExisted1940–1974 State Route 170 (SR 170) was a state highway that was located in the northwestern part of the state, in Dade and Walker counties. At the end of 1940, it was established on a path from SR 157 south-southeast of Trenton east-south to a point just west of SR 193 southeast of the city. About a year later, the entire length was under construction. In 1945, the eastern terminus was shifted north-northwest to end at an intersection with SR 193 east-northeast of Trenton. By the end of 1948, the eastern terminus of the highway was truncated to end at a point east of Trenton. By the end of 1951, the eastern terminus was extended north-northeast and then northwest to end at another intersection with SR 157 west of Chattanooga Valley. This made the "eastern" terminus now the "northern" one. Most of this extension had a "sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth" surface. The northern part of it had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The portion east of the southern terminus was hard surfaced. In 1953, the entire extension had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By mid-1955, it had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. By the middle of 1957, this extension had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. Between 1960 and the end of 1963, the northern part of the extension was paved. At the end of the decade, the entire length of SR 170 was hard surfaced. In 1974, SR 157 was shifted eastward, replacing all of the north–south portion of SR 170, with the old alignment being redesignated as SR 189. The east–west portion of SR 170 was simply decommissioned. State Route 175 This section is about the former state highway. For the former proposed Interstate Highway, see Interstate 175 (Georgia). State Route 175LocationLowndes–Lanier countiesExisted1940–1969 State Route 175 (SR 175) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state, in Lowndes and Lanier counties. In 1940, it was established from SR 122 and SR 125 in Barretts to US 84/SR 38 in Naylor. By the end of 1948, a portion of the highway from east-southeast of Barretts (at the Lowndes–Lanier county line) to west-northwest of the SR 31 intersection northwest of Naylor had completed grading, but was not surfaced. From this point to the second crossing of the county line it had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. About five years later, the western terminus was truncated to a point west-northwest of the SR 31 intersection. By the middle of 1955, it was further truncated to the intersection with US 221/SR 31. By the end of 1963, the entire remaining segment of highway had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. In 1969, SR 175 was decommissioned. State Route 176 State Route 176LocationCobb CountyLength15 mi (24 km)Existed1940–2010 State Route 176 (SR 176) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. In late 1940, it was established from SR 120 in Lost Mountain to SR 92 in New Hope. In 1942, the highway was extended south-southeast to SR 6 in Powder Springs. The extension was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The next year, the southern part of the extension had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1948, the entire length of the extension was hard surfaced. A portion of the original segment just west of Lost Mountain had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By the middle of 1950, this portion was hard surfaced. In 1953, a portion west of Lost Mountain had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Two years later, the New Hope–Lost Mountain segment had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. By the middle of 1957, this segment was indicated to have a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. Before the decade ended, the New Hope–Lost Mountain segment was paved. Also, an unnumbered road was built from Lost Mountain to US 41/SR 3 in Acworth. In 1969, the New Hope-to-Lost Mountain segment was shifted to the northeast onto this unnumbered road. Its former alignment was redesignated as SR 92 Conn. In 2010, SR 176 was decommissioned. This section is missing mileposts for junctions. Please help by adding them. This table shows the last alignment of the highway. The entire route was in Cobb County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Powder Springs US 278 / SR 6 – Hiram, Lithia SpringsSouthern terminus Macland SR 360 – Dallas, Marietta Lost Mountain SR 120 – Dallas, Marietta Acworth US 41 / SR 3 – Cartersville, KennesawNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi State Route 179 State Route 179LocationCalvary–VadaExisted1940–1987 State Route 179 (SR 179) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It traversed Grady and Baker counties. At the end of 1940, SR 179 was established from SR 111 in Calvary to US 84/SR 38 in Whigham. In 1942, it was extended north-northwest to just north of the Grady–Mitchell county line, and then west to SR 97 in Vada. The entire highway was indicated as being "on system–not marked or maintained". By the end of 1949, SR 262 was established on the Grady–Mitchell county line, replacing the east–west part of SR 179. By the middle of 1950, a portion north-northwest of Whigham was hard surfaced. Two small portions between Whigham and the Grady–Mitchell county line had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By the end of 1951, the southern two thirds of this segment was hard surfaced. A portion south-southeast of Whigham had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, this portion near Whigham was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1954, the entire Calvary–Whigham segment was hard surfaced. A portion south of the SR 262 intersection was shifted eastward and had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. About a year later, this portion was hard surfaced. In 1987, SR 179 was decommissioned. State Route 179 Connector State Route 179 ConnectorLocationNear Amsterdam–CalvaryExisted1969–1987 State Route 179 Connector (SR 179 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 179 that existed in the southwestern part of the state. In 1969, it was established between US 27/SR 1 east-southeast of Amsterdam to SR 111 and SR 179 in Calvary. In 1987, SR 179 Conn. was decommissioned. State Route 181 (1940–1941) State Route 181LocationSocial CircleExisted1940–1941 State Route 181 (SR 181) was a short-lived state highway that existed entirely in Walton County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 181 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. The entire length of this road had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, this road was designated as the entire length of SR 60. At the end of 1940, it was redesignated as SR 181. At the end of 1941, it was redesignated as SR 213. SR 181 was reused for a former portion of SR 8 on that same day. See also List of state routes in Georgia References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u State Highway Department of Georgia (1954). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1954.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u State Highway Department of Georgia (1955). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1955.) ^ a b c d e f g h Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Georgia Department of Transportation (1986). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1986–1987 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1945). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah State Highway Department of Georgia (1946). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. (Corrected to November 7, 1946.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u State Highway Department of Georgia (1957). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to July 1, 1957.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br State Highway Department of Georgia (1920). System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn State Highway Department of Georgia (1921). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1926). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1929). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x State Highway Department of Georgia (1949). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to April 1, 1949.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q State Highway Department of Georgia (1950). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to August 1, 1950.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am State Highway Department of Georgia (1960). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map) (1960–1961 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1960.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1973). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1974). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1974–1975 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y State Highway Department of Georgia (1948). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to February 28, 1948.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak State Highway Department of Georgia (1963). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1963.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Georgia Department of Transportation (1987). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1987–1988 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Georgia Department of Transportation (1988). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1988–1989 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 26, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Georgia Department of Transportation (1989). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1989–1990 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Georgia State Highway Board (January 1, 1938). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r State Highway Department of Georgia (1953). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to September 1, 1953.) ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o State Highway Department of Georgia (September 1, 1938). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1942). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m State Highway Department of Georgia (1952). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to January 1, 1952.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1953). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to January 1, 1953.) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1966). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1975). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1975–1976 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1978). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1978-79 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1980). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ a b c "County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)". Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1981). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1981–1982 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1982). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ Geographic Transportation Reporting Analysis and Query System (GeoTRAQS) (Map). Georgia Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013. ^ a b c State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1971). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1972). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1943). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1969). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1970). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 27, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. ^ a b c d e f g h Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y State Highway Department of Georgia (June 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (February 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b c d State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b c d State Highway Department of Georgia (August 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i State Highway Department of Georgia (April–May 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. ^ a b Google (August 4, 2013). "Overview map of SR 56 Spur (Richmond County)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 4, 2013. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (2013). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2013–2014 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 10, 2015. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (2015). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2015–2016 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 10, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1944). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1968). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1936). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1936). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1939). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1939). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. ^ a b c State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1936). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (February 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (March 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (December 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017. ^ a b c d Georgia Department of Transportation (1993). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1993–1994 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. ^ a b c d Georgia Department of Transportation (1994). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1994–1995 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2018. ^ a b c d e f Georgia Department of Transportation (1995). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1995–1996 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ a b c d e f Georgia Department of Transportation (1996). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1996–1997 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ a b c State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (March 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (September 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1990). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1990–1991 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017. ^ "State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System" (PDF). December 31, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (2009). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2009–2010 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (2011). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2011–2012 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. OCLC 770217845. Retrieved March 30, 2017. External links Media related to State highways in Georgia (U.S. state) at Wikimedia Commons Georgia Department of Transportation Georgia Roads - The Unofficial Georgia State Highways Web Site Georgia State Highway Ends	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"}],"text":"This is a list of former state routes in the U.S. state of Georgia. This list represents routes that traveled through the state but are no longer in operation, have been decommissioned, or have been renumbered.","title":"List of former state routes in Georgia (1–199)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Floyd County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"US 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"SR 1 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1_Spur_(Floyd_County)"},{"link_name":"Lindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindale,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"business route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_route"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-4"}],"text":"State Route 1E (SR 1E) was a route in Floyd County extending along present-day Old Cedartown Road, Park Avenue, Maple Avenue, East Sixth Street, and 2nd Avenue from US 27/SR 1 to US 27/SR 1, as well as US 411/SR 53. Originally part of US 27/SR 1, it was originally designated as SR 1 before being reassigned as SR 1E in 1955.[1][2] US 27/SR 1 had been relocated along former SR 1 Spur, which is present-day US 27/SR 1 from Old Cedartown Road to present-day US 411 in 1938 with the old route remaining as SR 1 through Lindale. When US 27 was upgraded and relocated in 1968 to the Rome Connector, SR 1E was truncated to end at the present-day interchange of Maple Avenue. Essentially a business route for an unincorporated community south of Rome, the state no longer saw the value in retaining an old alignment and transferred control to Floyd County in 1985.[3][4]","title":"State Route 1E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Albany metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_metropolitan_area,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"SR 3 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3_Connector_(Albany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"}],"text":"State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway in the city of Albany. It traversed portions of Dougherty and Lee counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path as it currently does in the Albany metropolitan area.[8] By the end of 1926, the segment of the highway from the Mitchell–Dougherty county line to Albany had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this stretch of SR 3.[10][11]By the end of 1946, SR 3W was projected to be designated from the western part of Albany to US 19/SR 3 north of the city.[5][6] By the middle of 1950, the entire length of SR 3W was hard surfaced.[12][13] By July 1957, SR 3 in the northern part of Albany was redesignated as SR 3 Conn. due to SR 3W being redesignated as part of SR 3.[2][7]","title":"State Route 3W (Albany 1946–1957)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"Albany metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_metropolitan_area,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Albany_1946%E2%80%931957)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"SR 3 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3_Connector_(Albany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"}],"text":"State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in the city of Albany. It traversed portions of Dougherty and Lee counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, the segment from the Mitchell–Dougherty county line to Albany had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on it through the Albany metropolitan area.[10][11]By the end of 1946, SR 3W was projected to be designated from the western part of Albany to US 19/SR 3 north of the city.[5][6] By April 1949, the southern part of SR 3W was hard surfaced, while its northern part had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[17][12] By the middle of 1950, the entire length of SR 3W was hard surfaced.[12][13] By July 1957, SR 3 in the northern part of Albany was redesignated as SR 3 Conn. due to SR 3W being redesignated as part of SR 3.[2][7] By June 1960, SR 3 Conn. was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline, and its old path was redesignated as the second SR 3W in the city.[7][14] In 1973, SR 3W was redesignated as part of SR 3, while its former path was redesignated as part of SR 133.[15][16]","title":"State Route 3W (Albany 1960–1973)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Thomaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Upson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3E_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"SR 3S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3S_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"}],"text":"State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment.[10][11] By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on.[14][18] In 1987, SR 3W was redesignated as SR 3S.[19][20]","title":"State Route 3W (Thomaston)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Thomaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Upson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"SR 3N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3N"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"}],"text":"State Route 3E (SR 3E) was a state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment.[10][11] By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on.[14][18] In 1987, SR 3E was redesignated as SR 3N.[19][20]","title":"State Route 3E (Thomaston)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Thomaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Upson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"SR 3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3E_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1989-21"}],"text":"State Route 3N (SR 3N) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment.[10][11] By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on.[14][18] In 1987, SR 3E was redesignated as SR 3N.[19][20] In 1988, SR 3N in Thomaston was redesignated as the northbound lanes of SR 3.[20][21]","title":"State Route 3N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Thomaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Upson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"SR 3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3E_(Thomaston)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1989-21"}],"text":"State Route 3S (SR 3S) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment.[10][11] By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on.[14][18] In 1987, SR 3W was redesignated as SR 3S.[19][20] In 1988, SR 3S in Thomaston was redesignated as the southbound lanes of SR 3.[20][21]","title":"State Route 3S (Thomaston)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 3E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3E_(Atlanta%E2%80%93Marietta)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"Marietta Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Street"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"}],"text":"State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through this area as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this segment of the highway. The Atlanta–Marietta segment had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10]Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities.[24][22] By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road.[22][23] By the end of 1946, SR 3W was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline.[5][6]","title":"State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1937–1946)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Atlanta%E2%80%93Marietta_1937%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"Marietta Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Street"},{"link_name":"Northside Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northside_Drive"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"}],"text":"State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a short-lived state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through these cities as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this segment of SR 3. It had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10]Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities.[24][22] By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on Hemphill Street and Northside Drive.[22][23] By the end of 1946, SR 3W was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline.[5][6] By June 1954, the second SR 3W in this area was designated between the two cities.[25][1] By June 1955, it was redesignated as part of SR 3.[1][2]","title":"State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1954–1955)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_120"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Atlanta%E2%80%93Marietta_1937%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"Marietta Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Street"},{"link_name":"Northside Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northside_Drive"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"US 41 Temp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_Temporary_(Atlanta%E2%80%93Marietta,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1985-26"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-4"}],"text":"State Route 3E (SR 3E) was a state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through these two cities as it currently does.[8] By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this entire segment of SR 3, which had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10]Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. SR 3E's path from SR 120 in the east part of Marietta to US 41/SR 3 in the northwestern part of the city. The rest of SR 3E was under construction.[24][22] By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on Hemphill Street and Northside Drive. All of SR 3E in the northern part of Atlanta was hard surfaced. From the north part of the city to the northwest part, the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[22][23] Later that year, all of SR 3E from Atlanta to northwest of the Fulton–Cobb county line had a completed hard surface.[23][27]In 1940, nearly the entire segment of SR 3E in Marietta had a completed hard surface. It was under construction from northwest of the Fulton–Cobb county line to the eastern part of Marietta.[28][29] By the end of the next year, the entire length of SR 3E had a completed hard surface.[30][31] By February 1948, SR 3E was moved off of Hemphill Avenue. It, along with US 41 Temp., followed US 19 on Spring Street, then traveled west on 14th Street and resumed the Northside Drive path.[6][17] By April 1949, US 41 Temp./SR 3E's southbound lanes traveled on Hemphill Avenue.[17][12] By the middle of 1950, US 41 Temp./SR 3E was shifted off of US 19 on Spring Street and 14th Street, and traveled on Hemphill Avenue again.[12][13] In 1952, US 41 Temp. was redesignated as part of the US 41 mainline.[32][33] In 1985, SR 3E was decommissioned.[26][4]","title":"State Route 3E (Atlanta–Marietta)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cobb County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1975-35"},{"link_name":"SR 3 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3_Spur_(Marietta)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-37"}],"text":"State Route 3S (SR 3S) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Marietta in Cobb County, Georgia. By the end of 1965, it was designated from SR 3 to SR 5.[18][34] Between 1974[16][35] and March 1980, SR 3S was redesignated as SR 3 Spur.[36][37]","title":"State Route 3S (Marietta)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Cartersvile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_2"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Fairmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20"},{"link_name":"US 41W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41W_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_61"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"}],"text":"State Route 4 (SR 4) was a state highway that was formed at least as early as 1919.[8] It began at the Alabama state line, traveled to the east-southeast and intersected SR 1 in Rome. It then curved to the southeast and reached its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 3 in Cartersvile. By the end of 1921, SR 4 was extended southeast into the main part of Cartersville, on a concurrency with SR 3 and headed north-northeast to an intersection with SR 2/SR 53 in Fairmount.[8][9] By the end of 1926, almost all of the Alabama–Rome segment, and the southern half of the 1921 extension, had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface. In the vicinity of Rome, the highway had a \"completed hard surface\". About half of the Rome–Cartersville segment was under construction. The easternmost part of this segment, and nearly the entire SR 3 concurrency, had a \"completed semi hard surface\".[9][10] By the end of 1929, the entire length of the original segment of SR 4 was redesignated as SR 20, with US 41W designated along the Rome–Cartersville segment. US 41 was designated along the former SR 3 concurrency. The 1921 extension was redesignated as SR 61.[10][11] SR 4 was reused on that same day as a redesignation of parts of SR 15, SR 17, and SR 24.","title":"State Route 4 (1919–1929)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Cordele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordele,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 7E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7E"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-4"},{"link_name":"Crisp County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisp_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 7W (SR 7W) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR 7 through the Cordele area was split into SR 7W and SR 7E. SR 7W traveled through the western part of the city.[14][18] In 1985, it was decommissioned.[3][4]The entire route was in Crisp County.","title":"State Route 7W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Cordele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordele,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 7W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7W"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-4"},{"link_name":"Crisp County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisp_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 7E (SR 7E) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR 7 through the Cordele area was split into SR 7W and SR 7E. SR 7E traveled through the main part of the city, concurrent with US 41.[14][18] In 1985, it was redesignated as part of the SR 7 mainline.[3][4]The entire route was in Crisp County.","title":"State Route 7E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"SR 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_400"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-41"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Coal Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Mountain,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"SR 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_136"},{"link_name":"Auraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auraria,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_52"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT-GIS-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoTRAQS-42"}],"text":"State Route 9E (SR 9E) was a 21.319-mile-long (34.310 km) state highway. It was originally constructed early in 1941.[39][30] In July 1981, as the extension of SR 400 had reached SR 60 south-southeast of Dahlonega, this designation was decommissioned.[40][41]The routing that was followed by SR 9E starts where Hopewell Road splits from the current SR 9 north-northeast of Coal Mountain in Forsyth County, and parallels SR 400 very closely. The road changes names to Lumpkin Campground Road as it enters Dawson County, passes by the North Georgia Premium Outlet Mall, then crosses SR 53 and SR 400 in rapid succession. Just before intersecting with SR 136 the road changes names again to Harmony Church Road, then is called Auraria Road as it becomes SR 136. The road crosses SR 400 once more to its west, parts ways with SR 136, then travels north through the community of Auraria into Lumpkin County to its northern terminus at SR 9/SR 52 west of Dahlonega.[38]\n[42]","title":"State Route 9E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Bibb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Macon metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_metropolitan_area,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"alternate route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_route"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"SR 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_49"},{"link_name":"SR 247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_247"},{"link_name":"Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"}],"text":"State Route 11E (SR 11E) was a state highway that existed entirely within Bibb County in the Macon metropolitan area. It functioned like an eastern alternate route of US 41/SR 11/SR 49. In 1953, it was established from US 41/SR 11/SR 49/SR 247 south-southwest of Macon to US 41/SR 11/SR 49 in the city.[33][25] Between June 1960 and June 1963, SR 49 was shifted eastward, off of US 41/SR 11 and replacing SR 11E.[14][18]","title":"State Route 11E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"North Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"SR 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_141"},{"link_name":"Peachtree Industrial Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Industrial_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"SR 13 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_13_Connector_(Doraville)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-44"}],"text":"State Route 13W (SR 13W) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from US 19/SR 9 north of Atlanta to the southwestern corner of North Atlanta.[5][6] Between February 1948 and April 1949, its northern terminus was extended to US 23/SR 13 east-northeast of North Atlanta.[17][12] In 1971, SR 13W was redesignated as part of SR 141 (Peachtree Road/Peachtree Industrial Boulevard) and SR 13 Conn.[43][44]","title":"State Route 13W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Athens_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Clarke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 15W (SR 15W) was a short-lived state highway that existed completely within the city limits of Athens. It functioned like a bypass of downtown. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from US 129/US 441/SR 15/SR 24 north-northwest to US 129/SR 15.[5][6] Between February 1948 and April 1949, the path of SR 15 was shifted westward, replacing SR 15W.[17][12][failed verification]The entire route was in Athens, Clarke County.","title":"State Route 15W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Glascock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glascock_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Wrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Warrenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"SR 16 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16_Connector_(Warren_County_1952%E2%80%931981)"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 16 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16_Connector_(Jefferson%E2%80%93Warren_County)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"}],"text":"State Route 16S (SR 16S) was a state highway that existed in portions of Jefferson, Glascock, and Warren counties. In 1942, it was established from an intersection with SR 16 west-northwest of Wrens to another intersection with SR 16 southeast of Warrenton.[31][45] A decade later, the path of SR 16 southeast of Warrenton was shifted southward, replacing the path of SR 16S. The portion from southeast of Warrenton to northwest of Wrens was redesignated as SR 16 Conn., while the portion from northwest of Wrens to north of Louisville was redesignated as SR 16 Conn.[32][33]","title":"State Route 16S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Milledgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"SR 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_29"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"}],"text":"State Route 20 (SR 20) was a very short-lived state highway that traveled from Gray to Sparta. It was formed at least as early as 1919[8] and was decommissioned in 1921 and redesignated SR 22.[8][9] It began at an intersection with SR 11 in Gray. It traveled to the east-northeast and entered Milledgeville, where it intersected SR 24 and SR 29. It then went northeast to Sparta, where it met its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 15 and SR 16. SR 20 was reused that same year on a different road (see below).","title":"State Route 20 (1919–1921)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Waynesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesboro,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"SR 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20"}],"text":"State Route 20 (SR 20) was a state highway in the east-central part of the state. At least as early as 1919, part of SR 24 was established from Louisville to Waynesboro.[8] By the end of September 1921, the path of SR 24, from Waynesboro to Louisville, was shifted northwestward. The former path of SR 24 was redesignated as SR 20.[8][9] Between October 1926 and October 1929, the path of SR 24, from Augusta to Louisville, was reverted to the Waynesboro–Louisville path, replacing SR 20. SR 24's former path, on US 1, was redesignated as part of SR 4.[10][11] SR 20 was reused on that same day as a redesignation of most of the original SR 4.","title":"State Route 20 (1921–1929)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Chatham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Savannah Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Beach"},{"link_name":"Tybee Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26 Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26_Loop_(Savannah_Beach)"},{"link_name":"intersections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-47"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-4"},{"link_name":"Savannah Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savannah_Beach,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chatham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 26E (SR 26E) was a state highway that existed in the eastern part of Chatham County, in Savannah Beach, which is what Tybee Island was known as at the time. The roadway that would eventually become SR 26E was established between June 1963 and the end of 1965, as SR 26 Loop, between two intersections with US 80/SR 26 in the southern part of the city.[18][34] In 1969, it was redesignated as SR 26E.[46][47] In 1985, SR 26E was decommissioned.[3][4]The entire route was in Savannah Beach, Chatham County.","title":"State Route 26E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Dodge County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"SR 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-49"},{"link_name":"Dodge County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 27S (SR 27S) was a state highway that existed in the central part of Dodge County, southwest of Eastman. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, it was established from US 341/SR 27 west of Eastman to US 23/US 341/SR 27 southeast of the city.[18][34] In 1977, it became the new route of US 341/SR 27.[48][49]The entire route was in Dodge County.","title":"State Route 27S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Quitman_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpkin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Americus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"SR 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Dooly County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooly_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"Hawkinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkinsville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"Richland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"US 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-10-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-11-54"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"SR 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_28"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"}],"text":"State Route 28 (SR 28) was a state highway that traveled from Georgetown to Vienna. It was established at least as early as 1919[8] and was decommissioned in 1937.[22][23] It began at an intersection with SR 39 in Georgetown. It traveled to the northeast and intersected SR 1 in Lumpkin. It curved to the east-southeast through Preston. In Americus, the highway intersected SR 3 and SR 26. It headed to the east and entered Vienna, where it met its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 7. By the end of 1926, a segment just east of Preston was under construction. The eastern half of the Preston–Americus segment had a completed hard surface. The Dooly County portion of the highway had a sand clay or topsoil surface.[9][10] By the end of 1929, a segment just east of Lumpkin and a segment just west of Preston had a sand clay or topsoil surface.[10][11] By the middle of 1930, SR 28 was extended northeast from Vienna to Hawkinsville.[11][50] A few months later, the Richland–Preston segment was under construction.[50][51] By 1932, US 280 was designated on the Richland–Americus segment.[51][52] Near the end of the year, the entire Vienna–Hawkinsville segment had a sand clay or topsoil surface.[53][54] By the end of 1937, s segment just southwest of Hawkinsville had a completed hard surface.[24][22] Just a few months later, all of SR 28 had been redesignated as SR 27.[22][23] This was done so that SR 28 could be reused on former SR 52 and SR 105 to match South Carolina.","title":"State Route 28 (1919–1937)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"},{"link_name":"Villa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Rica,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 78S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78S_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"US 78 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_Alternate_(Alabama%E2%80%93Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"SR 8 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8_Alternate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"SR 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_166"},{"link_name":"SR 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_61"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"SR 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_34"}],"text":"State Route 34 (SR 34) was a short-lived state highway in the western part of the state. It was established at least as early as 1919[8] and was decommissioned in 1926.[9][10] When it was established, it extended from SR 1 and SR 16 in Carrollton to SR 8 in Villa Rica. In 1926, its entire length consisted of a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface and was redesignated as a southern branch of SR 8.[9][10] Within three years, US 78S had been designated along the path of SR 8's southern branch.[10][11] A decade later, US 78S had been redesignated as US 78 Alt.[23][27] Nearly another decade later, SR 8 had been redesignated as SR 8 Alt.[6][17] By the beginning of 1953, US 78 Alt. had been decommissioned.[32][33] By the middle of 1954, SR 8 Alt. had been redesignated as SR 166 from Carrollton to northeast of the city and SR 61 from that point to Villa Rica, as they travel today.[25][1] SR 34 was reused in 1930 along part of its current route.","title":"State Route 34 (1919–1926)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Danielsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielsville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Elberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elberton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Comer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_82_(1930%E2%80%931941)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"SR 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_72"},{"link_name":"SR 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_98"},{"link_name":"SR 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_36"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"}],"text":"State Route 36 (SR 36) was a state highway that originally existed from Danielsville to Elberton, when it was established at least as early as 1919.[8] By the middle of 1930, its western terminus was shifted southwestward into Athens.[11][50] By the end of the year, the western terminus had been reverted to Danielsville and extended northwest to Commerce. The Athens–Comer segment was redesignated as SR 82.[50][51] In 1941, SR 82 west of Comer and the Comer–South Carolina segment of SR 36 had been redesignated as SR 72, while the Commerce–Comer segment of SR 36 had been redesignated as an extension of SR 98. That same day, the old SR 72 was redesignated as SR 36.[30][31]","title":"State Route 36 (1919–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"SR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"Ponce de Leon Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"SR 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_42"}],"text":"State Route 42A (SR 42A) was a state highway in Atlanta. It was entirely concurrent with US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 (Ponce de Leon Avenue). It was formed in 1941[30][31] and decommissioned only five years later, in 1946.[5][6] It began at an intersection with US 19/SR 9 in the northern part of the city. From there, US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12/SR 42A traveled to the east to an intersection with SR 42. Here, SR 42A ended, and US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 continued to the east.","title":"State Route 42A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Turners Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turners_Corner,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"Lumpkin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpkin_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"SR 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_52"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"SR 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_43"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"}],"text":"State Route 43 (SR 43) was a state highway that originally existed from a point north-northwest of Gainesville, north-northeast to Cleveland, and then northwest to Turners Corner, when it was established at least as early as 1919.[8] Its original southern terminus was at SR 11 north-northwest of Gainesville, and its original northern terminus was at SR 9 in Turners Corner.[8] By the end of 1921, SR 11 and SR 43 were swapped in this area. SR 11 took over the entire route of SR 43, while SR 43 was shifted to travel from a point north-northeast of Gainesville northwest to SR 9 just northeast of Dahlonega.[8][9] By the end of 1926, the southern part of the new path had a sand clay or top soil surface, and the rest of it had a completed semi hard surface.[9][10] By the end of 1929, the Lumpkin County portion of the highway had a completed hard surface.[10][11] By the middle of the next year, all of the highway was completed.[11][50] In 1941, SR 43 was redesignated as SR 52.[30][31] Note that SR 43 was reused on former SR 70 to match South Carolina that same day.","title":"State Route 43 (1919–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Jakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Brinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"SR 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_44"}],"text":"State Route 44 (SR 44) was a short-lived state highway that only existed from the Alabama state line, northwest of Jakin, to Brinson. It was established at least as early as 1919,[8] and was decommissioned by the end of 1921.[8][9] It was redesignated as part of SR 38.[8][9] SR 44 was reused in 1921 along part of its current route.","title":"State Route 44 (1919–1921)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"},{"link_name":"SR 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_13"},{"link_name":"Lawrenceville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Loganville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Watkinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkinsville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Ingleside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingleside,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avondale Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale_Estates,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_45"}],"text":"State Route 45 (SR 45) was a short-lived state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established at least as early as 1919 on a path from SR 8 and SR 13 in Lawrenceville, south-southeast to Loganville, east-southeast to SR 11 in Monroe, and east-northeast to SR 15 in Watkinsville.[8] By the end of 1921, the Lawrenceville–Loganville segment was redesignated as a southern extension of SR 13, the western terminus was extended west-southwest to what was known as \"Ingleside\" (now known as Avondale Estates), and the eastern terminus was shifted to the northwest to end at SR 8 west-southwest of Athens.[8][9] By the end of 1926, the segment from Ingleside (now labeled as \"Avondale\") to Loganville and the segment from Monroe to the Athens area were redesignated as US 78/SR 10, while the Loganville–Monroe segment was also redesignated as US 78 and SR 13 (and possibly SR 10).[9][10] SR 45 was reused in 1930 along part of its current route.","title":"State Route 45 (1919–1926)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"SR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"SR 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_35"},{"link_name":"Tifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"SR 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_46"}],"text":"State Route 46 (SR 46) was a short-lived state highway that started at SR 32 and SR 33 in Sylvester to SR 7 and SR 35 in Tifton. It was established at least as early as 1919.[8] By the end of 1921, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 50.[8][9] SR 46 was reused in 1921 along part of its current route.","title":"State Route 46 (1919–1921)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dougherty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Ashburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"SR 50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50S"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"SR 50 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50_Connector_(Albany)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"}],"text":"State Route 50N (SR 50N) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Albany, within Dougherty County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 50N was established at least as early as 1919 as SR 32 from Dawson through Albany and into Sylvester.[8] By the end of 1921, SR 50 was designated across the state. This truncated SR 32 at Ashburn.[8][9] By the end of 1926, the portion of SR 50 in the eastern part of Albany had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10]By the middle of 1930, from west of Albany to the Worth–Tift county line, the highway had a completed hard surface. The western half of the Dougherty County portion of the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed semi hard surface.[11][50] In January 1932, the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed hard surface.[52][55]Between February 1948 and April 1949, US 82 was designated on SR 50 through the Albany area.[17][12] Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR& 50 through Albany was split into SR 50N and SR 50S. SR 50N used Broad Avenue and Sylvester Road, while US 82/SR 50S used Oglethorpe Avenue and Albany Expressway.[14][18] In 1973, SR 50N was redesignated as SR 50 Conn., while SR 50S was redesignated as the SR 50 mainline.[15][16]","title":"State Route 50N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dougherty County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"Ashburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"SR 50N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50N"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"SR 50 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50_Connector_(Albany)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"}],"text":"State Route 50S (SR 50S) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Albany, within Dougherty County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 50S was established at least as early as 1919 as SR 32 from Dawson through Albany and into Sylvester.[8] By the end of 1921, SR 50 was designated across the state. This truncated SR 32 at Ashburn.[8][9] By the end of 1926, the portion of SR 50 in the eastern part of Albany had a \"completed hard surface\".[9][10]By the middle of 1930, from west of Albany to the Worth–Tift county line, the highway had a completed hard surface. The western half of the Dougherty County portion of the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed semi hard surface.[11][50] In January 1932, the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed hard surface.[52][55]Between February 1948 and April 1949, US 82 was designated on SR 50 through the Albany area.[17][12] Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR& 50 through Albany was split into SR 50N and SR 50S. SR 50N used Broad Avenue and Sylvester Road, while US 82/SR 50S used Oglethorpe Avenue and Albany Expressway.[14][18] In 1973, SR 50N was redesignated as SR 50 Conn., while SR 50S was redesignated as the SR 50 mainline.[15][16]","title":"State Route 50S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"SR 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_51"}],"text":"State Route 51 (SR 51) was a state highway in Fannin County. Between 1919 and 1920, SR 51 was designated from Blue Ridge to the Tennessee state line.[8] By the end of 1921, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 5.[8][9] Note that the SR 51 number was reused in 1921 along part of the current highway.","title":"State Route 51 (1919–1921)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Augusta metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"SR 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_104"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-05-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-08-57"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"}],"text":"State Route 52 (SR 52) was a state highway in Columbia and Richmond counties, in the Augusta metropolitan area. Between 1919 and 1921, SR 52 was designated from the South Carolina state line, northwest of Augusta, and the South Carolina state line again on the northeastern edge of the city.[8][9] Before 1926 ended, the entire length of SR 52 had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[9][10] By the middle of 1930, in an area northwest of Augusta, SR 52 was shifted to a more western alignment. This segment was located about half of the distance from the Columbia–Richmond county line and the original segment. The original part northwest of the split did not have a highway number. The highway had a \"completed hard surface\" from there to Augusta.[11][50] The year ended with all of SR 52 having a \"completed hard surface\". The original part's Richmond County portion did, too.[50][51] By February 1932, the entire length of the highway had a completed hard surface.[52][55] Near the end of the year, the northwestern part of SR 52 was shifted back to its original alignment and re-signed as SR 52. The western extended part was re-designated as SR 104.[56][57] Before 1938, all of SR 52 was redesignated as the southern segment of SR 28.[22][23]","title":"State Route 52 (1921–1937)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Sharpsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpsburg,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_54"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"}],"text":"State Route 54B (SR 54B) was a state highway just south of Atlanta. When it was established in between 1919 and 1921, it extended from an intersection with SR 16 in Sharpsburg northeast to an intersection with SR 54 in Fayetteville.[8][9] By the end of 1926, the northern half had a sand clay or top soil surface.[9][10] Nearly a decade later, the entire length of SR 54B was redesignated as a re-routing of the SR 54 mainline.[58][59]","title":"State Route 54B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia State Route 56 § Augusta spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_56#Augusta_spur_route"},{"link_name":"Transportation in Augusta, Georgia § Doug Barnard Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Augusta,_Georgia#Doug_Barnard_Parkway"},{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"Richmond County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tobacco Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Augusta,_Georgia#Tobacco_Road"},{"link_name":"Doug Barnard Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Barnard_Parkway"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_56"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_278_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"SR 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_121"},{"link_name":"Gordon Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Highway"},{"link_name":"Molly Pond Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Augusta,_Georgia#Molly_Pond_Road"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Augusta_Spur-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_2013-2014-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_2015-2016-62"}],"text":"Further information: Georgia State Route 56 § Augusta spur route; and Transportation in Augusta, Georgia § Doug Barnard ParkwayState Route 56 Spur (SR 56 Spur) was a 6.6-mile-long (10.6 km) spur route that existed entirely within the southeastern part of Richmond County. Its route was entirely within the city limits of Augusta. Its west–east section was part of Tobacco Road. It was known as Doug Barnard Parkway for the rest of its length. Its entire length was within the city limits of Augusta. Its southern terminus was at an intersection with the SR 56 mainline (Mike Padgett Highway). Its northern terminus was at an intersection with US 1/US 25/US 78/US 278/SR 10/SR 121 (Gordon Highway) in downtown Augusta. Here, the roadway continues as Molly Pond Road.[60] The highway was decommissioned in 2014.[61][62]","title":"State Route 56 Spur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Darien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_131"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"}],"text":"State Route 60 (SR 60) was a short-lived state highway in the southeastern part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it extended from SR 27 in Sterling northeast to an intersection with SR 25 south-southwest of Darien.[8][9] By the end of 1926, the highway was removed from the state highway system.[9][10] This short segment of highway would later be used as part of SR 131 in 1939, in which this section became part of SR 99, and SR 131 was shifted further north.[45][63]","title":"State Route 60 (1921–1926)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Walton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Social Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Circle,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"SR 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_181_(1940%E2%80%931941)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"SR 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_213"},{"link_name":"SR 229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_229"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60"}],"text":"State Route 60 (SR 60) was a very short state highway that existed entirely within Walton County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 60 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. The entire length of the highway had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[9][10] In 1930, this road was designated as SR 60.[50][51] At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181.[29][64] It later became SR 213 one year later. This portion became part of SR 229, which along with SR 213, was decommissioned in the 1980s. SR 60 was reused as a renumbering of former SR 86, and SR 86 was reused to renumber the duplicate SR 160.","title":"State Route 60 (1930–1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Talmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmo,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"}],"text":"State Route 62 (SR 62) was a short-lived state highway in the northeastern part of the state. It was proposed between 1919 and 1921 on a path from SR 11 at a point northwest of Jefferson, at approximately the location of Talmo, northeast to SR 15 in Homer.[8][9] By the end of 1926, SR 62 was established on this same path, with US 129 having been applied onto SR 11.[9][10] Within three years, this short highway had been decommissioned.[10][11]","title":"State Route 62 (1926–1929)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"Ellabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellabell,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanier,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blitchton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitchton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"US 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-01-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-04-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-07-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-10-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-07-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-10-72"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-10-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"Fort Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"SR 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_144"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"Fancy Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fancy_Hall,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keller,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"SR 63 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_63_Spur_(Fort_McAllister)"},{"link_name":"Fort McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McAllister"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"SR 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_67"},{"link_name":"SR 67 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_Route_67_Spur_(Fort_McAllister)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-66"}],"text":"State Route 63 (SR 63) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it only extended from SR 30 in Ellabell to SR 26 at a point that approximates today's location of Eden.[8][9] By the end of 1926, its termini were shifted to SR 30 in Lanier to US 80/SR 26 in Blitchton.[9][10] By the end of 1929, the highway's western portion had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface, while its eastern portion was under construction. Also, the western terminus was shifted again, to Pembroke.[10][11] The next year, the eastern portion had a sand clay or top soil surface.[11][50] At the end of the year, US 280 was designated along the entire path of SR 63.[51][52] Before 1934 ended, the western portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[58][59] Just a few months later the eastern portion of SR 63 was under the same condition.[67][68] About six months later, the eastern terminus area had a completed hard surface.[69][70] Near the end of 1936, the rest of the highway also had a completed hard surface.[71][72] About a year later, SR 30's length southeast of Pembroke was swapped with the entire length of SR 63. That meant that SR 63 easternmost terminus was now at US 17/SR 25 southeast of Clyde. The portion of this \"new\" path just southeast of Pembroke, as well as the entire segment southeast of Clyde, was under construction.[24][22] Within a year, those under construction segments had completed grading, but were not surfaced.[23][27] By the middle of 1939, a small portion of the highway farther to the southeast of Pembroke had the same conditions.[27][73] Before the year ended, the rest of the highway's length also had the same conditions.[74][75] A few months later, most of the highway's length that today is within the boundaries of Fort Stewart was under construction.[75][28] Later in 1940, the segment from US 17/SR 25 to SR 144 southeast of Clyde had a completed hard surface.[29][64] About five years later, Fort Stewart was established. Most of the state highways that traveled within the area now covered by the base were removed. Due to this, SR 63 was split into two short segments: one from the northern edge of the base to Pembroke and one from Richmond Hill to the southeastern edge of the base.[5][6] By the end of 1948, state highways were re-established through the base, thereby reconnecting SR 63 as a single highway.[6][17] One year later, the eastern terminus of the highway was extended south-southeast to Fancy Hall.[12][13] Before 1953 ended, the Keller–Richmond Hill segment was hard surfaced.[33][25] In 1954, the segment from the northern edge of Fort Stewart to Pembroke was hard surfaced.[25][1] At the end of the decade, the Fancy Hall–Keller segment was paved.[7][14] Before 1966 began SR 63 Spur had been established from SR 63 southeast of Richmond Hill east to Fort McAllister.[18][34] In 1967, SR 67's path south of Pembroke was shifted to the east, taking over the entire path of SR 63; therefore, SR 63 Spur was redesignated as SR 67 Spur.[65][66]","title":"State Route 63 (1921–1967)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"SR 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_63_(1921%E2%80%931967)"},{"link_name":"Fort McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McAllister"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"SR 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_67"},{"link_name":"SR 67 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_Route_67_Spur_(Fort_McAllister)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-66"},{"link_name":"SR 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_144"},{"link_name":"SR 144 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_144_Spur_(Fort_McAllister)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1975-35"}],"sub_title":"State Route 63 Spur","text":"State Route 63 Spur (SR 63 Spur) was a short-lived spur route of SR 63. Before 1966 began, SR 63 Spur was established from the SR 63 mainline southeast of Richmond Hill east to Fort McAllister.[18][34] In 1967, SR 67's path south of Pembroke was shifted to the east, taking over the entire path of SR 63; therefore, SR 63 Spur was redesignated as SR 67 Spur.[65][66] In the middle 1970s, SR 144 was extended east and south-southeast, taking over the route of SR 67 southeast of Fort Stewart; therefore, SR 67 was redesignated as SR 144 Spur.[16][35]","title":"State Route 63 (1921–1967)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SR 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_144"},{"link_name":"SR 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_196"},{"link_name":"SR 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_63"}],"text":"State Route 63 (SR 63) went from SR 144 to SR 196. This was cancelled in 1986. It does not show on any official GDOT state maps, but is on some online maps. The SR 63 was reused in 1989 along the current highway.","title":"State Route 63 (1968–1986)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Rabun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabun_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_105_(1932%E2%80%931937)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-05-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-08-57"},{"link_name":"SR 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"SR 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_65"}],"text":"State Route 65 (SR 65) was a state highway that formerly exited in the extreme northeastern part of the state. At least as early as 1919, a local road was established between the North Carolina and South Carolina state lines in Rabun County.[8] By 1921, this road was designated as SR 65.[8][9] By the end of 1926, this was cancelled.[10] In 1932, this route was restored as SR 105.[56][57] This roadway would eventually be redesignated as the northern segment of SR 28.[22][23] SR 65 was reused on an unrelated route (no longer part of the current route) in 1932.","title":"State Route 65 (1921–1926)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumming,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_13"},{"link_name":"Buford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buford,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"SR 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_68"}],"text":"State Route 68 (SR 68) was a short-lived state highway in the north-central part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it extended from SR 9 in Cumming southeast to SR 13 in Buford.[8][9] In January 1932, SR 68 was decommissioned and redesignated as part of SR 20.[52][55] SR 68 was reused for part of its current route by March 1932.","title":"State Route 68 (1921–1932)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Towns County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"northern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"US 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_2"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Highway 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_69"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"SR 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_515"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"Hiawassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawassee,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-10-70"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-01-76"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"}],"text":"State Route 69 (SR 69) was a very short state highway located entirely in Towns County in the extreme northern part of the state. The highway traveled from US 76/SR 2 north to the North Carolina state line, where it became North Carolina Highway 69 (NC 69). SR 69 followed the roadway currently designated as the concurrency of SR 17/SR 515. It was formed in 1930,[50][51] and was redesignated as part of SR 17 between 1957 and 1960.[7][14]Between 1919 and 1921, the roadway that would eventually become SR 69 was established as an unnumbered road from SR 2 in Hiawassee to the North Carolina state line north of Hiawassee.[8][9] By the end of 1930, this road was designated as SR 69, with a completed semi hard surface.[50][51] A few years later, the highway's location was shifted a few miles to the west. Its southern terminus was still at SR 2, but began northwest of Hiawassee, as it currently travels.[58][59] By the end of 1935, the highway had a completed hard surface.[70][76] Twenty years later, SR 17 north of US 76/SR 2 was shifted to the west to travel concurrently with SR 69.[1][2] Between 1957 and 1960, SR 69 was decommissioned, while SR 17 stayed on this segment of highway.[7][14]","title":"State Route 69"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Lincolnton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-11-54"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-02-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-03-78"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"SR 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_43"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"SR 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_70"}],"text":"State Route 70 (SR 70) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. When it was established between 1930 and 1932, it extended from Lincolnton to the South Carolina state line. At this time, the highway was under construction.[51][54] In early 1934, SR 70 was extended south-southwest to US 78/SR 10/SR 17 north-northwest of Thomson.[77][78] By the end of 1937, the segment of SR 70 from Lincolnton to the South Carolina state line had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[22][23] In 1938, a small portion of the highway southwest of Lincolnton had a \"completed hard surface\".[23][27] Late in 1941, all of SR 70 was redesignated as SR 43 to match South Carolina.[30][31] SR 70 was not reused until 1968, when a county road and part of SR 74 was renumbered to SR 70.","title":"State Route 70 (1932–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Thomaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_18"},{"link_name":"Barnesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1933-12-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-01-80"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-03-78"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-73"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Pine Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"SR 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_72"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SR 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_98"}],"text":"State Route 72 (SR 72) was a state highway in the west-central and central parts of the state. It was established in 1930 on a path from US 19/SR 3 north-northwest of Thomaston to SR 18 in Barnesville.[11][50] Later that year, the western terminus was shifted southward into Thomaston.[50][51] At the end of 1933, SR 72 was extended northeast to Jackson.[79][80] A few months later, it was extended again, this time north-northeast to Covington.[78][58] Three years later, the entire length of the Thomaston–Barnesville segment had a \"completed hard surface\".[81][24] Later that year, SR 72 was extended southwest to SR 41 in Woodland.[24][22] The next year, the eastern terminus was under construction.[23][27] By the middle of 1939, the then-western terminus had a completed hard surface. At this time, the then-eastern terminus had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[27][73] Near the end of 1940, SR 72 was extended north-northwest along SR 41 to Manchester and then west-northwest to SR 85 in Warm Springs. It was possibly also extended west-southwest to US 27/SR 1 in Pine Mountain, but GDOT maps didn't show a highway number for this segment of highway. The entire extension had a completed hard surface. Meanwhile, the eastern terminus was under construction.[28][29] By the end of the year, the eastern terminus had a completed hard surface.[29][64] A few months later, the entire Newton County portion that didn't have a hard surface was under construction.[64][39] By the end of 1941, the entire highway was redesignated as SR 36. The Newton County portion that didn't have a hard surface had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[30][31] SR 72 was reused as a renumbering of most of old SR 36 and part of SR 82 to match South Carolina. The rest of SR 36 became an extension of SR 98.","title":"State Route 72 (1930–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Bulloch County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulloch_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"intersections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_73"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1993-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1994-83"},{"link_name":"Bulloch County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulloch_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 73W (SR 73W) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established and paved between two intersections with US 25/US 301/SR 73. It traveled north-northwest to an intersection with SR 46 and then northeast to its northern terminus.[7][14] In 1993, it was decommissioned.[82][83]The entire route was in Bulloch County.","title":"State Route 73W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Bulloch County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulloch_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_73"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"SR 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_119"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1993-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1994-83"},{"link_name":"Bulloch County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulloch_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 73E (SR 73E) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established on US 25/US 301 as a redesignation of SR 73. It straddled the intersection with SR 46/SR 119.[7][14] In 1993, it was reverted to be part of SR 73.[82][83]The entire route was in Bulloch County.","title":"State Route 73E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_41"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-11-54"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1933-05-86"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-10-72"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-01-87"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-10-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"SR 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_163"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"SR 85 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85_Alternate"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1995-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1996-85"}],"text":"State Route 85W (SR 85W) was a state highway that existed from south of Shiloh to Woodbury. The highway that would eventually become SR 85W was established in 1930 as part of SR 85 from south of Shiloh to SR 41 in Warm Springs.[11][50] By the middle of 1933, the portion of the highway from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[54][86] The next year, the segment of the highway just south-southwest of Warm Springs was shifted westward to a curve into the city.[58][59] At the end of 1936, two segments were under construction: around Shiloh and just west-southwest of Warm Springs.[72][87] By the middle of 1937, a portion from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs was under construction.[81][24] Near the end of the year, part of the Waverly Hall–Warm Springs segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[24][22] By the end of 1939, the segment from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had a completed hard surface.[74][75]In 1940, SR 163 was built from Warm Springs to Woodbury.[28][29] By the middle of 1941, SR 163's segment just northeast of Warm Springs was under construction.[39][30] In 1942, a portion of SR 163 northeast of Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[31][45] By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163.[5][6]By the middle of 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 163 from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs.[12][13] By 1952, SR 163 was redesignated as SR 85W.[13][32] That year, SR 85W's segment south of Warm Springs was reverted to being designated as SR 163.[32][33] The next year, this was undone. Also, the segment of SR 85W from Warm Springs to Woodbury had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[33][25]Between 1960 and 1963, US 27 Alt. was shifted eastward onto SR 85E from south of Shiloh to Manchester.[14][18] About thirty-three years later, SR 85W was redesignated SR 85 Alt.[84][85]","title":"State Route 85W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85"},{"link_name":"SR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_41"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-04-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-07-69"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-10-72"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-01-87"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_163"},{"link_name":"Chalybeate Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybeate_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"US 27 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_Alternate_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1995-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1996-85"}],"text":"State Route 85E (SR 85E) was a state highway between south of Shiloh and Woodbury. In 1935, SR 85 was extended southeast on SR 41 to Manchester and then north-northeast through Woodbury.[68][69] At the end of 1936, part of SR 85 around Shiloh was under construction.[72][87]In 1940, SR 85, from Manchester to approximately halfway between it and Woodbury, was under construction.[28][29] At the end of 1941, a portion of SR 85 just east-northeast of Manchester had a completed hard surface. At this time, a portion of the highway from south of Woodbury had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[30][31] In 1943, a portion northeast of Manchester had a completed hard surface.[45][63] The next year, a portion south of Woodbury had a sand clay or top soil surface.[63][5] By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. The entire length of SR 85 from south of Shiloh to Chalybeate Springs had a completed hard surface. A small portion north-northeast of Chalybeate Springs had a sand clay or top soil surface; the portion from there to Woodbury had a completed hard surface.[5][6] Between 1946 and 1948, the Chalybeate Springs–Woodbury segment had a completed hard surface.[6][17]Between 1955 and 1957, SR 85 from south of Shiloh to Woodbury was redesignated as SR 85E.[2][7] Between 1960 and 1963, US 27 Alt. was shifted eastward onto SR 85E from south of Shiloh to Manchester.[14][18] About thirty-two years later, SR 85E was redesignated as part of the SR 85 mainline again.[84][85]","title":"State Route 85E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"North Georgia mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Georgia_mountains"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ivy Log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Log,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-01-52"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"Morganton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-03-88"},{"link_name":"Mineral Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_Bluff,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-11-54"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1933-05-86"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1933-09-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1933-10-90"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-07-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-10-72"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-01-87"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"SR 60 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60_Spur_(Mineral_Bluff)"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"SR 245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_245"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-49"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_86"}],"text":"State Route 86 (SR 86) was a short-lived state highway in the North Georgia mountains region of the north-central part of the state. In 1930, SR 86 was established from Blue Ridge northeast to the North Carolina state line west-northwest of Ivy Log.[50][51] In January 1932, the entire length of SR 86 was under construction.[52][55] The next month, the western terminus of SR 86 was shifted eastward to begin northwest of Morganton.[55][88] By mid-1933, the portion of SR 86 from northwest of Morganton to Mineral Bluff had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[54][86] Later that year, the entire length of SR 86 had a completed semi hard surface.[89][90] In 1936, the entire length of SR 86 was under construction.[71][72] At the beginning of 1937, SR 86 was extended southeast to US 19/SR 9 in Porter Springs.[87][81] A few months later, SR 86's original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[81][24] In late 1940, all of SR 86 was renumbered SR 60.[29][64] About 37 years later, the original segment of SR 86, from Mineral Bluff to the state line was used for the path of SR 60 Spur, because SR 60 was rerouted over SR 245, which was cancelled.[48][49] SR 86 was reused that same day as a renumbering of the duplicate SR 160.","title":"State Route 86 (1930–1940)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"alternate route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_route"},{"link_name":"SR 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_91"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Albany_1946%E2%80%931957)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"SR 234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_234"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"}],"text":"State Route 91W (SR 91W) was a state highway in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It functioned like an alternate route of SR 91. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from SR 91 south-southwest of Albany to SR 3W just west of the city.[5][6] By February 1948, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced.[6][17] In 1973, SR 234 was extended to the east, absorbing all of SR 91W.[15][16]","title":"State Route 91W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Rabun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabun_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"northeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"SR 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_65_(1921-1926)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-05-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-08-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"SR 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_105"}],"text":"State Route 105 (SR 105) was a state highway that existed entirely within Rabun County in the northeastern part of the state. The road that would eventually become SR 105 was established at least as early as 1919 between the North Carolina and South Carolina state lines.[8] By 1921, the highway was signed as SR 65.[8][9] This SR 65 was cancelled in 1926.[10] SR 105 was designated in late 1932.[56][57] By the end of 1934, the entire length of SR 105 was under construction.[58][59] By the middle of 1937, SR 105 had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[81][24] Before 1938, all of SR 105 was redesignated as the northern segment of SR 28.[22][23] SR 105 was reused on an unrelated route in 1938 (no longer part of its current route).","title":"State Route 105 (1932–1937)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Glynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60_(1921-1926)"},{"link_name":"SR 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Darien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"intersections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Eulonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulonia,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-01-76"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-07-71"},{"link_name":"Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-07-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-10-72"},{"link_name":"Valona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valona,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-01-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"SR 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-10-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"South Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Newport,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"},{"link_name":"Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Neck_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jones,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-49"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1989-21"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1990-91"}],"text":"State Route 131 (SR 131) was a state highway that was located in Glynn and McIntosh counties in the coastal part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 131 was established between 1919 and 1921 as SR 60 from SR 27 north-northwest of Brunswick to SR 25 south-southwest of Darien.[8][9] By the end of 1926, it was decommissioned.[9][10] SR 131 was established in 1936 on what is currently SR 99 on an eastern curve between intersections with US 17/SR 25 in Darien and Eulonia.[76][71] Later that year, the portion from Darien to approximately Meridian was under construction.[71][72] In 1938, this segment had a \"completed hard surface\". From approximately Meridian to approximately Valona, the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[23][27] In late 1939, SR 131 was established on a segment from US 84/SR 50 west-northwest of Brunswick to SR 32 northwest of Brunswick and on a segment from US 25/US 341/SR 27 southwest of Darien to US 17/SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. However, there is no indication if these were separate segments of the highway or extensions. The segment from approximately Valona to Eulonia was under construction.[74][75] A few months later, the northern terminus of the southern segment was shifted eastward to a southwest–northeast routing. Also, the western terminus of the central segment was shifted south-southwest to connect with SR 32 at US 25/US 341/SR 27 north-northwest of Brunswick.[75][28] By the end of 1941, the southern segment was under construction. The central segment was indicated to be \"on system–not marked or maintained\". The Valona–Eulonia segment of the northern segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[30][31] In 1943, the entire length of all three segments of SR 131 were redesignated as an extension of SR 99. SR 131 was moved to an alignment from South Newport to east-northeast of it. The entire length of this new segment had a completed hard surface.[45][63] By the end of 1946, the highway was extended east-southeast to the Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge. This extension had a completed hard surface.[5][6] By the end of the decade, SR 131 was extended west-southwest to Jones.[17][12] In 1953, the entire length of this extension had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[33][25] About a decade later, this segment was hard surfaced.[18][34] In 1977, it was decommissioned.[48][49] Twelve years later, the eastern part was decommissioned, as well.[21][91]","title":"State Route 131"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Telfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telfair_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"SR 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-01-87"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"SR 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_149"},{"link_name":"McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McRae,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lumber City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_City,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"SR 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1989-21"}],"text":"State Route 134 (SR 134) was a state highway that was located in Telfair and Wheeler counties. It was established in early 1937 from US 341/SR 27 southwest of Towns to SR 15 in Jordan.[87][81] This segment of highway remained virtually unchanged for over a decade, when it was given a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[6][17] By early 1949, SR 134 was established on a segment from SR 149 south-southeast of McRae to US 341/SR 27 northwest of Lumber City. However, there is no indication if the two segments were separate or were connected via a concurrency with US 341/SR 27 between them.[17][12] By the middle of 1950, US 23 was designated on US 341/SR 27 between the two segments.[12][13] In 1953, the original segment of SR 134 had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[33][25] The next year, this segment was hard surfaced.[25][1] Between 1957 and 1960, SR 15 at this segment's eastern end was shifted farther to the east. Its former path was redesignated as part of SR 19.[7][14] Between 1960 and 1963, the newer segment of SR 134 was paved.[14][18] It wasn't until 1988 that the entire length of the highway was decommissioned.[20][21]","title":"State Route 134"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"LaFayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFayette,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"Villanow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanow,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"Naomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-02-55"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-03-88"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-01-87"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_157"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-73"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_58"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-10-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"Cooper Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Heights,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"Fairmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-43"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"},{"link_name":"SR 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_136"},{"link_name":"SR 136 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_136_Connector_(Calhoun)"},{"link_name":"Sharp Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharp_Top,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SR 379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_379"},{"link_name":"SR 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_108"},{"link_name":"SR 108 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_108_Connector_(Tate)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-49"}],"text":"State Route 143 (SR 143) was a state highway in the northwestern and north-central parts of the state.The roadway that would eventually become SR 143 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 1 from LaFayette to Trenton.[8] By the end of 1921, SR 1 west of LaFayette was shifted to the east and off its former alignment. SR 53 was indicated to be a \"contingent road\" from LaFayette to Calhoun, with a concurrency with SR 1 in LaFayette.[8][9] By the end of 1926, a portion of SR 53 northwest of Calhoun had a \"completed semi hard surface\".[9][10] The decade ended with SR 53's path west of Calhoun being shifted farther to the south. The segment of SR 53 that had existed from LaFayette to Villanow was redesignated as part of SR 2.[10][11]In 1930, the portion of SR 2 from approximately Naomi to Villanow had a completed semi hard surface.[50][51] In February 1932, this segment's eastern end was shifted slightly to the north.[55][88] In 1934, SR 2 was extended to an undetermined point northwest of LaFayette.[58][59] A few years later, SR 143 was established on SR 53's former path from Vilanow to Calhoun.[87][81] Later that year, SR 2 was extended farther to the northwest. Its southeast part (northwest of LaFayette) was under construction, while its northwest part had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[24][22] By the middle of 1939, SR 2 was extended northwest to its intersection with SR 157. The western two-thirds of its length in this area had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[27][73] Near the end of the year, SR 2 was extended north-northwest to an intersection with US 11/SR 58 in Trenton. The eastern part of this extension was under construction.[74][75]In early 1940, this last extension of SR 2 had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[75][28] Around the middle of the year, the portions of SR 2 both north-northwest and east-southeast of the SR 157 intersection had a \"completed hard surface\".[28][29] The next year, nearly the entire portion of SR 2 from just south-southeast of Trenton to just southeast of Cooper Heights had a completed hard surface.[64][39] Later that year, SR 143 was designated on an eastern alignment from SR 53 east of Fairmount to SR 5 and SR 53 in Tate.[39][30] By the end of 1946, SR 2 was extended to the Alabama state line. Also, its segment from LaFayette to Villanow was hard surfaced.[5][6] By early 1948, all of SR 2 west-southwest of Trenton, the entire western segment of SR 143, and the eastern half of the eastern segment of SR 143, had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface. The western half of its eastern segment was indicated to be \"projected mileage\".[6][17] By the middle of 1949, SR 2 was shifted much farther to the north. Its former alignment from the Alabama state line to Villanow was redesignated as a western extension of the western segment of SR 143. A portion northwest of LaFayette was hard surfaced.[17][12]By the middle of 1950, a portion just east-southeast of Trenton was hard surfaced.[12][13] In 1953, the portion west-southwest of Trenton and the portion from Sugar Valley to Calhoun were hard surfaced. The eastern segment's portion east of the SR 156 intersection had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[33][25] The next year, this last segment was hard surfaced.[25][1] By mid-1955, the Gordon County segment of the western segment (from Villanow to Sugar Valley) and the portion of the eastern segment (west of the SR 156 intersection) had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[1][2]By the end of 1960, the entire western segment was hard surfaced. Nearly the entire part of the eastern segment west of the SR 156 intersection was decommissioned.[7][14] By the end of 1963, the decommissioned part of the eastern segment was re-instated.[14][18] In 1970, a portion of the eastern segment southeast of the SR 53 intersection was hard surfaced.[47][43] In 1973, the portion of the eastern segment was decommissioned was indicated to be \"under construction or projected mileage\".[15][16] In 1977, all of the western segment from the Alabama state line to northwest of Sugar Valley was redesignated as part of SR 136. All of the western segment from northwest of Sugar Valley to Calhoun was redesignated as SR 136 Conn. The eastern segment from its western terminus to northeast of Sharp Top was redesignated as SR 379; northeast of this point to west of Tate was redesignated as part of SR 108; and from there to Tate was redesignated as SR 108 Conn.[48][49]","title":"State Route 143"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connecting route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connector_(road)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"SR 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_143"},{"link_name":"Sugar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Valley,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Resaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resaca,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-15"},{"link_name":"SR 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_136"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-49"}],"sub_title":"State Route 143 Connector","text":"State Route 143 Connector (SR 143 Conn.) was a connecting route in the northwestern part of the state.The roadway that would eventually become SR 143 Conn. was established between 1963 and 1966 as an unnumbered road from SR 143 northwest of Sugar Valley to Resaca.[18][34] In 1972 it was designated as SR 143 Conn., ending at US 41/SR 3.[44][15] In 1977, all of SR 143 west of a point northwest of Sugar Valley and all of SR 143 Conn. were redesignated as parts of SR 136.[48][49]","title":"State Route 143"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Fort Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Ringgold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgold,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"US 41W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41W_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-01-67"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-73"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"SR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"}],"text":"State Route 148 (SR 148) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 148 was established between 1919 and the end of 1921 as an unnumbered road from SR 1 in Fort Oglethorpe to SR 3 in Ringgold.[8][9] By the end of 1926, US 41 was designated on SR 3. The entire length of the highway had a \"completed semi hard surface\".[9][10] In 1930, US 41W was designated on SR 1.[50][51] By the end of 1934, US 41W was decommissioned. It was redesignated as part of US 27.[59][67] By the middle of 1939, the unnumbered road was designated as SR 148.[27][73] 1940 ended with the entire length of SR 148 having a \"completed hard surface\".[29][64] By the end of 1949, SR 2 was shifted to the north, replacing the entire length of SR 148.[17][12]","title":"State Route 148 (1939–1949)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"central part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_18"},{"link_name":"Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolingbroke,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_401"},{"link_name":"bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"Macon area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_metropolitan_area,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"I-475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_475_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"SR 19 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_19_Spur_(Bolingbroke)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-34"}],"text":"State Route 148 (SR 148) was a state highway in the central part of the state. SR 148 was designated between the middle of 1954 and the middle of 1955 from SR 18 east-southeast of Forsyth to SR 87 eas of Bolingbroke. Its entire length had a \"completed hard surface\".[1][2] Between 1957 and 1960, Interstate 75 (I-75) and SR 401 were built on a northeastern bypass of Forsyth. The southern terminus of this bypass connected with the western terminus of SR 148.[7][14] Between 1960 and 1963, I-75 (and possibly SR 401) was extended southeast to just northeast of Bolingbroke, replacing SR 148 northwest of this point.[14][18] Between 1963 and the end of 1966, I-75 was extended southeast through the Macon area, replacing SR 148 from northeast of Bolingbroke to east of this community (between the I-475 interchange northwest of Bolingbroke and SR 19 Spur east of the community, I-75 was under construction). The remainder of SR 148 was redesignated as part of SR 19 Spur.[18][34]","title":"State Route 148 (1955–1966)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_156"},{"link_name":"Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"Talking Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Rock,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-10-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"SR 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_108"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_183"},{"link_name":"Dawsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"SR 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_136"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"SR 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_154"},{"link_name":"SR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_41"}],"text":"State Route 154 (SR 154) was a state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established in late 1939 from an intersection with SR 156 in Blaine to SR 5 in Talking Rock.[74][75] The next year, it was under construction.[28][29] Before the year ended, it was established on an eastern alignment from SR 108 northeast of Jasper to SR 183 northwest of Dawsonville.[29][64] Around the middle of 1941, this new segment was under construction.[39][30] In 1942, the original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[31][45] By the end of 1946, both segments of SR 154 were redesignated as parts of SR 136.[5][6] SR 154 was reused for a former section of SR 41 that same day.","title":"State Route 154 (1940–1946)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Hill,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_71"},{"link_name":"Varnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnell,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"SR 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_201"},{"link_name":"SR 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_158"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"}],"text":"State Route 158 (SR 158) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. In 1940, SR 158 was established from US 41/SR 3 in Tunnel Hill to SR 71 in Varnell.[75][28] At the end of the next year, it was renumbered SR 201, because there was already another SR 158 elsewhere in the state.[30][31]","title":"State Route 158 (1940–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_54"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_42"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-73"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 54 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_54_Connector_(Clayton%E2%80%93Fulton_County)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1995-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1996-85"}],"text":"State Route 160 (SR 160) was a state highway in northern Clayton and southwestern DeKalb counties. SR 160 was established from SR 54 in Forest Park to SR 42 south-southeast of Constitution.[27][73] By the end of 1949, it was extended south-southeast on SR 54 and then west-northwest to US 19/US 41/SR 3.[17][12] In 1995, the western segment was decommissioned completely, while the eastern segment was redesignated as SR 54 Conn.[84][85]","title":"State Route 160 (1939–1995)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"Oak Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"SR 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_56"},{"link_name":"Soperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soperton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"}],"text":"State Route 160 (SR 160) was a state highway in the central part of the state. In 1940, SR 160 was established from SR 78 south of Adrian to SR 46 west of Oak Park.[75][28] Later that year, SR 160's segment from south of Adrian to SR 56 northeast of Soperton had a \"completed hard surface\". The eastern part of the highway was under construction.[28][29] By the end of 1941, all of SR 160 was renumbered SR 86, with the portion from northeast of Soperton to west of Oak Park having a completed hard surface, as there was already another SR 160 elsewhere in the state.[30][31]","title":"State Route 160 (1940–1941)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Polk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cedartown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedartown,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cave Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Spring,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1938-09-27"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-73"},{"link_name":"SR 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_100"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"}],"text":"State Route 161 (SR 161) was a state highway in central Polk County and southwestern Floyd counties. Its southern terminus was in Cedartown. It proceeded northwest to Cave Spring to an intersection with US 411/SR 53. It was established with a \"completed hard surface\" in 1939.[27][73] Between 1960 and 1963, it was redesignated as part of an extended SR 100.[14][18]","title":"State Route 161"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh,_Harris_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_41"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-11-54"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1933-05-86"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-04-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-59"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1936-10-72"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-01-87"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-04-81"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-22"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-10-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"SR 85W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85W"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"}],"text":"State Route 163 (SR 163) was a state highway in the west-central part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 163 was established as SR 85 from south of Shiloh to SR 41 in Warm Springs.[11][50] By the middle of 1933, the entire highway had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[54][86] The next year, the segment of the highway just south-southwest of Warm Springs was shifted westward to a curve into the city.[58][59] At the end of 1936, two segments were under construction: around Shiloh and just west-southwest of Warm Springs.[72][87] By the middle of the year, a portion from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs was under construction.[81][24] Near the end of the year, the segment form south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[24][22] 1939 ended with the segment from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs having a completed hard surface.[74][75]In 1940, SR 163 was built from Warm Springs to Woodbury.[28][29] By the middle of 1941, SR 163's segment just northeast of Warm Springs was under construction.[39][30] In 1942, a portion of SR 163 northeast of Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[31][45] By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163.[5][6]By the middle of 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 163 from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs.[12][13] By 1952, SR 163 was redesignated as SR 85W.[13][32]","title":"State Route 163"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Savannah metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millen,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-01-75"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effingham_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Screven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screven_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Guyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"}],"text":"State Route 167 (SR 167) was a state highway that existed on a southeast-to-northwest path from the Savannah metropolitan area to Millen. In early 1940, the highway was established on a path from US 17/SR 25 southwest of Savannah and then north-northwest to US 280/SR 26 west-northwest of the city.[75][28] In 1942, US 280 was truncated to the west-northwest; its path through this area was redesignated as an east-southeast extension of US 80. SR 167 was extended west-northwest on US 80/SR 26 to just west-northwest of the Chatham–Effingham county line and then on a solo path to the north-northwest to the Effingham–Screven county line. The original segment was indicated to be \"on system–not marked or maintained\". The entire concurrency with US 80/SR 26 and its solo trek from there to Guyton had a \"completed hard surface\".[31][45] The next year, SR 167 was extended northwest to Millen.[45][63] In 1944, a small portion of the highway north-northwest of Guyton had a completed hard surface.[63][5] By the end of 1948, the original segment was indicated to have \"projected mileage\". A small portion between Guyton and Egypt had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface. Another small portion northwest of that one had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[6][17] By 1952, the segment northwest of US 80/SR 26 was redesignated as a southeast extension of SR 17, with a portion southeast of Millen having completed grading, but not being surfaced.[13][32] By the middle of 1955, the original segment of SR 167 was decommissioned.[1][2]","title":"State Route 167"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Dade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dade_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_157"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_193"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Valley,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-66"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-46"},{"link_name":"SR 189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_189"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1975-35"}],"text":"State Route 170 (SR 170) was a state highway that was located in the northwestern part of the state, in Dade and Walker counties. At the end of 1940, it was established on a path from SR 157 south-southeast of Trenton east-south to a point just west of SR 193 southeast of the city.[29][64] About a year later, the entire length was under construction.[30][31] In 1945, the eastern terminus was shifted north-northwest to end at an intersection with SR 193 east-northeast of Trenton.[5][6] By the end of 1948, the eastern terminus of the highway was truncated to end at a point east of Trenton.[6][17] By the end of 1951, the eastern terminus was extended north-northeast and then northwest to end at another intersection with SR 157 west of Chattanooga Valley. This made the \"eastern\" terminus now the \"northern\" one. Most of this extension had a \"sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth\" surface. The northern part of it had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The portion east of the southern terminus was hard surfaced.[13][32] In 1953, the entire extension had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[33][25] By mid-1955, it had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface.[1][2] By the middle of 1957, this extension had a \"topsoil or gravel, unpaved\" surface.[2][7] Between 1960 and the end of 1963, the northern part of the extension was paved.[14][18] At the end of the decade, the entire length of SR 170 was hard surfaced.[66][46] In 1974, SR 157 was shifted eastward, replacing all of the north–south portion of SR 170, with the old alignment being redesignated as SR 189. The east–west portion of SR 170 was simply decommissioned.[16][35]","title":"State Route 170"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 175 (Georgia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_175_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Lowndes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanier_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_122"},{"link_name":"SR 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_125"},{"link_name":"Barretts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barretts,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Naylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylor,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"SR 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_31"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"US 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_221_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-18"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-47"}],"text":"This section is about the former state highway. For the former proposed Interstate Highway, see Interstate 175 (Georgia).State Route 175 (SR 175) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state, in Lowndes and Lanier counties. In 1940, it was established from SR 122 and SR 125 in Barretts to US 84/SR 38 in Naylor.[28][29] By the end of 1948, a portion of the highway from east-southeast of Barretts (at the Lowndes–Lanier county line) to west-northwest of the SR 31 intersection northwest of Naylor had completed grading, but was not surfaced. From this point to the second crossing of the county line it had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[6][17] About five years later, the western terminus was truncated to a point west-northwest of the SR 31 intersection.[33][25] By the middle of 1955, it was further truncated to the intersection with US 221/SR 31.[1][2] By the end of 1963, the entire remaining segment of highway had a \"topsoil or gravel, unpaved\" surface.[14][18] In 1969, SR 175 was decommissioned.[46][47]","title":"State Route 175"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"SR 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_120"},{"link_name":"Lost Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Mountain,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_92"},{"link_name":"New Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Paulding_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"SR 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_6"},{"link_name":"Powder Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-63"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Acworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-14"},{"link_name":"SR 92 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_92_Connector_(New_Hope-Hiram)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-47"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_2009-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_2011-94"},{"link_name":"Cobb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 176 (SR 176) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. In late 1940, it was established from SR 120 in Lost Mountain to SR 92 in New Hope.[29][64] In 1942, the highway was extended south-southeast to SR 6 in Powder Springs. The extension was indicated to be \"on system–not marked or maintained\".[31][45] The next year, the southern part of the extension had a \"completed hard surface\".[45][63] By the end of 1948, the entire length of the extension was hard surfaced. A portion of the original segment just west of Lost Mountain had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[6][17] By the middle of 1950, this portion was hard surfaced.[12][13] In 1953, a portion west of Lost Mountain had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[33][25] Two years later, the New Hope–Lost Mountain segment had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface.[1][2] By the middle of 1957, this segment was indicated to have a \"topsoil or gravel, unpaved\" surface.[2][7] Before the decade ended, the New Hope–Lost Mountain segment was paved. Also, an unnumbered road was built from Lost Mountain to US 41/SR 3 in Acworth.[7][14] In 1969, the New Hope-to-Lost Mountain segment was shifted to the northeast onto this unnumbered road. Its former alignment was redesignated as SR 92 Conn.[46][47] In 2010, SR 176 was decommissioned.[93][94]This table shows the last alignment of the highway. The entire route was in Cobb County.","title":"State Route 176"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"Calvary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Whigham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigham,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_97"},{"link_name":"Vada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vada,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-45"},{"link_name":"SR 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_262"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-32"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-2"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"}],"text":"State Route 179 (SR 179) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It traversed Grady and Baker counties. At the end of 1940, SR 179 was established from SR 111 in Calvary to US 84/SR 38 in Whigham.[29][64] In 1942, it was extended north-northwest to just north of the Grady–Mitchell county line, and then west to SR 97 in Vada. The entire highway was indicated as being \"on system–not marked or maintained\".[31][45] By the end of 1949, SR 262 was established on the Grady–Mitchell county line, replacing the east–west part of SR 179.[17][12] By the middle of 1950, a portion north-northwest of Whigham was hard surfaced. Two small portions between Whigham and the Grady–Mitchell county line had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[12][13] By the end of 1951, the southern two thirds of this segment was hard surfaced. A portion south-southeast of Whigham had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[13][32] The next year, this portion near Whigham was hard surfaced.[32][25] By the middle of 1954, the entire Calvary–Whigham segment was hard surfaced. A portion south of the SR 262 intersection was shifted eastward and had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface.[25][1] About a year later, this portion was hard surfaced.[1][2] In 1987, SR 179 was decommissioned.[19][20]","title":"State Route 179"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connector route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connector_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_179"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"Calvary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-47"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-20"}],"sub_title":"State Route 179 Connector","text":"State Route 179 Connector (SR 179 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 179 that existed in the southwestern part of the state. In 1969, it was established between US 27/SR 1 east-southeast of Amsterdam to SR 111 and SR 179 in Calvary.[46][47] In 1987, SR 179 Conn. was decommissioned.[19][20]","title":"State Route 179"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Walton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Social Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Circle,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-10"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60_(1930%E2%80%931940)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-51"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-29"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-64"},{"link_name":"SR 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_213"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-31"},{"link_name":"SR 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_181"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"}],"text":"State Route 181 (SR 181) was a short-lived state highway that existed entirely in Walton County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 181 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. The entire length of this road had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[9][10] In 1930, this road was designated as the entire length of SR 60.[50][51] At the end of 1940, it was redesignated as SR 181.[29][64] At the end of 1941, it was redesignated as SR 213.[30][31] SR 181 was reused for a former portion of SR 8 on that same day.","title":"State Route 181 (1940–1941)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of state routes in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_routes_in_Georgia"}]	[{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1954). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1954.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1955). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1955.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1984_1985.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1986). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1986–1987 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1986_1987.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1945). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1945_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1946). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1946.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1957). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1957.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1920). System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1920.pdf","url_text":"System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1921). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1921.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1926). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1926.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1929). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1929_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1949). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1949.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1950). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1950.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1960). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map) (1960–1961 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1960_1961.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1973). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1973.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1974). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1974–1975 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1974_1975.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1948). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1948.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1963). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1963.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1987). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1987–1988 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1987_1988.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1988). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1988–1989 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1988_1989.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1989). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1989–1990 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1989_1990.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"Georgia State Highway Board (January 1, 1938). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1938_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1953). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1953.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1984_1985.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (September 1, 1938). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1938_09.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_04.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1942). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1942_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1952). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1952.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1953). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1953_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1966). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1966.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1975). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1975–1976 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1975_1976.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1978). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1978-79 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1978_1979.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1980). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1980_1981.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"\"County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)\". Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.georgiaspatial.org/index.asp?body=search","url_text":"\"County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_04.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1981). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1981–1982 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1981_1982.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1982). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1982.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Geographic Transportation Reporting Analysis and Query System (GeoTRAQS) (Map). Georgia Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227130309/http://www.dot.state.ga.us/maps/geotraqs/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"Geographic Transportation Reporting Analysis and Query System (GeoTRAQS)"},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ga.us/maps/geotraqs/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1971). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1971.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1972). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1972.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1943). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1943_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1969). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1969.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1970). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1970.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1977_1978.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1977_1978.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (June 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1930_06.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1930_11.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_11.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (February 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_02.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_05.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (August 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_08.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April–May 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_04-05.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 4, 2013). \"Overview map of SR 56 Spur (Richmond County)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Tobacco+Rd&daddr=Doug+Barnard+Pkwy&hl=en&ll=33.407227,-81.994915&spn=0.086696,0.110378&sll=33.442172,-81.981461&sspn=0.001354,0.001725&geocode=FXor_QEdM9Mc-w%3BFb9K_gEdmhEd-w&oq=Swai&dirflg=h&mra=dme&mrsp=1&sz=19&t=h&z=13","url_text":"\"Overview map of SR 56 Spur (Richmond County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2013). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2013–2014 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2013_2014_back.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2015). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2015–2016 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2015_2016_Back.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1944). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1944_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1967.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1968). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1968.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_04.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1936). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1936_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1936). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1936_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1939). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1939_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1939). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1939_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1936). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1936_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (February 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_02.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (March 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_03.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (December 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215003743/http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_12.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_12.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_04.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1993). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1993–1994 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1993_1994.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1994). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1994–1995 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1994_1995.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1995). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1995–1996 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1995_1996.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1996). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1996–1997 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1996_1997.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_05.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (March 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_03.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (September 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_09.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1990). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1990–1991 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1990_1991.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\" (PDF). December 31, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926031200/http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2009). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2009–2010 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2009_2010_LargePrint_Front.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2011). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2011–2012 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. OCLC 770217845. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2011_2012_front.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/770217845","url_text":"770217845"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_former_state_routes_in_Georgia_(1%E2%80%93199)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_former_state_routes_in_Georgia_(1%E2%80%93199)&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding them"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1954.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1955.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1984_1985.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1986_1987.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1945_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1946.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1957.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1920.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1921.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1926.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1929_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1949.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1950.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1960_1961.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1973.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1974_1975.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1948.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1963.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1987_1988.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1988_1989.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1989_1990.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1938_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_07.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1953.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1984_1985.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1938_09.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_04.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_07.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1942_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1952.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1953_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1966.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1975_1976.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1978_1979.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1980_1981.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"https://data.georgiaspatial.org/index.asp?body=search","external_links_name":"\"County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_04.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1981_1982.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1982.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227130309/http://www.dot.state.ga.us/maps/geotraqs/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Geographic Transportation Reporting Analysis and Query System (GeoTRAQS)"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ga.us/maps/geotraqs/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1971.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1972.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1943_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1969.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1970.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1977_1978.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1977_1978.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1930_06.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1930_11.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_11.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_02.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_05.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_08.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_04-05.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Tobacco+Rd&daddr=Doug+Barnard+Pkwy&hl=en&ll=33.407227,-81.994915&spn=0.086696,0.110378&sll=33.442172,-81.981461&sspn=0.001354,0.001725&geocode=FXor_QEdM9Mc-w%3BFb9K_gEdmhEd-w&oq=Swai&dirflg=h&mra=dme&mrsp=1&sz=19&t=h&z=13","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of SR 56 Spur (Richmond County)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2013_2014_back.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2015_2016_Back.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1944_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1967.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1968.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_04.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_07.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1936_07.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1936_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1939_07.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1939_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","external_links_name":"5673161"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1936_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_02.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_03.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215003743/http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_12.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_12.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_04.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1993_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1994_1995.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1995_1996.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1996_1997.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_05.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_01.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_03.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_09.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1933_10.pdf","external_links_name":"System of State Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1990_1991.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926031200/http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2009_2010_LargePrint_Front.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2011_2012_front.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/770217845","external_links_name":"770217845"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/","external_links_name":"Georgia Department of Transportation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103213645/http://georgiaroads.tripod.com/","external_links_name":"Georgia Roads - The Unofficial Georgia State Highways Web Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103153101/http://state-ends.com/georgia/","external_links_name":"Georgia State Highway Ends"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Esparza	Manuel Esparza	["1 References","2 External links"]	Spanish cyclist Manuel EsparzaPersonal informationBorn (1951-12-03) 3 December 1951 (age 72)Sabadell, SpainTeam informationRoleRider Manuel Esparza (born 3 December 1951) is a former Spanish racing cyclist. He rode in eleven Grand Tours between 1974 and 1980. References ^ "Manuel Esparza". Cycling Archives. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ "Manuel Esparza". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 7 November 2014. External links Manuel Esparza at Cycling Archives Manuel Esparza at ProCyclingStats This biographical article related to a Spanish cycling person born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Grand Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingArchives-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procyclingstats-2"}],"text":"Manuel Esparza (born 3 December 1951) is a former Spanish racing cyclist. He rode in eleven Grand Tours between 1974 and 1980.[1][2]","title":"Manuel Esparza"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Manuel Esparza\". Cycling Archives. Retrieved 7 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5055","url_text":"\"Manuel Esparza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manuel Esparza\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 7 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/rider.php?id=173303","url_text":"\"Manuel Esparza\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5055","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Esparza\""},{"Link":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/rider.php?id=173303","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Esparza\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5055","external_links_name":"Manuel Esparza"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286804#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/173303","external_links_name":"Manuel Esparza"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286804#P1663"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Esparza&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lee_Davenport	Johnny Lee Davenport	["1 Early life","2 Death","3 Film","4 Shakespeare","5 Other Stage roles","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]	American actor (1950–2020) Johnny Lee DavenportBorn(1950-07-24)July 24, 1950Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.DiedFebruary 2, 2020(2020-02-02) (aged 69)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.OccupationActor Johnny Lee Davenport (July 24, 1950 – February 2, 2020) was an American actor, known for his role as Marshal Henry in 1993's The Fugitive, a role he reprised in 1998's U.S. Marshals. Early life Davenport was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and grew up in Aurora, Illinois. There, he attended West Aurora High School, where he was cast in the school's production of the musical Carousel . As a student at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, he helped start that school's acting company. Death He died on February 2, 2020, from leukemia. Film Year Title Role Notes 1989 The Package MP 1993 The Fugitive Deputy Marshall Henry 1996 Chain Reaction Caleb Williams 1998 U.S. Marshals Deputy Marshall Henry 2010 Locked In Jim Sanders 2012 Ted Husband 2013 Time and Charges Boreas Victorious 2015 Joy Ray Cagney 2016 The Ascendants Anthology The Guide, Sebastian Shakespeare After being cast as Antonio in the Stratford Festival of Canada's production of Twelfth Night in 1988, Davenport made the plays of Shakespeare a major part of his acting repertoire. The following year he became a member of the theater group Shakespeare & Company in Lenox, Massachusetts, and went to perform with the company 16 seasons. His credits in that venue include Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2, Richard II, the title role in Othello, A Winter's Tale, Measure for Measure, Richard III, Hamlet, and Henry V. Other Stage roles During the 1990s he performed frequently in Chicago venues, including the Steppenwolf, Court, and Goodman Theaters. Plays in which he appeared include Miss Julie, Cry, the Beloved Country, and Comedians. He also appeared as Chris, the father of Anna Christie in "Anna Christie" by Eugene O'Neill at the Lyric Stage Company of Boston (April 6-May 6, 2018). Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result 2008 Elliot Norton Award Outstanding Actor, Small/Midsize Company A House With No Walls Nominated 2008 Elliot Norton Award Outstanding Actor, Small/Midsize Company Love's Labour's Lost Nominated 2011 Elliot Norton Award Outstanding Actor, Midsize Theater Broke-ology Won 2011 IRNE Award Best Supporting Actor (play), Large Theater Vengeance is the Lord's Nominated 2012 IRNE Award Best Actor (Play), Small Theater Broke-ology Nominated 2013 IRNE Award Best Actor (Play), Small Theater "Master Harold"...and the Boys Nominated 2014 Elliot Norton Award Best Actor (Play), Midsize Theater Driving Miss Daisy Won 2014 IRNE Award Best Supporting Actor (play), Large Theater Invisible Man Nominated 2015 Elliot Norton Award Best Actor (Play), Midsize Theater The Whipping Man Nominated 2016 IRNE Award Best Actor (Play), Midsize Theater Beowulf Nominated 2017 IRNE Award Best Supporting Actor (Play), Midsize Theater Bootycandy Nominated 2018 IRNE Award Best Solo Performance, Small Theater Thurgood Nominated 2019 IRNE Award Best Supporting Actor (Play), Small Theater Thurgood Nominated Davenport was named Best Actor in Boston Magazine for his body of work during the 2010–2011 season and was a recipient of Washington, D.C.'s Helen Hayes Award. References ^ Johnny Lee Davenport: July 24, 1950 – February 2, 2020 ^ a b O'Donnell, Maureen (2020-02-03). "Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' Chicago plays, dead at 69". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2020-04-08. ^ O'Donnell, Maureen (February 3, 2020). "Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' other movies, TV shows, Chicago plays, dead at 69". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved February 25, 2020. ^ "Johnny Lee Davenport - Actor". WGBH Forum Network. Retrieved 2020-04-09. In 1989, he trained at Shakespeare & Company in Lenox, Mass., and became a company member. He continues to perform with the company today. ^ "Anna Christie \| Lyric Stage Company of Boston". Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-02-18. ^ "Johnny Lee Davenport". American Players - Theater. Retrieved 2020-04-09. Johnny has been named Boston Magazine's "Best of Boston": Best Actor, … and D.C.'s Helen Hayes Award. External links Johnny Lee Davenport at the Internet Movie Database List of awards and nominations Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fugitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marshals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marshals_(film)"}],"text":"Johnny Lee Davenport (July 24, 1950 – February 2, 2020) was an American actor, known for his role as Marshal Henry in 1993's The Fugitive, a role he reprised in 1998's U.S. Marshals.","title":"Johnny Lee Davenport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"West Aurora High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Aurora_High_School"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Carbondale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SunTimes_2020-02-03-2"}],"text":"Davenport was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and grew up in Aurora, Illinois. There, he attended West Aurora High School, where he was cast in the school's production of the musical Carousel . As a student at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, he helped start that school's acting company.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagosuntimesobit-3"}],"text":"He died on February 2, 2020, from leukemia.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_%26_Company_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGBH_Forum_Shakespeare_Co-4"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"A Winter's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Winter%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"Measure for Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_for_Measure"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(play)"}],"text":"After being cast as Antonio in the Stratford Festival of Canada's production of Twelfth Night in 1988, Davenport made the plays of Shakespeare a major part of his acting repertoire. The following year he became a member of the theater group Shakespeare & Company in Lenox, Massachusetts, and went to perform with the company 16 seasons.[4]\nHis credits in that venue include Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2, Richard II, the title role in Othello, A Winter's Tale, Measure for Measure, Richard III, Hamlet, and Henry V.","title":"Shakespeare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Julie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Julie"},{"link_name":"Comedians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedians_(play)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SunTimes_2020-02-03-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"During the 1990s he performed frequently in Chicago venues, including the Steppenwolf, Court, and Goodman Theaters. Plays in which he appeared include Miss Julie, Cry, the Beloved Country, and Comedians.[2] He also appeared as Chris, the father of Anna Christie in \"Anna Christie\" by Eugene O'Neill at the Lyric Stage Company of Boston (April 6-May 6, 2018).[5]","title":"Other Stage roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Players_Johnny_Davenport-6"}],"text":"Davenport was named Best Actor in Boston Magazine for his body of work during the 2010–2011 season and was a recipient of Washington, D.C.'s Helen Hayes Award.[6]","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"O'Donnell, Maureen (2020-02-03). \"Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' Chicago plays, dead at 69\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2020-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/2/3/21121433/johnny-lee-davenport-actor-fugitive-chicago-theater-obituary","url_text":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' Chicago plays, dead at 69\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"O'Donnell, Maureen (February 3, 2020). \"Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' other movies, TV shows, Chicago plays, dead at 69\". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved February 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/2/3/21121433/johnny-lee-davenport-actor-fugitive-chicago-theater-obituary","url_text":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' other movies, TV shows, Chicago plays, dead at 69\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport - Actor\". WGBH Forum Network. Retrieved 2020-04-09. In 1989, he trained at Shakespeare & Company in Lenox, Mass., and became a company member. He continues to perform with the company today.","urls":[{"url":"https://forum-network.org/speakers/davenport-john","url_text":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport - Actor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Christie \| Lyric Stage Company of Boston\". Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124024359/https://test.lyricstage.com/productions/anna-christie/","url_text":"\"Anna Christie \| Lyric Stage Company of Boston\""},{"url":"https://test.lyricstage.com/productions/anna-christie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport\". American Players - Theater. Retrieved 2020-04-09. Johnny has been named Boston Magazine's \"Best of Boston\": Best Actor, … and D.C.'s Helen Hayes Award.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanplayers.org/about/people/johnny-lee-davenport","url_text":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://johnnyleedavenport.com/?p=3831","external_links_name":"Johnny Lee Davenport: July 24, 1950 – February 2, 2020"},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/2/3/21121433/johnny-lee-davenport-actor-fugitive-chicago-theater-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' Chicago plays, dead at 69\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/2/3/21121433/johnny-lee-davenport-actor-fugitive-chicago-theater-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport, actor in 'The Fugitive,' other movies, TV shows, Chicago plays, dead at 69\""},{"Link":"https://forum-network.org/speakers/davenport-john","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport - Actor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124024359/https://test.lyricstage.com/productions/anna-christie/","external_links_name":"\"Anna Christie \| Lyric Stage Company of Boston\""},{"Link":"https://test.lyricstage.com/productions/anna-christie/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://americanplayers.org/about/people/johnny-lee-davenport","external_links_name":"\"Johnny Lee Davenport\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0202612/","external_links_name":"Johnny Lee Davenport"},{"Link":"http://www.abouttheartists.com/artists/140516-johnny-lee-davenport","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/171581184","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_special_status_protests	Andhra Pradesh special status protests	["1 Overview","1.1 Demand","1.2 Basis","1.3 Legislative Status","2 Time Line","3 Supporters","4 Protests","5 References"]	2017 political protests in India On 26 January 2017, protests started throughout Andhra Pradesh, with a demand that 'Special Category Status' (SCS) be applied to the state, which was promised by the Congress Government during the state bifurcation. Five YSR Congress Party MPs submitted their resignations from Parliament on the 6th of April to protest against the Central government's refusal to accord Special Category Status to Andhra Pradesh. Their resignations were accepted on 22 June 2018. AP Protests for Special StatusOne of the posters widely circulated in social media to gather people for protestDate26 January 2017 (2017-01-26) – present (present)LocationAndhra Pradesh, IndiaCaused byNot fulfilling the Promise made during AP State BifurcationGoalsSpecial Category Status for APMethodsPicketing, Sloganeering, Human chain, Silent protest, Demonstration, Internet activismResulted inYet to be AnnouncedNumber > 5000 Overview Demand Special Category Status for Andhra Pradesh as per the promise made by Lawmakers in the parliament during State Bifurcation(to divide into two parts). Basis Following the bifurcation of the united state of Andhra Pradesh the residual state lost a large part of its revenue due to Hyderabad remaining as the capital of Telangana. In a debate in the Rajya Sabha on the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act on 20 February 2014, then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had said that SCS would be "extended to the successor State of Andhra Pradesh for a period of five years." This oral submission by the then PM has been the basis for A.P.'s claim to the status. Legislative Status This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2017) Time Line Protests Demanding Special Category Status for Andhra Pradesh was inspired by the 2017 pro-jallikattu protests in the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu. Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh spoke against the protests, and said that there was no need for it as the state can be benefitted with Special Package instead of Special Category. DGP of Andhra Pradesh, N Sambasiva Rao told reporters that no permission was granted for protests at RK Beach on 26 Jan. Hours before the proposed protest on 26 January for demanding Special Status Category to Andhra Pradesh, AP police had clamped down on the gathering of five more persons by issuing prohibitory orders under Section 144 in Vizag, Tirupati, and other proposed protest Locations. Despite prohibitory orders scores of youth tried to reach RK beach in Vizag. Police quickly detained More than a 100 people. Jana Sena Party chief Pawan Kalyan, YSRCP Leader Jagan Mohan Reddy, and others expressed their distress on police action over a proposed peaceful protests. Supporters The protests that gathered momentum on social media among students and youth just like Jallikattu Protests soon saw supporters from all quarters. Protests On 26 January 2017, activists staged silent protests in Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, Tirupati, Nellore, Anantapur, Kakinada, Rajamundry and other places across the state. Mainly youths and students participated in the protests. Prior to the day of protest, the AP Government has issued prohibitory orders. Police arrested a large number of protesters across the state for violating the order. References ^ a b Ramani, Srinivasan. "What is the special category status?". ^ "Andhra Pradesh DGP says no permission for silent protest at RK Beach". ^ "Telugu Actor Among 100 Detained Ahead Of Protest Demanding 'Special Category Status' To Andhra Pradesh". ^ Raghavendra, V. "Don't pull back those coming for jallikattu type agitation, says Pawan Kalyan". ^ "Protesters arrested in Vizag, Andhra towns demanding special status for the state". Hindustan Times.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"state bifurcation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2014"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"2017 political protests in IndiaOn 26 January 2017, protests started throughout Andhra Pradesh, with a demand that 'Special Category Status' (SCS) be applied to the state, which was promised by the Congress Government during the state bifurcation.[1]Five YSR Congress Party MPs submitted their resignations from Parliament on the 6th of April to protest against the Central government's refusal to accord Special Category Status to Andhra Pradesh. Their resignations were accepted on 22 June 2018.","title":"Andhra Pradesh special status protests"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Demand","text":"Special Category Status for Andhra Pradesh as per the promise made by Lawmakers in the parliament during State Bifurcation(to divide into two parts).","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Basis","text":"Following the bifurcation of the united state of Andhra Pradesh the residual state lost a large part of its revenue due to Hyderabad remaining as the capital of Telangana. In a debate in the Rajya Sabha on the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act on 20 February 2014, then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had said that SCS would be \"extended to the successor State of Andhra Pradesh for a period of five years.\" This oral submission by the then PM has been the basis for A.P.'s claim to the status.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legislative Status","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 pro-jallikattu protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_pro-jallikattu_protests"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Protests Demanding Special Category Status for Andhra Pradesh was inspired by the 2017 pro-jallikattu protests in the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu.[citation needed]Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh spoke against the protests, and said that there was no need for it as the state can be benefitted with Special Package instead of Special Category.[citation needed]DGP of Andhra Pradesh, N Sambasiva Rao told reporters that no permission was granted for protests at RK Beach on 26 Jan.[citation needed]Hours before the proposed protest on 26 January for demanding Special Status Category to Andhra Pradesh, AP police had clamped down on the gathering of five more persons by issuing prohibitory orders under Section 144 in Vizag, Tirupati, and other proposed protest Locations.[2]Despite prohibitory orders scores of youth tried to reach RK beach in Vizag. Police quickly detained More than a 100 people.[3]Jana Sena Party chief Pawan Kalyan, YSRCP Leader Jagan Mohan Reddy, and others expressed their distress on police action over a proposed peaceful protests.[4]","title":"Time Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The protests that gathered momentum on social media among students and youth just like Jallikattu Protests soon saw supporters from all quarters.[citation needed]","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 26 January 2017, activists staged silent protests in Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, Tirupati, Nellore, Anantapur, Kakinada, Rajamundry and other places across the state. Mainly youths and students participated in the protests. Prior to the day of protest, the AP Government has issued prohibitory orders. Police arrested a large number of protesters across the state for violating the order.[5]","title":"Protests"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ramani, Srinivasan. \"What is the special category status?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/What-is-the-special-category-status/article14553662.ece","url_text":"\"What is the special category status?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andhra Pradesh DGP says no permission for silent protest at RK Beach\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/jan/24/andhra-pradesh-dgp-says-no-permission-for-silent-protest-at-rk-beach-1563054.html","url_text":"\"Andhra Pradesh DGP says no permission for silent protest at RK Beach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu Actor Among 100 Detained Ahead Of Protest Demanding 'Special Category Status' To Andhra Pradesh\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/telugu-actor-among-100-detained-ahead-of-protest-demanding-special-category-status-to-andhra-pradesh/965325","url_text":"\"Telugu Actor Among 100 Detained Ahead Of Protest Demanding 'Special Category Status' To Andhra Pradesh\""}]},{"reference":"Raghavendra, V. \"Don't pull back those coming for jallikattu type agitation, says Pawan Kalyan\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Dont-pull-back-those-coming-for-jallikattu-type-agitation-says-Pawan-Kalyan/article17092892.ece","url_text":"\"Don't pull back those coming for jallikattu type agitation, says Pawan Kalyan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protesters arrested in Vizag, Andhra towns demanding special status for the state\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protesters-arrested-in-vizag-andhra-towns-demanding-special-status-for-the-state/story-7xy9k5fxgkpwwDkQ2BSIfM.html","url_text":"\"Protesters arrested in Vizag, Andhra towns demanding special status for the state\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_special_status_protests&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/What-is-the-special-category-status/article14553662.ece","external_links_name":"\"What is the special category status?\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/jan/24/andhra-pradesh-dgp-says-no-permission-for-silent-protest-at-rk-beach-1563054.html","external_links_name":"\"Andhra Pradesh DGP says no permission for silent protest at RK Beach\""},{"Link":"http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/telugu-actor-among-100-detained-ahead-of-protest-demanding-special-category-status-to-andhra-pradesh/965325","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Actor Among 100 Detained Ahead Of Protest Demanding 'Special Category Status' To Andhra Pradesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Dont-pull-back-those-coming-for-jallikattu-type-agitation-says-Pawan-Kalyan/article17092892.ece","external_links_name":"\"Don't pull back those coming for jallikattu type agitation, says Pawan Kalyan\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protesters-arrested-in-vizag-andhra-towns-demanding-special-status-for-the-state/story-7xy9k5fxgkpwwDkQ2BSIfM.html","external_links_name":"\"Protesters arrested in Vizag, Andhra towns demanding special status for the state\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imola_200	Imola 200	["1 Background","2 Inaugural race","3 Influence","4 Imola 200 race results","5 References"]	Annual motorcycle race in Italy Paul Smart ahead Ducati's teammate Bruno Spaggiari in the Imola 200 inaugural race (1972) The Imola 200 (also known as the 200 Miglia) is a 200-mile (320 km) motorcycle race held annually at Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari of Imola, Italy. The race originally ran as a modern motorcycle race from 1972 to 1985. In 2010, the Imola 200 Miglia Revival began as a classic bike race. Background In response to the popularity of the Daytona 200, it was decided to create a "European Daytona" with the best riders from the Grands Prix, European, American and Italian championships competing together. Inaugural race The inaugural race was held in 1972, being won by Paul Smart. He was riding a Ducati 750 Imola Desmo. This bike is considered the first V-twin engine with desmodromic valve system for Ducati. Influence This race was considered a major step in the notoriety of Ducati. Imola 200 race results Source: Season Date Race Results 1972 April 23 1) Paul Smart (Ducati)2) Bruno Spaggiari (Ducati)3) Walter Villa (Triumph) 1973 April 15 1) Jarno Saarinen (Yamaha)2) Bruno Spaggiari (Ducati)3) Walter Villa (Kawasaki) 1974 April 7 1) Giacomo Agostini (Yamaha)2) Kenny Roberts (Yamaha)3) Teuvo Länsivuori (Yamaha) 1975 April 6 1) Johnny Cecotto (Yamaha)2) Patrick Pons (Yamaha)3) Steve Baker (Yamaha) 1976 April 4 1) Steve Baker (Yamaha)2) Michel Rougerie (Yamaha)3) Barry Sheene (Suzuki) 1977 April 3 1) Kenny Roberts (Yamaha)2) Steve Baker (Yamaha)3) Giacomo Agostini (Yamaha) 1978 April 2 1) Johnny Cecotto (Yamaha)2) Steve Baker (Yamaha)3) Giacomo Agostini (Yamaha) 1979 No race held 1980 April 13 1) Johnny Cecotto (Yamaha)2) Marco Lucchinelli (Suzuki)3) Kenny Roberts (Yamaha) 1981 April 4 1) Marco Lucchinelli (Suzuki)2) Kenny Roberts (Yamaha)3) Boet van Dulmen (Yamaha) 1982 April 4 1) Graeme Crosby (Yamaha)2) Marco Lucchinelli (Honda)3) Graziano Rossi (Yamaha) 1983 April 10 1) Kenny Roberts (Yamaha)2) Franco Uncini (Suzuki)3) Eddie Lawson (Yamaha) 1984 April 1 1) Kenny Roberts (Yamaha)2) Lorenzo Ghiselli (Suzuki)3) Steve Williams (Yamaha) 1985 April 14 1) Eddie Lawson (Yamaha)2) Randy Mamola (Honda)3) Takazumi Katayama (Honda) References ^ "Imola 200 Revival: Reliving Ducati's Greatest Day - Classic Motorcycle Touring - Motorcycle Classics". ^ "Yamaha celebrates 50 Grand Prix years at the '200 Miglia di Imola Revival'". ^ "Archives: The Imola 200 - Cycle News". cyclenews.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ Smart, Paul. "Paul Smart's Imola 200 victory". ^ "40 years later, Paul Smart remembers the Imola 200 - RideApart". RideApart. ^ "Historically-significant Ducati V-twin Imola Racer goes under the hammer". newatlas.com. ^ "Return to Imola". cycleworld.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "Imola 200 race results". racingmemo.free.fr. Retrieved 1 January 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1972_Imola_200_-_Ducati%27s_Smart_ahead_teammate_Spaggiari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smart_(motorcycle_racer)"},{"link_name":"Ducati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati"},{"link_name":"Bruno Spaggiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Spaggiari"},{"link_name":"motorcycle race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_sport"},{"link_name":"Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodromo_Enzo_e_Dino_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Imola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imola"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Paul Smart ahead Ducati's teammate Bruno Spaggiari in the Imola 200 inaugural race (1972)The Imola 200 (also known as the 200 Miglia) is a 200-mile (320 km) motorcycle race held annually at Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari of Imola, Italy. The race originally ran as a modern motorcycle race from 1972 to 1985.[1] In 2010, the Imola 200 Miglia Revival began as a classic bike race.[2]","title":"Imola 200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daytona 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_200"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In response to the popularity of the Daytona 200, it was decided to create a \"European Daytona\" with the best riders from the Grands Prix, European, American and Italian championships competing together.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smart_(motorcycle_racer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ducati 750 Imola Desmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_750_Imola_Desmo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"V-twin engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-twin_engine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The inaugural race was held in 1972, being won by Paul Smart.[4] He was riding a Ducati 750 Imola Desmo.[5] This bike is considered the first V-twin engine with desmodromic valve system for Ducati.[6]","title":"Inaugural race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"This race was considered a major step in the notoriety of Ducati.[7]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Source:[8]","title":"Imola 200 race results"}]	[{"image_text":"Paul Smart ahead Ducati's teammate Bruno Spaggiari in the Imola 200 inaugural race (1972)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1972_Imola_200_-_Ducati%27s_Smart_ahead_teammate_Spaggiari.jpg/220px-1972_Imola_200_-_Ducati%27s_Smart_ahead_teammate_Spaggiari.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Imola 200 Revival: Reliving Ducati's Greatest Day - Classic Motorcycle Touring - Motorcycle Classics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-motorcycle-events/imola-200-revival-zmcz13jfzbea","url_text":"\"Imola 200 Revival: Reliving Ducati's Greatest Day - Classic Motorcycle Touring - Motorcycle Classics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yamaha celebrates 50 Grand Prix years at the '200 Miglia di Imola Revival'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportrider.com/yamaha-celebrates-50-grand-prix-years-200-miglia-di-imola-revival","url_text":"\"Yamaha celebrates 50 Grand Prix years at the '200 Miglia di Imola Revival'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archives: The Imola 200 - Cycle News\". cyclenews.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclenews.com/2017/02/article/archives-imola-200/","url_text":"\"Archives: The Imola 200 - Cycle News\""}]},{"reference":"Smart, Paul. \"Paul Smart's Imola 200 victory\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/2752850/Paul-Smarts-Imola-200-victory.html","url_text":"\"Paul Smart's Imola 200 victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"40 years later, Paul Smart remembers the Imola 200 - RideApart\". RideApart.","urls":[{"url":"https://rideapart.com/articles/40-years-later-paul-smart-remembers-the-imola-200","url_text":"\"40 years later, Paul Smart remembers the Imola 200 - RideApart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historically-significant Ducati V-twin Imola Racer goes under the hammer\". newatlas.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://newatlas.com/historical-ducati-v-twin-auction/20592/","url_text":"\"Historically-significant Ducati V-twin Imola Racer goes under the hammer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Return to Imola\". cycleworld.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cycleworld.com/2012/04/03/return-to-imola/","url_text":"\"Return to Imola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imola 200 race results\". racingmemo.free.fr. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://racingmemo.free.fr/M%20COURSES%20INTER/MOTO%20IMOLA-200.htm","url_text":"\"Imola 200 race results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-motorcycle-events/imola-200-revival-zmcz13jfzbea","external_links_name":"\"Imola 200 Revival: Reliving Ducati's Greatest Day - Classic Motorcycle Touring - Motorcycle Classics\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportrider.com/yamaha-celebrates-50-grand-prix-years-200-miglia-di-imola-revival","external_links_name":"\"Yamaha celebrates 50 Grand Prix years at the '200 Miglia di Imola Revival'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclenews.com/2017/02/article/archives-imola-200/","external_links_name":"\"Archives: The Imola 200 - Cycle News\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/2752850/Paul-Smarts-Imola-200-victory.html","external_links_name":"\"Paul Smart's Imola 200 victory\""},{"Link":"https://rideapart.com/articles/40-years-later-paul-smart-remembers-the-imola-200","external_links_name":"\"40 years later, Paul Smart remembers the Imola 200 - RideApart\""},{"Link":"http://newatlas.com/historical-ducati-v-twin-auction/20592/","external_links_name":"\"Historically-significant Ducati V-twin Imola Racer goes under the hammer\""},{"Link":"https://www.cycleworld.com/2012/04/03/return-to-imola/","external_links_name":"\"Return to Imola\""},{"Link":"http://racingmemo.free.fr/M%20COURSES%20INTER/MOTO%20IMOLA-200.htm","external_links_name":"\"Imola 200 race results\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Crusaders	Crusaders Rugby League	["1 History","1.1 2003-2004: Celtic Warriors","1.2 2005-2006: Celtic Crusaders","1.3 2007-2008: Promotion and Super League licence","1.4 2009-2010: Super League","1.5 2011: Administration and liquidation","2 Colours and badge","2.1 Colours","2.2 Badge","3 Stadiums","3.1 2005-2009: Brewery Field","3.2 2010-2011: The Racecourse","4 Players","5 Coaches","6 Support","7 Academy","8 Seasons","9 Honours","10 Records","11 See also","12 References","12.1 Bibliography","12.2 Notes","13 External links"]	Defunct Welsh rugby league club For the new North Wales Crusaders rugby league team, see North Wales Crusaders. Crusaders Rugby LeagueClub informationFull nameCrusaders Rugby LeagueNickname(s)Cru, Saders, CelticShort nameCrusadersColoursFounded2005Exited2011; 13 years ago (2011)Former detailsGround(s)2010–2011 Racecourse Ground (15,500-with Kop)2005–2009 Brewery Field (12,000)ChairmanIan RobertsCoachIestyn HarrisCaptainClinton SchifcofskeCompetitionSuper LeagueSuper League XVI14th Current seasonUniforms Home colours RecordsMost capped112 – Damien QuinnHighest points scorer612 – Damien Quinn Crusaders Rugby League (Welsh: Croesgadwyr Rygbi'r Gynghrair) was a professional rugby league club based in Bridgend and later in Wrexham, Wales. They played for six seasons in the Rugby Football League competitions, including three years in the Super League from 2009 to 2011. Founded as Celtic Crusaders in 2005 initially based in Bridgend, the club played in National League Two from 2006 to 2007 and in National League One in 2008. In 2009 they were awarded a Super League licence, and in 2010 they moved from Bridgend to Wrexham in North Wales, and dropped "Celtic" from their name. After three years in the Super League, on 26 July 2011 the club announced they were withdrawing their application to remain in the league for the 2012–15 seasons. They disbanded after the 2011 season, and were succeeded by a new club, North Wales Crusaders, in Championship 1 in 2012. They played their home matches at Brewery Field then the Racecourse Ground. The Crusaders won the National League Two championship in 2007. Their last coach was Iestyn Harris. History 2003-2004: Celtic Warriors In the summer of 2003, the WRU voted to reduce the top tier of Welsh professional rugby union from nine clubs into five regions. The Celtic Warriors officially represented the Mid-Glamorgan Valleys area, which in practice meant that they were a combination of Pontypridd RFC and Bridgend RFC. The admission of the Celtic Crusaders is recognition of the progress that the sport is making in Wales. We now have a strong grass roots presence in Wales with rugby league being played in schools as well as the formation of junior teams. The impressive progress delivered by the seven Welsh clubs playing in the Conference has given rugby league a solid base of adult players and Wales has a worldwide reputation as a rugby-playing nation. The Crusaders come into professional rugby league playing out of the excellent Brewery Field Stadium in Bridgend and having lodged a robust business plan with the RFL. – Richard Lewis, RFL Executive chairman, 2005. We're elated by our admission to Rugby League. We feel that the time is right for professional Rugby League in South Wales. For the first time an infrastructure is in place with so much junior development of the sport taking place as well as the successful Conference division. Our aim is to reach Super League and we realise that the hard work has just started for us. We shall also be representing South Wales in Rugby League and we take that seriously. – Chris O'Callaghan, Celtic Crusaders chief executive, 2005. Financial problems at Pontypridd RFC led to the sale of their half of the Warriors to Bridgend RFC owner Leighton Samuel, which he gave to the WRU. He then later sold his half to the WRU who in Summer 2004 decided to liquidate the club. 2005-2006: Celtic Crusaders After the success of clubs in the Welsh Premier division of the Rugby League Conference, a South Wales team was mooted to join a professional league in March 2005, as the National League Two division was due to be restructured and expanded for the 2006 season. The demise of the Celtic Warriors team and backing by businessman Leighton Samuel gave an opportunity for a team to be based in Bridgend, however Coventry Bears and Bramley Buffaloes, who reached the National League Three Grand Final, also wanted a place in National League Two. The initial plan to re-use the 'Celtic Warriors' name was abandoned in favour of 'Celtic Crusaders' which had been considered by the rugby union franchise. They were to play their home games at Brewery Field and games were planned to be held at Sardis Road as well. The Rugby Football League admitted the Celtic Crusaders club; now with badge, ground, website and shareholders; on 22 June 2005 during a meeting in Salford. On 3 July, Super League teams London Broncos and Hull FC fought out a 24-all draw at the Brewery Field, drumming up 3775 fans to watch the game as part of London's on the road home games whilst their ground was being redeveloped. The rest of 2005 was spent preparing for the upcoming season. On 13 November, Kevin Ellis was appointed Assistant Coach and a few days later on 16 November Anthony Seibold was appointed Fitness and Conditioning Coach. By the end of November coach John Dixon had completed his squad, drawn heavily from Bridgend Blue Bulls and Aberavon Fighting Irish clubs. The club were due to play their first match against Super League giants St. Helens, but due to the team being in the World Club Challenge competition, a Harlequins RL Academy side provided the opposition for the club's inaugural match. The friendly ended in a 22–22 draw. Originally the club were to play their first competitive match at home, but their first three Northern Rail Cup games during February; against Hemel Stags, St Albans Centurions and London Skolars respectively; were switched as away games at the request from Hemel. The game against Hemel was won convincingly by the Crusaders 50–10 with Tony Duggan being the first player to score a try for the Welsh franchise (with Ryan O'Kelly being the first Welshman to score a try), and Jace Van Dijk was rewarded with the first Man of the Match award. Crusaders Academy played their first match against London Harlequins Academy on 29 January. In the group stages of the Northern Rail Cup the Celtic Crusaders won all of their six games, scoring 374 points and conceding just 44. With an average of 62 points scored per match the Crusaders set the record for most points scored in a Northern Rail Cup group, beating the Salford City Reds' 58-points per game in 2003. Included in this winning run was the club's first home match, against London Skolars, where 1,021 people were in attendance to see the 78–14 victory. Crusaders also entered into the Challenge Cup and were drawn against Russian team Moscow Locomotive for Round 3 of the competition. They were reigning Russian Championship and Russian Cup champions and it was one of the few times that in the cup competition's long history that two non-English sides had been drawn together. However, in a match where the pitch was covered in snow the Welsh team raced into a 30–4 lead at half-time, and the match eventually finished 64–4. Round 4 provided much tougher opponents as the Crusaders were handed an away tie with National League One side Rochdale Hornets. Just three weeks after the Moscow match, on 1 April the team suffered their first ever defeat as Hornets won 32–8 and Crusaders were thus eliminated from the 2006 Challenge Cup. Rochdale Hornets again provided the opposition in the next round of the Northern Rail Cup and again they won, this time the match finished 6–34 at the Brewery Field. For their first season in the National League Two competition the side performed very well finishing third out of twelve teams, earning 29 points. The team scored 730 points and conceded 387. Workington Town were the opposition for the first match and surprisingly Crusaders won 18–50, ending Workington's 23-month unbeaten home record. London Skolars were brushed away with a 70–0 victory in front of 634 fans in Crusaders' first home match of the league campaign, with centre Carl De Chenu scoring four tries. The club had decided prior to the season to take two home fixtures to other parts of South Wales, the first of which was a 36–18 win over Hunslet watched by 415 people at Talbot Athletic Ground in Aberavon. In early June, Keighley went down 58–18 at Old Parish in Maesteg in the second on the road match. It was in their third week that Crusaders lost only their second match of 2006, narrowly being beaten 22–20 in a Monday night match against the Sheffield Eagles. The club were involved in one draw during the whole season, a 30–30 tie away to Keighley in May. After several key matches, in the last game of the campaign the Celtic Crusaders secured a vital 14–11 win against Featherstone Rovers on 10 September meaning they finished third overall on points difference, whilst Featherstone who also earned 29 points finished fourth. This set up a play-off match against second-placed team; the Sheffield Eagles, which was lost 26–16 at the Don Valley Stadium. A final elimination match against Swinton proved to be the team's last match of the season as the Lions won 26–27 after 91 seconds of Golden Point extra time. Sheffield beat Swinton in the final meaning them and Dewsbury Rams, who finished top of the table, were promoted. Throughout the year the club were boosted by player and local achievements. At various times in the year Celtic Crusaders players made it into the National League Two Team of the Month, whilst full-back Tony Duggan and stand-off Jace Van Dijk were both nominated for National League Two Player of the Year, with the latter eventually picking up the honour in October. Tony Duggan was later confirmed as the top try-scorer from all three British leagues for 2006. Hooker Lloyd O'Connor was picked for the Great Britain Students side that toured Australia. whilst a further six players made it into the Wales national team that faced Scotland. During June coach Dixon signed three Welsh internationals, Gareth Dean from Carcassonne, Aled James from the Sheffield Eagles and Gareth Price from the Hull Kingston Rovers. At the end of the season Welsh international Anthony Blackwood was signed from Halifax. In May, Brynteg High School in Bridgend reached the Powergen Champions School Final for the second year in a row after beating a Wigan school, but lost the final. Some changes at the club also occurred during the year. On 8 June chief executive Chris O'Callaghan resigned after 13 months in the job, during which he was highly important in forming the club and getting them into the professional leagues. At the end of the season influential first ever captain Michael Ryan returned to his native Australia for personal reasons. 2007-2008: Promotion and Super League licence A Crusaders game in 2008 The season was crucial for the Crusaders, as to fulfill their aim of applying for a Super League licence for the 2009 season, the team would have to be playing in the National League One in 2008, and thus had to be promoted this season. Leighton Samuel brought in his solicitor, David Thompson, as chief executive of the club to oversee the application for Super League. In January both Jace Van Dijk and John Dixon finished second in the National League Two Player of the Year and National League Two Coach of the Year categories respectively at the TotalRL Fan Awards. Just before the start of the season it was announced that Welsh former player Jonathan Davies had been appointed Honorary President of the club, and that he would be attending matches throughout the year. The club also announced that they were moving their training ground to the RAF's St Athan base, beating off competition from Cardiff City who also wanted to use the facilities; and that Frenchman Thibault Giroud had been appointed as new fitness coach. Like last year, Celtic Crusaders' first match of the new season was a Northern Rail Cup game. This year they were drawn in a group with two strong National League One clubs, Widnes and Leigh, and with London Skolars. Widnes came to a snow-hit Brewery Field on 9 February and won 6–56. It was the first ever match played under the new points system for the National Leagues and Northern Rail Cup where teams would gain 3 points for a win, 2 for a draw and 1 for a defeat by less than 12 points. Crusaders earned two good victories against London Skolars, but it was the match in between these two that caused the most surprise. In the shock of the round Crusaders went to Leigh and won 22–26 in front of a crowd of 1,637, despite being 18–4 down at half-time. In the return fixture Leigh were again narrowly defeated, this time the match finishing 22–14. Despite another defeat against Widnes, Crusaders had qualified for the next round of the cup. On 21 April a Crusaders squad with 11 Welshmen in their ranks defeated Hunslet 14–28 to again qualify for the next round. However the quarter-finals is as far as the team got, losing 30–18 away to another strong National League One side in Halifax. The squad's second match of the season (after Widnes) was not a Northern Rail Cup game though, but a match against the 2006 NRL champions Brisbane Broncos. Arguably the biggest rugby club in the world, the Broncos used the match to prepare for their World Club Challenge meeting with St Helens. This Bulmers Original Cider Challenge match attracted a lot of attention from the South Wales media and a record crowd of 2,041 came to see Crusaders lose 6–32 with a very credible performance. Grant Epton got Crusaders' sole try on the night. Eastmoor Dragons were drawn against Crusaders in Round 3 of the Challenge Cup. The amateur team were beaten 50–10 at Brewery Field despite Crusaders being reduced to eleven players after Geraint Davies and Terry Martin were both sent out after 65 minutes. Just like last year Crusaders were drawn against Rochdale Hornets and for the third time were knocked out of a cup competition by them, this time losing 20–16 at Spotland. In the second year in the National League Two competition, Crusaders finished first with 60 points and were promoted. The campaign got off to a good start, an 18–42 away win against London Skolars on the Good Friday was backed up by a 68–0 win against Blackpool in front of an Easter Monday crowd of 2,805. In late April the club broke their margin of victory and points scored in one match records due to an 82–4 win over Swinton. The points scored in one match record was later broken again in the season after an 84–10 thrashing of Hunslet on 11 August. The club suffered just one defeat at home all season against Oldham on 4 May. It was the first ever National League Two match to be shown live on Sky Sports, and was also broadcast live on BBC Radio Wales; celebrating 100 years of rugby league in Wales as Oldham were the first visitors to the Principality back in September 1907 when they recorded a 25–6 win over Merthyr Tydfil. A club record attendance of 3441 watched Crusaders cruised into a 22–4 half-time lead, before eventually losing the match 26–34. The away match against Keighley was honoured in the same historical way as on the same day as the Merthyr/Oldham match in September 1907, Ebbw Vale made the twelve-hour train trip to Keighley to play their first ever rugby league match. League leaders Featherstone Rovers were beaten 36–28 at home and then on 9 June Crusaders beat another title-contending team in Barrow 26–14 in front of S4C as the match was broadcast live across Wales. It was the first rugby league match to ever be broadcast in Welsh. A week later the club suffered their last defeat of the campaign, 23–16 by Hunslet, before putting together a run of twelve consecutive victories to win the league. The title was secured just before the last match against Gateshead, as third placed Barrow beat second placed Featherstone Rovers 30–4. Over 100 Crusaders fan made the trip up to Gateshead to see the Crusaders lift the trophy. Progress was made off the pitch too. David Thompson announced that he had negotiated a deal between the Crusaders, Sky TV, the RFL, and S4C whereby Sky would surrender its rugby league exclusivity allowing S4C to televise live Crusader games. S4C commissioned Y Clwb Rygbi 13 programme in June, firstly covering the Crusaders versus Barrow match live and then continuing to broadcast nine matches overall in 2007 and 2008. In August the foundations were laid for an academy side for the 2008 season with the best players from the Welsh Conference league being picked for the team. Housebuilder Redrow Homes renewed their shirt sponsorship deal whilst a new branding of the club's logo, badge and jersey was announced on 3 December promoting a more progressive and modern image. After achieving promotion the team were nominated for the BBC Wales Sports Team of the Year award, but lost out to the New Saints. After leaving for Queensland at the end of the 2006 season, former coach Anthony Seibold returned to the club as Assistant Coach, operating alongside Kevin Ellis. See also: Crusaders Colts and 2009–11 Super League licences Despite the fact that the licensing process would determine which clubs would enter the newly expanded Super League, the Crusaders were still eager to make their mark in their new division and win the league title. A new team called the Crusaders Colts were set up to play in the Conference National division and provide a route for young Welsh players to get into the main Crusaders team. They were coached by Dan Clements and eventually came second in the league table, winning 15 out of 18 matches and beating Bramley Buffaloes 26–4 in the Grand Final. The club welcomed the news in February that the BBC were going to show their highlights programme The Super League Show across Wales throughout the forthcoming season. After a 28–6 pre-season friendly win against Harlequins RL, the Crusaders played their first match against the Sheffield Eagles and won 12–22. In a group which also featured Doncaster and London Skolars, the Crusaders finished top of the league, winning four out of five games, with a 14–18 loss against London being their only defeat. The home game against Doncaster was due to be played on 15 March but was cancelled due to waterlogged pitch and after some consideration the Rugby Football League announced that the game was not replayed because whatever the result it would not change the league table and thus affect any qualifying issues. The Crusaders also made it through to the Challenge Cup fourth round again, being drawn against Moscow Locomotive in a repeat fixture of the third round from 2006. This time the Russians were beaten 58–10, despite the match being 10–10 at one point. The National League One campaign got off to a great start with 14–12 victory over Dewsbury in front of a crowd of 1,618. However, in their second match a strong Sheffield Eagles team finished 25–6 winners at the Don Valley Stadium, breaking the Crusaders record of not having lost an away match since June 2007. The team bounced back with a 26–18 win over Halifax, who were at the time top of the league table, but again the team were unable to string together two wins together as a trip to Whitehaven ended in a 44–16 defeat. Halifax again provided the opposition in the first stage of the knockout rounds of the Championship Cup, after the Crusaders qualification from the group stages. The Crusaders started the match well with a try from Anthony Blackwood and controlled much of the game at the Shay. Two late tries by Halifax were not enough as the Crusaders progressed to the quarter final and a match against Widnes. In what was expected to be a fiercely competitive and close match, the Championship Cup holders were left shocked as the Crusaders ran riot resulting in a 50–18 final scoreline with seven different players all going over for tries. The semi-final was played on 14 June against the Salford City Reds travelling down to Brewery Field for the first time after being relegated from Super League the previous year. The Salford City Reds scored the first try and after 40 minutes had earned a 10–18 lead, which was quickly extended to 10–24 after the break. Two tries from the Crusaders were not enough as the Salford City Reds scored two tries in the final two minutes to comfortably win 20–36 and secure a place in the final against Doncaster. A good Championship Cup run could not be matched in the Challenge Cup as the club were drawn against Super League giants Leeds for the fourth round. The World Club Challenge champions were simply too strong for the Welshman with the match finishing a commendable 38–16 with Anthony Blackwood getting two tries and Mark Dalle Cort getting one in what was a solid performance. In the league though Crusaders built on their impressive start notching up six wins in seven games in the months of May and June. This included a narrow 14–16 victory away at Widnes, a 56–28 win over Batley and a crucial win over Featherstone Rovers on 2 May. A club record crowd of 6,152, including top Rugby League Football officials, watched Crusaders earn their fourth win in a row against Rovers as Jordan James, Anthony Blackwood, Damien Quinn and Tony Duggan scored tries to seal a 28–18 win. The only defeat in that period came against the Salford City Reds who snatched a 24–22 win at the Willows, Salford. However things turned bad for the Welshmen as all three of their matches in July ended in defeat. Featherstone avenged their Brewery Field defeat as they won 42–30 at Post Office Road, Whitehaven became the only club to do the double over the Crusaders during the season as the match at Brewery Field ended 22–26, and the Crusaders were also on the wrong end of a 30–22 scoreline against Batley, who were eventually to be relegated. The last four matches, all played in August, were critical for the Crusaders chances of being in the Grand Final, and stringing four wins together against the Sheffield Eagles, the Leigh Centurions, Halifax and the Salford City Reds earned the team second place in the league and a great chance to do just that. Crusaders were matched in the qualifying play-off against first placed Salford City Reds, who had secured their superior league position in a 10–20 victory over the team in the last match of the regular season. Crusaders therefore went into the match underdogs but came out storming with eight tries resulting in an 18–44 win and a place in the Grand Final at the Halliwell Jones Stadium in Warrington. Having lost the qualifying play-off match the Salford City Reds did not make the same mistake twice in the elimination play-off and once again would be Crusaders opponents for the fifth and final time this season. In the match, the Salford City Reds scored the first two tries, before Anthony Blackwood narrowed their lead as the team went into half-time losing 6–10. A resurgence occurred though as Crusaders scored three tries in the second half, but a Salford City Reds try and a late goal pushed the match into extra-time. By this time the Crusaders had run out of steam and the Salford City Reds scored three tries over the extra-time period to win the match 18–36. On 22 July the Rugby League Football granted the Celtic Crusaders a three-year licence from 2009 allowing the team to compete in Super League Europe, in what was the biggest event for the club since inception. Joining the Crusaders were the Salford City Reds and the original twelve teams of Super League which expanded the league to 14 teams. Controversially Widnes, Leigh, Halifax, Toulouse and Featherstone Rovers were the clubs who were not awarded a licence. The Crusaders were awarded a 'C' grade licence after varying factors such as stadium, finance, marketing, location, player strength and junior production were taken into account. With this result the club became only the third non-English side to participate in the league and the first side from Wales. For the rest of the season the club prepared for their top-flight debut, signing a new sponsorship deal with Brains Beer, and in November the team embarked a three-week training camp in Queensland. However it wasn't just the licence that propelled the Crusaders forward in 2008, the Super League trophy was brought to Bridgend and Cardiff in April with fans getting the chance to see it at shopping centres and schools, rugby league was introduced to Pembrokeshire for the first time, and just like in previous seasons various Crusaders players picked up individual awards and honours. 2009-2010: Super League The first season of Super League for the team was bitterly disappointing, as after three years of strong performances the Crusaders regularly struggled against the best teams in the country. Adding to the disappointment was the announcement by David Thompson, who had led the successful Super League application, that he was stepping down as chief executive to return to his legal career. Mike Turner, the club's Marketing Manager, was promoted to the position on a temporary basis and was later confirmed as a permanent appointment. and discontent as heavy rain forced Harlequins to cancel their match against Celtic Crusaders in what was due to be the club's only friendly match. Unofficially Super League was welcomed into Wales in January as Richard Lewis, the Rugby League Football Executive chairman, attended the Welsh Assembly's inaugural rugby league dinner at the Millennium Stadium. On the field the squad was bolstered by news that eight players had been granted visas just a week before the club's top-flight début as National League One Grand Finalists Tony Duggan, Josh Hannay, Mark Dalle Cort, Damien Quinn, Jace Van Dijk, Darren Mapp and new signings Australian Ryan O'Hara and Papua New Guinean Jason Chan flew to Wales. An early February start kicked off the new Super League season with the Crusaders against reigning champions Leeds Rhinos in freezing conditions at Headingley. The Rhinos scored four tries early on, before Luke Dyer scored the new team's first-ever try in Super League, but this could not be built upon as the match finished 28–6. A loss at the Salford City Reds a week later was followed by the opening home game at Bridgend versus Hull. A strong 5,200 crowd cheered their team into a 10–0 lead but Hull recovered, finishing with a 20–28 victory and leaving Crusaders with a three-game losing streak. The next match against St Helens provided a record 6,351 crowd but also went into the Super League record books as the lowest scoring match in its fourteen-year history as the Saints scraped through with a 0–4 scoring just the one try. Getting further into March, and then into April the Crusaders still found themselves searching for that illusive first win. A 27–22 away defeat by the Warrington Wolves caused the team to slump from 13th back down to 14th, the position in the table where they would stay for the rest of the season. It came as a surprise then that it was at Odsal, home of the Bradford Bulls, where the Crusaders finally got up and running with a 24–30 win. The team did well in establishing a 6–20 after 50 minutes, but the Bulls surged forward causing the Welshmen to cling onto a narrow 24–26 lead with two minutes to go before a second Luke Dyer secured the result. Unfortunately, the club were unable to capitalise on this win, as the Catalans Dragons proved too strong in the Crusaders first ever match with French opposition. In fact the Bradford match was one of the few high points in the season, a stark contrast to the previous three season. But in early June an injury-stricken side beat Wigan Warriors 22–16 at the Brewery Field to record a second win of the campaign. Although the scores were 16–16 late into the match, Peter Lupton drove into the corner to finish a memorable match in the club's history. A further two points were earned in July as four different try scorers helped the Crusaders to a 25–12 victory against the Salford City Reds. Before this, the team had largely been quite competitive despite the run of defeats, but the wheels came off as the side suffered a number of large defeats such as 34–0 against play-off challengers Catalans Dragons, 46–12 against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and a 0–68 thrashing against Leeds Rhinos in front of a Newport crowd of 5,597. The latter match thus goes down as the worst defeat in the club's history as eight different players scored 13 tries for Leeds. Despite getting just six points in the season this wasn't a record, as Workington Town in SLI, Huddersfield Giants in SLIII, Halifax in SLVIII and Leigh Centurions in SLX all ended up with less than six points. Crusaders Timeline July–December 2009 July 5: Leighton Samuels insists the club's future is safe. 9: UK Border Agency announce visa investigation. August 18: UK Border Agency announce that six players are illegally in Britain. 21: Confirmed that the club will move to Newport permanently for two years. 22: The club loses to Leeds Rhinos 0–68 in Newport in front of a crowd of 5597. September 3: Announced that the club will play at least one match in Wrexham for 2010. 13: The team lose their final game of the season against Castleford Tigers. 14: Coach John Dixon leaves the club after four seasons in charge. October 14: Brian Noble appointed new head coach November 2: The club are renamed to "Crusaders RL" and changes their logo. 8: Wales win the European Nations Cup in the final at Bridgend. 30: Club is ordered to pay £60,000 over visa irregularities. December 7: The club start negotiations with Wrexham consortium. 11: South Wales Scorpions given a Championship One place. 15: The club permanently move to Wrexham. On 9 July the club received word that it was subject to investigations by the UK Border Agency concerning problems over players visas. A statement released by the club announced that they were fully co-operating and that the investigation wasn't just concerning the recent season, but went back over a number of years. Despite all this coach John Dixon said that none of this was having any effect on players performances. However, on 18 August, a few days before the team would face Leeds Rhinos, it was announced that the club had violated visa regulations and six Australian players were asked to leave the country, with the club soon after terminating their contracts. Jace Van Dijk, Tony Duggan and Damien Quinn, who all joined the club in 2006, as well as Darren Mapp, Mark Dalle Cort, Josh Hannay who all joined the club in 2007, were banned from entering the country for 10 years. The Rugby Football League quickly demanded an explanation from the club, in an event that naturally landed a lot of bad publicity onto the club and the league, as the club were fined £60,000. This was not the only event that stained the club's inaugural Super League season, as it was widely reported that the club were under financial difficulties. At the start of the season owner Leighton Samuels predicted a massive future for the club and that this future was secure. A little later in the season he again clarified his commitment to the club insisting that there should be no fears over the club's financial position, with Super League bosses backing these reassurances, and Anthony Seibold saying that the club will not face extinction. The club then considered a move to Newport's Rodney Parade in a bid to attract more fans and to gain extra licence points as the stadium was much more developed then Brewery Field, the latter of which Leighton Samuels no longer owned after selling the ground. Despite claims that he was helping the club prepare for the 2010 season, Leighton Samuels decided to cut his losses sometime in December 2009 and withdrew his support for the club after three years. Coach John Dixon officially left the club on 14 September after the club's last match of the season against Castleford Tigers stating that he was disappointed to be leaving after three years at the helm but respected the chairman's decision. This was amongst background rumours that Brian Noble was to be appointed to replace him. On 14 October the rumours were proved to be true as Brian Noble became the second-ever head coach of the club, with former Welsh international Iestyn Harris and former Great Britain assistant Jon Sharp being given the jobs of assistant coaches. Then in early November the club announced that it would be dropping the "Celtic" from the name to sever ties with the old Celtic Warriors rugby union team, and that the club was now to be called "Crusaders Rugby League". Alongside this a new logo was announced featuring the Prince of Wales feathers. Finally on 15 December the saga was finished as the club announced that their new home would become the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham. After selling his share in the club to Geoff Moss of Wrexham FC, Leighton Samuels stated that a pot of money was needed if the Crusaders were to survive in Wales, and that the Rugby Football League were not visionaries and did not support the club enough financially. However the RFL, alongside Geoff Moss and Wrexham FC chief executive Paul Retout were delighted with the decision. As was Brian Noble who could finally get down to signing new players for the season, as he had been unable to sign anyone in his first two months in charge due to the complications of where the team would be based. The club were keen to move on after the previous month's fiasco insisting they would be competitive for the new season which would start with a home tie against Leeds. New players were brought into the squad such as Michael Witt, Rocky Trimarchi, and Gareth Raynor. However, the squad was also bolstered with new young Welsh players like Elliot Kear, Lewis Mills and Lloyd White. Crusaders reached the Super League play-offs; going out in the first round at Huddersfield Giants. On 12 November 2010, the Crusaders were placed into administration due to "inherited debt". 2011: Administration and liquidation The club suffered a six-point deduction for going into administration at the end of the previous season. In 2011 the Crusaders initially applied to continue their Super League licence for the 2012–15 period, but on 26 July 2011, they announced they had withdrawn their application. The club's owners, Geoff Moss and Ian Roberts pulled out stating that they were not able to fund the side anymore, which eventually led to the club being wound up in September. Attendances were down on the 2010 season. Crusaders bowed out of Super League with a 42–10 defeat at Wigan Warriors. Crusaders were offered a position in the Co-operative Championship 1 for the 2012 season by the RFL with their request to join at Co-operative Championship level having been turned down; a rival bid from Wrexham-based Glyndwr Chargers was withdrawn. Crusaders took their place in the Championship 1 as North Wales Crusaders. Colours and badge Colours The club's colours were black and gold, inspired by the Flag of St David. The blue and white colours of the change strip were the same as the club colours of Bridgend RFC. For the 2009 season, the club used a red and white away strip, colours associated with Welsh national teams. Badge Celtic Warriors, 2004–05Celtic Crusaders, 2008–09Crusaders Rugby League, 2010–11 The club's first badge was used between its founding in 2005 and 2008. The badge featured the Flag of Saint David on a shield. A ribbon around the bottom of the shield bore the motto Oderint dum metuant (Latin for "Let them hate, so long as they fear"), which is attributed to the Roman tragic poet, Lucius Accius and later became famous as a saying of the Emperor Caligula. Above and below the shield were the world "Celtic" and "Crusaders Rugby League Club" respectively. The Crusaders' next badge was adopted following the 2007 season. David Thompson, the then chief executive commented, "The new badge is modern, progressive and business-friendly. Our Welsh identity is prominent as ever through the gold and black Flag of St David which still provides the colours of our home strip". The round badge, ringed with "Celtic Crusaders", features a warrior holding a sword and a shield with the Flag of St David on it, in the background are two Celtic knots. The badge bears striking similarity to the badge intended for use during the Celtic Warriors' unplayed 2004/05 season. The club have revealed a new logo ready for use in the 2010 season. The badge, inspired by the Prince of Wales's feathers, has three white feathers adorning the centre of a disc with the Flag of St David on. To the left and right of the feathers, the words "Rugby" and "League" appear on the disc. Beneath the feathers is written "Crusaders". The logo was created by Matthew Haselden a designer based in the midlands. Stadiums 2005-2009: Brewery Field Main article: Brewery Field For four seasons Brewery Field was the home of the Crusaders, from 2006 to 2009. It is located in Bridgend, South Wales and the first match ever played there was against Harlequins Academy on 29 January 2006, however, the first competitive fixture was against London Skolars on 5 March 2006. It is the twelfth largest stadium in Wales, and in 2009 was the smallest stadium in Super League, with a capacity of 8,000. The ground was built in 1920 and is now home to Bridgend Ravens rugby union and Bridgend football clubs. The club played a total of 58 matches at Brewery Field, including the club's first-ever Super League game against Hull. A game against Huddersfield Giants in Super League XIV was the last ever time the team played at Brewery Field on 5 September 2009. 2010-2011: The Racecourse Main article: Racecourse Ground The Racecourse Ground Stadium, Wrexham The Racecourse Ground is located in Wrexham in North Wales and is the official home of the Crusaders and where most matches are played. The club moved to the ground in 2010, in time for the start of the Super League XV season. The first Crusaders match ever played there was against Leeds Rhinos on 29 January 2010, and that match is also the highest attendance for a Crusaders match played in Wrexham. With a capacity of 15,500 it is the largest ground in North Wales, the fifth largest in the whole of Wales, and the seventh-largest in Super League. It was first built in 1807 and first played host to Wrexham's "Town Purse" horse race. Crowd trouble stopped the horse racing and in 1864 it became home to Wrexham Association Football Club with the club now owning the ground. The Wales national rugby league team have played there once against Italy. The ground has four stands: The Mold Road Stand, The Eric Roberts Stand, The Kop and The Yale. Crusaders have played a total of 12 games at The Racecourse. Players Main article: List of Crusaders Rugby League players Coaches Last updated on 1 November 2011 Name Nat. Tenure Matches won % Super League won $ Nat. League 1 Won % Nat. League 2 Won % Chall. Cup Won % Champ. Cup Won % John Dixon October 2005 – 14 September 2009 69/123 56 3/27 11 13/20 65 33/46 72 3/7 43 17/23 74 Brian Noble 14 October 2009 – 7 November 2010 13/30 43 12/28 43 – – – – 1/2 50 – – Iestyn Harris 8 November 2010 – 1 October 2011 – – – – – – – – – – – – Support Having been the only top tier rugby league team in Wales the Crusaders have pockets of supporters all around the country, but particularly in the Glamorgan and Wrexham areas where the team had regularly played matches. The club generally attracted 5000 supporters to home matches, and whilst a low away support has been criticised around 1000 fans made the trip up to Yorkshire to see the Crusaders face the Huddersfield Giants in the Super League XV Play-offs. The club had stated that they want to expand their presence into other areas of North Wales other than Wrexham. Television presence in the form of S4C, BBC Sport and more recently Sky Sports has enabled people all over the United Kingdom to watch live matches, whilst regional coverage regularly follows the Crusaders in news bulletins. Newspapers in Wales have supported the Crusaders since formation such as the Western Mail, South Wales Echo, South Wales Evening Post and Y Cymro in the south of the country; and The Leader and The Flintshire Chronicle in the north of the country. The Crusaders Rugby League Supporters Club was formed in 2010 to provide a link between the club and fans, and replaced the old Celtic Crusaders Supporters Club that had branches in Cardiff, Newport, West Wales and Manchester amongst others. The club has also had various groups of supporters form their own rugby league teams such as the Celtic Crusaders Vagabonds who played in the Isle of Man and the Celtic Barbarians based in Wrexham. The club has several notable fans like Welsh rugby union international Gavin Henson, TNA wrestler Rob Terry, Plaid Cymru politician Janet Ryder and Carwyn Jones, the First Minister of Wales. Online the club had their own Facebook page, whilst fans generally used the Crusaders Til I Die or Red Passion forums to talk about the club, the latter of which is a Wrexham FC forum but which had a Crusaders board and large contingent of Crusaders supporters. Academy Like all other Super League clubs, the Crusaders ran several teams as part of their academy system that operate under the main team and provide a route into it. The Reserve team were formed in 2006 and played friendly matches for two years before eventually being replaced by the Crusaders Colts, as part of a joint-development programme between the club and the Wales Rugby League board. The team played in the Conference National division in 2008, the fourth tier of rugby league, finishing second in the league table and beating Bramley Buffaloes in the Grand Final. Due to the club's promotion into Super League, the team dropped their Colts name and joined the Super League Reserve League for 2009. In their first match they beat Leeds Rhinos 48–40, but could only achieve two more victories in the season, against Castleford Tigers and Hull KR. All the reserves team's matches for the 2009 season were played at Old Parish in Maesteg. The move to Wrexham in 2010 coincided with the formation of the South Wales Scorpions, for whom many of the reserve side ended up playing and who maintain strong links with the Crusaders. Despite currently no longer having a reserve side, there are plans for a team to be formed in North Wales in the future. The Crusaders under-18 side were formed for the 2008–2009 Gillette National Youth League Winter season, winning the league in their first season and finishing fifth in their second, whilst still being based in South Wales. In 2009 the club's first under-16 side was set up, and in 2010 an under-15 team was added to this scholarship programme. The Crusaders also have four development squads based in Bridgend, Cardiff/Newport, Merthyr Tydfil and Swansea/Port Talbot that consist of juniors aged 12–16. Crusaders also have a junior team playing in the Gillette National Youth League under the name North Wales Crusaders. Seasons See also: List of North Wales Crusaders seasons Year Competition Pos. Pts. Pld. H. Win H. Draw H. Loss A. Win A. Draw A. Loss For Agst. Diff. Win % 2006 National League Two 3rd 29 22 8 0 3 6 1 4 730 387 +343 64 2007 National League Two 1st 60 22 10 0 1 9 0 2 918 345 +573 86 2008 National League One 2nd 40 18 8 0 1 4 0 5 511 391 +120 67 2009 Super League 14th 6 27 2 0 10 1 0 14 357 874 −517 11 2010 Super League 8th 24 27 7 0 6 5 0 9 547 732 −185 44 2011 Super League 14th 8 27 527 857 −330 Honours National League One: Runners-up: 2008 National League Two: Champions: 2007 Records Main article: Crusaders Rugby League statistics and records Records table last updated 10 October 2010 Criteria Scoreline Rival Venue Date Biggest winning margin 82–4 Swinton Lions Brewery Field 28 April 2007 Biggest losing margin 0–68 Leeds Rhinos Rodney Parade 22 August 2009 Most points scored 84–10 Hunslet Hawks Brewery Field 11 August 2007 Most points conceded 0–68 Leeds Rhinos Rodney Parade 22 August 2009 See also North Wales Crusaders Celtic Warriors List of Crusaders Rugby League players Crusaders Rugby League statistics and records References Bibliography Gate, Robert (1986). Gone North. R. Gate. ISBN 0-9511190-0-1. Golden, Ian (2000). A Welsh Crusade. London League Publications Limited. ISBN 1-903659-47-7. Lush, Peter; Farrar, Dave (1998). Tries in the Valleys. London League Publications Limited. ISBN 0-9526064-3-7. Notes ^ "CRUSADERS APPLY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "IESTYN HARRIS GETS CRUSDADERS JOB \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b "Crusaders 2005 Season Summary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Woods, Dave (22 March 2005). "BBC Sport – Welsh Club Could Win Pro Call Up". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Bramley Buffaloes – History". Bramleybuffs.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "BBC Sport – Welsh Side Join Pro League Ranks". BBC News. 22 June 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ The Rugby Network – Celtic Crusaders Launched. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Yorkshire Post – Admission Of A New Club. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ The Times – Sport In Brief. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Huddersfield Daily Examiner – Celtic Crusaders. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ The Telegraph – New Frontiers. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ The Times – Battling Broncos Share Points. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ The Guardian – Crusaders Looking Up. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ "Aberavon Fighting Irish". Aberavonfightinirishrl.moonfruit.com. 23 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "BBC Sport – Crusaders Share Spoils on Debut". BBC News. 29 January 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "BBC Sport – Crusaders Eager For Season Start". BBC News. 3 December 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders Start Life on the Road". BBC News. 3 January 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b "Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Glamorgan Gazette – Meet Tony Duggan. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders RL – February 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders RL – January 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b "Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Home Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Home Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ a b "Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ a b c "Crusaders RL – 2006 Season Review". Crusadersrfl.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders RL – March 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Moscow Locomotive – Honours". Rclm.ru. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Moscow Locomotive CC Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets NR Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Workington Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars NL Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders RL – April 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet Hawks on the Road Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Cougars on the road match report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Sheffield Eagles Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone Rovers Home Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ September 2006 Sheffield Eagles – Play-Off Match Report Archived 12 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Shaffield Eagles PO Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Swinton Lions PO Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Latham, Mike (9 October 2006). "Eagles Take Off in Final". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "History". Dewsbury Rams. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders RL – September 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b c "Crusaders RL – October 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b "Crusaders RL – May 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ a b "Crusaders RL – June 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ RFL Bulletin 40 – Extra Special P22 Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ Cymru RL – Brynteg High Reaches Final Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ "Evans Twins Sign For Wolves". This Is Cheshire. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Cymru RL Board – Warrington Sign Two From Brynteg". Cymrurl.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Cymru RL – Brynteg Fail To Reclaim Trophy Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Wales Online – Eyes On Future. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ The Guardian – Crusaders Unveil New Signings. Retrieved 28 August 2010. ^ Wales On Sunday – From Brisbane To Bridgend. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders RL – January 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ South Wales Echo – Davies In League With Celts. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ a b "Crusaders RL – February 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Wales On Sunday – RAF Back Crusaders. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Glamorgan Gazette – Ready For The Big Time. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Glamorgan Gazette – Ready To Put Down Roots. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – New Season Posters. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Home Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Crusaders Til I Die – London NRC Home Match Report(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – London NRC Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Leigh NRC Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders RL – Leigh NRC Home Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Away Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet NRC Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Halifax NRC QF Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ The Guardian – Crusaders Prepare For Rough Ride Against Broncos. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ Wales On Sunday – Darren Ready To Put The Golden Boot In. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "BBC Sport – Crusaders Set Up Broncos Friendly". BBC News. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ The Free Library – Big Demand To See Broncos At Brewery Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Brisbane Broncos Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Brisbane Broncos – Broncos Overcome Plucky Crusaders Retrieved 28 August 2010. ^ Last Tackle – Celtic Versus Brisbane. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ The Guardian – Lockyer Has Broncos Bucking. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ Hadfield, Dave (16 February 2007). "Crusaders Commitment Fails To Rein in Broncos". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ South Wales Echo – Crusaders Get Taste Of Big Time. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Eastmoor Dragons CC Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders RL – 2007 Season Review". Crusadersrfl.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – London National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Blackpool National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Western Mail – Celtic Cruise It. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Wales On Sunday – Crusaders Crowd. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Wales On Sunday – Leagues Top Up. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Merthyr Express – Wildcats Are On Their Way. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Oldham National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ Western Mail – Crusaders Let It Slip. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ South Wales Echo – Crusaders Pay Heavy Price. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Wales On Sunday – The Good Old Days Are Back. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Western Mail – Win Target For The Crusaders. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Barrow National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "BBC Sport – Oldham Versus CC". BBC News. 29 August 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "BBC Sport – Celtic Close on Championship". BBC News. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Last Tackle – Oldham Versus Celtic. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ Last Tackle – National League Previews. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ^ "Crusaders RL – July 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders Til I Die – Gateshead National League Two Match Report". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.(registration required) ^ "BBC Sport – Gateshead 16–60 CC". BBC News. 9 September 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Western Mail – S4C Tries Rugby League. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ League Unlimited – Crusaders To Be Screened Live Archived 13 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ S4C – Y Clwb Rygbi 13. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ S4C – A Crusade For Super League Archived 13 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – August 2007 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – October 2007 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Calzaghe Claims Award. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – December 2007 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 August 2010. ^ BBC Sport – SL Set To Expand. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2008 Season Archived 7 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ League Unlimited – Crusaders And WRL Head New Initiative Archived 13 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Cymru RL – Crusaders Colts Setup Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ "Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts". Crusadersrfl.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders RL – February 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Cymru RL – Conference Players Help Secure Crusaders Win Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – March 2008 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 September 2010. ^ Crusaders Til I Die – Moscow Locomotive CC. Retrieved 10 September 2010.(registration required) ^ Crusaders Til I Die – Dewsbury Rams H. Retrieved 10 September 2010.(registration required) ^ BBC Sport – Halifax 24–30 Crusaders. Retrieved 9 September 2010. ^ Crusaders Til I Die – Salford NRC Semi. Retrieved 10 September 2010.(registration required) ^ Crusaders Til I Die – Leeds Rhinos CC. Retrieved 10 September 2010.(registration required) ^ BBC Sport Crusaders 18–36 Salford. Retrieved 12 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – September 2008 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – November 2008 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – April 2008 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – June 2008 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – February 2009 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Wales And West – Pre-Season Friendly Called Off. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Quins Cancel Friendly. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – January 2009 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ The Courier – Issue 7. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Chan Signs To Crusaders. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Visa Issues. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Visa clearance boosts Crusaders. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Global Visas – Crusaders Win UK Visas Archived 6 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Celtic Crusaders Absentees. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Wales And West – Dixon Super Confident Of Future. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ The Observer – Tickle Spoils Crusaders Home Debut. Retrieved 1 October 2010. ^ Wales Online – Crusaders Face Visa Questioning. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Guardian – Visa Irregularities. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Visa Probe No Distraction. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Telegraph – Six Crusaders To Be Deported. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Daily Mirror – Six Stars Deported. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Six Crusaders To Be Deported. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Daily Express – Crusaders Deported. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Guardian – RFL Seek Explanation. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Crusaders An Easy Target. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Crusaders Face £60,000 Fine. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Samuels Says Crusaders Are Here To Stay. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Crusaders Given Future Assurance. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – League Backs Troubled Crusaders. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Times – Crusaders Consider Move To Newport. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ Western Mail – Warrington Too Strong. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Guardian – Lack Of Backing Leaves Crusaders To Head North. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Dixon Leaves Crusaders. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ This Is South Wales – Dixon Exits Crusaders Archived 5 May 2013 at archive.today. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Dixon Quiet On Future. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ Western Mail – Noble Takes Over At Celtic. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Llanelli Star – Crusaders Look Likely To Welcome Noble Archived 12 September 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Harris Calls Time On Career. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Yorkshire Post – Iestyn Retires To Join Crusaders. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Llanelli Star – Crusaders Sign Up Iestyn As Coach Archived 5 May 2013 at archive.today. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Pontefract And Castleford Express – Harris Leaves Featherstone. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Surrey Herald – Crusaders Set For Noble And Sharp Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Hull Daily Mail – Sharp Set For Celtic Appointment. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Noble Unveiled As Crusaders Coach. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Independent – Crusaders Snap Up Noble To Boost Fortunes. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ The Mirror – Noble Given Two Years To Save Crusaders. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ View London – Noble Appointed Crusaders Boss. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ London Evening Standard – Noble Focuses On New Recruits. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ LastTackle – Just What Celtic Need. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ The Telegraph – Celtic Crusaders Coach Brian Noble. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ UK Net Guide – Crusaders Name Noble As New Coach Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Noble Pledges Fresh Start Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ Llanelli Star – Noble Takes Over From Dixon. Retrieved 7 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Crusaders Drop 'Celtic' Name. Retrieved 4 November 2009. ^ Guardian – Crusaders End Speculation By Finding New Home In Wrexham. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ North Wales Daily Post – Crusaders Move To WFC's Racecourse Is Confirmed Archived 3 August 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ In The News – Move To North Wales Complete Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ BBC Sport – Crusaders Complete Move To Wrexham FC. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ Super League – Crusaders Complete Move Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Western Mail – Geoff Moss Looks For Boost. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ The Guardian – League Needs A Pot Of Gold To Succeed In Wales. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ Super League – Bright Future In Wales Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Wrexham FC – Crusaders Find A New Home Archived 13 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Guardian – Noble To Launch Shopping Spree. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Guardian – Celtic Add Michael Witt To Squad. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ South Wales Echo – First Signing Tommy Lee. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Metro – Lee Moves To Crusaders. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Sharp Work For Crusaders. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ South Wales Echo – Crusaders In Pledge On New Season. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Crusaders Capture Aussie Duo. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Crusaders Capture Trimarchi. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Crusaders Sign Raynor. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ Sky Sports – Harris Backing Crusaders. Retrieved 7 November 2010. ^ "BBC Sport – Crusaders are placed in administration". BBC News. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "Crusaders face uncertain future after Super League exit". BBC Sport. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011. ^ a b c Ian Golden (12 July 2007). "New look for Crusaders". League Unlimited. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2009. ^ 12 Super League matches, nine National League One matches, four Championship Cup in 2008, one Challenge Cup in 2008, one friendly versus Harlequins in 2008, 11 National League Two matches in 2007, 3 Championship Cup matches in 2007, one Challenge Cup match in 2007, one friendly versus Brisbane Broncos, nine National League Two matches in 2006, four Championship Cup matches in 2006, one Challenge Cup match in 2006, one friendly versus Harlequins in 2006. A match against Doncaster on 15 March 2007 was due to be played at the Brewery Field but was postponed and never got replayed. ^ Rugby League Project – Celtic Versus Hull 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2010. ^ Rugby League Project – Celtic Versus Huddersfield 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2010. ^ BBC News – Old Stadium Claims World Record. Retrieved 5 September 2010. ^ Wrexham FC – The Racecourse Archived 21 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 September 2010. ^ Wales Directory – The Racecourse. Retrieved 5 September 2010. ^ The Racecourse Wrexham – About Us Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 September 2010. ^ As of 5 September 2010, the end of the regular 2010 SL season. ^ Crusaders RL – February 2010 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ a b Crusaders RL – April 2007 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 12 September 2010. ^ Celtic Barbarians – Home Archived 15 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 12 September 2010. ^ The Guardian – Gavin Henson Crusaders. Retrieved 17 February 2010. ^ Crusaders MySpace – Friends. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ Janet Ryder – Blog. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ Labour – Carwyn Jones. Retrieved 22 March 2010. ^ League News – Make Wales Proud Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 12 September 2010. ^ Facebook – Celtic Crusaders. Retrieved 12 September 2010. ^ Crusaders Til I Die – Crusaders Chat. Retrieved 12 September 2010.(registration required) ^ Red Passion Forum – Crusaders Rugby. Retrieved 12 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2006/2007 Reserve Friendlies Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Overview Archived 14 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Regular Season 1 Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Regular Season 2 Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Grand Final Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Play-Offs Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2009 Reserve Regular Season 1 Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2009 Reserve Season Overview Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – 2009 Reserve Regular Season 2 Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ South Wales Scorpions – History Archived 2 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – Reserve Team Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – U18 08/09 Season Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – U18 08/09 Season Grand Final Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – U18 09/10 Season Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – U18 Team Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – Scholarship Teams Archived 8 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ Crusaders RL – Development Squads Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crusaders Rugby League. Crusaders official website (archived) Crusaders announcement vteCrusaders Founded in 2005; Dissolved in 2011 Was based in Wrexham, Wales The Club History Records Honours Players Coaches Home grounds Brewery Field Racecourse Ground League Super League Honours 2007 National League Two Champions Seasons 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Culture First ever Welsh team in Super League Affiliation Rugby Football League (2005) vteSuper LeagueCurrent teams Castleford Tigers Catalans Dragons Huddersfield Giants Hull F.C. Hull Kingston Rovers Leeds Rhinos Leigh Leopards London Broncos Salford Red Devils St Helens Warrington Wolves Wigan Warriors Former teams Bradford Bulls Crusaders Gateshead Thunder Halifax Panthers Oldham Bears Paris Saint Germain Sheffield Eagles Toronto Wolfpack Toulouse Olympique Wakefield Trinity Widnes Vikings Workington Town Seasons 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Season results 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Grand Finals 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Major events World Club Series (World Club Challenge) Magic Weekend Super 8s Play-offs Grand Final International Origin Awards Albert Goldthorpe Medal League Leaders' Shield Man of Steel Awards Harry Sunderland Trophy Rob Burrow Award Super League Dream Team Fair Play Index Woman of Steel Related articles Rugby Football League Championship Super League Records Super League war Super League Show Licensing 2009–11 2012–14 Quota players Players with 100+ tries Players with 1,000+ points List of venues Women's Super League vteRugby league in WalesFederation: Wales Rugby League National teams: Welsh national team results Wales women's national rugby league team Wales A Other Nationalities Wheelchair national team International competitions: Rugby League World Cup Home Nations Championship Rugby League European Cup Domestic competitions: Welsh Conference North Wales Conference Challenge Cup League 1 Professional clubs North Wales Crusaders Celtic Crusaders South Wales Scorpions West Wales Raiders Domestic teams Blackwood Bulldogs Bonymaen Broncos Borderer Boars Bridgend Blue Bulls Cardiff Demons Conwy Celts Dee Valley Dragons Dyffryn Devils Flintshire Falcons Prestatyn and Rhyl Panthers Torfaen Tigers Titans RLFC Valley Cougars Wrexham Bradley Raiders Sports portal Wales portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Wales Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Crusaders"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"National League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"},{"link_name":"National League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"North Wales Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Crusaders"},{"link_name":"Championship 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brewery Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery_Field"},{"link_name":"Racecourse Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Ground"},{"link_name":"Iestyn Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iestyn_Harris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the new North Wales Crusaders rugby league team, see North Wales Crusaders.Crusaders Rugby League (Welsh: Croesgadwyr Rygbi'r Gynghrair) was a professional rugby league club based in Bridgend and later in Wrexham, Wales. They played for six seasons in the Rugby Football League competitions, including three years in the Super League from 2009 to 2011.Founded as Celtic Crusaders in 2005 initially based in Bridgend, the club played in National League Two from 2006 to 2007 and in National League One in 2008. In 2009 they were awarded a Super League licence, and in 2010 they moved from Bridgend to Wrexham in North Wales, and dropped \"Celtic\" from their name. After three years in the Super League, on 26 July 2011 the club announced they were withdrawing their application to remain in the league for the 2012–15 seasons. They disbanded after the 2011 season, and were succeeded by a new club, North Wales Crusaders, in Championship 1 in 2012.[1] They played their home matches at Brewery Field then the Racecourse Ground.The Crusaders won the National League Two championship in 2007. Their last coach was Iestyn Harris.[2]","title":"Crusaders Rugby League"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Mid-Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC"},{"link_name":"Bridgend RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Ravens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_2005_Season_Summary-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_2005_Season_Summary-3"},{"link_name":"Leighton Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Samuel"}],"sub_title":"2003-2004: Celtic Warriors","text":"In the summer of 2003, the WRU voted to reduce the top tier of Welsh professional rugby union from nine clubs into five regions. The Celtic Warriors officially represented the Mid-Glamorgan Valleys area, which in practice meant that they were a combination of Pontypridd RFC and Bridgend RFC.The admission of the Celtic Crusaders is recognition of the progress that the sport is making in Wales.\nWe now have a strong grass roots presence in Wales with rugby league being played in schools as well as the formation of junior teams.\nThe impressive progress delivered by the seven Welsh clubs playing in the Conference has given rugby league a solid base of adult players and Wales has a worldwide reputation as a rugby-playing nation.\nThe Crusaders come into professional rugby league playing out of the excellent Brewery Field Stadium in Bridgend and having lodged a robust business plan with the RFL.\n\n\n– Richard Lewis, RFL Executive chairman, 2005.[3]We're elated by our admission to Rugby League. We feel that the time is right for professional Rugby League in South Wales. For the first time an infrastructure is in place with so much junior development of the sport taking place as well as the successful Conference division. Our aim is to reach Super League and we realise that the hard work has just started for us. We shall also be representing South Wales in Rugby League and we take that seriously.\n\n\n– Chris O'Callaghan, Celtic Crusaders chief executive, 2005.[3]Financial problems at Pontypridd RFC led to the sale of their half of the Warriors to Bridgend RFC owner Leighton Samuel, which he gave to the WRU. He then later sold his half to the WRU who in Summer 2004 decided to liquidate the club.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_Welsh_Premier"},{"link_name":"Rugby League Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brewery Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery_Field"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kevin Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ellis_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"John Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dixon_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend Blue Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Blue_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Aberavon Fighting Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_Fighting_Irish"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celticcrusaders.proboards.com-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celticcrusaders.proboards.com-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_2006_Season_Review-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Rail Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rail_Cup"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"},{"link_name":"London Skolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Skolars"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Moscow Locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_2006_Season_Review-27"},{"link_name":"Workington Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_Town"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Hunslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Talbot Athletic Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Athletic_Ground"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Old Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parish"},{"link_name":"Maesteg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maesteg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Featherstone Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstone_Rovers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Don Valley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Valley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton_Lions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_2006_Season_Review-27"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"National League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"},{"link_name":"National League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_October_2006-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_May_2006-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_October_2006-47"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"link_name":"Hull Kingston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_June_2006-49"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_May_2006-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_June_2006-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_October_2006-47"}],"sub_title":"2005-2006: Celtic Crusaders","text":"After the success of clubs in the Welsh Premier division of the Rugby League Conference, a South Wales team was mooted to join a professional league in March 2005,[4] as the National League Two division was due to be restructured and expanded for the 2006 season. The demise of the Celtic Warriors team and backing by businessman Leighton Samuel gave an opportunity for a team to be based in Bridgend, however Coventry Bears and Bramley Buffaloes, who reached the National League Three Grand Final,[5] also wanted a place in National League Two. The initial plan to re-use the 'Celtic Warriors' name was abandoned in favour of 'Celtic Crusaders' which had been considered by the rugby union franchise. They were to play their home games at Brewery Field and games were planned to be held at Sardis Road as well. The Rugby Football League admitted the Celtic Crusaders club; now with badge, ground, website and shareholders; on 22 June 2005 during a meeting in Salford.[6][7][8][9][10][11] On 3 July, Super League teams London Broncos and Hull FC fought out a 24-all draw at the Brewery Field, drumming up 3775 fans to watch the game as part of London's on the road home games whilst their ground was being redeveloped.[12]The rest of 2005 was spent preparing for the upcoming season.[13] On 13 November, Kevin Ellis was appointed Assistant Coach and a few days later on 16 November Anthony Seibold was appointed Fitness and Conditioning Coach. By the end of November coach John Dixon had completed his squad, drawn heavily from Bridgend Blue Bulls and Aberavon Fighting Irish clubs.[14]The club were due to play their first match against Super League giants St. Helens, but due to the team being in the World Club Challenge competition, a Harlequins RL Academy side provided the opposition for the club's inaugural match. The friendly ended in a 22–22 draw.[15] Originally the club were to play their first competitive match at home,[16] but their first three Northern Rail Cup games during February; against Hemel Stags, St Albans Centurions and London Skolars respectively; were switched as away games at the request from Hemel.[17] The game against Hemel was won convincingly by the Crusaders 50–10[18] with Tony Duggan being the first player to score a try for the Welsh franchise[19] (with Ryan O'Kelly being the first Welshman to score a try), and Jace Van Dijk was rewarded with the first Man of the Match award.[20] Crusaders Academy played their first match against London Harlequins Academy on 29 January.[21]In the group stages of the Northern Rail Cup the Celtic Crusaders won all of their six games,[18][22][23][24][25][26] scoring 374 points and conceding just 44.[27] With an average of 62 points scored per match the Crusaders set the record for most points scored in a Northern Rail Cup group, beating the Salford City Reds' 58-points per game in 2003.[26] Included in this winning run was the club's first home match, against London Skolars, where 1,021 people were in attendance to see the 78–14 victory.[24]Crusaders also entered into the Challenge Cup and were drawn against Russian team Moscow Locomotive for Round 3 of the competition.[28] They were reigning Russian Championship and Russian Cup champions[29] and it was one of the few times that in the cup competition's long history that two non-English sides had been drawn together. However, in a match where the pitch was covered in snow the Welsh team raced into a 30–4 lead at half-time, and the match eventually finished 64–4.[30] Round 4 provided much tougher opponents as the Crusaders were handed an away tie with National League One side Rochdale Hornets. Just three weeks after the Moscow match, on 1 April the team suffered their first ever defeat as Hornets won 32–8 and Crusaders were thus eliminated from the 2006 Challenge Cup.[31] Rochdale Hornets again provided the opposition in the next round of the Northern Rail Cup and again they won, this time the match finished 6–34 at the Brewery Field.[32]For their first season in the National League Two competition the side performed very well finishing third out of twelve teams, earning 29 points.[27] The team scored 730 points and conceded 387. Workington Town were the opposition for the first match and surprisingly Crusaders won 18–50, ending Workington's 23-month unbeaten home record.[33] London Skolars were brushed away with a 70–0 victory in front of 634 fans in Crusaders' first home match of the league campaign, with centre Carl De Chenu scoring four tries.[34] The club had decided prior to the season to take two home fixtures to other parts of South Wales,[35] the first of which was a 36–18 win over Hunslet watched by 415 people at Talbot Athletic Ground in Aberavon.[36] In early June, Keighley went down 58–18 at Old Parish in Maesteg in the second on the road match.[37] It was in their third week that Crusaders lost only their second match of 2006, narrowly being beaten 22–20 in a Monday night match against the Sheffield Eagles.[38] The club were involved in one draw during the whole season, a 30–30 tie away to Keighley in May.[39] After several key matches,[citation needed][citation needed] in the last game of the campaign the Celtic Crusaders secured a vital 14–11 win against Featherstone Rovers on 10 September meaning they finished third overall on points difference, whilst Featherstone who also earned 29 points finished fourth.[citation needed][40] This set up a play-off match against second-placed team; the Sheffield Eagles, which was lost 26–16 at the Don Valley Stadium.[41][42] A final elimination match against Swinton proved to be the team's last match of the season as the Lions won 26–27 after 91 seconds of Golden Point extra time.[27][43] Sheffield beat Swinton in the final[44] meaning them and Dewsbury Rams, who finished top of the table, were promoted.[45]Throughout the year the club were boosted by player and local achievements. At various times in the year Celtic Crusaders players made it into the National League Two Team of the Month, whilst full-back Tony Duggan and stand-off Jace Van Dijk were both nominated for National League Two Player of the Year,[46] with the latter eventually picking up the honour in October.[47] Tony Duggan was later confirmed as the top try-scorer from all three British leagues for 2006. Hooker Lloyd O'Connor was picked for the Great Britain Students side that toured Australia.[48] whilst a further six players made it into the Wales national team that faced Scotland.[47] During June coach Dixon signed three Welsh internationals, Gareth Dean from Carcassonne, Aled James from the Sheffield Eagles and Gareth Price from the Hull Kingston Rovers.[citation needed][49] At the end of the season Welsh international Anthony Blackwood was signed from Halifax. In May, Brynteg High School in Bridgend reached the Powergen Champions School Final for the second year in a row after beating a Wigan school,[48][50][51] but lost the final.[52][53][54]Some changes at the club also occurred during the year. On 8 June chief executive Chris O'Callaghan resigned after 13 months in the job, during which he was highly important in forming the club and getting them into the professional leagues.[49] At the end of the season influential first ever captain Michael Ryan returned to his native Australia for personal reasons.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_Crusaders_test.jpg"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Davies_(rugby,_born_1962)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_February_2007-60"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"St Athan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Athan"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Widnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Centurions"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_February_2007-60"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Hunslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"NRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRL"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Spotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotland_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Easter Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton_Lions"},{"link_name":"Hunslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Thunder"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Y Clwb Rygbi 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Clwb_Rygbi"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Welsh Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Conference"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"the New Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Saints"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Crusaders Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders_Colts"},{"link_name":"2009–11 Super League licences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9311_Super_League_licences"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Bramley Buffaloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley_Buffaloes"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury_Rams"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Whitehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehaven_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"the Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shay"},{"link_name":"Widnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Salford City Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Batley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Featherstone Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstone_Rovers"},{"link_name":"the Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Willows,_Salford"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford"},{"link_name":"Post Office Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Road"},{"link_name":"Halliwell Jones Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliwell_Jones_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"2007-2008: Promotion and Super League licence","text":"A Crusaders game in 2008The season was crucial for the Crusaders, as to fulfill their aim of applying for a Super League licence for the 2009 season,[55] the team would have to be playing in the National League One in 2008, and thus had to be promoted this season.[56][57] Leighton Samuel brought in his solicitor, David Thompson, as chief executive of the club to oversee the application for Super League. In January both Jace Van Dijk and John Dixon finished second in the National League Two Player of the Year and National League Two Coach of the Year categories respectively at the TotalRL Fan Awards.[58] Just before the start of the season it was announced that Welsh former player Jonathan Davies had been appointed Honorary President of the club,[59] and that he would be attending matches throughout the year.[60] The club also announced that they were moving their training ground to the RAF's St Athan base,[61] beating off competition from Cardiff City who also wanted to use the facilities;[62] and that Frenchman Thibault Giroud had been appointed as new fitness coach.[63]Like last year, Celtic Crusaders' first match of the new season was a Northern Rail Cup game.[64] This year they were drawn in a group with two strong National League One clubs, Widnes and Leigh, and with London Skolars. Widnes came to a snow-hit Brewery Field on 9 February and won 6–56.[65] It was the first ever match played under the new points system for the National Leagues and Northern Rail Cup where teams would gain 3 points for a win, 2 for a draw and 1 for a defeat by less than 12 points.[60] Crusaders earned two good victories against London Skolars,[66][67] but it was the match in between these two that caused the most surprise. In the shock of the round Crusaders went to Leigh and won 22–26 in front of a crowd of 1,637, despite being 18–4 down at half-time.[68] In the return fixture Leigh were again narrowly defeated, this time the match finishing 22–14.[69] Despite another defeat against Widnes,[70] Crusaders had qualified for the next round of the cup. On 21 April a Crusaders squad with 11 Welshmen in their ranks defeated Hunslet 14–28 to again qualify for the next round.[71] However the quarter-finals is as far as the team got, losing 30–18 away to another strong National League One side in Halifax.[72]The squad's second match of the season (after Widnes) was not a Northern Rail Cup game though, but a match against the 2006 NRL champions Brisbane Broncos.[citation needed][73][74] Arguably the biggest rugby club in the world, the Broncos used the match to prepare for their World Club Challenge meeting with St Helens.[75][76] This Bulmers Original Cider Challenge match attracted a lot of attention from the South Wales media and a record crowd of 2,041 came to see Crusaders lose 6–32 with a very credible performance.[77][78][79][80] Grant Epton got Crusaders' sole try on the night.[81][82]Eastmoor Dragons were drawn against Crusaders in Round 3 of the Challenge Cup. The amateur team were beaten 50–10 at Brewery Field despite Crusaders being reduced to eleven players after Geraint Davies and Terry Martin were both sent out after 65 minutes.[83] Just like last year Crusaders were drawn against Rochdale Hornets and for the third time were knocked out of a cup competition by them, this time losing 20–16 at Spotland.[84]In the second year in the National League Two competition, Crusaders finished first with 60 points and were promoted.[85] The campaign got off to a good start, an 18–42 away win against London Skolars on the Good Friday[86] was backed up by a 68–0 win against Blackpool in front of an Easter Monday crowd of 2,805.[87][88] In late April the club broke their margin of victory and points scored in one match records due to an 82–4 win over Swinton. The points scored in one match record was later broken again in the season after an 84–10 thrashing of Hunslet on 11 August.[89] The club suffered just one defeat at home all season against Oldham on 4 May. It was the first ever National League Two match to be shown live on Sky Sports, and was also broadcast live on BBC Radio Wales;[90] celebrating 100 years of rugby league in Wales as Oldham were the first visitors to the Principality back in September 1907 when they recorded a 25–6 win over Merthyr Tydfil.[91][92] A club record attendance of 3441 watched Crusaders cruised into a 22–4 half-time lead, before eventually losing the match 26–34.[93][94][95] The away match against Keighley was honoured in the same historical way as on the same day as the Merthyr/Oldham match in September 1907, Ebbw Vale made the twelve-hour train trip to Keighley to play their first ever rugby league match.[96][97] League leaders Featherstone Rovers were beaten 36–28 at home[98] and then on 9 June Crusaders beat another title-contending team in Barrow 26–14 in front of S4C as the match was broadcast live across Wales.[99] It was the first rugby league match to ever be broadcast in Welsh. A week later the club suffered their last defeat of the campaign, 23–16 by Hunslet,[100] before putting together a run of twelve consecutive victories to win the league.[101][102][103] The title was secured just before the last match against Gateshead,[104] as third placed Barrow beat second placed Featherstone Rovers 30–4.[105] Over 100 Crusaders fan made the trip up to Gateshead to see the Crusaders lift the trophy.[106][107]Progress was made off the pitch too. David Thompson announced that he had negotiated a deal between the Crusaders, Sky TV, the RFL, and S4C whereby Sky would surrender its rugby league exclusivity allowing S4C to televise live Crusader games. S4C commissioned Y Clwb Rygbi 13 programme in June, firstly covering the Crusaders versus Barrow match live[108][109] and then continuing to broadcast nine matches overall in 2007 and 2008.[110][111] In August the foundations were laid for an academy side for the 2008 season with the best players from the Welsh Conference league being picked for the team.[112] Housebuilder Redrow Homes renewed their shirt sponsorship deal[113] whilst a new branding of the club's logo, badge and jersey was announced on 3 December promoting a more progressive and modern image. After achieving promotion the team were nominated for the BBC Wales Sports Team of the Year award, but lost out to the New Saints.[114] After leaving for Queensland at the end of the 2006 season, former coach Anthony Seibold returned to the club as Assistant Coach, operating alongside Kevin Ellis.[115]See also: Crusaders Colts and 2009–11 Super League licencesDespite the fact that the licensing process would determine which clubs would enter the newly expanded Super League,[116] the Crusaders were still eager to make their mark in their new division and win the league title.[117] A new team called the Crusaders Colts were set up to play in the Conference National division and provide a route for young Welsh players to get into the main Crusaders team.[118] They were coached by Dan Clements[119] and eventually came second in the league table, winning 15 out of 18 matches and beating Bramley Buffaloes 26–4 in the Grand Final.[120] The club welcomed the news in February that the BBC were going to show their highlights programme The Super League Show across Wales throughout the forthcoming season.[121]After a 28–6 pre-season friendly win against Harlequins RL,[122] the Crusaders played their first match against the Sheffield Eagles and won 12–22. In a group which also featured Doncaster and London Skolars, the Crusaders finished top of the league, winning four out of five games, with a 14–18 loss against London being their only defeat. The home game against Doncaster was due to be played on 15 March but was cancelled due to waterlogged pitch and after some consideration the Rugby Football League announced that the game was not replayed because whatever the result it would not change the league table and thus affect any qualifying issues.[123] The Crusaders also made it through to the Challenge Cup fourth round again, being drawn against Moscow Locomotive in a repeat fixture of the third round from 2006. This time the Russians were beaten 58–10, despite the match being 10–10 at one point.[124]The National League One campaign got off to a great start with 14–12 victory over Dewsbury in front of a crowd of 1,618.[125] However, in their second match a strong Sheffield Eagles team finished 25–6 winners at the Don Valley Stadium, breaking the Crusaders record of not having lost an away match since June 2007. The team bounced back with a 26–18 win over Halifax, who were at the time top of the league table, but again the team were unable to string together two wins together as a trip to Whitehaven ended in a 44–16 defeat. Halifax again provided the opposition in the first stage of the knockout rounds of the Championship Cup, after the Crusaders qualification from the group stages. The Crusaders started the match well with a try from Anthony Blackwood and controlled much of the game at the Shay. Two late tries by Halifax were not enough as the Crusaders progressed to the quarter final and a match against Widnes.[126] In what was expected to be a fiercely competitive and close match, the Championship Cup holders were left shocked as the Crusaders ran riot resulting in a 50–18 final scoreline with seven different players all going over for tries. The semi-final was played on 14 June against the Salford City Reds travelling down to Brewery Field for the first time after being relegated from Super League the previous year. The Salford City Reds scored the first try and after 40 minutes had earned a 10–18 lead, which was quickly extended to 10–24 after the break. Two tries from the Crusaders were not enough as the Salford City Reds scored two tries in the final two minutes to comfortably win 20–36 and secure a place in the final against Doncaster.[127] A good Championship Cup run could not be matched in the Challenge Cup as the club were drawn against Super League giants Leeds for the fourth round. The World Club Challenge champions were simply too strong for the Welshman with the match finishing a commendable 38–16 with Anthony Blackwood getting two tries and Mark Dalle Cort getting one in what was a solid performance.[128]In the league though Crusaders built on their impressive start notching up six wins in seven games in the months of May and June. This included a narrow 14–16 victory away at Widnes, a 56–28 win over Batley and a crucial win over Featherstone Rovers on 2 May. A club record crowd of 6,152, including top Rugby League Football officials, watched Crusaders earn their fourth win in a row against Rovers as Jordan James, Anthony Blackwood, Damien Quinn and Tony Duggan scored tries to seal a 28–18 win. The only defeat in that period came against the Salford City Reds who snatched a 24–22 win at the Willows, Salford. However things turned bad for the Welshmen as all three of their matches in July ended in defeat. Featherstone avenged their Brewery Field defeat as they won 42–30 at Post Office Road, Whitehaven became the only club to do the double over the Crusaders during the season as the match at Brewery Field ended 22–26, and the Crusaders were also on the wrong end of a 30–22 scoreline against Batley, who were eventually to be relegated. The last four matches, all played in August, were critical for the Crusaders chances of being in the Grand Final, and stringing four wins together against the Sheffield Eagles, the Leigh Centurions, Halifax and the Salford City Reds earned the team second place in the league and a great chance to do just that. Crusaders were matched in the qualifying play-off against first placed Salford City Reds, who had secured their superior league position in a 10–20 victory over the team in the last match of the regular season. Crusaders therefore went into the match underdogs but came out storming with eight tries resulting in an 18–44 win and a place in the Grand Final at the Halliwell Jones Stadium in Warrington. Having lost the qualifying play-off match the Salford City Reds did not make the same mistake twice in the elimination play-off and once again would be Crusaders opponents for the fifth and final time this season. In the match, the Salford City Reds scored the first two tries, before Anthony Blackwood narrowed their lead as the team went into half-time losing 6–10. A resurgence occurred though as Crusaders scored three tries in the second half, but a Salford City Reds try and a late goal pushed the match into extra-time. By this time the Crusaders had run out of steam and the Salford City Reds scored three tries over the extra-time period to win the match 18–36.[129]On 22 July the Rugby League Football granted the Celtic Crusaders a three-year licence from 2009 allowing the team to compete in Super League Europe, in what was the biggest event for the club since inception. Joining the Crusaders were the Salford City Reds and the original twelve teams of Super League which expanded the league to 14 teams. Controversially Widnes, Leigh, Halifax, Toulouse and Featherstone Rovers were the clubs who were not awarded a licence. The Crusaders were awarded a 'C' grade licence after varying factors such as stadium, finance, marketing, location, player strength and junior production were taken into account. With this result the club became only the third non-English side to participate in the league and the first side from Wales. For the rest of the season the club prepared for their top-flight debut, signing a new sponsorship deal with Brains Beer,[130] and in November the team embarked a three-week training camp in Queensland.[131] However it wasn't just the licence that propelled the Crusaders forward in 2008, the Super League trophy was brought to Bridgend and Cardiff in April with fans getting the chance to see it at shopping centres and schools,[132] rugby league was introduced to Pembrokeshire for the first time,[133] and just like in previous seasons various Crusaders players picked up individual awards and honours.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"National League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Trinity Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity"},{"link_name":"SLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_I"},{"link_name":"SLIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_III"},{"link_name":"SLVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_VIII"},{"link_name":"SLX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_X"},{"link_name":"UK Border Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Border_Agency"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"sub_title":"2009-2010: Super League","text":"The first season of Super League for the team was bitterly disappointing, as after three years of strong performances the Crusaders regularly struggled against the best teams in the country. Adding to the disappointment was the announcement by David Thompson, who had led the successful Super League application, that he was stepping down as chief executive to return to his legal career. Mike Turner, the club's Marketing Manager, was promoted to the position on a temporary basis and was later confirmed as a permanent appointment.[134] and discontent as heavy rain forced Harlequins to cancel their match against Celtic Crusaders in what was due to be the club's only friendly match.[135][136]\nUnofficially Super League was welcomed into Wales in January as Richard Lewis, the Rugby League Football Executive chairman, attended the Welsh Assembly's inaugural rugby league dinner at the Millennium Stadium.[137][138] On the field the squad was bolstered by news that eight players had been granted visas just a week before the club's top-flight début as National League One Grand Finalists Tony Duggan, Josh Hannay, Mark Dalle Cort, Damien Quinn, Jace Van Dijk, Darren Mapp and new signings[139] Australian Ryan O'Hara and Papua New Guinean Jason Chan flew to Wales.[140][141][142][143][144]\nAn early February start kicked off the new Super League season with the Crusaders against reigning champions Leeds Rhinos in freezing conditions at Headingley. The Rhinos scored four tries early on, before Luke Dyer scored the new team's first-ever try in Super League, but this could not be built upon as the match finished 28–6. A loss at the Salford City Reds a week later was followed by the opening home game at Bridgend versus Hull. A strong 5,200 crowd cheered their team into a 10–0 lead but Hull recovered, finishing with a 20–28 victory and leaving Crusaders with a three-game losing streak.[145] The next match against St Helens provided a record 6,351 crowd but also went into the Super League record books as the lowest scoring match in its fourteen-year history as the Saints scraped through with a 0–4 scoring just the one try. Getting further into March, and then into April the Crusaders still found themselves searching for that illusive first win. A 27–22 away defeat by the Warrington Wolves caused the team to slump from 13th back down to 14th, the position in the table where they would stay for the rest of the season. It came as a surprise then that it was at Odsal, home of the Bradford Bulls, where the Crusaders finally got up and running with a 24–30 win. The team did well in establishing a 6–20 after 50 minutes, but the Bulls surged forward causing the Welshmen to cling onto a narrow 24–26 lead with two minutes to go before a second Luke Dyer secured the result. Unfortunately, the club were unable to capitalise on this win, as the Catalans Dragons proved too strong in the Crusaders first ever match with French opposition. In fact the Bradford match was one of the few high points in the season, a stark contrast to the previous three season. But in early June an injury-stricken side beat Wigan Warriors 22–16 at the Brewery Field to record a second win of the campaign. Although the scores were 16–16 late into the match, Peter Lupton drove into the corner to finish a memorable match in the club's history. A further two points were earned in July as four different try scorers helped the Crusaders to a 25–12 victory against the Salford City Reds. Before this, the team had largely been quite competitive despite the run of defeats, but the wheels came off as the side suffered a number of large defeats such as 34–0 against play-off challengers Catalans Dragons, 46–12 against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and a 0–68 thrashing against Leeds Rhinos in front of a Newport crowd of 5,597. The latter match thus goes down as the worst defeat in the club's history as eight different players scored 13 tries for Leeds. Despite getting just six points in the season this wasn't a record, as Workington Town in SLI, Huddersfield Giants in SLIII, Halifax in SLVIII and Leigh Centurions in SLX all ended up with less than six points.On 9 July the club received word that it was subject to investigations by the UK Border Agency concerning problems over players visas.[146] A statement released by the club announced that they were fully co-operating and that the investigation wasn't just concerning the recent season, but went back over a number of years.[147] Despite all this coach John Dixon said that none of this was having any effect on players performances.[148] However, on 18 August, a few days before the team would face Leeds Rhinos, it was announced that the club had violated visa regulations and six Australian players were asked to leave the country, with the club soon after terminating their contracts.[149] Jace Van Dijk, Tony Duggan and Damien Quinn, who all joined the club in 2006, as well as Darren Mapp, Mark Dalle Cort, Josh Hannay who all joined the club in 2007, were banned from entering the country for 10 years.[150][151][152] The Rugby Football League quickly demanded an explanation from the club, in an event that naturally landed a lot of bad publicity onto the club and the league, as the club were fined £60,000.[153][154][155] This was not the only event that stained the club's inaugural Super League season, as it was widely reported that the club were under financial difficulties. At the start of the season owner Leighton Samuels predicted a massive future for the club and that this future was secure.[156] A little later in the season he again clarified his commitment to the club insisting that there should be no fears over the club's financial position,[157] with Super League bosses backing these reassurances,[158] and Anthony Seibold saying that the club will not face extinction.[citation needed] The club then considered a move to Newport's Rodney Parade in a bid to attract more fans and to gain extra licence points as the stadium was much more developed then Brewery Field, the latter of which Leighton Samuels no longer owned after selling the ground.[159] Despite claims that he was helping the club prepare for the 2010 season,[160] Leighton Samuels decided to cut his losses sometime in December 2009 and withdrew his support for the club after three years.[161] Coach John Dixon officially left the club on 14 September after the club's last match of the season against Castleford Tigers stating that he was disappointed to be leaving after three years at the helm but respected the chairman's decision.[162][163] This was amongst background rumours that Brian Noble was to be appointed to replace him.[164][165][166] On 14 October the rumours were proved to be true as Brian Noble became the second-ever head coach of the club, with former Welsh international Iestyn Harris[167][168][169][170] and former Great Britain assistant Jon Sharp[171][172] being given the jobs of assistant coaches.[173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182] Then in early November the club announced that it would be dropping the \"Celtic\" from the name to sever ties with the old Celtic Warriors rugby union team, and that the club was now to be called \"Crusaders Rugby League\".[183] Alongside this a new logo was announced featuring the Prince of Wales feathers. Finally on 15 December the saga was finished as the club announced that their new home would become the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham.[184][185][186][187][188] After selling his share in the club to Geoff Moss of Wrexham FC,[189] Leighton Samuels stated that a pot of money was needed if the Crusaders were to survive in Wales, and that the Rugby Football League were not visionaries and did not support the club enough financially.[190] However the RFL,[191] alongside Geoff Moss and Wrexham FC chief executive Paul Retout were delighted with the decision.[192] As was Brian Noble who could finally get down to signing new players for the season, as he had been unable to sign anyone in his first two months in charge due to the complications of where the team would be based.[193][194][195][196]The club were keen to move on after the previous month's fiasco insisting they would be competitive for the new season which would start with a home tie against Leeds.[197][198] New players were brought into the squad such as Michael Witt,[199] Rocky Trimarchi,[200] and Gareth Raynor.[201] However, the squad was also bolstered with new young Welsh players like Elliot Kear, Lewis Mills and Lloyd White.[202] Crusaders reached the Super League play-offs; going out in the first round at Huddersfield Giants.On 12 November 2010, the Crusaders were placed into administration due to \"inherited debt\".[203]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Championship 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Championship"},{"link_name":"North Wales Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Crusaders"}],"sub_title":"2011: Administration and liquidation","text":"The club suffered a six-point deduction for going into administration at the end of the previous season.In 2011 the Crusaders initially applied to continue their Super League licence for the 2012–15 period, but on 26 July 2011, they announced they had withdrawn their application.[204] The club's owners, Geoff Moss and Ian Roberts pulled out stating that they were not able to fund the side anymore, which eventually led to the club being wound up in September. Attendances were down on the 2010 season. Crusaders bowed out of Super League with a 42–10 defeat at Wigan Warriors.Crusaders were offered a position in the Co-operative Championship 1 for the 2012 season by the RFL with their request to join at Co-operative Championship level having been turned down; a rival bid from Wrexham-based Glyndwr Chargers was withdrawn. Crusaders took their place in the Championship 1 as North Wales Crusaders.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golden12_July_2007-205"},{"link_name":"Bridgend RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Ravens"}],"sub_title":"Colours","text":"The club's colours were black and gold, inspired by the Flag of St David.[205] The blue and white colours of the change strip were the same as the club colours of Bridgend RFC. For the 2009 season, the club used a red and white away strip, colours associated with Welsh national teams.","title":"Colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_warriors_badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_Crusaders.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crusaders_rugby_league_2010.PNG"},{"link_name":"Flag of Saint David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_David"},{"link_name":"Lucius Accius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Accius"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golden12_July_2007-205"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golden12_July_2007-205"},{"link_name":"Celtic knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_knots"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales's feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers"}],"sub_title":"Badge","text":"Celtic Warriors, 2004–05Celtic Crusaders, 2008–09Crusaders Rugby League, 2010–11The club's first badge was used between its founding in 2005 and 2008. The badge featured the Flag of Saint David on a shield. A ribbon around the bottom of the shield bore the motto Oderint dum metuant (Latin for \"Let them hate, so long as they fear\"), which is attributed to the Roman tragic poet, Lucius Accius and later became famous as a saying of the Emperor Caligula. Above and below the shield were the world \"Celtic\" and \"Crusaders Rugby League Club\" respectively.The Crusaders' next badge was adopted following the 2007 season.[205] David Thompson, the then chief executive commented, \"The new badge is modern, progressive and business-friendly. Our Welsh identity is prominent as ever through the gold and black Flag of St David which still provides the colours of our home strip\".[205] The round badge, ringed with \"Celtic Crusaders\", features a warrior holding a sword and a shield with the Flag of St David on it, in the background are two Celtic knots. The badge bears striking similarity to the badge intended for use during the Celtic Warriors' unplayed 2004/05 season.The club have revealed a new logo ready for use in the 2010 season. The badge, inspired by the Prince of Wales's feathers, has three white feathers adorning the centre of a disc with the Flag of St David on. To the left and right of the feathers, the words \"Rugby\" and \"League\" appear on the disc. Beneath the feathers is written \"Crusaders\". The logo was created by Matthew Haselden a designer based in the midlands.","title":"Colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"}],"sub_title":"2005-2009: Brewery Field","text":"For four seasons Brewery Field was the home of the Crusaders, from 2006 to 2009. It is located in Bridgend, South Wales and the first match ever played there was against Harlequins Academy on 29 January 2006, however, the first competitive fixture was against London Skolars on 5 March 2006. It is the twelfth largest stadium in Wales, and in 2009 was the smallest stadium in Super League, with a capacity of 8,000. The ground was built in 1920 and is now home to Bridgend Ravens rugby union and Bridgend football clubs. The club played a total of 58 matches at Brewery Field,[206] including the club's first-ever Super League game against Hull.[207] A game against Huddersfield Giants in Super League XIV was the last ever time the team played at Brewery Field on 5 September 2009.[208]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wrexham_FC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Racecourse Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Ground"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Association Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"2010-2011: The Racecourse","text":"The Racecourse Ground Stadium, WrexhamThe Racecourse Ground is located in Wrexham in North Wales and is the official home of the Crusaders and where most matches are played. The club moved to the ground in 2010, in time for the start of the Super League XV season. The first Crusaders match ever played there was against Leeds Rhinos on 29 January 2010, and that match is also the highest attendance for a Crusaders match played in Wrexham. With a capacity of 15,500 it is the largest ground in North Wales, the fifth largest in the whole of Wales, and the seventh-largest in Super League. It was first built in 1807 and first played host to Wrexham's \"Town Purse\" horse race.[209] Crowd trouble stopped the horse racing and in 1864 it became home to Wrexham Association Football Club with the club now owning the ground.[210][211][212] The Wales national rugby league team have played there once against Italy. The ground has four stands: The Mold Road Stand, The Eric Roberts Stand, The Kop and The Yale. Crusaders have played a total of 12 games at The Racecourse.[213]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Last updated on 1 November 2011","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y Cymro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cymro"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"The Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leader_(Welsh_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"The Flintshire Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Weekly_News"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_April_2007-215"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusaders_RL_-_April_2007-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"text":"Having been the only top tier rugby league team in Wales the Crusaders have pockets of supporters all around the country, but particularly in the Glamorgan and Wrexham areas where the team had regularly played matches. The club generally attracted 5000 supporters to home matches, and whilst a low away support has been criticised around 1000 fans made the trip up to Yorkshire to see the Crusaders face the Huddersfield Giants in the Super League XV Play-offs. The club had stated that they want to expand their presence into other areas of North Wales other than Wrexham. Television presence in the form of S4C, BBC Sport and more recently Sky Sports has enabled people all over the United Kingdom to watch live matches, whilst regional coverage regularly follows the Crusaders in news bulletins. Newspapers in Wales have supported the Crusaders since formation such as the Western Mail, South Wales Echo, South Wales Evening Post and Y Cymro[214] in the south of the country; and The Leader and The Flintshire Chronicle in the north of the country. The Crusaders Rugby League Supporters Club was formed in 2010 to provide a link between the club and fans, and replaced the old Celtic Crusaders Supporters Club that had branches in Cardiff, Newport, West Wales and Manchester amongst others.[215] The club has also had various groups of supporters form their own rugby league teams such as the Celtic Crusaders Vagabonds who played in the Isle of Man[215] and the Celtic Barbarians based in Wrexham.[216] The club has several notable fans like Welsh rugby union international Gavin Henson,[217] TNA wrestler Rob Terry,[218] Plaid Cymru politician Janet Ryder[219] and Carwyn Jones, the First Minister of Wales.[220][221] Online the club had their own Facebook page,[222] whilst fans generally used the Crusaders Til I Die[223] or Red Passion[224] forums to talk about the club, the latter of which is a Wrexham FC forum but which had a Crusaders board and large contingent of Crusaders supporters.","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Crusaders Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders_Colts"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Conference National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_National_Division"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"South Wales Scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Ironmen"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Gillette National Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_National_Youth_League"}],"text":"Like all other Super League clubs, the Crusaders ran several teams as part of their academy system that operate under the main team and provide a route into it. The Reserve team were formed in 2006 and played friendly matches for two years[225] before eventually being replaced by the Crusaders Colts, as part of a joint-development programme between the club and the Wales Rugby League board.[226] The team played in the Conference National division in 2008, the fourth tier of rugby league, finishing second in the league table[227][228] and beating Bramley Buffaloes in the Grand Final.[229][230]Due to the club's promotion into Super League, the team dropped their Colts name and joined the Super League Reserve League for 2009. In their first match they beat Leeds Rhinos 48–40,[231] but could only achieve two more victories in the season, against Castleford Tigers and Hull KR.[232] All the reserves team's matches for the 2009 season were played at Old Parish in Maesteg.[233] The move to Wrexham in 2010 coincided with the formation of the South Wales Scorpions, for whom many of the reserve side ended up playing and who maintain strong links with the Crusaders.[234][235]Despite currently no longer having a reserve side, there are plans for a team to be formed in North Wales in the future. The Crusaders under-18 side were formed for the 2008–2009 Gillette National Youth League Winter season, winning the league in their first season[236][237] and finishing fifth in their second,[238] whilst still being based in South Wales.[239] In 2009 the club's first under-16 side was set up, and in 2010 an under-15 team was added to this scholarship programme.[240] The Crusaders also have four development squads based in Bridgend, Cardiff/Newport, Merthyr Tydfil and Swansea/Port Talbot that consist of juniors aged 12–16.[241] Crusaders also have a junior team playing in the Gillette National Youth League under the name North Wales Crusaders.","title":"Academy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of North Wales Crusaders seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Wales_Crusaders_seasons"}],"text":"See also: List of North Wales Crusaders seasons","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"National League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"}],"text":"National League One: Runners-up: 2008\nNational League Two: Champions: 2007","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Records table last updated 10 October 2010","title":"Records"}]	[{"image_text":"A Crusaders game in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Celtic_Crusaders_test.jpg/300px-Celtic_Crusaders_test.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Racecourse Ground Stadium, Wrexham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wrexham_FC.jpg/220px-Wrexham_FC.jpg"}]	[{"title":"North Wales Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Crusaders"},{"title":"Celtic Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Warriors"},{"title":"List of Crusaders Rugby League players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusaders_Rugby_League_players"},{"title":"Crusaders Rugby League statistics and records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders_Rugby_League_statistics_and_records"}]	[{"reference":"Gate, Robert (1986). Gone North. R. Gate. ISBN 0-9511190-0-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511190-0-1","url_text":"0-9511190-0-1"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Ian (2000). A Welsh Crusade. London League Publications Limited. ISBN 1-903659-47-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903659-47-7","url_text":"1-903659-47-7"}]},{"reference":"Lush, Peter; Farrar, Dave (1998). Tries in the Valleys. London League Publications Limited. ISBN 0-9526064-3-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526064-3-7","url_text":"0-9526064-3-7"}]},{"reference":"\"CRUSADERS APPLY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips\". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113221254/http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague%2F11%2F09%2F02%2FRUGBYL_Championship.html","url_text":"\"CRUSADERS APPLY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips\""},{"url":"http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague/11/09/02/RUGBYL_Championship.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IESTYN HARRIS GETS CRUSDADERS JOB \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips\". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233942/http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague%2F10%2F11%2F08%2FRUGBYL_Crusaders_Snap.html","url_text":"\"IESTYN HARRIS GETS CRUSDADERS JOB \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips\""},{"url":"http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague/10/11/08/RUGBYL_Crusaders_Snap.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders 2005 Season Summary\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113232516/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/2005.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders 2005 Season Summary\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/2005.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Dave (22 March 2005). \"BBC Sport – Welsh Club Could Win Pro Call Up\". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4372389.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Welsh Club Could Win Pro Call Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bramley Buffaloes – History\". Bramleybuffs.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233747/http://www.bramleybuffs.com/club/history","url_text":"\"Bramley Buffaloes – History\""},{"url":"http://www.bramleybuffs.com/club/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Welsh Side Join Pro League Ranks\". BBC News. 22 June 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4120700.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Welsh Side Join Pro League Ranks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberavon Fighting Irish\". Aberavonfightinirishrl.moonfruit.com. 23 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903033942/http://www.aberavonfightinirishrl.moonfruit.com/","url_text":"\"Aberavon Fighting Irish\""},{"url":"http://www.aberavonfightinirishrl.moonfruit.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Share Spoils on Debut\". BBC News. 29 January 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4656382.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Share Spoils on Debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Eager For Season Start\". BBC News. 3 December 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4495196.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Eager For Season Start\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Start Life on the Road\". BBC News. 3 January 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4577350.stm","url_text":"\"Crusaders Start Life on the Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=53","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113221447/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200602.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200602.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – January 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113230716/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200601.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – January 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200601.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=54","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=55","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Home Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=56","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Home Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Home Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=58","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Home Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=59","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – 2006 Season Review\". Crusadersrfl.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205034310/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=510","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – 2006 Season Review\""},{"url":"http://crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=510","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – March 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220337/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200603.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – March 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200603.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Moscow Locomotive – Honours\". Rclm.ru. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rclm.ru/?page_id=2","url_text":"\"Moscow Locomotive – Honours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Moscow Locomotive CC Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=57","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Moscow Locomotive CC Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=60","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets NR Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=64","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets NR Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Workington Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=61","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Workington Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars NL Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=62","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars NL Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – April 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220140/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200604.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – April 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200604.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet Hawks on the Road Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=66","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet Hawks on the Road Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Cougars on the road match report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=70","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Cougars on the road match report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Sheffield Eagles Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=63","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Sheffield Eagles Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=67","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone Rovers Home Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=84","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone Rovers Home Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Shaffield Eagles PO Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=86","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Shaffield Eagles PO Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Swinton Lions PO Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=87","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Swinton Lions PO Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"Latham, Mike (9 October 2006). \"Eagles Take Off in Final\". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/sheffield-35-swinton-10-worrincy-flies-away-in-style-as-eagles-take-off-in-final-419324.html","url_text":"\"Eagles Take Off in Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Dewsbury Rams. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111117151027/http://www.dewsburyrams.co.uk/page.php?id=241","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.dewsburyrams.co.uk/page.php?id=241","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – September 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113230722/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200609.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – September 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200609.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – October 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233922/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200610.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – October 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200610.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – May 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114002804/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200605.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – May 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200605.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – June 2006\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113214132/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200606.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – June 2006\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200606.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evans Twins Sign For Wolves\". This Is Cheshire. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113232405/http://www.thisischeshire.co.uk/sport/4047253.EXTRA__Bridgend_brothers_sign_up/","url_text":"\"Evans Twins Sign For Wolves\""},{"url":"http://www.thisischeshire.co.uk/sport/4047253.EXTRA__Bridgend_brothers_sign_up/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cymru RL Board – Warrington Sign Two From Brynteg\". Cymrurl.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://cymrurl.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=juniors&action=print&thread=401","url_text":"\"Cymru RL Board – Warrington Sign Two From Brynteg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – January 2007\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003712/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200701.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – January 2007\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200701.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2007\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124204609/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200702.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2007\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200702.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Home Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=85","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Home Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London NRC Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=91","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London NRC Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Leigh NRC Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=90","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Leigh NRC Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – Leigh NRC Home Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=93","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – Leigh NRC Home Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Away Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=94","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Away Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet NRC Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=99","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet NRC Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Halifax NRC QF Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=104","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Halifax NRC QF Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Set Up Broncos Friendly\". BBC News. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6178628.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Set Up Broncos Friendly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Brisbane Broncos Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=88","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Brisbane Broncos Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Dave (16 February 2007). \"Crusaders Commitment Fails To Rein in Broncos\". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/celtic-crusaders-6-brisbane-broncos-32-crusaders-commitment-fails-to-rein-in-broncos-436550.html","url_text":"\"Crusaders Commitment Fails To Rein in Broncos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Eastmoor Dragons CC Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=92","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Eastmoor Dragons CC Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=95","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – 2007 Season Review\". Crusadersrfl.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205034057/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=783","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – 2007 Season Review\""},{"url":"http://crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=783","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=96","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Blackpool National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=97","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Blackpool National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=115","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Oldham National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=101","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Oldham National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=105","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Barrow National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=106","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Barrow National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=107","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Oldham Versus CC\". BBC News. 29 August 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6968284.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Oldham Versus CC\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Celtic Close on Championship\". BBC News. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6971581.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Celtic Close on Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – July 2007\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124210946/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200709.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – July 2007\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200709.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Gateshead National League Two Match Report\". Celticcrusaders.proboards.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=120","url_text":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Gateshead National League Two Match Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Gateshead 16–60 CC\". BBC News. 9 September 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6982399.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Gateshead 16–60 CC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts\". Crusadersrfl.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111014151601/http://crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=532","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts\""},{"url":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=532","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2008\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124195752/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200802.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2008\""},{"url":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200802.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders are placed in administration\". BBC News. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/9149935.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders are placed in administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crusaders face uncertain future after Super League exit\". BBC Sport. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/14281421.stm","url_text":"\"Crusaders face uncertain future after Super League exit\""}]},{"reference":"Ian Golden (12 July 2007). \"New look for Crusaders\". League Unlimited. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208060949/http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=14992","url_text":"\"New look for Crusaders\""},{"url":"http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=14992","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113221254/http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague%2F11%2F09%2F02%2FRUGBYL_Championship.html","external_links_name":"\"CRUSADERS APPLY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague/11/09/02/RUGBYL_Championship.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233942/http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague%2F10%2F11%2F08%2FRUGBYL_Crusaders_Snap.html","external_links_name":"\"IESTYN HARRIS GETS CRUSDADERS JOB \| Sporting Life – Rugby League News \| Live Scores, Four Nations, Ian Millward tips\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rleague/10/11/08/RUGBYL_Crusaders_Snap.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113232516/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/2005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders 2005 Season Summary\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/2005.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4372389.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Welsh Club Could Win Pro Call Up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233747/http://www.bramleybuffs.com/club/history","external_links_name":"\"Bramley Buffaloes – History\""},{"Link":"http://www.bramleybuffs.com/club/history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4120700.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Welsh Side Join Pro League Ranks\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugbynetwork.net/main/s165/st75722.htm","external_links_name":"The Rugby Network – Celtic Crusaders Launched"},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/rugby-league/McNally39s-success-plays-part-in.1063474.jp","external_links_name":"Yorkshire Post – Admission Of A New Club"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article536352.ece","external_links_name":"The Times – Sport In Brief"},{"Link":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport-news/amateur-rugby-league-news/tm_objectid=15659572&method=full&siteid=50060&headline=mcnally-pays-high-price-name_page.html","external_links_name":"Huddersfield Daily Examiner – Celtic Crusaders"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2331921/Catalan-prepare-to-cross-new-frontiers.html","external_links_name":"The Telegraph – New Frontiers"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article539918.ece","external_links_name":"The Times – Battling Broncos Share Points"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/nov/30/rugbyleague.gdnsport3","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Crusaders Looking Up"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903033942/http://www.aberavonfightinirishrl.moonfruit.com/","external_links_name":"\"Aberavon Fighting Irish\""},{"Link":"http://www.aberavonfightinirishrl.moonfruit.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4656382.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Share Spoils on Debut\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4495196.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Eager For Season Start\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4577350.stm","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Start Life on the Road\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=53","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/02/01/r-league-meet-the-players-tony-duggan-91466-18562428/","external_links_name":"Glamorgan Gazette – Meet Tony Duggan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113221447/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200602.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200602.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113230716/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200601.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – January 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200601.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=54","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=55","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=56","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars Home Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=58","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hemel Stags Home Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=59","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – St Albans Centurions Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205034310/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=510","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – 2006 Season Review\""},{"Link":"http://crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=510","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220337/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200603.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – March 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200603.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rclm.ru/?page_id=2","external_links_name":"\"Moscow Locomotive – Honours\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=57","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Moscow Locomotive CC Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=60","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=64","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets NR Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=61","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Workington Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=62","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London Skolars NL Match Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220140/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200604.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – April 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200604.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=66","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet Hawks on the Road Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=70","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Cougars on the road match report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=63","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Sheffield Eagles Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=67","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Keighley Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=84","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone Rovers Home Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.sheffieldeagles.com/fixtures2006.htm#22","external_links_name":"September 2006 Sheffield Eagles – Play-Off Match Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090312042612/http://www.sheffieldeagles.com/fixtures2006.htm#22","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=86","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Shaffield Eagles PO Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=87","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Swinton Lions PO Match Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/sheffield-35-swinton-10-worrincy-flies-away-in-style-as-eagles-take-off-in-final-419324.html","external_links_name":"\"Eagles Take Off in Final\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111117151027/http://www.dewsburyrams.co.uk/page.php?id=241","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.dewsburyrams.co.uk/page.php?id=241","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113230722/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200609.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – September 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200609.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233922/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200610.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – October 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200610.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114002804/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200605.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – May 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200605.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113214132/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200606.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – June 2006\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200606.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.therfl.co.uk/assets/docs/Bulletin40.pdf","external_links_name":"RFL Bulletin 40 – Extra Special P22"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905163552/http://www.therfl.co.uk/assets/docs/Bulletin40.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2006/2006-5-2.html","external_links_name":"Cymru RL – Brynteg High Reaches Final"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708215915/http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2006/2006-5-2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113232405/http://www.thisischeshire.co.uk/sport/4047253.EXTRA__Bridgend_brothers_sign_up/","external_links_name":"\"Evans Twins Sign For Wolves\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisischeshire.co.uk/sport/4047253.EXTRA__Bridgend_brothers_sign_up/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cymrurl.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=juniors&action=print&thread=401","external_links_name":"\"Cymru RL Board – Warrington Sign Two From Brynteg\""},{"Link":"http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2006/2006-8-6.html","external_links_name":"Cymru RL – Brynteg Fail To Reclaim Trophy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708215920/http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2006/2006-8-6.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/01/18/r-league-eyes-on-future-91466-18503955/","external_links_name":"Wales Online – Eyes On Future"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/jan/11/rugbyleague.sport","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Crusaders Unveil New Signings"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/02/11/r-league-from-brisbane-to-bridgend-on-a-new-crusade-91466-18607923/","external_links_name":"Wales On Sunday – From Brisbane To Bridgend"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003712/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200701.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – January 2007\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200701.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/02/15/r-league-davies-in-league-with-celts-91466-18625735/","external_links_name":"South Wales Echo – Davies In League With Celts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124204609/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200702.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2007\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200702.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/01/14/rugby-league-raf-back-crusaders-91466-18468860/","external_links_name":"Wales On Sunday – RAF Back Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/01/11/r-league-heading-for-the-big-time-91466-18460158/","external_links_name":"Glamorgan Gazette – Ready For The Big Time"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/01/18/r-league-crusaders-man-ready-to-put-down-roots-here-91466-18503954/","external_links_name":"Glamorgan Gazette – Ready To Put Down Roots"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061217025350/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – New Season Posters"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=85","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Home Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=89","external_links_name":"Crusaders Til I Die – London NRC Home Match Report"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=91","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London NRC Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=90","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Leigh NRC Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=93","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – Leigh NRC Home Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=94","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Widnes NRC Away Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=99","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet NRC Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=104","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Halifax NRC QF Match Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/feb/15/rugbyleague.gdnsport3","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Crusaders Prepare For Rough Ride Against Broncos"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/02/11/r-league-darren-ready-to-put-the-golden-boot-in-91466-18607925/","external_links_name":"Wales On Sunday – Darren Ready To Put The Golden Boot In"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6178628.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders Set Up Broncos Friendly\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Big+demand+to+see+Broncos+at+Brewery.-a0155856759","external_links_name":"The Free Library – Big Demand To See Broncos At Brewery"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=88","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Brisbane Broncos Match Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071212083026/http://www.broncos.com.au/index.cfm?TopMenuID=266&MenuID=410&NewsID=3144","external_links_name":"Brisbane Broncos – Broncos Overcome Plucky Crusaders"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110713235906/http://www.lasttackle.com/news_1388-celtic-crusaders-6-32-brisbane-broncos.html","external_links_name":"Last Tackle – Celtic Versus Brisbane"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/feb/16/rugbyleague.andywilson","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Lockyer Has Broncos Bucking"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/celtic-crusaders-6-brisbane-broncos-32-crusaders-commitment-fails-to-rein-in-broncos-436550.html","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Commitment Fails To Rein in Broncos\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/02/16/r-league-crusaders-get-taste-of-big-time-91466-18631852/","external_links_name":"South Wales Echo – Crusaders Get Taste Of Big Time"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=92","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Eastmoor Dragons CC Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=95","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Rochdale Hornets CC Match Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205034057/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=783","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – 2007 Season Review\""},{"Link":"http://crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=783","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=96","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – London National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=97","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Blackpool National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/04/10/r-league-celtic-cruise-it-91466-18882167/","external_links_name":"Western Mail – Celtic Cruise It"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=115","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/05/06/r-league-crusaders-crowd-91466-19055093/","external_links_name":"Wales On Sunday – Crusaders Crowd"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/02/04/rleague-league-s-ton-up-91466-18574741/","external_links_name":"Wales On Sunday – Leagues Top Up"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/grassroots/merthyr-sport/2008/04/24/rugby-league-wildcats-are-on-their-way-91466-20808679/","external_links_name":"Merthyr Express – Wildcats Are On Their Way"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=101","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Oldham National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/05/05/r-league-crusaders-let-it-slip-91466-19049777/","external_links_name":"Western Mail – Crusaders Let It Slip"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/05/05/r-league-crusaders-pay-heavy-price-91466-19050489/","external_links_name":"South Wales Echo – Crusaders Pay Heavy Price"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/04/29/r-league-the-good-old-days-are-back-91466-18985209/","external_links_name":"Wales On Sunday – The Good Old Days Are Back"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2007/04/14/r-league-win-target-for-the-crusaders-91466-18904855/","external_links_name":"Western Mail – Win Target For The Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=105","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Featherstone National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=106","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Barrow National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=107","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Hunslet National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6968284.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Oldham Versus CC\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6971581.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Celtic Close on Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.lasttackle.com/news_1112-oldham-18-32-celtic.html","external_links_name":"Last Tackle – Oldham Versus Celtic"},{"Link":"http://www.lasttackle.com/news_917-national-leagues-preview-and-results.html","external_links_name":"Last Tackle – National League Previews"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124210946/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200709.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – July 2007\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200709.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=120","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders Til I Die – Gateshead National League Two Match Report\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/6982399.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Gateshead 16–60 CC\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/sports-news-round-up/tm_headline=s4c-tries-rugby-league&method=full&objectid=19257259&siteid=50082-name_page.html","external_links_name":"Western Mail – S4C Tries Rugby League"},{"Link":"http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=13919","external_links_name":"League Unlimited – Crusaders To Be Screened Live"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113220445/http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=13919","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.s4c.co.uk/e_press_level2.shtml?id=102","external_links_name":"S4C – Y Clwb Rygbi 13"},{"Link":"http://www.s4c.co.uk/chwaraeon/e_clwbrygbi13.shtml","external_links_name":"S4C – A Crusade For Super League"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113232308/http://www.s4c.co.uk/chwaraeon/e_clwbrygbi13.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200708.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – August 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102251/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200708.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200710.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – October 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102300/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200710.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/wales/7109016.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Calzaghe Claims Award"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200712.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – December 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102347/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200712.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/4556801.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – SL Set To Expand"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=784","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2008 Season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100907064956/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=784","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=15392","external_links_name":"League Unlimited – Crusaders And WRL Head New Initiative"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233550/http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=15392","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2008/2008-1-3.html","external_links_name":"Cymru RL – Crusaders Colts Setup"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708215910/http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2008/2008-1-3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111014151601/http://crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=532","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts\""},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=532","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111124195752/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200802.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders RL – February 2008\""},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200802.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2008/2008-1-1.html","external_links_name":"Cymru RL – Conference Players Help Secure Crusaders Win"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708215929/http://www.cymrurl.com/news/2008/2008-1-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200803.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – March 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102448/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200803.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=128","external_links_name":"Crusaders Til I Die – Moscow Locomotive CC"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=1650","external_links_name":"Crusaders Til I Die – Dewsbury Rams H"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/7330344.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Halifax 24–30 Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=1957","external_links_name":"Crusaders Til I Die – Salford NRC Semi"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=match&action=display&thread=1735","external_links_name":"Crusaders Til I Die – Leeds Rhinos CC"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/7638206.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport Crusaders 18–36 Salford"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200809.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – September 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102456/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200809.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200811.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – November 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102502/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200811.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200804.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – April 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102516/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200804.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200806.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – June 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102605/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200806.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200902.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – February 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102624/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200902.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.walesandwest.com/sport/wales/270109_RUGBY%20LEAGUE%20-%20CRUSADERS%20DISAPPOINTMENT%20AS%20PRE-SEASON%20FRIENDLY%20IS%20CALLED%20OFF.html","external_links_name":"Wales And West – Pre-Season Friendly Called Off"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/7853004.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Quins Cancel Friendly"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200901.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – January 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102616/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200901.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.therfl.co.uk/clientdocs/European%20Federation%20Newsletter%20February%202009.pdf","external_links_name":"The Courier – Issue 7"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/7824262.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Chan Signs To Crusaders"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120721225001/http://msn.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12196_4822612,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Visa Issues"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/7839695.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Visa clearance boosts Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.globalvisas.com/news/crusaders_win_uk_visas832.html","external_links_name":"Global Visas – Crusaders Win UK Visas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150406072015/http://www.globalvisas.com/news/crusaders_win_uk_visas832.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,15612_4871259,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Celtic Crusaders Absentees"},{"Link":"http://www.walesandwest.com/sport/wales/300109_RUGBY%20LEAGUE%20-%20DIXON%20%27SUPER%20CONFIDENT%27%20ABOUT%20CRUSADERS%27%20SUPER%20LEAGUE%20FUTURE.html","external_links_name":"Wales And West – Dixon Super Confident Of Future"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/21/super-league-crusaders-hull","external_links_name":"The Observer – Tickle Spoils Crusaders Home Debut"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/07/09/celtic-crusaders-face-visa-questions-91466-24118010/","external_links_name":"Wales Online – Crusaders Face Visa Questioning"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jul/09/celtic-crusaders-australian-players-visas","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Visa Irregularities"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8142408.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Visa Probe No Distraction"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/6050095/Six-Celtic-Crusaders-players-to-be-deported-to-Australia-after-visa-breach.html","external_links_name":"The Telegraph – Six Crusaders To Be Deported"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby/2009/08/18/six-celtic-crusaders-stars-deported-in-visa-breach-115875-21605896/","external_links_name":"The Daily Mirror – Six Stars Deported"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8207827.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Six Crusaders To Be Deported"},{"Link":"http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/121238/Crusaders-deported","external_links_name":"The Daily Express – Crusaders Deported"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/aug/19/super-league-celtic-crusaders","external_links_name":"The Guardian – RFL Seek Explanation"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8226004.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Crusaders An Easy Target"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8387248.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Crusaders Face £60,000 Fine"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/7895955.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Samuels Says Crusaders Are Here To Stay"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8134656.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Crusaders Given Future Assurance"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8137097.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – League Backs Troubled Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/rugby_league/article6653820.ece","external_links_name":"The Times – Crusaders Consider Move To Newport"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2009/07/06/rugby-league-warrington-too-strong-for-celtic-crusaders-91466-24080686/","external_links_name":"Western Mail – Warrington Too Strong"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/nov/20/crusaders-wrexham-bridgend-newport","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Lack Of Backing Leaves Crusaders To Head North"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8252052.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Dixon Leaves Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Dixon-exits-Crusaders-leaving-door-open-Noble/article-1334348-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"This Is South Wales – Dixon Exits Crusaders"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505065908/http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Dixon-exits-Crusaders-leaving-door-open-Noble/article-1334348-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8233550.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Dixon Quiet On Future"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2009/10/15/rugby-league-brian-noble-takes-over-at-celtic-crusaders-91466-24933674/","external_links_name":"Western Mail – Noble Takes Over At Celtic"},{"Link":"http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Celtic-Crusaders-look-likely-welcome-Noble/article-1390525-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Llanelli Star – Crusaders Look Likely To Welcome Noble"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912022753/http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Celtic-Crusaders-look-likely-welcome-Noble/article-1390525-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8307200.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Harris Calls Time On Career"},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/rugby-league/Iestyn-Harris-retires-to-join.5736104.jp","external_links_name":"Yorkshire Post – Iestyn Retires To Join Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Crusaders-sign-Iestyn-coach/article-1422100-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Llanelli Star – Crusaders Sign Up Iestyn As Coach"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505082335/http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Crusaders-sign-Iestyn-coach/article-1422100-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pontefractandcastlefordexpress.co.uk/sport/other-sport/harris_leaves_featherstone_1_1232589","external_links_name":"Pontefract And Castleford Express – Harris Leaves Featherstone"},{"Link":"http://www.surreyherald.co.uk/surrey-sport/world-uk-sport/2009/10/12/crusaders-set-for-noble-sharp-double-act-86289-24909523/","external_links_name":"Surrey Herald – Crusaders Set For Noble And Sharp"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724164115/http://www.surreyherald.co.uk/surrey-sport/world-uk-sport/2009/10/12/crusaders-set-for-noble-sharp-double-act-86289-24909523/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505073051/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/sport/headlines/HULL-FC-Sharp-set-Celtic-appointment/article-1410677-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Hull Daily Mail – Sharp Set For Celtic Appointment"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8302203.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Noble Unveiled As Crusaders Coach"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/crusaders-snap-up-noble-to-boost-fortunes-1802675.html","external_links_name":"The Independent – Crusaders Snap Up Noble To Boost Fortunes"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-league/2009/10/15/brian-noble-given-two-years-to-save-celtic-crusaders-115875-21748148/","external_links_name":"The Mirror – Noble Given Two Years To Save Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/news/crusaders-name-noble-as-new-coach-19408539.html","external_links_name":"View London – Noble Appointed Crusaders Boss"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505070507/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-sport/article-23756658-brian-noble-focuses-on-new-recruits.do","external_links_name":"London Evening Standard – Noble Focuses On New Recruits"},{"Link":"http://www.lasttackle.com/blogpost_194-just-what-celtic-needed.html","external_links_name":"LastTackle – Just What Celtic Need"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/6328887/Celtic-Crusaders-coach-Brian-Noble-will-focus-on-finding-new-recruits-at-his-new-club.html","external_links_name":"The Telegraph – Celtic Crusaders Coach Brian Noble"},{"Link":"http://www.uknetguide.co.uk/Latest-News/Crusaders-name-Noble-as-new-coach-19408539.html","external_links_name":"UK Net Guide – Crusaders Name Noble As New Coach"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183446/http://www.uknetguide.co.uk/Latest-News/Crusaders-name-Noble-as-new-coach-19408539.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,,12196_5627620,00+en-USS_01DBC.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Noble Pledges Fresh Start"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021093721/http://www.skysports.com/story/0%2C%2C12196_5627620%2C00%2Ben-USS_01DBC.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505115204/http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Noble-takes-Dixon/article-1422101-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"Llanelli Star – Noble Takes Over From Dixon"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8337469.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Crusaders Drop 'Celtic' Name"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/dec/11/the-crusaders-wrexham-racecourse-ground","external_links_name":"Guardian – Crusaders End Speculation By Finding New Home In Wrexham"},{"Link":"http://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport-news/other-sport/2009/12/11/crusaders-move-to-wrexham-fc-s-racecourse-is-confirmed-55578-25373171/","external_links_name":"North Wales Daily Post – Crusaders Move To WFC's Racecourse Is Confirmed"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120803200344/http://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport-news/other-sport/2009/12/11/crusaders-move-to-wrexham-fc-s-racecourse-is-confirmed-55578-25373171/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.inthenews.co.uk/news/sport/rugby-league/crusaders-complete-move-to-north-wales-$1347357.htm","external_links_name":"In The News – Move To North Wales Complete"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120929175220/http://www.inthenews.co.uk/news/sport/rugby-league/crusaders-complete-move-to-north-wales-%241347357.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/8413910.stm","external_links_name":"BBC Sport – Crusaders Complete Move To Wrexham FC"},{"Link":"http://www.superleague.co.uk/article.php?id=16126","external_links_name":"Super League – Crusaders Complete Move"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905094007/http://www.superleague.co.uk/article.php?id=16126","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/sports-news-round-up/2009/12/16/wrexham-boss-geoff-moss-looks-for-boost-with-rugby-league-tie-up-91466-25399759/","external_links_name":"Western Mail – Geoff Moss Looks For Boost"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/dec/14/crusaders-relocate-wales-rfl-leighton-samuel","external_links_name":"The Guardian – League Needs A Pot Of Gold To Succeed In Wales"},{"Link":"http://www.superleague.co.uk/article.php?id=16128","external_links_name":"Super League – Bright Future In Wales"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905094018/http://www.superleague.co.uk/article.php?id=16128","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/page/ClubNews/0,,10311~1909677,00.html","external_links_name":"Wrexham FC – Crusaders Find A New Home"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113233406/http://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/page/ClubNews/0%2C%2C10311~1909677%2C00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/14/brian-noble-celtic-crusaders-super-league","external_links_name":"Guardian – Noble To Launch Shopping Spree"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/dec/08/celtic-crusaders-michael-witt","external_links_name":"Guardian – Celtic Add Michael Witt To Squad"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/rugby-league-news/2009/12/03/rugby-league-celtic-crusaders-could-be-on-move-to-wrexham-91466-25309766/","external_links_name":"South Wales Echo – First Signing Tommy Lee"},{"Link":"http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/802679-lee-moves-to-crusaders","external_links_name":"Metro – Lee Moves To Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,15612_5859348,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Sharp Work For Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/sports-news-round-up/2010/01/01/rugby-league-crusaders-in-pledge-on-new-season-91466-25503600/","external_links_name":"South Wales Echo – Crusaders In Pledge On New Season"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,15612_5808600,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Crusaders Capture Aussie Duo"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,15612_5867154,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Crusaders Capture Trimarchi"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,15612_5876735,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Crusaders Sign Raynor"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,15612_5852668,00.html","external_links_name":"Sky Sports – Harris Backing Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/celtic_crusaders/9149935.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport – Crusaders are placed in administration\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/14281421.stm","external_links_name":"\"Crusaders face uncertain future after Super League exit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208060949/http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=14992","external_links_name":"\"New look for Crusaders\""},{"Link":"http://www.leagueunlimited.com/article.php?newsid=14992","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/Super_League_XIV_2009/Round_2/Celtic-vs-Hull_FC/summary.html","external_links_name":"Rugby League Project – Celtic Versus Hull 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/Super_League_XIV_2009/Round_26/Celtic-vs-Huddersfield/summary.html","external_links_name":"Rugby League Project – Celtic Versus Huddersfield 2009"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/7571023.stm","external_links_name":"BBC News – Old Stadium Claims World Record"},{"Link":"http://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/page/Racecourse/0,,10311,00.html","external_links_name":"Wrexham FC – The Racecourse"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021144251/http://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/page/Racecourse/0%2C%2C10311%2C00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.walesdirectory.co.uk/tourist-attractions/Sports_Grounds_and_Stadiums/Wales11453.htm","external_links_name":"Wales Directory – The Racecourse"},{"Link":"http://theracecoursewrexham.co.uk/about.html","external_links_name":"The Racecourse Wrexham – About Us"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831002801/http://theracecoursewrexham.co.uk/about.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200902.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – February 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102624/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200902.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200704.pdf","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – April 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102636/http://fluidab3.miniserver.com/~global/_cmsDocs/crusader/200704.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/celticbarbarians/","external_links_name":"Celtic Barbarians – Home"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315060652/http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/celticbarbarians","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/feb/16/gareth-thomas-crusaders-rugby-league","external_links_name":"The Guardian – Gavin Henson Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/crusadersrugbyleague","external_links_name":"Crusaders MySpace – Friends"},{"Link":"http://janetryder.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Janet Ryder – Blog"},{"Link":"http://www.labouronline.org/wibs/167158/working_hard_for_you?PageId=24475a14-f6a4-64f4-91ba-b3c3f77a997a","external_links_name":"Labour – Carwyn Jones"},{"Link":"http://www.leaguenews.co.uk/index.php/Contact-Us/templates/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=924:first-minister-urges-crusaders-rl-to-make-wales-proud&catid=63:super-league&Itemid=168","external_links_name":"League News – Make Wales Proud"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006204203/http://www.leaguenews.co.uk/index.php/Contact-Us/templates/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=924%3Afirst-minister-urges-crusaders-rl-to-make-wales-proud&catid=63%3Asuper-league&Itemid=168","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/CelticCrusaders","external_links_name":"Facebook – Celtic Crusaders"},{"Link":"http://celticcrusaders.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=chat","external_links_name":"Crusaders Til I Die – Crusaders Chat"},{"Link":"http://www.redpassion.co.uk/forums/crusaders-rugby/","external_links_name":"Red Passion Forum – Crusaders Rugby"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=529","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2006/2007 Reserve Friendlies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164052/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=529","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=532","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111014151601/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=532","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=552","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Regular Season 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164218/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=552","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=553","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Regular Season 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164331/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=553","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=556","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Grand Final"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164601/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=556","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=555","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2008 Colts Play-Offs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164526/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=555","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=560","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2009 Reserve Regular Season 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164722/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=560","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=559","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2009 Reserve Season Overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164446/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=559","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=562","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – 2009 Reserve Regular Season 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121164858/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=562","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scorpionsrl.com/page.php?id=900","external_links_name":"South Wales Scorpions – History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100902060602/http://www.scorpionsrl.com/page.php?id=900","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=303","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – Reserve Team"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922185957/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=303","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=493","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – U18 08/09 Season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121161209/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=493","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=496","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – U18 08/09 Season Grand Final"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121161259/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=496","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=516","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – U18 09/10 Season"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121161542/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=516","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=514","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – U18 Team"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922190232/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=514","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=1007","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – Scholarship Teams"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100908000803/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=1007","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=441","external_links_name":"Crusaders RL – Development Squads"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922190201/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/page.php?id=441","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061217025350/http://www.crusadersrfl.com/","external_links_name":"Crusaders official website"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/4120700.stm","external_links_name":"Crusaders announcement"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Toledo	Car Seat Headrest	["1 History","1.1 2010–2014: Lo-fi and solo releases, from 1 to How to Leave Town","1.2 2015–2017: Matador Records, Teens of Style and Teens of Denial","1.3 2018–2019: Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) and Commit Yourself Completely","1.4 2020–present: Making a Door Less Open and Faces from the Masquerade","2 Style","3 Members","3.1 Current members","3.2 Touring members","3.3 Former members","3.4 Timeline","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.1.1 As a solo project","4.1.2 As a band","4.2 Extended plays","4.3 Live albums","4.4 Compilation albums","5 References","6 External links"]	American indie rock band For the automotive safety feature, see Head restraint. Car Seat HeadrestWill Toledo and Seth Dalby performing as part of Car Seat Headrest at The Showbox in Seattle, Washington, in October 2018Background informationOriginLeesburg, Virginia, U.S.GenresIndie rocklo-fi popDiscographyCar Seat Headrest discographyYears active2010–presentLabelsMatadorMembers Will Toledo Ethan Ives Andrew Katz Seth Dalby Past members Will Marsh Nora Knight Katie Wood Austin Ruhf Christian Northover Jacob Bloom Websitecarseatheadrest.com Car Seat Headrest is an American indie rock band formed in Leesburg, Virginia, and currently located in Seattle, Washington. The band consists of Will Toledo (vocals, guitar, piano, synthesizers), Ethan Ives (guitar, bass, backing vocals), Seth Dalby (bass), and Andrew Katz (drums, percussion, backing vocals). Beginning as a solo recording project by Toledo in 2010, Car Seat Headrest self-released 12 projects on the music platform Bandcamp between 2010 and 2014 before signing to Matador Records in 2015. They began touring as a full band the following year. History 2010–2014: Lo-fi and solo releases, from 1 to How to Leave Town Car Seat Headrest began as the solo project of singer/songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Will Toledo (born William Barnes) shortly after he graduated high school. Toledo had previously released music under other aliases, including The 63rd Fret and Nervous Young Men, and been a member of the band Mr. Yay Ok, but after struggling to establish an audience, he decided to change tactics, choosing to try and release more experimental songs anonymously. Toledo chose the name "Car Seat Headrest" as he would often record the vocals to his early albums in the back seat of his family's car for privacy. Throughout the summer of 2010, Toledo released his first four albums under the Car Seat Headrest name: 1, 2, 3, and 4. 1 and 2 incorporated less traditional song structures, with stream-of-consciousness lyrics, whereas 3 and 4 would begin to cement his lo-fi indie rock style. Following the numbered albums, Toledo began attending classes at Virginia Commonwealth University, releasing the Sunburned Shirts EP during his first semester. The Sunburned Shirts EP would later be semi-combined with his fifth LP, 5 (now removed from their Bandcamp), to create his first titled album, My Back Is Killing Me Baby, released in March 2011. Songs culled from 5 would later appear on the B-sides compilation album Little Pieces of Paper with "No" Written on Them. After a difficult and lonely semester at VCU, Toledo transferred to the College of William & Mary, where he would release his next project, Twin Fantasy, a concept album centering around a relationship he was in at the time. Twin Fantasy would later be followed up by 2012's Monomania and Living While Starving (also called Starving While Living) EP. Around this time, Toledo began performing live shows with fellow students Katie Wood, Austin Ruhf, and Christian Northover, recording and releasing a short live album in July 2013 entitled Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest at the university's studio. Toledo would release his next project the following month, a two-hour-long double album entitled Nervous Young Man, described on its Bandcamp page as "a collection of songs written between ages 17 and 21". Three of the songs, and the title of the album, were taken from his original project, Nervous Young Men, but had been heavily reworked and re-recorded. Released alongside Nervous Young Man, for those who paid $5 or more, was the outtakes compilation album Disjecta Membra. Toledo's final solo release was 2014's How to Leave Town, an hour-long EP with heavy electronic instrumentation and more ambitious song structures. 2015–2017: Matador Records, Teens of Style and Teens of Denial Car Seat Headrest playing at The Sinclair, in Cambridge, Massachusetts (September 2016):Andrew Katz (drums) and Seth Dalby (bass)Ethan Ives In September 2015, Car Seat Headrest announced on Facebook that they had signed an album deal with Matador Records. Toledo, who had recently graduated and moved to Seattle, recruited bassist Jacob Bloom and drummer Andrew Katz through Craigslist to record and tour his next album. In October 2015, Car Seat Headrest released the compilation album Teens of Style, consisting of re-recorded material from Toledo's solo discography and was their first record to not be self-released exclusively via Bandcamp. Shortly after the album's release, Bloom left the group to attend medical school and was replaced by bassist Ethan Ives, who met the band at an open mic. Ives played bass throughout most of the recordings for the band's following release, but would later switch to guitar and other instruments, with Seth Dalby taking over on bass. Ives and Dalby would subsequently be cemented in these positions during live shows and future releases. The new album, created with traditional studio processes, Teens of Denial, was released on May 20, 2016. The album received universal acclaim and brought the band a new wave of popularity. In August 2017, Car Seat Headrest released an alternate mix of their single, "War Is Coming (If You Want It)" through Bandcamp for one day, with profits going to the Transgender Law Center. The original mix of the track was released ten days later. On December 13, 2017, the band released a re-recorded version of "Beach Life-In-Death", the second track on Twin Fantasy, through Spotify without prior announcement. This sparked fan rumours that the album would be re-recorded and released the following year. On December 27, 2017, an Amazon listing detailing a re-recorded version of Twin Fantasy was found by fans, and subsequently uploaded to the Car Seat Headrest subreddit. This was followed up by a listing on SRCVinyl.com with the date February 16, 2018. 2018–2019: Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) and Commit Yourself Completely Will Toledo performing as Car Seat Headrest in Australia, 2018 On January 9, 2018, Matador Records formally announced the release of the re-recording, entitled Twin Fantasy (Face to Face), alongside a re-release of the original album. Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) was released via Matador on February 16. The original, which has been re-titled Twin Fantasy (Mirror to Mirror), was released on vinyl as a part of Record Store Day on April 21. On February 15, 2018, the band released a cover of "Fallen Horses" by Smash Mouth, who had previously covered "Something Soon" (from 2011's My Back Is Killing Me Baby). Around the same time, Car Seat Headrest would begin touring with fellow Seattle-based band, Naked Giants, as a part of the group's expanded live lineup. Toledo would also produce and feature on Midnight, the sophomore album by Stef Chura. In August 2018, when asked about new material, Toledo confirmed that he was "demoing out stuff in Ableton," adding, "there might be some stuff that surprises people who only know us as a rock band, but I don’t think it will come as a surprise to people who are checking out all the deep cuts". In January 2019, Andrew Katz confirmed the band was recording new music through a video uploaded on Instagram. Following the tease of new music, the band began experimenting with new material at various live shows in December 2018, debuting the tracks "Weightlifters", "Hollywood", "Stop Lying To Me", and "You Know There's Someone Out There", soon followed by "Can't Cool Me Down" in February and March 2019 performances. On June 12, 2019, Car Seat Headrest announced a new live album titled Commit Yourself Completely, featuring official recordings of performances from the Twin Fantasy tour from 2018. It was released the following week on June 17. 2020–present: Making a Door Less Open and Faces from the Masquerade On February 26, 2020, Car Seat Headrest announced their first studio album consisting of wholly new material since 2016's Teens of Denial, Making a Door Less Open. This announcement coincided with the release of "Can't Cool Me Down", the first single and second track off the album, and a release date of May 1, 2020. It marks a stylistic divergence from previous material, Toledo describing the album as containing elements of EDM, hip hop, futurism, doo-wop, soul and rock and roll. Three more singles were released to promote the album between March and April of that year: "Martin", "Hollywood" and "There Must Be More Than Blood". The release also coincided with the introduction of Trait, an alternative persona of Toledo's, featured prominently wearing a modified gas mask with blinking LED lights for eyes, and floppy, rabbit-like ears. The character had originally been created for the group's "comedic" side project, 1 Trait Danger, featuring Toledo alongside drummer Andrew Katz. Making a Door Less Open was released with three separate versions across different formats: vinyl, CD and streaming, each with variations in track-list and specific musical elements. The album received a mixed reaction from fans, who pointed out the many divergences from the band's previous works, but received an overall score of 77 on review aggregate site Metacritic. Toledo noted that he and the band were working on a companion album for their latest release, while also looking for ways to improve the Trait mask to incorporate it into live performances. Shortly after the album's release, Ethan Ives would release his debut solo album, Life for Cowards, under the name Toy Bastard. Due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the band's planned North America tour was cancelled, with shows later being rescheduled to the spring of 2022. In 2021, Toledo produced the album My Head Hz by Naked Days, with Andrew Katz and Seth Dalby credited for providing drums and bass respectively. On June 22, 2021, Car Seat Headrest released two EPs: MADLO: Influences, a collection of four covers, including one of Kate Bush's Running Up That Hill, and MADLO: Remixes, consisting of five remixed versions of tracks from Making a Door Less Open. In the same year, Toledo produced the album How to Drive a Bus by New Jersey-based band I've Made Too Much Pasta. Katz is also credited alongside Toledo for mastering the album. In April 2022, Toledo was diagnosed with COVID-19 while on tour, resulting in many of the band's performances being rescheduled, and later cancelled outright. Toledo later revealed he had developed a histamine intolerance as a result of Long COVID. On January 27, 2023, Andrew Katz made a post to Instagram about the conclusion of the MADLO tour, hinting at a new album in the photo's caption. At the start of June, the band announced they had created a Patreon account as a way for fans to help financially support the band while not on tour, offering solo live-streamed concerts and behind-the-scenes photos and stories from throughout the band's history. On October 18, the band announced their second full length live album, Faces from the Masquerade, featuring recordings from their residency at Brooklyn Steel during the 2022 tour. The album released on December 8. Style AllMusic biographer Mark Deming wrote that Car Seat Headrest created "moody and introspective lo-fi pop tunes that are melodic but structurally ambitious at once". Writing for Pitchfork, Jeremy Gordon stated that on Teens of Denial, "Will Toledo reaffirms that he is ahead of the pack as an imaginative singer-songwriter, capable of crafting dynamic indie rock." Ian Cohen of Pitchfork also described Toledo's music as "dense, confounding music that most often captures the giddy thrill of having access to recording equipment, of finally put a sound to the voice in your head." Rolling Stone described Making a Door Less Open as "an immersive and adventurous album that sounds polished, but never slick, a well-executed experiment in cross-genre pollination that heightens Toledo’s best songwriting impulses." Toledo has been open about his musical influences, which include, but are not limited to, Radiohead, The Beatles, The Beach Boys, Leonard Cohen, David Bowie, The Monkees, R.E.M., Nirvana, Green Day, The Who, Pavement, Kendrick Lamar, Daniel Johnston, Sufjan Stevens, Destroyer, Frank Ocean and They Might Be Giants. Members Current members Will Toledo – vocals, guitar, keyboards (2010–present), drums, bass (2010–2015) Ethan Ives – guitar, backing vocals (2016–present), bass guitar (2015–2016) Andrew Katz – drums, backing vocals (2014–present) Seth Dalby – bass guitar (2011–12, 2016–present) Touring members Grant Mullen – guitar, backing vocals (2016, 2018−2019) Gianni Aiello – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016, 2018−2019) Henry LaVallee – additional percussion (2016, 2018−2019) Ben Roth – keyboards (2022) Former members Will Marsh – guitar, drums (2011-2012) Nora Knight - guitar, drums, backing vocals (2011-2012) Katie Wood – guitar, backing vocals (2012–2014) Austin Ruhf – bass guitar, backing vocals, cello (2012–2014) Christian Northover – drums (2012–2014) Jacob Bloom – bass guitar (2014–2015) Timeline Discography Main article: Car Seat Headrest discography Studio albums As a solo project 1 (2010) 2 (2010) 3 (2010) 4 (2010) My Back Is Killing Me Baby (2011) Twin Fantasy (2011) (reissued as "Twin Fantasy (Mirror to Mirror)") Monomania (2012) Nervous Young Man (2013) As a band Teens of Style (2015) Teens of Denial (2016) Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) (2018) Making a Door Less Open (2020) Extended plays Sunburned Shirts (2010) Living While Starving (2012) How to Leave Town (2014) MADLO: Influences (2021) MADLO: Remixes (2021) Live albums Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest (2013) Spotify Sessions (2016) Commit Yourself Completely (2019) Faces from the Masquerade (2023) Compilation albums Little Pieces Of Paper With "No" Written On Them (2010) Disjecta Membra (2013) References ^ Martin, Robey (June 27, 2017). "Q&A: Car Seat Headrest". richmondmagazine.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020. ^ a b carseatheadrest (June 29, 2018), Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary), retrieved July 17, 2018 ^ "Car Seat Headrest Grows up on Bandcamp". The New Yorker. November 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016. ^ "A Guide To All Of Car Seat Headrest's Pre-Fame Albums (All 11 Of Them)". UPROXX. October 28, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ "100 minutes of solitude, by Car Seat Headrest". Car Seat Headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ "My Back Is Killing Me Baby, by Car Seat Headrest". Car Seat Headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ "Little Pieces Of Paper With "No" Written On Them, by Car Seat Headrest". Car Seat Headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (November 24, 2015). "Car Seat Headrest: Dorm-Room Prodigy to Indie-Rock Sensation". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ "Starving While Living, by Car Seat Headrest". ^ "Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest, by Car Seat Headrest". Why Me Records. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Nervous Young Man, by Car Seat Headrest". car seat headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ Elliot, Sean (August 31, 2013). "Nervous Young Man by Car Seat Headrest". The Daily Album. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016. ^ we got a label Archived January 15, 2018, at the Wayback MachineSeptember 1, 2015. Facebook. ^ Indieheads Podcast (February 17, 2018), Indieheads Podcast Episode #111: Andrew Katz vs. The Indieheads Podcast, retrieved August 16, 2018 ^ "Adult of Style: Car Seat Headrest's Teen Confessions Took Him from Bandcamp Stardom to a Real Band". www.vice.com. September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2021. ^ KEXP, Car Seat Headrest - Full Performance (Live on KEXP), retrieved January 30, 2019 ^ Coming May 20 : Car Seat Headrest – Teens Of Denial Archived March 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. March 24, 2016. Matador Records. ^ Rettig, James (August 14, 2017). "Car Seat Headrest – "War Is Coming (If You Want It)"". Stereogum. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. ^ ""Beach Life in Death" by Car Seat Headrest Review \| Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Twin Fantasy, Matador Records, February 16, 2018, retrieved December 29, 2017 ^ "Car Seat Headrest - Twin Fantasy 2XLP Vinyl". www.srcvinyl.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ "Coming February 16 : Car Seat Headrest – 'Twin Fantasy' ; "Nervous Young Inhumans" Video Premiere". Matablog. Matador Records. January 9, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ "Smash Mouth Cover Car Seat Headrest: Listen". pitchfork.com. February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ Ingegneri, Katie (November 22, 2019). "A Conversation with Will Toledo and An Appreciation for Car Seat Headrest". Medium. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ Graff, Gary (March 8, 2018). "Naked Giants Premiere 'Sluff' Video, Talk Playing With Car Seat Headrest". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2018. ^ "Midnight, by stef chura". stef chura. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "Stef Chura shares new song 'Sweet Sweet Midnight'". DIY. May 15, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ Listen to "An Interview with Car Seat Headrest" posted by Matt Wilkinson on Apple Music., retrieved May 1, 2019 ^ "Andrew Katz on Instagram: "Loser Tuesdays"". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Car Seat Headrest on Twitter: "Heard some confusion about whether this is an 'unplugged' show...it is a full set from the full band, with lots of plugs! AND...we're trying out some new material!"". Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. ^ "Car Seat Headrest Concert Setlist at The Vera Project, Seattle on December 8 2018". Setlist.fm. Retrieved June 9, 2020. ^ "Car Seat Headrest Brings Down the House at Rams Head Live". Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. ^ Shaffer, Claire (June 12, 2019). "Car Seat Headrest Announce Live Album 'Commit Yourself Completely". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ "Car Seat Headrest Announce New Live Album: "Commit Yourself Completely"". Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ Leas, Ryan (February 26, 2020). "Car Seat Headrest Announces 'Making A Door Less Open'; Hear "Can't Cool Me Down"". Stereogum. Retrieved February 26, 2020. ^ "Car Seat Headrest share new song 'Martin'". DIY Magazine. March 23, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ a b Pappademas, Alex (April 23, 2020). "The New Face of Car Seat Headrest". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ Toledo, Will. "Newness And Strangeness". Car Seat Headrest. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ a b Rietmulder, Michael (May 1, 2020). "Car Seat Headrest's reinvention: How a comedy EDM project redirected the Seattle indie rock stars' new album". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ Jurado, Andrea (May 11, 2020). "Entrevista con Car Seat Headrest". Indie Rocks! (in Spanish). Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ Fernando, Pérez (May 19, 2020). "Car Seat Headrest: "Si hay una regla que siempre he seguido es que nada está fuera de los límites"" . El Quinto Beatle (in Spanish). Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b Pardo, Miguel (May 13, 2020). "Conversando por Whatsapp con Will Toledo (Car Seat Headrest)" . Binaural.es (in Spanish). Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ "Making a Door Less Open by Car Seat Headrest Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ^ "Life For Cowards, by Toy Bastard". Ethan Ives. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "Ticket buyers may have already gotten an email about this but our summer tour has been cancelled for the expected reasons". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "tickets on sale soon carseatheadrest.com/tourdates". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "My Head Hz, by Naked Days". Naked Days. Retrieved March 10, 2024. ^ "Car Seat Headrest release 'MADLO: Influences' and 'MADLO: Remixes'". DIY Magazine. June 22, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021. ^ "How to drive a bus \| I've Made Too Much Pasta". Bandcamp. Retrieved June 25, 2022. ^ "Tour update". Twitter. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ "After much discussion we have made the difficult choice to cancel". Twitter. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ "For those who were planning on attending @outofspaceshows tomorrow in Evanston, IL". Twitter. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ The Car Seat Headrest Patreon is Here!, retrieved August 24, 2023 ^ "Faces From The Masquerade". store.matadorrecords.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ Deming, Mark. "Car Seat Headrest \| Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ "Car Seat Headrest: Teens of Denial". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ Listen to "Beast Monster Thing (Love Isn't Love Enough)" by Car Seat Headrest, retrieved March 6, 2020 ^ Blistein, Jon (May 1, 2020). "Car Seat Headrest's 'Making a Door Less Open' Follows a Forked Path to a Big Emotional Payoff". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary: Part One), retrieved July 27, 2022 ^ Lindsay, Cam (September 14, 2016). "Fall Music Preview: Car Seat Headrest's Will Toledo breaks down the influences behind his new record". NOW Magazine. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "Why Car Seat Headrest Is The Indie Rock Hero We've Been Waiting For". Consequence. April 14, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "Defining influence on my music since high school". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ "Car Seat Headrest cover story: Will Toledo's 12-album overnight success story". Loud And Quiet. Retrieved July 27, 2022. ^ Kim, Michelle Hyun (February 25, 2018). "Watch Car Seat Headrest Cover Frank Ocean's "White Ferrari"". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 25, 2023. ^ carseatheadrest. "even when I dream of you: q&a with peyton thomas". car seat headrest. Retrieved July 27, 2022. External links Official website Bandcamp Page Car Seat Headrest @ Matadorrecords.com vteCar Seat Headrest Will Toledo Ethan Ives Andrew Katz Seth Dalby Studio albumsSolo albums 1 2 3 4 My Back Is Killing Me Baby Twin Fantasy Monomania Nervous Young Man Teens of Style Teens of Denial Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) Making a Door Less OpenExtended Plays Starving While Living How To Leave Town Live albums Commit Yourself Completely Faces from the Masquerade Singles "Nervous Young Inhumans" "Hollywood" Related articles Discography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Head restraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_restraint"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Leesburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"}],"text":"For the automotive safety feature, see Head restraint.Car Seat Headrest is an American indie rock band formed in Leesburg, Virginia, and currently located in Seattle, Washington. The band consists of Will Toledo (vocals, guitar, piano, synthesizers), Ethan Ives (guitar, bass, backing vocals), Seth Dalby (bass), and Andrew Katz (drums, percussion, backing vocals).Beginning as a solo recording project by Toledo in 2010, Car Seat Headrest self-released 12 projects on the music platform Bandcamp between 2010 and 2014 before signing to Matador Records in 2015. They began touring as a full band the following year.","title":"Car Seat Headrest"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Twin Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"double album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album"},{"link_name":"Nervous Young Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_Young_Man"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"sub_title":"2010–2014: Lo-fi and solo releases, from 1 to How to Leave Town","text":"Car Seat Headrest began as the solo project of singer/songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Will Toledo (born William Barnes)[1] shortly after he graduated high school. Toledo had previously released music under other aliases, including The 63rd Fret and Nervous Young Men, and been a member of the band Mr. Yay Ok, but after struggling to establish an audience, he decided to change tactics, choosing to try and release more experimental songs anonymously.[2] Toledo chose the name \"Car Seat Headrest\" as he would often record the vocals to his early albums in the back seat of his family's car for privacy.[3]Throughout the summer of 2010, Toledo released his first four albums under the Car Seat Headrest name: 1, 2, 3, and 4.[2] 1 and 2 incorporated less traditional song structures, with stream-of-consciousness lyrics, whereas 3 and 4 would begin to cement his lo-fi indie rock style. Following the numbered albums, Toledo began attending classes at Virginia Commonwealth University, releasing the Sunburned Shirts EP during his first semester.[4] The Sunburned Shirts EP would later be semi-combined with his fifth LP, 5 (now removed from their Bandcamp),[5] to create his first titled album, My Back Is Killing Me Baby, released in March 2011.[6] Songs culled from 5 would later appear on the B-sides compilation album Little Pieces of Paper with \"No\" Written on Them.[7]After a difficult and lonely semester at VCU, Toledo transferred to the College of William & Mary, where he would release his next project, Twin Fantasy,[8] a concept album centering around a relationship he was in at the time. Twin Fantasy would later be followed up by 2012's Monomania and Living While Starving (also called Starving While Living[9]) EP.Around this time, Toledo began performing live shows with fellow students Katie Wood, Austin Ruhf, and Christian Northover, recording and releasing a short live album in July 2013 entitled Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest at the university's studio.[10] Toledo would release his next project the following month, a two-hour-long double album entitled Nervous Young Man, described on its Bandcamp page as \"a collection of songs written between ages 17 and 21\". Three of the songs, and the title of the album, were taken from his original project, Nervous Young Men, but had been heavily reworked and re-recorded. Released alongside Nervous Young Man, for those who paid $5 or more, was the outtakes compilation album Disjecta Membra.[11][12]Toledo's final solo release was 2014's How to Leave Town, an hour-long EP with heavy electronic instrumentation and more ambitious song structures.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_Seat_Headrest_@_The_Sinclair_(Cambridge,_MA)_-_29642950942.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_Seat_Headrest_@_The_Sinclair_(Cambridge,_MA)_-_29463087730.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Craigslist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist"},{"link_name":"Teens of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teens_of_Style"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Teens of Denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teens_of_Denial"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"subreddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2015–2017: Matador Records, Teens of Style and Teens of Denial","text":"Car Seat Headrest playing at The Sinclair, in Cambridge, Massachusetts (September 2016):Andrew Katz (drums) and Seth Dalby (bass)Ethan IvesIn September 2015, Car Seat Headrest announced on Facebook that they had signed an album deal with Matador Records.[13] Toledo, who had recently graduated and moved to Seattle, recruited bassist Jacob Bloom and drummer Andrew Katz through Craigslist to record and tour his next album. In October 2015, Car Seat Headrest released the compilation album Teens of Style, consisting of re-recorded material from Toledo's solo discography and was their first record to not be self-released exclusively via Bandcamp. Shortly after the album's release, Bloom left the group to attend medical school and was replaced by bassist Ethan Ives, who met the band at an open mic.[14][15]Ives played bass throughout most of the recordings for the band's following release, but would later switch to guitar and other instruments, with Seth Dalby taking over on bass. Ives and Dalby would subsequently be cemented in these positions during live shows and future releases.[16] The new album, created with traditional studio processes, Teens of Denial, was released on May 20, 2016.[17] The album received universal acclaim and brought the band a new wave of popularity.In August 2017, Car Seat Headrest released an alternate mix of their single, \"War Is Coming (If You Want It)\" through Bandcamp for one day, with profits going to the Transgender Law Center. The original mix of the track was released ten days later.[18]On December 13, 2017, the band released a re-recorded version of \"Beach Life-In-Death\", the second track on Twin Fantasy, through Spotify without prior announcement. This sparked fan rumours that the album would be re-recorded and released the following year.[19] On December 27, 2017, an Amazon listing detailing a re-recorded version of Twin Fantasy was found by fans, and subsequently uploaded to the Car Seat Headrest subreddit.[20] This was followed up by a listing on SRCVinyl.com with the date February 16, 2018.[21][22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_Seat_Headrest_(26638152838).jpg"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Twin Fantasy (Face to Face)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Fantasy_(Face_to_Face)"},{"link_name":"Fallen Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Smash Mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Mouth"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Naked Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Giants"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Stef Chura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stef_Chura"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ableton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableton_Live"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Commit Yourself Completely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commit_Yourself_Completely"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019: Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) and Commit Yourself Completely","text":"Will Toledo performing as Car Seat Headrest in Australia, 2018On January 9, 2018, Matador Records formally announced the release of the re-recording, entitled Twin Fantasy (Face to Face), alongside a re-release of the original album. Twin Fantasy (Face to Face) was released via Matador on February 16. The original, which has been re-titled Twin Fantasy (Mirror to Mirror), was released on vinyl as a part of Record Store Day on April 21. On February 15, 2018, the band released a cover of \"Fallen Horses\" by Smash Mouth, who had previously covered \"Something Soon\" (from 2011's My Back Is Killing Me Baby).[23] Around the same time, Car Seat Headrest would begin touring with fellow Seattle-based band, Naked Giants, as a part of the group's expanded live lineup.[24][25] Toledo would also produce and feature on Midnight, the sophomore album by Stef Chura.[26][27]In August 2018, when asked about new material, Toledo confirmed that he was \"demoing out stuff in Ableton,\" adding, \"there might be some stuff that surprises people who only know us as a rock band, but I don’t think it will come as a surprise to people who are checking out all the deep cuts\".[28] In January 2019, Andrew Katz confirmed the band was recording new music through a video uploaded on Instagram.[29]Following the tease of new music, the band began experimenting with new material at various live shows in December 2018, debuting the tracks \"Weightlifters\", \"Hollywood\", \"Stop Lying To Me\", and \"You Know There's Someone Out There\", soon followed by \"Can't Cool Me Down\" in February and March 2019 performances.[30][31][32]On June 12, 2019, Car Seat Headrest announced a new live album titled Commit Yourself Completely, featuring official recordings of performances from the Twin Fantasy tour from 2018.[33] It was released the following week on June 17.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Making a Door Less Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_a_Door_Less_Open"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(music)"},{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"},{"link_name":"persona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona"},{"link_name":"gas mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mask"},{"link_name":"LED lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-42"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-39"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"2020 COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Kate Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bush"},{"link_name":"Running Up That Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Up_That_Hill"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"histamine intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_intolerance"},{"link_name":"Long COVID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Patreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patreon"},{"link_name":"live-streamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Faces from the Masquerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faces_from_the_Masquerade"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Steel"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"2020–present: Making a Door Less Open and Faces from the Masquerade","text":"On February 26, 2020, Car Seat Headrest announced their first studio album consisting of wholly new material since 2016's Teens of Denial, Making a Door Less Open. This announcement coincided with the release of \"Can't Cool Me Down\", the first single and second track off the album, and a release date of May 1, 2020.[35] It marks a stylistic divergence from previous material, Toledo describing the album as containing elements of EDM, hip hop, futurism, doo-wop, soul and rock and roll.[36] Three more singles were released to promote the album between March and April of that year: \"Martin\", \"Hollywood\" and \"There Must Be More Than Blood\".[37] The release also coincided with the introduction of Trait, an alternative persona of Toledo's, featured prominently wearing a modified gas mask with blinking LED lights for eyes, and floppy, rabbit-like ears.[37][38] The character had originally been created for the group's \"comedic\" side project, 1 Trait Danger, featuring Toledo alongside drummer Andrew Katz.[39][40]Making a Door Less Open was released with three separate versions across different formats: vinyl, CD and streaming, each with variations in track-list and specific musical elements.[41] The album received a mixed reaction from fans, who pointed out the many divergences from the band's previous works,[42] but received an overall score of 77 on review aggregate site Metacritic.[43] Toledo noted that he and the band were working on a companion album for their latest release, while also looking for ways to improve the Trait mask to incorporate it into live performances.[42][39] Shortly after the album's release, Ethan Ives would release his debut solo album, Life for Cowards, under the name Toy Bastard.[44] Due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the band's planned North America tour was cancelled, with shows later being rescheduled to the spring of 2022.[45][46]In 2021, Toledo produced the album My Head Hz by Naked Days, with Andrew Katz and Seth Dalby credited for providing drums and bass respectively.[47] On June 22, 2021, Car Seat Headrest released two EPs: MADLO: Influences, a collection of four covers, including one of Kate Bush's Running Up That Hill, and MADLO: Remixes, consisting of five remixed versions of tracks from Making a Door Less Open.[48] In the same year, Toledo produced the album How to Drive a Bus by New Jersey-based band I've Made Too Much Pasta. Katz is also credited alongside Toledo for mastering the album.[49]In April 2022, Toledo was diagnosed with COVID-19 while on tour, resulting in many of the band's performances being rescheduled, and later cancelled outright.[50][51] Toledo later revealed he had developed a histamine intolerance as a result of Long COVID.[52]On January 27, 2023, Andrew Katz made a post to Instagram about the conclusion of the MADLO tour, hinting at a new album in the photo's caption.[53] At the start of June, the band announced they had created a Patreon account as a way for fans to help financially support the band while not on tour, offering solo live-streamed concerts and behind-the-scenes photos and stories from throughout the band's history.[54] On October 18, the band announced their second full length live album, Faces from the Masquerade, featuring recordings from their residency at Brooklyn Steel during the 2022 tour. The album released on December 8.[55]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Pavement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Daniel Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Sufjan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufjan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"They Might Be Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"AllMusic biographer Mark Deming wrote that Car Seat Headrest created \"moody and introspective lo-fi pop tunes that are melodic but structurally ambitious at once\".[56] Writing for Pitchfork, Jeremy Gordon stated that on Teens of Denial, \"Will Toledo reaffirms that he is ahead of the pack as an imaginative singer-songwriter, capable of crafting dynamic indie rock.\"[57] Ian Cohen of Pitchfork also described Toledo's music as \"dense, confounding music that most often captures the giddy thrill of having access to recording equipment, of finally put a sound to the voice in your head.\"[58] Rolling Stone described Making a Door Less Open as \"an immersive and adventurous album that sounds polished, but never slick, a well-executed experiment in cross-genre pollination that heightens Toledo’s best songwriting impulses.\"[59] Toledo has been open about his musical influences, which include, but are not limited to, Radiohead, The Beatles, The Beach Boys, Leonard Cohen, David Bowie, The Monkees, R.E.M.,[60] Nirvana, Green Day, The Who,[61] Pavement, Kendrick Lamar,[62] Daniel Johnston,[63] Sufjan Stevens,[64] Destroyer, Frank Ocean[65] and They Might Be Giants.[66]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"Will Toledo – vocals, guitar, keyboards (2010–present), drums, bass (2010–2015)\nEthan Ives – guitar, backing vocals (2016–present), bass guitar (2015–2016)\nAndrew Katz – drums, backing vocals (2014–present)\nSeth Dalby – bass guitar (2011–12, 2016–present)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grant Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Giants"},{"link_name":"Gianni Aiello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Giants"},{"link_name":"Henry LaVallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Giants"}],"sub_title":"Touring members","text":"Grant Mullen – guitar, backing vocals (2016, 2018−2019)\nGianni Aiello – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016, 2018−2019)\nHenry LaVallee – additional percussion (2016, 2018−2019)\nBen Roth – keyboards (2022)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former members","text":"Will Marsh – guitar, drums (2011-2012)\nNora Knight - guitar, drums, backing vocals (2011-2012)\nKatie Wood – guitar, backing vocals (2012–2014)\nAustin Ruhf – bass guitar, backing vocals, cello (2012–2014)\nChristian Northover – drums (2012–2014)\nJacob Bloom – bass guitar (2014–2015)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twin Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Nervous Young Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_Young_Man"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums - As a solo project","text":"1 (2010)\n2 (2010)\n3 (2010)\n4 (2010)\nMy Back Is Killing Me Baby (2011)\nTwin Fantasy (2011) (reissued as \"Twin Fantasy (Mirror to Mirror)\")\nMonomania (2012)\nNervous Young Man (2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teens of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teens_of_Style"},{"link_name":"Teens of Denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teens_of_Denial"},{"link_name":"Twin Fantasy (Face to Face)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Fantasy_(Face_to_Face)"},{"link_name":"Making a Door Less Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_a_Door_Less_Open"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums - As a band","text":"Teens of Style (2015)\nTeens of Denial (2016)\nTwin Fantasy (Face to Face) (2018)\nMaking a Door Less Open (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"Sunburned Shirts (2010)\nLiving While Starving (2012)\nHow to Leave Town (2014)\nMADLO: Influences (2021)\nMADLO: Remixes (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commit Yourself Completely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commit_Yourself_Completely"},{"link_name":"Faces from the Masquerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faces_from_the_Masquerade"}],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest (2013)\nSpotify Sessions (2016)\nCommit Yourself Completely (2019)\nFaces from the Masquerade (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"Little Pieces Of Paper With \"No\" Written On Them (2010)\nDisjecta Membra (2013)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Will Toledo performing as Car Seat Headrest in Australia, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Car_Seat_Headrest_%2826638152838%29.jpg/230px-Car_Seat_Headrest_%2826638152838%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Martin, Robey (June 27, 2017). \"Q&A: Car Seat Headrest\". richmondmagazine.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://richmondmagazine.com/api/content/4c407748-568d-11e7-a7bb-0a5fbc963f88/","url_text":"\"Q&A: Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"carseatheadrest (June 29, 2018), Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary), retrieved July 17, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nBnAdgH4UI","url_text":"Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary)"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest Grows up on Bandcamp\". The New Yorker. November 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/02/growth-spurt-pop-music-hua-hsu","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest Grows up on Bandcamp\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151125210138/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/02/growth-spurt-pop-music-hua-hsu","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Guide To All Of Car Seat Headrest's Pre-Fame Albums (All 11 Of Them)\". UPROXX. October 28, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/car-seat-headrest-bandcamp-albums/2/","url_text":"\"A Guide To All Of Car Seat Headrest's Pre-Fame Albums (All 11 Of Them)\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 minutes of solitude, by Car Seat Headrest\". Car Seat Headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/track/100-minutes-of-solitude","url_text":"\"100 minutes of solitude, by Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Back Is Killing Me Baby, by Car Seat Headrest\". Car Seat Headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/album/my-back-is-killing-me-baby","url_text":"\"My Back Is Killing Me Baby, by Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Pieces Of Paper With \"No\" Written On Them, by Car Seat Headrest\". Car Seat Headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/album/little-pieces-of-paper-with-no-written-on-them","url_text":"\"Little Pieces Of Paper With \"No\" Written On Them, by Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"Vozick-Levinson, Simon (November 24, 2015). \"Car Seat Headrest: Dorm-Room Prodigy to Indie-Rock Sensation\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/car-seat-headrest-on-going-from-dorm-room-prodigy-to-indie-rock-sensation-225736/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest: Dorm-Room Prodigy to Indie-Rock Sensation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Starving While Living, by Car Seat Headrest\".","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/album/starving-while-living","url_text":"\"Starving While Living, by Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest, by Car Seat Headrest\". Why Me Records. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://whymerecords.bandcamp.com/album/live-at-wcwm-car-seat-headrest","url_text":"\"Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest, by Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nervous Young Man, by Car Seat Headrest\". car seat headrest. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.tumblr.com/post/95234652536/nervous-young-man-by-car-seat-headrest","url_text":"\"Nervous Young Man, by Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"Elliot, Sean (August 31, 2013). \"Nervous Young Man by Car Seat Headrest\". The Daily Album. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160623182656/http://thedailyalbum.com/recommended-nervous-young-man-car-seat-headrest/","url_text":"\"Nervous Young Man by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"url":"http://thedailyalbum.com/recommended-nervous-young-man-car-seat-headrest/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Indieheads Podcast (February 17, 2018), Indieheads Podcast Episode #111: Andrew Katz vs. The Indieheads Podcast, retrieved August 16, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6AFIRHu0xo","url_text":"Indieheads Podcast Episode #111: Andrew Katz vs. The Indieheads Podcast"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult of Style: Car Seat Headrest's Teen Confessions Took Him from Bandcamp Stardom to a Real Band\". www.vice.com. September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/rq4zgv/car-seat-headrest-teens-of-style-interview-profile","url_text":"\"Adult of Style: Car Seat Headrest's Teen Confessions Took Him from Bandcamp Stardom to a Real Band\""}]},{"reference":"KEXP, Car Seat Headrest - Full Performance (Live on KEXP), retrieved January 30, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqT3U2UYS4k&t=883","url_text":"Car Seat Headrest - Full Performance (Live on KEXP)"}]},{"reference":"Rettig, James (August 14, 2017). \"Car Seat Headrest – \"War Is Coming (If You Want It)\"\". Stereogum. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereogum.com/1957217/car-seat-headrest-war-is-coming-if-you-want-it/music/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest – \"War Is Coming (If You Want It)\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170815064539/http://www.stereogum.com/1957217/car-seat-headrest-war-is-coming-if-you-want-it/music/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Beach Life in Death\" by Car Seat Headrest Review \| Pitchfork\". pitchfork.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/car-seat-headrest-beach-life-in-death/","url_text":"\"\"Beach Life in Death\" by Car Seat Headrest Review \| Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"Twin Fantasy, Matador Records, February 16, 2018, retrieved December 29, 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Twin-Fantasy-Car-Seat-Headrest/dp/B0789TBY58/","url_text":"Twin Fantasy"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest - Twin Fantasy 2XLP Vinyl\". www.srcvinyl.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.srcvinyl.com/car-seat-headrest-twin-fantasy-2xlp.html","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest - Twin Fantasy 2XLP Vinyl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coming February 16 : Car Seat Headrest – 'Twin Fantasy' ; \"Nervous Young Inhumans\" Video Premiere\". Matablog. Matador Records. January 9, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://matablog.matadorrecords.com/2018/01/09/coming-february-16-car-seat-headrest-twin-fantasy-nervous-young-inhumans-video-premiere/","url_text":"\"Coming February 16 : Car Seat Headrest – 'Twin Fantasy' ; \"Nervous Young Inhumans\" Video Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smash Mouth Cover Car Seat Headrest: Listen\". pitchfork.com. February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/smash-mouth-cover-car-seat-headrest-listen/","url_text":"\"Smash Mouth Cover Car Seat Headrest: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Ingegneri, Katie (November 22, 2019). \"A Conversation with Will Toledo and An Appreciation for Car Seat Headrest\". Medium. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/houseshow-magazine/a-conversation-with-will-toledo-and-an-appreciation-for-car-seat-headrest-9819e147f8f8","url_text":"\"A Conversation with Will Toledo and An Appreciation for Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (March 8, 2018). \"Naked Giants Premiere 'Sluff' Video, Talk Playing With Car Seat Headrest\". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8238621/naked-giants-sluff-premiere","url_text":"\"Naked Giants Premiere 'Sluff' Video, Talk Playing With Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midnight, by stef chura\". stef chura. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stefchuraband.bandcamp.com/album/midnight","url_text":"\"Midnight, by stef chura\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stef Chura shares new song 'Sweet Sweet Midnight'\". DIY. May 15, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://diymag.com/2019/05/15/stef-chura-shares-new-song-sweet-sweet-midnight","url_text":"\"Stef Chura shares new song 'Sweet Sweet Midnight'\""}]},{"reference":"Listen to \"An Interview with Car Seat Headrest\" posted by Matt Wilkinson on Apple Music., retrieved May 1, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/post/sa.dbc758b0-6b3a-11e8-ba4f-e0430e9b8d19","url_text":"Listen to \"An Interview with Car Seat Headrest\" posted by Matt Wilkinson on Apple Music."}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Katz on Instagram: \"Loser Tuesdays\"\". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BsqlEcLhrMU","url_text":"\"Andrew Katz on Instagram: \"Loser Tuesdays\"\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BsqlEcLhrMU/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest on Twitter: \"Heard some confusion about whether this is an 'unplugged' show...it is a full set from the full band, with lots of plugs! AND...we're trying out some new material!\"\". Archived from the original on May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190531024901/https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1071069536625905665","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest on Twitter: \"Heard some confusion about whether this is an 'unplugged' show...it is a full set from the full band, with lots of plugs! AND...we're trying out some new material!\"\""},{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1071069536625905665","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest Concert Setlist at The Vera Project, Seattle on December 8 2018\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/car-seat-headrest/2018/the-vera-project-seattle-wa-7b974a50.html","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest Concert Setlist at The Vera Project, Seattle on December 8 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest Brings Down the House at Rams Head Live\". Archived from the original on May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190531024709/https://thesesubtlesounds.com/car-seat-headrest-brings-down-the-house-at-rams-head-live/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest Brings Down the House at Rams Head Live\""},{"url":"https://thesesubtlesounds.com/car-seat-headrest-brings-down-the-house-at-rams-head-live/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Claire (June 12, 2019). \"Car Seat Headrest Announce Live Album 'Commit Yourself Completely\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/car-seat-headrest-commit-yourself-completely-live-album-846995/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announce Live Album 'Commit Yourself Completely\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announce New Live Album: \"Commit Yourself Completely\"\". Retrieved June 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/car-seat-headrest-announce-new-live-album-commit-yourself-completely/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announce New Live Album: \"Commit Yourself Completely\"\""}]},{"reference":"Leas, Ryan (February 26, 2020). \"Car Seat Headrest Announces 'Making A Door Less Open'; Hear \"Can't Cool Me Down\"\". Stereogum. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2074687/car-seat-headrest-making-a-door-less-open-cant-cool-me-down/music/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announces 'Making A Door Less Open'; Hear \"Can't Cool Me Down\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest share new song 'Martin'\". DIY Magazine. March 23, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://diymag.com/2020/03/23/watch-car-seat-headrest-new-song-martin","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest share new song 'Martin'\""}]},{"reference":"Pappademas, Alex (April 23, 2020). \"The New Face of Car Seat Headrest\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/arts/music/car-seat-headrest.html","url_text":"\"The New Face of Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"Toledo, Will. \"Newness And Strangeness\". Car Seat Headrest. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.com/newnessandstrangeness/","url_text":"\"Newness And Strangeness\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200426160035/https://carseatheadrest.com/newnessandstrangeness/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rietmulder, Michael (May 1, 2020). \"Car Seat Headrest's reinvention: How a comedy EDM project redirected the Seattle indie rock stars' new album\". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/car-seat-headrests-reinvention-how-a-comedy-edm-project-redirected-the-seattle-indie-rock-stars-new-album/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest's reinvention: How a comedy EDM project redirected the Seattle indie rock stars' new album\""}]},{"reference":"Jurado, Andrea (May 11, 2020). \"Entrevista con Car Seat Headrest\". Indie Rocks! (in Spanish). Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indierocks.mx/musica/entrevistas/entrevista-con-car-seat-headrest/","url_text":"\"Entrevista con Car Seat Headrest\""}]},{"reference":"Fernando, Pérez (May 19, 2020). \"Car Seat Headrest: \"Si hay una regla que siempre he seguido es que nada está fuera de los límites\"\" [Car Seat Headrest: \"If there is a rule that I have always followed is that nothing is out of the limits\"]. El Quinto Beatle (in Spanish). Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elquintobeatle.com/2020/05/19/entrevista-car-seat-headrest-mayo-2020/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest: \"Si hay una regla que siempre he seguido es que nada está fuera de los límites\"\""}]},{"reference":"Pardo, Miguel (May 13, 2020). \"Conversando por Whatsapp con Will Toledo (Car Seat Headrest)\" [Chatting through Whatsapp with Will Toledo (Car Seat Headrest)]. Binaural.es (in Spanish). Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.binaural.es/entrevista/conversando-por-whatsapp-con-will-toledo-car-seat-headrest/","url_text":"\"Conversando por Whatsapp con Will Toledo (Car Seat Headrest)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making a Door Less Open by Car Seat Headrest Reviews and Tracks\". Metacritic. Retrieved May 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/making-a-door-less-open/car-seat-headrest","url_text":"\"Making a Door Less Open by Car Seat Headrest Reviews and Tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Life For Cowards, by Toy Bastard\". Ethan Ives. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethanives.bandcamp.com/album/life-for-cowards","url_text":"\"Life For Cowards, by Toy Bastard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ticket buyers may have already gotten an email about this but our summer tour has been cancelled for the expected reasons\". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1248345657720504320","url_text":"\"Ticket buyers may have already gotten an email about this but our summer tour has been cancelled for the expected reasons\""}]},{"reference":"\"tickets on sale soon carseatheadrest.com/tourdates\". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1452998694182215689","url_text":"\"tickets on sale soon carseatheadrest.com/tourdates\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Head Hz, by Naked Days\". Naked Days. Retrieved March 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nakeddays.bandcamp.com/album/my-head-hz","url_text":"\"My Head Hz, by Naked Days\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest release 'MADLO: Influences' and 'MADLO: Remixes'\". DIY Magazine. June 22, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://diymag.com/2021/06/22/car-seat-headrest-madlo-influences-madlo-remixes","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest release 'MADLO: Influences' and 'MADLO: Remixes'\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to drive a bus \| I've Made Too Much Pasta\". Bandcamp. Retrieved June 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ivemadetoomuchpasta.bandcamp.com/album/how-to-drive-a-bus","url_text":"\"How to drive a bus \| I've Made Too Much Pasta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour update\". Twitter. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1510769641630666753?s=20","url_text":"\"Tour update\""}]},{"reference":"\"After much discussion we have made the difficult choice to cancel\". Twitter. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1527288009518981120?s=20","url_text":"\"After much discussion we have made the difficult choice to cancel\""}]},{"reference":"\"For those who were planning on attending @outofspaceshows tomorrow in Evanston, IL\". Twitter. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1565410487105454082?s=20","url_text":"\"For those who were planning on attending @outofspaceshows tomorrow in Evanston, IL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cn7_ziWP43B/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"The Car Seat Headrest Patreon is Here!, retrieved August 24, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfzdA3Epm7w","url_text":"The Car Seat Headrest Patreon is Here!"}]},{"reference":"\"Faces From The Masquerade\". store.matadorrecords.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://store.matadorrecords.com/faces-from-the-masquerade-album","url_text":"\"Faces From The Masquerade\""}]},{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"Car Seat Headrest \| Biography & History\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/car-seat-headrest-mn0003427505/biography","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest \| Biography & History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609051900/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/car-seat-headrest-mn0003427505/biography","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest: Teens of Denial\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21673-teens-of-denial/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest: Teens of Denial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160523033931/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21673-teens-of-denial/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Listen to \"Beast Monster Thing (Love Isn't Love Enough)\" by Car Seat Headrest, retrieved March 6, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/17343-car-seat-headrest-beast-monster-thing-love-isnt-love-enough/","url_text":"Listen to \"Beast Monster Thing (Love Isn't Love Enough)\" by Car Seat Headrest"}]},{"reference":"Blistein, Jon (May 1, 2020). \"Car Seat Headrest's 'Making a Door Less Open' Follows a Forked Path to a Big Emotional Payoff\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/car-seat-headrests-making-a-door-less-open-992470/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest's 'Making a Door Less Open' Follows a Forked Path to a Big Emotional Payoff\""}]},{"reference":"Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary: Part One), retrieved July 27, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nBnAdgH4UI","url_text":"Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary: Part One)"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Cam (September 14, 2016). \"Fall Music Preview: Car Seat Headrest's Will Toledo breaks down the influences behind his new record\". NOW Magazine. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211106182057/https://nowtoronto.com/car-seat-headrest-will-toledo-breaks-down-the-influence-behind-his-new-record","url_text":"\"Fall Music Preview: Car Seat Headrest's Will Toledo breaks down the influences behind his new record\""},{"url":"https://nowtoronto.com/car-seat-headrest-will-toledo-breaks-down-the-influence-behind-his-new-record","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Car Seat Headrest Is The Indie Rock Hero We've Been Waiting For\". Consequence. April 14, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2016/04/why-car-seat-headrest-is-the-indie-rock-hero-weve-been-waiting-for/","url_text":"\"Why Car Seat Headrest Is The Indie Rock Hero We've Been Waiting For\""}]},{"reference":"\"Defining influence on my music since high school\". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1171879130050129920","url_text":"\"Defining influence on my music since high school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Seat Headrest cover story: Will Toledo's 12-album overnight success story\". Loud And Quiet. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudandquiet.com/interview/car-seat-headrest-cover-story-will-toledos-12-album-overnight-success-story/","url_text":"\"Car Seat Headrest cover story: Will Toledo's 12-album overnight success story\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Michelle Hyun (February 25, 2018). \"Watch Car Seat Headrest Cover Frank Ocean's \"White Ferrari\"\". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-car-seat-headrest-cover-frank-oceans-white-ferrari/","url_text":"\"Watch Car Seat Headrest Cover Frank Ocean's \"White Ferrari\"\""}]},{"reference":"carseatheadrest. \"even when I dream of you: q&a with peyton thomas\". car seat headrest. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://carseatheadrest.tumblr.com/post/169661113586/even-when-i-dream-of-you-qa-with-peyton-thomas","url_text":"\"even when I dream of you: q&a with peyton thomas\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.com/","external_links_name":"carseatheadrest.com"},{"Link":"https://richmondmagazine.com/api/content/4c407748-568d-11e7-a7bb-0a5fbc963f88/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nBnAdgH4UI","external_links_name":"Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary)"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/02/growth-spurt-pop-music-hua-hsu","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest Grows up on Bandcamp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151125210138/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/02/growth-spurt-pop-music-hua-hsu","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/car-seat-headrest-bandcamp-albums/2/","external_links_name":"\"A Guide To All Of Car Seat Headrest's Pre-Fame Albums (All 11 Of Them)\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/track/100-minutes-of-solitude","external_links_name":"\"100 minutes of solitude, by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/album/my-back-is-killing-me-baby","external_links_name":"\"My Back Is Killing Me Baby, by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/album/little-pieces-of-paper-with-no-written-on-them","external_links_name":"\"Little Pieces Of Paper With \"No\" Written On Them, by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/car-seat-headrest-on-going-from-dorm-room-prodigy-to-indie-rock-sensation-225736/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest: Dorm-Room Prodigy to Indie-Rock Sensation\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/album/starving-while-living","external_links_name":"\"Starving While Living, by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://whymerecords.bandcamp.com/album/live-at-wcwm-car-seat-headrest","external_links_name":"\"Live at WCWM: Car Seat Headrest, by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.tumblr.com/post/95234652536/nervous-young-man-by-car-seat-headrest","external_links_name":"\"Nervous Young Man, by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160623182656/http://thedailyalbum.com/recommended-nervous-young-man-car-seat-headrest/","external_links_name":"\"Nervous Young Man by Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"http://thedailyalbum.com/recommended-nervous-young-man-car-seat-headrest/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/carseatheadrest/posts/940089882730770","external_links_name":"we got a label"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115134939/https://www.facebook.com/carseatheadrest/posts/940089882730770","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6AFIRHu0xo","external_links_name":"Indieheads Podcast Episode #111: Andrew Katz vs. The Indieheads Podcast"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/rq4zgv/car-seat-headrest-teens-of-style-interview-profile","external_links_name":"\"Adult of Style: Car Seat Headrest's Teen Confessions Took Him from Bandcamp Stardom to a Real Band\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqT3U2UYS4k&t=883","external_links_name":"Car Seat Headrest - Full Performance (Live on KEXP)"},{"Link":"http://matablog.matadorrecords.com/2016/03/24/coming-may-20-car-seat-headrest-teens-of-denial","external_links_name":"Coming May 20 : Car Seat Headrest – Teens Of Denial"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327073843/http://matablog.matadorrecords.com/2016/03/24/coming-may-20-car-seat-headrest-teens-of-denial/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stereogum.com/1957217/car-seat-headrest-war-is-coming-if-you-want-it/music/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest – \"War Is Coming (If You Want It)\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170815064539/http://www.stereogum.com/1957217/car-seat-headrest-war-is-coming-if-you-want-it/music/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/car-seat-headrest-beach-life-in-death/","external_links_name":"\"\"Beach Life in Death\" by Car Seat Headrest Review \| Pitchfork\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Twin-Fantasy-Car-Seat-Headrest/dp/B0789TBY58/","external_links_name":"Twin Fantasy"},{"Link":"https://www.srcvinyl.com/car-seat-headrest-twin-fantasy-2xlp.html","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest - Twin Fantasy 2XLP Vinyl\""},{"Link":"http://matablog.matadorrecords.com/2018/01/09/coming-february-16-car-seat-headrest-twin-fantasy-nervous-young-inhumans-video-premiere/","external_links_name":"\"Coming February 16 : Car Seat Headrest – 'Twin Fantasy' ; \"Nervous Young Inhumans\" Video Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/smash-mouth-cover-car-seat-headrest-listen/","external_links_name":"\"Smash Mouth Cover Car Seat Headrest: Listen\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/houseshow-magazine/a-conversation-with-will-toledo-and-an-appreciation-for-car-seat-headrest-9819e147f8f8","external_links_name":"\"A Conversation with Will Toledo and An Appreciation for Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8238621/naked-giants-sluff-premiere","external_links_name":"\"Naked Giants Premiere 'Sluff' Video, Talk Playing With Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://stefchuraband.bandcamp.com/album/midnight","external_links_name":"\"Midnight, by stef chura\""},{"Link":"https://diymag.com/2019/05/15/stef-chura-shares-new-song-sweet-sweet-midnight","external_links_name":"\"Stef Chura shares new song 'Sweet Sweet Midnight'\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/post/sa.dbc758b0-6b3a-11e8-ba4f-e0430e9b8d19","external_links_name":"Listen to \"An Interview with Car Seat Headrest\" posted by Matt Wilkinson on Apple Music."},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BsqlEcLhrMU","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Katz on Instagram: \"Loser Tuesdays\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BsqlEcLhrMU/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190531024901/https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1071069536625905665","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest on Twitter: \"Heard some confusion about whether this is an 'unplugged' show...it is a full set from the full band, with lots of plugs! AND...we're trying out some new material!\"\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1071069536625905665","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/car-seat-headrest/2018/the-vera-project-seattle-wa-7b974a50.html","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest Concert Setlist at The Vera Project, Seattle on December 8 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190531024709/https://thesesubtlesounds.com/car-seat-headrest-brings-down-the-house-at-rams-head-live/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest Brings Down the House at Rams Head Live\""},{"Link":"https://thesesubtlesounds.com/car-seat-headrest-brings-down-the-house-at-rams-head-live/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/car-seat-headrest-commit-yourself-completely-live-album-846995/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announce Live Album 'Commit Yourself Completely\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/car-seat-headrest-announce-new-live-album-commit-yourself-completely/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announce New Live Album: \"Commit Yourself Completely\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/2074687/car-seat-headrest-making-a-door-less-open-cant-cool-me-down/music/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest Announces 'Making A Door Less Open'; Hear \"Can't Cool Me Down\"\""},{"Link":"https://diymag.com/2020/03/23/watch-car-seat-headrest-new-song-martin","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest share new song 'Martin'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/arts/music/car-seat-headrest.html","external_links_name":"\"The New Face of Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.com/newnessandstrangeness/","external_links_name":"\"Newness And Strangeness\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200426160035/https://carseatheadrest.com/newnessandstrangeness/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/car-seat-headrests-reinvention-how-a-comedy-edm-project-redirected-the-seattle-indie-rock-stars-new-album/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest's reinvention: How a comedy EDM project redirected the Seattle indie rock stars' new album\""},{"Link":"https://www.indierocks.mx/musica/entrevistas/entrevista-con-car-seat-headrest/","external_links_name":"\"Entrevista con Car Seat Headrest\""},{"Link":"https://www.elquintobeatle.com/2020/05/19/entrevista-car-seat-headrest-mayo-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest: \"Si hay una regla que siempre he seguido es que nada está fuera de los límites\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.binaural.es/entrevista/conversando-por-whatsapp-con-will-toledo-car-seat-headrest/","external_links_name":"\"Conversando por Whatsapp con Will Toledo (Car Seat Headrest)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/making-a-door-less-open/car-seat-headrest","external_links_name":"\"Making a Door Less Open by Car Seat Headrest Reviews and Tracks\""},{"Link":"https://ethanives.bandcamp.com/album/life-for-cowards","external_links_name":"\"Life For Cowards, by Toy Bastard\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1248345657720504320","external_links_name":"\"Ticket buyers may have already gotten an email about this but our summer tour has been cancelled for the expected reasons\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1452998694182215689","external_links_name":"\"tickets on sale soon carseatheadrest.com/tourdates\""},{"Link":"https://nakeddays.bandcamp.com/album/my-head-hz","external_links_name":"\"My Head Hz, by Naked Days\""},{"Link":"https://diymag.com/2021/06/22/car-seat-headrest-madlo-influences-madlo-remixes","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest release 'MADLO: Influences' and 'MADLO: Remixes'\""},{"Link":"https://ivemadetoomuchpasta.bandcamp.com/album/how-to-drive-a-bus","external_links_name":"\"How to drive a bus \| I've Made Too Much Pasta\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1510769641630666753?s=20","external_links_name":"\"Tour update\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1527288009518981120?s=20","external_links_name":"\"After much discussion we have made the difficult choice to cancel\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1565410487105454082?s=20","external_links_name":"\"For those who were planning on attending @outofspaceshows tomorrow in Evanston, IL\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cn7_ziWP43B/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==","external_links_name":"\"Instagram\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfzdA3Epm7w","external_links_name":"The Car Seat Headrest Patreon is Here!"},{"Link":"https://store.matadorrecords.com/faces-from-the-masquerade-album","external_links_name":"\"Faces From The Masquerade\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/car-seat-headrest-mn0003427505/biography","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest \| Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609051900/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/car-seat-headrest-mn0003427505/biography","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21673-teens-of-denial/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest: Teens of Denial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160523033931/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21673-teens-of-denial/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/17343-car-seat-headrest-beast-monster-thing-love-isnt-love-enough/","external_links_name":"Listen to \"Beast Monster Thing (Love Isn't Love Enough)\" by Car Seat Headrest"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/car-seat-headrests-making-a-door-less-open-992470/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest's 'Making a Door Less Open' Follows a Forked Path to a Big Emotional Payoff\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nBnAdgH4UI","external_links_name":"Car Seat Headrest - I Haven't Done Sht This Year (TIDAL Documentary: Part One)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211106182057/https://nowtoronto.com/car-seat-headrest-will-toledo-breaks-down-the-influence-behind-his-new-record","external_links_name":"\"Fall Music Preview: Car Seat Headrest's Will Toledo breaks down the influences behind his new record\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/car-seat-headrest-will-toledo-breaks-down-the-influence-behind-his-new-record","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2016/04/why-car-seat-headrest-is-the-indie-rock-hero-weve-been-waiting-for/","external_links_name":"\"Why Car Seat Headrest Is The Indie Rock Hero We've Been Waiting For\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/carseatheadrest/status/1171879130050129920","external_links_name":"\"Defining influence on my music since high school\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudandquiet.com/interview/car-seat-headrest-cover-story-will-toledos-12-album-overnight-success-story/","external_links_name":"\"Car Seat Headrest cover story: Will Toledo's 12-album overnight success story\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-car-seat-headrest-cover-frank-oceans-white-ferrari/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Car Seat Headrest Cover Frank Ocean's \"White Ferrari\"\""},{"Link":"https://carseatheadrest.tumblr.com/post/169661113586/even-when-i-dream-of-you-qa-with-peyton-thomas","external_links_name":"\"even when I dream of you: q&a with peyton thomas\""},{"Link":"http://carseatheadrest.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://carseatheadrest.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"Bandcamp Page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104065219/http://matadorrecords.com/Car%20Seat%20Headrest","external_links_name":"Car Seat Headrest @ Matadorrecords.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000469454676","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/178147095002525081550","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016114301","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0fabbc1d-8d94-4a61-bd1d-1099ad1e4559","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_(Korean_name)	Cho (Korean surname)	["1 List of people with the surname","1.1 Historical people","1.2 Living people","1.3 Fictional characters","2 Notes","3 See also"]	Korean family name (조) Not to be confused with the surname 초, which is also transliterated as "Cho" or "Ch'o". ChoHangul조Hanja趙 or 曺Revised RomanizationJoMcCune–ReischauerCho Cho (Korean: 조, sometimes written as Jo) is a Korean family name, historically Royal family name in Korea. As of 2000, there were 1,347,730 people by this surname in South Korea, about 1% of the total population. The name may represent either of the Hanja 趙 or 曺. List of people with the surname Historical people Jo Gwangjo (1482–1520), scholar-official of the Joseon period Jo Man-yeong (1776–1846), father of Queen Shinjeong Cho Man-sik (1883–1950), activist of the Korea's independence movement Cho Nam-chul (1923–2006), South Korean Go player Jo Myong-rok (1928–2010), North Korean politician Cho Ki-jung (1939–2007), South Korean potter Seung-Hui Cho (1984–2007), South Korean mass murderer, responsible for perpetrating the Virginia Tech shooting Living people Cho Alina Cho, American journalist Arden Cho, American actress Cho Byung-hwa, South Korean poet, critic and essayist Cho Byung-kuk, South Korean football player Cho Chi-hun, South Korean poet, critic, and activist Cho Chikun, South Korean Go player David Yonggi Cho, South Korean Christian minister Erica Cho, American artist Frank Cho, Korean-American comic writer Cho Gue-sung, South Korean footballer Henry Cho, American stand-up comedian Cho Hunhyun, South Korean Go player Cho Hye-ri (stage name Wax), South Korean singer Cho Hyun, South Korean football player Cho Hyun-doo, South Korean football player Cho Jae-hyun, South Korean actor Cho Jae-jin, retired South Korean football player Cho Ja-young (stage name Ah Young), South Korean singer, member of girl group Dal Shabet John Cho, Korean-American actor Cho Kyoo-hong, South Korean politician Cho Kyu-hyun, South Korean singer, member of boy band Super Junior Liz Cho, American newscaster Margaret Cho, American comedian Cho Mi-yeon, South Korean singer, member of girl group (G)I-DLE Cho Mi-hye (stage name Miryo), South Korean rapper, member of girl group Brown Eyed Girls Cho Mina, South Korean poet Cho Min-woo, South Korean footballer Cho Myung-ik (stage name Mikey), South Korean singer, member of boy band Turbo Cho Minhaeng, South Korean scientist Cho Namgi, Chinese 3-star General of Korean descent Cho PD, South Korean record producer and rapper Raymond Cho, Korean-Canadian politician and Ontario government minister Sam Cho, Korean-American politician and entrepreneur Seong-Jin Cho, South Korean classical pianist Cho Seung-woo, South Korean actor Cho Seung-youn, South Korean singer-songwriter, member of boy band Uniq Cho So-hyun, South Korean footballer Cho Son-jin, South Korean Go player Cho Soo-hyang, South Korean actress SungWon Cho, American YouTuber and voice actor Cho Tae-yul, South Korean diplomat Cho Won-hee, South Korean former footballer Cho Yeo-jeong, South Korean actress Cho Yong-pil, South Korean singer Cho Yoon-Kyoung, South Korean interdisciplinary researcher Cho Yoon-sun, South Korean politician Cho Yoon-jeong, retired South Korean tennis player Cho Yoon-woo, South Korean actor Cho Yongmee, South Korean poet Cho Yu-min, South Korean footballer Cho Zang-hee, South Korean neuroscientist Jo Jo Bo-ah, South Korean actress Jo Byeong-kyu, South Korean actor Jo Dong-hyuk, South Korean actor Jo Gwang-il, South Korean rapper and songwriter Jo Hye-joo, South Korean actress and model Jo Hyeon-woo, South Korean football goalkeeper Jo Hyun-jae, South Korean actor Jo In-sung, South Korean actor Jo Jinho, South Korean singer, member of boy band Pentagon Jo Kwon, South Korean singer and entertainer, member of boy band 2AM Jo Min-su, South Korean actress Jo Se-ho, South Korean comedian Jo Shin-ae, South Korean actress Jo Soo-min, South Korean actress Sumi Jo, Grammy Award-winning South Korean coloratura soprano Jo Sung-mo, South Korean singer Jo Sung-woo (stage name Code Kunst), South Korean composer Jo Woo-chan, South Korean rapper Jo Woo-ri, South Korean actress Jo Yeon-hee, South Korean actress Jo Yong-in, South Korean League of Legends player Jo Yoon-hee, South Korean actress Jo Yun-seo, South Korean actress Jo Yu-ri, South Korean singer and actress, former member of girl group Iz*One Chough Keumhee Carrière Chough, Korean-Canadian statistician Chough Pyung-ok (1894–1960), South Korean politician Fictional characters Amadeus Cho, a character in Marvel Comics Kimball Cho, a character in The Mentalist Dr. Isabel Cho, one of the four main protagonists in Dead Space: Aftermath Cho Cheol-gang, the main antagonist in Crash Landing on You Cho Sang-woo, a character in Squid Game Jo Yi-seo, the female lead of Itaewon Class Teacher Jo, the secretary of the main antagonist in Sky Castle Jo Yeong and Jo Eun-sup, two characters in The King: Eternal Monarch Notes ^ National Statistical Office (2000). "성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구". 인구 총조사 메타DB . Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2006-01-05. ^ "행정구역(시도)/성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구" (in Korean). KOSIS. Retrieved 2019-08-27. See also Zhao (surname) List of Korean surnames Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Cho. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Korean family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_family_name"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"趙","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99"},{"link_name":"曺","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the surname 초, which is also transliterated as \"Cho\" or \"Ch'o\".Cho (Korean: 조, sometimes written as Jo) is a Korean family name, historically Royal family name in Korea[citation needed]. As of 2000, there were 1,347,730 people by this surname in South Korea, about 1% of the total population.[1] The name may represent either of the Hanja 趙 or 曺.[2]","title":"Cho (Korean surname)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of people with the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jo Gwangjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Gwangjo"},{"link_name":"Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"Queen Shinjeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Shinjeong"},{"link_name":"Cho Man-sik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Man-sik"},{"link_name":"Cho Nam-chul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Nam-chul"},{"link_name":"Jo Myong-rok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Myong-rok"},{"link_name":"Cho Ki-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Ki-jung"},{"link_name":"Seung-Hui Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting"}],"sub_title":"Historical people","text":"Jo Gwangjo (1482–1520), scholar-official of the Joseon period\nJo Man-yeong (1776–1846), father of Queen Shinjeong\nCho Man-sik (1883–1950), activist of the Korea's independence movement\nCho Nam-chul (1923–2006), South Korean Go player\nJo Myong-rok (1928–2010), North Korean politician\nCho Ki-jung (1939–2007), South Korean potter\nSeung-Hui Cho (1984–2007), South Korean mass murderer, responsible for perpetrating the Virginia Tech shooting","title":"List of people with the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alina Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Cho"},{"link_name":"Arden Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Byung-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Byung-hwa"},{"link_name":"Cho Byung-kuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Byung-kuk"},{"link_name":"Cho Chi-hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Chi-hun"},{"link_name":"Cho Chikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Chikun"},{"link_name":"David Yonggi Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yonggi_Cho"},{"link_name":"Erica Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Cho"},{"link_name":"Frank Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Gue-sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Gue-sung"},{"link_name":"Henry Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Hunhyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Hunhyun"},{"link_name":"Cho Hye-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Cho Hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Hyun"},{"link_name":"Cho Hyun-doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Hyun-doo"},{"link_name":"Cho Jae-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Jae-hyun"},{"link_name":"Cho Jae-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Jae-jin"},{"link_name":"Cho Ja-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Young"},{"link_name":"Dal Shabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Shabet"},{"link_name":"John Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Kyoo-hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Kyoo-hong"},{"link_name":"Cho Kyu-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Kyu-hyun"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"},{"link_name":"Liz Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Cho"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Mi-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Mi-yeon"},{"link_name":"(G)I-DLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(G)I-DLE"},{"link_name":"Cho Mi-hye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miryo"},{"link_name":"Brown Eyed Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Girls"},{"link_name":"Cho Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Mina"},{"link_name":"Cho Min-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Min-woo"},{"link_name":"Cho Myung-ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Cho Minhaeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Minhaeng"},{"link_name":"Cho Namgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Nanqi"},{"link_name":"3-star General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_star_rank"},{"link_name":"Cho PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_PD"},{"link_name":"Raymond Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cho_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Sam Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cho"},{"link_name":"Seong-Jin Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seong-Jin_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Seung-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Seung-woo"},{"link_name":"Cho Seung-youn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Seung-youn"},{"link_name":"Uniq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIQ_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cho So-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_So-hyun"},{"link_name":"Cho Son-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Son-jin"},{"link_name":"Cho Soo-hyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Soo-hyang"},{"link_name":"SungWon Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SungWon_Cho"},{"link_name":"Cho Tae-yul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Tae-yul"},{"link_name":"Cho Won-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Won-hee"},{"link_name":"Cho Yeo-jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yeo-jeong"},{"link_name":"Cho Yong-pil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yong-pil"},{"link_name":"Cho Yoon-Kyoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yoon-Kyoung"},{"link_name":"Cho Yoon-sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yoon-sun"},{"link_name":"Cho Yoon-jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yoon-jeong"},{"link_name":"Cho Yoon-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yoon-woo"},{"link_name":"Cho Yongmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yongmee"},{"link_name":"Cho Yu-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Yu-min"},{"link_name":"Cho Zang-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Zang-hee"},{"link_name":"Jo Bo-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Bo-ah"},{"link_name":"Jo Byeong-kyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Byeong-kyu"},{"link_name":"Jo Dong-hyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Dong-hyuk"},{"link_name":"Jo Gwang-il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Gwang-il"},{"link_name":"Jo Hye-joo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Hye-joo"},{"link_name":"Jo Hyeon-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Hyeon-woo"},{"link_name":"Jo Hyun-jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Hyun-jae"},{"link_name":"Jo In-sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_In-sung"},{"link_name":"Jo Jinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinho"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Jo Kwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Kwon"},{"link_name":"2AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2AM_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jo Min-su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Min-su"},{"link_name":"Jo Se-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Se-ho"},{"link_name":"Jo Shin-ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Ae"},{"link_name":"Jo Soo-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Soo-min"},{"link_name":"Sumi Jo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_Jo"},{"link_name":"coloratura soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloratura_soprano"},{"link_name":"Jo Sung-mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Sung-mo"},{"link_name":"Jo Sung-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Jo Woo-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Woo-chan"},{"link_name":"Jo Woo-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Woo-ri"},{"link_name":"Jo Yeon-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yeon-hee"},{"link_name":"Jo Yong-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoreJJ"},{"link_name":"Jo Yoon-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yoon-hee"},{"link_name":"Jo Yun-seo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yun-seo"},{"link_name":"Jo Yu-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Yu-ri"},{"link_name":"IzOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IzOne"},{"link_name":"Keumhee Carrière Chough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keumhee_Carri%C3%A8re_Chough"},{"link_name":"Chough Pyung-ok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chough_Pyung-ok"}],"sub_title":"Living people","text":"Cho\nAlina Cho, American journalist\nArden Cho, American actress\nCho Byung-hwa, South Korean poet, critic and essayist\nCho Byung-kuk, South Korean football player\nCho Chi-hun, South Korean poet, critic, and activist\nCho Chikun, South Korean Go player\nDavid Yonggi Cho, South Korean Christian minister\nErica Cho, American artist\nFrank Cho, Korean-American comic writer\nCho Gue-sung, South Korean footballer\nHenry Cho, American stand-up comedian\nCho Hunhyun, South Korean Go player\nCho Hye-ri (stage name Wax), South Korean singer\nCho Hyun, South Korean football player\nCho Hyun-doo, South Korean football player\nCho Jae-hyun, South Korean actor\nCho Jae-jin, retired South Korean football player\nCho Ja-young (stage name Ah Young), South Korean singer, member of girl group Dal Shabet\nJohn Cho, Korean-American actor\nCho Kyoo-hong, South Korean politician\nCho Kyu-hyun, South Korean singer, member of boy band Super Junior\nLiz Cho, American newscaster\nMargaret Cho, American comedian\nCho Mi-yeon, South Korean singer, member of girl group (G)I-DLE\nCho Mi-hye (stage name Miryo), South Korean rapper, member of girl group Brown Eyed Girls\nCho Mina, South Korean poet\nCho Min-woo, South Korean footballer\nCho Myung-ik (stage name Mikey), South Korean singer, member of boy band Turbo\nCho Minhaeng, South Korean scientist\nCho Namgi, Chinese 3-star General of Korean descent\nCho PD, South Korean record producer and rapper\nRaymond Cho, Korean-Canadian politician and Ontario government minister\nSam Cho, Korean-American politician and entrepreneur\nSeong-Jin Cho, South Korean classical pianist\nCho Seung-woo, South Korean actor\nCho Seung-youn, South Korean singer-songwriter, member of boy band Uniq\nCho So-hyun, South Korean footballer\nCho Son-jin, South Korean Go player\nCho Soo-hyang, South Korean actress\nSungWon Cho, American YouTuber and voice actor\nCho Tae-yul, South Korean diplomat\nCho Won-hee, South Korean former footballer\nCho Yeo-jeong, South Korean actress\nCho Yong-pil, South Korean singer\nCho Yoon-Kyoung, South Korean interdisciplinary researcher\nCho Yoon-sun, South Korean politician\nCho Yoon-jeong, retired South Korean tennis player\nCho Yoon-woo, South Korean actor\nCho Yongmee, South Korean poet\nCho Yu-min, South Korean footballer\nCho Zang-hee, South Korean neuroscientist\n\n\nJo\nJo Bo-ah, South Korean actress\nJo Byeong-kyu, South Korean actor\nJo Dong-hyuk, South Korean actor\nJo Gwang-il, South Korean rapper and songwriter\nJo Hye-joo, South Korean actress and model\nJo Hyeon-woo, South Korean football goalkeeper\nJo Hyun-jae, South Korean actor\nJo In-sung, South Korean actor\nJo Jinho, South Korean singer, member of boy band Pentagon\nJo Kwon, South Korean singer and entertainer, member of boy band 2AM\nJo Min-su, South Korean actress\nJo Se-ho, South Korean comedian\nJo Shin-ae, South Korean actress\nJo Soo-min, South Korean actress\nSumi Jo, Grammy Award-winning South Korean coloratura soprano\nJo Sung-mo, South Korean singer\nJo Sung-woo (stage name Code Kunst), South Korean composer\nJo Woo-chan, South Korean rapper\nJo Woo-ri, South Korean actress\nJo Yeon-hee, South Korean actress\nJo Yong-in, South Korean League of Legends player\nJo Yoon-hee, South Korean actress\nJo Yun-seo, South Korean actress\nJo Yu-ri, South Korean singer and actress, former member of girl group Iz*One\nChough\nKeumhee Carrière Chough, Korean-Canadian statistician\nChough Pyung-ok (1894–1960), South Korean politician","title":"List of people with the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amadeus Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Cho"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Kimball Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball_Cho"},{"link_name":"The Mentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentalist"},{"link_name":"Dead Space: Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Space:_Aftermath"},{"link_name":"Crash Landing on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Landing_on_You"},{"link_name":"Squid Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_Game"},{"link_name":"Itaewon Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaewon_Class"},{"link_name":"Sky Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Castle"},{"link_name":"The King: Eternal Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King:_Eternal_Monarch"}],"sub_title":"Fictional characters","text":"Amadeus Cho, a character in Marvel Comics\nKimball Cho, a character in The Mentalist\nDr. Isabel Cho, one of the four main protagonists in Dead Space: Aftermath\nCho Cheol-gang, the main antagonist in Crash Landing on You\nCho Sang-woo, a character in Squid Game\nJo Yi-seo, the female lead of Itaewon Class\nTeacher Jo, the secretary of the main antagonist in Sky Castle\nJo Yeong and Jo Eun-sup, two characters in The King: Eternal Monarch","title":"List of people with the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070301110942/http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"행정구역(시도)/성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1INOOSC&conn_path=I2"}],"text":"^ National Statistical Office (2000). \"성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\". 인구 총조사 메타DB [Meta-database of the general population census]. Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2006-01-05.\n\n^ \"행정구역(시도)/성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\" (in Korean). KOSIS. Retrieved 2019-08-27.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Zhao (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(surname)"},{"title":"List of Korean surnames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Korean_surnames"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Cho_(Korean_surname)&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}]	[{"reference":"National Statistical Office (2000). \"성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\". 인구 총조사 메타DB [Meta-database of the general population census]. Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2006-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070301110942/http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3","url_text":"\"성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\""},{"url":"http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"행정구역(시도)/성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\" (in Korean). KOSIS. Retrieved 2019-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1INOOSC&conn_path=I2","url_text":"\"행정구역(시도)/성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070301110942/http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3","external_links_name":"\"성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\""},{"Link":"http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1INOOSC&conn_path=I2","external_links_name":"\"행정구역(시도)/성씨·본관별 가구 및 인구\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Cho_(Korean_surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_von_Siebold	Regina von Siebold	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 References"]	German physician (1771–1849) Regina Josepha von Siebold, née Henning (14 December 1771 – 28 February 1849), was a German physician and obstetrician, born in Geismar. She was the first woman in Germany to receive a university degree. She is buried in Darmstadt. Early life Siebold was raised by her prosperous uncle Regierungsrat Lorenz Henning, a city councilman of Heiligenstadt who had no children of his own. He left her everything when he died and provided that his friend Georg Heiland would be her guardian. Regina Josepha married Heiland, though he was 25 and she was just 15. They had four children during their six years together, and Georg died around 1793 when Joseph was just 21. She and her only two living children, Charlotte and Therese were now on their own. When she became very ill, Regina Josepha was placed in the care of Dr. Damian Siebold. He was working as an assistant to Professor Richter, in whose home Regina had lived when she was a student. Damian and his father, Carl Casper von Siebold were part of an imperial noble family in Würzburg. Regina Josepha married Damian in 1795, and the couple lived first in Worms and then in Darmstadt where Damian practiced obstetrics. The couple had three more children together before Damian started showing signs of mental illness. Eventually, he would become too ill to practice. Career At a time when obstetrics was strictly a male profession, Regina Josepha wanted to pursue a profession in Obstetrics. She assisted her husband in his practice and with the influence and help of her father-in-law and uncle, began attending graduate courses on gynecology at the University of Würzburg. Though she was only allowed to listen to lectures from behind a curtain, Regina Josepha completed the required gynecology courses at the University of Würzburg. With her husband, she completed her practical obstetrics training. She appealed to the Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse-Darmstadt to be allowed to take the final exam. With permission, she performed exceptionally well on the 4-hour exam. On November 28, 1807 Regina Josepha was further granted government license to work both as a doctor of obstetrics and as a midwife. In 1815, she was awarded by Ferdinand von Ritgen an honorary doctorate of medicine in obstetrics from the University of Giessen. She was the first woman in Germany to receive a university degree. Siebold managed a medical clinic assisted by her daughter Charlotte Heidenreich von Siebold, who also received a degree in obstetrics from the University of Giessen in 1817. In 1819, Charlotte attended the Duchess of Kent in the delivery of a baby daughter, Alexandrina Victoria, later known as Queen Victoria, of England. Legacy A crater on Venus is named after Regina Josepha von Siebold. References ^ a b "Regina Josepha von Siebold". www.kaiserin.de. Retrieved 2020-12-07. ^ "Regina von Siebold". Stadtlexikon Darmstadt. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ a b c d Dierks, Margarete. Sie gingen voran - Vier bedeutende Darmstädter des 19. Jahrhunderts. ^ a b Uglow, Jennifer S. The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography. ^ "Von Siebold". We Name the Stars. Retrieved 3 August 2022. Jennifer S. Uglow : The Macmillan dictionary of women's biography (1982) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"obstetrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrician"},{"link_name":"Geismar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geismar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Regina Josepha von Siebold, née Henning (14 December 1771 – 28 February 1849), was a German physician and obstetrician, born in Geismar.[1] She was the first woman in Germany to receive a university degree.She is buried in Darmstadt.[2]","title":"Regina von Siebold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heiligenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenstadt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Carl Casper von Siebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Caspar_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"Siebold was raised by her prosperous uncle Regierungsrat Lorenz Henning, a city councilman of Heiligenstadt who had no children of his own. He left her everything when he died and provided that his friend Georg Heiland would be her guardian. Regina Josepha married Heiland, though he was 25 and she was just 15. They had four children during their six years together, and Georg died around 1793 when Joseph was just 21. She and her only two living children, Charlotte and Therese were now on their own.[3]When she became very ill, Regina Josepha was placed in the care of Dr. Damian Siebold. He was working as an assistant to Professor Richter, in whose home Regina had lived when she was a student. Damian and his father, Carl Casper von Siebold were part of an imperial noble family in Würzburg. Regina Josepha married Damian in 1795, and the couple lived first in Worms and then in Darmstadt where Damian practiced obstetrics.[3] The couple had three more children together before Damian started showing signs of mental illness. Eventually, he would become too ill to practice.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Heidenreich von Siebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"University of Giessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Giessen"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Heidenreich_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria, of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"At a time when obstetrics was strictly a male profession, Regina Josepha wanted to pursue a profession in Obstetrics. She assisted her husband in his practice and with the influence and help of her father-in-law and uncle, began attending graduate courses on gynecology at the University of Würzburg.[3] Though she was only allowed to listen to lectures from behind a curtain, Regina Josepha completed the required gynecology courses at the University of Würzburg. With her husband, she completed her practical obstetrics training. She appealed to the Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse-Darmstadt to be allowed to take the final exam. With permission, she performed exceptionally well on the 4-hour exam. On November 28, 1807 Regina Josepha was further granted government license to work both as a doctor of obstetrics and as a midwife. In 1815, she was awarded by Ferdinand von Ritgen[1] an honorary doctorate of medicine in obstetrics from the University of Giessen. She was the first woman in Germany to receive a university degree.[3]Siebold managed a medical clinic assisted by her daughter Charlotte Heidenreich von Siebold, who also received a degree in obstetrics from the University of Giessen in 1817. In 1819, Charlotte attended the Duchess of Kent in the delivery of a baby daughter, Alexandrina Victoria, later known as Queen Victoria, of England.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A crater on Venus is named after Regina Josepha von Siebold.[5]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Regina Josepha von Siebold\". www.kaiserin.de. Retrieved 2020-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kaiserin.de/regina-josepha-von-siebold.php","url_text":"\"Regina Josepha von Siebold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regina von Siebold\". Stadtlexikon Darmstadt. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/stadtlexikon-darmstadt","url_text":"\"Regina von Siebold\""}]},{"reference":"Dierks, Margarete. Sie gingen voran - Vier bedeutende Darmstädter des 19. Jahrhunderts.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Uglow, Jennifer S. The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Von Siebold\". We Name the Stars. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/6445","url_text":"\"Von Siebold\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.kaiserin.de/regina-josepha-von-siebold.php","external_links_name":"\"Regina Josepha von Siebold\""},{"Link":"http://darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/stadtlexikon-darmstadt","external_links_name":"\"Regina von Siebold\""},{"Link":"https://wenamethestars.inkleby.com/feature/6445","external_links_name":"\"Von Siebold\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQKDvU1WV0C&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"Jennifer S. Uglow : The Macmillan dictionary of women's biography (1982)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40189503","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119477343","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119477343.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee	2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee	["1 Overview","1.1 By district","2 District 1","3 District 2","4 District 3","5 District 4","6 District 5","7 District 6","8 District 7","9 District 8","10 District 9","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	For related races, see 2008 United States House of Representatives elections. Not to be confused with 2008 Tennessee House of Representatives election. 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee ← 2006 November 4, 2008 (2008-11-04) 2010 → All 9 Tennessee seats to the United States House of RepresentativesTurnout66.34% 16.37 pp Majority party Minority party Party Democratic Republican Last election 5 4 Seats won 5 4 Seat change Popular vote 1,195,542 977,677 Percentage 51.94% 42.47% Swing 1.76% 4.14% Results by party gains Results by district margin Results by county Democratic hold Republican hold Democratic 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Republican 60–70% 70–80% Elections in Tennessee Federal government U.S. President 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1796 1798 1803 1809 1823 1826 1829 1833 1835 1841 1844 1847 1851 1853 1858 1866 1867 1875 1877 1883 1887 1889 1893 1895 1899 1901 1905 1907 1911 1913 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House 1796 1797 1799 1801 1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1865 1867 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special elections Senate 1797 1798 1799 1809 1811 1815 1817 1819 1821 1825 1829 1838 1839 1840 1843 1857 1877 1898 1905 1913 1930 1934 1938 1964 1994 House At-large 1797 1801 1st 1910 1961 2nd 1815 1891 1939 1964 1988 3rd 1939 4th 1837 1874 1875 5th 1814 1975 1988 6th 1939 7th 1932 1939 8th 1845 1958 1969 9th 1940 State government State elections 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1796 1797 1799 1801 1803 1805 1807 1809 1811 1813 1815 1817 1819 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867 1869 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Senate elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures 2006 Amendment 1 2014 Amendment 1 2022 Amendment 1 2022 Amendment 3 Hamilton County Hamilton County mayoral elections 2018 2022 Chattanooga mayoral elections 2013 2017 2021 2025 Knox County Knox County mayoral elections 2010 2014 2018 2022 Knoxville mayoral elections 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Shelby County Shelby County mayoral elections 2010 2014 2018 2022 Memphis mayoral elections 2011 2015 2019 2023 Clarksville Mayoral elections 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Jackson Mayoral elections 2015 2019 2023 Murfreesboro Mayoral elections 2014 2018 2022 Nashville Mayoral elections 2007 2011 2015 2018 (sp) 2019 2023 Nashville measures Nashville Charter Amendment 1 Let's Move Nashville Governmentvte The 2008 congressional elections in Tennessee was held on November 4, 2008, to elect the nine U.S. representatives from the state of Tennessee, one from each of the state's nine congressional districts. Following the 2008 elections, no seats changed hands, leaving the Tennessee delegation at a 5-4 Democratic majority. As of 2024, this was the last time Democrats won a majority of congressional districts from Tennessee's House delegation, as well as the House popular vote. Overview United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, 2008 Party Votes Percentage Seats +/– Democratic 1,195,542 51.94% 5 — Republican 977,677 42.47% 4 — Independents 128,666 5.59% 0 — Totals 2,301,885 100.00% 9 — Popular vote Democratic 51.94% Republican 42.47% Other 5.59% House seats Democratic 55.56% Republican 44.44% By district District Incumbent Party Firstelected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 David Davis Republican 2006 Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican hold. ▌Y Phil Roe (Republican) 71.8% ▌Rob Russell (Democratic) 24.5% ▌Joel Goodman (Independent) 1.7% ▌James Reeves (Independent) 1.1% ▌Thomas Owens (Independent) 0.8% Tennessee 2 Jimmy Duncan Republican 1998 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jimmy Duncan (Republican) 78.1% ▌Bob Scott (Democratic) 21.9% Tennessee 3 Zach Wamp Republican 1994 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Zach Wamp (Republican) 69.4% ▌Doug Vandagriff (Democratic) 27.4% ▌Jean Howard-Hill (Independent) 1.8% ▌Ed Choate (Independent) 1.4% Tennessee 4 Lincoln Davis Democratic 2002 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lincoln Davis (Democratic) 58.8% ▌Monty Lankford (Republican) 37.8% ▌James Anthony Gray (Independent) 1.9% ▌Kevin Ragsdale (Independent) 1.5% Tennessee 5 Jim Cooper Democratic 19821994 (retired)2002 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jim Cooper (Democratic) 65.9% ▌Gerard Donovan (Republican) 31.0% ▌Jon Jackson (Independent) 2.0% ▌John Miglietta (Green) 1.2% Tennessee 6 Bart Gordon Democratic 1984 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bart Gordon (Democratic) 74.4% ▌Chris Baker (Independent) 25.6% Tennessee 7 Marsha Blackburn Republican 2002 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Marsha Blackburn (Republican) 68.6% ▌Randy Morris (Democratic) 31.4% Tennessee 8 John Tanner Democratic 1988 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Tanner (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 9 Steve Cohen Democratic 2006 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Steve Cohen (Democratic) 87.9% ▌Jake Ford (Independent) 4.9% ▌Dewey Clark (Independent) 4.4% ▌Mary Wright (Independent) 2.8% District 1 See also: Tennessee's 1st congressional district This district covers northeast Tennessee, including all of Carter, Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Johnson, Sullivan, Unicoi, and Washington counties and parts of Jefferson County and Sevier County. It has been represented by Republican David Davis since 2007. Johnson City mayor Roe narrowly defeated Davis in the Republican primary by a margin of 50% to 49% (only 500 votes). Davis was elected in 2006, succeeding retiring congressman Bill Jenkins, winning the Republican nomination over a crowded field which included Roe. Roe, a retired OB/GYN, was endorsed by several local newspapers, refused PAC and special interest money, and promised not to serve any more than ten years in Congress. He was a shoo-in for election in a district that has only elected Republicans since 1880. Tennessee's 1st congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Phil Roe 168,343 71.82 Democratic Rob Russell 57,525 24.54 Independent Joel Goodman 3,988 1.70 Independent James W. Reeves 2,544 1.09 Independent T. K. Owens 1,981 0.85 Total votes 234,381 100.00 Republican hold District 2 See also: Tennessee's 2nd congressional district This district lies in the east-central part of the state, based in Knoxville, and is largely coextensive with that city's metropolitan area. It has been represented by Republican Jimmy Duncan since November 1988. He ran against Democrat Bob Scott. No Democrat has held this seat since 1855. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'. Tennessee's 2nd congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jimmy Duncan (inc.) 227,120 78.11 Democratic Bob Scott 63,639 21.89 Total votes 290,759 100.00 Republican hold District 3 See also: Tennessee's 3rd congressional district This district has been represented by Republican Zach Wamp since 1995. His Democratic opponent was Doug Vandagriff. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'. Tennessee's 3rd congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Zach Wamp (inc.) 184,964 69.37 Democratic Doug Vandagriff 73,059 27.40 Independent Jean Howard-Hill 4,848 1.82 Independent Ed Choate 3,750 1.41 Write-ins 7 0.00 Total votes 266,628 100.00 Republican hold District 4 See also: Tennessee's 4th congressional district This district lies in Middle and East Tennessee and includes all of Bledsoe, Campbell, Coffee, Cumberland, Fentress, Franklin, Giles, Grundy, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, Marion, Maury, Moore, Morgan, Pickett, Scott, Sequatchie, Van Buren, Warren, and White Counties, as well as portions of Hickman, Roane, and Williamson counties. It has been represented by Democrat Lincoln Davis since 2003. He ran against Republican Monty Lankford. Although the 4th is one of the few districts in the nation that is not considered safe for either party, its size and the fact it includes five television markets make it fairly easy for incumbents to tenure themselves in. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'. Tennessee's 4th congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Lincoln Davis (inc.) 146,776 58.76 Republican Monty J. Lankford 94,447 37.81 Independent James Anthony Gray 4,869 1.95 Independent Kevin Ragsdale 3,713 1.49 Total votes 249,805 100.00 Democratic hold District 5 See also: Tennessee's 5th congressional district This district lies in Middle Tennessee, including almost all of Davidson County, half of Wilson County, and half of Cheatham County. Nearly two-thirds of the district's voting population lives in Nashville. It has been represented by Democrat Jim Cooper since 2003. He ran against Republican Gerard Donovan. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'. Tennessee's 5th congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jim Cooper (inc.) 181,467 65.84 Republican Gerard Donovan 85,471 31.01 Independent Jon Jackson 5,464 1.98 Independent John P. Miglietta 3,196 1.16 Write-ins 4 0.00 Total votes 275,602 100.00 Democratic hold District 6 See also: Tennessee's 6th congressional district This district lies in Middle Tennessee, including all of Bedford, Cannon, Clay, DeKalb, Jackson, Macon, Marshall, Overton, Putnam, Robertson, Rutherford, Smith, Sumner, and Trousdale Counties, as well as a portion of Wilson County. It has been represented by Democrat Bart Gordon since 1985. He ran against independent candidate Chris Baker. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'. Tennessee's 6th congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bart Gordon (inc.) 194,264 74.42 Independent Chris Baker 66,764 25.58 Total votes 261,028 100.00 Democratic hold District 7 See also: Tennessee's 7th congressional district This district lies in Middle and southwestern Tennessee, connecting suburbs of Memphis and Nashville. It has been represented by Republican Marsha Blackburn since 2003. She ran against Democrat Randy G. Morris. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'. Tennessee's 7th congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Marsha Blackburn (inc.) 217,332 68.58 Democratic Randy G. Morris 99,549 31.42 Total votes 316,881 100.00 Republican hold District 8 See also: Tennessee's 8th congressional district This district covers roughly the northwestern part of the state. It has been represented by Democrat John S. Tanner since 1989. He ran unopposed by any party candidates and encountered opposition from only a few write-in votes. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'. Tennessee's 8th congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic John S. Tanner (inc.) 180,465 99.97 Write-ins 54 0.03 Total votes 180,519 100.00 Democratic hold District 9 See also: Tennessee's 9th congressional district This district lies in southwestern Tennessee, located entirely within Shelby County and including most of the city of Memphis. It has been represented by Democrat Steve Cohen since 2007, who ran against independent candidates Jake Ford, Dewey Clark, and Taylor Shelby Wright. CQ Politics forecasts the race as 'Safe Democrat'. Cohen defeated attorney Nikki Tinker by a 79% to 19% margin in the Democratic primary. Cohen, who is the only white congressman representing a majority black district, defeated Tinker, who is black, by a much narrower margin in 2006. There was much controversy over accusations made by the Tinker campaign that Cohen was involved with the Ku Klux Klan, and circulation of anti-Semitic propaganda against Cohen, who is Jewish. No Republican filed in this overwhelmingly Democratic district, although Cohen's primary victory assured him of a second term in any case. Tennessee's 9th congressional district election, 2008 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Steve Cohen (inc.) 198,798 87.85 Independent Jake Ford 11,003 4.86 Independent Dewey Clark 10,047 4.44 Independent Taylor Shelby Wright 6,434 2.84 Total votes 226,282 100.00 Democratic hold See also 2008 Tennessee elections 2008 United States elections References ^ "Tennessee Voter Turnout in 2008". Tennessee Secretary of State. November 4, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2023. ^ "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". ^ Roe Defeats Davis In 1st District TriCities.com, August 8, 2008 ^ Tenn. Democrat beats lawyer who linked him to KKK Archived August 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine External links Division of Elections from the Tennessee Secretary of State U.S. Congress candidates for Tennessee at Project Vote Smart Tennessee U.S. House Races from 2008 Race Tracker Campaign contributions for Tennessee congressional races from OpenSecrets Preceded by2006 elections United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee2008 Succeeded by2010 elections vte(2007 ←) 2008 United States elections (→ 2009)U.S.President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam (straw poll) U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware District of Columbia (shadow) Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Mississippi (special) Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming Wyoming (special) U.S. House(electionratings) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California 12th sp Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia delegate shadow Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois 14th sp Indiana 7th sp Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana 1st sp 6th sp Maine Maryland 4th sp Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 1st sp Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 11th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Lt. Gov Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia AttorneysGeneral North Carolina Pennsylvania Washington Ohio (special) Otherstatewideelections Pennsylvania Auditor General Treasurer Washington Secretary of State Wisconsin Supreme Court Statelegislatures Arizona Senate California Assembly Senate Connecticut Senate Delaware House Senate Iowa House Senate Massachusetts House Senate Michigan House Minnesota House Montana House New Mexico House Senate New York Assembly North Carolina House Senate Pennsylvania House Senate Senate Texas House Senate Washington (state) House Senate West Virginia Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Mayors Augusta, GA Bakersfield, CA Baton Rouge, LA Fresno, CA Honolulu, HI Irvine, CA Mesa, AZ Milwaukee, WI Orlando, FL Portland, OR Sacramento, CA San Diego, CA San Juan, PR Santa Ana, CA Stockton, CA Virginia Beach, VA States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"2008 Tennessee House of Representatives election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tennessee_House_of_Representatives_election"},{"link_name":"U.S. representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"congressional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_congressional_districts"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's House delegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"For related races, see 2008 United States House of Representatives elections.Not to be confused with 2008 Tennessee House of Representatives election.The 2008 congressional elections in Tennessee was held on November 4, 2008, to elect the nine U.S. representatives from the state of Tennessee, one from each of the state's nine congressional districts.Following the 2008 elections, no seats changed hands, leaving the Tennessee delegation at a 5-4 Democratic majority.As of 2024, this was the last time Democrats won a majority of congressional districts from Tennessee's House delegation, as well as the House popular vote.","title":"2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By district","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN01_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocke_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hamblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamblen_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Unicoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicoi_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sevier County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevier_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"David Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_(Tennessee_politician)"},{"link_name":"Johnson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bill Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Jenkins_(politician)"},{"link_name":"OB/GYN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OB/GYN"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Action_Committee"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 1st congressional districtThis district covers northeast Tennessee, including all of Carter, Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Johnson, Sullivan, Unicoi, and Washington counties and parts of Jefferson County and Sevier County. It has been represented by Republican David Davis since 2007.Johnson City mayor Roe narrowly defeated Davis in the Republican primary by a margin of 50% to 49% (only 500 votes).[3] Davis was elected in 2006, succeeding retiring congressman Bill Jenkins, winning the Republican nomination over a crowded field which included Roe. Roe, a retired OB/GYN, was endorsed by several local newspapers, refused PAC and special interest money, and promised not to serve any more than ten years in Congress. He was a shoo-in for election in a district that has only elected Republicans since 1880.","title":"District 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN02_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 2nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Duncan_(Tennessee_politician)"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 2nd congressional districtThis district lies in the east-central part of the state, based in Knoxville, and is largely coextensive with that city's metropolitan area. It has been represented by Republican Jimmy Duncan since November 1988. He ran against Democrat Bob Scott. No Democrat has held this seat since 1855. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'.","title":"District 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN03_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Zach Wamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Wamp"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 3rd congressional districtThis district has been represented by Republican Zach Wamp since 1995. His Democratic opponent was Doug Vandagriff. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'.","title":"District 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN04_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"East Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Bledsoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledsoe_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Fentress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentress_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundy_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sequatchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequatchie_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickman_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Roane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roane_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Davis"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 4th congressional districtThis district lies in Middle and East Tennessee and includes all of Bledsoe, Campbell, Coffee, Cumberland, Fentress, Franklin, Giles, Grundy, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, Marion, Maury, Moore, Morgan, Pickett, Scott, Sequatchie, Van Buren, Warren, and White Counties, as well as portions of Hickman, Roane, and Williamson counties. It has been represented by Democrat Lincoln Davis since 2003. He ran against Republican Monty Lankford. Although the 4th is one of the few districts in the nation that is not considered safe for either party, its size and the fact it includes five television markets make it fairly easy for incumbents to tenure themselves in. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'.","title":"District 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN05_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Davidson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Wilson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cheatham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheatham_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jim Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cooper"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 5th congressional districtThis district lies in Middle Tennessee, including almost all of Davidson County, half of Wilson County, and half of Cheatham County. Nearly two-thirds of the district's voting population lives in Nashville. It has been represented by Democrat Jim Cooper since 2003. He ran against Republican Gerard Donovan. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'.","title":"District 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN06_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Overton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Trousdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trousdale_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Wilson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Bart Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Gordon"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 6th congressional districtThis district lies in Middle Tennessee, including all of Bedford, Cannon, Clay, DeKalb, Jackson, Macon, Marshall, Overton, Putnam, Robertson, Rutherford, Smith, Sumner, and Trousdale Counties, as well as a portion of Wilson County. It has been represented by Democrat Bart Gordon since 1985. He ran against independent candidate Chris Baker. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'.","title":"District 6"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN07_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Marsha Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Randy G. Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_G._Morris&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 7th congressional districtThis district lies in Middle and southwestern Tennessee, connecting suburbs of Memphis and Nashville. It has been represented by Republican Marsha Blackburn since 2003. She ran against Democrat Randy G. Morris. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'.","title":"District 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN08_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John S. Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Tanner"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 8th congressional districtThis district covers roughly the northwestern part of the state. It has been represented by Democrat John S. Tanner since 1989. He ran unopposed by any party candidates and encountered opposition from only a few write-in votes. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'.","title":"District 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN09_109.gif"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 9th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Steve Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cohen_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: Tennessee's 9th congressional districtThis district lies in southwestern Tennessee, located entirely within Shelby County and including most of the city of Memphis. It has been represented by Democrat Steve Cohen since 2007, who ran against independent candidates Jake Ford, Dewey Clark, and Taylor Shelby Wright. CQ Politics forecasts the race as 'Safe Democrat'.Cohen defeated attorney Nikki Tinker by a 79% to 19% margin in the Democratic primary. Cohen, who is the only white congressman representing a majority black district, defeated Tinker, who is black, by a much narrower margin in 2006. There was much controversy over accusations made by the Tinker campaign that Cohen was involved with the Ku Klux Klan, and circulation of anti-Semitic propaganda against Cohen, who is Jewish.[4] No Republican filed in this overwhelmingly Democratic district, although Cohen's primary victory assured him of a second term in any case.","title":"District 9"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TN01_109.gif/220px-TN01_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TN02_109.gif/220px-TN02_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/TN03_109.gif/220px-TN03_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TN04_109.gif/220px-TN04_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TN05_109.gif/220px-TN05_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/TN06_109.gif/220px-TN06_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TN07_109.gif/220px-TN07_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/TN08_109.gif/220px-TN08_109.gif"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TN09_109.gif/220px-TN09_109.gif"}]	[{"title":"2008 Tennessee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tennessee_elections"},{"title":"2008 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_elections"}]	[{"reference":"\"Tennessee Voter Turnout in 2008\". Tennessee Secretary of State. November 4, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sos.tn.gov/elections/statistics","url_text":"\"Tennessee Voter Turnout in 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\".","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2008/2008Stat.htm#stateTN","url_text":"\"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://sos.tn.gov/elections/statistics","external_links_name":"\"Tennessee Voter Turnout in 2008\""},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2008/2008Stat.htm#stateTN","external_links_name":"\"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\""},{"Link":"http://www.tricities.com/tri/news/local/article/roe_defeats_incumbent_davis_in_1st_district_republican_primary/12490/","external_links_name":"Roe Defeats Davis In 1st District"},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j_21CQEmVXaRLlqpw6n7eqnKIyNwD92DSS3O0","external_links_name":"Tenn. Democrat beats lawyer who linked him to KKK"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080813205347/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j_21CQEmVXaRLlqpw6n7eqnKIyNwD92DSS3O0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.state.tn.us/sos/election/index.htm","external_links_name":"Division of Elections"},{"Link":"http://www.votesmart.org/election_congress_state.php?state_id=TN&go33.x=12&go33.y=12","external_links_name":"U.S. Congress candidates for Tennessee"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080809210801/http://www.2008racetracker.com/page/Tennessee","external_links_name":"Tennessee U.S. House Races"},{"Link":"http://www.opensecrets.org/races/election.php?state=TN","external_links_name":"Campaign contributions for Tennessee congressional races"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennistoun	Dennistoun	["1 History","2 Amenities","2.1 Retail facilities","2.2 Parks","2.3 Arts","2.4 Housing","2.5 Education","2.6 Aquatic sports","2.7 Religion","2.8 Transport","3 Demographics","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°51′39″N 4°12′58″W / 55.8609°N 4.2161°W / 55.8609; -4.2161Not to be confused with Denniston (disambiguation). Human settlement in ScotlandDennistounScots: DanzielstounDennistoun looking west. The Glasgow Necropolis and Glasgow Cathedral are visible in the centre of the image, marking the boundary with Townhead.DennistounLocation within GlasgowOS grid referenceNS614653Council areaGlasgow City CouncilLieutenancy areaGlasgowCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townGLASGOWPostcode districtG31Dialling code0141PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish UK ParliamentGlasgow North EastScottish ParliamentGlasgow Provan List of places UK Scotland Glasgow 55°51′39″N 4°12′58″W / 55.8609°N 4.2161°W / 55.8609; -4.2161 Dennistoun (/ˈdɛnɪstən/) is a mostly residential district in Glasgow, Scotland, located north of the River Clyde and in the city's east end, about 1+1⁄4 miles (2 kilometres) east of the city centre. Since 2017 it has formed the core of a Dennistoun ward under Glasgow City Council, having previously been a component of the East Centre ward. Aside from the smaller Haghill neighbourhood further east, Dennistoun's built environment does not adjoin any others directly, with the M8 motorway dividing it from Royston to the north, while the buildings of Glasgow Royal Infirmary and Wellpark Brewery plus the Glasgow Necropolis cemetery lie to the west (separating it from adjacent Townhead), and railway lines form the southern boundary with the Calton/Gallowgate neighbourhoods, and Camlachie (a historic district which is now largely a retail park) on the opposite side. History Dennistoun was established by Alexander Dennistoun, Scottish merchant, bank director and, for a short time, an MP. Over a period, Alexander Dennistoun purchased a number of small estates neighbouring his Golf Hill property, including Craig Park, Whitehill, Meadow Park, Broom Park, Annfield, Bellfield, and Wester Craigs. In 1836 a Reformatory Institution and House of Refuge (For Boys), funded by public subscription, was built on the westmost part of the Whitehill estate, with its entrance gatehouse and driveway off Duke Street. It normally accommodated around 300 "juvenile offenders and neglected children" for education and training. The area of these estates was incorporated into the city officially in 1846. In the 1850s, Annfield Place was built parallel to Duke Street, to the west of the Reformatory entrance. In 1854 Dennistoun engaged the Glasgow architect James Salmon, who designed proposed development, surveyed the site, and laid it out in streets, terraces, and drives. The development area, to the north of Annfield Place, gained access off Duke Street via Westcraigs Street and Craigbank Street. The first plots in Dennistoun were feued from 1861. After Glasgow Corporation acquired the Kennyhill estate and laid it out as Alexandra Park with Alexandra Parade as its western approach, the Dennistoun suburb grew rapidly. The Whitehill estate was developed and, just east of the Reformatory, Dennistoun Academy private school was built. Glasgow School Board took it over in 1883, and made it Whitehill public school for girls. This was demolished, and replaced in 1891 by the larger Whitehill Public School for boys, girls and infants, which later became Whitehill Secondary School. Buffalo Bill statue, on the site of the Whitehill School near the Exhibition Buildings location. The Reformatory had been left empty for a number of years, in 1889 it was used as temporary accommodation for boys displaced when the training-ship HMS Cumberland was set on fire. With a large single storey extension added to its north, the building housed the Glasgow East-End Industrial Exhibition, which opened on 23 December 1890, to support establishment of a People's Palace in the east end of Glasgow. The East End Exhibition Buildings were converted into a 7,000 seat theatre for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show which ran from 16 November 1891 to 27th February 1892. The large troupe included Annie Oakley and Lakota people, notably Kicking Bear. From 1910, town plans show a skating rink in front of the Exhibition Buildings. A Palais de Danse was built on the site in 1922, and after a fire the Dennistoun Palais opened in 1938 with 1,800 capacity, the biggest dance hall in Glasgow. It closed in 1962, but was remembered in Hamish Imlach's song "Cod Liver Oil and the Orange Juice". Unable to attract the middle-class residents intended by its original developers, Dennistoun had established itself as a respectable working class area for families. After the Second World War, the area's Victorian tenements were refurbished and extended rather than replaced with high-rise modernist blocks as in other working-class districts such as neighbouring Calton and Parkhead, and this, coupled with proximity to the city centre and Caledonian and Strathclyde universities, has contributed to its gentrification in recent years; many of its residents are now students and young professionals. Amenities Alexander Dennistoun Retail facilities The community is well served by two shopping areas on Duke Street and Alexandra Parade. There are also two supermarkets and two long-established Italian delicatessens. Although the fortunes of local businesses have varied over the years, more recently a clear upturn in the number of independent retail and leisure premises has been apparent. Parks Dennistoun benefits from a large Victorian-era park, Alexandra Park, which is bounded predominantly by the M8 motorway, Cumbernauld Road and Provan Road. The Park takes its name from Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the wife of the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, who performed the official opening in 1870. The park was established in 1866 when the City Improvement Trustees purchased Alexandra Park from Mr Walter Stewart of Haghill under special powers conferred upon them by legislation. Mr Alexander Dennistoun, the proprietor of the adjoining estate of Golfhill, gave five acres (two hectares) of land to the City Improvement Trustees, situated near the south-west corner adjacent to Alexandra Parade, which now forms the principal pedestrian entrance. The park is home to a 40-foot (12-metre) cast-iron Walter MacFarlane-built Saracen Fountain which was given to the city after the 1901 International Exhibition and remained in Kelvingrove Park for 12 years after the exhibition. In 1914, Glasgow Corporation took the decision to re-site this magnificent piece of industrial architecture to its present location. The fountain was restored to its former glory in 2000. Arts Dennistoun has one of Glasgow's original Carnegie libraries, deftly designed in the Edwardian Baroque style by James Robert Rhind. Market Gallery, an artist-run contemporary art gallery, is located on Duke Street and spread over three shop units. WASPS artists' studios, a charity providing affordable studio space to support up to 750 artists, is located on Hanson Street. Housing Duke Street running through Dennistoun area, flanked by red sandstone tenements with shops (2008) Although predominantly consisting of three- and four-storey tenements, the Victorian villas and terraces to the west (towards the city centre) illustrate part of Alexander Dennistoun's original plan for the whole area. Dennistoun is made up of a number of smaller neighbourhoods including Milnbank to the north, 'The Drives' in the centre of the area and Bellgrove south of Duke Street - since 2007, the latter has fallen under a different multi-member council ward (Calton) from the rest of the district, and this situation remained even when the Dennistoun ward was created a decade later, with its boundaries instead including the Royston and Germiston neighbourhoods on the other side of the M8. Education There are three main primary schools in the greater Dennistoun area (excluding Haghill): Golfhill Primary, originally located on Circus Drive but now housed within the main building of Whitehill Secondary School (the original school building still stands, however remains derelict due to health and safety reasons. The school was built upon the site of a filled quarry and this has led to significant structural problems), Alexandra Parade Primary School located on Armadale Street and St Denis' RC Primary School on Meadowpark Street. The only secondary school in the area is Whitehill Secondary School which is majority fed by pupils from Golfhill Primary, Alexandra Parade Primary and Haghill Primary. As it is a non-denominational school, most of the pupils from St Denis' go to St Mungo's Academy located on Crownpoint Road, Gallowgate. Aquatic sports Whitehill Pool was opened in 1978 and is shared with the neighbouring school It provides a 25m pool, small teaching pool, fitness suite, health suite and spectator gallery with over 200 seats and is situated on Onslow Drive. Religion The area has a proliferation of churches, including the Church of Scotland, Roman Catholic (including Our Lady of Good Counsel, designed by noted Modern architects Gillespie, Kidd & Coia), Baptist, Salvation Army, independent Evangelical churches, Plymouth Brethren, Charismatic, one Scottish Episcopal Church and a Christadelphian presence. In 2007 it was decided that the two Church of Scotland congregations, Dennistoun Blackfriars and Dennistoun Central churches, would unite to form Dennistoun New Parish Church. This followed long vacancies dating from 2000 (Dennistoun Blackfriars) and 2004 (Dennistoun Central). Transport The district is served by Alexandra Parade, Duke Street and Bellgrove railway stations (all on the North Clyde Line) as well as numerous bus routes, offering commuter services to the city centre and on toward the western suburbs. Demographics In a 2004 census the area had a population of roughly 10,530. Notable people James Livingstone Begg, geologist Alex Rae, footballer Hugh Brown, Labour Party M.P. who earned the 'Red Clydesider' title George Burt, cricketer Jon Campbell, producer (The Time Frequency) Stuart Cosgrove, broadcaster Rikki Fulton, entertainer Jack House, journalist and author Ford Kiernan, comedian Lulu, singer grew up in a top floor flat of 29 Garfield Street Charles Rennie Mackintosh, architect, designer and artist Jimmy Mason, footballer William Miller, poet (author of Wee Willie Winkie) Dorothy Paul, entertainer Willie Sharp, footballer Flora Mc Donald (Mary Muir) Music Hall entertainer in the 1920s References ^ a b c MacLehose, James (1886). "26. Alex Dennistoun". Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is. James MacLehose & Sons. p. 101. ^ "Peter Fleming, Map of the City of Glasgow and Suburbs (1820)". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Golf Hill Jas. Denniston"This map of the ten parishes within the Royalty and the parishes of Gorbals Barony of Glasgow. - Town Plans by John Wood (1822)". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Barony Parish ^ a b "Dennistoun - Past and Present by James Baird, 1922". Parkhead History. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2023. ^ a b "Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1857, 1:500". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 3 May 2023.,Sheet VI.11.15. Surveyed: 1857, Published: 1860 ^ Ask the Archivist - annexed burghs, Family History at The Mitchell, 2020 ^ Goold, David (4 May 2023). "DSA Architect Biography Report, James Salmon (senior)". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ "History". Dennistoun Conservation Society. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ "View map: Bartholomew, John, New Plan of Glasgow with Suburbs, from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (1865)". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ "View map: Bartholomew, J. G. (John George), New plan of Glasgow with suburbs (1876)". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ Graham, Scott. "Whitehill Secondary School". The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 3 May 2023. ^ "Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1892-3, 1:500". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 3 May 2023.,Sheet VI.11.15. Surveyed: 1892-3, Published: 1895 ^ "Glasgow East End Industrial Exhibition". Dennistoun Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2023. ^ "Buffalo Bill". Dennistoun Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2023. ^ "A History of the WorldObject : Ghost Dance Shirt". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ "John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1910)". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 5 May 2023. ^ Graham, Scott. "Dennistoun Palais". The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 6 May 2023. ^ "John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1930)". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 6 May 2023."OS 1:1250". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 5 May 2023. – NS6165SW,Surveyed: 1951, Published: 1951. ^ "Evening Times: The New Eastenders, Publication date 06/03/08". Retrieved 12 March 2007. ^ City Ward Factsheets 2017: Ward 22 - Dennistoun, Glasgow City Council ^ "Glasgow Central Christadelphians". Archived from the original on 8 October 2000. Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ LULU "This is your Life" (1973) on YouTube External links Media related to Dennistoun at Wikimedia Commons Dennistoun Online - Local community forum and news pages Dennistoun Community Council - group responsible for ascertaining, coordinating and expressing the views of the wider community Dennistoun Conservation Society - Local conservation society Dennistoun profile at Understanding Glasgow Milnpark Housing Association Reidvale Housing Association Archived 21 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine vteAreas of GlasgowNorth of theRiver ClydeEast End Auchenshuggle Baillieston Barlanark Barrachnie Barrowfield Blackhill Braidfauld Bridgeton Broomhouse Budhill Calton Camlachie Carmyle Carntyne Craigend Cranhill Daldowie Dalmarnock Dennistoun Easterhouse Easthall Gallowgate Garrowhill Garthamlock Gartloch Greenfield Haghill Hogganfield Lightburn Lilybank Millerston Mount Vernon Newbank Parkhead Provanhall Provanmill Queenslie Riddrie Ruchazie Sandyhills Shettleston Springboig Springhill Swinton Tollcross Wellhouse North and Centre Anderston Balornock Barmulloch Blochairn Blythswood Hill Cadder City centre Colston Cowcaddens Cowlairs Charing Cross Garnethill Germiston Gilshochill Hamiltonhill IFSD Lambhill Maryhill Maryhill Park Merchant City Milton North Kelvinside Parkhouse Port Dundas Possilpark Robroyston Royston Ruchill Sighthill Springburn Summerston Townhead Woodside Wyndford West End Anniesland Blairdardie Broomhill Dowanhill Drumchapel Finnieston Garscadden Glasgow Harbour Hillhead Hyndland Jordanhill Kelvinbridge Kelvindale Kelvingrove Kelvinhaugh Kelvinside Knightswood Netherton Old Drumchapel Park District Partick Partickhill Sandyford Scotstoun Scotstounhill Temple Thornwood Whiteinch Woodlands Yorkhill Yoker South of theRiver ClydeSouth-west Bellahouston Cardonald Cessnock Corkerhill Cowglen Craigton Crookston Darnley Drumoyne Dumbreck Govan Halfway Hillington Househillwood Hurlet Ibrox Kingston Kinning Park Linthouse Moorepark Nitshill Parkhouse Penilee Plantation Pollok Priesthill Rosshall Roughmussel Shieldhall South Nitshill Southpark Village South-centre and South-east Arden Auldhouse Battlefield Carmunnock Carnwadric Castlemilk Cathcart Croftfoot Crosshill Crossmyloof Deaconsbank Eastwood Govanhill Gorbals Hillpark Hutchesontown Jenny Lind Kennishead King's Park Langside Laurieston Mansewood Merrylee Mount Florida Muirend Newlands Oatlands Pollokshaws Pollokshields Polmadie Port Eglinton Queen's Park Shawlands Simshill Strathbungo Toryglen Tradeston	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denniston (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denniston_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈdɛnɪstən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"River Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde"},{"link_name":"east end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow#East_End"},{"link_name":"Dennistoun ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennistoun_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council"},{"link_name":"East Centre ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Centre_(Glasgow_ward)"},{"link_name":"Haghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haghill"},{"link_name":"M8 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_motorway_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Royston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"Wellpark Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellpark_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Townhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhead"},{"link_name":"Calton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Gallowgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowgate,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Camlachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlachie"},{"link_name":"retail park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_park"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Denniston (disambiguation).Human settlement in ScotlandDennistoun (/ˈdɛnɪstən/) is a mostly residential district in Glasgow, Scotland, located north of the River Clyde and in the city's east end, about 1+1⁄4 miles (2 kilometres) east of the city centre. Since 2017 it has formed the core of a Dennistoun ward under Glasgow City Council, having previously been a component of the East Centre ward.Aside from the smaller Haghill neighbourhood further east, Dennistoun's built environment does not adjoin any others directly, with the M8 motorway dividing it from Royston to the north, while the buildings of Glasgow Royal Infirmary and Wellpark Brewery plus the Glasgow Necropolis cemetery lie to the west (separating it from adjacent Townhead), and railway lines form the southern boundary with the Calton/Gallowgate neighbourhoods, and Camlachie (a historic district which is now largely a retail park) on the opposite side.","title":"Dennistoun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Dennistoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennistoun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100men-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps_1820,_1822-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkhead_History-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow_1857,_500-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow_1857,_500-4"},{"link_name":"James Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Salmon_(architect,_born_1805)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100men-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goold_2023-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennistoun_History-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map_1865-8"},{"link_name":"feued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu_(land_tenure)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Park,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100men-1"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"Whitehill Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehill_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barts_1876-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABACUS-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glasgow_1893,_500-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_Bill_statue_crop,_Dennistoun,_Glasgow.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1842)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkhead_History-3"},{"link_name":"People's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Palace,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-East-End_1890-12"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill"},{"link_name":"Wild West Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West_shows"},{"link_name":"Annie Oakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Oakley"},{"link_name":"Lakota people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_people"},{"link_name":"Kicking Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicking_Bear"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buffalo_Bill-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_1970_e784-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barts_1910-15"},{"link_name":"Hamish Imlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Imlach"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palais-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barts_1930,_OS_1951-17"},{"link_name":"tenements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenements"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"Calton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Parkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkhead"},{"link_name":"Caledonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_University"}],"text":"Dennistoun was established by Alexander Dennistoun, Scottish merchant, bank director and, for a short time, an MP. Over a period, Alexander Dennistoun purchased a number of small estates neighbouring his Golf Hill property, including Craig Park, Whitehill, Meadow Park, Broom Park, Annfield, Bellfield, and Wester Craigs.[1][2] In 1836 a Reformatory Institution and House of Refuge (For Boys), funded by public subscription, was built on the westmost part of the Whitehill estate, with its entrance gatehouse and driveway off Duke Street. It normally accommodated around 300 \"juvenile offenders and neglected children\" for education and training.[3][4] The area of these estates was incorporated into the city officially in 1846.[5] In the 1850s, Annfield Place was built parallel to Duke Street, to the west of the Reformatory entrance.[4]In 1854 Dennistoun engaged the Glasgow architect James Salmon, who designed proposed development, surveyed the site, and laid it out in streets, terraces, and drives.[1][6] The development area, to the north of Annfield Place, gained access off Duke Street via Westcraigs Street and Craigbank Street.[7][8] The first plots in Dennistoun were feued from 1861. After Glasgow Corporation acquired the Kennyhill estate and laid it out as Alexandra Park with Alexandra Parade as its western approach, the Dennistoun suburb grew rapidly.[1]The Whitehill estate was developed and, just east of the Reformatory, Dennistoun Academy private school was built. Glasgow School Board took it over in 1883, and made it Whitehill public school for girls. This was demolished, and replaced in 1891 by the larger Whitehill Public School for boys, girls and infants, which later became Whitehill Secondary School.[9][10][11]Buffalo Bill statue, on the site of the Whitehill School near the Exhibition Buildings location.The Reformatory had been left empty for a number of years, in 1889 it was used as temporary accommodation for boys displaced when the training-ship HMS Cumberland was set on fire.[3] With a large single storey extension added to its north, the building housed the Glasgow East-End Industrial Exhibition, which opened on 23 December 1890, to support establishment of a People's Palace in the east end of Glasgow.[12] The East End Exhibition Buildings were converted into a 7,000 seat theatre for Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show which ran from 16 November 1891 to 27th February 1892. The large troupe included Annie Oakley and Lakota people, notably Kicking Bear.[13][14]From 1910, town plans show a skating rink in front of the Exhibition Buildings.[15] A Palais de Danse was built on the site in 1922, and after a fire the Dennistoun Palais opened in 1938 with 1,800 capacity, the biggest dance hall in Glasgow. It closed in 1962, but was remembered in Hamish Imlach's song \"Cod Liver Oil and the Orange Juice\".[16][17]Unable to attract the middle-class residents intended by its original developers, Dennistoun had established itself as a respectable working class area for families. After the Second World War, the area's Victorian tenements were refurbished and extended rather than replaced with high-rise modernist blocks as in other working-class districts such as neighbouring Calton and Parkhead, and this, coupled with proximity to the city centre and Caledonian and Strathclyde universities, has contributed to its gentrification in recent years; many of its residents are now students and young professionals.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recollections_and_impressions,_(1907)_(14803648863).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennistoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennistoun"}],"text":"Alexander Dennistoun","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Street,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Parade,_Glasgow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Retail facilities","text":"The community is well served by two shopping areas on Duke Street and Alexandra Parade. There are also two supermarkets and two long-established Italian delicatessens. Although the fortunes of local businesses have varied over the years, more recently a clear upturn in the number of independent retail and leisure premises has been apparent.[18]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Park,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Alexandra of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Edward VII of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Haghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haghill"},{"link_name":"Walter MacFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Saracen Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen_Fountain"},{"link_name":"1901 International Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_International_Exhibition_(1901)"},{"link_name":"Kelvingrove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvingrove_Park"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"Dennistoun benefits from a large Victorian-era park, Alexandra Park, which is bounded predominantly by the M8 motorway, Cumbernauld Road and Provan Road. The Park takes its name from Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the wife of the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, who performed the official opening in 1870. The park was established in 1866 when the City Improvement Trustees purchased Alexandra Park from Mr Walter Stewart of Haghill under special powers conferred upon them by legislation. Mr Alexander Dennistoun, the proprietor of the adjoining estate of Golfhill, gave five acres (two hectares) of land to the City Improvement Trustees, situated near the south-west corner adjacent to Alexandra Parade, which now forms the principal pedestrian entrance.The park is home to a 40-foot (12-metre) cast-iron Walter MacFarlane-built Saracen Fountain which was given to the city after the 1901 International Exhibition and remained in Kelvingrove Park for 12 years after the exhibition. In 1914, Glasgow Corporation took the decision to re-site this magnificent piece of industrial architecture to its present location. The fountain was restored to its former glory in 2000.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_libraries"},{"link_name":"Edwardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"James Robert Rhind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Rhind"},{"link_name":"Market Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"}],"sub_title":"Arts","text":"Dennistoun has one of Glasgow's original Carnegie libraries, deftly designed in the Edwardian Baroque style by James Robert Rhind.Market Gallery, an artist-run contemporary art gallery, is located on Duke Street and spread over three shop units. WASPS artists' studios, a charity providing affordable studio space to support up to 750 artists, is located on Hanson Street.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Street_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Street,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Calton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Dennistoun ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennistoun_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Royston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Germiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germiston"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"Duke Street running through Dennistoun area, flanked by red sandstone tenements with shops (2008)Although predominantly consisting of three- and four-storey tenements, the Victorian villas and terraces to the west (towards the city centre) illustrate part of Alexander Dennistoun's original plan for the whole area. Dennistoun is made up of a number of smaller neighbourhoods including Milnbank to the north, 'The Drives' in the centre of the area and Bellgrove south of Duke Street - since 2007, the latter has fallen under a different multi-member council ward (Calton) from the rest of the district, and this situation remained even when the Dennistoun ward was created a decade later, with its boundaries instead including the Royston and Germiston neighbourhoods on the other side of the M8.[19]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitehill Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehill_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"St Mungo's Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mungo%27s_Academy"},{"link_name":"Gallowgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowgate,_Glasgow"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"There are three main primary schools in the greater Dennistoun area (excluding Haghill): Golfhill Primary, originally located on Circus Drive but now housed within the main building of Whitehill Secondary School (the original school building still stands, however remains derelict due to health and safety reasons. The school was built upon the site of a filled quarry and this has led to significant structural problems), Alexandra Parade Primary School located on Armadale Street and St Denis' RC Primary School on Meadowpark Street.The only secondary school in the area is Whitehill Secondary School which is majority fed by pupils from Golfhill Primary, Alexandra Parade Primary and Haghill Primary. As it is a non-denominational school, most of the pupils from St Denis' go to St Mungo's Academy located on Crownpoint Road, Gallowgate.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aquatic sports","text":"Whitehill Pool was opened in 1978 and is shared with the neighbouring school It provides a 25m pool, small teaching pool, fitness suite, health suite and spectator gallery with over 200 seats and is situated on Onslow Drive.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Good Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_Church,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gillespie, Kidd & Coia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie,_Kidd_%26_Coia"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Christadelphian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christadelphian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The area has a proliferation of churches, including the Church of Scotland, Roman Catholic (including Our Lady of Good Counsel, designed by noted Modern architects Gillespie, Kidd & Coia), Baptist, Salvation Army, independent Evangelical churches, Plymouth Brethren, Charismatic, one Scottish Episcopal Church and a Christadelphian presence.[20]In 2007 it was decided that the two Church of Scotland congregations, Dennistoun Blackfriars and Dennistoun Central churches, would unite to form Dennistoun New Parish Church. This followed long vacancies dating from 2000 (Dennistoun Blackfriars) and 2004 (Dennistoun Central).","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Parade_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Duke Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bellgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellgrove_railway_station"},{"link_name":"railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations"},{"link_name":"North Clyde Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Clyde_Line"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"The district is served by Alexandra Parade, Duke Street and Bellgrove railway stations (all on the North Clyde Line) as well as numerous bus routes, offering commuter services to the city centre and on toward the western suburbs.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In a 2004 census the area had a population of roughly 10,530.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Livingstone Begg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Livingstone_Begg"},{"link_name":"Alex Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rae_(footballer,_born_1969)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Brown_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"M.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Red Clydesider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Clydeside"},{"link_name":"George Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burt_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jon Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Campbell_(producer)"},{"link_name":"The Time Frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Frequency"},{"link_name":"Stuart Cosgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Cosgrove"},{"link_name":"Rikki Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki_Fulton"},{"link_name":"Jack House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_House"},{"link_name":"Ford Kiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Kiernan"},{"link_name":"Lulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Mason_(footballer,_born_1919)"},{"link_name":"William Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Wee Willie Winkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Paul"},{"link_name":"Willie Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Sharp"}],"text":"James Livingstone Begg, geologist\nAlex Rae, footballer\nHugh Brown, Labour Party M.P. who earned the 'Red Clydesider' title\nGeorge Burt, cricketer\nJon Campbell, producer (The Time Frequency)\nStuart Cosgrove, broadcaster\nRikki Fulton, entertainer\nJack House, journalist and author\nFord Kiernan, comedian\nLulu, singer grew up in a top floor flat of 29 Garfield Street[21]\nCharles Rennie Mackintosh, architect, designer and artist\nJimmy Mason, footballer\nWilliam Miller, poet (author of Wee Willie Winkie)\nDorothy Paul, entertainer\nWillie Sharp, footballer\nFlora Mc Donald (Mary Muir) Music Hall entertainer in the 1920s","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Buffalo Bill statue, on the site of the Whitehill School near the Exhibition Buildings location.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buffalo_Bill_statue_crop%2C_Dennistoun%2C_Glasgow.jpg/220px-Buffalo_Bill_statue_crop%2C_Dennistoun%2C_Glasgow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexander Dennistoun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Recollections_and_impressions%2C_%281907%29_%2814803648863%29.jpg/220px-Recollections_and_impressions%2C_%281907%29_%2814803648863%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Duke Street running through Dennistoun area, flanked by red sandstone tenements with shops (2008)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duke_Street_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Duke_Street_-_panoramio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"MacLehose, James (1886). \"26. Alex Dennistoun\". Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is. James MacLehose & Sons. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/mlemen/mlemen026.htm","url_text":"Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Fleming, Map of the City of Glasgow and Suburbs (1820)\". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Golf Hill Jas. Denniston","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/216443418","url_text":"\"Peter Fleming, Map of the City of Glasgow and Suburbs (1820)\""}]},{"reference":"\"This map of the ten parishes within the Royalty and the parishes of Gorbals Barony of Glasgow. - Town Plans by John Wood (1822)\". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Barony Parish","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/74400032","url_text":"\"This map of the ten parishes within the Royalty and the parishes of Gorbals Barony of Glasgow. - Town Plans by John Wood (1822)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennistoun - Past and Present by James Baird, 1922\". Parkhead History. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://parkheadhistory.com/surrounding-areas/dennistoun/4308-2/","url_text":"\"Dennistoun - Past and Present by James Baird, 1922\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1857, 1:500\". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.6&lat=55.86054&lon=-4.22012&layers=80&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","url_text":"\"Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1857, 1:500\""}]},{"reference":"Goold, David (4 May 2023). \"DSA Architect Biography Report, James Salmon (senior)\". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200029","url_text":"\"DSA Architect Biography Report, James Salmon (senior)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Dennistoun Conservation Society. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/page/26.introduction/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"View map: Bartholomew, John, New Plan of Glasgow with Suburbs, from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (1865)\". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/117743967","url_text":"\"View map: Bartholomew, John, New Plan of Glasgow with Suburbs, from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (1865)\""}]},{"reference":"\"View map: Bartholomew, J. G. (John George), New plan of Glasgow with suburbs (1876)\". National Library of Scotland - Map Images. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/216443439","url_text":"\"View map: Bartholomew, J. G. (John George), New plan of Glasgow with suburbs (1876)\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Scott. \"Whitehill Secondary School\". The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA02491","url_text":"\"Whitehill Secondary School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1892-3, 1:500\". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.3&lat=55.86063&lon=-4.22008&layers=81&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","url_text":"\"Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1892-3, 1:500\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow East End Industrial Exhibition\". Dennistoun Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/page/56.glasgow-east-end-industrial-exhibition/","url_text":"\"Glasgow East End Industrial Exhibition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buffalo Bill\". Dennistoun Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/page/062.buffalo-bill/","url_text":"\"Buffalo Bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of the WorldObject : Ghost Dance Shirt\". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/g7TsYP04QoOgJBdHRd-X7A","url_text":"\"A History of the WorldObject : Ghost Dance Shirt\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1910)\". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.0&lat=55.86063&lon=-4.22008&layers=109707656&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","url_text":"\"John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1910)\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Scott. \"Dennistoun Palais\". The Glasgow Story. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00885","url_text":"\"Dennistoun Palais\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1930)\". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=15.9&lat=55.86019&lon=-4.22003&layers=109707905&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","url_text":"\"John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1930)\""}]},{"reference":"\"OS 1:1250\". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.6&lat=55.86056&lon=-4.22002&layers=170&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","url_text":"\"OS 1:1250\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evening Times: The New Eastenders, Publication date 06/03/08\". Retrieved 12 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/search/display.var.2098310.0.the_new_eastenders.php","url_text":"\"Evening Times: The New Eastenders, Publication date 06/03/08\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow Central Christadelphians\". Archived from the original on 8 October 2000. Retrieved 29 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001008100122/http://www.snichp.freeuk.com/ecclesial/gcentral.htm","url_text":"\"Glasgow Central Christadelphians\""},{"url":"http://www.snichp.freeuk.com/ecclesial/gcentral.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dennistoun&params=55.8609_N_4.2161_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°51′39″N 4°12′58″W / 55.8609°N 4.2161°W / 55.8609; -4.2161"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dennistoun&params=55.860880_N_4.216064_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Dennistoun","external_links_name":"NS614653"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dennistoun&params=55.8609_N_4.2161_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°51′39″N 4°12′58″W / 55.8609°N 4.2161°W / 55.8609; -4.2161"},{"Link":"http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/mlemen/mlemen026.htm","external_links_name":"Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is"},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/216443418","external_links_name":"\"Peter Fleming, Map of the City of Glasgow and Suburbs (1820)\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/74400032","external_links_name":"\"This map of the ten parishes within the Royalty and the parishes of Gorbals Barony of Glasgow. - Town Plans by John Wood (1822)\""},{"Link":"http://parkheadhistory.com/surrounding-areas/dennistoun/4308-2/","external_links_name":"\"Dennistoun - Past and Present by James Baird, 1922\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.6&lat=55.86054&lon=-4.22012&layers=80&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","external_links_name":"\"Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1857, 1:500\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/74416297","external_links_name":"Sheet VI.11.15. Surveyed: 1857, Published: 1860"},{"Link":"https://www.glasgowfamilyhistory.org.uk/blog/Pages/Ask-the-Archivist---annexed-burghs.aspx","external_links_name":"Ask the Archivist - annexed burghs"},{"Link":"https://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200029","external_links_name":"\"DSA Architect Biography Report, James Salmon (senior)\""},{"Link":"https://dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/page/26.introduction/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/117743967","external_links_name":"\"View map: Bartholomew, John, New Plan of Glasgow with Suburbs, from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (1865)\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/216443439","external_links_name":"\"View map: Bartholomew, J. G. (John George), New plan of Glasgow with suburbs (1876)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA02491","external_links_name":"\"Whitehill Secondary School\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.3&lat=55.86063&lon=-4.22008&layers=81&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","external_links_name":"\"Georeferenced Maps - OS town plan, Glasgow 1892-3, 1:500\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/74416941","external_links_name":"Sheet VI.11.15. Surveyed: 1892-3, Published: 1895"},{"Link":"https://dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/page/56.glasgow-east-end-industrial-exhibition/","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow East End Industrial Exhibition\""},{"Link":"https://dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/page/062.buffalo-bill/","external_links_name":"\"Buffalo Bill\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/g7TsYP04QoOgJBdHRd-X7A","external_links_name":"\"A History of the WorldObject : Ghost Dance Shirt\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.0&lat=55.86063&lon=-4.22008&layers=109707656&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","external_links_name":"\"John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1910)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00885","external_links_name":"\"Dennistoun Palais\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=15.9&lat=55.86019&lon=-4.22003&layers=109707905&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","external_links_name":"\"John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1930)\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.6&lat=55.86056&lon=-4.22002&layers=170&b=8&marker=55.860078,-4.219547","external_links_name":"\"OS 1:1250\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/130374535","external_links_name":"NS6165SW"},{"Link":"http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/search/display.var.2098310.0.the_new_eastenders.php","external_links_name":"\"Evening Times: The New Eastenders, Publication date 06/03/08\""},{"Link":"https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=37695&p=0","external_links_name":"City Ward Factsheets 2017: Ward 22 - Dennistoun"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001008100122/http://www.snichp.freeuk.com/ecclesial/gcentral.htm","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow Central Christadelphians\""},{"Link":"http://www.snichp.freeuk.com/ecclesial/gcentral.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF5VYH5UAO4","external_links_name":"LULU \"This is your Life\" (1973)"},{"Link":"http://www.dennistoun.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Dennistoun Online"},{"Link":"http://dennistouncc.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Dennistoun Community Council"},{"Link":"http://www.dennistounconservationsociety.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Dennistoun Conservation Society"},{"Link":"http://www.understandingglasgow.com/profiles/neighbourhood_profiles/1_ne_sector/19_dennistoun","external_links_name":"Dennistoun profile"},{"Link":"http://milnbank.org.uk/?id=30","external_links_name":"Milnpark Housing Association"},{"Link":"http://reidvale.org.uk/our-area","external_links_name":"Reidvale Housing Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200721030256/http://reidvale.org.uk/our-area","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fails_to_deliver_(finance)	Failure to deliver	["1 References"]	Inability of a party to a financial contract to deliver a tradable asset as contractually required Traders on the floor of a stock exchange In finance, a failure to deliver (also FTD, plural: fails-to-deliver or FTDs) is the inability of a party to deliver a tradable asset, or meet a contractual obligation. A typical example is the failure to deliver is when a purchaser of a security does not have the cash, or shares as part of a short transaction. The Securities and Exchange Commission publishes "fails-to-deliver" data regarding transactions in the United States. As a remedy for this in the United States, Regulation SHO was designed. Stocks bought and sold in transaction must be settled within one day. The buyer must deliver the cash and the seller the stock. If either party fails, a failure-to-deliver takes place. Sometimes deliberate fails-to-deliver are used to profit from falling stocks (see Bear market), so that the stock can later be purchased at a lower price, then delivered, e.g. in the week of March 10, 2008, just before the failure of Bear Stearns, the fails-to-deliver increased by 10,800 percent. According to CNN in the US markets, fails-to-deliver had reached $200 billion a day in September 2011, but no similar data has been available for Europe. A study of fails to deliver, published in the Journal of Financial Economics in 2014, found no evidence that FTDs "caused price distortions or the failure of financial firms during the 2008 financial crisis." Researchers studied 1,492 New York Stock Exchange stocks over a 42-month period from 2005 to 2008, and found that "greater FTDs lead to higher liquidity and pricing efficiency, and their impact is similar to our estimate of delivered short sales." A 2016 Journal of Empirical Finance study broader in scope than that by Fotak, et al., found that indeed pricing abnormalities of Russell 3000 stocks with high delivery failures can be attributed to the market distorting effect of the sustained fails. References ^ "SEC.gov \| Fails-to-Deliver Data". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ François-Serge Lhabitant (2011). Handbook of Hedge Funds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-119-99524-1. ^ a b David E. Y. Sarna (2010). "Chapter 10: Market Manipulation". History of Greed: Financial Fraud from Tulip Mania to Bernie Madoff. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-470-87770-8. ^ "CNN/Fortune September 27/2011". Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ^ Fotak, Veljko; Raman, Vikas; Yadav, Pradeep K (2014). "Fails-to-deliver, short selling, and market quality" (PDF). Journal of Financial Economics. 114 (3): 493–516. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.07.012. ^ "What caused the 2008 financial crisis? Not short selling, it turns out". 8 August 2014. ^ "Short sellers not to blame for 2008 financial crisis, study finds". ^ Stratmann, Thomas; Welborn, John W. (2016), "Informed short selling, fails-to-deliver, and abnormal returns", Journal of Empirical Finance, 38: 81–102, doi:10.1016/j.jempfin.2016.05.006	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYSE-floor.jpg"},{"link_name":"stock exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange"},{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance"},{"link_name":"tradable asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_instrument"},{"link_name":"short transaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_transaction"},{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Regulation SHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_SHO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lhabitant2011-2"},{"link_name":"settled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(finance)"},{"link_name":"one day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%2B1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarna-3"},{"link_name":"Bear market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_market"},{"link_name":"Bear Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarna-3"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNF1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Traders on the floor of a stock exchangeIn finance, a failure to deliver (also FTD, plural: fails-to-deliver or FTDs) is the inability of a party to deliver a tradable asset, or meet a contractual obligation. A typical example is the failure to deliver is when a purchaser of a security does not have the cash, or shares as part of a short transaction. The Securities and Exchange Commission publishes \"fails-to-deliver\" data regarding transactions in the United States.[1]As a remedy for this in the United States, Regulation SHO was designed.[2] Stocks bought and sold in transaction must be settled within one day. The buyer must deliver the cash and the seller the stock. If either party fails, a failure-to-deliver takes place.[3] Sometimes deliberate fails-to-deliver are used to profit from falling stocks (see Bear market), so that the stock can later be purchased at a lower price, then delivered, e.g. in the week of March 10, 2008, just before the failure of Bear Stearns, the fails-to-deliver increased by 10,800 percent.[3]According to CNN in the US markets, fails-to-deliver had reached $200 billion a day in September 2011, but no similar data has been available for Europe.[4]A study of fails to deliver, published in the Journal of Financial Economics in 2014, found no evidence that FTDs \"caused price distortions or the failure of financial firms during the 2008 financial crisis.\" Researchers studied 1,492 New York Stock Exchange stocks over a 42-month period from 2005 to 2008, and found that \"greater FTDs lead to higher liquidity and pricing efficiency, and their impact is similar to our estimate of delivered short sales.\"[5][6][7]A 2016 Journal of Empirical Finance study broader in scope than that by Fotak, et al., found that indeed pricing abnormalities of Russell 3000 stocks with high delivery failures can be attributed to the market distorting effect of the sustained fails.[8]","title":"Failure to deliver"}]	[{"image_text":"Traders on the floor of a stock exchange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NYSE-floor.jpg/220px-NYSE-floor.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SEC.gov \| Fails-to-Deliver Data\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/data/foiadocsfailsdatahtm","url_text":"\"SEC.gov \| Fails-to-Deliver Data\""}]},{"reference":"François-Serge Lhabitant (2011). Handbook of Hedge Funds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-119-99524-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-Serge_Lhabitant&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"François-Serge Lhabitant"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zVubHUSOxpoC","url_text":"Handbook of Hedge Funds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-99524-1","url_text":"978-1-119-99524-1"}]},{"reference":"David E. Y. Sarna (2010). \"Chapter 10: Market Manipulation\". History of Greed: Financial Fraud from Tulip Mania to Bernie Madoff. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-470-87770-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMnRJ0-__UC&pg=PT58","url_text":"\"Chapter 10: Market Manipulation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87770-8","url_text":"978-0-470-87770-8"}]},{"reference":"\"CNN/Fortune September 27/2011\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2011-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111014095059/http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/09/27/the-fine-line-between-bad-luck-and-rogue-trades/","url_text":"\"CNN/Fortune September 27/2011\""},{"url":"http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/09/27/the-fine-line-between-bad-luck-and-rogue-trades/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fotak, Veljko; Raman, Vikas; Yadav, Pradeep K (2014). \"Fails-to-deliver, short selling, and market quality\" (PDF). Journal of Financial Economics. 114 (3): 493–516. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.07.012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55474/1/WRAP_Raman_1173295-wbs-100713-nss_jfe_2011_784_resubmission_20121224_revised_manuscript.pdf","url_text":"\"Fails-to-deliver, short selling, and market quality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfineco.2014.07.012","url_text":"10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.07.012"}]},{"reference":"\"What caused the 2008 financial crisis? Not short selling, it turns out\". 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityam.com/1407505403/what-caused-2008-financial-crisis-not-short-selling-it-turns-out","url_text":"\"What caused the 2008 financial crisis? Not short selling, it turns out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Short sellers not to blame for 2008 financial crisis, study finds\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2014/07/042.html","url_text":"\"Short sellers not to blame for 2008 financial crisis, study finds\""}]},{"reference":"Stratmann, Thomas; Welborn, John W. (2016), \"Informed short selling, fails-to-deliver, and abnormal returns\", Journal of Empirical Finance, 38: 81–102, doi:10.1016/j.jempfin.2016.05.006","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/353081613/2016-Informed-Short-Selling-Fails-To-Deliver-And-Abnormal-Returns","url_text":"\"Informed short selling, fails-to-deliver, and abnormal returns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jempfin.2016.05.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.jempfin.2016.05.006"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/data/foiadocsfailsdatahtm","external_links_name":"\"SEC.gov \| Fails-to-Deliver Data\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zVubHUSOxpoC","external_links_name":"Handbook of Hedge Funds"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMnRJ0-__UC&pg=PT58","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 10: Market Manipulation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111014095059/http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/09/27/the-fine-line-between-bad-luck-and-rogue-trades/","external_links_name":"\"CNN/Fortune September 27/2011\""},{"Link":"http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/09/27/the-fine-line-between-bad-luck-and-rogue-trades/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55474/1/WRAP_Raman_1173295-wbs-100713-nss_jfe_2011_784_resubmission_20121224_revised_manuscript.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fails-to-deliver, short selling, and market quality\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfineco.2014.07.012","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.07.012"},{"Link":"http://www.cityam.com/1407505403/what-caused-2008-financial-crisis-not-short-selling-it-turns-out","external_links_name":"\"What caused the 2008 financial crisis? Not short selling, it turns out\""},{"Link":"http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2014/07/042.html","external_links_name":"\"Short sellers not to blame for 2008 financial crisis, study finds\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/document/353081613/2016-Informed-Short-Selling-Fails-To-Deliver-And-Abnormal-Returns","external_links_name":"\"Informed short selling, fails-to-deliver, and abnormal returns\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jempfin.2016.05.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jempfin.2016.05.006"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzau_Emirate	Zazzau	["1 Early Hausa kingdom","2 Later Fulani emirate","3 Rulers","3.1 Hausa kingdom","3.2 Independent Fulani rulers","3.3 Colonial period and later rulers","4 Ruling Houses In Zazzau Emirate Council","5 Local Governments Under Zazzau Emirate Council","6 External links","7 References"]	This article is about the traditional state. For the city formerly named Zazzau, see Zaria. Traditional state in Kaduna State, NigeriaZazzauTraditional stateGate to the palace of the emir of Zazzau FlagZazzauCoordinates: 11°04′N 7°42′E / 11.067°N 7.700°E / 11.067; 7.700Country NigeriaStateKaduna StateGovernment • TypeMonarch • EmirAhmed Nuhu Bamalli The Zazzau, also known as the Zaria Emirate, is a traditional state with headquarters in the city of Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The current emir of Zazzau is H.E Alhaji Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli CFR, who succeeded the former emir, late Alhaji Shehu Idris. Early Hausa kingdom The most important source for the early history of Zazzau is a chronicle composed in the early 20th century from an oral tradition. It tells the traditional story of the foundation of the Hausa kingdoms by Bayajidda an Arab adventurer from Baghdad, and gives a list of rulers along with the length of their reigns. According to this chronology, the original Hausa or Habe kingdom is said to date from the 11th century, founded by King Gunguma. This source also makes it one of the seven Hausa Bakwai states. Zazzau's most famous early ruler was Queen (or princess) Amina, who ruled either in the mid-15th or mid-16th centuries, and was held by Muhammed Bello, an early 19th-century Hausa historian and the second Sultan of Sokoto, to have been the first to establish a kingdom among the Hausa. Zazzau was a collection point for slaves to be delivered to the northern markets of Kano and Katsina, where they were exchanged for salt with traders who carried them north of the Sahara. According to the history in the chronicle, Islam was introduced to the kingdom around 1456, but appears to have spread slowly, and pagan rituals continued until the Fulani conquest of 1808. At several times in its history, Zazzau was subject to neighboring states such as Songhai, Bornu and Kwararafa. Mosque of the palace Later Fulani emirate In December 1808 the kingdom was captured in the Fulani jihad. The Hausa (Habe) ruler had escaped to Abuja, where he established a state now known as the Suleja Emirate, retaining his independence and the title of "Sarkin Zazzau". The ruler of the modern Zazzau Emirate also uses the title "Sarkin Zazzau" or "Sarkin Zaria". After the jihad, the culturally similar but pastoral or nomadic Fulani intermarried with the more settled Habe farmers, and the people of the Emirate today are generally known as Hausa-Fulani. The government of the Zaria Emirate differed from other emirates created at this time in that offices were rarely hereditary, but were appointed based on merit or obligation. Rulers Hausa kingdom Names and Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989). Capitals (c. 1010 – c. 1578): Turunku, Wuciciri, Rikoci, Kawar Start End Ruler c. 1010 ? Gunguma ? ? Matani (or Matazo) ? ? Tumso (or Tumsah) ? ? Tamusa ? ? Sulimano ? ? Nasabo (or Maswaza) ? ? Danzaki (or Dinzaki) ? ? Saiwago (or Nayoga) ? ? Kwasari (or Kauchi) ? ? Nwaiku (or Nawainchi) ? ? Besekal (or Machikai) ? ? Kuna (or Kewo) ? ? Bashikarr ? ? Maji Dadi (or Majidada) ? ? Kirari (or Dihirahi) ? ? Jenhako (or Jinjiku) ? 1505 Sukana 1505 1530 Rabon Bawa (or Monan Abu) 1530 1532 Gudumua Muska (or Gidan Dan Masukanan) 1532 1535 Tukuariki (or Nohir) 1535 1536 Uwan (or Kawanissa) 1536 1539 Bakwa Turunku (female ruler) 1539 1566 Ibrihimu 1566 1576 Karama 1576 1578 Kafow The kingdom's name changed to Zaria at the end of the 16th century. Capital (c. 1578 – 1835): Zaria (originally founded in 1536 and named after Chief Bakwa's daughter Zaria) Start End Ruler 1578 1584 Ali 1584 1597 Bako Majirua 1597 1608 Bako Su Aliyu 1608 1611 Bako Mahama Gabi (or Gadi) 1611 1611 Bako Hamza (ruled for one day) 1611 1618 Bako Abdu Ashkuku (or Abdaku) 1618 1621 Bako Brima (or Burema) 1621 1646 Bako Ali 1646 1647 Bako Majam Rubu 1647 1660 Bako Brima 1660 1670 Bako Shukunu 1670 1678 Bako Aliyu 1678 1682 Bako Brima Hasko 1682 1710 Bako Mahama Rubo 1710 1718 Bako 1718 1727 Bako Aliyu 1727 1736 Bako Dan Musa 1736 1738 Bako Ishihako (or Ishaq) 1738 1750 Bako Makam Danguma 1750 1757 Bako Ruhawa 1757 1758 Bako Makam Gaba 1758 1760 Bako Mair ari Ashaka Okao 1760 1762 Kao 1762 1764 Bako Bawa 1764 1770 Yonusa 1770 1788 Baba (or Yakuba) 1788 1793 Aliyu 1793 1795 Chikkoku 1795 1796 Mai haman Maigano 1796 1802 Ishihako Jatao (or Ishaq Jatao) 1802 1804 Makkam (or Muhamman Makau) Independent Fulani rulers The gate before renovation in 1970 The kingdom was taken over by the Fulani Empire in 1804 and became an emirate in 1835. The Hausa rulers went into exile and founded Abuja. The emirate was taken by the British in 1902. Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate: Start End Ruler 1804 17 May 1821 Malam Musa ibn Suleiman Ibn Muhammad 1804 1825 Muhamman Makau (Hausa ruler in exile) June 1821 1834 Yamusa ibn Mallam Kilba 1825 1828 Abu Ja (Hausa ruler in exile) 1834 18 December 1846 Abd al-Karim ibn Abbas 6 January 1846 28 February 1846 Hammada ibn Yamusa 15 Apr 1846 Apr 1853 Muhammad Sani ibn Yamusa Apr 1853 Dec 1853 Sidi `Abd al-Qadir ibn Musa Jan 1854 5 Aug 1857 Abd as-Salam ibn Muhammad Ka'i 21 Sep 1857 Oct/Nov 1871 Abd Allah ibn Hammada (1st time) 22 Nov 1871 Jun/Jul 1874 Abu Bakr ibn Musa (d. 1873) Aug/Sep 1874 Nov/Dec 1879 Abd Allah ibn Hammada (2nd time) 26 Dec 1879 Jan 1888 Muhammad Sambo ibn Abd al-Karim Jan 1888 13 Feb 1897 Uthman Yero ibn Abd Allah (d. 1897) 17 Apr 1897 Mar 1902 Muhammad Lawal Kwassau ibn Uthman Yero Colonial period and later rulers Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate: Start end; Rulers March 1903 8 April 1903 Sulayman (regent from 11 Sep 1902) 8 April 1903 9 November 1920 Ali ibn Abd al-Qadir (d. 1924) 1920 1924 Dallatu ibn Uthman Yero 1924 1936 Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Lawal Kwassau (b. c.1886 - d. 1936) 1937 August 1959 Malam Jafar ibn Ishaq (b. 1891 - d. 1959) September 1959 4 February 1975 Muhammad al-Amin ibn Uthman (b. 1908 - d. 1975) 8 February 1975 20 September 2020 Shehu Idris (b. 1936 - d. 2020) 7 October 2020 Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli (b. 1966) Ruling Houses In Zazzau Emirate Council Mallawa. Barebari. Katsinawa Sullubawa Local Governments Under Zazzau Emirate Council Sabon Gari Giwa Soba Igabi Ikara Makarfi Kubau Kaduna North Kaduna South Kauru Kudan Zaria External links Dan Isaacs (September 28, 2010). "Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-29. References ^ Isa Liman (4 January 2010). "Zazzau Emirate Council to Send Man Who Lost Private Part Abroad for Treatment". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-09-29. ^ E. J. Arnett, "A Hausa Chronicle" Journal of the Royal African Society 9 (1910) ^ Muhammad Bello, Infaq 'l-Maysuur, chapter 7, translated Muhammad Shareef, (Sennar, Sudan,2008) http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf ^ "Zaria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-09-29. ^ a b M. G. Smith, International African Institute. (1960). "Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-09-29. ^ a b c "Traditional States of Nigeria". WorldStatesmen.org. Retrieved 2010-09-01. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. pp. 297–298. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ a b Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 298. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ a b c d e f g Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 297. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ "Just in Emir of Zaria Shehu Idris dies at 84". 20 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"traditional state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_state"},{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"Kaduna State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"H.E Alhaji Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli CFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Nuhu_Bamalli"},{"link_name":"Shehu Idris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Idris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the traditional state. For the city formerly named Zazzau, see Zaria.Traditional state in Kaduna State, NigeriaThe Zazzau, also known as the Zaria Emirate, is a traditional state with headquarters in the city of Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The current emir of Zazzau is H.E Alhaji Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli CFR, who succeeded the former emir, late Alhaji Shehu Idris.[1]","title":"Zazzau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayajidda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayajidda"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Hausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hausa Bakwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Bakwai"},{"link_name":"Amina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_(Queen_of_Zazzau)"},{"link_name":"Muhammed Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Bello"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bello2008-3"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano"},{"link_name":"Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"Songhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bornu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mgsmith-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zazzau_palace_Mosque_01.jpg"}],"text":"The most important source for the early history of Zazzau is a chronicle composed in the early 20th century from an oral tradition. It tells the traditional story of the foundation of the Hausa kingdoms by Bayajidda an Arab adventurer from Baghdad, and gives a list of rulers along with the length of their reigns. According to this chronology, the original Hausa or Habe kingdom is said to date from the 11th century, founded by King Gunguma.[2]\nThis source also makes it one of the seven Hausa Bakwai states.\nZazzau's most famous early ruler was Queen (or princess) Amina, who ruled either in the mid-15th or mid-16th centuries, and was held by Muhammed Bello, an early 19th-century Hausa historian and the second Sultan of Sokoto, to have been the first to establish a kingdom among the Hausa.[3]Zazzau was a collection point for slaves to be delivered to the northern markets of Kano and Katsina, where they were exchanged for salt with traders who carried them north of the Sahara.[4]\nAccording to the history in the chronicle, Islam was introduced to the kingdom around 1456, but appears to have spread slowly, and pagan rituals continued until the Fulani conquest of 1808.\nAt several times in its history, Zazzau was subject to neighboring states such as Songhai, Bornu and Kwararafa.[5]Mosque of the palace","title":"Early Hausa kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulani jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_jihad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wstates-6"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja"},{"link_name":"Suleja Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja_Emirate"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"Hausa-Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa-Fulani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mgsmith-5"}],"text":"In December 1808 the kingdom was captured in the Fulani jihad.[6]\nThe Hausa (Habe) ruler had escaped to Abuja, where he established a state now known as the Suleja Emirate, retaining his independence and the title of \"Sarkin Zazzau\".\nThe ruler of the modern Zazzau Emirate also uses the title \"Sarkin Zazzau\" or \"Sarkin Zaria\".\nAfter the jihad, the culturally similar but pastoral or nomadic Fulani intermarried with the more settled Habe farmers, and the people of the Emirate today are generally known as Hausa-Fulani.\nThe government of the Zaria Emirate differed from other emirates created at this time in that offices were rarely hereditary, but were appointed based on merit or obligation.[5]","title":"Later Fulani emirate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart3-9"}],"sub_title":"Hausa kingdom","text":"Names and Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[7]Capitals (c. 1010 – c. 1578): Turunku, Wuciciri, Rikoci, Kawar[8]The kingdom's name changed to Zaria at the end of the 16th century.[8]Capital (c. 1578 – 1835): Zaria (originally founded in 1536 and named after Chief Bakwa's daughter Zaria)[9]","title":"Rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerian_Public_Domain_725.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fulani Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart3-9"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart3-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart3-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wstates-6"}],"sub_title":"Independent Fulani rulers","text":"The gate before renovation in 1970The kingdom was taken over by the Fulani Empire in 1804 and became an emirate in 1835.[9] The Hausa rulers went into exile and founded Abuja.[9] The emirate was taken by the British in 1902.[9]Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate:[6]","title":"Rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wstates-6"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period and later rulers","text":"Rulers of the independent Fulani emirate:[6]","title":"Rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mallawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mallawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barebari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barebari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katsinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katsinawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sullubawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullubawa"}],"text":"Mallawa.\nBarebari.\nKatsinawa\nSullubawa","title":"Ruling Houses In Zazzau Emirate Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabon Gari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon_Gari"},{"link_name":"Giwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giwa"},{"link_name":"Soba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soba"},{"link_name":"Igabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igabi"},{"link_name":"Ikara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikara"},{"link_name":"Makarfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarfi"},{"link_name":"Kubau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubau"},{"link_name":"Kaduna North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_North"},{"link_name":"Kaduna South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_South"},{"link_name":"Kauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauru"},{"link_name":"Kudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudan,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"}],"text":"Sabon Gari\nGiwa\nSoba\nIgabi\nIkara\nMakarfi\nKubau\nKaduna North\nKaduna South\nKauru\nKudan\nZaria","title":"Local Governments Under Zazzau Emirate Council"}]	[{"image_text":"Mosque of the palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zazzau_palace_Mosque_01.jpg/220px-Zazzau_palace_Mosque_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gate before renovation in 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nigerian_Public_Domain_725.jpg/240px-Nigerian_Public_Domain_725.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Dan Isaacs (September 28, 2010). \"Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne\". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11418542","url_text":"\"Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne\""}]},{"reference":"Isa Liman (4 January 2010). \"Zazzau Emirate Council to Send Man Who Lost Private Part Abroad for Treatment\". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201001040759.html","url_text":"\"Zazzau Emirate Council to Send Man Who Lost Private Part Abroad for Treatment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zaria\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/655969/Zaria","url_text":"\"Zaria\""}]},{"reference":"M. G. Smith, International African Institute. (1960). \"Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950\". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89181065","url_text":"\"Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional States of Nigeria\". WorldStatesmen.org. Retrieved 2010-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html","url_text":"\"Traditional States of Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. pp. 297–298. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-390-X","url_text":"0-89950-390-X"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 298. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-390-X","url_text":"0-89950-390-X"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 297. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-390-X","url_text":"0-89950-390-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Just in Emir of Zaria Shehu Idris dies at 84\". 20 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-emir-of-zaria-shehu-idris-dies-at-84/","url_text":"\"Just in Emir of Zaria Shehu Idris dies at 84\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zazzau&params=11_04_N_7_42_E_region:NG_type:city","external_links_name":"11°04′N 7°42′E / 11.067°N 7.700°E / 11.067; 7.700"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11418542","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne\""},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201001040759.html","external_links_name":"\"Zazzau Emirate Council to Send Man Who Lost Private Part Abroad for Treatment\""},{"Link":"http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/655969/Zaria","external_links_name":"\"Zaria\""},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89181065","external_links_name":"\"Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html","external_links_name":"\"Traditional States of Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-emir-of-zaria-shehu-idris-dies-at-84/","external_links_name":"\"Just in Emir of Zaria Shehu Idris dies at 84\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Gamage	K. A. Gamage	["1 Military career","2 Actions on April 2009","3 Parama Weera Vibhushanaya","4 References"]	MajorK. A. GamagePWVNative nameK. A. ගමගේDied(2009-04-20)20 April 2009Ampalavanpokkanai, Sri LankaAllegiance Sri LankaService/branchArmyYears of service1998 – 2009RankMajor (Posthumously)Service numberO/64743UnitSpecial ForcesAwardsParama Weera Vibhushanaya Major K. A. Gamage, PWV (Sinhala: K. A. ගමගේ, died 20 April 2009), was a Sri Lanka Army special forces officer who was posthumously awarded the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya, Sri Lanka's highest military award for gallantry. At the time of his death, he was serving in the army's elite Special Forces Regiment. Military career Having joined the Regular Force of the Sri Lanka Army in July 1998, he graduated from the Sri Lanka Military Academy Course 48. Gamage was commissioned into the 6th Battalion, Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment before he joined the Special Forces in 2001 after completing the Special Forces Training Course 27. Actions on April 2009 By mid-April 2009, the Sri Lankan Civil War was in its final stages, with the army's northern offensive confining remnants of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (commonly known as LTTE or Tamil Tigers) to an approximately 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) area near the Nanthikadal lagoon, which had earlier been declared by the government as a no-fire-zone for civilians. This area was estimated to hold more than 100,000 civilians, and was surrounded by a 3-kilometre (2 mi) long fortified earth bund built by the LTTE. The 1st Battalion of the Special Forces Regiment was tasked with destroying the bund and facilitating the civilians' escape into government-held territory, and the operation was launched on the night of 19 April 2009, from the Ampalavanpokkanai area. Captain Gamage led one of the contingents for this operation, with orders to capture a section of the bund and cover the civilians' escape but not to advance forward of the bund itself. Gamage and his unit managed to cross the lagoon and reach the bund under the cover of darkness without being detected, and assaulted the Tamil Tiger bunkers along it. They successfully captured a section of the bund, starting a mass exodus of civilians into the government-held areas through it. However, they soon came under heavy fire from Tamil Tiger positions within the no-fire-zone. In order to protect the civilians and his unit from the fire, Captain Gamage chose to ignore his orders and repeatedly led attacks against these positions into the no-fire-zone. He fought through the night and into the morning of 20 April, until he was killed by LTTE fire. More than 25,000 civilians had reached the government-held areas on 20 April after the bund was captured. The rest of the civilians were evacuated in the days that followed, allowing the military to launch their final assault against the Tamil Tigers and eliminate their leaders. The government officially declared victory and the end of the war a month later on 19 May 2009. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of major and had married six months before he died. Parama Weera Vibhushanaya Captain Gamage was nominated by General Sarath Fonseka for the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya, Sri Lanka's highest military award for gallantry, for his actions on 19 and 20 April 2009. Three years later on 16 May 2012, it was announced in The Sri Lanka Gazette by Defence Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa that Gamage will be posthumously awarded the medal along with 14 others. The citation for his award states: This officer pioneered to identify terrorist groups correctly who were attacking the security forces whilst hiding amongst innocent civilians and destroyed terrorist elements without causing any damage to civilians. Ultimately, he liberated thousands of civilians who remained detained by the LTTE as hostages. Gamage's Parama Weera Vibhushanaya was presented to his next-of-kin at the Victory-Day celebrations on 19 May 2012 by Mahinda Rajapaksa, the President of Sri Lanka. He was the fifth and last member of the Special Forces to receive the award. References ^ a b c d e Blacker, David (10 June 2012). "The Exceptional Courage Of Mere Mortals – Parama Weera Vibhushanaya". The Sunday Leader. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ "Roll Of Honour 2009". army.lk. Sri Lanka Army. Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ Ethirajan, Anbarasan (5 April 2009). "Army 'routs Tigers in north-east'". BBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ "World's largest hostage rescue mission becomes success; over 30,000 rescued". Ministry of Defence of Sri Lanka. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012. ^ a b "President Awards PWV Gallantry Medals – Third National Victory Day Parade Salutes Invaluable Sacrifices of War Heroes". Sri Lanka Army. 19 May 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ Haviland, Charles (20 April 2009). "Thousands flee Sri Lanka combat". BBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ Weaver, Matthew; Chamberlain, Gethin (19 May 2009). "Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ The Government of Sri Lanka (16 May 2012). "The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary) – No. 758/21" (PDF). Sri Lanka Government Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ "PWV Citation – O/64743 Maj KA Gamage 1 SF (Posthumous)" (PDF). Ministry of Defence of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ De Silva, Nishan (19 May 2012). "රණවිරුවන් 15කට පරම වීර විභූෂණ සම්මාන" . Neth FM News (in Sinhala). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"PWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parama_Weera_Vibhushanaya"},{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army"},{"link_name":"special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Parama Weera Vibhushanaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parama_Weera_Vibhushanaya"},{"link_name":"Special Forces Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Special_Forces_Regiment"}],"text":"Major K. A. Gamage, PWV (Sinhala: K. A. ගමගේ, died 20 April 2009), was a Sri Lanka Army special forces officer who was posthumously awarded the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya, Sri Lanka's highest military award for gallantry. At the time of his death, he was serving in the army's elite Special Forces Regiment.","title":"K. A. Gamage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayabahu_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacker-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Having joined the Regular Force of the Sri Lanka Army in July 1998, he graduated from the Sri Lanka Military Academy Course 48. Gamage was commissioned into the 6th Battalion, Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment before he joined the Special Forces in 2001 after completing the Special Forces Training Course 27.[1][2]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"army's northern offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"Nanthikadal lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanthi_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacker-1"},{"link_name":"bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defmin1-4"},{"link_name":"Special Forces Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Special_Forces_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Ampalavanpokkanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampalavanpokkanai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacker-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacker-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"By mid-April 2009, the Sri Lankan Civil War was in its final stages, with the army's northern offensive confining remnants of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (commonly known as LTTE or Tamil Tigers) to an approximately 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) area near the Nanthikadal lagoon, which had earlier been declared by the government as a no-fire-zone for civilians. This area was estimated to hold more than 100,000 civilians,[3][1] and was surrounded by a 3-kilometre (2 mi) long fortified earth bund built by the LTTE.[4]The 1st Battalion of the Special Forces Regiment was tasked with destroying the bund and facilitating the civilians' escape into government-held territory, and the operation was launched on the night of 19 April 2009, from the Ampalavanpokkanai area. Captain Gamage led one of the contingents for this operation, with orders to capture a section of the bund and cover the civilians' escape but not to advance forward of the bund itself. Gamage and his unit managed to cross the lagoon and reach the bund under the cover of darkness without being detected, and assaulted the Tamil Tiger bunkers along it. They successfully captured a section of the bund, starting a mass exodus of civilians into the government-held areas through it.[1][5]However, they soon came under heavy fire from Tamil Tiger positions within the no-fire-zone. In order to protect the civilians and his unit from the fire, Captain Gamage chose to ignore his orders and repeatedly led attacks against these positions into the no-fire-zone. He fought through the night and into the morning of 20 April, until he was killed by LTTE fire.[1][5] More than 25,000 civilians had reached the government-held areas on 20 April after the bund was captured.[6] The rest of the civilians were evacuated in the days that followed, allowing the military to launch their final assault against the Tamil Tigers and eliminate their leaders. The government officially declared victory and the end of the war a month later on 19 May 2009.[7] He was posthumously promoted to the rank of major and had married six months before he died.","title":"Actions on April 2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Sarath Fonseka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka"},{"link_name":"The Sri Lanka Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sri_Lanka_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Defence Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)#Secretaries"},{"link_name":"Gotabhaya Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotabhaya_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mahinda Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neth-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacker-1"}],"text":"Captain Gamage was nominated by General Sarath Fonseka for the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya, Sri Lanka's highest military award for gallantry, for his actions on 19 and 20 April 2009. Three years later on 16 May 2012, it was announced in The Sri Lanka Gazette by Defence Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa that Gamage will be posthumously awarded the medal along with 14 others.[8] The citation for his award states:This officer pioneered to identify terrorist groups correctly who were attacking the security forces whilst hiding amongst innocent civilians and destroyed terrorist elements without causing any damage to civilians. Ultimately, he liberated thousands of civilians who remained detained by the LTTE as hostages.[9]Gamage's Parama Weera Vibhushanaya was presented to his next-of-kin at the Victory-Day celebrations on 19 May 2012 by Mahinda Rajapaksa, the President of Sri Lanka.[10] He was the fifth and last member of the Special Forces to receive the award.[1]","title":"Parama Weera Vibhushanaya"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Blacker, David (10 June 2012). \"The Exceptional Courage Of Mere Mortals – Parama Weera Vibhushanaya\". The Sunday Leader. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/06/10/courage-of-mere-mortals/","url_text":"\"The Exceptional Courage Of Mere Mortals – Parama Weera Vibhushanaya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Leader","url_text":"The Sunday Leader"}]},{"reference":"\"Roll Of Honour 2009\". army.lk. Sri Lanka Army. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://alt.army.lk/slma/2009","url_text":"\"Roll Of Honour 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Ethirajan, Anbarasan (5 April 2009). \"Army 'routs Tigers in north-east'\". BBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7984184.stm","url_text":"\"Army 'routs Tigers in north-east'\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's largest hostage rescue mission becomes success; over 30,000 rescued\". Ministry of Defence of Sri Lanka. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120923171711/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090420_09","url_text":"\"World's largest hostage rescue mission becomes success; over 30,000 rescued\""},{"url":"http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090420_09","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"President Awards PWV Gallantry Medals – Third National Victory Day Parade Salutes Invaluable Sacrifices of War Heroes\". Sri Lanka Army. 19 May 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130413144040/http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=4735","url_text":"\"President Awards PWV Gallantry Medals – Third National Victory Day Parade Salutes Invaluable Sacrifices of War Heroes\""},{"url":"http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=4735","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haviland, Charles (20 April 2009). \"Thousands flee Sri Lanka combat\". BBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8007465.stm","url_text":"\"Thousands flee Sri Lanka combat\""}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Matthew; Chamberlain, Gethin (19 May 2009). \"Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-killed-sri-lanka","url_text":"\"Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers\""}]},{"reference":"The Government of Sri Lanka (16 May 2012). \"The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary) – No. 758/21\" (PDF). Sri Lanka Government Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033949/http://www.documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2012/PDF/May/1758_21/G%2016036%20%28E%29%20EX.%20G..pdf","url_text":"\"The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary) – No. 758/21\""},{"url":"http://www.documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2012/PDF/May/1758_21/G%2016036%20%28E%29%20EX.%20G..pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PWV Citation – O/64743 Maj KA Gamage 1 SF (Posthumous)\" (PDF). Ministry of Defence of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003644/http://www.defence.lk/news/vp_pdf/2.pdf","url_text":"\"PWV Citation – O/64743 Maj KA Gamage 1 SF (Posthumous)\""},{"url":"http://www.defence.lk/news/vp_pdf/2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"De Silva, Nishan (19 May 2012). \"රණවිරුවන් 15කට පරම වීර විභූෂණ සම්මාන\" [Parama Weera Vibhushanaya for 15 War Heroes]. Neth FM News (in Sinhala). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010922/http://www.nethfm.com/site/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_15%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%91_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1-1--6945.html","url_text":"\"රණවිරුවන් 15කට පරම වීර විභූෂණ සම්මාන\""},{"url":"http://www.nethfm.com/site/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_15%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%91_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1-1--6945.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/06/10/courage-of-mere-mortals/","external_links_name":"\"The Exceptional Courage Of Mere Mortals – Parama Weera Vibhushanaya\""},{"Link":"https://alt.army.lk/slma/2009","external_links_name":"\"Roll Of Honour 2009\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7984184.stm","external_links_name":"\"Army 'routs Tigers in north-east'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120923171711/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090420_09","external_links_name":"\"World's largest hostage rescue mission becomes success; over 30,000 rescued\""},{"Link":"http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090420_09","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130413144040/http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=4735","external_links_name":"\"President Awards PWV Gallantry Medals – Third National Victory Day Parade Salutes Invaluable Sacrifices of War Heroes\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=4735","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8007465.stm","external_links_name":"\"Thousands flee Sri Lanka combat\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-killed-sri-lanka","external_links_name":"\"Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033949/http://www.documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2012/PDF/May/1758_21/G%2016036%20%28E%29%20EX.%20G..pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Extraordinary) – No. 758/21\""},{"Link":"http://www.documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2012/PDF/May/1758_21/G%2016036%20%28E%29%20EX.%20G..pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003644/http://www.defence.lk/news/vp_pdf/2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PWV Citation – O/64743 Maj KA Gamage 1 SF (Posthumous)\""},{"Link":"http://www.defence.lk/news/vp_pdf/2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010922/http://www.nethfm.com/site/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_15%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%91_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1-1--6945.html","external_links_name":"\"රණවිරුවන් 15කට පරම වීර විභූෂණ සම්මාන\""},{"Link":"http://www.nethfm.com/site/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_15%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%91_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1-1--6945.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Debaraz	Louis Debaraz	["1 References"]	French Roman Catholic priest Louis Debaraz (died 1745), was a French Roman Catholic priest. He was executed in Lyon on the charges of witchcraft after having performed sacrilegious masses and a pact with the Devil in order to find hidden treasures. He was implicated in the Lyon witch trials of Bertrand Guilladot, who in his confession identified twenty-nine other individuals, all of them male, who reportedly had participated in the pact with him. In February 1745, five of the accused men were sentenced to death for witchcraft in connection to treasure hunting. Three of the condemned were priests, who were accused of having performed sacrilegious masses for this purpose. Debaraz, was sentenced to be executed by burning for having performed a black mass. Twenty-three of the remaining accused were sentenced to be galley slaves. References ^ Jonathan Sutherland: Witches Of The World, 2008 ^ Jason Ā. Josephson-Storm, The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences University of Chicago Press, 2017, p. 52	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pact with the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lyon witch trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_witch_trials"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Guilladot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Guilladot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"black mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_mass"},{"link_name":"galley slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_slave"}],"text":"Louis Debaraz (died 1745), was a French Roman Catholic priest. He was executed in Lyon on the charges of witchcraft after having performed sacrilegious masses and a pact with the Devil in order to find hidden treasures.[1]He was implicated in the Lyon witch trials of Bertrand Guilladot, who in his confession identified twenty-nine other individuals, all of them male, who reportedly had participated in the pact with him.[2]In February 1745, five of the accused men were sentenced to death for witchcraft in connection to treasure hunting. Three of the condemned were priests, who were accused of having performed sacrilegious masses for this purpose. Debaraz, was sentenced to be executed by burning for having performed a black mass. Twenty-three of the remaining accused were sentenced to be galley slaves.","title":"Louis Debaraz"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Ross	William Charles Ross	["1 Life and work","2 Family","3 Legacy","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]	English painter Sir William Charles Ross RA (3 June 1794 – 20 Jan 1860) was an English portrait and portrait miniature painter of Scottish descent; early in his career, he was known for historical paintings. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1842. Life and work Maria II, Queen of Portugal, c. 1852.Ross was born in London and descended from a Scottish family who had settled at Tain in Rosshire. He was the son of William Ross, a miniature-painter and teacher of drawing, who exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1809 to 1825. His mother, Maria Smith, a sister of Anker Smith, the line-engraver, was a portrait-painter, who exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1791 and 1814, and died in London on 20 March 1836, aged 70. At an early age young Ross showed great ability in art, and in 1807 received the "lesser silver palette" from the Society of Arts for a copy in chalk of Anker Smith's engraving of James Northcote's "Death of Wat Tyler". In 1808 he was admitted into the schools of the Royal Academy, where he received from Benjamin West much kind advice, and in 1810 gained a silver medal for a drawing from life. The Society of Arts also, in 1808, awarded him a silver medal for an original drawing of the "Judgment of Solomon", and in 1809 the larger silver palette for an original miniature of "Venus and Cupid", which he exhibited with two other works, "Mordecai Rewarded" and "The Judgment of Solomon", at the Royal Academy in the same year. For some years afterwards his exhibited works were mainly of a classical character, and in 1825 he sent to the Royal Academy a large picture representing "Christ casting out Devils". In 1810, he again received a silver medal, and 20 guineas, from the Society of Arts, for an original drawing of "Caractacus brought before Claudius Cæsar"; in 1811, the silver medal and twenty guineas for an original drawing of "Samuel presented to Eli"; in 1816, the gold Isis medal for an original portrait of the Duke of Norfolk, president of the society; and in 1817, the gold medal for an original historical painting, "The Judgment of Brutus". At the age of twenty he became an assistant to Andrew Robertson (1777–1845), the eminent Scottish miniature-painter, and, although his first ambition was to excel in historical painting, he thought it advisable to concentrate on the more lucrative speciality of miniature-painting. He soon acquired a sizeable and elite clientele. In 1837 Queen Victoria and the Duchess of Kent sat for him, and in succeeding years Queen Adelaide, the Prince Consort, the royal children, and various members of the royal families of France, Belgium, Portugal, and Saxe-Coburg. He is known to have produced more than 2,200 miniatures, of which about 300 were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Those of Queen Victoria and of the Prince Consort were engraved by Henry Thomas Ryall; that of the Duchess of Nemours by Charles Heath, for the "Keepsake" of 1843 (a short-lived art annual); that of Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, by F. J. Joubert; and those of Charlotte, Duchess of Marlborough, and of James, 3rd Marquis of Ormonde, by W. J. Edwards. Grave of Sir William Charles Ross in Highgate Cemetery He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1838, and in 1843 a royal academician, and was knighted on 1 June 1842. The Westminster Hall competition of 1843 led him to turn his hand once more to historical composition, and he sent a cartoon of "The Angel Raphael discoursing with Adam", which was awarded an extra premium of £100. He continued to hold a preeminent position amongst miniature-painters until 1857, when he was struck down by paralysis while engaged on portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Aumale, with their two sons. He never entirely recovered, and died unmarried at his home at 38 Fitzroy Square, London, on 20 January 1860. He was buried on the western side of Highgate cemetery (plot no.10093). The memorial, which is in an elevated position on the western side of the cutting path, no longer has a decipherable inscription and is leaning. Family Portrait miniature of Ross's sister Magdalena Dalton (c. 1835–40, Watercolour on ivory) Hugh Ross (1800–1873), younger brother of Sir William Charles Ross, was also a miniature-painter, and exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1814 to 1845. Magdalene Ross (1801–1874), a sister, who likewise practised the same branch of art, exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1820 and 1856; she married Edwin Dalton, a portrait-painter. Legacy Ross's portrait was painted by Thomas Henry Illidge, and engraved on wood for The Art Journal of 1849; a miniature was also painted by his brother, Hugh Ross. An exhibition of miniatures by him was held at the Society of Arts early in 1860, and in June his remaining works were sold by the auctioneers Christie, Manson & Woods. Ross held the same position with respect to miniature-painters that Thomas Lawrence did among portrait-painters. Writing for the Dictionary of National Biography, Robert Edmund Graves noted that "others have surpassed him in power of expression, but in refinement, in purity of colour, and in truth, he had no rival. His portraits of men are marked by a strong individuality, while his women charm by their grace and delicacy". Gallery Jane Digby, Lady Ellenborough (1807-1881) Zénaïde Clary, Princesse et Duchesse de Wagram Queen Adelaide of the United Kingdom, 1844 Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1807-1872), sister of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (1819-1901). King Ferdinand II of Portugal, 1852 Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1818-1893) when Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. References ^ a b c d e f g h "Ross, William Charles". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ William Charles Ross. "Maria II, Da Gloria, Queen of Portugal (1819-1853)". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 420385. ^ Cansick, Frederick Teague (1872). The Monumental Inscriptions of Middlesex Vol 2. J Russell Smith. p. 141. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ "Portrait of Magdalena Dalton, born Ross". Paintings & Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 14 October 2007. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Charles Ross. 4 artworks by or after William Charles Ross at the Art UK site Works by William Charles Ross at Faded Page (Canada) W C Ross online (Artcyclopedia) W C Ross - biography (London atelier of representational art) Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Portugal Academics CiNii Artists South Australia KulturNav Victoria RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academician"},{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_painting"},{"link_name":"portrait miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_miniature"},{"link_name":"historical paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_painting"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"}],"text":"Sir William Charles Ross RA (3 June 1794 – 20 Jan 1860) was an English portrait and portrait miniature painter of Scottish descent; early in his career, he was known for historical paintings. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1842.[1]","title":"William Charles Ross"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_II_1852.png"},{"link_name":"Maria II, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Tain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain"},{"link_name":"Rosshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosshire"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Anker Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anker_Smith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"James Northcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Northcote_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Robertson_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Queen Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Prince Consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Ryall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Ryall"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Nemours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Nemours"},{"link_name":"Charles Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Heath"},{"link_name":"Louis Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Eug%C3%A8ne,_Prince_Imperial"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Spencer-Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Ormonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Ormonde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_William_Charles_Ross_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Aumale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Aumale"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Square"},{"link_name":"Highgate cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_cemetery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FC-3"}],"text":"Maria II, Queen of Portugal, c. 1852.[2]Ross was born in London and descended from a Scottish family who had settled at Tain in Rosshire. He was the son of William Ross, a miniature-painter and teacher of drawing, who exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1809 to 1825. His mother, Maria Smith, a sister of Anker Smith, the line-engraver, was a portrait-painter, who exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1791 and 1814, and died in London on 20 March 1836, aged 70.[1]At an early age young Ross showed great ability in art, and in 1807 received the \"lesser silver palette\" from the Society of Arts for a copy in chalk of Anker Smith's engraving of James Northcote's \"Death of Wat Tyler\". In 1808 he was admitted into the schools of the Royal Academy, where he received from Benjamin West much kind advice, and in 1810 gained a silver medal for a drawing from life. The Society of Arts also, in 1808, awarded him a silver medal for an original drawing of the \"Judgment of Solomon\", and in 1809 the larger silver palette for an original miniature of \"Venus and Cupid\", which he exhibited with two other works, \"Mordecai Rewarded\" and \"The Judgment of Solomon\", at the Royal Academy in the same year.[1]For some years afterwards his exhibited works were mainly of a classical character, and in 1825 he sent to the Royal Academy a large picture representing \"Christ casting out Devils\". In 1810, he again received a silver medal, and 20 guineas, from the Society of Arts, for an original drawing of \"Caractacus brought before Claudius Cæsar\"; in 1811, the silver medal and twenty guineas for an original drawing of \"Samuel presented to Eli\"; in 1816, the gold Isis medal for an original portrait of the Duke of Norfolk, president of the society; and in 1817, the gold medal for an original historical painting, \"The Judgment of Brutus\".[1]At the age of twenty he became an assistant to Andrew Robertson (1777–1845), the eminent Scottish miniature-painter, and, although his first ambition was to excel in historical painting, he thought it advisable to concentrate on the more lucrative speciality of miniature-painting. He soon acquired a sizeable and elite clientele. In 1837 Queen Victoria and the Duchess of Kent sat for him, and in succeeding years Queen Adelaide, the Prince Consort, the royal children, and various members of the royal families of France, Belgium, Portugal, and Saxe-Coburg.[1] He is known to have produced more than 2,200 miniatures, of which about 300 were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Those of Queen Victoria and of the Prince Consort were engraved by Henry Thomas Ryall; that of the Duchess of Nemours by Charles Heath, for the \"Keepsake\" of 1843 (a short-lived art annual); that of Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, by F. J. Joubert; and those of Charlotte, Duchess of Marlborough, and of James, 3rd Marquis of Ormonde, by W. J. Edwards.[1]Grave of Sir William Charles Ross in Highgate CemeteryHe was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1838, and in 1843 a royal academician, and was knighted on 1 June 1842. The Westminster Hall competition of 1843 led him to turn his hand once more to historical composition, and he sent a cartoon of \"The Angel Raphael discoursing with Adam\", which was awarded an extra premium of £100.He continued to hold a preeminent position amongst miniature-painters until 1857, when he was struck down by paralysis while engaged on portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Aumale, with their two sons. He never entirely recovered, and died unmarried at his home at 38 Fitzroy Square, London, on 20 January 1860. He was buried on the western side of Highgate cemetery[3] (plot no.10093). The memorial, which is in an elevated position on the western side of the cutting path, no longer has a decipherable inscription and is leaning.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W._C._Ross_-_Magdalena_Dalton_n%C3%A9e_Ross_(miniature_before_1840).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edwin Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Dalton_(artist)"}],"text":"Portrait miniature of Ross's sister Magdalena Dalton (c. 1835–40, Watercolour on ivory)[4]Hugh Ross (1800–1873), younger brother of Sir William Charles Ross, was also a miniature-painter, and exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1814 to 1845. Magdalene Ross (1801–1874), a sister, who likewise practised the same branch of art, exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1820 and 1856; she married Edwin Dalton, a portrait-painter.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Henry Illidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Illidge"},{"link_name":"The Art Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Journal"},{"link_name":"Christie, Manson & Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Robert Edmund Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edmund_Graves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"}],"text":"Ross's portrait was painted by Thomas Henry Illidge, and engraved on wood for The Art Journal of 1849; a miniature was also painted by his brother, Hugh Ross. An exhibition of miniatures by him was held at the Society of Arts early in 1860, and in June his remaining works were sold by the auctioneers Christie, Manson & Woods.[1]Ross held the same position with respect to miniature-painters that Thomas Lawrence did among portrait-painters. Writing for the Dictionary of National Biography, Robert Edmund Graves noted that \"others have surpassed him in power of expression, but in refinement, in purity of colour, and in truth, he had no rival. His portraits of men are marked by a strong individuality, while his women charm by their grace and delicacy\".[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Charles_Ross_-_Portrait_of_Jane_Digby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jane Digby, Lady Ellenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Digby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suiveur_de_Sir_Charles_William_Ross_-_Z%C3%A9na%C3%AFde_Clary,_Princesse_et_Duchesse_de_Wagram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_-_Queen_Adelaide_-_Royal_Collection.png"},{"link_name":"Queen Adelaide of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Feodora_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg_by_Sir_William_Ross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Feodora_of_Leiningen"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_II,_King_Consort_of_Portugal_(1852)_-_Sir_William_Ross.svg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha_(1818-1893)_when_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha_Signed_and_dated.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha"}],"text":"Jane Digby, Lady Ellenborough (1807-1881)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZénaïde Clary, Princesse et Duchesse de Wagram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQueen Adelaide of the United Kingdom, 1844\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFeodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1807-1872), sister of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (1819-1901).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKing Ferdinand II of Portugal, 1852\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tErnest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1818-1893) when Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Maria II, Queen of Portugal, c. 1852.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Maria_II_1852.png/180px-Maria_II_1852.png"},{"image_text":"Grave of Sir William Charles Ross in Highgate Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_of_William_Charles_Ross_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Grave_of_William_Charles_Ross_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait miniature of Ross's sister Magdalena Dalton (c. 1835–40, Watercolour on ivory)[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/W._C._Ross_-_Magdalena_Dalton_n%C3%A9e_Ross_%28miniature_before_1840%29.jpg/170px-W._C._Ross_-_Magdalena_Dalton_n%C3%A9e_Ross_%28miniature_before_1840%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ross, William Charles\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ross,_William_Charles","url_text":"Ross, William Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"William Charles Ross. \"Maria II, Da Gloria, Queen of Portugal (1819-1853)\". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 420385.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/420385","url_text":"\"Maria II, Da Gloria, Queen of Portugal (1819-1853)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust","url_text":"Royal Collection Trust"}]},{"reference":"Cansick, Frederick Teague (1872). The Monumental Inscriptions of Middlesex Vol 2. J Russell Smith. p. 141. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/acollectioncuri03cansgoog/page/n172/mode/2up","url_text":"The Monumental Inscriptions of Middlesex Vol 2"}]},{"reference":"\"Portrait of Magdalena Dalton, born Ross\". Paintings & Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 14 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82094/miniature-portrait-of-mrs-edwin-dalton/","url_text":"\"Portrait of Magdalena Dalton, born Ross\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum","url_text":"Victoria and Albert Museum"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/420385","external_links_name":"\"Maria II, Da Gloria, Queen of Portugal (1819-1853)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/acollectioncuri03cansgoog/page/n172/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Monumental Inscriptions of Middlesex Vol 2"},{"Link":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82094/miniature-portrait-of-mrs-edwin-dalton/","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of Magdalena Dalton, born Ross\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:ross-william-charles-17941860","external_links_name":"4 artworks by or after William Charles Ross"},{"Link":"https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Ross%2C%20William%20Charles","external_links_name":"Works by William Charles Ross"},{"Link":"http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/ross_sir_william_charles.html","external_links_name":"W C Ross online"},{"Link":"http://www.drawpaintsculpt.com/artist-biographies/sir-william-charles-ross/","external_links_name":"W C Ross - biography"},{"Link":"http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXACTION_=file&_IXFILE_=templates/full/person.html&_IXTRAIL_=Academicians&person=5872","external_links_name":"Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067046581","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22010918","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkHp9crQRM9Wr4RDBg3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5440091","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1048372391","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93000687","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/226111","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16973092?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/13557/","external_links_name":"South Australia"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/4a81dd3c-e048-4028-8322-6c2edc64d85f","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/1208/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68329","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500028240","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63b916q","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_London_Marathon	2015 London Marathon	["1 Field","2 Race description","2.1 IPC World Marathon Championships","3 Results","3.1 Men","3.2 Women","3.3 Wheelchair men","3.4 Wheelchair women","4 References","5 External links"]	35th annual marathon race in London 35th London Marathon Men's winner Eliud KipchogeVenueLondon, EnglandDate26 April 2015ChampionsMenEliud Kipchoge (2:04:42)WomenTigist Tufa (2:23:21)Wheelchair menJosh George (1:31:31)Wheelchair womenTatyana McFadden (1:41:13)← 20142016 → The 2015 London Marathon was the 35th running of the annual marathon race in London, England, which took place on Sunday, 26 April. The men's elite race was won by Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge and the women's race was won by Ethiopian Tigist Tufa. The 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships marathon events were also held during the race. The men's wheelchair race was won by Josh George from the United States and the women's wheelchair race was won by American Tatyana McFadden. McFadden set a course record for the second year running. Around 172,888 people applied to enter the race: 51,696 had their applications accepted and 38,020 started the race. These were all record highs for the race. A total of 37,581 runners, 23,208 men and 14,373 women, finished the race. In the under-17 Mini Marathon, the 3-mile able-bodied and wheelchair events were won by Ben Dijkstra (14:00), Harriet Knowles-Jones (16:07), Nathan Maguire (11:35) and Kare Adenegan (12:41). Field The 2015 men's elite field was dubbed the "clash of the champions" by race organizers due to an unusually large number of top competitors. Eight men in the field had recorded a sub-2:05 race in their career, the three fastest marathoners ever, and five of the top 10 all-time were among those competing. British runner Paula Radcliffe, who holds the women's marathon world record, chose to compete in the mass field instead of the elite field. Before the race, she stated that it would be her final competition. Earlier in the year, she was suffering from an Achilles tendon injury which gave her limited training time before the marathon. Approximately 38,000 people took part in the race overall, many of them raising money for charity. Competitors ranged in age from 18 to 90. Celebrities taking part in the London Marathon included: Formula One driver Jenson Button, former MotoGP and Superbike rider James Toseland and rowing Olympic gold medalist James Cracknell who were raising money for Cancer Research UK and a brain injury charity called Headway respectively, the BBC Radio Two presenter Chris Evans, fashion designer Henry Holland, actor Oliver Proudlock and model Christy Turlington Burns. Five members of the House of Commons members took part: Alun Cairns, Richard Drax, Graham Evans, Dan Jarvis and Edward Timpson as did Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney. Among those competing in the three-mile children's course was David and Victoria Beckham's son Romeo. According to the family, Romeo's run raised £6,000 for UNAIDS. Race description Paula Radcliffe during the marathon On race day, conditions were overcast with light rain in places. The temperature was mildly cold, decent for running. An estimated 750,000 fans lined the streets of London to watch the race live. The men's race got off to a fast start, covering the first three miles in 14 minutes, 31 seconds. From there the pace periodically sped up and slowed down as racers considered their strategies. After ten miles, it appeared that the course record of 2:04:29 was within reach. After the race passed Tower Bridge, the lead group contained ten runners. By the 19-mile mark, it was cut to six as defending champion Wilson Kipsang of Kenya pushed the pace. With four miles to go, the lead group was down to four competitors, all from Kenya: Eliud Kipchoge, Stanley Biwott, Kipsang, and world record holder Dennis Kimetto. Kipsang and Kipchoge broke free of the others as they approached the 24-mile mark. The two remained close until Kipchoge pulled away in the final 800 metres. Kipchoge finished in a time of 2 hours, 4 minutes, 42 seconds for his first London Marathon victory. Previously, he won the Chicago and Rotterdam Marathons in 2014. "It was a tough race," he commented. "My training paid off and it went to plan. The crowd were wonderful and lifted me for my sprint finish." Kipsang finished five seconds back for second place. Kimetto placed third, more than a minute behind the leaders. Biwott finished fourth to complete a top four sweep by Kenya. In the women's race, the pace was slow. Tigist Tufa of Ethiopia used a late surge to distance herself from the field, finishing in a time of 2 hours, 23 minutes, 22 seconds. It was just the second time an Ethiopian woman won the London Marathon, after Derartu Tulu won the 2001 London Marathon, and ended a four-year winning streak for Kenya. It was Tufa's first major marathon win. "The weather was very difficult for me and I found it a very slow race until the end", she said. "I was unwell at the end but I am very happy that I am OK now. I've always dreamed about winning the London Marathon." Two-time winner and pre-race favourite Mary Keitany of Kenya finished in second place, 18 seconds behind Tufa. Tirfi Tsegaye of Ethiopia placed third. Radcliffe finished in a time a 2:36:55. She called the race very emotional and remarked "It was so loud, my ears were ringing. It was just amazing the whole way round. All the way along, there were so many people giving me encouragement." A total of 37,675 racers had completed the course by 6:10 pm, eclipsing the record of 36,705 set in 2012. Guinness World Records reported that more than 30 records were broken during the race for things such as "fastest marathon dressed as Spiderman." Two competitors wed midway through the race. Prince Harry presented the winners with their medals. Radcliffe received a lifetime achievement award. IPC World Marathon Championships Elite wheelchair competitors at the start of the race: David Weir (37) 2nd, Josh Cassidy (22), Ernst van Dyk (23) 5th, Kota Hokinoue (26) 7th See also: 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's marathon and 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships – Women's marathon Britain's David Weir was attempting to win a record seventh London Marathon title in the men's wheelchair race. After Marcel Hug withdrew from the race midway with a punctured tyre, Weir and American Josh George battled for the lead. Weir appeared to have the advantage in the final straightaway, but George nipped him at the line. George finished in a time of 1:31:31, one second ahead of Weir. Masazumi Soejima of Japan placed third. It was George's first London Marathon title. American Tatyana McFadden won the women's race for the third consecutive year. Her time of 1:41:13 beat her own course record set in 2014 by nearly four minutes. It was the third time that McFadden had set a course record in London and it was her first global marathon title. The defending World Champion Manuela Schär finished almost three minutes behind in second. El Amin Chentouf, Abderrahman Ait Khamouch and Elena Pautova set world records in the men's T12, men's T46, and women's T12 categories respectively. Results Men Position Athlete Nationality Time Eliud Kipchoge Kenya 2:04:42 Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich Kenya 2:04:47 Dennis Kipruto Kimetto Kenya 2:05:50 4 Stanley Biwott Kenya 2:06:41 5 Tilahun Regassa Ethiopia 2:07:16 6 Sammy Kitwara Kenya 2:07:43 7 Javier Guerra Spain 2:09:33 8 Ghebrezgiabhier Kibrom Eritrea 2:09:36 9 Aleksey Reunkov Russia 2:10:10 10 Serhiy Lebid Ukraine 2:10:21 11 Emmanuel Kipchirchir Mutai Kenya 2:10:54 12 Michael Shelley Australia 2:11:19 13 Scott Overall United Kingdom 2:13:13 14 Anuradha Cooray Sri Lanka 2:13:47 15 Koen Raymaekers Netherlands 2:14:25 16 Hermano Ferreira Portugal 2:15:53 17 Matthew Hynes United Kingdom 2:16:00 18 Bekir Karayel Turkey 2:16:06 19 Christian Kreienbühl Switzerland 2:17:00 20 Aaron Scott United Kingdom 2:20:49 — Geoffrey Mutai Kenya DNF — Tsegaye Mekonnen Ethiopia DNF — Samuel Tsegay Eritrea DNF — Wilfred Kipkosgei Kenya DNF — Edwin Kipyego Kenya DNF — Wilfred Kirwa Kigen Kenya DNF — Kadengoi Loitareng Kenya DNF Women Position Athlete Nationality Time Tigist Tufa Ethiopia 2:23:22 Mary Jepkosgei Keitany Kenya 2:23:40 Tirfi Tsegaye Ethiopia 2:23:41 4 Aselefech Mergia Ethiopia 2:23:53 5 Florence Kiplagat Kenya 2:24:15 6 Jemima Sumgong Kenya 2:24:23 7 Priscah Jeptoo Kenya 2:25:01 8 Ana Dulce Félix Portugal 2:25:15 9 Volha Mazuronak Belarus 2:25:36 10 Edna Kiplagat Kenya 2:27:16 11 Iwona Lewandowska Poland 2:27:47 12 Diane Nukuri Burundi 2:27:50 13 Tatyana Petrova Arkhipova Russia 2:28:42 14 Alessandra Aguilar Spain 2:29:45 15 Sonia Samuels United Kingdom 2:31:46 16 Mary Davies New Zealand 2:34:22 17 Emma Stepto United Kingdom 2:35:41 18 Rebecca Robinson United Kingdom 2:36:51 — Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko Ukraine DQ — Rkia El Moukim Morocco DQ — Elvan Abeylegesse Turkey DNF — Rebecca Chesire Kenya DNF — Peres Jepchirchir Kenya DNF — Elizeba Cherono Kenya DNF — Susan Partridge United Kingdom DNF Wheelchair men Position Athlete Nationality Time Josh George United States 1:31:31 David Weir United Kingdom 1:31:32 Masazumi Soejima Japan 1:31:33 4 Pierre Fairbank France 1:31:33 5 Ernst van Dyk South Africa 1:31:33 6 Tomasz Hamerlak Poland 1:31:56 7 Kota Hokinoue Japan 1:32:22 8 Jordi Madera Spain 1:33:22 9 Heinz Frei Switzerland 1:33:23 10 Simon Lawson United Kingdom 1:34:21 11 Ryota Yoshida Japan 1:35:35 12 Alhassane Baldé Germany 1:38:31 13 Tobias Loetscher Switzerland 1:38:32 14 Laurens Molina Costa Rica 1:38:32 15 Denis Lemeunier France 1:38:33 16 Ebbe Blichfeldt Denmark 1:38:34 17 Hiroki Nishida Japan 1:41:48 18 Hiroyuki Yamamoto Japan 1:43:29 19 Choke Yasuoka Japan 1:43:44 20 Alexey Bychenok Russia 1:46:06 Wheelchair women Position Athlete Nationality Time Tatyana McFadden United States 1:41:14 Manuela Schär Switzerland 1:43:56 Amanda McGrory United States 1:46:25 4 Sandra Graf Switzerland 1:46:27 5 Susannah Scaroni United States 1:47:06 6 Christie Dawes Australia 1:56:20 7 Wakako Tsuchida Japan 1:56:48 8 Chelsea McClammer United States 2:02:31 9 Sarah Piercy United Kingdom 2:20:45 10 Martyna Snopek United Kingdom 2:26:40 References ^ "London Marathon: Paula Radcliffe 'unprepared but healthy'". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 April 2015. ^ Stats and Figures Archived 23 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. London Marathon. Retrieved 2020-04-25. ^ London Marathon - Race Results. Marathon Guide. Retrieved 2020-04-25. ^ Virgin Mini London marathon 2015 results. London Marathon (2015). Retrieved 2020-04-26. ^ a b c d Justin Palmer, ed. (26 April 2015). "Kipchoge wins fierce London battle with Kipsan". Reuters. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ^ a b c d e f g "London Marathon 2015: Eliud Kipchoge takes men's race by surprise". The Guardian. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Eliud Kipchoge, Tigist Tufa win London Marathon". ESPN. Associated Press. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ^ Ingle, Sean (25 April 2015). "Paula Radcliffe eyes only a personal victory in final London Marathon". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ "London Marathon: Thousands take part in biggest race". BBC News. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ a b c d e f Gareth Vipers (26 April 2015). "London Marathon 2015: 38,000 runners make this year's event the biggest ever as three-quarters of a million spectators turn out in support". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ^ "Paula Radcliffe: Running London Marathon again was 'amazing'". BBC News. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ a b "American Joshua George wins men's wheelchair race". ITV News. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ "Tatyana McFadden wins women's wheelchair marathon". ITV News. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ "US racers Josh George, Tatyana McFadden and Raymond Martin claim marathon world titles in London". IPC Athletics. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ^ "Three world records set at marathon World Championships". IPC Athletics. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. Results Virgin Money London Marathon 2015 Tracking and Results. London Marathon. Retrieved 2020-05-02. Men Results. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 2020-05-02. Women Results. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 2020-05-02. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 London Marathon. Official website vteLondon MarathonYears 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Related List of winners Ever Presents Trophy vte2015 in the sport of athletics « 2014 2016 » World World Athletics Championships World Para Athletics Championships World Relays World Cross Country Championships World Mountain Running Championships Long Distance Trail World Championships Tower Running World Championships Military World Games Universiade World Masters Championships World Youth Championships RegionalChampionships Arab Asian Balkan Outdoor Indoor Central American European Indoor NACAC Oceanian South American Games African Games CPISRA World Games European Games Games of the Small States of Europe Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Southeast Asian Games Cross country European Pan American Other China–Japan–Korea Meeting European Team Super League 10,000 m Race Walking Throwing Pan American Combined Events Pan American Race Walking Age group African U20 African U18 Asian U18 CARIFTA Games Central American and Caribbean U14 Commonwealth Youth Games European U20 European U23 European Youth Olympic Festival European O35 Oceanian U18 Pan American U20 South American U20 SeasonalWorld Marathon Majors Berlin Boston Chicago London New York Tokyo World Championships men women Diamond League Doha Shanghai Stockholm Rome Oslo New York Eugene Lausanne Monaco London Birmingham Paris Zürich Brussels IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings IAAF Road Race Label Events IAAF Challenges World Challenge Combined Events Race Walking Hammer Throw WMRA World Cup NationalIndoor Belgian British Czech Dutch French German Italian Polish Russian Spanish Swedish Ukrainian United States NCAA Outdoor Australian Belgian British Canadian Chinese Czech Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Hungarian Icelandic Italian Jamaican Japanese Kenyan Trials Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Russian South Africa Spanish Swedish Ukrainian United States NCAA XC NCAA Track	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015Date-1"},{"link_name":"Eliud Kipchoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliud_Kipchoge"},{"link_name":"Tigist Tufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigist_Tufa"},{"link_name":"2015 IPC Athletics World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Josh George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_George"},{"link_name":"Tatyana McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_McFadden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ben Dijkstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Dijkstra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harriet Knowles-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Knowles-Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nathan Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Kare Adenegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare_Adenegan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 2015 London Marathon was the 35th running of the annual marathon race in London, England, which took place on Sunday, 26 April.[1] The men's elite race was won by Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge and the women's race was won by Ethiopian Tigist Tufa. The 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships marathon events were also held during the race. The men's wheelchair race was won by Josh George from the United States and the women's wheelchair race was won by American Tatyana McFadden. McFadden set a course record for the second year running.Around 172,888 people applied to enter the race: 51,696 had their applications accepted and 38,020 started the race. These were all record highs for the race.[2] A total of 37,581 runners, 23,208 men and 14,373 women, finished the race.[3]In the under-17 Mini Marathon, the 3-mile able-bodied and wheelchair events were won by Ben Dijkstra (14:00), Harriet Knowles-Jones (16:07), Nathan Maguire (11:35) and Kare Adenegan (12:41).[4]","title":"2015 London Marathon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"Paula Radcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"James Toseland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Toseland"},{"link_name":"James Cracknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cracknell"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Two"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Henry Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Proudlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Proudlock"},{"link_name":"Christy Turlington Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Turlington_Burns"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Alun Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Richard Drax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Drax"},{"link_name":"Graham Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Evans"},{"link_name":"Dan Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Edward Timpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Timpson"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mark Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Victoria Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"UNAIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAIDS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"}],"text":"The 2015 men's elite field was dubbed the \"clash of the champions\" by race organizers due to an unusually large number of top competitors. Eight men in the field had recorded a sub-2:05 race in their career, the three fastest marathoners ever, and five of the top 10 all-time were among those competing.[5][6]British runner Paula Radcliffe, who holds the women's marathon world record, chose to compete in the mass field instead of the elite field. Before the race, she stated that it would be her final competition.[7] Earlier in the year, she was suffering from an Achilles tendon injury which gave her limited training time before the marathon.[8]Approximately 38,000 people took part in the race overall, many of them raising money for charity. Competitors ranged in age from 18 to 90.[9]Celebrities taking part in the London Marathon included: Formula One driver Jenson Button, former MotoGP and Superbike rider James Toseland and rowing Olympic gold medalist James Cracknell who were raising money for Cancer Research UK and a brain injury charity called Headway respectively,[7][10] the BBC Radio Two presenter Chris Evans, fashion designer Henry Holland, actor Oliver Proudlock and model Christy Turlington Burns.[10] Five members of the House of Commons members took part: Alun Cairns, Richard Drax, Graham Evans, Dan Jarvis and Edward Timpson as did Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney.Among those competing in the three-mile children's course was David and Victoria Beckham's son Romeo.[7] According to the family, Romeo's run raised £6,000 for UNAIDS.[10]","title":"Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paula_Radcliffe_London_Marathon_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paula Radcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"Tower Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wilson Kipsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Kipsang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-5"},{"link_name":"Eliud Kipchoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliud_Kipchoge"},{"link_name":"Stanley Biwott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Biwott"},{"link_name":"Dennis Kimetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Kimetto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"Tigist Tufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigist_Tufa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-5"},{"link_name":"Derartu Tulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derartu_Tulu"},{"link_name":"2001 London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"Mary Keitany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Keitany"},{"link_name":"Tirfi Tsegaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirfi_Tsegaye"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"}],"text":"Paula Radcliffe during the marathonOn race day, conditions were overcast with light rain in places. The temperature was mildly cold, decent for running.[7][10] An estimated 750,000 fans lined the streets of London to watch the race live.[10]The men's race got off to a fast start, covering the first three miles in 14 minutes, 31 seconds. From there the pace periodically sped up and slowed down as racers considered their strategies.[6] After ten miles, it appeared that the course record of 2:04:29 was within reach. After the race passed Tower Bridge, the lead group contained ten runners. By the 19-mile mark, it was cut to six as defending champion Wilson Kipsang of Kenya pushed the pace.[5] With four miles to go, the lead group was down to four competitors, all from Kenya: Eliud Kipchoge, Stanley Biwott, Kipsang, and world record holder Dennis Kimetto.[6]Kipsang and Kipchoge broke free of the others as they approached the 24-mile mark.[6] The two remained close until Kipchoge pulled away in the final 800 metres. Kipchoge finished in a time of 2 hours, 4 minutes, 42 seconds for his first London Marathon victory. Previously, he won the Chicago and Rotterdam Marathons in 2014. \"It was a tough race,\" he commented. \"My training paid off and it went to plan. The crowd were wonderful and lifted me for my sprint finish.\"[7] Kipsang finished five seconds back for second place. Kimetto placed third, more than a minute behind the leaders.[5] Biwott finished fourth to complete a top four sweep by Kenya.[7]In the women's race, the pace was slow. Tigist Tufa of Ethiopia used a late surge to distance herself from the field, finishing in a time of 2 hours, 23 minutes, 22 seconds.[5] It was just the second time an Ethiopian woman won the London Marathon, after Derartu Tulu won the 2001 London Marathon, and ended a four-year winning streak for Kenya. It was Tufa's first major marathon win. \"The weather was very difficult for me and I found it a very slow race until the end\", she said. \"I was unwell at the end but I am very happy that I am OK now. I've always dreamed about winning the London Marathon.\"[7] Two-time winner and pre-race favourite Mary Keitany of Kenya finished in second place, 18 seconds behind Tufa. Tirfi Tsegaye of Ethiopia placed third.[7] Radcliffe finished in a time a 2:36:55. She called the race very emotional and remarked \"It was so loud, my ears were ringing. It was just amazing the whole way round. All the way along, there were so many people giving me encouragement.\"[11]A total of 37,675 racers had completed the course by 6:10 pm, eclipsing the record of 36,705 set in 2012. Guinness World Records reported that more than 30 records were broken during the race for things such as \"fastest marathon dressed as Spiderman.\" Two competitors wed midway through the race.[10] Prince Harry presented the winners with their medals. Radcliffe received a lifetime achievement award.[7]","title":"Race description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_Marathon_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weir_(wheelchair_athlete)"},{"link_name":"Josh Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Ernst van Dyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_van_Dyk"},{"link_name":"Kota Hokinoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Hokinoue"},{"link_name":"2015 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"2015 IPC Athletics World Championships – Women's marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"David Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weir_(wheelchair_athlete)"},{"link_name":"Marcel Hug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Hug"},{"link_name":"Josh George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_George"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itv_george-12"},{"link_name":"Masazumi Soejima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masazumi_Soejima"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itv_george-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"Tatyana McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_McFadden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-7"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itv_mcfadden-13"},{"link_name":"Manuela Schär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Sch%C3%A4r"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPC-14"},{"link_name":"El Amin Chentouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Amin_Chentouf"},{"link_name":"Abderrahman Ait Khamouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrahman_Ait_Khamouch"},{"link_name":"Elena Pautova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Pautova"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"IPC World Marathon Championships","text":"Elite wheelchair competitors at the start of the race: David Weir (37) 2nd, Josh Cassidy (22), Ernst van Dyk (23) 5th, Kota Hokinoue (26) 7thSee also: 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's marathon and 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships – Women's marathonBritain's David Weir was attempting to win a record seventh London Marathon title in the men's wheelchair race. After Marcel Hug withdrew from the race midway with a punctured tyre, Weir and American Josh George battled for the lead. Weir appeared to have the advantage in the final straightaway, but George nipped him at the line.[6] George finished in a time of 1:31:31, one second ahead of Weir.[6][12] Masazumi Soejima of Japan placed third.[12] It was George's first London Marathon title.[7]American Tatyana McFadden won the women's race for the third consecutive year.[7] Her time of 1:41:13 beat her own course record set in 2014 by nearly four minutes.[6][13] It was the third time that McFadden had set a course record in London and it was her first global marathon title. The defending World Champion Manuela Schär finished almost three minutes behind in second.[14]El Amin Chentouf, Abderrahman Ait Khamouch and Elena Pautova set world records in the men's T12, men's T46, and women's T12 categories respectively.[15]","title":"Race description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wheelchair men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wheelchair women","title":"Results"}]	[{"image_text":"Paula Radcliffe during the marathon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paula_Radcliffe_London_Marathon_2015.jpg/170px-Paula_Radcliffe_London_Marathon_2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elite wheelchair competitors at the start of the race: David Weir (37) 2nd, Josh Cassidy (22), Ernst van Dyk (23) 5th, Kota Hokinoue (26) 7th","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/London_Marathon_2015.jpg/220px-London_Marathon_2015.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"London Marathon: Paula Radcliffe 'unprepared but healthy'\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/32423829","url_text":"\"London Marathon: Paula Radcliffe 'unprepared but healthy'\""}]},{"reference":"Justin Palmer, ed. (26 April 2015). \"Kipchoge wins fierce London battle with Kipsan\". Reuters. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-marathon-london-men-idUSKBN0NH0DI20150426?virtualBrandChannel=11563","url_text":"\"Kipchoge wins fierce London battle with Kipsan\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Marathon 2015: Eliud Kipchoge takes men's race by surprise\". The Guardian. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/26/london-marathon-eliud-kipchoge-mens-race-winner","url_text":"\"London Marathon 2015: Eliud Kipchoge takes men's race by surprise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eliud Kipchoge, Tigist Tufa win London Marathon\". ESPN. Associated Press. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/12768348/eliud-kipchoge-tigist-tufa-win-london-marathon","url_text":"\"Eliud Kipchoge, Tigist Tufa win London Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Ingle, Sean (25 April 2015). \"Paula Radcliffe eyes only a personal victory in final London Marathon\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/25/paula-radcliffe-london-marathon","url_text":"\"Paula Radcliffe eyes only a personal victory in final London Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Marathon: Thousands take part in biggest race\". BBC News. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-32463424","url_text":"\"London Marathon: Thousands take part in biggest race\""}]},{"reference":"Gareth Vipers (26 April 2015). \"London Marathon 2015: 38,000 runners make this year's event the biggest ever as three-quarters of a million spectators turn out in support\". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/london-marathon-38000-runners-make-this-years-event-the-biggest-ever-as-three-quarters-of-a-million-spectators-turn-out-to-cheer-them-on-10205643.html","url_text":"\"London Marathon 2015: 38,000 runners make this year's event the biggest ever as three-quarters of a million spectators turn out in support\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paula Radcliffe: Running London Marathon again was 'amazing'\". BBC News. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/32473497","url_text":"\"Paula Radcliffe: Running London Marathon again was 'amazing'\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Joshua George wins men's wheelchair race\". ITV News. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-04-26/american-joshua-george-wins-mens-wheelchair-race/","url_text":"\"American Joshua George wins men's wheelchair race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tatyana McFadden wins women's wheelchair marathon\". ITV News. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-04-26/tatyana-mcfadden-wins-womens-wheelchair-marathon/","url_text":"\"Tatyana McFadden wins women's wheelchair marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"US racers Josh George, Tatyana McFadden and Raymond Martin claim marathon world titles in London\". IPC Athletics. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paralympic.org/news/us-racers-josh-george-tatyana-mcfadden-and-raymond-martin-claim-marathon-world-titles-london","url_text":"\"US racers Josh George, Tatyana McFadden and Raymond Martin claim marathon world titles in London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three world records set at marathon World Championships\". IPC Athletics. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paralympic.org/news/three-world-records-set-marathon-world-championships","url_text":"\"Three world records set at marathon World Championships\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/32423829","external_links_name":"\"London Marathon: Paula Radcliffe 'unprepared but healthy'\""},{"Link":"https://www.virginmoneylondonmarathon.com/en-gb/news-media/media-resources/stats-and-figures/","external_links_name":"Stats and Figures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200323182946/https://www.virginmoneylondonmarathon.com/en-gb/news-media/media-resources/stats-and-figures/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.marathonguide.com/results/browse.cfm?MIDD=16150426","external_links_name":"London Marathon - Race Results"},{"Link":"https://results-2015.virginmoneylondonmarathon.com/2015/minimarathon/","external_links_name":"Virgin Mini London marathon 2015 results"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-marathon-london-men-idUSKBN0NH0DI20150426?virtualBrandChannel=11563","external_links_name":"\"Kipchoge wins fierce London battle with Kipsan\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/26/london-marathon-eliud-kipchoge-mens-race-winner","external_links_name":"\"London Marathon 2015: Eliud Kipchoge takes men's race by surprise\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/12768348/eliud-kipchoge-tigist-tufa-win-london-marathon","external_links_name":"\"Eliud Kipchoge, Tigist Tufa win London Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/25/paula-radcliffe-london-marathon","external_links_name":"\"Paula Radcliffe eyes only a personal victory in final London Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-32463424","external_links_name":"\"London Marathon: Thousands take part in biggest race\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/london-marathon-38000-runners-make-this-years-event-the-biggest-ever-as-three-quarters-of-a-million-spectators-turn-out-to-cheer-them-on-10205643.html","external_links_name":"\"London Marathon 2015: 38,000 runners make this year's event the biggest ever as three-quarters of a million spectators turn out in support\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/32473497","external_links_name":"\"Paula Radcliffe: Running London Marathon again was 'amazing'\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-04-26/american-joshua-george-wins-mens-wheelchair-race/","external_links_name":"\"American Joshua George wins men's wheelchair race\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-04-26/tatyana-mcfadden-wins-womens-wheelchair-marathon/","external_links_name":"\"Tatyana McFadden wins women's wheelchair marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.paralympic.org/news/us-racers-josh-george-tatyana-mcfadden-and-raymond-martin-claim-marathon-world-titles-london","external_links_name":"\"US racers Josh George, Tatyana McFadden and Raymond Martin claim marathon world titles in London\""},{"Link":"http://www.paralympic.org/news/three-world-records-set-marathon-world-championships","external_links_name":"\"Three world records set at marathon World Championships\""},{"Link":"https://results.virginmoneylondonmarathon.com/2015/","external_links_name":"Virgin Money London Marathon 2015 Tracking and Results"},{"Link":"https://more.arrs.run/race/206564","external_links_name":"Men Results"},{"Link":"https://more.arrs.run/race/206565","external_links_name":"Women Results"},{"Link":"http://www.virginlondonmarathon.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zebra	Operation Zebra	["1 See also","2 References"]	Mine clearance operation Operation Zebra was a July 1945 major mine clearance operation by U.S. Navy minesweepers off Sakishima Gunto, in association with the invasion of Okinawa by Allied Forces in World War II. See also USS Staunch (AM-307) Minesweeper References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. This World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Sakishima Gunto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakishima_Gunto"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Operation Zebra was a July 1945 major mine clearance operation by U.S. Navy minesweepers off Sakishima Gunto, in association with the invasion of Okinawa by Allied Forces in World War II.","title":"Operation Zebra"}]	[]	[{"title":"USS Staunch (AM-307)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Staunch_(AM-307)"},{"title":"Minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Zebra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaka_(ethnic_group)	Yaka people	["1 History","1.1 Exodus to Kwango Region and establishment of the Yaka kingdom","1.2 Contact with European powers","1.3 The resistance Of Kabamba against the European power","1.4 The Bayaka’s denigration","2 Culture","2.1 Leadership","2.2 Reverence for elders","2.3 Divination","2.4 Hunting","2.5 Nkanda","3 Art","3.1 Masks","3.2 Statuettes","4 References","4.1 Bibliography"]	Ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo This article is about the ethnic group of the DRC and Angola. Not to be confused with the Aka people of Congo and the CAR, or the Yakkha people of South Asia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yaka people" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Yaka people's mask at the Brooklyn Museum. The Yaka are an African ethnic group found in southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, with Angola border to their west. They number about 300,000 and are related to the Suku people. They live in the forest and savanna region between the Kwango River and the Wamba River. They speak the Yaka language). Their oral tradition states that Lunda arrived in Kwango in the 17th century and found people who were part of the kingdom of Kongo. Yaka was a title of honor given to the warriors of the kingdom of Kongo and this word can be found in the following Kongo sentence from the descendants of M'panzu : " « Beto, mayaka mbata; mayaka mpunza, mayaka mbele. »"(Translation: « We, we catch the blows, arrows and swords. » (that the enemies throw at them)). The Yaka people are a matrilineal society that includes patrilineal lineage as family name. Their villages have chiefs, who are recognized by the Congo government as a political office. The Yaka farm cassava, sweet potatoes, and corn as staple source of food, and supplement this with fish and game meat. They have traditionally hunted with the help of hunting dogs. In contemporary times, they are also migrant workers in urban areas. The Yaka are notable for their arts and handicrafts. They make statues, portraits, baskets, carved objects, masks, tools for cooking, building, hunting, fishing or entertaining with additions of instruments such as drums. Their masks are bulky, distinctive with upturned noses and eyes shaped in the form of globules. These masks were frequently used in various Traditional Religion ceremonies. Their sculptures called mbwoolo and their carved slit drum called mukoku are regionally famous and used in ritual dances. History Exodus to Kwango Region and establishment of the Yaka kingdom King Kabamba led the exodus of the Lunda westward around the 17th century, the most organized expedition towards the conquest of the Kwango region in the kingdom of Kongo. Some Lunda had already preceded this. These Lunda conquerors were endowed with three major qualities: diplomacy, sociability and The organization, which enabled them to found the Yaka kingdom in the seventeenth century, harmoniously integrating the pre-established Kongo nations. The Lunda used this "soft power", more than fighting, to favor the union of the two peoples, Lunda and Kongo, under the kingdom Yaka. Ethnologists and sociologists unanimously agree that, throughout Belgian colonial history, this kingdom was one of the best organized and Especially the most resistant to Western penetration. The name Yaka is a title that the Kongo gave to their warriors. Upon the arrival of Lunda, the kingdom of Kongo was already weakened by Portuguese incursions. Thus, the resistance that the Lunda find in the Kwango region is that of the isolated local tribes Kongo, including the Mbala, Tsamba, Hungana, Pindi, Ngongo, rather than that of a United Kongo kingdom. The Lunda, these "biluwa", or foreigners, which Nothing resisted on their passage, capable of catching bullets and arrows, were also called "Iluwa" (foreigners) or Bayaka (Catchers of the balls and the arrows). Both the Lunda that arrived and the kongo warriors had similar traits, hence the exact titles being given to them. The Lunda, who had an interest in integrating into their political organization the local tribes who had not fled the invasion or who did not want to fight, had in turn adopted the identity "Yaka" which, in addition to conferring on them a title of nobility of the "invincible", integrated them better In their new country. They had also gradually adopted the Kongo language (hence the Kiyaka language being spoken amongst them, an offshoot of Kikongo). Much more, Lunda chiefs married Kongo women. The offspring identified themselves as Yaka rather than Lunda. Thus, the Yaka appellation had established itself as a generic identity Of the Lunda and Kongo inhabiting territories area under the authority of the Kabamba -Lunda, namely the territories of Kabamba -Lunda, Kenge and Popokabaka. The Lunda of Nzofu later came in the territory of Kahemba retain the Lunda identity and language. As for the territory of Feshi, they emigrated there in the middle of the 18th century from the Basuku, a group of Kongo, who disassociated themselves from the power of Kabamba -Lunda and whose leader "Meni Kongo" refused to submit to the authority of the latter. Some other Kongo groups: the Mbala, Tsamba, Hungana, Pindi and Ngongo, etc. Had already emigrated to the Kwilu, leaving behind them, brothers and sisters who, together with the Lunda, composed the Yaka kingdom. The five territories that make up Kwango are therefore a binational space, Kongo and Lunda. The reconciliation is thus the end of the wars of conquest between Kongo ethnic groups and the Lunda in Kwango was sealed by a ceremony and a particular ceremony in which the chief Meni Kongo representing Of the original Tsamba clans of Feshi and the Lunda chiefs were to share parrot, dog and cat meat raw. At the end of this ceremony, the representatives of two nations buried their war weapons and promised peaceful coexistence forever. The Kongo and the Lunda of Kwango have lived in perfect harmony since the beginning of the 19th century. Contact with European powers When the administration of Leopold II arrived in Kwango after their establishment in Bas-Congo, Kwango Was an organized kingdom; The power of Kabamba -Lunda was legitimized and respected by all the peoples, Kongo and Lunda. It was also well represented on the whole kingdom that stretched from Kabamba-Lunda to Popokabaka through the present territory of Kenge. Peace between the Bayaka (Kongo and Lunda under the power of the Kabamba -Lunda), their brothers, the Basuku of Meni Kongo in the Feshi and the Lunda of Nzofu in Kahemba. According to Crawford Young, the Lunda empires in Kwango and Katanga had understood that colonial occupation was an aggression to repel and fight. The other groups, apart from a few scattered revolts including that of Bapendé, had behaved as if the exploration and occupation of their spaces by strangers were normal. (C. Young, 1965: 295-6). The resistance Of Kabamba against the European power By the year 1890, a skilled administrator named Dhanis came to negotiate his acceptance with King "Kabamba" faustin. It was not even with his replacement of the name of Dussart who sought to impose the Leopold administration on Kwango even by force. It was then that in 1892 and 1893 there were two wars ranked between the two armies, that of the Kabamba faustin and that of the Leopoldian administration in which there were considerable losses on both sides. If the principal Belgian agent perished in the first war of 1892, the one which followed in 1893 with a greater reinforcement of soldiers of the public force saw the assassination of the Kabamba faustin. It was also the beginning of the destabilization of the kings, but not that of the kingdom or the resistance. In fact, the kings who were enthroned after this revolting event showed themselves more intransigent with respect to submission to the power of whites. Thus, faced with repression, they had the choice either to go into exile with their brothers, the Lunda of Angola, or to undergo forced relegation to Banningville or elsewhere. Mulombo kings Désiré Nkulu and Chief Munene Nkenzi were deported respectively, while the kabamba Koko Kodia Puanga found refuge in Angola in 1915. After the two bloody wars of 1892 and 1893, when the Kwango was militarily armed, the resistance assumed passive form. This took many forms, ranging from the subtle violence by leopard men "Masiona" to civil disobedience and the refusal to serve any power of oppression, to participate in any enterprise or to obey any colonial injunction. It was this passive resistance that continued throughout the colonial era until independence. When in 1908, Leopold II ceded the Congo to Belgium, the colonial administration, to whom the narrative of the resistance Yaka had already been made, tried to occupy the Kwango by force, but she stumbled upon the civil resistance whose main manifestation was the refusal of cooperation with the colonial agents. Even after the assassination in 1893 of the kabamba Tsiimba Nkumbi, under which open resistance was waged, the Bayaka continued civic resistance. Because of the unfortunate incidents of the conflict, and after 2 years of colonial military siege, the colonial mission in Kwango was abandoned. That the Kwango hindered the colonial work and wished to overthrows the sovereignty of the Congo, in the hands of the colonial administration, which in turn forced to administration to put the Kwango on hold; Which meant that no development project could be undertaken. This did not prevent the Bayaka associating themselves with nationalists message of Lumumba, due to their strong presence in Kinshasa, only a century later, they heavily precipitate in the movement of independence, especially as the party that brought them together "LUKA "(The Kwangolese Union for Freedom and Independence) which had as its main objective the independence. The Bayaka, by their strong mobilization in Kinshasa, contributed strongly to the events that precipitated the independence of the Congo in 1959 - 1960. The Bayaka’s denigration The denigration of the Bayaka was originally the work of the colonial agents. The latter, after having abandoned the Kwango, were to create the division to better establish their authority in neighbouring Bas-Congo and Kwilu. Afterwards, they began spreading propaganda about the Bayaka, claiming them to be "warriors and savages", as they did not accept western civilization. This became the means of dividing and reigning. This is how, from the machinations of colonialists, stereotypes stick to the identity of Yaka, especially in Kinshasa, the capital, where all the tribes of the Congo eventually meet. Nevertheless, as can be seen in the writings of sociologists And Belgian ethnologists, the colonial administration recognized the organization and dynamism of the Bayaka. As all slanderous statements are made away from Kwango, or whispering, the Bayaka have imperturbably pursued their traditional activities in all areas: art, craftsmanship, construction, hunting, fishing and agriculture. The Bayaka fell victim to their exceptional resistance to colonial oppression and exploitation. Those of the Kwango, have among other things, resisted fiercely efforts of "pacification" of the Force Publique and Leopold II's administration. Culture Leadership The Yaka people are led by the kiambv (pl biambv), or the paramount chief. Governing a specific cluster of villages underneath the paramount chief are the forty one nobles, called bilio (sing. yilolo). Each of the villages is governed by an earth chief, called a tulamba (pl. kalamba).: 8 Periodic tributes of parts of powerful animals such as leopard or elephants are periodically paid to the paramount chief by both the village and regional chiefs as a way to show respect to his authority.: 66 Tributes were also paid in ndzimbu shell money which was an early substitute for currency.: 37 Paramount chiefs are believed to rule over the underworld as well as the physical realm and are capable of seeing the activities of witches, called baloki. They are known to themselves partake in witchcraft and sorcery, receiving tributes and attaining blood debts by taking part in the witches’ cannibalist feasts and further indulge in it by transforming into a wild animal such as a leopard to keep antisocial actions in check. This use of witchcraft is permitted only if it is done to a limited extent and for the good of the community. Paramount chiefs are also expected to show off his powers of generation through his fertility, cultivating many wives and children, establishing links to other families and resources as well as mediating the life forces from the ancestors. A fertile chief is said to bring strong, authoritative leadership which brings order in the cycle of nature, control, and general prosperity, while sterility is said to be linked to weak leadership which brings disaster, famine and disease.: 38–39 A Yaka headrest A Yaka headrest The paramount chief's authority was most signified by coiled rings around his ankle and arm that contain fibers and a sacrificial tendon wrapped in copper called the kazekedi or lukano.: 10 : 39–40 Another great signifier of chiefly rulership is the mbeele phoko, a double sided sword that is sheathed in a phallus shaped wood and hide sheath that embodies the founding ancestor and signifies the chief's role in maintaining order and securing food as well as his powers over life and death. It is only unsheathed in the special occasions of execution and warfare.: 10 : 40 The authority of the nobles was established by tsala, beaded hats form the top of which juts out a cone embellished with a tuft of feathers. Tsala are differentiated by the colors of their feathers. Tsala zi kanaangi, which had white feathers signify a higher rank than tsala zi nduwa, which had red feathers. White feathers could only be worn by lower rank chiefs when their superiors were not present.: 32 The earth chiefs wore woven raffia headpieces called bweni as their symbols of authority.: 32 Bewni commonly had between one and three crests running from the front to the back of the head.: 66 Bweni must be worn throughout day and night as they were communal charms that protected from wicked influences.: 9–10 : 32 These headpieces required the use of a headrest, called musaw or m-baambu, as they were also worn as charms while sleeping.: 10 These headrests were used to support the head just below the ear while one lies on their side. The headrests were carved from a single piece of wood and commonly featured imagery of a leopard, antelope, human, or a house with a pitched roof.: 70 To prevent from wicked influences many Yaka headrests had charms that were either inserted into a premade cavity or attached to them to protect the owner from wicked influences while they slept.: 10 Reverence for elders A double mouthed kyopa cup A khaandu hatchet Lineage elders command respect and authority in both life and death. Just as they strive to please them, they fear their disapproval. As a symbol of their favor, young men often offer gifts to their elders to secure kaolin. Similarly, elders offer gifts of palm wine and dried meat and mushrooms to the deceased ancestors to ask forgiveness for any responsibilities they’ve neglected. Offerings made to honor the ancestors are focused on the grave site. Many graves are constructed in dwellings or placed in enclosures where n-saanda and n-yoombu trees are planted. Requests are not made to specific individuals, but to one or two named ancestor as a bridge between the generations.: 77 As a show of authority, matrilineage headmen carry khaandu hatchets on their shoulders when visiting kinsman. The hatchets feature elongated blades protruding from the mouths of heads carved on the handles which signifies the authority in its wielder's words.: 45 Matrilineage headmen use wooden double mouthed cups called kyopa for the ceremonial drinking of palm wine. These cups are passed down through generations along with a lecture on how to treat other lineage members. The vessel’s shape is based on the form a squat gourd takes when split top to bottom. A bridge is carved into the middle of the cup to separate the two mouths.: 56 The kyopa and the khaandu are both seen as extensions of missuungu, or the sacred container, which is never displayed and signifies the lineage's blood, unity, and structure of authority.: 56–59 Divination The diviner, known as a ngoombu, is a specialist who can be male or whose main purpose is to find meaning in strange phenomena, periods of misfortune, sustained illness, and untimely death.: 97 During a divination session, the diviner sits across from the client and begins to chant influences of curses that may have been afflicted. It is not uncommon for the client’s relatives to be in attendance and to repeat the ends of the chants. Afterward, the client rubs his arms with kaolin and offers the diviner a ndzimbu shell which was wiped it on their brow to be placed with the spread of tools. The diviner then holds a charm packet behind a bowl of water or a hand mirror and begins to reveal the problem along with the locations of certain events, and names of the individuals involved. If the client is satisfied, they then give payment and indulges into more detail before the session is put on hold so the diviner can dream on the matter. The following day the diviner reveals the curse responsible for the client’s affliction.: 97–98 Divination equipment ranges from assorted packets, small containers, vials, bowls or hand mirrors, carved mbwoolo statuettes, and medicinal herbs and spices wrapped in a bundle of cloth.: 98–100 Diviners often used mukoku slit drums that were topped with carved heads to provide rhythm for chants. The compartments in the drums are often used for mixing and serving medicines. The drum is struck with a baton that is attached to it by a cord. They can also be laid horizontally to be used as stools for the diviner. When not in use they are stood vertically with one end of the baton placed into the slit of the drum.: 184 : 100 Another important divination tool is a dog or jackal skull with ingredients for charms placed in the eye sockets.: 100 Hunting The Yaka is a hunting society so above all else, a male in the Yaka tribe is a hunter. Hunting is more than just a way to provide food, it is a symbol of status and masculinity. Being a good hunter is a show of prosperity and being able to provide for one’s family and further their lineage.: 184 : 87 Before a group hunt, hunters are made to practice sexual abstinence, staying away from menstruating women, and resolving any outstanding conflicts. Bow and arrows, rifles, and lances are the hunter’s primary weapons, as well as the use of snares and traps. In group hunts hunters will often use long nets and dogs to surround their prey. Duiker, antelope, buffalo, and wild boar are the most commonly pursued animals.: 87 Before a hunt, men are signaled a few days prior by the playing of a whistle or a miniature flute, called a kasengo-sengo. The group agrees on a hunting site then sends gifts of palm wine and kola nuts to the earth chief for approval and as offerings to the ancestors. The hunters then gather together to lay their bows, arrows, guns, or lances down by the n-saanda tree. They then call upon the ancestors and settle any grievances from any past hunts and are given pieces of kaolin to rub on the forearm, bow, or barrel of the gun.: 19 : 87 The leader of the hunt carries an elongated whistle around his neck, called a yimbila, in order to call his dong and signal the other hunters. It possesses an extension on its side with a hole that is used to alter its pitch, while the lower end is carved in the shape of a human head to protect from witches bringing bad luck to the hunt. There is a more spherical variety with a similar, but shorter side extension called a ndemba.: 88 In a hunt, the animal goes to whoever's arrow strikes it first. Though the owner of any other arrows that strike it as well as the dog that tracked it down. The land chief and political chief receive the rest of the portions. Animals that are capable of killing humans have their skins, teeth, or tusks given as tribute to the paramount chief. It is also customary to divide portions equally between one’s own dependents and the other lineage headmen, which is seen as a high honor.: 19 : 87–88 Nkanda A handheld nkanda mask A handheld nkanda mask A Nkanda mask (ndemba) An important part of the Yaka culture is the ceremony of nkanda, which is ceremony to present young men after they have undergone circumcision, and have gone through a set of rituals and activities that teaches them to be proper tribal members. Unlike the neighboring cultures who circumcise their children at birth, the Yaka wait to circumcise until they hit puberty. The village elders begin the initiation when they have a good amount of young adolescent boys. After the circumcision, the initiates, now tundansi, leave the village for anywhere from one to three years to advance their skills and be taught how to be proper men in their society, during which they are shut apart from other villagers, and are forbidden from seeing women. Their isolation only ends once their teachers, or tulombusi, along with the elders, deem them ready and then the ceremony begins. Usually, there are 5 participants, the top ranking tundansi from each group, with two pairs wearing similar masks, mondo and ndemba to the lowest and highest ranking pairs respectively, and the leader wearing a more unique mask called the kapita. These masks are made as less elaborate versions of the mbala. The ceremony's leading mask, the mbala, is worn by the leader of the tulombusi and is meticulously designed by both the sculptor and the wearer to amuse the spectators. The masks are crafted with bulging eyes, a prominent, upturned nose, and an open mouth, often with teeth exposed. The face is framed by a wooden projection that can be as simple as a visor or bonnet shape, or can encircle and the face completely, creating a literal frame. The masks have a variety of head pieces which can include horizontal disks supported by a single conical shape, three crests running down the head from front to back, or horizontal disks supported by a tapering cone with smaller spires jutting from out of the base. The masks are worn atop the head in a way that the dancers are easily identifiable during the ceremony. During the ceremony the tundansi masks are laid down to be inspected and judged on the colors, creativity, and overall execution to decide which among them are the most talented. The masks worn by are often very creative as they are carved by the tundansi themselves and there are no restrictions placed on their subject matter. The masks can be decorated with animals, human figures, or even machines such as airplanes. Some masks have even been shown to have satirical caricatures of white people or other village members. Due to only being made for single use, the masks are quick to decay as they have little protection against damage from things like termites.: 119–121 : 41–42 Art Masks In Yaka culture, masks are believed to have spiritual power and are used to communicate with the spirit world. They are often worn by dancers and performers during ceremonies and rituals and are thought to embody the spirits of ancestors and other supernatural beings.: 125 Yaka masks are typically made from wood and are often painted with bright colors or adorned with raffia, shells, and other decorative elements. They are used in a variety of cultural and religious contexts, including initiation ceremonies, funerals, and healing rituals. Yaka masks are carved in distinct styles, which are characterized by elaborate features such as oblong faces, helmet-shaped exteriors in the shape of either human, antelope, or buffalo heads, armature like framework attached to the headpieces, or the lack of carved facial features.: 145 A prominent mask style is the kholuka which is used in male initiation ceremonies and is believed to embody the spirit of a powerful warrior. The mask features a fierce, expressive face that is distinctively masculine. It possesses a prominent forehead crest and may be adorned with assorted decorative elements. The mask’s broad nose, large eyes, and wide, toothy grin, are intended to convey a sense of power and vitality. They also commonly feature a figure or figures attached to the headpiece.: 51–52 Another prominent style is the kakuungu which has the primary purpose of instilling fear and is considered to be well-made when it can do so at first glance. The mask is long and narrow and it features a high, pointed forehead and a small, closed mouth. The mask's most distinctive features are its deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, as well as its inflated cheeks and pronounced chin. The mask surface may also be adorned with intricate patterns carved into the wood which may have symbolic meanings related to death, the afterlife, and other spiritual concepts.: 53–54 A Yaka mask A Yaka nkanda mask A Yaka kholuka mask A Yaka nkanda mask (ndemba) A Yaka mask A Yaka mask Statuettes Yaka mbwoolo statuettes are typically carved from a single piece of wood and feature a highly abstracted human form, with arms and legs that are often thin and elongated, and small heads with simplified facial expressions. It is common for figures to be crafted in pairs and have missing limbs, swollen or spiraling torsos, and having multiple figures atop each other. They can be decorated with metal or glass beads, cowrie shells, and other adornments, which are believed to enhance their spiritual power.: 184 : 61 A Yaka mbwoolo statuette The statuettes have widespread use in Yaka society. The statuettes are used to assist with interpreting dreams and communicating with the ancestors in divination rituals as it is believed the statues have the ability to provide insight into the past, present, and future. The statuettes are also used in healing rituals. They are rubbed with medicinal substances, or less often the substances were placed in the cavities in the figures’ abdomens, and are believed to have the power to cure diseases and ailments. They are also used in protection rituals to ward off evil spirits and to provide spiritual protection to individuals or communities. Without these, the statuettes have no meaning and are just waiting to be prepared with these substances.: 184 : 26–27 A carved Yaka Tambour (drum). References ^ a b c Yaka people, Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b c d e f g h Marc Kapend, Qui est le peuple Muyaka ou Yaka. In: Congo Kinshasa Culture la bibliothèque congolaise de nos jours, 2012, p. 6–11. (In French) ^ "Les Meres Fondatrices de la Nation Kongo". ^ Michael Lambek; Andrew Strathern (1998). Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-521-62737-5. ^ a b c Yaka: Art and Life in Africa, University of Iowa Museum of Art (2012) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bourgeois, Arthur P. (2014). Yaka. Milan, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7439-515-6. OCLC 883516022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Bourgeois, Arthur P. (1984). Art of the Yaka and Suku. Meudon, France: A. et F. Chaffin. ISBN 2-904005-01-3. OCLC 10962438. ^ a b c Bourgeois, Arthur P. (1982). "Yaka and Suku Leadership Headgear". African Arts. 15 (3): 30–92. doi:10.2307/3335908. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3335908. ^ a b c d Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste (1998). The tribal arts of Africa. New York. ISBN 0-500-01870-7. OCLC 40441052.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Adelman, Kenneth Lee (1975). "The Art of the Yaka". African Arts. 9 (1): 41–43. doi:10.2307/3334980. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3334980. ^ Bourgeois, Arthur P. (May 1979). "Mbwoolo Sculpture of the Yaka". African Arts. 12 (3): 58–96. doi:10.2307/3335580. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3335580. Bibliography Bourgeois, Arthur P. (1985) The Yaka and Suku. Leiden: Brill. vte Ethnic groups in Angola Ambundu Brazilian Chokwe Herero Himba Kongo ǃKung Lovale Lozi Lunda Mbunda Mucubal Roma Ovambo Ovimbundu Twa White Angolans Portuguese German Norwegian Afrikaner Xindonga Yaka Yombe Zemba vte Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the CongoIndigenous Alur Nyindu Amba Avukaya Baka Bakwa Dishi Banda Banyamulenge Barambu Bemba Bembe Boa Budu Bunda Bwile Chokwe Dengese Efé Furiiru Garanganze Gbaya Great Lakes Twa Hema Holoholo Hutu Iyaelima Kakwa Kango Kele Keliko Kongo Konjo Lega Lele Lendu Logo Luba Hemba Lulua Lugbara Lunda Lungu Makere Mayogo Mbaka Mangbetu Mbo Mbole Mbunda Mbuti Mongo Mongo Twa Mono Moru Mpama Ndaka Ngando Ngata Ngbandi Nyanga Pende Sanga Songora Songye Suku Tagbu Teke Tetela Topoke Tumbwe Turumbu Tutsi Vira Wochua Yaka Yanzi Yakoma Yombe Yulu Zande Zyoba Non-indigenous Chinese Europeans Greek Jewish Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aka people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_people"},{"link_name":"Yakkha people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakkha_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1991.172.1_Anthropomorphic_Mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Suku people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_people"},{"link_name":"Kwango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwango_River"},{"link_name":"Wamba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwilu_River"},{"link_name":"Yaka language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brityaka2-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LambekStrathern1998p1332-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yakaiowa2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yakaiowa2-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brityaka2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brityaka2-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yakaiowa2-5"}],"text":"This article is about the ethnic group of the DRC and Angola. Not to be confused with the Aka people of Congo and the CAR, or the Yakkha people of South Asia.A Yaka people's mask at the Brooklyn Museum.The Yaka are an African ethnic group found in southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, with Angola border to their west. They number about 300,000 and are related to the Suku people. They live in the forest and savanna region between the Kwango River and the Wamba River. They speak the Yaka language).[1][citation needed]Their oral tradition states that Lunda arrived in Kwango in the 17th century and found people who were part of the kingdom of Kongo.[2] Yaka was a title of honor given to the warriors of the kingdom of Kongo and this word can be found in the following Kongo sentence from the descendants of M'panzu : \" « Beto, mayaka mbata; mayaka mpunza, mayaka mbele. »\"(Translation: « We, we catch the blows, arrows and swords. » (that the enemies throw at them)).[3][2]The Yaka people are a matrilineal society that includes patrilineal lineage as family name.[4] Their villages have chiefs, who are recognized by the Congo government as a political office.[5] The Yaka farm cassava, sweet potatoes, and corn as staple source of food, and supplement this with fish and game meat. They have traditionally hunted with the help of hunting dogs.[5] In contemporary times, they are also migrant workers in urban areas.[1]The Yaka are notable for their arts and handicrafts. They make statues, portraits, baskets, carved objects, masks, tools for cooking, building, hunting, fishing or entertaining with additions of instruments such as drums. Their masks are bulky, distinctive with upturned noses and eyes shaped in the form of globules. These masks were frequently used in various Traditional Religion ceremonies.[1] Their sculptures called mbwoolo and their carved slit drum called mukoku are regionally famous and used in ritual dances.[5]","title":"Yaka people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapend1-2"}],"sub_title":"Exodus to Kwango Region and establishment of the Yaka kingdom","text":"King Kabamba led the exodus of the Lunda westward around the 17th century, the most organized expedition towards the conquest of the Kwango region in the kingdom of Kongo. Some Lunda had already preceded this. These Lunda conquerors were endowed with three major qualities: diplomacy, sociability and The organization, which enabled them to found the Yaka kingdom in the seventeenth century, harmoniously integrating the pre-established Kongo nations. The Lunda used this \"soft power\", more than fighting, to favor the union of the two peoples, Lunda and Kongo, under the kingdom Yaka. Ethnologists and sociologists unanimously agree that, throughout Belgian colonial history, this kingdom was one of the best organized and Especially the most resistant to Western penetration.[2]The name Yaka is a title that the Kongo gave to their warriors. Upon the arrival of Lunda, the kingdom of Kongo was already weakened by Portuguese incursions. Thus, the resistance that the Lunda find in the Kwango region is that of the isolated local tribes Kongo, including the Mbala, Tsamba, Hungana, Pindi, Ngongo, rather than that of a United Kongo kingdom. The Lunda, these \"biluwa\", or foreigners, which Nothing resisted on their passage, capable of catching bullets and arrows, were also called \"Iluwa\" (foreigners) or Bayaka (Catchers of the balls and the arrows). Both the Lunda that arrived and the kongo warriors had similar traits, hence the exact titles being given to them.[2]The Lunda, who had an interest in integrating into their political organization the local tribes who had not fled the invasion or who did not want to fight, had in turn adopted the identity \"Yaka\" which, in addition to conferring on them a title of nobility of the \"invincible\", integrated them better In their new country.[2]They had also gradually adopted the Kongo language (hence the Kiyaka language being spoken amongst them, an offshoot of Kikongo). Much more, Lunda chiefs married Kongo women. The offspring identified themselves as Yaka rather than Lunda. Thus, the Yaka appellation had established itself as a generic identity Of the Lunda and Kongo inhabiting territories area under the authority of the Kabamba -Lunda, namely the territories of Kabamba -Lunda, Kenge and Popokabaka.[2]The Lunda of Nzofu later came in the territory of Kahemba retain the Lunda identity and language. As for the territory of Feshi, they emigrated there in the middle of the 18th century from the Basuku, a group of Kongo, who disassociated themselves from the power of Kabamba -Lunda and whose leader \"Meni Kongo\" refused to submit to the authority of the latter. Some other Kongo groups: the Mbala, Tsamba, Hungana, Pindi and Ngongo, etc. Had already emigrated to the Kwilu, leaving behind them, brothers and sisters who, together with the Lunda, composed the Yaka kingdom. The five territories that make up Kwango are therefore a binational space, Kongo and Lunda.[2]The reconciliation is thus the end of the wars of conquest between Kongo ethnic groups and the Lunda in Kwango was sealed by a ceremony and a particular ceremony in which the chief Meni Kongo representing Of the original Tsamba clans of Feshi and the Lunda chiefs were to share parrot, dog and cat meat raw. At the end of this ceremony, the representatives of two nations buried their war weapons and promised peaceful coexistence forever. The Kongo and the Lunda of Kwango have lived in perfect harmony since the beginning of the 19th century.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Contact with European powers","text":"When the administration of Leopold II arrived in Kwango after their establishment in Bas-Congo, Kwango Was an organized kingdom; The power of Kabamba -Lunda was legitimized and respected by all the peoples, Kongo and Lunda. It was also well represented on the whole kingdom that stretched from Kabamba-Lunda to Popokabaka through the present territory of Kenge. Peace between the Bayaka (Kongo and Lunda under the power of the Kabamba -Lunda), their brothers, the Basuku of Meni Kongo in the Feshi and the Lunda of Nzofu in Kahemba.According to Crawford Young, the Lunda empires in Kwango and Katanga had understood that colonial occupation was an aggression to repel and fight. The other groups, apart from a few scattered revolts including that of Bapendé, had behaved as if the exploration and occupation of their spaces by strangers were normal. (C. Young, 1965: 295-6).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The resistance Of Kabamba against the European power","text":"By the year 1890, a skilled administrator named Dhanis came to negotiate his acceptance with King \"Kabamba\" faustin. It was not even with his replacement of the name of Dussart who sought to impose the Leopold administration on Kwango even by force. It was then that in 1892 and 1893 there were two wars ranked between the two armies, that of the Kabamba faustin and that of the Leopoldian administration in which there were considerable losses on both sides. If the principal Belgian agent perished in the first war of 1892, the one which followed in 1893 with a greater reinforcement of soldiers of the public force saw the assassination of the Kabamba faustin. It was also the beginning of the destabilization of the kings, but not that of the kingdom or the resistance. In fact, the kings who were enthroned after this revolting event showed themselves more intransigent with respect to submission to the power of whites. Thus, faced with repression, they had the choice either to go into exile with their brothers, the Lunda of Angola, or to undergo forced relegation to Banningville or elsewhere. Mulombo kings Désiré Nkulu and Chief Munene Nkenzi were deported respectively, while the kabamba Koko Kodia Puanga found refuge in Angola in 1915. After the two bloody wars of 1892 and 1893, when the Kwango was militarily armed, the resistance assumed passive form. This took many forms, ranging from the subtle violence by leopard men \"Masiona\" to civil disobedience and the refusal to serve any power of oppression, to participate in any enterprise or to obey any colonial injunction. It was this passive resistance that continued throughout the colonial era until independence. When in 1908, Leopold II ceded the Congo to Belgium, the colonial administration, to whom the narrative of the resistance Yaka had already been made, tried to occupy the Kwango by force, but she stumbled upon the civil resistance whose main manifestation was the refusal of cooperation with the colonial agents. Even after the assassination in 1893 of the kabamba Tsiimba Nkumbi, under which open resistance was waged, the Bayaka continued civic resistance. Because of the unfortunate incidents of the conflict, and after 2 years of colonial military siege, the colonial mission in Kwango was abandoned.That the Kwango hindered the colonial work and wished to overthrows the sovereignty of the Congo, in the hands of the colonial administration, which in turn forced to administration to put the Kwango on hold; Which meant that no development project could be undertaken. This did not prevent the Bayaka associating themselves with nationalists message of Lumumba, due to their strong presence in Kinshasa, only a century later, they heavily precipitate in the movement of independence, especially as the party that brought them together \"LUKA \"(The Kwangolese Union for Freedom and Independence) which had as its main objective the independence. The Bayaka, by their strong mobilization in Kinshasa, contributed strongly to the events that precipitated the independence of the Congo in 1959 - 1960.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Bayaka’s denigration","text":"The denigration of the Bayaka was originally the work of the colonial agents. The latter, after having abandoned the Kwango, were to create the division to better establish their authority in neighbouring Bas-Congo and Kwilu. Afterwards, they began spreading propaganda about the Bayaka, claiming them to be \"warriors and savages\", as they did not accept western civilization. This became the means of dividing and reigning. This is how, from the machinations of colonialists, stereotypes stick to the identity of Yaka, especially in Kinshasa, the capital, where all the tribes of the Congo eventually meet. Nevertheless, as can be seen in the writings of sociologists And Belgian ethnologists, the colonial administration recognized the organization and dynamism of the Bayaka. As all slanderous statements are made away from Kwango, or whispering, the Bayaka have imperturbably pursued their traditional activities in all areas: art, craftsmanship, construction, hunting, fishing and agriculture.The Bayaka fell victim to their exceptional resistance to colonial oppression and exploitation. Those of the Kwango, have among other things, resisted fiercely efforts of \"pacification\" of the Force Publique and Leopold II's administration.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaka_Nackenst%C3%BCtze_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_528.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Appui-t%C3%AAte-Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"The Yaka people are led by the kiambv (pl biambv), or the paramount chief. Governing a specific cluster of villages underneath the paramount chief are the forty one nobles, called bilio (sing. yilolo). Each of the villages is governed by an earth chief, called a tulamba (pl. kalamba).[6]: 8 Periodic tributes of parts of powerful animals such as leopard or elephants are periodically paid to the paramount chief by both the village and regional chiefs as a way to show respect to his authority.[7]: 66 Tributes were also paid in ndzimbu shell money which was an early substitute for currency.[7]: 37 Paramount chiefs are believed to rule over the underworld as well as the physical realm and are capable of seeing the activities of witches, called baloki. They are known to themselves partake in witchcraft and sorcery, receiving tributes and attaining blood debts by taking part in the witches’ cannibalist feasts and further indulge in it by transforming into a wild animal such as a leopard to keep antisocial actions in check. This use of witchcraft is permitted only if it is done to a limited extent and for the good of the community. Paramount chiefs are also expected to show off his powers of generation through his fertility, cultivating many wives and children, establishing links to other families and resources as well as mediating the life forces from the ancestors. A fertile chief is said to bring strong, authoritative leadership which brings order in the cycle of nature, control, and general prosperity, while sterility is said to be linked to weak leadership which brings disaster, famine and disease.[7]: 38–39A Yaka headrestA Yaka headrestThe paramount chief's authority was most signified by coiled rings around his ankle and arm that contain fibers and a sacrificial tendon wrapped in copper called the kazekedi or lukano.[6]: 10 [7]: 39–40 Another great signifier of chiefly rulership is the mbeele phoko, a double sided sword that is sheathed in a phallus shaped wood and hide sheath that embodies the founding ancestor and signifies the chief's role in maintaining order and securing food as well as his powers over life and death. It is only unsheathed in the special occasions of execution and warfare.[6]: 10 [7]: 40 The authority of the nobles was established by tsala, beaded hats form the top of which juts out a cone embellished with a tuft of feathers. Tsala are differentiated by the colors of their feathers. Tsala zi kanaangi, which had white feathers signify a higher rank than tsala zi nduwa, which had red feathers. White feathers could only be worn by lower rank chiefs when their superiors were not present.[8]: 32 The earth chiefs wore woven raffia headpieces called bweni as their symbols of authority.[8]: 32 Bewni commonly had between one and three crests running from the front to the back of the head.[7]: 66 Bweni must be worn throughout day and night as they were communal charms that protected from wicked influences.[6]: 9–10 [8]: 32 These headpieces required the use of a headrest, called musaw or m-baambu, as they were also worn as charms while sleeping.[6]: 10 These headrests were used to support the head just below the ear while one lies on their side. The headrests were carved from a single piece of wood and commonly featured imagery of a leopard, antelope, human, or a house with a pitched roof.[7]: 70 To prevent from wicked influences many Yaka headrests had charms that were either inserted into a premade cavity or attached to them to protect the owner from wicked influences while they slept.[6]: 10","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coupe_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YakaAdze.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"sub_title":"Reverence for elders","text":"A double mouthed kyopa cupA khaandu hatchetLineage elders command respect and authority in both life and death. Just as they strive to please them, they fear their disapproval. As a symbol of their favor, young men often offer gifts to their elders to secure kaolin. Similarly, elders offer gifts of palm wine and dried meat and mushrooms to the deceased ancestors to ask forgiveness for any responsibilities they’ve neglected. Offerings made to honor the ancestors are focused on the grave site. Many graves are constructed in dwellings or placed in enclosures where n-saanda and n-yoombu trees are planted. Requests are not made to specific individuals, but to one or two named ancestor as a bridge between the generations.[7]: 77 As a show of authority, matrilineage headmen carry khaandu hatchets on their shoulders when visiting kinsman. The hatchets feature elongated blades protruding from the mouths of heads carved on the handles which signifies the authority in its wielder's words.[7]: 45 Matrilineage headmen use wooden double mouthed cups called kyopa for the ceremonial drinking of palm wine. These cups are passed down through generations along with a lecture on how to treat other lineage members. The vessel’s shape is based on the form a squat gourd takes when split top to bottom. A bridge is carved into the middle of the cup to separate the two mouths.[7]: 56 The kyopa and the khaandu are both seen as extensions of missuungu, or the sacred container, which is never displayed and signifies the lineage's blood, unity, and structure of authority.[7]: 56–59","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"sub_title":"Divination","text":"The diviner, known as a ngoombu, is a specialist who can be male or whose main purpose is to find meaning in strange phenomena, periods of misfortune, sustained illness, and untimely death.[7]: 97During a divination session, the diviner sits across from the client and begins to chant influences of curses that may have been afflicted. It is not uncommon for the client’s relatives to be in attendance and to repeat the ends of the chants. Afterward, the client rubs his arms with kaolin and offers the diviner a ndzimbu shell which was wiped it on their brow to be placed with the spread of tools. The diviner then holds a charm packet behind a bowl of water or a hand mirror and begins to reveal the problem along with the locations of certain events, and names of the individuals involved. If the client is satisfied, they then give payment and indulges into more detail before the session is put on hold so the diviner can dream on the matter. The following day the diviner reveals the curse responsible for the client’s affliction.[7]: 97–98Divination equipment ranges from assorted packets, small containers, vials, bowls or hand mirrors, carved mbwoolo statuettes, and medicinal herbs and spices wrapped in a bundle of cloth.[7]: 98–100 Diviners often used mukoku slit drums that were topped with carved heads to provide rhythm for chants. The compartments in the drums are often used for mixing and serving medicines. The drum is struck with a baton that is attached to it by a cord. They can also be laid horizontally to be used as stools for the diviner. When not in use they are stood vertically with one end of the baton placed into the slit of the drum.[9]: 184 [7]: 100 Another important divination tool is a dog or jackal skull with ingredients for charms placed in the eye sockets.[7]: 100","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"sub_title":"Hunting","text":"The Yaka is a hunting society so above all else, a male in the Yaka tribe is a hunter. Hunting is more than just a way to provide food, it is a symbol of status and masculinity. Being a good hunter is a show of prosperity and being able to provide for one’s family and further their lineage.[9]: 184 [7]: 87 Before a group hunt, hunters are made to practice sexual abstinence, staying away from menstruating women, and resolving any outstanding conflicts. Bow and arrows, rifles, and lances are the hunter’s primary weapons, as well as the use of snares and traps. In group hunts hunters will often use long nets and dogs to surround their prey. Duiker, antelope, buffalo, and wild boar are the most commonly pursued animals.[7]: 87Before a hunt, men are signaled a few days prior by the playing of a whistle or a miniature flute, called a kasengo-sengo. The group agrees on a hunting site then sends gifts of palm wine and kola nuts to the earth chief for approval and as offerings to the ancestors. The hunters then gather together to lay their bows, arrows, guns, or lances down by the n-saanda tree. They then call upon the ancestors and settle any grievances from any past hunts and are given pieces of kaolin to rub on the forearm, bow, or barrel of the gun.[6]: 19 [7]: 87The leader of the hunt carries an elongated whistle around his neck, called a yimbila, in order to call his dong and signal the other hunters. It possesses an extension on its side with a hole that is used to alter its pitch, while the lower end is carved in the shape of a human head to protect from witches bringing bad luck to the hunt. There is a more spherical variety with a similar, but shorter side extension called a ndemba.[7]: 88In a hunt, the animal goes to whoever's arrow strikes it first. Though the owner of any other arrows that strike it as well as the dog that tracked it down. The land chief and political chief receive the rest of the portions. Animals that are capable of killing humans have their skins, teeth, or tusks given as tribute to the paramount chief. It is also customary to divide portions equally between one’s own dependents and the other lineage headmen, which is seen as a high honor.[6]: 19 [7]: 87–88","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masque_Yaka-Africa_Museum_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masque_kholuka_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale_(face_arri%C3%A8re).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Yaka_boy%27s_initiation_mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Nkanda","text":"A handheld nkanda maskA handheld nkanda maskA Nkanda mask (ndemba)An important part of the Yaka culture is the ceremony of nkanda, which is ceremony to present young men after they have undergone circumcision, and have gone through a set of rituals and activities that teaches them to be proper tribal members. Unlike the neighboring cultures who circumcise their children at birth, the Yaka wait to circumcise until they hit puberty. The village elders begin the initiation when they have a good amount of young adolescent boys. After the circumcision, the initiates, now tundansi, leave the village for anywhere from one to three years to advance their skills and be taught how to be proper men in their society, during which they are shut apart from other villagers, and are forbidden from seeing women. Their isolation only ends once their teachers, or tulombusi, along with the elders, deem them ready and then the ceremony begins. Usually, there are 5 participants, the top ranking tundansi from each group, with two pairs wearing similar masks, mondo and ndemba to the lowest and highest ranking pairs respectively, and the leader wearing a more unique mask called the kapita. These masks are made as less elaborate versions of the mbala. The ceremony's leading mask, the mbala, is worn by the leader of the tulombusi and is meticulously designed by both the sculptor and the wearer to amuse the spectators. The masks are crafted with bulging eyes, a prominent, upturned nose, and an open mouth, often with teeth exposed. The face is framed by a wooden projection that can be as simple as a visor or bonnet shape, or can encircle and the face completely, creating a literal frame. The masks have a variety of head pieces which can include horizontal disks supported by a single conical shape, three crests running down the head from front to back, or horizontal disks supported by a tapering cone with smaller spires jutting from out of the base. The masks are worn atop the head in a way that the dancers are easily identifiable during the ceremony. During the ceremony the tundansi masks are laid down to be inspected and judged on the colors, creativity, and overall execution to decide which among them are the most talented. The masks worn by are often very creative as they are carved by the tundansi themselves and there are no restrictions placed on their subject matter. The masks can be decorated with animals, human figures, or even machines such as airplanes. Some masks have even been shown to have satirical caricatures of white people or other village members. Due to only being made for single use, the masks are quick to decay as they have little protection against damage from things like termites.[7]: 119–121 [10]: 41–42","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaka_Maske_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_503.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_L_0095.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masque_kwesi_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ndeemba_mask_-_Yaka,_Popokabaka,_Southern_Bandundu,_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06659.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mask_for_circumcision_(makeng)_-_Yaka_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06444.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masque_anthropomorphe,_Yaka,_71.1930.62.1,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Masks","text":"In Yaka culture, masks are believed to have spiritual power and are used to communicate with the spirit world. They are often worn by dancers and performers during ceremonies and rituals and are thought to embody the spirits of ancestors and other supernatural beings.[7]: 125Yaka masks are typically made from wood and are often painted with bright colors or adorned with raffia, shells, and other decorative elements. They are used in a variety of cultural and religious contexts, including initiation ceremonies, funerals, and healing rituals. Yaka masks are carved in distinct styles, which are characterized by elaborate features such as oblong faces, helmet-shaped exteriors in the shape of either human, antelope, or buffalo heads, armature like framework attached to the headpieces, or the lack of carved facial features.[7]: 145A prominent mask style is the kholuka which is used in male initiation ceremonies and is believed to embody the spirit of a powerful warrior. The mask features a fierce, expressive face that is distinctively masculine. It possesses a prominent forehead crest and may be adorned with assorted decorative elements. The mask’s broad nose, large eyes, and wide, toothy grin, are intended to convey a sense of power and vitality. They also commonly feature a figure or figures attached to the headpiece.[6]: 51–52Another prominent style is the kakuungu which has the primary purpose of instilling fear and is considered to be well-made when it can do so at first glance. The mask is long and narrow and it features a high, pointed forehead and a small, closed mouth. The mask's most distinctive features are its deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, as well as its inflated cheeks and pronounced chin. The mask surface may also be adorned with intricate patterns carved into the wood which may have symbolic meanings related to death, the afterlife, and other spiritual concepts.[6]: 53–54A Yaka maskA Yaka nkanda maskA Yaka kholuka maskA Yaka nkanda mask (ndemba)A Yaka maskA Yaka mask","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Power_figure,_Yaka_people,_DR_Congo,_wood,_red_camwood_powder_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08947.JPG"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tambour_%C3%A0_fente_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tambour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambour"}],"sub_title":"Statuettes","text":"Yaka mbwoolo statuettes are typically carved from a single piece of wood and feature a highly abstracted human form, with arms and legs that are often thin and elongated, and small heads with simplified facial expressions. It is common for figures to be crafted in pairs and have missing limbs, swollen or spiraling torsos, and having multiple figures atop each other. They can be decorated with metal or glass beads, cowrie shells, and other adornments, which are believed to enhance their spiritual power.[9]: 184 [11]: 61A Yaka mbwoolo statuetteThe statuettes have widespread use in Yaka society. The statuettes are used to assist with interpreting dreams and communicating with the ancestors in divination rituals as it is believed the statues have the ability to provide insight into the past, present, and future. The statuettes are also used in healing rituals. They are rubbed with medicinal substances, or less often the substances were placed in the cavities in the figures’ abdomens, and are believed to have the power to cure diseases and ailments. They are also used in protection rituals to ward off evil spirits and to provide spiritual protection to individuals or communities. Without these, the statuettes have no meaning and are just waiting to be prepared with these substances.[9]: 184 [6]: 26–27A carved Yaka Tambour (drum).","title":"Art"}]	[{"image_text":"A Yaka people's mask at the Brooklyn Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brooklyn_Museum_1991.172.1_Anthropomorphic_Mask.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_1991.172.1_Anthropomorphic_Mask.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka headrest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yaka_Nackenst%C3%BCtze_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_528.jpg/156px-Yaka_Nackenst%C3%BCtze_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_528.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka headrest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Appui-t%C3%AAte-Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg/156px-Appui-t%C3%AAte-Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"image_text":"A double mouthed kyopa cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coupe_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg/220px-Coupe_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"image_text":"A khaandu hatchet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/YakaAdze.jpg/220px-YakaAdze.jpg"},{"image_text":"A handheld nkanda mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Masque_Yaka-Africa_Museum_%281%29.jpg/89px-Masque_Yaka-Africa_Museum_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A handheld nkanda mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Masque_kholuka_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale_%28face_arri%C3%A8re%29.jpg/96px-Masque_kholuka_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale_%28face_arri%C3%A8re%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Nkanda mask (ndemba)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Yaka_boy%27s_initiation_mask.jpg/85px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Yaka_boy%27s_initiation_mask.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yaka_Maske_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_503.jpg/188px-Yaka_Maske_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_503.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka nkanda mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mus%C3%A9e_L_0095.jpg/172px-Mus%C3%A9e_L_0095.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka kholuka mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Masque_kwesi_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg/266px-Masque_kwesi_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka nkanda mask (ndemba)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ndeemba_mask_-_Yaka%2C_Popokabaka%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06659.JPG/146px-Ndeemba_mask_-_Yaka%2C_Popokabaka%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06659.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Yaka mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mask_for_circumcision_%28makeng%29_-_Yaka_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06444.JPG/199px-Mask_for_circumcision_%28makeng%29_-_Yaka_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06444.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Yaka mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Masque_anthropomorphe%2C_Yaka%2C_71.1930.62.1%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/310px-Masque_anthropomorphe%2C_Yaka%2C_71.1930.62.1%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yaka mbwoolo statuette","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Power_figure%2C_Yaka_people%2C_DR_Congo%2C_wood%2C_red_camwood_powder_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08947.JPG/109px-Power_figure%2C_Yaka_people%2C_DR_Congo%2C_wood%2C_red_camwood_powder_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08947.JPG"},{"image_text":"A carved Yaka Tambour (drum).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tambour_%C3%A0_fente_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale_%281%29.jpg/220px-Tambour_%C3%A0_fente_Yaka-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale_%281%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Les Meres Fondatrices de la Nation Kongo\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mbokamosika.com/article-les-meres-fondatrices-de-la-nation-kongo-117216979.html","url_text":"\"Les Meres Fondatrices de la Nation Kongo\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Lambek; Andrew Strathern (1998). Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-521-62737-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lambek","url_text":"Michael Lambek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andew_Strathern&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Andrew Strathern"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LBLf6-jm7AQC&pg=PA133","url_text":"Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62737-5","url_text":"978-0-521-62737-5"}]},{"reference":"Bourgeois, Arthur P. (2014). Yaka. Milan, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7439-515-6. OCLC 883516022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883516022","url_text":"Yaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7439-515-6","url_text":"978-88-7439-515-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883516022","url_text":"883516022"}]},{"reference":"Bourgeois, Arthur P. (1984). Art of the Yaka and Suku. Meudon, France: A. et F. Chaffin. ISBN 2-904005-01-3. OCLC 10962438.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10962438","url_text":"Art of the Yaka and Suku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-904005-01-3","url_text":"2-904005-01-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10962438","url_text":"10962438"}]},{"reference":"Bourgeois, Arthur P. (1982). \"Yaka and Suku Leadership Headgear\". African Arts. 15 (3): 30–92. doi:10.2307/3335908. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3335908.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335908","url_text":"\"Yaka and Suku Leadership Headgear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3335908","url_text":"10.2307/3335908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","url_text":"0001-9933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335908","url_text":"3335908"}]},{"reference":"Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste (1998). The tribal arts of Africa. New York. ISBN 0-500-01870-7. OCLC 40441052.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40441052","url_text":"The tribal arts of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01870-7","url_text":"0-500-01870-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40441052","url_text":"40441052"}]},{"reference":"Adelman, Kenneth Lee (1975). \"The Art of the Yaka\". African Arts. 9 (1): 41–43. doi:10.2307/3334980. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3334980.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334980","url_text":"\"The Art of the Yaka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3334980","url_text":"10.2307/3334980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","url_text":"0001-9933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334980","url_text":"3334980"}]},{"reference":"Bourgeois, Arthur P. (May 1979). \"Mbwoolo Sculpture of the Yaka\". African Arts. 12 (3): 58–96. doi:10.2307/3335580. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3335580.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3335580","url_text":"\"Mbwoolo Sculpture of the Yaka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3335580","url_text":"10.2307/3335580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","url_text":"0001-9933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335580","url_text":"3335580"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yaka+people%22","external_links_name":"\"Yaka people\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yaka+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yaka+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yaka+people%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yaka+people%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yaka+people%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yaka","external_links_name":"Yaka people"},{"Link":"http://www.mbokamosika.com/article-les-meres-fondatrices-de-la-nation-kongo-117216979.html","external_links_name":"\"Les Meres Fondatrices de la Nation Kongo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LBLf6-jm7AQC&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia"},{"Link":"https://africa.uima.uiowa.edu/peoples/show/Yaka","external_links_name":"Yaka: Art and Life in Africa"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883516022","external_links_name":"Yaka"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883516022","external_links_name":"883516022"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10962438","external_links_name":"Art of the Yaka and Suku"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10962438","external_links_name":"10962438"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335908","external_links_name":"\"Yaka and Suku Leadership Headgear\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3335908","external_links_name":"10.2307/3335908"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","external_links_name":"0001-9933"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335908","external_links_name":"3335908"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40441052","external_links_name":"The tribal arts of Africa"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40441052","external_links_name":"40441052"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334980","external_links_name":"\"The Art of the Yaka\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3334980","external_links_name":"10.2307/3334980"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","external_links_name":"0001-9933"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334980","external_links_name":"3334980"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3335580","external_links_name":"\"Mbwoolo Sculpture of the Yaka\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3335580","external_links_name":"10.2307/3335580"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","external_links_name":"0001-9933"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335580","external_links_name":"3335580"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX542687","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949666f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949666f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282572105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012501","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027460711","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_League_Cup	Cumbria League Cup	["1 Cumbria League Cup winners","2 Number of wins","3 Notes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	UK rugby union knockout club Cumbria League CupSportRugby UnionInstituted2011; 13 years ago (2011)Number of teams13Country EnglandHoldersWhitehaven (1st title) (2017-18)Most titlesKeswick (2 titles)WebsiteCumbria Rugby Union The Cumbria League Cup is an annual rugby union knockout club competition organized by the Cumbria Rugby Union. It was first introduced during the 2011-12 season and the inaugural winners were Keswick. It is the second most important cup competition in Cumbria, behind the Cumbria Cup but ahead of the Cumbria Shield. The Cumbria League Cup is currently open to club sides playing at tier 8 (Cumbria League) of the English rugby union league system. The present format is a knockout cup with a preliminary round, first round, semi-finals and final to be held at a neutral venue in April-May. Cumbria League Cup winners Cumbria League Cup Finals Season Winner Score Runners–up Venue 2011-12 Keswick N/A Whitehaven N/A 2012-13 No competition 2013-14 Furness 46-22 Egremont 2014-15 Silloth 35-24 Moresby Grassmoor Sports Centre, Cockermouth 2015-16 Egremont 25-17 Furness Wilson Park, Haverigg, Millom 2016-17 Keswick 23-11 Whitehaven Grassmoor Sports Centre, Cockermouth 2017-18 Whitehaven 20-15 (aet) Upper Eden Lowmoor Road, Wigton Number of wins Keswick (2) Egremont (1) Furness (1) Silloth (1) Whitehaven (1) Notes ^ The 2012 League Cup featured a 3 team round-robin between the top sides in the Cumbria League that season. Keswick finished top of this mini league after 4 games to finish as League Cup champions. See also Cumbria Rugby Union Cumbria Cup Cumbria Shield Westmorland & Furness Cup References ^ "Cup Fixtures for Season 2015/16 (Word Doc)". Cumbria RU. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017. ^ a b "Fine finish to a record-breaking year". Cumberland & Westmorland Herald. 27 April 2012. ^ "Sport Review of the Year: April to June". North West Evening Mail. Retrieved 14 July 2017. ^ "Silloth beat Moresby to secure league and cup double". News & Star. 12 May 2015. ^ "Cumbria League Cup Final Confirmed 9th May 3pm Cockermouth". Silloth Tigers (Twitter). 24 March 2015. ^ "Cup Final Winners". Egremont RUFC (Pitchero). 16 May 2016. ^ "Keswick lift the Cumbria League Cup and complete the double". News & Star. 18 April 2017. ^ "Congratulations @WhitehavenRUFC". BBC Cumbria (Twitter). 28 April 2018. ^ "Cumbria League Cup - Previous Winners (Word Doc)". Cumbria RU. Retrieved 14 July 2017. External links Cumbria RU vte Rugby union in EnglandGoverning body Rugby Football Union Rugby Football Union for Women (merged into the RFU) National teamsMen's England England A 7's U-21 U-20 U-18 British & Irish Lions England Counties XV Women's Women's 7's International competitionsMen's World Cup Six Nations Rugby World Cup Sevens Sevens World Series Sevens Grand Prix Series Commonwealth Games Women's World Cup Six Nations World Series Sevens Competition divisionsMen's Premiership Championship National Leagues London and SE Division Northern Division Midland Division South West Division United Hospitals Cup Women's Premiership Women's Rugby European competitions European Rugby Champions Cup European Rugby Challenge Cup National competitions Premiership Rugby Premiership Cup RFU Championship Championship Cup National League 1 National League 2 East National League 2 North National League 2 West RFU Intermediate Cup RFU Senior Vase RFU Junior Vase Premiership Rugby Sevens Series Women's Premiership Premier 15s London and South East competitions Regional 1 South East Regional 1 South Central Regional 2 South Central Regional 2 South East Regional 2 Thames London 1 North London 2 North East London 2 North West London 2 South East London 2 South West London 3 North West London 3 South East London 3 South West London 3 Eastern Counties London 3 Essex Eastern Counties 1 Eastern Counties 2 Eastern Counties 3 Essex 1 Hampshire Premier Hampshire 1 Hampshire Cups Herts/Middlesex 1 Herts/Middlesex 2 Hertfordshire Cups Middlesex Cups Kent 1 Kent 2 Kent Cups Surrey 1 Counties 2 Surrey Counties 3 Surrey Counties 4 Surrey Counties 5 Surrey Surrey Cups Sussex 1 Sussex Cups Midland competitions Regional 1 Midlands Regional 2 North Midlands Regional 2 West Midlands Regional 2 East Midlands Midlands 2 West (North) Midlands 2 West (South) Midlands 2 East (North) Midlands 2 East (South) Midlands 3 West (North) Midlands 3 West (South) Midlands 3 East (North) Midlands 3 East (South) Midlands 4 West (North) Midlands 4 West (South) Midlands 4 East (North) Midlands 4 East (South) Midlands 5 West (South) Leicestershire Cups North Midlands Cups Staffordshire Cups Warwickshire Cups Northern competitions Regional 1 North East Regional 1 North West Regional 2 North Regional 2 North East Regional 2 North West North 1 East North 1 West North 2 West Lancs/Cheshire 1 Lancs/Cheshire 2 Cheshire Cups Lancashire Cups Counties 1 Cumbria Cumbria Cups Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland Counties 2 Durham & Northumberland Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland Durham Cups Northumberland Cups Counties 1 Yorkshire Counties 2 Yorkshire Counties 3 Yorkshire Counties 4 Yorkshire Yorkshire Cups South West competitions Regional 1 South West Regional 2 Severn Regional 2 South West Counties 1 Southern North Counties 1 Southern South Counties 1 Western North Counties 1 Western West Counties 2 Cornwall Counties 3 Cornwall Cornwall Cups Counties 2 Devon Counties 3 Devon East Counties 3 Devon West Devon Cups Gloucester Premier Gloucester 1 Gloucester 2 North Gloucester 2 South Gloucestershire Cups Somerset Premier Somerset 1 Somerset 2 North Somerset 2 South Somerset 3 North Somerset 3 South Somerset Cups Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier Oxfordshire Cups Dorset & Wilts 1 North Dorset & Wilts 1 South Dorset & Wilts 2 North Dorset & Wilts 2 South Dorset & Wilts 3 North County competitions Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Discontinued competitions Anglo-Welsh Cup Cornwall/Devon League Divisional Championship National League 2 South North Premier RFU Knockout Cup South West 1 East Related articles International players Clubs Churchill Cup Calcutta Cup Millennium Trophy Ella-Mobbs Trophy Hillary Shield Other English rugby union system Timeline of rugby union on UK television	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Cumbria Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Keswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keswick_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Cumbria Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cumbria Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Shield"},{"link_name":"Cumbria League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_League"},{"link_name":"English rugby union league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Cumbria League Cup is an annual rugby union knockout club competition organized by the Cumbria Rugby Union. It was first introduced during the 2011-12 season and the inaugural winners were Keswick. It is the second most important cup competition in Cumbria, behind the Cumbria Cup but ahead of the Cumbria Shield.The Cumbria League Cup is currently open to club sides playing at tier 8 (Cumbria League) of the English rugby union league system. The present format is a knockout cup with a preliminary round, first round, semi-finals and final to be held at a neutral venue in April-May.[1]","title":"Cumbria League Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"[9]","title":"Cumbria League Cup winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keswick_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egremont_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furness_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silloth_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whitehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehaven_RUFC"}],"text":"Keswick (2)\nEgremont (1)\nFurness (1)\nSilloth (1)\nWhitehaven (1)","title":"Number of wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Cumbria League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_League_Cup-2"}],"text":"^ The 2012 League Cup featured a 3 team round-robin between the top sides in the Cumbria League that season. Keswick finished top of this mini league after 4 games to finish as League Cup champions.[2]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cumbria Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Rugby_Union"},{"title":"Cumbria Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Cup"},{"title":"Cumbria Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria_Shield"},{"title":"Westmorland & Furness Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Cup"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cup Fixtures for Season 2015/16 (Word Doc)\". Cumbria RU. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170107053055/http://files.pitchero.com/counties/26/1440677472.docx","url_text":"\"Cup Fixtures for Season 2015/16 (Word Doc)\""},{"url":"http://files.pitchero.com/counties/26/1440677472.docx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fine finish to a record-breaking year\". Cumberland & Westmorland Herald. 27 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://cwherald.com/a/archive/fine-finish-to-a-record-breaking-year.391015.html","url_text":"\"Fine finish to a record-breaking year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sport Review of the Year: April to June\". North West Evening Mail. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwemail.co.uk/sport/other-sport/article/bfont-colorredSport-Review-of-the-Year-fontbApril-to-June-0a12be52-9ff9-4865-818f-f5b64b20de73-ds","url_text":"\"Sport Review of the Year: April to June\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silloth beat Moresby to secure league and cup double\". News & Star. 12 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/Silloth-beat-Moresby-to-secure-league-and-cup-double-7528d142-9c16-46b7-a6f2-923866075a25-ds","url_text":"\"Silloth beat Moresby to secure league and cup double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cumbria League Cup Final Confirmed 9th May 3pm Cockermouth\". Silloth Tigers (Twitter). 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/sillothtigers/status/580473773503188995","url_text":"\"Cumbria League Cup Final Confirmed 9th May 3pm Cockermouth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cup Final Winners\". Egremont RUFC (Pitchero). 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/egremont/teams/62995/news/cumbria-league-cup-final-1615869.html","url_text":"\"Cup Final Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keswick lift the Cumbria League Cup and complete the double\". News & Star. 18 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/article/Keswick-lift-the-Cumbria-League-Cup-and-complete-the-double-36178313-07ee-491c-8b0f-e5ee581e8d9c-ds","url_text":"\"Keswick lift the Cumbria League Cup and complete the double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congratulations @WhitehavenRUFC\". BBC Cumbria (Twitter). 28 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/bbccumbriasport/status/990289544045096960","url_text":"\"Congratulations @WhitehavenRUFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cumbria League Cup - Previous Winners (Word Doc)\". Cumbria RU. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://files.pitchero.com/counties/26/1445864660.docx","url_text":"\"Cumbria League Cup - Previous Winners (Word Doc)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://cumbriarfu.pitchero.com/","external_links_name":"Cumbria Rugby Union"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170107053055/http://files.pitchero.com/counties/26/1440677472.docx","external_links_name":"\"Cup Fixtures for Season 2015/16 (Word Doc)\""},{"Link":"http://files.pitchero.com/counties/26/1440677472.docx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cwherald.com/a/archive/fine-finish-to-a-record-breaking-year.391015.html","external_links_name":"\"Fine finish to a record-breaking year\""},{"Link":"http://www.nwemail.co.uk/sport/other-sport/article/bfont-colorredSport-Review-of-the-Year-fontbApril-to-June-0a12be52-9ff9-4865-818f-f5b64b20de73-ds","external_links_name":"\"Sport Review of the Year: April to June\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/Silloth-beat-Moresby-to-secure-league-and-cup-double-7528d142-9c16-46b7-a6f2-923866075a25-ds","external_links_name":"\"Silloth beat Moresby to secure league and cup double\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/sillothtigers/status/580473773503188995","external_links_name":"\"Cumbria League Cup Final Confirmed 9th May 3pm Cockermouth\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/egremont/teams/62995/news/cumbria-league-cup-final-1615869.html","external_links_name":"\"Cup Final Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/article/Keswick-lift-the-Cumbria-League-Cup-and-complete-the-double-36178313-07ee-491c-8b0f-e5ee581e8d9c-ds","external_links_name":"\"Keswick lift the Cumbria League Cup and complete the double\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/bbccumbriasport/status/990289544045096960","external_links_name":"\"Congratulations @WhitehavenRUFC\""},{"Link":"http://files.pitchero.com/counties/26/1445864660.docx","external_links_name":"\"Cumbria League Cup - Previous Winners (Word Doc)\""},{"Link":"http://cumbriarfu.pitchero.com/","external_links_name":"Cumbria RU"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Fish	Bert Fish	["1 Early life","2 Politics and diplomacy","2.1 Ambassador to Egypt","2.2 Ambassador to Saudi Arabia","2.3 Service in Portugal","3 Legacy","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]	American diplomat (1875–1943)Bert FishUnited States Ambassador to PortugalIn officeMarch 26, 1941 – July 21, 1943Preceded byHerbert Claiborne PellSucceeded byRaymond Henry NorwebUnited States Ambassador to Saudi ArabiaIn officeFebruary 4, 1940 – February 28, 1941Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byAlexander Comstock KirkUnited States Ambassador to EgyptIn officeDecember 2, 1933 – February 28, 1941Preceded byWilliam M. JardineSucceeded byAlexander Comstock Kirk Personal detailsBorn(1875-10-08)October 8, 1875Bedford, Indiana, USDiedJuly 21, 1943(1943-07-21) (aged 67)Lisbon, Portugal Bert Fish (October 8, 1875 – July 21, 1943) was an American lawyer, judge, philanthropist, and ambassador. Early life Fish originally hailed from Bedford, Indiana, but moved to Volusia County, Florida in 1881. He became the Superintendent of the Volusia County Schools district when he was 25, and went on to study at Stetson Law School and becoming a founding member of Stetson University's Sigma Nu chapter, graduating and being admitted to the Florida bar in 1902. Fish then joined a law partnership in DeLand, and from 1904 to 1910 served as a judge. Politics and diplomacy Fish was the finance director of the Democratic National Committee and Franklin Roosevelt's Florida Campaign Manager during the 1932 presidential election and a reputed friend of Senator Claude Pepper. Ambassador to Egypt Upon Roosevelt's victory, Fish received the ambassadorship to Egypt, being appointed on September 6, 1933, and presenting his credentials December 2, 1933; because his appointment came while the Senate was in recess, he was subsequently confirmed on January 15, 1934 and recommissioned. As part of Fish's assignment in Egypt he would try to improve relations between Egypt, the United Kingdom and United States. During this time Egypt was a protectorate of the United Kingdom. At an April 12, 1937 international conference in Montreux, Switzerland Fish said Egypt had the right to govern and ability to do so which surprised foreign diplomats. This led to a new treaty being signed on May 8 which gave Egypt the ability to oversee its own laws and taxes without the British intervening. While serving in Egypt, Bert was seen positively because of his comment at the 1937 conference. Apart from his regular duties, he also enjoyed seeing the Egyptian pyramids and looking at "other antiquities" in his government issued Packard Super 8 car. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia Though still residing in Cairo, Fish was appointed the first U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1939, presenting his credentials on February 4, 1940. Roosevelt's Administration wanted to have diplomatic relations begun with Saudi Arabia before the Japanese and/or German governments could do so because of their oil interests; with both the Japanese and Germans failing to do so. In the next few months he would still have his headquarters in Cairo but did frequently go to Jeddah. In mid-1940 he contacted Florida US Senator Claude Pepper who was on the US House Committee of Foreign Relations about being reassigned to Turkey. He left both assignments on February 28, 1941. That February he took a steamer down the Red Sea to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where he gave a silver-framed photograph of Roosevelt to King Ibn Saud and was treated to a banquet by Prince Faisal. Service in Portugal Even before terminating these assignments, Fish was appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal on February 11, 1941, and presented credentials on March 26, 1941. At the time of his appointment Portugal was one of the only few countries in Europe that was neutral in World War II and in 1941 relations between the United States and Portugal were cooling down. When the United States entered the war, Secreatary of State Cordell Hull would push Fish to concentrate on: getting higher imports of tungsten from Portugal, US landing rights in the Azores and returning Allied pilots and planes who were stuck in Portugal. Fish was not successful in getting more tungsten imports but was able to get some of the pilots who were interned out of Portugal. In June 1943 he asked Senator Pepper to give his posting the status of embassy and the position of ambassador but Roosevelt did not act on this due to Portugal's neutrality. While at his new post he became ill, and later died of a heart attack on July 21, 1943 He received a Portuguese state funeral when he died being buried in Lisbon temporarily before he was reburied in the United States later that year in DeLand, Florida at the Oakdale Cemetery. Legacy The American diplomat and historian George F. Kennan who served under Bert Fish in Lisbon, in his memoirs, describes Fish as a shrewd and amiable diplomat but placid and inactive, spending most of his days in an armchair in his room and seldom appearing at the legation chancery. Bert Fish was recognized as a "Great Floridian" with a commemorative plaque for significant contributions to the history and culture of Florida. His Great Floridian plaque is located at the Fish Building, 100 North Woodland Boulevard, DeLand. Awards In 1935 Stetson University bestowed an honorary LL.D. degree on Fish. References ^ "BERT FISH I8 DEAD; U. 8. DIPLOMAT, 6/; Minister 'to Portugal Since 1941 Succumbs in Lisbon After 2 Weeks' Illness SERVED IN EGYPT 8 YEARS Also Our Minister to Saudi ArabiaPracticed Law in Florida 24 Years". The New York Times. 22 July 1943. ^ a b c "Bert Fish is Dead; U.S. Diplomat, 67". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1943-07-22. ^ "Judge Bert Fish". Volusia County Heritage. Retrieved 2009-01-23. ^ a b "Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Egypt". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-23. ^ a b c d e Johnston, Sidney (1999). "Bert Fish: From Volusia County Courthouse to American Embassy". Florida Historical Quarterly. 78 (4) – via STARS. ^ a b "Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Saudi Arabia". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-23. ^ "Fish to Jidda". Time. 1940-02-19. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ "Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Portugal". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-23. ^ Kennan, George F. (1967), Memoirs: 1925–1950, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, OCLC 484922 ^ "Ambassador Bert Fish - DeLand, Florida". Florida Memory. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ "Great Floridians 2000 Program". Florida Division of Historical Resources. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ "Bert Fish Collection". University of Miami Libraries. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ "Bert Fish, Florida Envoy Dies at His Lisbon Post". St. Petersburg Times. July 22, 1943. Retrieved 5 December 2015. External links Bert Fish Medical Center Fish's webpage, Office of the Historian vte United States Ambassadors to Portugal Minister Plenipotentiary Humphreys (Minister Resident) Smith Sumter Graham Dearborn (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary) Chargé d'Affaires Brent Kavanagh Barrow Rencher Hopkins Clay Haddock O'Sullivan Minister Resident O'Sullivan G. Morgan Harvey Shellabarger C. Lewis Moran Moran (chargé d'affaires) Minister Resident/Consul General Francis Richmond E. Lewis Loring Batcheller Pierce Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Caruth Townsend Irwin Loomis Bryan Gage E. Morgan Woods Birch Dearing South Caldwell Pell Fish Norweb Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary Norweb Baruch Wiley MacVeagh Cannon Guggenheim Bonbright Elbrick Anderson Bennett Knight Scott Carlucci Bloomfield Holmes Shakespeare Rowell Briggs Bagley McGowan Palmer Hoffman Stephenson Katz Sherman Glass Levine vteUnited States Ambassadors to Saudi Arabia Fish Kirk Moose Eddy Childs Hare Wadsworth Heath Hart Eilts Thacher Akins Porter West Neumann Murphy Cutler Horan Cutler Freeman Mabus Fowler Jordan Oberwetter Fraker Smith Westphal Abizaid Ratney Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"philanthropist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"}],"text":"Bert Fish (October 8, 1875 – July 21, 1943) was an American lawyer, judge, philanthropist, and ambassador.","title":"Bert Fish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Volusia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Volusia County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County_Schools"},{"link_name":"Stetson Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetson_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Sigma Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Nu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"DeLand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLand,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fish originally hailed from Bedford, Indiana,[2] but moved to Volusia County, Florida in 1881. He became the Superintendent of the Volusia County Schools district when he was 25, and went on to study at Stetson Law School and becoming a founding member of Stetson University's Sigma Nu chapter, graduating and being admitted to the Florida bar in 1902.[2] Fish then joined a law partnership in DeLand, and from 1904 to 1910 served as a judge.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"1932 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Claude Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pepper"}],"text":"Fish was the finance director of the Democratic National Committee and Franklin Roosevelt's Florida Campaign Manager during the 1932 presidential election and a reputed friend of Senator Claude Pepper.","title":"Politics and diplomacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambassadorship to Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egypt-4"},{"link_name":"Montreux, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux"},{"link_name":"Packard Super 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Super_Eight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Ambassador to Egypt","text":"Upon Roosevelt's victory, Fish received the ambassadorship to Egypt, being appointed on September 6, 1933, and presenting his credentials December 2, 1933; because his appointment came while the Senate was in recess, he was subsequently confirmed on January 15, 1934 and recommissioned.[4] As part of Fish's assignment in Egypt he would try to improve relations between Egypt, the United Kingdom and United States. During this time Egypt was a protectorate of the United Kingdom. At an April 12, 1937 international conference in Montreux, Switzerland Fish said Egypt had the right to govern and ability to do so which surprised foreign diplomats. This led to a new treaty being signed on May 8 which gave Egypt the ability to oversee its own laws and taxes without the British intervening. While serving in Egypt, Bert was seen positively because of his comment at the 1937 conference. Apart from his regular duties, he also enjoyed seeing the Egyptian pyramids and looking at \"other antiquities\" in his government issued Packard Super 8 car.[5]","title":"Politics and diplomacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-6"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egypt-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-6"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Faisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Ambassador to Saudi Arabia","text":"Though still residing in Cairo, Fish was appointed the first U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1939, presenting his credentials on February 4, 1940.[6] Roosevelt's Administration wanted to have diplomatic relations begun with Saudi Arabia before the Japanese and/or German governments could do so because of their oil interests; with both the Japanese and Germans failing to do so. In the next few months he would still have his headquarters in Cairo but did frequently go to Jeddah. In mid-1940 he contacted Florida US Senator Claude Pepper who was on the US House Committee of Foreign Relations about being reassigned to Turkey.[5]He left both assignments on February 28, 1941.[4][6] That February he took a steamer down the Red Sea to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where he gave a silver-framed photograph of Roosevelt to King Ibn Saud and was treated to a banquet by Prince Faisal.[7]","title":"Politics and diplomacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cordell Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Service in Portugal","text":"Even before terminating these assignments, Fish was appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal on February 11, 1941, and presented credentials on March 26, 1941.[8] At the time of his appointment Portugal was one of the only few countries in Europe that was neutral in World War II and in 1941 relations between the United States and Portugal were cooling down. When the United States entered the war, Secreatary of State Cordell Hull would push Fish to concentrate on: getting higher imports of tungsten from Portugal, US landing rights in the Azores and returning Allied pilots and planes who were stuck in Portugal. Fish was not successful in getting more tungsten imports but was able to get some of the pilots who were interned out of Portugal. In June 1943 he asked Senator Pepper to give his posting the status of embassy and the position of ambassador but Roosevelt did not act on this due to Portugal's neutrality.[5]While at his new post he became ill, and later died of a heart attack on July 21, 1943[2][5] He received a Portuguese state funeral when he died being buried in Lisbon temporarily before he was reburied in the United States later that year in DeLand, Florida at the Oakdale Cemetery.[5]","title":"Politics and diplomacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George F. Kennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Kennan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"\"Great Floridian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Great_Floridians"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The American diplomat and historian George F. Kennan who served under Bert Fish in Lisbon, in his memoirs, describes Fish as a shrewd and amiable diplomat but placid and inactive, spending most of his days in an armchair in his room and seldom appearing at the legation chancery.[9]Bert Fish was recognized as a \"Great Floridian\" with a commemorative plaque for significant contributions to the history and culture of Florida. His Great Floridian plaque is located at the Fish Building, 100 North Woodland Boulevard, DeLand.[10][11]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stetson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetson_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1935 Stetson University bestowed an honorary LL.D. degree on Fish.[12][13]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BERT FISH I8 DEAD; U. 8. DIPLOMAT, 6/; Minister 'to Portugal Since 1941 Succumbs in Lisbon After 2 Weeks' Illness SERVED IN EGYPT 8 YEARS Also Our Minister to Saudi ArabiaPracticed Law in Florida 24 Years\". The New York Times. 22 July 1943.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1943/07/22/archives/bert-fish-i8-dead-u-8-diplomat-6-minister-to-portugal-since-1941.html?smid=url-share","url_text":"\"BERT FISH I8 DEAD; U. 8. DIPLOMAT, 6/; Minister 'to Portugal Since 1941 Succumbs in Lisbon After 2 Weeks' Illness SERVED IN EGYPT 8 YEARS Also Our Minister to Saudi ArabiaPracticed Law in Florida 24 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bert Fish is Dead; U.S. Diplomat, 67\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1943-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1943/07/22/archives/bert-fish-i8-dead-u-8-diplomat-6-minister-to-portugal-since-1941.html","url_text":"\"Bert Fish is Dead; U.S. Diplomat, 67\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Bert Fish\". Volusia County Heritage. Retrieved 2009-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://216.157.37.6/history/bertfish.htm","url_text":"\"Judge Bert Fish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Egypt\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10502.htm","url_text":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Sidney (1999). \"Bert Fish: From Volusia County Courthouse to American Embassy\". Florida Historical Quarterly. 78 (4) – via STARS.","urls":[{"url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4257&context=fhq","url_text":"\"Bert Fish: From Volusia County Courthouse to American Embassy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Saudi Arabia\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11214.htm","url_text":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fish to Jidda\". Time. 1940-02-19. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved 2009-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211125334/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763514-1,00.html","url_text":"\"Fish to Jidda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763514-1,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Portugal\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11147.htm","url_text":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"Kennan, George F. (1967), Memoirs: 1925–1950, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, OCLC 484922","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/484922","url_text":"484922"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador Bert Fish - DeLand, Florida\". Florida Memory. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/139622","url_text":"\"Ambassador Bert Fish - DeLand, Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Floridians 2000 Program\". Florida Division of Historical Resources. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/great-floridians-program/great-floridians-2000/","url_text":"\"Great Floridians 2000 Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bert Fish Collection\". University of Miami Libraries. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholar.library.miami.edu/treasure/chapters/chaptr21.html","url_text":"\"Bert Fish Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bert Fish, Florida Envoy Dies at His Lisbon Post\". St. Petersburg Times. July 22, 1943. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1SFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2307%2C5678947","url_text":"\"Bert Fish, Florida Envoy Dies at His Lisbon Post\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1943/07/22/archives/bert-fish-i8-dead-u-8-diplomat-6-minister-to-portugal-since-1941.html?smid=url-share","external_links_name":"\"BERT FISH I8 DEAD; U. 8. DIPLOMAT, 6/; Minister 'to Portugal Since 1941 Succumbs in Lisbon After 2 Weeks' Illness SERVED IN EGYPT 8 YEARS Also Our Minister to Saudi ArabiaPracticed Law in Florida 24 Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1943/07/22/archives/bert-fish-i8-dead-u-8-diplomat-6-minister-to-portugal-since-1941.html","external_links_name":"\"Bert Fish is Dead; U.S. Diplomat, 67\""},{"Link":"http://216.157.37.6/history/bertfish.htm","external_links_name":"\"Judge Bert Fish\""},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10502.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Egypt\""},{"Link":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4257&context=fhq","external_links_name":"\"Bert Fish: From Volusia County Courthouse to American Embassy\""},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11214.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211125334/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763514-1,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Fish to Jidda\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763514-1,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11147.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Portugal\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/484922","external_links_name":"484922"},{"Link":"https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/139622","external_links_name":"\"Ambassador Bert Fish - DeLand, Florida\""},{"Link":"http://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/great-floridians-program/great-floridians-2000/","external_links_name":"\"Great Floridians 2000 Program\""},{"Link":"http://scholar.library.miami.edu/treasure/chapters/chaptr21.html","external_links_name":"\"Bert Fish Collection\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1SFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hU0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2307%2C5678947","external_links_name":"\"Bert Fish, Florida Envoy Dies at His Lisbon Post\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120005919/http://bertfish.com./","external_links_name":"Bert Fish Medical Center"},{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/fish-bert","external_links_name":"Fish's webpage"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000456722328","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/403144782705631291718","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjt7X8GXwVRDdx4HpBkjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17802369s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17802369s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015143911","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Supreme_Order_of_Merit	Kedah Supreme Order of Merit	["1 History","2 Award conditions","3 Classes","4 Recipients","5 Insignia","6 References"]	Honorific order of the Sultanate of Kedah. Kedah Supreme Order of MeritDarjah Utama Untok Jasa Kedah Awarded by Sultan of KedahTypeOrderStatusCurrently constitutedSovereignSallehuddin of KedahGradesDUKPrecedenceNext (higher)Halimi Family Order of KedahNext (lower)Supreme Order of Sri MahawangsaRibbon bar of the order The Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (Bahasa Melayu: Darjah Utama Untok Jasa Kedah) is an honorific order of the Sultanate of Kedah History It was founded by Sultan Badlishah of Kedah on 17 November 1953 (or 30 October 1952). Award conditions This is the highest Order to be conferred on those who have performed meritorious deeds with full responsibility to the nation for a stated number of years. It is conferred on those of high position and wide influence. This Order may be held by only three living persons at one time, and it is seldom conferred. Classes It is awarded in one class: Darjah Utama Untok Jasa Kedah – DUK Recipients 1958: Tunku Abdul Rahman 2006: Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Abdul Razak Hussein Insignia The Order consists of a chain. Photos : Kedah References ^ Colecciones Militares, Kedah 1 ^ a b Royal Official Website, Details on conferment conditions - list as of 2003 and photos vte Orders, decorations, and medals of MalaysiaFederal orders, decorations, and medals presented by Yang di-Pertuan AgongOrders Grand Knight of Valour Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia Order of the Crown of the Realm Order of the Defender of the Realm Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia Order of Merit Order of Meritorious Service Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia Malaysian Commemorative Medal Military orders, decorations, and medals: Order of Military Service Star of the Commander of Valour Federation Gallantry Star Air Force Medal Medal of Merit Active Service Medal Loyal Service Medal General Service Medal United Nations Medal Malaysian Service Medal Police orders, decorations, and medals: Order of Police Heroism Police Gallantry Medal Presentation of Police Colours Medal Federal Territories orders, decorations, and medals presented by Yang di-Pertuan Agong Federal TerritoriesOrders Order of the Territorial Crown State orders, decorations, and medals presented by Malay Sultans JohorOrders Royal Family Order of Johor Order of the Crown of Johor Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor Stars and medals Iron Medal of Valor and Meritorious Conduct Medal for Long and Meritorious Service Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct Sultan Abu Bakar Medal Sultan Ibrahim Medal Star of Sultan Ismail Sultan Ibrahim of Johor Medal Sultan Ibrahim Wedding Medal Sultan Ibrahim Diamond Jubilee Medal Sultan Ibrahim Memorial Medal Sultan Ismail Coronation Medal Sultan Iskandar Coronation Medal KedahOrders and Major Stars State of Kedah Star of Valour Royal Family Order of Kedah Halimi Family Order of Kedah Kedah Supreme Order of Merit Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa State of Kedah Star of Gallantry Exalted Order of the Crown of Kedah Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah Stars and medals State of Kedah Gallantry Medal Sultan Badlishah Medal for Faithful and Loyal Service State of Kedah Distinguished Service Star Justice of the Peace of Kedah State of Kedah Distinguished Service Medal Public Service Star Meritorious Service Medal Jerai Star for Vigour Jerai Medal for Excellent Vigour Long Service and Good Conduct Star Kedah Police Medal Faithful Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal Installation Medal 1943 Installation Medal 1959 Silver Jubilee Remembrance Medal Golden Jubilee Remembrance Medal KelantanOrders Royal Family Order of Kelantan (Star of Yunus) Order of the Crown of Kelantan (Star of Muhammad) Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (Star of Ismail) Order of the Noble Crown of Kelantan (Star of Yahya Petra) Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan (Star of Ibrahim) Order of the Services to the Crown of Kelantan (Star of Petra) Order of the Most Distinguished and Most Valiant Warrior Stars and medals Crown of Kelantan Decoration Sri Kelantan Decoration Ahli Kelantan Decoration Meritorious Service Medal Medal of Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan Loyal Service Medal Good Conduct Medal State Council Inauguration Commemorative Medal 1939 Sultan Ibrahim IV Coronation Medal Sultan Yahya Petra Coronation Medal Sultan Ismail Petra Coronation Medal Silver Jubilee Medal Meritorious Service Medal Negeri SembilanOrders Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan Order of Negeri Sembilan Royal Family Order of Yamtuan Radin Sunnah Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan Order of Loyalty of Tuanku Muhriz Order of Loyal Service to Negeri Sembilan Grand Order of Tuanku Jaafar Distinguished Conduct Order Stars and medals Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Conspicuous Conduct Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Medal for Outstanding Public Service Meritorious Service Medal Long Service Medal Defence Medal Installation Medal 1961 Installation Medal 1968 Silver Jubilee Medal PahangOrders Royal Family Order of Pahang Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang Grand Royal Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang Order of the Crown of Pahang Stars and medals Gallantry Medal Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Meritorious Service Medal Silver Jubilee Medal (1957) Silver Jubilee Medal (1999) Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Installation Medal PerakOrders Royal Family Order of Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak Azlanii Royal Family Order Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (the Perak Sword of State) Order of Taming Sari (the Perak State Kris) Order of the Perak State Crown Stars and medals Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Meritorious Service Medal Long Service Medal PerlisOrders Royal Family Order of Perlis Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail Order of Dato’ Bendahara Sri Jamalullail Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail Order of Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail of Perlis Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail Order of the Crown of Perlis (Star of Safi) Order for Dato’ Titleholders Stars and medals Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Meritorious Service Medal Meritorious Conduct Medal Long Service Medal SelangorOrders Royal Family Order of Selangor Order of the Crown of Selangor Order of Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Stars and medals Distinguished Service Star Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Meritorious Service Medal Distinguished Service Medal Selangor Service Medal Coronation Medal 2003 Coronation Medal 1961 Silver Jubilee Medal 1985 TerengganuOrders Supreme Royal Family Order of Terengganu Royal Family Order of Terengganu Family Order of Terengganu Order of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu Order of the Crown of Terengganu Stars and medals Conspicuous Gallantry Star Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Star Long Service and Good Conduct Medal Jubilee Medal Defence Medal Installation Medal 1970 Installation Medal 1998 State orders, decorations, and medals presented by Yang di-Pertua Negeri MalaccaOrders Premier and Faithful Exalted Order of Malacca Premier and Exalted Order of Malacca Exalted Order of Malacca Stars and medals Distinguished Service Star Justice of the Peace Supreme Gallantry Star Commendable Service Star Brilliant Service Medal Meritorious Service Medal Government Service Medal Long Service Medal PenangOrders Order of the Defender of the State Stars and medals Distinguished Service Star Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal Meritorious Service Medal Community Service Medal Loyal Service Medal SabahOrders Order of Kinabalu SarawakOrders Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak Order of Meritorious Service to Sarawak Civil Administration Medal Order of the Star of Sarawak Stars and medals Gallantry Service Medal List of post-nominal letters : Malaysia (A–Z) · Johor · Kedah · Kelantan · Malacca · Negeri Sembilan · Pahang · Penang · Perak · Perlis · Sabah · Sarawak · Selangor · Terengganu	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahasa Melayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate"}],"text":"The Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (Bahasa Melayu: Darjah Utama Untok Jasa Kedah)[citation needed] is an honorific order of the Sultanate of Kedah","title":"Kedah Supreme Order of Merit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badlishah of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlishah_of_Kedah"}],"text":"It was founded by Sultan Badlishah of Kedah on 17 November 1953 (or 30 October 1952).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROW-2"}],"text":"This is the highest Order to be conferred on those who have performed meritorious deeds with full responsibility to the nation for a stated number of years. It is conferred on those of high position and wide influence. This Order may be held by only three living persons at one time, and it is seldom conferred. [2]","title":"Award conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It is awarded in one class: [citation needed]Darjah Utama Untok Jasa Kedah – DUK","title":"Classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunku Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Ahmad Badawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi"},{"link_name":"Abdul Razak Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein"}],"text":"1958: Tunku Abdul Rahman\n2006: Abdullah Ahmad Badawi\nAbdul Razak Hussein","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mykedah2.com/raja_kita/photos/images/z_duk.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROW-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Order consists of a chain. Photos : Kedah [2][citation needed]","title":"Insignia"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.mykedah2.com/raja_kita/photos/images/z_duk.jpg","external_links_name":"Kedah"},{"Link":"http://www.coleccionesmilitares.com/cintas/malasia/kedah1.gif","external_links_name":"Kedah 1"},{"Link":"http://www.mykedah2.com/raja_kita/eng/070301.htm","external_links_name":"Details on conferment conditions"},{"Link":"http://www.mykedah2.com/raja_kita/eng/070200.htm","external_links_name":"list as of 2003 and photos"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Is_the_Head_(Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D.)	Heavy Is the Head (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)	["1 Plot","2 Production","2.1 Development","2.2 Casting","3 Release","3.1 Broadcast","3.2 Home media","4 Reception","4.1 Ratings","4.2 Critical response","5 References","6 External links"]	2nd episode of the 2nd season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. "Heavy Is the Head"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 2Directed byJesse BochcoWritten byPaul ZbyszewskiProduced by Jed Whedon Maurissa Tancharoen Jeffrey Bell Cinematography byFeliks ParnellEditing byDavid CrabtreeOriginal air dateSeptember 30, 2014 (2014-09-30)Running time43 minutesGuest appearances Kyle MacLachlan as "The Doctor" B. J. Britt as Antoine Triplett Ruth Negga as Raina Henry Simmons as Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot Simon Kassianides as Sunil Bakshi Brian Patrick Wade as Carl "Crusher" Creel Episode chronology ← Previous"Shadows" Next →"Making Friends and Influencing People" Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2List of episodes "Heavy Is the Head" is the second episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., it follows Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they fight Hydra and the U.S. military for a powerful artifact. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's films. The episode was written by Paul Zbyszewski, and directed by Jesse Bochco. Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, and is joined by principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Nick Blood. "Heavy Is the Head" originally aired on ABC on September 30, 2014, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 5.05 million viewers. The episode received a mostly positive critical response, with much of the praise going to the development of both old and new characters, and to the brief appearance of guest star Kyle MacLachlan. Plot Following the events of "Shadows", mercenary Lance Hunter is captured by Brigadier General Glenn Talbot, who offers him $2 million and a proper burial for late S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Isabelle Hartley, in exchange for selling out Director Phil Coulson. Agent Melinda May meanwhile follows Carl Creel, who can absorb the properties of anything he touches, and has absorbed the abilities of the mysterious Obelisk, which causes him to accidentally kill a waitress. After losing May, Creel is confronted by former Hydra associate Raina, who tries to bargain for the Obelisk. When this is unsuccessful, she contacts Coulson, and gives him the location of a meeting between Creel and his Hydra superior. Hunter returns to the team and reveals his deal with Talbot, but explains that he wishes to work with them to take down Creel, who killed Hartley. Realizing that Coulson would rather take Creel prisoner than kill him, Hunter turns on Agents May, Skye, and Antoine Triplett, and attempts to assassinate Creel. A fight breaks out between Creel and Hunter, ended when Coulson uses a refined version of the Overkill Device, created by Agent Leo Fitz and Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie, to turn Creel to stone. During the fight, Raina steals the Obelisk from Hydra, and delivers it to Skye's father, "The Doctor". She discovers that she is able to hold it without dying, and "The Doctor" promises to reveal its secrets once Raina brings Skye to him. At the Playground, S.H.I.E.L.D.'s headquarters, Coulson has another "episode", carving symbols also found on the Obelisk into the wall, with May documenting the process. After Hartley's funeral, Hunter agrees to join S.H.I.E.L.D. permanently, though Coulson asks him to follow through with Talbot's deal. In an end tag, Coulson and Talbot meet, but Talbot refuses to negotiate. Despite this, Coulson remains open to working with the U.S. government and military, and reveals that S.H.I.E.L.D. now has both a quinjet and carrier plane with operational cloaking technology among their arsenal. Production Development In September 2014, Marvel announced that the second episode of the season would be titled "Heavy is the Head", to be written by Paul Zbyszewski, with Jesse Bochco directing. Casting Further information: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters In September 2014, Marvel revealed that main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Nick Blood would star as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Skye, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Lance Hunter, respectively. It was also revealed that the guest cast for the episode would include Kyle MacLachlan, B. J. Britt, Ruth Negga, Henry Simmons, Adrian Pasdar, Simon Kassianides, Brian Patrick Wade, Wilmer Calderon, Carolina Espiro, Cutter Garcia, and Danny Pierce. MacLachlan, Espiro, Garcia, and Pierce were introduced in the episode as "The Doctor", waitress, bartender, and soldier, respectively. They all received co-starring credit in the episode, except MacLachlan. Britt, Simmons, Pasdar, Negga, Kassianides, reprise their roles from previous episodes as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents Antoine Triplett and Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie, General Glenn Talbot, Raina, and Hydra member Sunil Bakshi, respectively. Main cast member Brett Dalton, who portrays Grant Ward in the series, does not appear and is not credited in this episode. Release Broadcast "Heavy Is the Head" was first aired in the United States on ABC on September 30, 2014. It was aired alongside the US broadcast in Canada on CTV. Home media The episode began streaming on Netflix on June 11, 2015, and was released along with the rest of the second season on September 18, 2015, on Blu-ray and DVD. Reception Ratings In the United States the episode received a 1.8/5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 1.8 percent of all households, and 5 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 5.05 million viewers. The Canadian broadcast gained 2.33 million viewers, the third highest for that day, and the ninth highest for the week. Critical response Kyle MacLachlan's appearance in the episode was greatly anticipated and, though brief, was received positively by critics. James Hunt of Den of Geek thought that "the problem with this week's episode was that it was broadly the second part of last week's, rather than its own thing. As well as picking up seconds after that one finished, it also continued (and resolved) many of the plot threads it introduced, establishing the show's operating status quo in the final minutes. If it wasn't intended to be the back half of a feature-length episode, it does a very good impression of it." He called MacLachlan's appearance "The biggest moment of this episode", and felt that "it's tempting to say that his appearance was anticlimactic, but there's got to be more going on than we're shown, so I'm willing to reserve judgement." Eric Goldman of IGN scored the episode an 8.5 out of 10 and praised the development of the Hunter and Mack characters, feeling that "Hunter especially was given some good material, as we learned of his military-turned-mercenary background we got to understand more about Mac being a mechanic ... asked to do a job he's not quite qualified for and who's confident enough to admit that." Goldman felt that the episode "continued to show off an improved series, boasting better pacing and a stronger overall tone", and praised the single-scene appearance of MacLachlan. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix stated that "The show hasn't reached peak capacity yet, but right now we're in the introductory phase in terms of story arcs and characters, and "Heavy Is the Head" did a fine job at that, particularly on the character end, while also offering up more cool Absorbing Man action." He praised the character development, especially the changes to those from the first season, but criticized the focus on non-character related story arcs, saying "The one lesson I had hoped the creative team had learned from last year is that character arcs are a lot more interesting when they're about who the characters are rather than what they are." Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B−, but gave a negative review, specifying the episode's focus on Lance Hunter, who he called "a generic role that needs more personality and specificity in order to captivate." He did, however, praise the slow motion shot of Hunter shooting at Carl Creel, saying "That kind of directorial flair is what this show needs more of, and I would love to see this show's camera and design crews work together to create a more visually engaging experience. There needs to be more color and personality in the environments and costuming, and taking more chances with the camerawork will bring more excitement to the action and heighten the emotional beats of the script." Kevin Fitzpatrick of ScreenCrush stated that "we're thrilled to see "Heavy is the Head" taking the ball from last week and running with a very confident start to the season thus far." He particularly praised the characters of Hunter and Creel, and noted that while MacLachlan's appearance "didn't particularly deepen our understanding of the mystery to have the obelisk "spare" Raina its death touch, nor necessarily to have Coulson scratch out another board's worth of equations, it's nice to see the writers keeping the alien aspects in play as often as possible." Joseph McCabe, writing for Nerdist, felt that "So far this season, the show has kept what worked best in its first year, that Whedon-patented propensity for pairing end-of-the-world melodrama with the most mundane of concerns ... The line that lingers, however, is one uttered in last week's season premiere. Coulson again instructs his people to "Go dark." Just how dark is the question this season of S.H.I.E.L.D. poses. I'm happy to give the show as much time as it needs to answer it." References ^ a b c d e Strom, Marc (September 9, 2014). "Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Heavy is the Head". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014. ^ "Learn How Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season". Marvel.com. September 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014. ^ "Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 105: Girl in the Flower Dress". Marvel.com. October 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014. ^ a b Sepinwall, Alan (September 30, 2014). "Review: 'Marvel's Agents of SHIELD' – 'Heavy Is the Head': Hunter's fortune". HitFix. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. ^ a b Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2014). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Selfie', 'Manhattan Love Story', 'The Voice', 'Marvels Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'New Girl' & 'Forever' Adjusted Up; 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014. ^ a b "Top 30 Programs (September 29-October 5, 2014)" (PDF). Numeris. October 15, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2015. ^ Jones, Nate (May 21, 2015). "What's New on Netflix: June 2015". Vulture. New York. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015. ^ Damore, Meagan (July 10, 2015). "SDCC: Jeph Loeb Unveils The Future Of "Agents Of SHIELD," "Agent Carter" & More". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015. ^ Hunt, James (October 31, 2014). "Marvel's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 episode 2 review: Heavy Is The Head". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. ^ Goldman, Eric (September 30, 2014). "Marvel's Agents of SHIELD: "Heavy Is the Head" Review". IGN. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. ^ Sava, Oliver (September 30, 2014). "Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.: "Heavy Is The Head"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (September 30, 2014). "'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Review: "Heavy is the Head"". ScreenCrush. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. ^ McCabe, Joseph (October 1, 2014). "MARVEL'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Review: "Heavy is the Head"". Nerdist. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. External links "Heavy Is the Head" at ABC "Heavy Is the Head" at IMDb vteAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D.EpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "0-8-4" "The Asset" "Eye Spy" "Girl in the Flower Dress" "FZZT" "The Hub" "The Well" "Repairs" "The Bridge" "The Magical Place" "Seeds" "T.R.A.C.K.S." "T.A.H.I.T.I." "Yes Men" "End of the Beginning" "Turn, Turn, Turn" "Providence" "The Only Light in the Darkness" "Nothing Personal" "Ragtag" "Beginning of the End" Season 2 "Shadows" "Heavy Is the Head" "Making Friends and Influencing People" "Face My Enemy" "A Hen in the Wolf House" "A Fractured House" "The Writing on the Wall" "The Things We Bury" "...Ye Who Enter Here" "What They Become" "Aftershocks" "Who You Really Are" "One of Us" "Love in the Time of Hydra" "One Door Closes" "Afterlife" "Melinda" "The Frenemy of My Enemy" "The Dirty Half Dozen" "Scars" "S.O.S." Season 3 "Laws of Nature" "Purpose in the Machine" "A Wanted (Inhu)man" "Devils You Know" "4,722 Hours" "Among Us Hide..." "Chaos Theory" "Many Heads, One Tale" "Closure" "Maveth" "Bouncing Back" "The Inside Man" "Parting Shot" "Watchdogs" "Spacetime" "Paradise Lost" "The Team" "The Singularity" "Failed Experiments" "Emancipation" "Absolution" "Ascension" Season 4 "The Ghost" "Meet the New Boss" "Uprising" "Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire" "Lockup" "The Good Samaritan" "Deals with Our Devils" "The Laws of Inferno Dynamics" "Broken Promises" "Self Control" Season 5 "Orientation" "The Real Deal" "The End" Season 6 "Missing Pieces" Season 7 "The New Deal" "Know Your Onions" "Alien Commies from the Future!" "Out of the Past" "A Trout in the Milk" "Adapt or Die" "The Totally Excellent Adventures of Mack and The D" "After, Before" "As I Have Always Been" "Stolen" "Brand New Day" "The End Is at Hand" · "What We're Fighting For" Characters Peggy Carter Phil Coulson Leo Fitz Nick Fury Daisy Johnson Melinda May Jemma Simmons Daniel Sousa Grant Ward Related Web series Slingshot Agent Carter Marvel's Most Wanted Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._season_2"},{"link_name":"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Phil Coulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Coulson"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"the franchise's films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_films"},{"link_name":"Paul Zbyszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zbyszewski"},{"link_name":"Jesse Bochco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bochco"},{"link_name":"Clark Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Ming-Na Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na_Wen"},{"link_name":"Brett Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Chloe Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Bennet"},{"link_name":"Iain De Caestecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_De_Caestecker"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Henstridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Henstridge"},{"link_name":"Nick Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Blood"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Media Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"}],"text":"2nd episode of the 2nd season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\"Heavy Is the Head\" is the second episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., it follows Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they fight Hydra and the U.S. military for a powerful artifact. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's films. The episode was written by Paul Zbyszewski, and directed by Jesse Bochco.Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, and is joined by principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Nick Blood.\"Heavy Is the Head\" originally aired on ABC on September 30, 2014, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 5.05 million viewers. The episode received a mostly positive critical response, with much of the praise going to the development of both old and new characters, and to the brief appearance of guest star Kyle MacLachlan.","title":"Heavy Is the Head (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_(Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D.)"},{"link_name":"Lance Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Hunter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General"},{"link_name":"Glenn Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Talbot_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Hartley"},{"link_name":"Phil Coulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Coulson"},{"link_name":"Melinda May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_May"},{"link_name":"Carl Creel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Creel_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigen_Mist"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Johnson_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Antoine Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Triplett"},{"link_name":"Leo Fitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Fitz"},{"link_name":"Alphonso \"Mack\" Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_Mackenzie_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"The Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Johnson_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"quinjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinjet"}],"text":"Following the events of \"Shadows\", mercenary Lance Hunter is captured by Brigadier General Glenn Talbot, who offers him $2 million and a proper burial for late S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Isabelle Hartley, in exchange for selling out Director Phil Coulson. Agent Melinda May meanwhile follows Carl Creel, who can absorb the properties of anything he touches, and has absorbed the abilities of the mysterious Obelisk, which causes him to accidentally kill a waitress. After losing May, Creel is confronted by former Hydra associate Raina, who tries to bargain for the Obelisk. When this is unsuccessful, she contacts Coulson, and gives him the location of a meeting between Creel and his Hydra superior.Hunter returns to the team and reveals his deal with Talbot, but explains that he wishes to work with them to take down Creel, who killed Hartley. Realizing that Coulson would rather take Creel prisoner than kill him, Hunter turns on Agents May, Skye, and Antoine Triplett, and attempts to assassinate Creel. A fight breaks out between Creel and Hunter, ended when Coulson uses a refined version of the Overkill Device, created by Agent Leo Fitz and Alphonso \"Mack\" Mackenzie, to turn Creel to stone. During the fight, Raina steals the Obelisk from Hydra, and delivers it to Skye's father, \"The Doctor\". She discovers that she is able to hold it without dying, and \"The Doctor\" promises to reveal its secrets once Raina brings Skye to him.At the Playground, S.H.I.E.L.D.'s headquarters, Coulson has another \"episode\", carving symbols also found on the Obelisk into the wall, with May documenting the process. After Hartley's funeral, Hunter agrees to join S.H.I.E.L.D. permanently, though Coulson asks him to follow through with Talbot's deal.In an end tag, Coulson and Talbot meet, but Talbot refuses to negotiate. Despite this, Coulson remains open to working with the U.S. government and military, and reveals that S.H.I.E.L.D. now has both a quinjet and carrier plane with operational cloaking technology among their arsenal.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Zbyszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zbyszewski"},{"link_name":"Jesse Bochco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Bochco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-declassifying-1"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"In September 2014, Marvel announced that the second episode of the season would be titled \"Heavy is the Head\", to be written by Paul Zbyszewski, with Jesse Bochco directing.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._characters"},{"link_name":"Clark Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Ming-Na Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na_Wen"},{"link_name":"Chloe Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Bennet"},{"link_name":"Iain De Caestecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_De_Caestecker"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Henstridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Henstridge"},{"link_name":"Nick Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Blood"},{"link_name":"Phil Coulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Coulson"},{"link_name":"Melinda May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_May"},{"link_name":"Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Johnson_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Leo Fitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Fitz"},{"link_name":"Jemma Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemma_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Lance Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Hunter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-declassifying-1"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"B. J. Britt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Britt"},{"link_name":"Ruth Negga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Negga"},{"link_name":"Henry Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Adrian Pasdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar"},{"link_name":"Simon Kassianides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kassianides"},{"link_name":"Brian Patrick Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Patrick_Wade"},{"link_name":"Wilmer Calderon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Calderon"},{"link_name":"Cutter Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_Garcia"},{"link_name":"The Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Johnson_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-declassifying-1"},{"link_name":"Antoine Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Triplett"},{"link_name":"Alphonso \"Mack\" Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_Mackenzie_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_General"},{"link_name":"Glenn Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Talbot_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Sunil Bakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Bakshi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-declassifying-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ep1Synopsis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negga1-3"},{"link_name":"Brett Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Grant Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Ward_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-declassifying-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HitFix-4"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Further information: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. charactersIn September 2014, Marvel revealed that main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Nick Blood would star as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Skye, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Lance Hunter, respectively.[1] It was also revealed that the guest cast for the episode would include Kyle MacLachlan, B. J. Britt, Ruth Negga, Henry Simmons, Adrian Pasdar, Simon Kassianides, Brian Patrick Wade, Wilmer Calderon, Carolina Espiro, Cutter Garcia, and Danny Pierce. MacLachlan, Espiro, Garcia, and Pierce were introduced in the episode as \"The Doctor\", waitress, bartender, and soldier, respectively. They all received co-starring credit in the episode, except MacLachlan.[1] Britt, Simmons, Pasdar, Negga, Kassianides, reprise their roles from previous episodes as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents Antoine Triplett and Alphonso \"Mack\" Mackenzie, General Glenn Talbot, Raina, and Hydra member Sunil Bakshi, respectively.[1][2][3] Main cast member Brett Dalton, who portrays Grant Ward in the series,[1] does not appear and is not credited in this episode.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-5"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canada-6"}],"sub_title":"Broadcast","text":"\"Heavy Is the Head\" was first aired in the United States on ABC on September 30, 2014.[5] It was aired alongside the US broadcast in Canada on CTV.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NetflixRelease-7"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HomeMedia-8"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The episode began streaming on Netflix on June 11, 2015,[7] and was released along with the rest of the second season on September 18, 2015, on Blu-ray and DVD.[8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canada-6"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"In the United States the episode received a 1.8/5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 1.8 percent of all households, and 5 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 5.05 million viewers.[5] The Canadian broadcast gained 2.33 million viewers, the third highest for that day, and the ninth highest for the week.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyle_MacLachlan_2011_Shankbone.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DenofGeek-9"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-10"},{"link_name":"HitFix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitFix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HitFix-4"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"Lance Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Hunter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Carl Creel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Creel_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub-11"},{"link_name":"ScreenCrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScreenCrush"},{"link_name":"Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScreenCrush-12"},{"link_name":"Joseph McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCabe_(editor)"},{"link_name":"Nerdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nerdist-13"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Kyle MacLachlan's appearance in the episode was greatly anticipated and, though brief, was received positively by critics.James Hunt of Den of Geek thought that \"the problem with this week's episode was that it was broadly the second part of last week's, rather than its own thing. As well as picking up seconds after that one finished, it also continued (and resolved) many of the plot threads it introduced, establishing the show's operating status quo in the final minutes. If it wasn't intended to be the back half of a feature-length episode, it does a very good impression of it.\" He called MacLachlan's appearance \"The biggest moment of this episode\", and felt that \"it's tempting to say that his appearance was anticlimactic, but there's got to be more going on than we're shown, so I'm willing to reserve judgement.\"[9] Eric Goldman of IGN scored the episode an 8.5 out of 10 and praised the development of the Hunter and Mack characters, feeling that \"Hunter especially was given some good material, as we learned of his military-turned-mercenary background [and] we got to understand more about Mac being a mechanic ... asked to do a job he's not quite qualified for and who's confident enough to admit that.\" Goldman felt that the episode \"continued to show off an improved series, boasting better pacing and a stronger overall tone\", and praised the single-scene appearance of MacLachlan.[10] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix stated that \"The show hasn't reached peak capacity yet, but right now we're in the introductory phase in terms of story arcs and characters, and \"Heavy Is the Head\" did a fine job at that, particularly on the character end, while also offering up more cool Absorbing Man action.\" He praised the character development, especially the changes to those from the first season, but criticized the focus on non-character related story arcs, saying \"The one lesson I had hoped the creative team had learned from last year is that character arcs are a lot more interesting when they're about who the characters are rather than what they are.\"[4]Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B−, but gave a negative review, specifying the episode's focus on Lance Hunter, who he called \"a generic role that needs more personality and specificity in order to captivate.\" He did, however, praise the slow motion shot of Hunter shooting at Carl Creel, saying \"That kind of directorial flair is what this show needs more of, and I would love to see this show's camera and design crews work together to create a more visually engaging experience. There needs to be more color and personality in the environments and costuming, and taking more chances with the camerawork will bring more excitement to the action and heighten the emotional beats of the script.\"[11] Kevin Fitzpatrick of ScreenCrush stated that \"we're thrilled to see \"Heavy is the Head\" taking the ball from last week and running with a very confident start to the season thus far.\" He particularly praised the characters of Hunter and Creel, and noted that while MacLachlan's appearance \"didn't particularly deepen our understanding of the mystery to have the obelisk \"spare\" Raina its death touch, nor necessarily to have Coulson scratch out another board's worth of equations, it's nice to see the writers keeping the alien aspects in play as often as possible.\"[12] Joseph McCabe, writing for Nerdist, felt that \"So far this season, the show has kept what worked best in its first year, that Whedon-patented propensity for pairing end-of-the-world melodrama with the most mundane of concerns ... The line that lingers, however, is one uttered in last week's season premiere. Coulson again instructs his people to \"Go dark.\" Just how dark is the question this season of S.H.I.E.L.D. poses. I'm happy to give the show as much time as it needs to answer it.\"[13]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Kyle MacLachlan's appearance in the episode was greatly anticipated and, though brief, was received positively by critics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kyle_MacLachlan_2011_Shankbone.JPG/170px-Kyle_MacLachlan_2011_Shankbone.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Strom, Marc (September 9, 2014). \"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Heavy is the Head\". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140911021733/http://marvel.com/news/tv/23227/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_heavy_is_the_head","url_text":"\"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Heavy is the Head\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel.com","url_text":"Marvel.com"},{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/23227/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_heavy_is_the_head","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Learn How Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season\". Marvel.com. September 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223216/http://marvel.com/news/tv/2014/9/8/23214/learn_how_marvels_agents_of_shield_begins_its_second_season","url_text":"\"Learn How Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel.com","url_text":"Marvel.com"},{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/2014/9/8/23214/learn_how_marvels_agents_of_shield_begins_its_second_season","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 105: Girl in the Flower Dress\". Marvel.com. October 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140820233519/http://marvel.com/news/tv/2013/10/3/21277/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_ep_105_girl_in_the_flower_dress","url_text":"\"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 105: Girl in the Flower Dress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel.com","url_text":"Marvel.com"},{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/2013/10/3/21277/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_ep_105_girl_in_the_flower_dress","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sepinwall, Alan (September 30, 2014). \"Review: 'Marvel's Agents of SHIELD' – 'Heavy Is the Head': Hunter's fortune\". HitFix. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/review-marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-hunters-fortune","url_text":"\"Review: 'Marvel's Agents of SHIELD' – 'Heavy Is the Head': Hunter's fortune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitFix","url_text":"HitFix"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141208182222/http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/review-marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-hunters-fortune","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2014). \"Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Selfie', 'Manhattan Love Story', 'The Voice', 'Marvels Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'New Girl' & 'Forever' Adjusted Up; 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141002160941/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/01/tuesday-final-ratings-selfie-manhattan-love-story-the-voice-marvels-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-new-girl-chicago-fire-adjusted-down/309339/","url_text":"\"Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Selfie', 'Manhattan Love Story', 'The Voice', 'Marvels Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'New Girl' & 'Forever' Adjusted Up; 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/01/tuesday-final-ratings-selfie-manhattan-love-story-the-voice-marvels-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-new-girl-chicago-fire-adjusted-down/309339/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 30 Programs (September 29-October 5, 2014)\" (PDF). Numeris. October 15, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141130115908/http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/September%2029-October%205,%202014%20(National).pdf","url_text":"\"Top 30 Programs (September 29-October 5, 2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeris","url_text":"Numeris"},{"url":"http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/September%2029-October%205,%202014%20(National).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Nate (May 21, 2015). \"What's New on Netflix: June 2015\". Vulture. New York. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2015/05/whats-new-on-netflix-june-2015.html","url_text":"\"What's New on Netflix: June 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523012341/http://www.vulture.com/2015/05/whats-new-on-netflix-june-2015.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Damore, Meagan (July 10, 2015). \"SDCC: Jeph Loeb Unveils The Future Of \"Agents Of SHIELD,\" \"Agent Carter\" & More\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-jeph-loeb-unveils-the-future-of-agents-of-shield-agent-carter-more","url_text":"\"SDCC: Jeph Loeb Unveils The Future Of \"Agents Of SHIELD,\" \"Agent Carter\" & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721004053/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-jeph-loeb-unveils-the-future-of-agents-of-shield-agent-carter-more","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, James (October 31, 2014). \"Marvel's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 episode 2 review: Heavy Is The Head\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvels-agents-of-shield/32337/marvels-agents-of-shield-season-2-episode-2-review-heavy-is-the-head","url_text":"\"Marvel's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 episode 2 review: Heavy Is The Head\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150108191002/http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvels-agents-of-shield/32337/marvels-agents-of-shield-season-2-episode-2-review-heavy-is-the-head","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Eric (September 30, 2014). \"Marvel's Agents of SHIELD: \"Heavy Is the Head\" Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ign.com/articles/2014/10/01/marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review","url_text":"\"Marvel's Agents of SHIELD: \"Heavy Is the Head\" Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205064728/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/01/marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sava, Oliver (September 30, 2014). \"Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.: \"Heavy Is The Head\"\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/agents-shield-heavy-head-209932","url_text":"\"Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.: \"Heavy Is The Head\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141203161442/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/agents-shield-heavy-head-209932","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Kevin (September 30, 2014). \"'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Review: \"Heavy is the Head\"\". ScreenCrush. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://screencrush.com/agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review/","url_text":"\"'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Review: \"Heavy is the Head\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScreenCrush","url_text":"ScreenCrush"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210042809/http://screencrush.com/agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCabe, Joseph (October 1, 2014). \"MARVEL'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Review: \"Heavy is the Head\"\". Nerdist. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCabe_(editor)","url_text":"McCabe, Joseph"},{"url":"http://www.nerdist.com/2014/10/marvels-agents-of-shield-review-heavy-is-the-head/","url_text":"\"MARVEL'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Review: \"Heavy is the Head\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist","url_text":"Nerdist"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210024345/http://www.nerdist.com/2014/10/marvels-agents-of-shield-review-heavy-is-the-head/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140911021733/http://marvel.com/news/tv/23227/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_heavy_is_the_head","external_links_name":"\"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Heavy is the Head\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/23227/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_heavy_is_the_head","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223216/http://marvel.com/news/tv/2014/9/8/23214/learn_how_marvels_agents_of_shield_begins_its_second_season","external_links_name":"\"Learn How Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/2014/9/8/23214/learn_how_marvels_agents_of_shield_begins_its_second_season","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140820233519/http://marvel.com/news/tv/2013/10/3/21277/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_ep_105_girl_in_the_flower_dress","external_links_name":"\"Declassifying Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ep. 105: Girl in the Flower Dress\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/tv/2013/10/3/21277/declassifying_marvels_agents_of_shield_ep_105_girl_in_the_flower_dress","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/review-marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-hunters-fortune","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Marvel's Agents of SHIELD' – 'Heavy Is the Head': Hunter's fortune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141208182222/http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/review-marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-hunters-fortune","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141002160941/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/01/tuesday-final-ratings-selfie-manhattan-love-story-the-voice-marvels-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-new-girl-chicago-fire-adjusted-down/309339/","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Selfie', 'Manhattan Love Story', 'The Voice', 'Marvels Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.', 'New Girl' & 'Forever' Adjusted Up; 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Down\""},{"Link":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/01/tuesday-final-ratings-selfie-manhattan-love-story-the-voice-marvels-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-new-girl-chicago-fire-adjusted-down/309339/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141130115908/http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/September%2029-October%205,%202014%20(National).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top 30 Programs (September 29-October 5, 2014)\""},{"Link":"http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/September%2029-October%205,%202014%20(National).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vulture.com/2015/05/whats-new-on-netflix-june-2015.html","external_links_name":"\"What's New on Netflix: June 2015\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523012341/http://www.vulture.com/2015/05/whats-new-on-netflix-june-2015.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-jeph-loeb-unveils-the-future-of-agents-of-shield-agent-carter-more","external_links_name":"\"SDCC: Jeph Loeb Unveils The Future Of \"Agents Of SHIELD,\" \"Agent Carter\" & More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721004053/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-jeph-loeb-unveils-the-future-of-agents-of-shield-agent-carter-more","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvels-agents-of-shield/32337/marvels-agents-of-shield-season-2-episode-2-review-heavy-is-the-head","external_links_name":"\"Marvel's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 episode 2 review: Heavy Is The Head\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150108191002/http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvels-agents-of-shield/32337/marvels-agents-of-shield-season-2-episode-2-review-heavy-is-the-head","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ign.com/articles/2014/10/01/marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review","external_links_name":"\"Marvel's Agents of SHIELD: \"Heavy Is the Head\" Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205064728/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/01/marvels-agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/agents-shield-heavy-head-209932","external_links_name":"\"Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.: \"Heavy Is The Head\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141203161442/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/agents-shield-heavy-head-209932","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://screencrush.com/agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review/","external_links_name":"\"'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Review: \"Heavy is the Head\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210042809/http://screencrush.com/agents-of-shield-heavy-is-the-head-review/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nerdist.com/2014/10/marvels-agents-of-shield-review-heavy-is-the-head/","external_links_name":"\"MARVEL'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Review: \"Heavy is the Head\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210024345/http://www.nerdist.com/2014/10/marvels-agents-of-shield-review-heavy-is-the-head/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/shows/marvels-agents-of-shield/episode-guide/season-02/202-heavy-is-the-head","external_links_name":"\"Heavy Is the Head\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3997450/","external_links_name":"\"Heavy Is the Head\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_a_Spider_(novel)	Along Came a Spider (novel)	["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 In other media","3.1 Film","4 References"]	Novel by James Patterson This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Along Came a Spider" novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Along Came a Spider First editionAuthorJames PattersonLanguageEnglishSeriesAlex CrossGenreCrime, Mystery, ThrillerPublisherLittle, Brown and CompanyPublication date1993Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages435 ppISBN0-316-69364-2OCLC25995508Dewey Decimal813/.54 20LC ClassPS3566.A822 A79 1993Followed byKiss the Girls Along Came a Spider is a crime thriller novel, and the first novel in James Patterson's series about forensic psychologist Alex Cross. First published in 1993, its success has led to twenty-six sequels as of 2021. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 2001, starring Morgan Freeman as Cross. Plot Alex Cross, a psychologist and police detective, is called to a crime scene where a mother, her daughter, and her toddler son were murdered. As Alex and his partner, John Sampson, explore the crime scene, Alex gets a call from his boss, Chief of Detectives Pittman, demanding that Alex and John join a new investigation into two kidnapped children. Alex and John arrive at the children’s school to discover not only fellow officers from the Washington, DC, police department, but the Secret Service and the FBI. Annoyed that more attention is being devoted to this high-profile case than to the Sanders family murders in the poor neighborhood of Washington Southeast, Alex arrives at the crime scene with the intention of getting out of the investigation. However, the mayor insists Alex take the case. Alex works closely with the hostage-rescue team, which includes Secret Service supervisor Jezzie Flanagan. Within days, the body of one of the child victims, Michael Goldberg, is found by a river in Maryland. Not long afterward, the hostage-rescue team receives a ransom demand from the kidnapper. The team rushes to Florida to investigate the business where the demand originated from. While there, they receive another demand and decide to follow the instructions in the hopes of saving the other child victim, Maggie Rose Dunne. Alex is chosen by the kidnapper to deliver the ransom at Disney World. As Alex walks through the park, he is approached by a man he suspects is not the kidnapper. Still, the man knows about the ransom demand and is able to convince Alex to leave the park with him. Alex and the man board a private plane and eventually end up at a private airport in South Carolina. As the man leaves the plane with the ransom, Alex frees himself from the armrest he is handcuffed to and chases the man off the plane, only to be hit on the head by an unseen person. By the time Alex’s backup arrives, the ransom is gone, and Maggie remains missing. Alex is blamed by the press for the loss of ransom. Alex and John are removed from the case but given promotions. They return their attention to the Sanders family murders. Alex has begun a relationship with Jezzie Flanagan, the Secret Service supervisor, despite his grandmother’s warnings. Unable to let go of the kidnapping case, Alex continues to investigate on his own. Eventually, a teacher from the child victims’ school is found murdered in the same manner as the Sanders women, and Maggie’s shoe is left at the crime scene. Alex and John find a witness who places a Delaware door-to-door salesman in the area. The hostage-rescue team swarms the home of Gary Murphy, a door-to-door salesman, husband, and father of one. However, Gary saw them coming and is able to escape. Several days later, Gary walks into a McDonald’s in Pennsylvania, kills a man, and takes the other diners hostage. Alex arrives with John and is able to talk Gary out of the restaurant. Gary is arrested and taken to a Virginia prison where Alex visits him. The suspect claims to have a split personality, and Alex convinces those in charge to allow him to hypnotize Gary in order to determine if he is telling the truth. Under hypnosis, Gary appears to become his alter, Gary Soneji, and lashes out at Alex. Gary is put on trial for the kidnappings and the murder of Michael Goldberg. The defense attorney calls Alex to the stand in the hopes of convincing the jury of Gary’s split personality; Alex is allowed to hypnotize Gary in the courtroom. Alex does, and Gary appears to remember things Gary Soneji did, including the idea that someone took Maggie from the farm where Gary Soneji hid her. Shortly after, Gary is found guilty of kidnapping and murder. In prison, Gary seemingly becomes Gary Soneji. Alex speaks with Gary Soneji and learns details about the kidnapping, including his continued insistence that Maggie was taken without his knowledge. Gary Soneji insists he was being watched before the kidnappings, including the night he murdered the Sanders, supporting an eyewitness statement. He suggests these watchers were cops. Shortly after, Gary Soneji escapes prison with the help of a prison guard. Alex connects Gary Soneji’s story of being watched to the Secret Service agents assigned to Michael Goldberg and goes to the FBI with his theory. The FBI confirms Alex’s suspicions and believes that Jezzie Flanagan, the Secret Service supervisor, was involved due to her sexual relationship with one of the agents. Alex is devastated by the news but agrees to help get the proof needed to arrest those involved Cross takes Flannagan on a Caribbean getaway, and confronts her about her actions. She explains that Devine and Chakely noticed Soneji driving by the Goldberg house, and followed him. The ransom was her idea, and they removed Maggie Rose after Michael died accidentally. Flannagan is arrested based on a recording Sampson made of the conversation, and Maggie Rose is found with a family in South America, where she had been living for the past two years. Alex returns home and is attacked by Gary Soneji in the middle of the night. He fights Gary Soneji off and chases him out of the house. In a matter of hours, the police corner Gary Soneji near the White House. As Alex attempts to coax Gary Soneji out, John shoots Gary Soneji, who is then returned to prison. Not long after, Alex attends Jezzie’s execution. Soneji writes a last taunting letter to Cross and bribes a guard to leave it on Cross' windshield. Disturbed but unwilling to let Soneji disrupt his life any further, Cross returns home to spend time with his family. Characters Alex Cross: An African-American forensic psychologist as well as a detective, described as good-looking and well-built. He is often referred to as "Doctor Detective". Despite being very dedicated to his job, he manages to be a devoted father to his two children. His wife, Maria, was killed in a shooting before the novel begins and he is romantically involved with Jezzie Flannagan before he finds out her role in Maggie Rose's disappearance. Jezzie Flannagan: Before the kidnapping of Maggie Rose and Michael Goldberg, she held an esteemed position in the Secret Service—the first woman ever to hold the position. She is described as very beautiful, though she confides in Alex that she wishes she'd been born plain so she wouldn't have to face as much sexism in her workplace. As a white woman romantically involved with Alex (an African-American man), she faces racism, though she handles it better than Alex does. Both her parents were alcoholics, and her father committed suicide. She names them as "smart failures", or brilliant people who never made anything of their lives. When Alex confronts her about her betrayal, she admits that she approached him at first strictly to get information on what the cops knew, but that she later fell in love with him and his children. Gary Murphy/Soneji: As a boy, he was physically and sexually abused by his father and stepmother, which caused him to develop a split personality. Gary Murphy is a normal, all-American father and husband, while Gary Soneji is a cold-blooded predator who fantasizes about kidnapping and burying a baby alive at twelve and orchestrates the kidnapping of Maggie Rose and Michael Goldberg. He has an obsession with being famous, and wants to be the most feared criminal in America. In other media Film Main article: Along Came a Spider (film) A film adaptation of the same name was released on April 6, 2001, starring Morgan Freeman as Alex Cross, Monica Potter as Jezzie Flannagan, and Michael Wincott as Gary Soneji. The adaptation makes substantial changes to the plot, omitting much of Soneji's background and his split personality, as well as changing the identity of the kidnapped children's parents and many characters' eventual fate. References ^ "James Patterson – Books – Alex Cross". James Patterson. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2023-08-14. vteJames PattersonBibliographyAlex Cross seriesCharacters Alex Cross Kyle Craig John Sampson Books Along Came a Spider Kiss the Girls Jack & Jill Cat & Mouse Pop Goes the Weasel Roses Are Red Violets Are Blue Four Blind Mice The Big Bad Wolf London Bridges Mary, Mary Cross Double Cross Cross Country Alex Cross's Trial I, Alex Cross Cross Fire Kill Alex Cross Merry Christmas, Alex Cross Alex Cross, Run Cross My Heart Hope to Die Cross Justice Cross the Line The People vs. Alex Cross Target: Alex Cross Films Kiss the Girls Along Came a Spider Alex Cross Daniel X series The Dangerous Days of Daniel X Watch the Skies Demons and Druids Armageddon Maximum Ride series List of characters The Angel Experiment School's Out—Forever Saving the World and Other Extreme Sports The Final Warning Max Fang Angel Nevermore Maximum Ride Forever Michael Bennett series Step on a Crack Run for Your Life Worst Case Private series Private Private #1 Suspect Private Games Private L.A. Private Down Under Private Paris Private Rio Princess Treasure Hunters series Treasure Hunters Danger Down the Nile Secret of the Forbidden City Peril at the Top of the World Witch & Wizard series Witch & Wizard The Gift The Fire The Kiss The Lost Women's Murder Club series 1st to Die 2nd Chance 3rd Degree 4th of July The 5th Horseman The 6th Target 7th Heaven The 8th Confession The 9th Judgment 11th Hour 12th of Never 14th Deadly Sin 17th Suspect 18th Abduction 19th Christmas 20th Victim 21st Birthday 22 Seconds 23rd Midnight The 24th Hour Other novels Black Friday When the Wind Blows Hide & Seek Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas The Jester The Lake House Sam's Letters to Jennifer Judge & Jury The Quickie The Postcard Killers The President Is Missing Sundays at Tiffany's Sail Toys Zoo Homeroom Diaries The President's Daughter Eruption Non-fiction Against Medical Advice	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"James Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Patterson"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cross_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"forensic psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychologist"},{"link_name":"Alex Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_a_Spider_(film)"},{"link_name":"Morgan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman"}],"text":"Along Came a Spider is a crime thriller novel, and the first novel in James Patterson's series about forensic psychologist Alex Cross. First published in 1993, its success has led to twenty-six sequels as of 2021.[1]It was adapted into a film of the same name in 2001, starring Morgan Freeman as Cross.","title":"Along Came a Spider (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"}],"text":"Alex Cross, a psychologist and police detective, is called to a crime scene where a mother, her daughter, and her toddler son were murdered. As Alex and his partner, John Sampson, explore the crime scene, Alex gets a call from his boss, Chief of Detectives Pittman, demanding that Alex and John join a new investigation into two kidnapped children. Alex and John arrive at the children’s school to discover not only fellow officers from the Washington, DC, police department, but the Secret Service and the FBI. Annoyed that more attention is being devoted to this high-profile case than to the Sanders family murders in the poor neighborhood of Washington Southeast, Alex arrives at the crime scene with the intention of getting out of the investigation. However, the mayor insists Alex take the case.Alex works closely with the hostage-rescue team, which includes Secret Service supervisor Jezzie Flanagan. Within days, the body of one of the child victims, Michael Goldberg, is found by a river in Maryland. Not long afterward, the hostage-rescue team receives a ransom demand from the kidnapper. The team rushes to Florida to investigate the business where the demand originated from. While there, they receive another demand and decide to follow the instructions in the hopes of saving the other child victim, Maggie Rose Dunne.Alex is chosen by the kidnapper to deliver the ransom at Disney World. As Alex walks through the park, he is approached by a man he suspects is not the kidnapper. Still, the man knows about the ransom demand and is able to convince Alex to leave the park with him. Alex and the man board a private plane and eventually end up at a private airport in South Carolina. As the man leaves the plane with the ransom, Alex frees himself from the armrest he is handcuffed to and chases the man off the plane, only to be hit on the head by an unseen person. By the time Alex’s backup arrives, the ransom is gone, and Maggie remains missing.Alex is blamed by the press for the loss of ransom. Alex and John are removed from the case but given promotions. They return their attention to the Sanders family murders. Alex has begun a relationship with Jezzie Flanagan, the Secret Service supervisor, despite his grandmother’s warnings. Unable to let go of the kidnapping case, Alex continues to investigate on his own. Eventually, a teacher from the child victims’ school is found murdered in the same manner as the Sanders women, and Maggie’s shoe is left at the crime scene. Alex and John find a witness who places a Delaware door-to-door salesman in the area.The hostage-rescue team swarms the home of Gary Murphy, a door-to-door salesman, husband, and father of one. However, Gary saw them coming and is able to escape. Several days later, Gary walks into a McDonald’s in Pennsylvania, kills a man, and takes the other diners hostage. Alex arrives with John and is able to talk Gary out of the restaurant. Gary is arrested and taken to a Virginia prison where Alex visits him. The suspect claims to have a split personality, and Alex convinces those in charge to allow him to hypnotize Gary in order to determine if he is telling the truth. Under hypnosis, Gary appears to become his alter, Gary Soneji, and lashes out at Alex.Gary is put on trial for the kidnappings and the murder of Michael Goldberg. The defense attorney calls Alex to the stand in the hopes of convincing the jury of Gary’s split personality; Alex is allowed to hypnotize Gary in the courtroom. Alex does, and Gary appears to remember things Gary Soneji did, including the idea that someone took Maggie from the farm where Gary Soneji hid her. Shortly after, Gary is found guilty of kidnapping and murder. In prison, Gary seemingly becomes Gary Soneji. Alex speaks with Gary Soneji and learns details about the kidnapping, including his continued insistence that Maggie was taken without his knowledge. Gary Soneji insists he was being watched before the kidnappings, including the night he murdered the Sanders, supporting an eyewitness statement. He suggests these watchers were cops. Shortly after, Gary Soneji escapes prison with the help of a prison guard.Alex connects Gary Soneji’s story of being watched to the Secret Service agents assigned to Michael Goldberg and goes to the FBI with his theory. The FBI confirms Alex’s suspicions and believes that Jezzie Flanagan, the Secret Service supervisor, was involved due to her sexual relationship with one of the agents. Alex is devastated by the news but agrees to help get the proof needed to arrest those involvedCross takes Flannagan on a Caribbean getaway, and confronts her about her actions. She explains that Devine and Chakely noticed Soneji driving by the Goldberg house, and followed him. The ransom was her idea, and they removed Maggie Rose after Michael died accidentally. Flannagan is arrested based on a recording Sampson made of the conversation, and Maggie Rose is found with a family in South America, where she had been living for the past two years.Alex returns home and is attacked by Gary Soneji in the middle of the night. He fights Gary Soneji off and chases him out of the house. In a matter of hours, the police corner Gary Soneji near the White House. As Alex attempts to coax Gary Soneji out, John shoots Gary Soneji, who is then returned to prison. Not long after, Alex attends Jezzie’s execution. Soneji writes a last taunting letter to Cross and bribes a guard to leave it on Cross' windshield. Disturbed but unwilling to let Soneji disrupt his life any further, Cross returns home to spend time with his family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alex Cross: An African-American forensic psychologist as well as a detective, described as good-looking and well-built. He is often referred to as \"Doctor Detective\". Despite being very dedicated to his job, he manages to be a devoted father to his two children. His wife, Maria, was killed in a shooting before the novel begins and he is romantically involved with Jezzie Flannagan before he finds out her role in Maggie Rose's disappearance.Jezzie Flannagan: Before the kidnapping of Maggie Rose and Michael Goldberg, she held an esteemed position in the Secret Service—the first woman ever to hold the position. She is described as very beautiful, though she confides in Alex that she wishes she'd been born plain so she wouldn't have to face as much sexism in her workplace. As a white woman romantically involved with Alex (an African-American man), she faces racism, though she handles it better than Alex does. Both her parents were alcoholics, and her father committed suicide. She names them as \"smart failures\", or brilliant people who never made anything of their lives. When Alex confronts her about her betrayal, she admits that she approached him at first strictly to get information on what the cops knew, but that she later fell in love with him and his children.Gary Murphy/Soneji: As a boy, he was physically and sexually abused by his father and stepmother, which caused him to develop a split personality. Gary Murphy is a normal, all-American father and husband, while Gary Soneji is a cold-blooded predator who fantasizes about kidnapping and burying a baby alive at twelve and orchestrates the kidnapping of Maggie Rose and Michael Goldberg. He has an obsession with being famous, and wants to be the most feared criminal in America.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_a_Spider_(film)"},{"link_name":"Morgan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Monica Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Potter"},{"link_name":"Michael Wincott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wincott"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"A film adaptation of the same name was released on April 6, 2001, starring Morgan Freeman as Alex Cross, Monica Potter as Jezzie Flannagan, and Michael Wincott as Gary Soneji. The adaptation makes substantial changes to the plot, omitting much of Soneji's background and his split personality, as well as changing the identity of the kidnapped children's parents and many characters' eventual fate.","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"James Patterson – Books – Alex Cross\". James Patterson. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2023-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jamespatterson.com/landing-page/james-patterson-books-alex-cross/","url_text":"\"James Patterson – Books – Alex Cross\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Along+Came+a+Spider%22+novel","external_links_name":"\"Along Came a Spider\" novel"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Along+Came+a+Spider%22+novel+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Along+Came+a+Spider%22+novel&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Along+Came+a+Spider%22+novel+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Along+Came+a+Spider%22+novel","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Along+Came+a+Spider%22+novel&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25995508","external_links_name":"25995508"},{"Link":"https://www.jamespatterson.com/landing-page/james-patterson-books-alex-cross/","external_links_name":"\"James Patterson – Books – Alex Cross\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Kipper	Chris Sugden	["1 Personal life","2 Albums","3 Books","4 External links","5 References"]	Chris Sugden (died 3 April 2024) was a Norfolk humorist, best known for his portrayal of fictional folk singer Sid Kipper, the younger half of the Kipper Family. Personal life Born in West Runton in 1952, Sugden initially studied pharmacy at Leicester Polytechnic before starting a PhD at the University of East Anglia. He is the author of Prewd and Prejudice (1994) in which the heroine Miriam Prewd spends a traumatic year of ‘Norfolk exile’. Written in his characteristic dead-pan style Prewd and Prejudice concerns itself with the Norfolk countryside, misconceptions about Norfolk and its self-deprecating folk. Sugden wrote that "the national papers seemed to think that it took the mickey out of country people, while the Norfolk people thought it ridiculed Londoners". Sugden is also the author of The Cromer-Sheringham Crab Wars and the song Like a Rhinestone Ploughboy. He is the compiler of an (as yet) unpublished rhyming dictionary of Norfolk place-names for song-writing purposes. In 1996 he published The Ballad of Sid Kipper. The Eastern Daily Press columnist Keith Skipper claimed that Sugden is "probably the county’s finest ambassador who captures the true spirit of Norfolk, teaches it tricks, then sends it to run riot across the land". In 2006, Sugden presented a series of podcasts for Channel 4 radio called "The Kipper Country Code", as Sid Kipper. Chris has now retired Sid Kipper from public life and an update can be found on his website. His website no longer exists, but is available via web archive. On the 4th April 2024, friends and family confirmed on social media that he had passed away the previous evening. Albums Sid Kipper Like A Rhinestone Ploughboy (1994) Spineless (1997) Boiled in the Bag (1997) East Side Story (2000) Cod Pieces (2002) Chained Melody (2003) In Season (2007) Gutless (2011) The Kipper Family Since Time Immoral (1984) The Ever Decreasing Circle (1985) The Crab Wars (1986) Fresh Yesterday (1988) Arrest These Merry Gentlemen (1989) In the Family Way (1991) Two-Faced (2011) Books Prewd and Prejudice (1994) Crab Wars (1999) Cod Pieces (2001) Man of Convictions (2003) The Ballad of Sid Kipper (1996) (out of print) External links Sid Kipper's website The Kipper Family: Sid and Henry Kipper tribute site Sid Kipper at Myspace Garry Gillard's Kipper pages Sid Kipper Interview Authority control databases ISNI VIAF References ^ sidkipperwebsite	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sid_Kipper_is_a_very_funny_man._He_makes_lots_of_people_laugh_with_his_wit_and_stuff._(84361043).jpg"}],"title":"Chris Sugden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Runton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Runton"},{"link_name":"Leicester Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Daily Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daily_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Born in West Runton in 1952, Sugden initially studied pharmacy at Leicester Polytechnic before starting a PhD at the University of East Anglia. He is the author of Prewd and Prejudice (1994) in which the heroine Miriam Prewd spends a traumatic year of ‘Norfolk exile’. Written in his characteristic dead-pan style Prewd and Prejudice concerns itself with the Norfolk countryside, misconceptions about Norfolk and its self-deprecating folk. Sugden wrote that \"the national papers seemed to think that it took the mickey out of country people, while the Norfolk people thought it ridiculed Londoners\".Sugden is also the author of The Cromer-Sheringham Crab Wars and the song Like a Rhinestone Ploughboy. He is the compiler of an (as yet) unpublished rhyming dictionary of Norfolk place-names for song-writing purposes. In 1996 he published The Ballad of Sid Kipper.The Eastern Daily Press columnist Keith Skipper claimed that Sugden is \"probably the county’s finest ambassador who captures the true spirit of Norfolk, teaches it tricks, then sends it to run riot across the land\".In 2006, Sugden presented a series of podcasts for Channel 4 radio called \"The Kipper Country Code\", as Sid Kipper.Chris has now retired Sid Kipper from public life and an update can be found on his website.[1] His website no longer exists, but is available via web archive.On the 4th April 2024, friends and family confirmed on social media that he had passed away the previous evening.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sid KipperLike A Rhinestone Ploughboy (1994)\nSpineless (1997)\nBoiled in the Bag (1997)\nEast Side Story (2000)\nCod Pieces (2002)\nChained Melody (2003)\nIn Season (2007)\nGutless (2011)The Kipper FamilySince Time Immoral (1984)\nThe Ever Decreasing Circle (1985)\nThe Crab Wars (1986)\nFresh Yesterday (1988)\nArrest These Merry Gentlemen (1989)\nIn the Family Way (1991)\nTwo-Faced (2011)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prewd and Prejudice (1994)\nCrab Wars (1999)\nCod Pieces (2001)\nMan of Convictions (2003)\nThe Ballad of Sid Kipper (1996) (out of print)","title":"Books"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sid_Kipper_is_a_very_funny_man._He_makes_lots_of_people_laugh_with_his_wit_and_stuff._%2884361043%29.jpg/220px-Sid_Kipper_is_a_very_funny_man._He_makes_lots_of_people_laugh_with_his_wit_and_stuff._%2884361043%29.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.spineless.idps.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Sid Kipper's website"},{"Link":"http://www.kipperfamily.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Kipper Family: Sid and Henry Kipper tribute site"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/sidkipper","external_links_name":"Sid Kipper at Myspace"},{"Link":"http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/kipper/index.html","external_links_name":"Garry Gillard's Kipper pages"},{"Link":"http://www.literarynorfolk.co.uk/sid_kipper_interview.htm","external_links_name":"Sid Kipper Interview"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064039810","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63506578","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Libano-Fran%C3%A7aise_S.A.L.	Banque Libano-Française S.A.L.	["1 History","2 Board of directors","3 Capital and financial figures","4 See also","5 References"]	Lebanese bank This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Banque libano-française S.A.LCompany typePublicIndustryBankingFoundedBeirut, Lebanon (1967 (1967))HeadquartersLiberty Plaza building, Rome Street, Beirut, LebanonArea servedLebanonFranceCyprusSwitzerlandUnited Arab EmiratesNigeriaNumber of employees800+ParentBanque Libano-FrançaiseWebsitewww.eblf.com This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Banque Libano-Française (BLF, Arabic: البنك اللبناني الفرنسي) is a Lebanese bank holding number 10 on Banque du Liban List of Banks. It was established as a joint stock company in 1967. Its head office is located at the Beirut Liberty Plaza Building, Hamra District, Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the leading banks in Lebanon and an important participant in the Lebanese economy. As at end of December 2023, BLF operates in Lebanon through a network of 36 branches, 1 e-branch and 180 ATMs. Abroad, BLF Group is present in France and Cyprus (Banque SBA), in Switzerland (LF Finance Suisse), in the United Arab Emirates (a representative office in Abu Dhabi), and in Nigeria (a representative office in Lagos). It has 877 employees, including 799 persons employed in Lebanon. It is also available through several digital channels, namely the My BLF mobile apps. While it has historically been a commercial bank, the Bank has diversified its activities and currently provides banking services in five principal areas: commercial banking, investment banking, retail banking, private banking, treasury and capital markets and correspondent banking. BLF is also an active member of the Association of Banks in Lebanon. History Banque Libano-Française (BLF) was created in 1930 as a branch of the French bank, Compagnie Algérienne. In 1967, BLF became a bank established under the Lebanese law, with 70% French shareholding. In 1970, Banque Indosuez acquired a 5% direct interest in the Bank capital. In 1973, Banque Indosuez increased its stake to 20% through a partial acquisition of the shares of Compagnie Française de Crédit et de Banque (former Compagnie Algérienne de Crédit et de Banque), which became known as Parthena Investment. In 1992, Banque Indosuez increased its shareholding in Banque Libano-Française to 51%. In 1999, BLF acquired 100% of Crédit Agricole Indosuez Liban (CAIL), a financial institution specialized in securities brokerage and portfolio management. In 2004, Crédit Agricole Group decided to reduce its exposure in Lebanon, in anticipation of the implementation of Basle II. Therefore, Calyon (former Crédit Agricole Indosuez) reduced its participation in the Bank to 9%. In 2006, BLF finalized the acquisition of 78.3% of Banque SBA shares, established in France (Paris) with a financial subsidiary in Geneva known as LF Finance (Switzerland) SA and a branch in Cyprus (Limassol). In 2009, BLF obtained an official license from the UAE Central Bank to establish a Representative Office in Abu Dhabi. In 2012, the Bank reinforced its operations in the MENA region by opening a Representative Office in Lagos, Nigeria and a branch in Baghdad, Iraq. On September 1, 2014, Farid Raphaël, founder of Banque Libano-Française and its Chairman General Manager from 1979, passed away. On September 15, 2014, Walid Raphaël was elected by the Board of Directors as Chairman General Manager of the Bank. In 2015, the Bank teamed up with Allianz SNA to launch 5 new non-life insurance plans to help protect its clients against various risks. In January 2016, BLF launched the international architecture competition to build its new headquarters. In July 2016, it announced Norwegian-American studio Snøhetta as the winner of the competition, selected by the International Jury. In 2017, the Bank expanded its local network to 58 branches and more than 172 ATMs. In 2018, BLF opened two branches in Kfarhbab and Tyre-Hoche, expanding its local network to 60 branches and more than 181 ATMs, and its first e-branch in Mar Mikhaël. In 2019, BLF continued to implement the Bank's digital strategy with the opening of another e-branch in Badaro, the launch of "My LTBY" application for the youth, and the enhancement of "My BLF" features. In the last quarter of 2019, the Bank had to cope with the terrible socio-economic crisis that hit Lebanon. In 2020, Banque Libano-Française continued to face the terrible socio-economic crisis in Lebanon and focuses its efforts on helping both clients and employees to overcome the situation. Board of directors Walid Raphaël (Chairman) Elie Nahas (Group Chairman) Capital and financial figures BLF capital is LBP 265 billion. See also List of Banks in Lebanon Banque du Liban Bank Audi Byblos Bank Fransabank Economy of Lebanon References ^ "Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon". Abl.org.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership". Businessnews.com.lb. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon". Abl.org.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership". Businessnews.com.lb. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes". Magazine.com.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "IFC in Lebanon". Ifc.org. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "SR Project - ISO 26000 MENA Project". Libnor.gov.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "Letter regarding ten principles of Global Compact" (PDF). Unglobalcompact.org. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "GCNL – Global Compact Network Lebanon". Aub.edu.lb. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ "Banque Libano-Française and Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans to make clients' life easier and protect them against the unexpected". abl.org.lb. Retrieved 24 August 2015. ^ "BLF, Allianz SNA plans". Retrieved 1 September 2015 – via PressReader. ^ "La BLF et Allianz SNA lancent de nouveaux plans d'assurances". lorientlejour.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015. ^ "Launching of BLF - Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans". beiruting.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015. ^ "BLF selects Norwegian-American architecture studio Snøhetta to build its new headquarters following a rigorous international competition". abl.org.lb. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ "snøhetta's vision for BLF tower in beirut wins competition". designboom.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Snøhetta designs Beirut bank featuring chequerboard walls and rooftop gardens". dezeen.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Snøhetta stacks up for BLF". worldarchitecturenews.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Snøhetta Wins Competition to Build Its First Structure in Lebanon". architecturaldigest.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Snøhetta to Design Banque Libano Francaise's New Headquarters". designcurial.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Snøhetta unveils their design for Beirut tower after triumphing in competition". archpaper.com. Retrieved 11 August 2016. ^ "Snohetta Chosen to Design BLF Headquarters in Beirut". contractdesign.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ "La Banque libano-française s'offre un nouveau siège à Mar Mikhaël". lecommercedulevant.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ "First look at Snøhetta's winning "Magic Box" concept for Banque Libano Francaise". bustler.net. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ "Le nouveau siège de la BLF: une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël". agendaculturel.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ "Banque Libano-Française Opens Iraqi Branch". iraq-businessnews.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013. ^ "Lebanese Bank opens office in Abu Dhabi". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 17 February 2010. ^ "Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF". lecommercedulevant.com. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014. ^ "Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la Banque libano-française". lorientlejour.com. Retrieved 25 September 2014. ^ "Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF" (PDF). ccib.org.lb. Retrieved 1 November 2014. ^ "Raya Raphaël Nahas, New Chair of the Promote Committee". lifelebanon.com. Retrieved 3 November 2015. ^ "Banque Libano-Française Now Open in Kaslik". zawya.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018. ^ "Farid Raphaël passes away". businessnews.com.lb. Retrieved 2 September 2014. ^ "Farid Raphael (1933-2014): A Unique Man". abl.org.lb. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ "BLF opens two new branches in Kfarhbab and Tyre Hoche". executive-bulletin.com. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019. ^ "Banque Libano-Française enhances its Presence in Keserwan and South Lebanon". www.zawya.com. Retrieved 21 February 2019. ^ "Banque Libano-Française Taking CSR Commitment To A New Level". www.csrlebanon.com. Retrieved 3 July 2019. ^ "Banque Libano-Francaise Sets An Example By Making The Most Of Corporate Social Responsibility". www.csrlebanon.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. ^ "Le nouveau siège de la BLF : une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël". www.agendaculturel.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ "CSR is an integral part of BLF's values". www.aljoumhouria.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ "Banque Libano-Française: croissance maitrisée et liquidité élevée" (PDF). www.lorientlejour.com. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes". www.magazine.com.lb. Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ "Banque Libano-Française joins the UNGC Local Network Steering Committee and Champions SDG 10: Reducing inequalities". 12 November 2018 . Retrieved 9 November 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Banque du Liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_du_Liban"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"commercial banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_banking"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"retail banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_banking"},{"link_name":"private banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_banking"},{"link_name":"correspondent banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondent_bank"},{"link_name":"Association of Banks in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abl.org.lb/english/home"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Banque Libano-Française (BLF, Arabic: البنك اللبناني الفرنسي) is a Lebanese bank holding number 10 on Banque du Liban List of Banks. It was established as a joint stock company in 1967. Its head office is located at the Beirut Liberty Plaza Building, Hamra District, Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the leading banks in Lebanon and an important participant in the Lebanese economy.As at end of December 2023, BLF operates in Lebanon through a network of 36 branches, 1 e-branch and 180 ATMs. Abroad, BLF Group is present in France and Cyprus (Banque SBA), in Switzerland (LF Finance Suisse), in the United Arab Emirates (a representative office in Abu Dhabi), and in Nigeria (a representative office in Lagos). It has 877 employees, including 799 persons employed in Lebanon.It is also available through several digital channels, namely the My BLF mobile apps.While it has historically been a commercial bank, the Bank has diversified its activities and currently provides banking services in five principal areas: commercial banking, investment banking, retail banking, private banking, treasury and capital markets and correspondent banking.BLF is also an active member of the Association of Banks in Lebanon.[1]","title":"Banque Libano-Française S.A.L."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compagnie Algérienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_Alg%C3%A9rienne"},{"link_name":"Banque Indosuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Indosuez"},{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole Indosuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Indosuez"},{"link_name":"brokerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broker"},{"link_name":"portfolio management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_management"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol"},{"link_name":"Farid Raphaël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Rapha%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Banque Libano-Française (BLF) was created in 1930 as a branch of the French bank, Compagnie Algérienne.\nIn 1967, BLF became a bank established under the Lebanese law, with 70% French shareholding.\nIn 1970, Banque Indosuez acquired a 5% direct interest in the Bank capital.\nIn 1973, Banque Indosuez increased its stake to 20% through a partial acquisition of the shares of Compagnie Française de Crédit et de Banque (former Compagnie Algérienne de Crédit et de Banque), which became known as Parthena Investment.\nIn 1992, Banque Indosuez increased its shareholding in Banque Libano-Française to 51%.\nIn 1999, BLF acquired 100% of Crédit Agricole Indosuez Liban (CAIL), a financial institution specialized in securities brokerage and portfolio management.\nIn 2004, Crédit Agricole Group decided to reduce its exposure in Lebanon, in anticipation of the implementation of Basle II. Therefore, Calyon (former Crédit Agricole Indosuez) reduced its participation in the Bank to 9%.\nIn 2006, BLF finalized the acquisition of 78.3% of Banque SBA shares, established in France (Paris) with a financial subsidiary in Geneva known as LF Finance (Switzerland) SA and a branch in Cyprus (Limassol).\nIn 2009, BLF obtained an official license from the UAE Central Bank to establish a Representative Office in Abu Dhabi.\nIn 2012, the Bank reinforced its operations in the MENA region by opening a Representative Office in Lagos, Nigeria and a branch in Baghdad, Iraq.\nOn September 1, 2014, Farid Raphaël, founder of Banque Libano-Française and its Chairman General Manager from 1979, passed away.[2]\nOn September 15, 2014, Walid Raphaël was elected by the Board of Directors as Chairman General Manager of the Bank.\nIn 2015, the Bank teamed up with Allianz SNA to launch 5 new non-life insurance plans to help protect its clients against various risks.\nIn January 2016, BLF launched the international architecture competition to build its new headquarters.\nIn July 2016, it announced Norwegian-American studio Snøhetta as the winner of the competition, selected by the International Jury.\nIn 2017, the Bank expanded its local network to 58 branches and more than 172 ATMs.\nIn 2018, BLF opened two branches in Kfarhbab and Tyre-Hoche, expanding its local network to 60 branches and more than 181 ATMs, and its first e-branch in Mar Mikhaël.\nIn 2019, BLF continued to implement the Bank's digital strategy with the opening of another e-branch in Badaro, the launch of \"My LTBY\" application for the youth, and the enhancement of \"My BLF\" features. In the last quarter of 2019, the Bank had to cope with the terrible socio-economic crisis that hit Lebanon.[citation needed]\nIn 2020, Banque Libano-Française continued to face the terrible socio-economic crisis in Lebanon and focuses its efforts on helping both clients and employees to overcome the situation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Walid Raphaël (Chairman)\nElie Nahas (Group Chairman)","title":"Board of directors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"BLF capital is LBP 265 billion.","title":"Capital and financial figures"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Banks in Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Banks_in_Lebanon"},{"title":"Banque du Liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_du_Liban"},{"title":"Bank Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Audi"},{"title":"Byblos Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos_Bank"},{"title":"Fransabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransabank"},{"title":"Economy of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon"}]	[{"reference":"\"Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon\". Abl.org.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abl.org.lb/arabic/about-abl/members","url_text":"\"Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership\". Businessnews.com.lb. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessnews.com.lb/MyDesktooModule/storydetails.aspx?itemid=4319","url_text":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon\". Abl.org.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abl.org.lb/arabic/about-abl/members","url_text":"\"Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership\". Businessnews.com.lb. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessnews.com.lb/MyDesktooModule/storydetails.aspx?itemid=4319","url_text":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes\". Magazine.com.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine.com.lb/2016/03/23/banque-libano-francaise-engagement-pour-les-grandes-causes/","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes\""}]},{"reference":"\"IFC in Lebanon\". Ifc.org. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/region__ext_content/regions/europe+middle+east+and+north+africa/ifc+middle+east+north+africa+and+southern+europe/countries/lebanon+country+landing+page","url_text":"\"IFC in Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"SR Project - ISO 26000 MENA Project\". Libnor.gov.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libnor.gov.lb/CustomPage.aspx?id=44","url_text":"\"SR Project - ISO 26000 MENA Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter regarding ten principles of Global Compact\" (PDF). Unglobalcompact.org. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unglobalcompact.org/system/commitment_letters/44501/original/Banque_Libano-Fran%C3%A7aise.pdf?1412245812","url_text":"\"Letter regarding ten principles of Global Compact\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCNL – Global Compact Network Lebanon\". Aub.edu.lb. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalcompact-lebanon.com/","url_text":"\"GCNL – Global Compact Network Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française and Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans to make clients' life easier and protect them against the unexpected\". abl.org.lb. Retrieved 24 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abl.org.lb/NewsDetails.aspx?pageid=7298","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française and Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans to make clients' life easier and protect them against the unexpected\""}]},{"reference":"\"BLF, Allianz SNA plans\". Retrieved 1 September 2015 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20150901/281758448050508","url_text":"\"BLF, Allianz SNA plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"La BLF et Allianz SNA lancent de nouveaux plans d'assurances\". lorientlejour.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/942106/la-blf-et-allianz-sna-lancent-de-nouveaux-plans-dassurances.html","url_text":"\"La BLF et Allianz SNA lancent de nouveaux plans d'assurances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Launching of BLF - Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans\". beiruting.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://beiruting.com/Launching_of_BLF__Allianz_SNA_New_Insurance_Plans/13152/447020","url_text":"\"Launching of BLF - Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"BLF selects Norwegian-American architecture studio Snøhetta to build its new headquarters following a rigorous international competition\". abl.org.lb. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://abl.org.lb/NewsDetails.aspx?pageid=9653","url_text":"\"BLF selects Norwegian-American architecture studio Snøhetta to build its new headquarters following a rigorous international competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"snøhetta's vision for BLF tower in beirut wins competition\". designboom.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.designboom.com/architecture/snohetta-beirut-banque-libano-francaise-hq-blf-lebanon-08-09-2016/","url_text":"\"snøhetta's vision for BLF tower in beirut wins competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snøhetta designs Beirut bank featuring chequerboard walls and rooftop gardens\". dezeen.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/09/snohetta-bank-beirut-lebanon-banque-libano-francaise/","url_text":"\"Snøhetta designs Beirut bank featuring chequerboard walls and rooftop gardens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snøhetta stacks up for BLF\". worldarchitecturenews.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/article/1516850/snohetta-stacks-blf","url_text":"\"Snøhetta stacks up for BLF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snøhetta Wins Competition to Build Its First Structure in Lebanon\". architecturaldigest.com. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/snohetta-wins-competition-first-structure-lebanon","url_text":"\"Snøhetta Wins Competition to Build Its First Structure in Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snøhetta to Design Banque Libano Francaise's New Headquarters\". designcurial.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.designcurial.com/news/snhetta-to-design-banque-libano-francaises-new-headquarters-4977444/","url_text":"\"Snøhetta to Design Banque Libano Francaise's New Headquarters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snøhetta unveils their design for Beirut tower after triumphing in competition\". archpaper.com. Retrieved 11 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archpaper.com/2016/08/snohetta-beirut-tower-unveil/#gallery-0-slide-0","url_text":"\"Snøhetta unveils their design for Beirut tower after triumphing in competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snohetta Chosen to Design BLF Headquarters in Beirut\". contractdesign.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.contractdesign.com/news/competitions-awards/snohetta-chosen-to-design-blf-headquarters-in-beirut/","url_text":"\"Snohetta Chosen to Design BLF Headquarters in Beirut\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Banque libano-française s'offre un nouveau siège à Mar Mikhaël\". lecommercedulevant.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecommercedulevant.com/article/26565-la-banque-libano-franaise-soffre-un-nouveau-sige-mar-mikhal","url_text":"\"La Banque libano-française s'offre un nouveau siège à Mar Mikhaël\""}]},{"reference":"\"First look at Snøhetta's winning \"Magic Box\" concept for Banque Libano Francaise\". bustler.net. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bustler.net/news/5076/first-look-at-sn-hetta-s-winning-magic-box-concept-for-banque-libano-francaise","url_text":"\"First look at Snøhetta's winning \"Magic Box\" concept for Banque Libano Francaise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le nouveau siège de la BLF: une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël\". agendaculturel.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agendaculturel.com/Tendances_Le_nouveau_siege_de_la_BLF_une_approche_ecologique_et_des_espaces_publics_ouverts_a_la_communaute_de_Mar+Mikhael","url_text":"\"Le nouveau siège de la BLF: une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française Opens Iraqi Branch\". iraq-businessnews.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/tag/banque-libano-francaise-blf/","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française Opens Iraqi Branch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese Bank opens office in Abu Dhabi\". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 17 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Lebanese+bank+opens+office+in+Abu+Dhabi-a0219089574","url_text":"\"Lebanese Bank opens office in Abu Dhabi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF\". lecommercedulevant.com. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecommercedulevant.com/article/24010-walid-raphal-lu-pdg-de-la-blf","url_text":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la Banque libano-française\". lorientlejour.com. Retrieved 25 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/888105/walid-raphael-elu-pdg-de-la-banque-libano-francaise.html","url_text":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la Banque libano-française\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF\" (PDF). ccib.org.lb. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccib.org.lb/uploads/5465ddca28ffa.pdf","url_text":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raya Raphaël Nahas, New Chair of the Promote Committee\". lifelebanon.com. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifelebanon.com/news/latest-news/raya-rapha-l-nahas-new-chair-of-promote-committee.html","url_text":"\"Raya Raphaël Nahas, New Chair of the Promote Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française Now Open in Kaslik\". zawya.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/press-releases/story/Banque_LibanoFranccedilaise_Now_Open_in_Kaslik-ZAWYA20180313120716//","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française Now Open in Kaslik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away\". businessnews.com.lb. Retrieved 2 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessnews.com.lb/cms/Story/StoryDetails/4319/Farid-Rapha%C3%ABl-passes-away//","url_text":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farid Raphael (1933-2014): A Unique Man\". abl.org.lb. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://abl.org.lb/NewsDetails.aspx?pageid=6036","url_text":"\"Farid Raphael (1933-2014): A Unique Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"BLF opens two new branches in Kfarhbab and Tyre Hoche\". executive-bulletin.com. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://executive-bulletin.com/banking/banque-libano-francaise-enhances-its-presence-in-keserwan-and-south-lebanon-with-two-new-branches-in-kfarhbab-and-tyre-hoche","url_text":"\"BLF opens two new branches in Kfarhbab and Tyre Hoche\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française enhances its Presence in Keserwan and South Lebanon\". www.zawya.com. Retrieved 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zawya.com/uae/en/press-releases/story/Banque_LibanoFranaise_enhances_its_Presence_in_Keserwan_and_South_Lebanon-ZAWYA20190221100802/","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française enhances its Presence in Keserwan and South Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française Taking CSR Commitment To A New Level\". www.csrlebanon.com. Retrieved 3 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csrlebanon.com/features/FeaturesDetails/ID/3020","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française Taking CSR Commitment To A New Level\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Francaise Sets An Example By Making The Most Of Corporate Social Responsibility\". www.csrlebanon.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csrlebanon.com/features/FeaturesDetails/ID/52","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Francaise Sets An Example By Making The Most Of Corporate Social Responsibility\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le nouveau siège de la BLF : une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël\". www.agendaculturel.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agendaculturel.com/Tendances_Le_nouveau_siege_de_la_BLF_une_approche_ecologique_et_des_espaces_publics_ouverts_a_la_communaute_de_Mar+Mikhael","url_text":"\"Le nouveau siège de la BLF : une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSR is an integral part of BLF's values\". www.aljoumhouria.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljoumhouria.com/news/index/441854","url_text":"\"CSR is an integral part of BLF's values\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française: croissance maitrisée et liquidité élevée\" (PDF). www.lorientlejour.com. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://dmscg.com/orient_supplement/Sp%C3%A9cial_Banques_OLJ_2019_LOW.pdf","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française: croissance maitrisée et liquidité élevée\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes\". www.magazine.com.lb. Retrieved 25 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magazine.com.lb/index.php/fr/component/k2/item/15347-banque-libano-fran%C3%A7aise-engagement-pour-les-grandes-causes?issue_id=227","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banque Libano-Française joins the UNGC Local Network Steering Committee and Champions SDG 10: Reducing inequalities\". 12 November 2018 [December 1, 2015]. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eblf.com/english/news/ungc","url_text":"\"Banque Libano-Française joins the UNGC Local Network Steering Committee and Champions SDG 10: Reducing inequalities\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banque_Libano-Fran%C3%A7aise_S.A.L.&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.eblf.com/","external_links_name":"www.eblf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.abl.org.lb/english/home","external_links_name":"Association of Banks in Lebanon"},{"Link":"https://www.abl.org.lb/arabic/about-abl/members","external_links_name":"\"Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessnews.com.lb/MyDesktooModule/storydetails.aspx?itemid=4319","external_links_name":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership\""},{"Link":"https://www.abl.org.lb/arabic/about-abl/members","external_links_name":"\"Active Members, ABL - Association of Banks in Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessnews.com.lb/MyDesktooModule/storydetails.aspx?itemid=4319","external_links_name":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away More than 50 years of experience and leadership\""},{"Link":"https://magazine.com.lb/2016/03/23/banque-libano-francaise-engagement-pour-les-grandes-causes/","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/region__ext_content/regions/europe+middle+east+and+north+africa/ifc+middle+east+north+africa+and+southern+europe/countries/lebanon+country+landing+page","external_links_name":"\"IFC in Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.libnor.gov.lb/CustomPage.aspx?id=44","external_links_name":"\"SR Project - ISO 26000 MENA Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.unglobalcompact.org/system/commitment_letters/44501/original/Banque_Libano-Fran%C3%A7aise.pdf?1412245812","external_links_name":"\"Letter regarding ten principles of Global Compact\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalcompact-lebanon.com/","external_links_name":"\"GCNL – Global Compact Network Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.abl.org.lb/NewsDetails.aspx?pageid=7298","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française and Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans to make clients' life easier and protect them against the unexpected\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20150901/281758448050508","external_links_name":"\"BLF, Allianz SNA plans\""},{"Link":"https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/942106/la-blf-et-allianz-sna-lancent-de-nouveaux-plans-dassurances.html","external_links_name":"\"La BLF et Allianz SNA lancent de nouveaux plans d'assurances\""},{"Link":"http://beiruting.com/Launching_of_BLF__Allianz_SNA_New_Insurance_Plans/13152/447020","external_links_name":"\"Launching of BLF - Allianz SNA launch new insurance plans\""},{"Link":"http://abl.org.lb/NewsDetails.aspx?pageid=9653","external_links_name":"\"BLF selects Norwegian-American architecture studio Snøhetta to build its new headquarters following a rigorous international competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.designboom.com/architecture/snohetta-beirut-banque-libano-francaise-hq-blf-lebanon-08-09-2016/","external_links_name":"\"snøhetta's vision for BLF tower in beirut wins competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/09/snohetta-bank-beirut-lebanon-banque-libano-francaise/","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta designs Beirut bank featuring chequerboard walls and rooftop gardens\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/article/1516850/snohetta-stacks-blf","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta stacks up for BLF\""},{"Link":"https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/snohetta-wins-competition-first-structure-lebanon","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta Wins Competition to Build Its First Structure in Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.designcurial.com/news/snhetta-to-design-banque-libano-francaises-new-headquarters-4977444/","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta to Design Banque Libano Francaise's New Headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://archpaper.com/2016/08/snohetta-beirut-tower-unveil/#gallery-0-slide-0","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta unveils their design for Beirut tower after triumphing in competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.contractdesign.com/news/competitions-awards/snohetta-chosen-to-design-blf-headquarters-in-beirut/","external_links_name":"\"Snohetta Chosen to Design BLF Headquarters in Beirut\""},{"Link":"https://www.lecommercedulevant.com/article/26565-la-banque-libano-franaise-soffre-un-nouveau-sige-mar-mikhal","external_links_name":"\"La Banque libano-française s'offre un nouveau siège à Mar Mikhaël\""},{"Link":"http://bustler.net/news/5076/first-look-at-sn-hetta-s-winning-magic-box-concept-for-banque-libano-francaise","external_links_name":"\"First look at Snøhetta's winning \"Magic Box\" concept for Banque Libano Francaise\""},{"Link":"http://www.agendaculturel.com/Tendances_Le_nouveau_siege_de_la_BLF_une_approche_ecologique_et_des_espaces_publics_ouverts_a_la_communaute_de_Mar+Mikhael","external_links_name":"\"Le nouveau siège de la BLF: une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël\""},{"Link":"http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/tag/banque-libano-francaise-blf/","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française Opens Iraqi Branch\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Lebanese+bank+opens+office+in+Abu+Dhabi-a0219089574","external_links_name":"\"Lebanese Bank opens office in Abu Dhabi\""},{"Link":"https://www.lecommercedulevant.com/article/24010-walid-raphal-lu-pdg-de-la-blf","external_links_name":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF\""},{"Link":"https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/888105/walid-raphael-elu-pdg-de-la-banque-libano-francaise.html","external_links_name":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la Banque libano-française\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccib.org.lb/uploads/5465ddca28ffa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Walid Raphaël élu PDG de la BLF\""},{"Link":"https://www.lifelebanon.com/news/latest-news/raya-rapha-l-nahas-new-chair-of-promote-committee.html","external_links_name":"\"Raya Raphaël Nahas, New Chair of the Promote Committee\""},{"Link":"https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/press-releases/story/Banque_LibanoFranccedilaise_Now_Open_in_Kaslik-ZAWYA20180313120716//","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française Now Open in Kaslik\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessnews.com.lb/cms/Story/StoryDetails/4319/Farid-Rapha%C3%ABl-passes-away//","external_links_name":"\"Farid Raphaël passes away\""},{"Link":"http://abl.org.lb/NewsDetails.aspx?pageid=6036","external_links_name":"\"Farid Raphael (1933-2014): A Unique Man\""},{"Link":"https://executive-bulletin.com/banking/banque-libano-francaise-enhances-its-presence-in-keserwan-and-south-lebanon-with-two-new-branches-in-kfarhbab-and-tyre-hoche","external_links_name":"\"BLF opens two new branches in Kfarhbab and Tyre Hoche\""},{"Link":"https://www.zawya.com/uae/en/press-releases/story/Banque_LibanoFranaise_enhances_its_Presence_in_Keserwan_and_South_Lebanon-ZAWYA20190221100802/","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française enhances its Presence in Keserwan and South Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.csrlebanon.com/features/FeaturesDetails/ID/3020","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française Taking CSR Commitment To A New Level\""},{"Link":"http://www.csrlebanon.com/features/FeaturesDetails/ID/52","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Francaise Sets An Example By Making The Most Of Corporate Social Responsibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.agendaculturel.com/Tendances_Le_nouveau_siege_de_la_BLF_une_approche_ecologique_et_des_espaces_publics_ouverts_a_la_communaute_de_Mar+Mikhael","external_links_name":"\"Le nouveau siège de la BLF : une approche écologique et des espaces publics ouverts à la communauté de Mar Mikhaël\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljoumhouria.com/news/index/441854","external_links_name":"\"CSR is an integral part of BLF's values\""},{"Link":"http://dmscg.com/orient_supplement/Sp%C3%A9cial_Banques_OLJ_2019_LOW.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française: croissance maitrisée et liquidité élevée\""},{"Link":"http://www.magazine.com.lb/index.php/fr/component/k2/item/15347-banque-libano-fran%C3%A7aise-engagement-pour-les-grandes-causes?issue_id=227","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française. Engagement pour les grandes causes\""},{"Link":"https://www.eblf.com/english/news/ungc","external_links_name":"\"Banque Libano-Française joins the UNGC Local Network Steering Committee and Champions SDG 10: Reducing inequalities\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Grigorievich_Razumovsky	Alexei Razumovsky	["1 Early life","2 Night Emperor","3 Later years","4 References"]	Ukrainian-born Russian Registered Cossack (1709–1771) Count A. G. Razumovsky Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky (Russian: Граф Алексе́й Григо́рьевич Разумо́вский, Ukrainian: Граф Олексій Григорович Розумовський; 1709–1771) was a Ukrainian-born Russian Registered Cossack who rose to become the lover, and it was suggested he was the morganatic spouse, of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna of Russia. A member of the House of Razumovsky, he survived Elizabeth. The matter of any children they may have had together is unresolved. Early life Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky was born as Alexei (or Oleksiy) Rozum on 17 March 1709 (NS: 28 March) on Lemeshi, a farm in the area of Chernigov Regiment, Tsardom of Russia (now Ukraine), to the family of a registered Ukrainian-born Cossack, Gregory Rozum. In his youth he was a shepherd and he was taught to read and write by a rural sexton. Having a fine voice he sang in the choir at the village church. In 1731, Colonel Vyshnevsky, one of empress Anna Ivanovna's courtiers, while passing through the village on his way back to the Russian capital from a mission to Hungary, was impressed with his vocal ability, and took him to Saint Petersburg where he joined the choir of the Russian palace chapel as Alexei Grigoriev. Razumovsky was handsome, which, along with his vocal talents, captivated Elizabeth Petrovna, who brought him to the imperial court in 1732. With the deportation of Elizabeth's then favourite, Alexis Shubin, Razumovsky became her favorite. After losing his voice, he was accepted in the post of the court bandura player, and then the manager of one of Elizabeth's mansions. He received the rank of the hof-quartermeister; and actually supervised Elizabeth's court. During the period of Anna Leopoldovna's reign he was made a Kamer-Junker. Night Emperor Razumovsky played an important role in the palace revolution of 25–26 November 1741 (NS 6–7 December), which brought about Elizabeth Petrovna's accession to the throne. On 30 November (NS 11 December) he was appointed as a chamberlain with the rank of a general-lieutenant. On the coronation day (25 April (NS: 6 May) 1742) he was made a Hofmarschall. Other honours bestowed on him included the Order of Saint Andrew and the Order of Alexander Nevsky, as well as being awarded numerous estates in Moscow and elsewhere. Two years later in 1744, he received the comital title Reichsgraf (рейхграф in Russian) from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and he was made a count in Russia in the same year. In 1745 he became the captain-lieutenant of the life-guards, and in 1748 he became the lieutenant-colonel of life-guards. On 5 September (NS: 16 September) 1756 he received the rank of field marshal. During Elizabeth Petrovna's reign he kept an exclusive position at court (though in his last years he was rivaled by the younger Ivan Shuvalov); in 1744, the empress visited his native village and met members of his family. Razumovsky's apartments in the Summer Palace directly adjoined to Elizabeth's apartments, and he had constant access to her. Razumovsky was not interested in politics, but he quite often supported chancellor Bestuzhev. On his advice, the office of Ukrainian hetman was restored and his younger brother Kirill Razumovsky was made a hetman and president of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Later years Princess Tarakanova, in the Petropavlovsk Fortress at the Time of the Flood (1864, Tretyakov Gallery). Before her death, the empress made her successor Peter III promise not to offend her favorites. In 1762, Razumovsky submitted his resignation and moved from the Winter Palace to the Anichkov Palace, which had been presented to him by Elizabeth. After Catherine II's accession to the throne, Razumovsky refused the title of highness that was offered to him. At the empress's request, he destroyed all documents about his marriage with Elizabeth. He died on 6 July (NS 17 July) 1771 in Saint Petersburg and was buried in the Annunciation Church of the Alexandro-Nevskaya Lavra. The question of Razumovsky and Elizabeth Petrovna's children remains unresolved and subject to many legends. The best known pretenders were two princesses Tarakanova, one of whom (Augusta Tarakanova) became a nun under the name Dosifeya. She died in 1810 and was buried in the Romanov family crypt; another (Elizabeth Tarakanova) was arrested in Livorno, Tuscany by Aleksei Grigoryevich Orlov and returned to Russia in February 1775. She was then imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where she died from tuberculosis. The legend of her being drowned during the floods of 1777 served as the plot for a painting by artist Konstantin Flavitsky (1864, Tretyakov Gallery). References ^ Russian biographical dictionary ^ a b c Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary vteMistresses and minions of Russian emperors and empresses1700–1762 Anna Mons Maria Cantemir Mary Hamilton Ernst Johann von Biron Aleksey Razumovsky Ivan Shuvalov Elizaveta Vorontsova 1762–1796 Grigory Orlov Alexander Vasilchikov Grigory Potemkin Pyotr Zavadovsky Semyon Zorich Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov Alexander Lanskoy Alexander Yermolov Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov Platon Zubov 1796–1917 Yekaterina Nelidova Anna Lopukhina Louise Chevalier Maria Naryshkina Varvara Nelidova Alexandra S. Albedinskaya Catherine Dolgorukova Mathilde Kschessinska Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexei_Grigorievich_Razumovskiy.PNG"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Registered Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Cossack"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Petrovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"House of Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumovsky"}],"text":"Count A. G. RazumovskyCount Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky (Russian: Граф Алексе́й Григо́рьевич Разумо́вский, Ukrainian: Граф Олексій Григорович Розумовський; 1709–1771)[1] was a Ukrainian-born Russian Registered Cossack who rose to become the lover, and it was suggested he was the morganatic spouse, of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna of Russia. A member of the House of Razumovsky, he survived Elizabeth. The matter of any children they may have had together is unresolved.","title":"Alexei Razumovsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernigov Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigov_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"Anna Ivanovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Petrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Petrovna"},{"link_name":"bandura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandura"},{"link_name":"Anna Leopoldovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Leopoldovna"},{"link_name":"Kamer-Junker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamer-Junker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%A1%D0%91-2"}],"text":"Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky was born as Alexei (or Oleksiy) Rozum on 17 March 1709 (NS: 28 March) on Lemeshi, a farm in the area of Chernigov Regiment, Tsardom of Russia (now Ukraine), to the family of a registered Ukrainian-born Cossack, Gregory Rozum. In his youth he was a shepherd and he was taught to read and write by a rural sexton. Having a fine voice he sang in the choir at the village church. In 1731, Colonel Vyshnevsky, one of empress Anna Ivanovna's courtiers, while passing through the village on his way back to the Russian capital from a mission to Hungary, was impressed with his vocal ability, and took him to Saint Petersburg where he joined the choir of the Russian palace chapel as Alexei Grigoriev.Razumovsky was handsome, which, along with his vocal talents, captivated Elizabeth Petrovna, who brought him to the imperial court in 1732. With the deportation of Elizabeth's then favourite, Alexis Shubin, Razumovsky became her favorite. After losing his voice, he was accepted in the post of the court bandura player, and then the manager of one of Elizabeth's mansions. He received the rank of the hof-quartermeister; and actually supervised Elizabeth's court. During the period of Anna Leopoldovna's reign he was made a Kamer-Junker.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hofmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmarschall"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Andrew"},{"link_name":"Order of Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%A1%D0%91-2"},{"link_name":"Reichsgraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgraf"},{"link_name":"Charles VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shuvalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shuvalov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%A1%D0%91-2"},{"link_name":"Bestuzhev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin"},{"link_name":"hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Kirill Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"}],"text":"Razumovsky played an important role in the palace revolution of 25–26 November 1741 (NS 6–7 December), which brought about Elizabeth Petrovna's accession to the throne. On 30 November (NS 11 December) he was appointed as a chamberlain with the rank of a general-lieutenant. On the coronation day (25 April (NS: 6 May) 1742) he was made a Hofmarschall. Other honours bestowed on him included the Order of Saint Andrew and the Order of Alexander Nevsky, as well as being awarded numerous estates in Moscow and elsewhere.[2]Two years later in 1744, he received the comital title Reichsgraf (рейхграф in Russian) from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and he was made a count in Russia in the same year. In 1745 he became the captain-lieutenant of the life-guards, and in 1748 he became the lieutenant-colonel of life-guards. On 5 September (NS: 16 September) 1756 he received the rank of field marshal. During Elizabeth Petrovna's reign he kept an exclusive position at court (though in his last years he was rivaled by the younger Ivan Shuvalov); in 1744, the empress visited his native village and met members of his family.[2] Razumovsky's apartments in the Summer Palace directly adjoined to Elizabeth's apartments, and he had constant access to her.Razumovsky was not interested in politics, but he quite often supported chancellor Bestuzhev. On his advice, the office of Ukrainian hetman was restored and his younger brother Kirill Razumovsky was made a hetman and president of the Russian Academy of Sciences.","title":"Night Emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarakanova.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Tarakanova, in the Petropavlovsk Fortress at the Time of the Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tarakanova_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Tretyakov Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Peter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Winter Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Palace"},{"link_name":"Anichkov Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anichkov_Palace"},{"link_name":"Catherine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Annunciation Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Church_of_the_Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra"},{"link_name":"Alexandro-Nevskaya Lavra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandro-Nevskaya_Lavra"},{"link_name":"Tarakanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakanova"},{"link_name":"Romanov family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_family"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Grigoryevich Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Grigoryevich_Orlov"},{"link_name":"Peter and Paul Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Flavitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Flavitsky"}],"text":"Princess Tarakanova, in the Petropavlovsk Fortress at the Time of the Flood (1864, Tretyakov Gallery).Before her death, the empress made her successor Peter III promise not to offend her favorites. In 1762, Razumovsky submitted his resignation and moved from the Winter Palace to the Anichkov Palace, which had been presented to him by Elizabeth. After Catherine II's accession to the throne, Razumovsky refused the title of highness that was offered to him. At the empress's request, he destroyed all documents about his marriage with Elizabeth. He died on 6 July (NS 17 July) 1771 in Saint Petersburg and was buried in the Annunciation Church of the Alexandro-Nevskaya Lavra.The question of Razumovsky and Elizabeth Petrovna's children remains unresolved and subject to many legends. The best known pretenders were two princesses Tarakanova, one of whom (Augusta Tarakanova) became a nun under the name Dosifeya. She died in 1810 and was buried in the Romanov family crypt; another (Elizabeth Tarakanova) was arrested in Livorno, Tuscany by Aleksei Grigoryevich Orlov and returned to Russia in February 1775. She was then imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where she died from tuberculosis. The legend of her being drowned during the floods of 1777 served as the plot for a painting by artist Konstantin Flavitsky (1864, Tretyakov Gallery).","title":"Later years"}]	[{"image_text":"Count A. G. Razumovsky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Alexei_Grigorievich_Razumovskiy.PNG/220px-Alexei_Grigorievich_Razumovskiy.PNG"},{"image_text":"Princess Tarakanova, in the Petropavlovsk Fortress at the Time of the Flood (1864, Tretyakov Gallery).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tarakanova.jpg/220px-Tarakanova.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%A1/%D0%92%D0%A2/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","external_links_name":"Russian biographical dictionary"},{"Link":"https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","external_links_name":"Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1652111/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055447281","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/57672810","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128744189","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006063122","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2003168190&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd128744189.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snelshall_Priory	Snelshall Priory	["1 See also","2 External links","3 References"]	Coordinates: 52°00′07″N 0°48′47″W / 52.002°N 0.813°W / 52.002; -0.813Ruined Benedictine priory in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire Site of Snelshall Priory. Snelshall Priory was a Benedictine priory in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire in the United Kingdom, built around 1200. The priory was founded after Sybil d'Aungerville granted land at Tattenhoe to Lavendon Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery of 'White canons' who most likely started a cell at Snelshall. This did not thrive and was abandoned about 1207. About 1219, the founder's son brought in Benedictine monks, increased the endowment and the new monastery began again. However Snelshall Priory paid 1 mark a year to Lavendon until 1232, at which point the Bishop of Lincoln decided that Snelshall owned its own lands and chapel. The priory accumulated various land through gifts, but even with all these grants, in 1321 when Henry Burghersh visited, it was so poor that "the monks scarcely had the necessities of life and had to beg even for these". Yet the priory remained until the mid-sixteenth century. In 1529, Bishop Longford found "irregularities" among the two or three monks that remained, and as a result all women, married and unmarried, were barred from the precinct of the priory. Only two women, both over 48 years old and of "unexceptional character", were retained as servants. In 1535, there remained three monks, two priests (of which one was a novice), the prior's parents with "all their goods" and eight servants. The house was in ruin, and later that year the priory was suppressed and turned over to The Crown. The house was possibly rebuilt around 1540, possibly by Sir John Fortescue. Much of the priory's land went to the Longueville family. It is not known when the house was demolished. The stones were recycled to build the nearby St Giles's Church, Tattenhoe. See also Bradwell Abbey External links Houses of Benedictine monks: The priory of Snelshall', A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 1 (1905), pp. 352-353. (Victoria History of the Counties of England). References ^ a b Markham, Sir Frank (1986) . History of Milton Keynes and District (Volume 1). White Crescent Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-900804-29-7. ^ Markham, Sir Frank (1986) . History of Milton Keynes and District (Volume 1). White Crescent Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-900804-29-7. vteBenedictine abbeys and priories in medieval England and WalesIndependenthouses Abbotsbury Abergavenny Abingdon Alcester Athelney Bardney Bath Battle Bedford Birkenhead Bradwell Brewood (Black Ladies) Buckfast Burton Bury St Edmunds Canterbury (Christ Church) Canterbury (St Augustine's) Canwell Cerne Chertsey Chester Cholsey Colchester Coventry Crowland Durham Ely Evesham Eynsham Farewell Priory Faversham Glastonbury Gloucester Humberston Luffield Malmesbury Milton Monk Bretton Muchelney Molycourt Norwich (Holy Trinity) Pershore Peterborough Ramsey Reading Repton Rochester St Albans St Benet of Hulme Sandwell Selby Sherborne Shrewsbury Snelshall Tavistock Tewkesbury Thorney Upholland Walden Westminster Whitby Winchcombe Winchester (New Minster) Winchester (St Swithun) Worcester York (St Mary's) Dependenthouses Aldeby Alkborough Alcester Alvecote Beadlow Bedemans Berg Belvoir Binham Breedon Brecon Bristol Bromfield Cardiff Cardigan Cranborne Darenth Deeping Dover Dunster Earls Colne Ewenny Ewyas Harold Exeter Farne Felixstowe Finchale Freiston Great Malvern Hatfield Peverel Henes (Sandtoft) Hereford Hertford Holy Island Horton Hoxne Hurley Jarrow Kidwelly Kilpeck King's Mead Kings Lynn Lammana Langley Leominster Leonard Stanley Lincoln Little Malvern Littlemore Lytham Middlesbrough Monkwearmouth Morville Norwich (St Leonard's) Oxford (of Canterbury) Oxford (of Durham) Oxford (of Gloucester) Penwortham Pilton Redbourne Richmond Rumburgh St Bees St Ives Scilly Snaith Snape Stamford Studley (Oxfordshire) Studley (Warwickshire) Tickhill Tynemouth Wallingford Westbury-on-Trym Wetheral Wymondham Yarmouth Alienpriories Allerton Mauleverer Andover Andwell Appuldurcombe Arundel Astley Aston Priors Atherington Avebury Axmouth Blyth Boxgrove Brimpsfield Burstall Burwell Caldy Carisbrooke Chepstow Clatford Cogges Corsham Covenham Cowick Creeting (St. Mary) Creeting (St. Olave) Debden Deerhurst Dunwich Ecclesfield Edith Weston Ellingham Everdon Eye Folkestone Frampton Goldcliff Grovebury Hamble Harmondsworth Hatfield Regis Haugham Hayling Headley Hinckley Holbeck Horsham St Faith Horsley Lancaster Lapley Lewisham Isleham Livers Ocle Llangennith Llangua Loders Minster Minster Lovell Minting Modbury Monks Kirby Monk Sherborne (Pamber) Monmouth Newent Ogbourne Otterton Panfield Pembroke Pill Ruislip Runcton St Cross St Dogmells St Michael's Mount St Neots Sele Spalding Sporle Standon Steventon Stogursey Stoke-by-Clare Stratfield Saye Swavesey Takeley Throwley Tickford Titley Toft Monks Totnes Tutbury Tywardreath Upavon Ware Wareham Warminghurst Warmington Wath Weedon Beck Weedon Lois West Mersea Wilsford Wing Winghale Wolston Wootton Wawen York (Holy Trinity) 52°00′07″N 0°48′47″W / 52.002°N 0.813°W / 52.002; -0.813 This Buckinghamshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snelshall_Priory_(site)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_216962.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tattenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattenhoe"},{"link_name":"Lavendon Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavendon_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Premonstratensian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premonstratensian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markham1-1"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Henry Burghersh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Burghersh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markham1-1"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"priory was suppressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Religious_Houses_Act_1535"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markham2-2"},{"link_name":"St Giles's Church, Tattenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27s_Church,_Tattenhoe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ruined Benedictine priory in Milton Keynes, BuckinghamshireSite of Snelshall Priory.Snelshall Priory was a Benedictine priory in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire in the United Kingdom, built around 1200.\nThe priory was founded after Sybil d'Aungerville granted land at Tattenhoe to Lavendon Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery of 'White canons' who most likely started a cell at Snelshall. This did not thrive and was abandoned about 1207.[1] About 1219, the founder's son brought in Benedictine monks, increased the endowment and the new monastery began again.[citation needed] However Snelshall Priory paid 1 mark a year to Lavendon until 1232, at which point the Bishop of Lincoln decided that Snelshall owned its own lands and chapel.[citation needed] The priory accumulated various land through gifts, but even with all these grants, in 1321 when Henry Burghersh visited, it was so poor that \"the monks scarcely had the necessities of life and had to beg even for these\".Yet the priory remained until the mid-sixteenth century. In 1529, Bishop Longford found \"irregularities\"[1] among the two or three monks that remained, and as a result all women, married and unmarried, were barred from the precinct of the priory. Only two women, both over 48 years old and of \"unexceptional character\", were retained as servants. In 1535, there remained three monks, two priests (of which one was a novice), the prior's parents with \"all their goods\" and eight servants. The house was in ruin, and later that year the priory was suppressed and turned over to The Crown.[citation needed]The house was possibly rebuilt around 1540, possibly by Sir John Fortescue.[citation needed] Much of the priory's land went to the Longueville family.[2] It is not known when the house was demolished.The stones were recycled to build the nearby St Giles's Church, Tattenhoe.[citation needed]","title":"Snelshall Priory"}]	[{"image_text":"Site of Snelshall Priory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Snelshall_Priory_%28site%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_216962.jpg/220px-Snelshall_Priory_%28site%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_216962.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bradwell Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradwell_Abbey"}]	[{"reference":"Markham, Sir Frank (1986) [1973]. History of Milton Keynes and District (Volume 1). White Crescent Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-900804-29-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900804-29-7","url_text":"0-900804-29-7"}]},{"reference":"Markham, Sir Frank (1986) [1973]. History of Milton Keynes and District (Volume 1). White Crescent Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-900804-29-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900804-29-7","url_text":"0-900804-29-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snelshall_Priory&params=52.002_N_0.813_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°00′07″N 0°48′47″W / 52.002°N 0.813°W / 52.002; -0.813"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40305","external_links_name":"Houses of Benedictine monks: The priory of Snelshall', A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 1 (1905), pp. 352-353."},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snelshall_Priory&params=52.002_N_0.813_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°00′07″N 0°48′47″W / 52.002°N 0.813°W / 52.002; -0.813"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snelshall_Priory&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_PS-2	Franklin PS-2	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Aircraft on display","5 Specifications (PS-2)","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American glider PS-2 Franklin PS-2 training glider is about to be towed aloft by the specially modified car in front. Role GliderType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Franklin Glider Corporation Designer R. E. Franklin First flight 1930 Introduction 1930 Variants Stevens SU-1 The Franklin PS-2 is an American, high-wing, strut-braced, single seat, glider that was designed by R. E. Franklin and produced by the Franklin Glider Corporation starting in 1930. Design and development The prototype PS-2 was the 50-foot (15 m) wingspan Texaco Eaglet, flown in 1930. The production PS-2 had shorter 36 ft (11.0 m) wings. The PS-2 is constructed with a steel tube fuselage and a wooden wing, all covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The wings lack spoilers of other glide-path control devices and are supported by dual, parallel struts. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel and a skid. Operational history Franklin XPS-2 The prototype Eaglet performed a number of long tows, including one flown by Frank Hawks from California to Elmira, New York in 1930 and is now in the National Air and Space Museum. In 1934, the PS-2 was the glider of choice for the Lustig Skytrain experiment. The concept was to tow three gliders in tandem, taking off from New York City and releasing one each over Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. The gliders were piloted by Jack O'Meara, PS-2 designer R.E. Franklin and Stan Smith. The Skytrain was intended to be a proof-of-concept for a future airline service, but was not pursued. The PS-2 was also used in 1934 for a United States Navy primary flight training experiment in Pensacola, Florida, designed by Ralph Barnaby The PS-2 was also flown by many early glider pilots including Richard Chichester du Pont, Warren Eaton, Floyd Sweet and Stan Smith. In 1983, two were reported as being still flown and one was under restoration by the designer's son, Chuck Franklin. The Federal Aviation Administration had seven PS-2s registered in March 2011, including the Franklin-Stevens PS-2. Variants Texaco Eaglet Prototype with 50-foot (15 m) span wings PS-2 Production model with a 36 ft (11.0 m) wingspan Franklin-Stevens PS-2 Modified model TG-15 United States Army Air Corps designation for eight PS-2 gliders impressed as training gliders in 1942. TG-17 United States Army Air Corps designation for one PS-2 gliders impressed as a training glider in 1942 (serial number 42-57193). Aircraft on display National Air and Space Museum National Museum of Naval Aviation National Soaring Museum - four, plus one Franklin-Stevens PS-2 US Southwest Soaring Museum Yankee Air Museum, Belleville, Michigan Specifications (PS-2) Data from Sailplane Directory and SoaringGeneral characteristics Crew: one Wingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m) Wing area: 180 sq ft (17 m2) Aspect ratio: 7.2:1 Empty weight: 220 lb (100 kg) Gross weight: 400 lb (181 kg) Performance Maximum glide ratio: 15:1 Rate of sink: 150 ft/min (0.76 m/s) Wing loading: 2.22 lb/sq ft (10.8 kg/m2) See also List of gliders References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Activate Media (2006). "PS-2 Franklin". Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Said, Bob: 1983 Sailplane Directory, Soaring Magazine, page 12. Soaring Society of America, November 1983. USPS 499-920 ^ "Franklin "Texaco Eaglet"". National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2014. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (March 2011). "Make / Model Inquiry Results". Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ a b National Soaring Museum (2011). "Sailplanes in Our Collection". Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ Heyman, Jos (February 1, 2015). "Training Glider (1941-1947)" (PDF). usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2022. ^ US Southwest Soaring Museum (2010). "Sailplanes, Hang Gliders & Motor Gliders". Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franklin PS-2. Photos of the PS-2 in the NSM vteUSAAC/USAAF/USAF glider aircraft designations 1924–1962, Tri-service designations 1962–presentUSAAC/USAAF sequences (1924-1947)Assault Glider AG-1 AG-2 Bomb Glider BG-1 BG-2 BG-3 Cargo Glider CG-1 CG-2 CG-3 CG-4 CG-5 CG-6 CG-7 CG-8 CG-9 CG-10 CG-11 CG-12 CG-13 CG-14 CG-15 CG-16 CG-17 CG-18 CG-19 CG-20 Fuel Glider FG-1 Powered Glider PG-1 PG-2 PG-3 Training Glider TG-1 TG-2 TG-3 TG-4 TG-5 TG-6 TG-7 TG-8 TG-9 TG-10 TG-11 TG-12 TG-13 TG-14 TG-15 TG-16 TG-17 TG-18 TG-19 TG-20 TG-21 TG-22 TG-23 TG-24 TG-25 TG-26 TG-27 TG-28 TG-29 TG-30 TG-31 TG-32 TG-33 1948 USAF redesignations G-2 G-3 G-4 G-10 G-13 G-14 G-15 G-18 G-20 Tri-service sequence (1962-present) G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7 G-8 G-9 G-10 G-11 G-12 G-131 G-14 G-15A/B G-16 1 Not assigned	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"high-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-wing"},{"link_name":"strut-braced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strut-braced"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)"},{"link_name":"R. E. Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._E._Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franklin Glider Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Glider_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"}],"text":"The Franklin PS-2 is an American, high-wing, strut-braced, single seat, glider that was designed by R. E. Franklin and produced by the Franklin Glider Corporation starting in 1930.[1][2]","title":"Franklin PS-2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"aircraft fabric covering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering"},{"link_name":"spoilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"}],"text":"The prototype PS-2 was the 50-foot (15 m) wingspan Texaco Eaglet, flown in 1930. The production PS-2 had shorter 36 ft (11.0 m) wings.[1][2]The PS-2 is constructed with a steel tube fuselage and a wooden wing, all covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The wings lack spoilers of other glide-path control devices and are supported by dual, parallel struts. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel and a skid.[1][2]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EL-2003-00275.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Elmira, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmira,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"tandem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Jack O'Meara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_O%27Meara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Smith_(glider_pilot)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ralph Barnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Barnaby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Chichester du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Chichester_du_Pont"},{"link_name":"Warren Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Floyd Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floyd_Sweet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAAReg-4"}],"text":"Franklin XPS-2The prototype Eaglet performed a number of long tows, including one flown by Frank Hawks from California to Elmira, New York in 1930[3] and is now in the National Air and Space Museum.[1][2]In 1934, the PS-2 was the glider of choice for the Lustig Skytrain experiment. The concept was to tow three gliders in tandem, taking off from New York City and releasing one each over Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. The gliders were piloted by Jack O'Meara, PS-2 designer R.E. Franklin and Stan Smith. The Skytrain was intended to be a proof-of-concept for a future airline service, but was not pursued.The PS-2 was also used in 1934 for a United States Navy primary flight training experiment in Pensacola, Florida, designed by Ralph Barnaby[1][2]The PS-2 was also flown by many early glider pilots including Richard Chichester du Pont, Warren Eaton, Floyd Sweet and Stan Smith.[1][2]In 1983, two were reported as being still flown and one was under restoration by the designer's son, Chuck Franklin.[2] The Federal Aviation Administration had seven PS-2s registered in March 2011, including the Franklin-Stevens PS-2.[4]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSMCollection-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Texaco Eaglet\nPrototype with 50-foot (15 m) span wings[1][2]\nPS-2\nProduction model with a 36 ft (11.0 m) wingspan[1][2]\nFranklin-Stevens PS-2\nModified model[5]\nTG-15\nUnited States Army Air Corps designation for eight PS-2 gliders impressed as training gliders in 1942.\nTG-17\nUnited States Army Air Corps designation for one PS-2 gliders impressed as a training glider in 1942 (serial number 42-57193).[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Naval Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Naval_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"National Soaring Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soaring_Museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSMCollection-5"},{"link_name":"US Southwest Soaring Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Southwest_Soaring_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWSMCollection-7"},{"link_name":"Yankee Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"National Air and Space Museum[1][2]\nNational Museum of Naval Aviation[1]\nNational Soaring Museum - four, plus one Franklin-Stevens PS-2[5]\nUS Southwest Soaring Museum[7]\nYankee Air Museum, Belleville, Michigan[citation needed]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoaringNov83-2"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"}],"text":"Data from Sailplane Directory and Soaring[1][2]General characteristicsCrew: one\nWingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)\nWing area: 180 sq ft (17 m2)\nAspect ratio: 7.2:1\nEmpty weight: 220 lb (100 kg)\nGross weight: 400 lb (181 kg)PerformanceMaximum glide ratio: 15:1\nRate of sink: 150 ft/min (0.76 m/s)\nWing loading: 2.22 lb/sq ft (10.8 kg/m2)","title":"Specifications (PS-2)"}]	[{"image_text":"Franklin XPS-2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EL-2003-00275.jpg/220px-EL-2003-00275.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gliders"}]	[{"reference":"Activate Media (2006). \"PS-2 Franklin\". Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120405061431/http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?PlaneID=265","url_text":"\"PS-2 Franklin\""},{"url":"http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?PlaneID=265","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin \"Texaco Eaglet\"\". National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224132134/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19310039000","url_text":"\"Franklin \"Texaco Eaglet\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum","url_text":"National Air and Space Museum"},{"url":"http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19310039000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Aviation Administration (March 2011). \"Make / Model Inquiry Results\". Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614114432/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=FRANKLIN&Modeltxt=PS-2&PageNo=1","url_text":"\"Make / Model Inquiry Results\""},{"url":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=FRANKLIN&Modeltxt=PS-2&PageNo=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"National Soaring Museum (2011). \"Sailplanes in Our Collection\". Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soaring_Museum","url_text":"National Soaring Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516142717/http://www.soaringmuseum.org/collection.html","url_text":"\"Sailplanes in Our Collection\""},{"url":"http://www.soaringmuseum.org/collection.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Jos (February 1, 2015). \"Training Glider (1941-1947)\" (PDF). usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/airf-tg.pdf","url_text":"\"Training Glider (1941-1947)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712084856/https://usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/airf-tg.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"US Southwest Soaring Museum (2010). \"Sailplanes, Hang Gliders & Motor Gliders\". Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Southwest_Soaring_Museum","url_text":"US Southwest Soaring Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055021/http://swsoaringmuseum.org/collection.htm","url_text":"\"Sailplanes, Hang Gliders & Motor Gliders\""},{"url":"http://swsoaringmuseum.org/collection.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120405061431/http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?PlaneID=265","external_links_name":"\"PS-2 Franklin\""},{"Link":"http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?PlaneID=265","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224132134/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19310039000","external_links_name":"\"Franklin \"Texaco Eaglet\"\""},{"Link":"http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19310039000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614114432/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=FRANKLIN&Modeltxt=PS-2&PageNo=1","external_links_name":"\"Make / Model Inquiry Results\""},{"Link":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=FRANKLIN&Modeltxt=PS-2&PageNo=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516142717/http://www.soaringmuseum.org/collection.html","external_links_name":"\"Sailplanes in Our Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.soaringmuseum.org/collection.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/airf-tg.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Training Glider (1941-1947)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712084856/https://usmilitaryaircraft.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/airf-tg.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055021/http://swsoaringmuseum.org/collection.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sailplanes, Hang Gliders & Motor Gliders\""},{"Link":"http://swsoaringmuseum.org/collection.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/NationalSoaringMuseum/FranklinPS2Sailplane/index.htm","external_links_name":"Photos of the PS-2 in the NSM"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropak	Tropak	["1 In music","2 In dance","3 See also","4 References"]	Russian and Ukrainian folk dance "Trepak" redirects here. For other uses, see Trepak (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dance Trepak Soldiers dancing in barracks. Painting by Frédéric de Haenen , 1913. Tropak (Ukrainian: трoпак) or trepak (Russian: трeпак; Ukrainian: тріпак) is a traditional Russian and Ukrainian folk dance. The tropak shares many musical and choreographic characteristics with the better known hopak. Both developed as Cossack social dances, performed at celebratory occasions. The tropak differs from the hopak in chordal use and also in that the tempo gradually speeds up throughout the dance. In music The dance is a brisk allegro in 24 time in a major key. Accompaniment is usually on two alternating chords; dominant and tonic. One of its best known representations is Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's "Trepak" (also known as the "Russian Dance") from the ballet The Nutcracker. The dance music was also used in the last movement of his Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35. The third of Modest Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death is named "Trepak". In dance Traditional Tropak choreography did not survive except a simple walk with a syncopated stamp, often done to a quick duple meter rhythm. On So You Think You Can Dance (Season 4), Joshua Allen and Stephen "Twitch" Boss performed a Trepak routine, interpreted as a dance duel, in Week 9 (August 6, 2008). See also Hopak References (in Ukrainian) Humeniuk, Andriy (1962). Ukrainian Folk Dances (Українські Hароднi Танцi), Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. (in Ukrainian) Humeniuk, Andriy (1963). Folk Choreographic Art of Ukraine (Hароднe Xореографiчнe Mиcтeцтвo України), Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. ^ Humeniuk, Andriy (1962): Ukrainian Folk Dances (Українські Hароднi Танцi). Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. ^ (in Russian) Фраёнова Е. М. Трепак // Музыкальная энциклопедия / под ред. Ю. В. Келдыша. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор, 1981. — Т. 5.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trepak (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepak_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA_crop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_dancing_in_barracks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frédéric de Haenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_Haenen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_Haenen"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_dance"},{"link_name":"folk dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_style"},{"link_name":"choreographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography"},{"link_name":"hopak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopak"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"social dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dance"}],"text":"\"Trepak\" redirects here. For other uses, see Trepak (disambiguation).Dance TrepakSoldiers dancing in barracks. Painting by Frédéric de Haenen [fr], 1913.Tropak (Ukrainian: трoпак) or trepak (Russian: трeпак; Ukrainian: тріпак)[1] is a traditional Russian and Ukrainian folk dance.[2]The tropak shares many musical and choreographic characteristics with the better known hopak. Both developed as Cossack social dances, performed at celebratory occasions. The tropak differs from the hopak in chordal use and also in that the tempo gradually speeds up throughout the dance.","title":"Tropak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)"},{"link_name":"tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"\"Trepak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepak_(The_Nutcracker)"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto in D major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Songs and Dances of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_and_Dances_of_Death"}],"text":"The dance is a brisk allegro in 24 time in a major key. Accompaniment is usually on two alternating chords; dominant and tonic.One of its best known representations is Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's \"Trepak\" (also known as the \"Russian Dance\") from the ballet The Nutcracker. The dance music was also used in the last movement of his Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35. The third of Modest Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death is named \"Trepak\".","title":"In music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syncopated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncopation"},{"link_name":"duple meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duple_meter"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"So You Think You Can Dance (Season 4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(Season_4)"}],"text":"Traditional Tropak choreography did not survive except a simple walk with a syncopated stamp, often done to a quick duple meter rhythm.On So You Think You Can Dance (Season 4), Joshua Allen and Stephen \"Twitch\" Boss performed a Trepak routine, interpreted as a dance duel, in Week 9 (August 6, 2008).","title":"In dance"}]	[{"image_text":"Dance Trepak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA_crop.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soldiers dancing in barracks. Painting by Frédéric de Haenen [fr], 1913.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soldiers_dancing_in_barracks.jpg/220px-Soldiers_dancing_in_barracks.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Hopak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopak"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Formation	Irving Formation	["1 Description","2 Economic resources","3 History of investigation","4 References"]	Geologic formation in Colorado, US Irving FormationStratigraphic range: Statherian Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. TypeFormationUnderliesVallecito ConglomerateOverliesTwilight GneissThicknessOver 10,000 feet (3,000 m)LithologyPrimaryMetavolcanic rockOtherMetasedimentary rockLocationCoordinates37°35′42″N 107°30′32″W / 37.595°N 107.509°W / 37.595; -107.509RegionSan Juan Mountains, ColoradoCountry United StatesType sectionNamed forIrving PeakNamed byErnest HoweYear defined1904Irving Formation (the United States)Show map of the United StatesIrving Formation (Colorado)Show map of Colorado The Irving Formation is a Precambrian geologic formation found in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado, US. It is thought to be Statherian in age (1800 to 1790 million years old.) Description The formation consists of a variety of lithologies (rock varieties) including amphibolite, various schists and gneisses of intermediate to felsic composition, quartzite, metasiltstone, and banded iron formation. A bed of conglomerate is found near the base of the formation in some locations. The beds show indications of mild retrograde metamorphism and dip steeply to the north. It was intruded by the Twilight Gneiss between 1780 and 1770 million years ago (Mya). The complex is older than the Vallecito Conglomerate. The formation underlies Irving Peak in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado and is exposed across the western and northern Needle Mountains. It is at least a few thousand meters (several thousand feet) thick. The unit is interpreted as a portion of an island arc accreted to the southern margin of Laurentia as part of the Yavapai Province between 1.8 and 1.755 Gya. Metasedimentary rocks of the formation are interpreted as turbidites derived from the island arc. Economic resources The formation was surveyed in 1969 for iron ore. Magnetite-rich beds were found in a few locations but were not judged economical to exploit. History of investigation The unit was first named as the Irving Greenstone by Ernest Howe in 1904. The definition was expanded by Fred Barker in 1969, who also renamed the formation as the Irving Formation. References ^ a b c Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007). "Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1. ^ a b c d Barker, Fred (1969). "Precambrian geology of the Needle mountains, southwestern Colorado". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 644-A. doi:10.3133/pp644A. ^ Cross, Whitman; Howe, Ernest (1905). "Description of Needle Mountains quadrangle ". U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas of the United States Folio, Needle Mountains folio. Vol. 131. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ McLennan, S.M.; Hemming, S.R.; Taylor, S.R.; Eriksson, K.A. (March 1995). "Early Proterozoic crustal evolution: Geochemical and NdPb isotopic evidence from metasedimentary rocks, southwestern North America". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (6): 1153–1177. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00032-U. ^ Steven, T.A.; Schmitt, L.J.; Sheridan, M.J.; Williams, F.E.; Gair, J.E.; Klemic, H. (1969). "Mineral resources of the San Juan primitive area, Colorado, with a section on iron resources in the Irving Formation". U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1261-F. doi:10.3133/b1261F. ^ Howe, Ernest (September 1904). "An Occurrence of Greenstone Schists in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado". The Journal of Geology. 12 (6): 501–509. doi:10.1086/621173.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"geologic formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_formation"},{"link_name":"San Juan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Statherian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statherian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wk2007-1"}],"text":"The Irving Formation is a Precambrian geologic formation found in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado, US. It is thought to be Statherian in age (1800 to 1790 million years old.)[1]","title":"Irving Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lithologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithologies"},{"link_name":"amphibolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibolite"},{"link_name":"schists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"gneisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"intermediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_rock"},{"link_name":"felsic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic"},{"link_name":"quartzite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite"},{"link_name":"metasiltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metasiltstone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"banded iron formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"retrograde metamorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_metamorphism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker1969-2"},{"link_name":"Twilight Gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight_Gneiss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wk2007-1"},{"link_name":"Vallecito Conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vallecito_Conglomerate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker1969-2"},{"link_name":"San Juan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Needle Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker1969-2"},{"link_name":"island arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc"},{"link_name":"accreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Laurentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentia"},{"link_name":"Yavapai Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavapai_orogeny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wk2007-1"},{"link_name":"turbidites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The formation consists of a variety of lithologies (rock varieties) including amphibolite, various schists and gneisses of intermediate to felsic composition, quartzite, metasiltstone, and banded iron formation. A bed of conglomerate is found near the base of the formation in some locations. The beds show indications of mild retrograde metamorphism and dip steeply to the north.[2] It was intruded by the Twilight Gneiss between 1780 and 1770 million years ago (Mya).[1] The complex is older than the Vallecito Conglomerate.[2]The formation underlies Irving Peak in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado[3] and is exposed across the western and northern Needle Mountains. It is at least a few thousand meters (several thousand feet) thick.[2]The unit is interpreted as a portion of an island arc accreted to the southern margin of Laurentia as part of the Yavapai Province between 1.8 and 1.755 Gya.[1] Metasedimentary rocks of the formation are interpreted as turbidites derived from the island arc.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The formation was surveyed in 1969 for iron ore. Magnetite-rich beds were found in a few locations but were not judged economical to exploit.[5]","title":"Economic resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenschist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howe1904-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker1969-2"}],"text":"The unit was first named as the Irving Greenstone by Ernest Howe in 1904.[6] The definition was expanded by Fred Barker in 1969, who also renamed the formation as the Irving Formation.[2]","title":"History of investigation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007). \"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America\". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1","url_text":"\"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1","url_text":"10.1130/GES00055.1"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Fred (1969). \"Precambrian geology of the Needle mountains, southwestern Colorado\". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 644-A. doi:10.3133/pp644A.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp644A","url_text":"\"Precambrian geology of the Needle mountains, southwestern Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp644A","url_text":"10.3133/pp644A"}]},{"reference":"Cross, Whitman; Howe, Ernest (1905). \"Description of Needle Mountains quadrangle [Colorado]\". U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas of the United States Folio, Needle Mountains folio. Vol. 131. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2333.htm","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas of the United States Folio, Needle Mountains folio"}]},{"reference":"McLennan, S.M.; Hemming, S.R.; Taylor, S.R.; Eriksson, K.A. (March 1995). \"Early Proterozoic crustal evolution: Geochemical and NdPb isotopic evidence from metasedimentary rocks, southwestern North America\". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (6): 1153–1177. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00032-U.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2895%2900032-U","url_text":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00032-U"}]},{"reference":"Steven, T.A.; Schmitt, L.J.; Sheridan, M.J.; Williams, F.E.; Gair, J.E.; Klemic, H. (1969). \"Mineral resources of the San Juan primitive area, Colorado, with a section on iron resources in the Irving Formation\". U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1261-F. doi:10.3133/b1261F.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1261F","url_text":"\"Mineral resources of the San Juan primitive area, Colorado, with a section on iron resources in the Irving Formation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1261F","url_text":"10.3133/b1261F"}]},{"reference":"Howe, Ernest (September 1904). \"An Occurrence of Greenstone Schists in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado\". The Journal of Geology. 12 (6): 501–509. doi:10.1086/621173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F621173","url_text":"10.1086/621173"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irving_Formation&params=37.595_N_107.509_W_","external_links_name":"37°35′42″N 107°30′32″W / 37.595°N 107.509°W / 37.595; -107.509"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1","external_links_name":"\"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1","external_links_name":"10.1130/GES00055.1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp644A","external_links_name":"\"Precambrian geology of the Needle mountains, southwestern Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp644A","external_links_name":"10.3133/pp644A"},{"Link":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2333.htm","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas of the United States Folio, Needle Mountains folio"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2895%2900032-U","external_links_name":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00032-U"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1261F","external_links_name":"\"Mineral resources of the San Juan primitive area, Colorado, with a section on iron resources in the Irving Formation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fb1261F","external_links_name":"10.3133/b1261F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F621173","external_links_name":"10.1086/621173"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)	Bible study (Christianity)	["1 Personal Bible study","1.1 Inductive Bible study","1.2 Exegetical Bible study","2 Bible study in small groups","3 Distinctives by Christian denomination","3.1 Baptists","3.2 Catholicism","3.3 Eastern Orthodoxy","3.4 Lutheranism","3.5 Methodism","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Study of the Bible "Bible reading" redirects here. For reading in church, see Lection. For the academic field, see biblical studies. Part of a series on theBible Canons and books Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Old Testament (OT) New Testament (NT) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Composition of the Torah Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Samaritan Pentateuch Targumim Septuagint Peshitta Vetus Latina Vulgate Gothic Bible Luther Bible English Bibles by language Biblical studies Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Rahlfs' Septuagint Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Historical-grammatical method Inspiration Literalism Alcohol Conspiracy theory Ethics Capital punishment Homosexuality Humor Incest Muhammad Prophecy Rape Serpents Sex Slavery Violence Warfare Women Perspectives Gnostic Islamic Quranic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Biblical authority Outline of Bible-related topics Bible portalvte Part of a series onChristianity JesusChrist Nativity Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension BibleFoundations Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Church Creed New Covenant Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation Universalism HistoryTradition Apostles Peter Paul Mary Early Christianity Church Fathers Constantine Councils Augustine Ignatius East–West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denominations(full list) Nicene Catholic Latin Eastern Old Catholic Independent Catholic Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Church of the East Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Free Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Plymouth Brethren Quaker Reformed United Protestant Waldensian Nondenominational Christianity Restorationist Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Irvingians Jehovah's Witness Latter Day Saints Members Church of God International The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The New Church (Swedenborgian) Unitarians and Universalists Related topics Civilization Criticism Culture Ecumenism Glossary Index Liturgy Other religions Outline Prayer Sermon Symbolism Worship Glossary Index Outline Christianity portalvte In Christian communities, Bible study is the study of the Bible by people as a personal religious or spiritual practice. In many Christian traditions, Bible study, coupled with Christian prayer, is known as doing devotions or devotional acts. Many Christian churches schedule time to engage in Bible study collectively. The origin of Bible study groups has its origin in early Christianity, when Church Fathers such as Origen and Jerome taught the Bible extensively to disciple Christians. In Christianity, Bible study has the purpose of "be taught and nourished by the Word of God" and "being formed and animated by the inspirational power conveyed by Scripture". Personal Bible study In Evangelical Protestantism, the time set aside to engage in personal Bible study and prayer is sometimes informally called a Quiet Time. In other traditions personal Bible study is referred to as "devotions". Catholic devotions, Lutheran devotions and Anglican devotions, among other Christian traditions, may employ the Lectio Divina method of Bible reading. Martin Luther studying the Bible on the banner of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland. Christians of all denominations may use study Bibles and Bible reading notes to assist them in their personal Bible studies. In some cases, the practice of reading through the entire Bible in a year is followed, this usually requires readings each day from both the Old and New Testament. This practice, however, has been widely criticized on the basis that the understanding gained of each specific passage is too vague. The association of Bible study and prayer is an important one. Christians do not merely study the Bible as an academic discipline, but with the desire to know God better. Therefore, they frequently pray that God will give them understanding of the passage being studied. They also consider it necessary to consider what they read with an attitude of respect, rather than the critical attitude which is frequently followed in formal study. To them, the Bible is not just a sacred book, but is the very Word of God, that is, a message from God which has direct relevance to their daily lives. Inductive Bible study Inductive Bible study is a means of studying and exegeting a biblical passage. Richard Krejcir describes it terms of "interviewing a passage" without preconceptions or agendas. Inductive Bible study involves examining the ideas and words of the text, which leads to the meanings and then the interpretations, which in turn lead the reader to conclusions and applications. In inductive study, the reader will read a passage and then ask questions of how they personally interpret the verse(s). These questions can range from what the verse(s) literally means to how it applies to the believer's present personal circumstances. The purpose of these questions is to go deep enough into the text to extract the meaning and then to apply that gained knowledge to their personal life in order to create change for their own or other people's benefit. Exegetical Bible study In this type of study, the believer also goes beyond the surface value of the text. However, the purpose is not so much for personal application as gaining information. Exegetical study is used most often by pastors, theologians, writers, professors, and church leaders in order to prepare for sharing lessons with others. It is often categorized as advanced Bible study and is meant to extract the ideas found in the text for the primary purpose of teaching. Bible study in small groups Bible study in the chapel of the USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67). Bible study groups within congregations are sometimes known as cell groups, though many different names exist. The Bible is often studied in informal small groups, and groups within parachurch organizations. During these study times, groups will set their main topic to be biblical studies. Though there may exist some form of worship and prayer, the purpose of Bible study is to collectively grasp an understanding of God through His Word. These groups become small communities often sharing this personal journey to discovering the meaning of the passage. Some Churches encourage the formation of small groups while others form casually or due to shared interest or common circumstances (such as a singles small group or a newly wed couple group). These groups range from young children, normally middle school and up led by an adult, to elderly people. These groups can even interact with other small groups. Groups may be formed based on age group (e.g. youth, young adults, etc.) or by other demographic markers (singles, married couples, gender-specific). Online platforms and social media have made it possible to join virtual study groups, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling people from different parts of the world to share insights and interpretations. This digital aspect has been particularly beneficial during times when in-person gatherings are not feasible, such as during health crises or in regions where religious gatherings are restricted. Distinctives by Christian denomination Reading the Bible by Gerrit Dou Baptists With the sola scriptura approach to Sacred Scripture held by Christians of the Baptist tradition, Bible study is viewed as a key practice in furthering one's relationship with God. Catholicism Further information: Catholic theology of Scripture Providentissimus Deus, "On the Study of Holy Scripture", is an encyclical letter issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893. In it, he reviewed the history of Bible study from the time of the Church Fathers to the present, spoke against the errors of the Rationalists and "higher critics", and outlined principles of scripture study and guidelines for how scripture was to be taught in seminaries. He also addressed the issues of apparent contradictions between the Bible and physical science, or between one part of scripture and another, and how such apparent contradictions can be resolved. Divino afflante Spiritu, ("Inspired by the Holy Spirit"), is a papal encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on 30 September 1943 calling for new translations of the Bible from the original languages, instead of the Latin Vulgate of Jerome, which was revised multiple times and had formed the textual basis for all Catholic vernacular translations until then. It inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic biblical studies by encouraging the study of textual criticism (or lower criticism), pertaining to text of the Scriptures themselves and transmission thereof (for example, to determine correct readings) and permitted the use of the historical-critical method (or higher criticism), to be informed by theology, Sacred Tradition, and ecclesiastical history on the historical circumstances of the text. The general theme of the "Word of God" was covered by the Second Vatican Council in November 1965 in its Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation: Dei Verbum. The 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church describes principles of Bible Study in paragraphs 101–141 and other sections. For Catholics, the Word of God is not a "dead letter" but is incarnate and living. Christ must through the Holy Spirit open minds to understand the Scriptures. Verbum Domini (English: The Word of the Lord) is a post-synodal apostolic exhortation issued by Pope Benedict XVI which deals with how the Catholic church should approach the Bible. He issued it following the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, which had met in October 2008 to discuss "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church." Verbum Domini is dated September 30, 2010, for the Feast of St. Jerome, the patron saint of Biblical studies. Eastern Orthodoxy The Eastern Orthodox Churches teach that "Reading Scripture is important. If prayer is where we speak to God, Scripture is the best way to listen to Him." Lutheranism In Lutheran Christianity, Bible study is often done in "small groups, large groups, personal devotions". The Lectio Divina method of studying Scripture may be employed by Lutherans. Methodism The theology of prima scriptura forms the basis for the establishment of doctrine in the Methodist tradition. The United Methodist Church teaches that "the Holy Spirit works today in our thoughtful study of the Scriptures, especially as we study them together, seeking to relate the old words to life's present realities". See also Christianity portal Catechesis Eisegesis Exegesis Hermeneutics Sunday school References ^ a b c Fédou, Michel (2019). The Fathers of the Church in Christian Theology. Catholic University of America Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8132-3171-6. ^ a b Sherer, Michael L. (5 July 2013). "Lectio Divina: A way to slow down and listen to God". Metro Lutheran. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Because this discipline focuses on Scripture and not specific Christian doctrines, it is compatible for use among the faithful in several faith traditions, whether Roman Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican, Lutheran, or general Protestant. There are, in fact, devotees of Lectio Divina in all such branches of the church. ^ a b Krejcir, Richard J. "Why Inductive Bible Study?". Retrieved 7 March 2012. ^ a b Krejcir, Richard Joseph. "How to Study the Bible?". Retrieved 29 October 2013. ^ "How to Read the Bible for Beginners". Love in Bible. Retrieved 2023-12-15. ^ "The Importance of Bible Study". Boyd Avenue Baptist Church. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 108 with allusion to Luke 24:45 ^ November 11, 2010 Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Pope Benedict issues major document on Sacred Scripture (link to full text) ^ Synod of Bishops – Index ^ Akrotirianakis, Stavros (9 May 2019). "The Importance of Reading Scripture". Orthodox Christian Network. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "What is Daily Discipleship?". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "Our Christian Beliefs: The Bible". The United Methodist Church. 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2022. External links Bible Lessons Online bibletruthandprophecy.com Bible Study Radio by Bible Study Radio Bible Studies - Staying in the Word Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Useful Bible Studies Into Thy Word's Bible Studies Daily Portions Bible Bible Study Notes Small Groups The Journal of Inductive Biblical Studies Bible Study Topics Bible Studies in EasyEnglish by MissionAssist Walking with Purpose Catholic Bible Study https://onedeterminedlife.com/the-christian-growth-hub-b/ Online Christian resources 200 Bible Study Topics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lection"},{"link_name":"biblical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"religious or spiritual practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_practice"},{"link_name":"Christian prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_prayer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%A9dou2019-1"},{"link_name":"early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"disciple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%A9dou2019-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%A9dou2019-1"}],"text":"\"Bible reading\" redirects here. For reading in church, see Lection.For the academic field, see biblical studies.In Christian communities, Bible study is the study of the Bible by people as a personal religious or spiritual practice. In many Christian traditions, Bible study, coupled with Christian prayer, is known as doing devotions or devotional acts. Many Christian churches schedule time to engage in Bible study collectively.[1] The origin of Bible study groups has its origin in early Christianity, when Church Fathers such as Origen and Jerome taught the Bible extensively to disciple Christians.[1] In Christianity, Bible study has the purpose of \"be[ing] taught and nourished by the Word of God\" and \"being formed and animated by the inspirational power conveyed by Scripture\".[1]","title":"Bible study (Christianity)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Quiet Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Time"},{"link_name":"Catholic devotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_devotions"},{"link_name":"Anglican devotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_devotions"},{"link_name":"Lectio Divina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectio_Divina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherer2013-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12_July_in_Belfast,_2011_(158).JPG"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orange_Lodge_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"study Bibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_Bible"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_prayer"}],"text":"In Evangelical Protestantism, the time set aside to engage in personal Bible study and prayer is sometimes informally called a Quiet Time. In other traditions personal Bible study is referred to as \"devotions\". Catholic devotions, Lutheran devotions and Anglican devotions, among other Christian traditions, may employ the Lectio Divina method of Bible reading.[2]Martin Luther studying the Bible on the banner of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland.Christians of all denominations may use study Bibles and Bible reading notes to assist them in their personal Bible studies. In some cases, the practice of reading through the entire Bible in a year is followed, this usually requires readings each day from both the Old and New Testament. This practice, however, has been widely criticized[by whom?] on the basis that the understanding gained of each specific passage is too vague.The association of Bible study and prayer is an important one. Christians do not merely study the Bible as an academic discipline, but with the desire to know God better. Therefore, they frequently pray that God will give them understanding of the passage being studied. They also consider it necessary to consider what they read with an attitude of respect, rather than the critical attitude which is frequently followed in formal study. To them, the Bible is not just a sacred book, but is the very Word of God, that is, a message from God which has direct relevance to their daily lives.","title":"Personal Bible study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exegeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krejcir-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krejcir-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Into_thy_word-4"}],"sub_title":"Inductive Bible study","text":"Inductive Bible study is a means of studying and exegeting a biblical passage. Richard Krejcir describes it terms of \"interviewing a passage\" without preconceptions or agendas.[3] Inductive Bible study involves examining the ideas and words of the text, which leads to the meanings and then the interpretations, which in turn lead the reader to conclusions and applications.[3]\nIn inductive study, the reader will read a passage and then ask questions of how they personally interpret the verse(s). These questions can range from what the verse(s) literally means to how it applies to the believer's present personal circumstances. The purpose of these questions is to go deep enough into the text to extract the meaning and then to apply that gained knowledge to their personal life in order to create change for their own or other people's benefit.[4]","title":"Personal Bible study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Into_thy_word-4"}],"sub_title":"Exegetical Bible study","text":"In this type of study, the believer also goes beyond the surface value of the text. However, the purpose is not so much for personal application as gaining information. Exegetical study is used most often by pastors, theologians, writers, professors, and church leaders in order to prepare for sharing lessons with others. It is often categorized as advanced Bible study and is meant to extract the ideas found in the text for the primary purpose of teaching.[4]","title":"Personal Bible study"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_040615-N-4190W-001_A_women%27s_Bible_study_is_held_in_the_ship%27s_chapel_aboard_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV_67).jpg"},{"link_name":"USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)"},{"link_name":"cell groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_groups"},{"link_name":"parachurch organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachurch_organization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bible study in the chapel of the USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67).Bible study groups within congregations are sometimes known as cell groups, though many different names exist. The Bible is often studied in informal small groups, and groups within parachurch organizations. During these study times, groups will set their main topic to be biblical studies. Though there may exist some form of worship and prayer, the purpose of Bible study is to collectively grasp an understanding of God through His Word. These groups become small communities often sharing this personal journey to discovering the meaning of the passage.Some Churches encourage the formation of small groups while others form casually or due to shared interest or common circumstances (such as a singles small group or a newly wed couple group). These groups range from young children, normally middle school and up led by an adult, to elderly people. These groups can even interact with other small groups. Groups may be formed based on age group (e.g. youth, young adults, etc.) or by other demographic markers (singles, married couples, gender-specific).\nOnline platforms and social media have made it possible to join virtual study groups, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling people from different parts of the world to share insights and interpretations. This digital aspect has been particularly beneficial during times when in-person gatherings are not feasible, such as during health crises or in regions where religious gatherings are restricted.[5]","title":"Bible study in small groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard_Dou_-_Reading_the_Bible_-_WGA06644.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Dou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Dou"}],"text":"Reading the Bible by Gerrit Dou","title":"Distinctives by Christian denomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sola scriptura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Baptists","text":"With the sola scriptura approach to Sacred Scripture held by Christians of the Baptist tradition, Bible study is viewed as a key practice in furthering one's relationship with God.[6]","title":"Distinctives by Christian denomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic theology of Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_Scripture"},{"link_name":"Providentissimus Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Rationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalists"},{"link_name":"higher critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_criticism"},{"link_name":"seminaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminaries"},{"link_name":"Divino afflante Spiritu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"papal encyclical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_encyclical"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Latin Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Vulgate"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"biblical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies"},{"link_name":"textual criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism"},{"link_name":"historical-critical method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical-critical_method"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"Sacred Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Tradition"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history"},{"link_name":"Word of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Dei Verbum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_Verbum"},{"link_name":"Catechism of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Verbum Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_Domini"},{"link_name":"apostolic exhortation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Catholic church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_church"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"St. Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jerome"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Biblical studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies"}],"sub_title":"Catholicism","text":"Further information: Catholic theology of ScriptureProvidentissimus Deus, \"On the Study of Holy Scripture\", is an encyclical letter issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893. In it, he reviewed the history of Bible study from the time of the Church Fathers to the present, spoke against the errors of the Rationalists and \"higher critics\", and outlined principles of scripture study and guidelines for how scripture was to be taught in seminaries. He also addressed the issues of apparent contradictions between the Bible and physical science, or between one part of scripture and another, and how such apparent contradictions can be resolved.Divino afflante Spiritu, (\"Inspired by the Holy Spirit\"), is a papal encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on 30 September 1943 calling for new translations of the Bible from the original languages, instead of the Latin Vulgate of Jerome, which was revised multiple times and had formed the textual basis for all Catholic vernacular translations until then. It inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic biblical studies by encouraging the study of textual criticism (or lower criticism), pertaining to text of the Scriptures themselves and transmission thereof (for example, to determine correct readings) and permitted the use of the historical-critical method (or higher criticism), to be informed by theology, Sacred Tradition, and ecclesiastical history on the historical circumstances of the text.The general theme of the \"Word of God\" was covered by the Second Vatican Council in November 1965 in its Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation: Dei Verbum.The 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church describes principles of Bible Study in paragraphs 101–141 and other sections. For Catholics, the Word of God is not a \"dead letter\" but is incarnate and living. Christ must through the Holy Spirit open minds to understand the Scriptures.[7]Verbum Domini (English: The Word of the Lord) is a post-synodal apostolic exhortation issued by Pope Benedict XVI which deals with how the Catholic church should approach the Bible.[8] He issued it following the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, which had met in October 2008 to discuss \"The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church.\"[9] Verbum Domini is dated September 30, 2010, for the Feast of St. Jerome, the patron saint of Biblical studies.","title":"Distinctives by Christian denomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akrotirianakis2019-10"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Orthodoxy","text":"The Eastern Orthodox Churches teach that \"Reading Scripture is important. If prayer is where we speak to God, Scripture is the best way to listen to Him.\"[10]","title":"Distinctives by Christian denomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lectio Divina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectio_Divina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherer2013-2"}],"sub_title":"Lutheranism","text":"In Lutheran Christianity, Bible study is often done in \"small groups, large groups, [and in] personal devotions\".[11] The Lectio Divina method of studying Scripture may be employed by Lutherans.[2]","title":"Distinctives by Christian denomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prima scriptura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_scriptura"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Methodism","text":"The theology of prima scriptura forms the basis for the establishment of doctrine in the Methodist tradition. The United Methodist Church teaches that \"the Holy Spirit works today in our thoughtful study of the Scriptures, especially as we study them together, seeking to relate the old words to life's present realities\".[12]","title":"Distinctives by Christian denomination"}]	[{"image_text":"Martin Luther studying the Bible on the banner of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28158%29.JPG/220px-12_July_in_Belfast%2C_2011_%28158%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bible study in the chapel of the USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Navy_040615-N-4190W-001_A_women%27s_Bible_study_is_held_in_the_ship%27s_chapel_aboard_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV_67%29.jpg/320px-US_Navy_040615-N-4190W-001_A_women%27s_Bible_study_is_held_in_the_ship%27s_chapel_aboard_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier_USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV_67%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reading the Bible by Gerrit Dou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gerard_Dou_-_Reading_the_Bible_-_WGA06644.jpg/200px-Gerard_Dou_-_Reading_the_Bible_-_WGA06644.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Catechesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechesis"},{"title":"Eisegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisegesis"},{"title":"Exegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"title":"Hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"title":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"}]	[{"reference":"Fédou, Michel (2019). The Fathers of the Church in Christian Theology. Catholic University of America Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8132-3171-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-3171-6","url_text":"978-0-8132-3171-6"}]},{"reference":"Sherer, Michael L. (5 July 2013). \"Lectio Divina: A way to slow down and listen to God\". Metro Lutheran. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Because this discipline focuses on Scripture and not specific Christian doctrines, it is compatible for use among the faithful in several faith traditions, whether Roman Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican, Lutheran, or general Protestant. There are, in fact, devotees of Lectio Divina in all such branches of the church.","urls":[{"url":"https://metrolutheran.org/2013/07/lectio-divina-a-way-to-slow-down-and-listen-to-god/","url_text":"\"Lectio Divina: A way to slow down and listen to God\""}]},{"reference":"Krejcir, Richard J. \"Why Inductive Bible Study?\". Retrieved 7 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://70030.netministry.com/articles_view.asp?articleid=31555&columnid=3801","url_text":"\"Why Inductive Bible Study?\""}]},{"reference":"Krejcir, Richard Joseph. \"How to Study the Bible?\". Retrieved 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intothyword.org/pages.asp?pageid=53488","url_text":"\"How to Study the Bible?\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Read the Bible for Beginners\". Love in Bible. Retrieved 2023-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loveinbible.com/how-to-read-the-bible-for-beginners/","url_text":"\"How to Read the Bible for Beginners\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Importance of Bible Study\". Boyd Avenue Baptist Church. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boydavenuebaptist.org/news/2020/1/28/the-importance-of-bible-study","url_text":"\"The Importance of Bible Study\""}]},{"reference":"Akrotirianakis, Stavros (9 May 2019). \"The Importance of Reading Scripture\". Orthodox Christian Network. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://myocn.net/the-importance-of-reading-scripture/","url_text":"\"The Importance of Reading Scripture\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Daily Discipleship?\". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elca.org/Our-Work/Congregations-and-Synods/Faith-Practices/Bible-Studies/FAQs","url_text":"\"What is Daily Discipleship?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America","url_text":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Christian Beliefs: The Bible\". The United Methodist Church. 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umc.org/en/content/our-christian-roots-the-bible","url_text":"\"Our Christian Beliefs: The Bible\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church","url_text":"The United Methodist Church"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://metrolutheran.org/2013/07/lectio-divina-a-way-to-slow-down-and-listen-to-god/","external_links_name":"\"Lectio Divina: A way to slow down and listen to God\""},{"Link":"http://70030.netministry.com/articles_view.asp?articleid=31555&columnid=3801","external_links_name":"\"Why Inductive Bible Study?\""},{"Link":"http://www.intothyword.org/pages.asp?pageid=53488","external_links_name":"\"How to Study the Bible?\""},{"Link":"https://www.loveinbible.com/how-to-read-the-bible-for-beginners/","external_links_name":"\"How to Read the Bible for Beginners\""},{"Link":"https://www.boydavenuebaptist.org/news/2020/1/28/the-importance-of-bible-study","external_links_name":"\"The Importance of Bible Study\""},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:45&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Luke 24:45"},{"Link":"http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=8243","external_links_name":"Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Pope Benedict issues major document on Sacred Scripture (link to full text)"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/index.htm","external_links_name":"Synod of Bishops – Index"},{"Link":"https://myocn.net/the-importance-of-reading-scripture/","external_links_name":"\"The Importance of Reading Scripture\""},{"Link":"https://www.elca.org/Our-Work/Congregations-and-Synods/Faith-Practices/Bible-Studies/FAQs","external_links_name":"\"What is Daily Discipleship?\""},{"Link":"https://www.umc.org/en/content/our-christian-roots-the-bible","external_links_name":"\"Our Christian Beliefs: The Bible\""},{"Link":"https://biblelessons.online/twor","external_links_name":"Bible Lessons Online"},{"Link":"http://bibletruthandprophecy.com/video/video-study-series/","external_links_name":"bibletruthandprophecy.com"},{"Link":"http://www.biblestudyradio.org/","external_links_name":"Bible Study Radio"},{"Link":"http://www.stayingintheword.com/","external_links_name":"Bible Studies - Staying in the Word"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312042701/http://www.stayingintheword.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.usefulbible.com/","external_links_name":"Useful Bible Studies"},{"Link":"https://umnministry.blogspot.com/2023/11/decode-prophecies-book-of-revelation.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://70030.netministry.com/pages.asp?pageid=56850","external_links_name":"Into Thy Word's Bible Studies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428155635/http://dailyportionsbible.com/","external_links_name":"Daily Portions Bible"},{"Link":"http://www.biblestudynotes.org/","external_links_name":"Bible Study Notes"},{"Link":"http://70030.netministry.com/pages.asp?pageid=53497","external_links_name":"Small Groups"},{"Link":"http://place.asburyseminary.edu/jibs/","external_links_name":"The Journal of Inductive Biblical Studies"},{"Link":"https://en.easternlightning.org/tag/bible-studies-topics/","external_links_name":"Bible Study Topics"},{"Link":"https://www.easyenglish.bible/bible-studies/","external_links_name":"Bible Studies in EasyEnglish"},{"Link":"https://walkingwithpurpose.com/","external_links_name":"Walking with Purpose"},{"Link":"https://onedeterminedlife.com/the-christian-growth-hub-b/","external_links_name":"https://onedeterminedlife.com/the-christian-growth-hub-b/"},{"Link":"https://thefaithfulpathway.com/bible-study-topics/","external_links_name":"200 Bible Study Topics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_amputation	Congenital amputation	["1 Causes","2 Diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 Notable congenital amputees","4.1 Athletes","4.2 Other Occupations","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Human disease This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Congenital amputation is birth without a limb or limbs, or without a part of a limb or limbs. It is known to be caused by blood clots forming in the fetus while in utero (vascular insult) and from amniotic band syndrome: fibrous bands of the amnion that constrict fetal limbs to such an extent that they fail to form or actually fall off due to missing blood supply. Congenital amputation can also occur due to maternal exposure to teratogens during pregnancy. Causes The exact cause of congenital amputation is unknown and can result from a number of causes. However, most cases show that the first three months in a pregnancy are when most birth defects occur because that is when the organs of the fetus are beginning to form. One common cause is amniotic band syndrome, which occurs when the inner fetal membrane (amnion) ruptures without injury to the outer membrane (chorion). Fibrous bands from the ruptured amnion float in the amniotic fluid and can get entangled with the fetus, thus reducing blood supply to the developing limbs to such an extent that the limbs can become strangulated; the tissues die and are absorbed into the amniotic fluid. A baby with congenital amputation can be missing a portion of a limb or the entire limb, which results in the complete absence of a limb beyond a certain point where only a stump is left is known as transverse deficiency or amelia. When a specific part is missing, it is referred to as longitudinal deficiency. Finally, phocomelia occurs when only a mid-portion of a limb is missing; for example when the hands or feet are directly attached to the trunk of the body. Amnion ruptures can be caused by: teratogenic drugs (e.g. thalidomide, which causes phocomelia), or environmental chemicals ionizing radiation (atomic weapons, radioiodine, radiation therapy) infections metabolic imbalance trauma Congenital amputation is the least common reason for amputation, but a study published in BMC Musculoskelet Disorders found that 21.1 in 10,000 babies were born with a missing or deformed limb between 1981 and 2010 in the Netherlands, and the CDC estimates that 4 in 10,000 babies are born in the United States with upper limb reductions and 2 in 10,000 with lower limb reductions. During certain periods in history, an increase in congenital amputations has been documented. One example includes the thalidomide tragedy that occurred in the 1960s when pregnant mothers were given a tranquilizer that contained the harmful drug, which produced an increase in children born without limbs. Diagnosis For most cases the diagnosis for congenital amputation is not made until the infant is born. One procedure that is helpful in determining this condition in an infant is an ultrasound examination of a fetus when still in the mother's abdomen as it can reveal the absence of a limb. However, since ultrasounds are routine they may not pick up all the signs of some of the more subtle birth defects. Treatment The most popular method of treatment for congenital amputation is having the child be fit for a prosthesis which can lead to normal development, so the muscles don't atrophy. If there is congenital amputation of the fingers, plastic surgery can be performed by using the big toe or second toes in place of the missing fingers of the hand. In rare cases of amniotic banding syndrome, if diagnosed in utero, fetal surgery may be considered to save a limb which is in danger of amputation. Notable congenital amputees Athletes Hannah Aspden, American swimmer, born missing her left leg at the hip. Stephanie Dixon, Canadian swimmer, born missing her right leg and hip. Mitchell Gourley, an Australian Paralympic alpine skier, was born missing his left arm from just below his elbow; he has a few inches of forearm. Kevin Laue, a former basketball player, was born missing his left arm just below his elbow. Kyle Maynard was born missing both legs above the knee, and both arms above the elbow. Nick Newell is a mixed martial artist who was born missing his left arm just below the elbow. He has a short stump of his forearm. Anthony Robles, a former wrestler, was born missing his right leg all the way up to his hip. Other Occupations Jessica Cox is the first licensed armless pilot in aviation history and was born without both arms. Felix Klieser is a professional French horn player from Germany, who was born without arms and plays the instrument using a stand and his left foot. See also congenital absence Tetra-amelia syndrome References ^ Vasluian E, van der Sluis CK, van Essen AJ, Bergman JE, Dijkstra PU, Reinders-Messelink HA, de Walle HE (November 2013). "Birth prevalence for congenital limb defects in the northern Netherlands: a 30-year population-based study". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 14: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-323. PMC 3840683. PMID 24237863. ^ "Upper and Lower Limb Reduction Defects". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-09-12. ^ "Mitchell Gourley". YouTube 2013. 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2022. ^ Adam Himmelsbach, Prospect Provides Inspiration With What He Doesn't Have, The New York Times, December 26, 2008 ^ "Kyle Maynard, Congenital Amputee, To Fight, MMA Weekly, 25 April 2009. From a press release by Undisputed Productions. ^ Davies, Gareth (2019-01-09). "'Notorious' Nick Newell is the man to thrust Para-wrestling into the spotlight". Gareth A Davies. Retrieved March 13, 2022. ^ Merrill, David (2013-03-18). "The One-Legged Wrestler Who Conquered His Sport, Then Left It Behind". Deadspin. Retrieved March 13, 2022. ^ "Armless pilot proves sky's the limit". BBC News. ^ "The man who plays French horn with his toes". BBC News. Further reading Gabos PG (May 2006). "Modified technique for the surgical treatment of congenital constriction bands of the arms and legs of infants and children". Orthopedics. 29 (5): 401–4. doi:10.3928/01477447-20060501-10. PMID 16729738. Walter JH, Goss LR, Lazzara AT (July–August 1998). "Amniotic band syndrome". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 37 (4): 325–33. doi:10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80070-7. PMID 9710786. Light TR, Ogden JA (May–June 1993). "Congenital constriction band syndrome. Pathophysiology and treatment". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 66 (3): 143–55. PMC 2588858. PMID 8209551. External links "Congenital amputation". The Free Dictionary. vteCongenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormalityAppendicularlimb / dysmeliaArmsclavicle / shoulder Cleidocranial dysostosis Sprengel's deformity Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome hand deformity Madelung's deformity Clinodactyly Oligodactyly Polydactyly Leghip Hip dislocation / Hip dysplasia Upington disease Coxa valga Coxa vara knee Genu valgum Genu varum Genu recurvatum Discoid meniscus Congenital patellar dislocation Congenital knee dislocation foot deformity varus Club foot Pigeon toe valgus Flat feet Pes cavus Rocker bottom foot Hammer toe Either / bothfingers and toes Polydactyly / Syndactyly Webbed toes Arachnodactyly Cenani–Lenz syndactylism Ectrodactyly Brachydactyly Stub thumb reduction deficits / limb Acheiropodia Ectromelia Phocomelia Amelia Hemimelia multiple joints Arthrogryposis Larsen syndrome RAPADILINO syndrome AxialSkull and faceCraniosynostosis Scaphocephaly Oxycephaly Trigonocephaly Craniofacial dysostosis Crouzon syndrome Hypertelorism Hallermann–Streiff syndrome Oto-palato-digital syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome other Macrocephaly Platybasia Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia Dolichocephaly Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome Plagiocephaly Saddle nose Vertebral column Spinal curvature Scoliosis Klippel–Feil syndrome Spondylolisthesis Spina bifida occulta Sacralization Thoracic skeletonribs: Cervical Bifid sternum: Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum other: Poland syndrome	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amniotic band syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_band_syndrome"},{"link_name":"fetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"teratogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogens"}],"text":"Congenital amputation is birth without a limb or limbs, or without a part of a limb or limbs.It is known to be caused by blood clots forming in the fetus while in utero (vascular insult) and from amniotic band syndrome: fibrous bands of the amnion that constrict fetal limbs to such an extent that they fail to form or actually fall off due to missing blood supply. Congenital amputation can also occur due to maternal exposure to teratogens during pregnancy.","title":"Congenital amputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amniotic band syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_band_syndrome"},{"link_name":"amnion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnion"},{"link_name":"chorion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorion"},{"link_name":"phocomelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocomelia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"teratogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogenesis"},{"link_name":"thalidomide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide"},{"link_name":"atomic weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weapons"},{"link_name":"radioiodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioiodine"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"BMC Musculoskelet Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_Musculoskelet_Disord"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"CDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The exact cause of congenital amputation is unknown and can result from a number of causes. However, most cases show that the first three months in a pregnancy are when most birth defects occur because that is when the organs of the fetus are beginning to form. One common cause is amniotic band syndrome, which occurs when the inner fetal membrane (amnion) ruptures without injury to the outer membrane (chorion). Fibrous bands from the ruptured amnion float in the amniotic fluid and can get entangled with the fetus, thus reducing blood supply to the developing limbs to such an extent that the limbs can become strangulated; the tissues die and are absorbed into the amniotic fluid. A baby with congenital amputation can be missing a portion of a limb or the entire limb, which results in the complete absence of a limb beyond a certain point where only a stump is left is known as transverse deficiency or amelia. When a specific part is missing, it is referred to as longitudinal deficiency. Finally, phocomelia occurs when only a mid-portion of a limb is missing; for example when the hands or feet are directly attached to the trunk of the body.\nAmnion ruptures can be caused by:[citation needed]teratogenic drugs (e.g. thalidomide, which causes phocomelia), or environmental chemicals\nionizing radiation (atomic weapons, radioiodine, radiation therapy)\ninfections\nmetabolic imbalance\ntraumaCongenital amputation is the least common reason for amputation, but a study published in BMC Musculoskelet Disorders found that 21.1 in 10,000 babies were born with a missing or deformed limb between 1981 and 2010 in the Netherlands,[1] and the CDC estimates that 4 in 10,000 babies are born in the United States with upper limb reductions and 2 in 10,000 with lower limb reductions.[2] During certain periods in history, an increase in congenital amputations has been documented. One example includes the thalidomide tragedy that occurred in the 1960s when pregnant mothers were given a tranquilizer that contained the harmful drug, which produced an increase in children born without limbs.[citation needed]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For most cases the diagnosis for congenital amputation is not made until the infant is born. One procedure that is helpful in determining this condition in an infant is an ultrasound examination of a fetus when still in the mother's abdomen as it can reveal the absence of a limb. However, since ultrasounds are routine they may not pick up all the signs of some of the more subtle birth defects.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fetal surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_surgery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The most popular method of treatment for congenital amputation is having the child be fit for a prosthesis which can lead to normal development, so the muscles don't atrophy. If there is congenital amputation of the fingers, plastic surgery can be performed by using the big toe or second toes in place of the missing fingers of the hand.[citation needed]\nIn rare cases of amniotic banding syndrome, if diagnosed in utero, fetal surgery may be considered to save a limb which is in danger of amputation.[citation needed]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable congenital amputees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hannah Aspden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Aspden"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Gourley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Gourley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-3"},{"link_name":"Kevin Laue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Laue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Himmelsbach-4"},{"link_name":"Kyle Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Maynard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMA_Weekly-5"},{"link_name":"Nick Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Newell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies20100901-6"},{"link_name":"Anthony Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Robles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merrill20130318-7"}],"sub_title":"Athletes","text":"Hannah Aspden, American swimmer, born missing her left leg at the hip.\nStephanie Dixon, Canadian swimmer, born missing her right leg and hip.\nMitchell Gourley, an Australian Paralympic alpine skier, was born missing his left arm from just below his elbow; he has a few inches of forearm.[3]\nKevin Laue, a former basketball player, was born missing his left arm just below his elbow.[4]\nKyle Maynard was born missing both legs above the knee, and both arms above the elbow.[5]\nNick Newell is a mixed martial artist who was born missing his left arm just below the elbow. He has a short stump of his forearm.[6]\nAnthony Robles, a former wrestler, was born missing his right leg all the way up to his hip.[7]","title":"Notable congenital amputees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jessica Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Cox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Felix Klieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klieser"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Other Occupations","text":"Jessica Cox is the first licensed armless pilot in aviation history and was born without both arms.[8]\nFelix Klieser is a professional French horn player from Germany, who was born without arms and plays the instrument using a stand and his left foot. [9]","title":"Notable congenital amputees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3928/01477447-20060501-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3928%2F01477447-20060501-10"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16729738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16729738"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80070-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1067-2516%2898%2980070-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9710786","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9710786"},{"link_name":"\"Congenital constriction band syndrome. Pathophysiology and treatment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588858"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2588858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588858"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8209551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8209551"}],"text":"Gabos PG (May 2006). \"Modified technique for the surgical treatment of congenital constriction bands of the arms and legs of infants and children\". Orthopedics. 29 (5): 401–4. doi:10.3928/01477447-20060501-10. PMID 16729738.\nWalter JH, Goss LR, Lazzara AT (July–August 1998). \"Amniotic band syndrome\". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 37 (4): 325–33. doi:10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80070-7. PMID 9710786.\nLight TR, Ogden JA (May–June 1993). \"Congenital constriction band syndrome. Pathophysiology and treatment\". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 66 (3): 143–55. PMC 2588858. PMID 8209551.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"congenital absence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_absence"},{"title":"Tetra-amelia syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-amelia_syndrome"}]	[{"reference":"Vasluian E, van der Sluis CK, van Essen AJ, Bergman JE, Dijkstra PU, Reinders-Messelink HA, de Walle HE (November 2013). \"Birth prevalence for congenital limb defects in the northern Netherlands: a 30-year population-based study\". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 14: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-323. PMC 3840683. PMID 24237863.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840683","url_text":"\"Birth prevalence for congenital limb defects in the northern Netherlands: a 30-year population-based study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2474-14-323","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2474-14-323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840683","url_text":"3840683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24237863","url_text":"24237863"}]},{"reference":"\"Upper and Lower Limb Reduction Defects\". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/ul-limbreductiondefects.html","url_text":"\"Upper and Lower Limb Reduction Defects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitchell Gourley\". YouTube 2013. 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auiNRDsmREE&list=FLtZriBGGIgpJsxN9tS3K0gw","url_text":"\"Mitchell Gourley\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Gareth (2019-01-09). \"'Notorious' Nick Newell is the man to thrust Para-wrestling into the spotlight\". Gareth A Davies. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.garethadavies.com/2019/09/01/notorious-nick-newell-is-the-man-to-thrust-disability-wrestling-into-the-spotlight/","url_text":"\"'Notorious' Nick Newell is the man to thrust Para-wrestling into the spotlight\""}]},{"reference":"Merrill, David (2013-03-18). \"The One-Legged Wrestler Who Conquered His Sport, Then Left It Behind\". Deadspin. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/the-one-legged-wrestler-who-conquered-his-sport-then-l-452888181","url_text":"\"The One-Legged Wrestler Who Conquered His Sport, Then Left It Behind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armless pilot proves sky's the limit\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-21377627","url_text":"\"Armless pilot proves sky's the limit\""}]},{"reference":"\"The man who plays French horn with his toes\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-ouch-28541455","url_text":"\"The man who plays French horn with his toes\""}]},{"reference":"Gabos PG (May 2006). \"Modified technique for the surgical treatment of congenital constriction bands of the arms and legs of infants and children\". Orthopedics. 29 (5): 401–4. doi:10.3928/01477447-20060501-10. PMID 16729738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3928%2F01477447-20060501-10","url_text":"10.3928/01477447-20060501-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16729738","url_text":"16729738"}]},{"reference":"Walter JH, Goss LR, Lazzara AT (July–August 1998). \"Amniotic band syndrome\". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 37 (4): 325–33. doi:10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80070-7. PMID 9710786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1067-2516%2898%2980070-7","url_text":"10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80070-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9710786","url_text":"9710786"}]},{"reference":"Light TR, Ogden JA (May–June 1993). \"Congenital constriction band syndrome. Pathophysiology and treatment\". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 66 (3): 143–55. PMC 2588858. PMID 8209551.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588858","url_text":"\"Congenital constriction band syndrome. Pathophysiology and treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588858","url_text":"2588858"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8209551","url_text":"8209551"}]},{"reference":"\"Congenital amputation\". The Free Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/congenital+amputation","url_text":"\"Congenital amputation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840683","external_links_name":"\"Birth prevalence for congenital limb defects in the northern Netherlands: a 30-year population-based study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2474-14-323","external_links_name":"10.1186/1471-2474-14-323"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840683","external_links_name":"3840683"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24237863","external_links_name":"24237863"},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/ul-limbreductiondefects.html","external_links_name":"\"Upper and Lower Limb Reduction Defects\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auiNRDsmREE&list=FLtZriBGGIgpJsxN9tS3K0gw","external_links_name":"\"Mitchell Gourley\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/sports/ncaabasketball/27forkunion.html","external_links_name":"Prospect Provides Inspiration With What He Doesn't Have"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090427103955/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=8649","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Maynard, Congenital Amputee, To Fight"},{"Link":"https://www.garethadavies.com/2019/09/01/notorious-nick-newell-is-the-man-to-thrust-disability-wrestling-into-the-spotlight/","external_links_name":"\"'Notorious' Nick Newell is the man to thrust Para-wrestling into the spotlight\""},{"Link":"https://deadspin.com/the-one-legged-wrestler-who-conquered-his-sport-then-l-452888181","external_links_name":"\"The One-Legged Wrestler Who Conquered His Sport, Then Left It Behind\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-21377627","external_links_name":"\"Armless pilot proves sky's the limit\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-ouch-28541455","external_links_name":"\"The man who plays French horn with his toes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3928%2F01477447-20060501-10","external_links_name":"10.3928/01477447-20060501-10"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16729738","external_links_name":"16729738"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1067-2516%2898%2980070-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/s1067-2516(98)80070-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9710786","external_links_name":"9710786"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588858","external_links_name":"\"Congenital constriction band syndrome. Pathophysiology and treatment\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588858","external_links_name":"2588858"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8209551","external_links_name":"8209551"},{"Link":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/congenital+amputation","external_links_name":"\"Congenital amputation\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_(American_band)	Hell (American band)	["1 History","2 Band members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]	American doom metal solo project HellHell performing at Roadburn 2016Background informationOriginSalem, Oregon, U.S.GenresDoom metal, blackened doomYears active2008–presentLabelsLowerYourHeadWoodsmokeEternal WarfareVulture PrintGreySun RecordsMembersM.S.W. Hell is an American doom metal solo project formed in 2008 by M.S.W., a multi-instrumentalist from Salem, Oregon. Hell began as a creative outlet for M.S.W., but it eventually gained momentum and grew to include a touring band. According to M.S.W., the project disregards typical religious themes and instead focuses on the concept of a "personal Hell". History In 2008, M.S.W. created Hell as a solo endeavor. Regarding the project developing into something greater, he said: Initially I just used Hell as an emotional outlet, but when people started to ask when Hell would perform a live show, I started thinking about a possible lineup. I never thought Hell would be where it is today. I envisioned the project remaining a solo endeavor, which it has, but never thought it would ever get as far as full U.S. tours with a full perfect line up of session musicians or anything like that. Right now, we're about to take off to Europe which is unreal to think about. In 2009, the project's first album, Hell I, was released through Woodsmoke as a cassette limited to 100 copies. The debut's follow up, Hell II, was released a year later in 2010, and incorporated new subgenres of extreme metal for the project, like black metal. The conclusion of the initial trilogy, Hell III, was released in 2012 and adopted operatic and symphonic elements. After gathering an underground following, Hell performed at Roadburn 2016 and 2018 In 2017, Hell released its self-titled album to critical acclaim. Many of Hell's studio albums borrow their cover art style from the work of Gustave Doré, albeit tinted red. Band members Hell M.S.W. – songwriting, vocals, guitars, bass, drums Additional touring members Liam Neighbors (A.L.N.) – drums Nate Meyers – bass Sheene Coffin – guitar Past touring members Gina Hendrika Eygenhuysen – violin Kyle Wattson – drums Adam T. – drums Paul Reidel – guitar Kento Woolrey – guitar Discography Studio albums Hell I (2009) Hell II (2010) Hell III (2012) Hell (2017) Extended plays Hell (2015) Splits Ancestortooth/Hell – with Ancestortooth (2009) Resurrection Bay – with Thou (2012) Amarok/Hell – with Amarok (2013) Live Split – with Hail (2013) Hell/Mizmor – with Mizmor (2014) Hell/Primitive Man – with Primitive Man (2019) Compilations Tour Through Hell 2013 (2013) Trilogy (2013) MMXVI (2014) Splits (2018) Live albums Sheol (2014) Live at Roadburn 2018 (2019) References ^ Kelly, Kim. "HELL's Apocalyptic Doom Will Outlive Us All". noisey.vice.com. Vice. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c d A, Ben (April 7, 2016). "Falling from Your Heavens: A Conversation with M.S.W. of Hell". blackmetalandbrews.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ "Hell official Facebook page (includes overview)". facebook.com. Facebook. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Hell I (digital liner notes). Hell. Woodsmoke. 2009. canto 014. Retrieved April 15, 2018.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b David, Cody (April 22, 2016). "Funeral Doom Friday: Getting Tormented By HELL's Nightmarish, Self-Titled Trilogy". metalinjection.net. Metal Injection. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Davis, Cody (July 24, 2017). "Oregon Doomsayer HELL's Crushing Fury Returns In "Machitikos"". metalinjection.net. Metal Injection. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Handelman, Ben. "Hell to Perform Their S/T Album in Full at Roadburn 2018". roadburn.com. Roadburn Festival. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Moore, Doug (December 12, 2017). "The Best Metal Albums of 2017". stereogum.com. Stereogum. Retrieved December 29, 2017. External links Hell on Discogs Hell on Bandcamp vteHell M.S.W. Studio albums Hell I Hell II Hell III Hell Splits Ancestortooth / Hell Resurrection Bay Amarok / Hell Live Split Hell / Mizmor Compilations Tour Through Hell 2013 Trilogy MMXVI Live albums Sheol Related articles Doom metal Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"Salem, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hell1-3"}],"text":"American doom metal solo projectHell is an American doom metal solo project formed in 2008 by M.S.W., a multi-instrumentalist from Salem, Oregon.[1] Hell began as a creative outlet for M.S.W., but it eventually gained momentum and grew to include a touring band.[2] According to M.S.W., the project disregards typical religious themes and instead focuses on the concept of a \"personal Hell\".[3]","title":"Hell (American band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview1-2"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandcamp1-4"},{"link_name":"extreme metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MI1-5"},{"link_name":"Hell III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_III"},{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"symphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MI1-5"},{"link_name":"underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MI2-6"},{"link_name":"Roadburn 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadburn_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadburn1-7"},{"link_name":"self-titled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_(Hell_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stereogum1-8"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview1-2"}],"text":"In 2008, M.S.W. created Hell as a solo endeavor.[2] Regarding the project developing into something greater, he said:Initially I just used Hell as an emotional outlet, but when people started to ask when Hell would perform a live show, I started thinking about a possible lineup. I never thought Hell would be where it is today. I envisioned the project remaining a solo endeavor, which it has, but never thought it would ever get as far as full U.S. tours with a full perfect line up of session musicians or anything like that. Right now, we're about to take off to Europe which is unreal to think about.[2]In 2009, the project's first album, Hell I, was released through Woodsmoke as a cassette limited to 100 copies.[4] The debut's follow up, Hell II, was released a year later in 2010, and incorporated new subgenres of extreme metal for the project, like black metal.[5] The conclusion of the initial trilogy, Hell III, was released in 2012 and adopted operatic and symphonic elements.[5] After gathering an underground following,[6] Hell performed at Roadburn 2016 and 2018[7] In 2017, Hell released its self-titled album to critical acclaim.[8]Many of Hell's studio albums borrow their cover art style from the work of Gustave Doré, albeit tinted red.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"HellM.S.W. – songwriting, vocals, guitars, bass, drumsAdditional touring membersLiam Neighbors (A.L.N.) – drums\nNate Meyers – bass\nSheene Coffin – guitarPast touring membersGina Hendrika Eygenhuysen – violin\nKyle Wattson – drums\nAdam T. – drums\nPaul Reidel – guitar\nKento Woolrey – guitar","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hell III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_III"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_(Hell_album)"},{"link_name":"Thou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Primitive Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Man_(band)"}],"text":"Studio albumsHell I (2009)\nHell II (2010)\nHell III (2012)\nHell (2017)Extended playsHell (2015)SplitsAncestortooth/Hell – with Ancestortooth (2009)\nResurrection Bay – with Thou (2012)\nAmarok/Hell – with Amarok (2013)\nLive Split – with Hail (2013)\nHell/Mizmor – with Mizmor (2014)\nHell/Primitive Man – with Primitive Man (2019)CompilationsTour Through Hell 2013 (2013)\nTrilogy (2013)\nMMXVI (2014)\nSplits (2018)Live albumsSheol (2014)\nLive at Roadburn 2018 (2019)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kelly, Kim. \"HELL's Apocalyptic Doom Will Outlive Us All\". noisey.vice.com. Vice. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/xww8aq/hells-apocalyptic-doom-will-outlive-us-all","url_text":"\"HELL's Apocalyptic Doom Will Outlive Us All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"A, Ben (April 7, 2016). \"Falling from Your Heavens: A Conversation with M.S.W. of Hell\". blackmetalandbrews.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115433/http://blackmetalandbrews.com/2016/04/07/hell-interview/","url_text":"\"Falling from Your Heavens: A Conversation with M.S.W. of Hell\""},{"url":"http://blackmetalandbrews.com/2016/04/07/hell-interview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hell official Facebook page (includes overview)\". facebook.com. Facebook. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pg/mswhell/about/?ref=page_internal","url_text":"\"Hell official Facebook page (includes overview)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Hell I (digital liner notes). Hell. Woodsmoke. 2009. canto 014. Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://loweryourhead.bandcamp.com/album/hell-i","url_text":"Hell I"}]},{"reference":"David, Cody (April 22, 2016). \"Funeral Doom Friday: Getting Tormented By HELL's Nightmarish, Self-Titled Trilogy\". metalinjection.net. Metal Injection. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalinjection.net/av/funeral-doom-friday/funeral-doom-friday-getting-tormented-by-hells-nightmarish-self-titled-trilogy","url_text":"\"Funeral Doom Friday: Getting Tormented By HELL's Nightmarish, Self-Titled Trilogy\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Cody (July 24, 2017). \"Oregon Doomsayer HELL's Crushing Fury Returns In \"Machitikos\"\". metalinjection.net. Metal Injection. Retrieved February 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalinjection.net/av/song-premiere/hell-machitikos","url_text":"\"Oregon Doomsayer HELL's Crushing Fury Returns In \"Machitikos\"\""}]},{"reference":"Handelman, Ben. \"Hell to Perform Their S/T Album in Full at Roadburn 2018\". roadburn.com. Roadburn Festival. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://roadburn.com/band/hell/","url_text":"\"Hell to Perform Their S/T Album in Full at Roadburn 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadburn_Festival","url_text":"Roadburn Festival"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Doug (December 12, 2017). \"The Best Metal Albums of 2017\". stereogum.com. Stereogum. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1975088/the-best-metal-albums-of-2017/franchises/2017-in-review/","url_text":"\"The Best Metal Albums of 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/xww8aq/hells-apocalyptic-doom-will-outlive-us-all","external_links_name":"\"HELL's Apocalyptic Doom Will Outlive Us All\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115433/http://blackmetalandbrews.com/2016/04/07/hell-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Falling from Your Heavens: A Conversation with M.S.W. of Hell\""},{"Link":"http://blackmetalandbrews.com/2016/04/07/hell-interview/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pg/mswhell/about/?ref=page_internal","external_links_name":"\"Hell official Facebook page (includes overview)\""},{"Link":"https://loweryourhead.bandcamp.com/album/hell-i","external_links_name":"Hell I"},{"Link":"http://www.metalinjection.net/av/funeral-doom-friday/funeral-doom-friday-getting-tormented-by-hells-nightmarish-self-titled-trilogy","external_links_name":"\"Funeral Doom Friday: Getting Tormented By HELL's Nightmarish, Self-Titled Trilogy\""},{"Link":"http://www.metalinjection.net/av/song-premiere/hell-machitikos","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Doomsayer HELL's Crushing Fury Returns In \"Machitikos\"\""},{"Link":"http://roadburn.com/band/hell/","external_links_name":"\"Hell to Perform Their S/T Album in Full at Roadburn 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1975088/the-best-metal-albums-of-2017/franchises/2017-in-review/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Metal Albums of 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/170784-Hell-2","external_links_name":"Hell"},{"Link":"https://loweryourhead.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"Hell"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/177969292","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianmarco_Donaggio	Gianmarco Donaggio	["1 Career","2 Works","2.1 Live performed films","2.2 Dance Films","2.3 Shorts","2.4 Music videos","3 Writing","4 References"]	Italian film director It has been suggested that In Visible Light be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2024. Gianmarco DonaggioBorn (1991-08-04) August 4, 1991 (age 32)ItalyEducationLund University, Bournemouth Art UniversityNotable workIn Visible Light, Azul no Azul Gianmarco Donaggio (born 4 August 1991) is an Italian experimental film director and cinematographer. Career In 2010–2020, Donaggio lived and worked between the UK and Norway. He debuted as a film director at the Pesaro Film Festival with the film Manifestarsi (2021), in the years following he produced the film performance In Visible Light (2023). He is a member of the European Film Academy, and a former Berlinale Talents. He graduated in image philosophy at the University of Lund. His works are primarily non-narrative and are presented as a reflection on image and motion. His works have been presented in various European contemporary art museums, art biennials, and film festivals. Works Live performed films In Visible Light (2023) Iconocrom (2023) Dance Films Nymøn (2023) Shorts Azul no Azul (2022) Manifestarsi (2021) Milano di Carta (2020) Music videos Spøkelsesby - Hasse Farmen (2023) Writing 2021. Donaggio, Gianmarco "Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples" Cinematography in Progress. 2022. Donaggio, Gianmarco. "The dancing qualities of the cinematic space" Lund University. Dept. of Arts and Cultural Science. References ^ Pisati, Diego (2019-10-17). ""Io, uomo di neve e di cinema"". La Prealpina - Quotidiano storico di Varese, Altomilanese e Vco. (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "Crew di Gunda (2021) - Stardust". www.stardust.it. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "Manifestarsi (2021), di Gianmarco Donaggio - CinemaItaliano.info". su CinemaItaliano.info (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ MYmovies.it. "Manifestarsi". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ a b "MANIFESTARSI - Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema - Pesaro Film Festival". www.pesarofilmfest.it. Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ "Academy new members 2024". European Film Academy. 2024-05-06. Retrieved 2024-05-24. ^ a b "Mirage \| PERFORMANCE: In Visible Light". www.mirage.no. Retrieved 2023-09-30. ^ "In Visible Light, film sull'elettricità montato in diretta" (in Italian). 2023-10-07. Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ "La luce che non si vede ma c'è". San Marino Rtv (in Italian). 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ "Berlinale Talents Donaggio". ^ a b c Donaggio, Gianmarco (2022). "The dancing qualities of the cinematic space: a methodological experiment in order to perceive the motion picture as a dancing body". Lund University Publication. ^ "Vimeo". vimeo.com. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "Gianmarco Donaggio short films at the Alentejo Biennial of Art". Experimental Cinema. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ Colaiocco, Davide (2021-06-22). "'Manifestarsi' il corto sperimentale di Donaggio a Pesaro". Taxidrivers.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ a b "short film 'Azul no Azul' (Blue in Blue)". Museu Nacional de Arte Contemporănea do Chiado. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "Berlinale 2024". ^ "Malatesta short film festival, trionfa il video musicale che esplora il tema dell'isolamento contemporaneo". CesenaToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-27. ^ Ramos, Felicidade (2024-01-29). "Realizador da curta-metragem 'Azul no Azul' no Berlinale Talents". Museu Nacional Soares dos Reis (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-01-31. ^ MYmovies.it. "Gianmarco Donaggio". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ Ferreira, Nelson (2024-02-06). "Exploring Artistic Collaboration: The Intersection of Film and Painting with Gianmarco Donaggio and Nelson Ferreira". Nelson Ferreira Art. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ "Pintura e Cinema - Mosteiro da Batalha". www.mosteirobatalha.gov.pt. Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ a b Gianmarco Donaggio (2021-10-08). Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples. ^ Redazione. "Iconocrom di Gianmarco Donaggio: a Lucca un'esperienza audiovisiva che rompe l'immagine". www.lagazzettadilucca.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-16. ^ "Drupa Centre, una casa per l'arte al femminile nella campagna trevigiana". TrevisoToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-07-18. ^ Frigerio, Simona (2023-11-24). "Anima Mundi Pax". IN THE NET (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ Guidotti, Tommaso (2022-07-19). "Azul no Azul, a Lisbona il nuovo lavoro del regista varesino Gianmarco Donaggio". VareseNews (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ "Manifestarsi". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "52vids x Ibrida #43. Gianmarco Donaggio, Milano di Carta". Exibart.tv (in Italian). 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ Kleveland, Guro (2023-09-25). "Internasjonal oppmerksomhet til Hasse Farmens musikkvideo "Spøkelsesby" • ballade.no". ballade.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2023-09-30. ^ Rosa, Alessio (2023-12-09). "Hasse Farmen, Jonas Cambien, Kenneth Ishak, Adrian Myhr, Maja S.K. Ratkje - Spøkelsesby (Gianmarco Donaggio)". Videoclip Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-16. ^ Donaggio, Gianmarco (2021-10-08). "Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples". Cinematography in Progress. 1 (1). ISSN 2684-3994.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gianmarco Donaggio (born 4 August 1991) is an Italian experimental film director and cinematographer.","title":"Gianmarco Donaggio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pesaro Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pesarofilmfest.it-5"},{"link_name":"In Visible Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Visible_Light"},{"link_name":"European Film Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Academy"},{"link_name":"Berlinale Talents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinale_Talents"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"University of Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lup_9093327-11"},{"link_name":"non-narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-narrative_film"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lup_9093327-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museuartecontemporanea_2009-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"}],"text":"In 2010–2020, Donaggio lived and worked between the UK and Norway.[1][2] He debuted as a film director at the Pesaro Film Festival with the film Manifestarsi (2021),[3][4][5] in the years following he produced the film performance In Visible Light (2023). He is a member of the European Film Academy, and a former Berlinale Talents.[6][7][8][9][10]He graduated in image philosophy at the University of Lund.[11] His works are primarily non-narrative and are presented as a reflection on image and motion.[12][11]\nHis works have been presented in various European contemporary art museums, art biennials, and film festivals.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Visible Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Visible_Light"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Live performed films","text":"In Visible Light (2023)[7]\nIconocrom (2023)[23]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Dance Films","text":"Nymøn (2023)[24]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azul no Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul_no_Azul"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museuartecontemporanea_2009-15"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pesarofilmfest.it-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Shorts","text":"Azul no Azul (2022)[15][25][26]\nManifestarsi (2021)[27][5]\nMilano di Carta (2020)[28]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Music videos","text":"Spøkelsesby - Hasse Farmen (2023)[29][30]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lup_9093327-11"}],"text":"2021. Donaggio, Gianmarco \"Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples\" Cinematography in Progress.[31][22]\n2022. Donaggio, Gianmarco. \"The dancing qualities of the cinematic space\" Lund University. Dept. of Arts and Cultural Science.[11]","title":"Writing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Pisati, Diego (2019-10-17). \"\"Io, uomo di neve e di cinema\"\". La Prealpina - Quotidiano storico di Varese, Altomilanese e Vco. (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prealpina.it/pages/varese-io-uomo-di-neve-e-di-cinema-207156.html","url_text":"\"\"Io, uomo di neve e di cinema\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crew di Gunda (2021) - Stardust\". www.stardust.it. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stardust.it/film/gunda/crew?page=2","url_text":"\"Crew di Gunda (2021) - Stardust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manifestarsi (2021), di Gianmarco Donaggio - CinemaItaliano.info\". su CinemaItaliano.info (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaitaliano.info/24172","url_text":"\"Manifestarsi (2021), di Gianmarco Donaggio - CinemaItaliano.info\""}]},{"reference":"MYmovies.it. \"Manifestarsi\". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymovies.it/film/2021/manifestarsi/","url_text":"\"Manifestarsi\""}]},{"reference":"\"MANIFESTARSI - Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema - Pesaro Film Festival\". www.pesarofilmfest.it. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pesarofilmfest.it/collezioni/430-manifestarsi","url_text":"\"MANIFESTARSI - Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema - Pesaro Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academy new members 2024\". European Film Academy. 2024-05-06. Retrieved 2024-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/european-film-academy-new-members-list/","url_text":"\"Academy new members 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirage \| PERFORMANCE: In Visible Light\". www.mirage.no. Retrieved 2023-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirage.no/experiences/performance-in-visible-light","url_text":"\"Mirage \| PERFORMANCE: In Visible Light\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Visible Light, film sull'elettricità montato in diretta\" (in Italian). 2023-10-07. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artribune.com/arti-performative/cinema/2023/10/video-invisiblelight/","url_text":"\"In Visible Light, film sull'elettricità montato in diretta\""}]},{"reference":"\"La luce che non si vede ma c'è\". San Marino Rtv (in Italian). 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/cultura-c6/la-luce-che-non-si-vede-ma-c-e-a248912","url_text":"\"La luce che non si vede ma c'è\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlinale Talents Donaggio\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt//talent/gianmarco-donaggio/profile","url_text":"\"Berlinale Talents Donaggio\""}]},{"reference":"Donaggio, Gianmarco (2022). \"The dancing qualities of the cinematic space: a methodological experiment in order to perceive the motion picture as a dancing body\". Lund University Publication.","urls":[{"url":"http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9093327","url_text":"\"The dancing qualities of the cinematic space: a methodological experiment in order to perceive the motion picture as a dancing body\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vimeo\". vimeo.com. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/manage/videos/558041551","url_text":"\"Vimeo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gianmarco Donaggio short films at the Alentejo Biennial of Art\". Experimental Cinema. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://expcinema.org/site/en/events/gianmarco-donaggio-short-films-alentejo-biennial-art","url_text":"\"Gianmarco Donaggio short films at the Alentejo Biennial of Art\""}]},{"reference":"Colaiocco, Davide (2021-06-22). \"'Manifestarsi' il corto sperimentale di Donaggio a Pesaro\". Taxidrivers.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taxidrivers.it/186184/festival/pesaro-film-festival/manifestarsi-il-corto-sperimentale-di-donaggio-a-pesaro.html","url_text":"\"'Manifestarsi' il corto sperimentale di Donaggio a Pesaro\""}]},{"reference":"\"short film 'Azul no Azul' (Blue in Blue)\". Museu Nacional de Arte Contemporănea do Chiado. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museuartecontemporanea.gov.pt/en/programacao/2009","url_text":"\"short film 'Azul no Azul' (Blue in Blue)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlinale 2024\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt//talent/gianmarco-donaggio/profile","url_text":"\"Berlinale 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malatesta short film festival, trionfa il video musicale che esplora il tema dell'isolamento contemporaneo\". CesenaToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cesenatoday.it/cronaca/malatesta-short-film-festival-trionfa-il-video-musicale-che-esplora-il-tema-dell-isolamento-contemporaneo.html","url_text":"\"Malatesta short film festival, trionfa il video musicale che esplora il tema dell'isolamento contemporaneo\""}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Felicidade (2024-01-29). \"Realizador da curta-metragem 'Azul no Azul' no Berlinale Talents\". Museu Nacional Soares dos Reis (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://museusoaresdosreis.gov.pt/realizador-da-curta-metragem-azul-no-azul-no-berlinale-talents/","url_text":"\"Realizador da curta-metragem 'Azul no Azul' no Berlinale Talents\""}]},{"reference":"MYmovies.it. \"Gianmarco Donaggio\". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymovies.it/persone/gianmarco-donaggio/402719/filmografia/","url_text":"\"Gianmarco Donaggio\""}]},{"reference":"Ferreira, Nelson (2024-02-06). \"Exploring Artistic Collaboration: The Intersection of Film and Painting with Gianmarco Donaggio and Nelson Ferreira\". Nelson Ferreira Art. Retrieved 2024-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nelson-ferreira.com/post/exploring-artistic-collaboration-the-intersection-of-film-and-painting-with-gianmarco-donaggio-and","url_text":"\"Exploring Artistic Collaboration: The Intersection of Film and Painting with Gianmarco Donaggio and Nelson Ferreira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pintura e Cinema - Mosteiro da Batalha\". www.mosteirobatalha.gov.pt. Retrieved 2024-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mosteirobatalha.gov.pt/pt/index.php?s=noticias&noticia=384#n2","url_text":"\"Pintura e Cinema - Mosteiro da Batalha\""}]},{"reference":"Gianmarco Donaggio (2021-10-08). Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/CinematicDuration_Donaggio","url_text":"Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples"}]},{"reference":"Redazione. \"Iconocrom di Gianmarco Donaggio: a Lucca un'esperienza audiovisiva che rompe l'immagine\". www.lagazzettadilucca.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lagazzettadilucca.it/brevi/iconocrom-di-gianmarco-donaggio-a-lucca-unesperienza-audiovisiva-che-rompe-limmagine","url_text":"\"Iconocrom di Gianmarco Donaggio: a Lucca un'esperienza audiovisiva che rompe l'immagine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drupa Centre, una casa per l'arte al femminile nella campagna trevigiana\". TrevisoToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trevisotoday.it/blog/drupa-centre-intervista-mansue-22-giugno-2023.html","url_text":"\"Drupa Centre, una casa per l'arte al femminile nella campagna trevigiana\""}]},{"reference":"Frigerio, Simona (2023-11-24). \"Anima Mundi Pax\". IN THE NET (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inthenet.eu/2023/11/24/anima-mundi-pax/","url_text":"\"Anima Mundi Pax\""}]},{"reference":"Guidotti, Tommaso (2022-07-19). \"Azul no Azul, a Lisbona il nuovo lavoro del regista varesino Gianmarco Donaggio\". VareseNews (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.varesenews.it/2022/07/azul-no-azul-lisbona-lavoro-del-regista-varesino-gianmarco-donaggio/1483901/","url_text":"\"Azul no Azul, a Lisbona il nuovo lavoro del regista varesino Gianmarco Donaggio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manifestarsi\". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymovies.it/film/2021/manifestarsi/","url_text":"\"Manifestarsi\""}]},{"reference":"\"52vids x Ibrida #43. Gianmarco Donaggio, Milano di Carta\". Exibart.tv (in Italian). 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.exibart.com/52vids-x-ibrida-43-gianmarco-donaggio-milano-di-carta/","url_text":"\"52vids x Ibrida #43. Gianmarco Donaggio, Milano di Carta\""}]},{"reference":"Kleveland, Guro (2023-09-25). \"Internasjonal oppmerksomhet til Hasse Farmens musikkvideo \"Spøkelsesby\" • ballade.no\". ballade.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2023-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ballade.no/musikkvideo/internasjonal-oppmerksomhet-til-hasse-farmens-musikkvideo-spokelsesby/","url_text":"\"Internasjonal oppmerksomhet til Hasse Farmens musikkvideo \"Spøkelsesby\" • ballade.no\""}]},{"reference":"Rosa, Alessio (2023-12-09). \"Hasse Farmen, Jonas Cambien, Kenneth Ishak, Adrian Myhr, Maja S.K. Ratkje - Spøkelsesby (Gianmarco Donaggio)\". Videoclip Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videoclip-italia.com/2023/12/09/hasse-farmen-jonas-cambien-kenneth-ishak-adrian-myhr-maja-s-k-ratkje-spokelsesby-gianmarco-donaggio/","url_text":"\"Hasse Farmen, Jonas Cambien, Kenneth Ishak, Adrian Myhr, Maja S.K. Ratkje - Spøkelsesby (Gianmarco Donaggio)\""}]},{"reference":"Donaggio, Gianmarco (2021-10-08). \"Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples\". Cinematography in Progress. 1 (1). ISSN 2684-3994.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinematographyinprogress.com/index.php/cito/article/view/91","url_text":"\"Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2684-3994","url_text":"2684-3994"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.prealpina.it/pages/varese-io-uomo-di-neve-e-di-cinema-207156.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Io, uomo di neve e di cinema\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.stardust.it/film/gunda/crew?page=2","external_links_name":"\"Crew di Gunda (2021) - Stardust\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaitaliano.info/24172","external_links_name":"\"Manifestarsi (2021), di Gianmarco Donaggio - CinemaItaliano.info\""},{"Link":"https://www.mymovies.it/film/2021/manifestarsi/","external_links_name":"\"Manifestarsi\""},{"Link":"https://www.pesarofilmfest.it/collezioni/430-manifestarsi","external_links_name":"\"MANIFESTARSI - Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema - Pesaro Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/european-film-academy-new-members-list/","external_links_name":"\"Academy new members 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirage.no/experiences/performance-in-visible-light","external_links_name":"\"Mirage \| PERFORMANCE: In Visible Light\""},{"Link":"https://www.artribune.com/arti-performative/cinema/2023/10/video-invisiblelight/","external_links_name":"\"In Visible Light, film sull'elettricità montato in diretta\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/cultura-c6/la-luce-che-non-si-vede-ma-c-e-a248912","external_links_name":"\"La luce che non si vede ma c'è\""},{"Link":"https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt//talent/gianmarco-donaggio/profile","external_links_name":"\"Berlinale Talents Donaggio\""},{"Link":"http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9093327","external_links_name":"\"The dancing qualities of the cinematic space: a methodological experiment in order to perceive the motion picture as a dancing body\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/manage/videos/558041551","external_links_name":"\"Vimeo\""},{"Link":"https://expcinema.org/site/en/events/gianmarco-donaggio-short-films-alentejo-biennial-art","external_links_name":"\"Gianmarco Donaggio short films at the Alentejo Biennial of Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.taxidrivers.it/186184/festival/pesaro-film-festival/manifestarsi-il-corto-sperimentale-di-donaggio-a-pesaro.html","external_links_name":"\"'Manifestarsi' il corto sperimentale di Donaggio a Pesaro\""},{"Link":"http://www.museuartecontemporanea.gov.pt/en/programacao/2009","external_links_name":"\"short film 'Azul no Azul' (Blue in Blue)\""},{"Link":"https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt//talent/gianmarco-donaggio/profile","external_links_name":"\"Berlinale 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.cesenatoday.it/cronaca/malatesta-short-film-festival-trionfa-il-video-musicale-che-esplora-il-tema-dell-isolamento-contemporaneo.html","external_links_name":"\"Malatesta short film festival, trionfa il video musicale che esplora il tema dell'isolamento contemporaneo\""},{"Link":"https://museusoaresdosreis.gov.pt/realizador-da-curta-metragem-azul-no-azul-no-berlinale-talents/","external_links_name":"\"Realizador da curta-metragem 'Azul no Azul' no Berlinale Talents\""},{"Link":"https://www.mymovies.it/persone/gianmarco-donaggio/402719/filmografia/","external_links_name":"\"Gianmarco Donaggio\""},{"Link":"https://www.nelson-ferreira.com/post/exploring-artistic-collaboration-the-intersection-of-film-and-painting-with-gianmarco-donaggio-and","external_links_name":"\"Exploring Artistic Collaboration: The Intersection of Film and Painting with Gianmarco Donaggio and Nelson Ferreira\""},{"Link":"http://www.mosteirobatalha.gov.pt/pt/index.php?s=noticias&noticia=384#n2","external_links_name":"\"Pintura e Cinema - Mosteiro da Batalha\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/CinematicDuration_Donaggio","external_links_name":"Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples"},{"Link":"https://www.lagazzettadilucca.it/brevi/iconocrom-di-gianmarco-donaggio-a-lucca-unesperienza-audiovisiva-che-rompe-limmagine","external_links_name":"\"Iconocrom di Gianmarco Donaggio: a Lucca un'esperienza audiovisiva che rompe l'immagine\""},{"Link":"https://www.trevisotoday.it/blog/drupa-centre-intervista-mansue-22-giugno-2023.html","external_links_name":"\"Drupa Centre, una casa per l'arte al femminile nella campagna trevigiana\""},{"Link":"https://www.inthenet.eu/2023/11/24/anima-mundi-pax/","external_links_name":"\"Anima Mundi Pax\""},{"Link":"https://www.varesenews.it/2022/07/azul-no-azul-lisbona-lavoro-del-regista-varesino-gianmarco-donaggio/1483901/","external_links_name":"\"Azul no Azul, a Lisbona il nuovo lavoro del regista varesino Gianmarco Donaggio\""},{"Link":"https://www.mymovies.it/film/2021/manifestarsi/","external_links_name":"\"Manifestarsi\""},{"Link":"https://tv.exibart.com/52vids-x-ibrida-43-gianmarco-donaggio-milano-di-carta/","external_links_name":"\"52vids x Ibrida #43. Gianmarco Donaggio, Milano di Carta\""},{"Link":"https://www.ballade.no/musikkvideo/internasjonal-oppmerksomhet-til-hasse-farmens-musikkvideo-spokelsesby/","external_links_name":"\"Internasjonal oppmerksomhet til Hasse Farmens musikkvideo \"Spøkelsesby\" • ballade.no\""},{"Link":"https://www.videoclip-italia.com/2023/12/09/hasse-farmen-jonas-cambien-kenneth-ishak-adrian-myhr-maja-s-k-ratkje-spokelsesby-gianmarco-donaggio/","external_links_name":"\"Hasse Farmen, Jonas Cambien, Kenneth Ishak, Adrian Myhr, Maja S.K. Ratkje - Spøkelsesby (Gianmarco Donaggio)\""},{"Link":"https://cinematographyinprogress.com/index.php/cito/article/view/91","external_links_name":"\"Cinematic Duration as Violence across Cinematography History and Samples\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2684-3994","external_links_name":"2684-3994"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven_reserves	Proven reserves	["1 Numbered terms","2 More terms","2.1 Russian reserve categories","3 Reserve evaluations, valuations and certifications","4 See also","5 References"]	Measure of fossil fuel energy reserves Proven reserves are a subset of producible reserves Proven reserves (also called measured reserves, 1P, and reserves) is a measure of fossil fuel energy reserves, such as oil and gas reserves and coal reserves. It is defined as the "uantity of energy sources estimated with reasonable certainty, from the analysis of geologic and engineering data, to be recoverable from well established or known reservoirs with the existing equipment and under the existing operating conditions." A reserve is considered proven if it is probable that at least 90% of the resource is recoverable by economically profitable means. Operating conditions are taken into account when determining if a reserve is classified as proven. Operating conditions include operational break-even price, regulatory and contractual approvals, without which the reserve cannot be classified as proven. Price changes therefore can have a large impact on the classification of proven reserves. Regulatory and contractual conditions may change, and also affect the amount of proven reserves. If a reserve's resources can be recovered using current technology but is not economically profitable it is considered "technically recoverable" but cannot be considered a proven reserve. Reserves less than 90% recoverable but more than 50% are considered "probable reserves" and below 50% are "possible reserves". Numbered terms The engineering term P90 refers to 90 percent engineering probability, is a commonly accepted specific definition by Society of Petroleum Engineers, it does not take into account anything except technical concerns. Therefore, it is different from the business term which does take into account current break-even profitability, and regulatory and contractual approval, but is considered a very rough equivalent. The definition is certainly not universal. Energy Watch Group uses a different definition, P95. More terms Disregarding economics, the proper engineering term for the total technologically extractable amount is the Producible fraction, which is easily confused with the business term proven reserves. However, the purely engineering term is also misleading in that squeezing the last bits of fossil fuel out follows the diminishing returns and at some point is so costly that it becomes highly impractical, as seen on a bell curve, which is why measures like P90 and P95 were created. The term proven reserves is further subdivided into proved developed reserves and proved undeveloped reserves. Note that it does not include unproven reserves, which is broken down into probable reserves and possible reserves. These reserve categories are totaled up by the measures 1P, 2P, and 3P, which are inclusive of all reserves types: "1P reserves" = proven reserves (both proved developed reserves + proved undeveloped reserves). "2P reserves" = 1P (proven reserves) + probable reserves, hence "proved AND probable." "3P reserves" = the sum of 2P (proven reserves + probable reserves) + possible reserves, all 3Ps "proven AND probable AND possible." New proven reserves are commonly added by new field discoveries. Reserves growth also commonly occurs in previously existing fields, as the characteristics of the reservoir become better understood, as fields are extended laterally, or new oil and gas reservoirs are found in existing fields. Reserve growth may also take place due to technological and economic changes. Russian reserve categories In Russia, reserves categories A, B, and C correspond roughly to developed producing reserves, undeveloped reserves with approved development, and discovered resources without a firm plan to develop yet. The designation ABC corresponds to estimated recoverable reserves. Reserve evaluations, valuations and certifications Oil companies employ specialist, independent, reserve valuation consultants - such as Gaffney, Cline & Associates, Sproule, Miller and Lents, Ltd., DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Ryder Scott, Netherland, Sewell & Associates Inc. (NSAI), Lloyd's Register (LR Archived 2019-04-15 at the Wayback Machine), Evolution Resources, Cawley, Gillespie & Associates Inc. (CG&A) and others - to provide third party reports as part of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) SEC filings and SPE Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) for other Stockmarket listings. On December 30, 2009, recognising advances in exploration and valuation technology, the SEC allowed 2P probable and 3P possible reserves to be reported, along with 1P proved reserves, though oil companies also have to verify the independence of third party consultants. Since investors view 1P reserves with much greater importance than 2P or 3P reserves, oil companies seek to convert 2P and 3P reserves into 1P reserves. See also Estimated ultimate recovery List of countries by proven oil reserves Oil and gas reserves List of countries by coal reserves References ^ "proved reserves". businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. ^ Petroleum review: 62 p732-743 Institute of Petroleum (Great Britain) - 2008 "The field is estimated to hold some 66mn barrels of proved and probable (2P) oil reserves and 143mn barrels of proved, probable and possible (3P) reserves. " ^ Offshore Oil Industry Lexicon 2-1 3P RESERVES Proven, Probable plus Possible reserves (3P) are those reserves that, to a low degree of certainty (10% confidence), are recoverable. There is relatively high risk associated with these reserves. ^ Vivek Chandra Fundamentals of natural gas: an international perspective 2006 p20 "Probable reserves are unproved reserves that analysis of geological and engineering data suggests are likely to be ... exceed the sum of proved plus probable plus possible reserves, also known as "P + Probable + Possible = 3P" reserves. " ^ Energy, Environment and Development p55 José Goldemberg, Oswaldo Lucon - 2009 "3P): reserves that have about 10 per cent probability of exploitation, under favourable circumstances." ^ Zabrodin, Dmitry (2015-07-16). "New Russian reserves classification system introduces economic limits" (PDF). Reservoir Solutions. Ryder Scott. p. 9. Retrieved 2022-08-24. The new Russian Federation classification system for petroleum reserves (RF-2013) has introduced the concept of economic limits. The system, which was approved in November 2013 by the Ministry of Natural Resources, will go into effect Jan. 1, 2016. In the new system, discovered fields are classified into two major groups—Fields under Exploration and Fields under Development according to maturity level. ^ Gianna Bern Investing in Energy: A Primer on the Economics of the Energy Industry 2011 p55 "Similarly, producers will try to convert their 2P reserves into 1P reserves by virtue of the certification process, which we will ... Bankers, investors, and analysts view 1P reserves with much greater importance than 2P or 3P reserves. ..." vteFossil fuel reservesGeneral terms Proven reserves measured proved 1P Unproven reserves Probable reserves (2P) Possible reserves (3P) World energy resources and consumption Specific Oil in place (STOOIP) Peak oil Peak gas Peak coal Recovery science Reserve growth Society of Petroleum Engineers Producible fraction Unproducible fraction Total reserves (In Place)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petroleum_probabilities.JPG"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"energy reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_reserve"},{"link_name":"oil and gas reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves"},{"link_name":"coal reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_reserves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Proven reserves are a subset of producible reservesProven reserves (also called measured reserves, 1P, and reserves) is a measure of fossil fuel energy reserves, such as oil and gas reserves and coal reserves. It is defined as the \"[q]uantity of energy sources estimated with reasonable certainty, from the analysis of geologic and engineering data, to be recoverable from well established or known reservoirs with the existing equipment and under the existing operating conditions.\"[1] A reserve is considered proven if it is probable that at least 90% of the resource is recoverable by economically profitable means.Operating conditions are taken into account when determining if a reserve is classified as proven. Operating conditions include operational break-even price, regulatory and contractual approvals, without which the reserve cannot be classified as proven. Price changes therefore can have a large impact on the classification of proven reserves. Regulatory and contractual conditions may change, and also affect the amount of proven reserves. If a reserve's resources can be recovered using current technology but is not economically profitable it is considered \"technically recoverable\" but cannot be considered a proven reserve. Reserves less than 90% recoverable but more than 50% are considered \"probable reserves\" and below 50% are \"possible reserves\".","title":"Proven reserves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Energy Watch Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Watch_Group"}],"text":"The engineering term P90 refers to 90 percent engineering probability, is a commonly accepted specific definition by Society of Petroleum Engineers, it does not take into account anything except technical concerns. Therefore, it is different from the business term which does take into account current break-even profitability, and regulatory and contractual approval, but is considered a very rough equivalent. The definition is certainly not universal. Energy Watch Group uses a different definition, P95.","title":"Numbered terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Producible fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producible_fraction"},{"link_name":"diminishing returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_diminishing_returns"},{"link_name":"bell curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_function"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Disregarding economics, the proper engineering term for the total technologically extractable amount is the Producible fraction, which is easily confused with the business term proven reserves. However, the purely engineering term is also misleading in that squeezing the last bits of fossil fuel out follows the diminishing returns and at some point is so costly that it becomes highly impractical, as seen on a bell curve, which is why measures like P90 and P95 were created. The term proven reserves is further subdivided into proved developed reserves and proved undeveloped reserves. Note that it does not include unproven reserves, which is broken down into probable reserves and possible reserves.These reserve categories are totaled up by the measures 1P, 2P, and 3P, which are inclusive of all reserves types:\"1P reserves\" = proven reserves (both proved developed reserves + proved undeveloped reserves).\n\"2P reserves\" = 1P (proven reserves) + probable reserves, hence \"proved AND probable.\"[2]\n\"3P reserves\" = the sum of 2P (proven reserves + probable reserves) + possible reserves, all 3Ps \"proven AND probable AND possible.\"[3][4][5]New proven reserves are commonly added by new field discoveries. Reserves growth also commonly occurs in previously existing fields, as the characteristics of the reservoir become better understood, as fields are extended laterally, or new oil and gas reservoirs are found in existing fields. Reserve growth may also take place due to technological and economic changes.","title":"More terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Russian reserve categories","text":"In Russia, reserves categories A, B, and C correspond roughly to developed producing reserves, undeveloped reserves with approved development, and discovered resources without a firm plan to develop yet. The designation ABC corresponds to estimated recoverable reserves.[6]","title":"More terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaffney, Cline & Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffney,_Cline_%26_Associates"},{"link_name":"Miller and Lents, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_and_Lents,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"DeGolyer and MacNaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGolyer_and_MacNaughton"},{"link_name":"Ryder Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Scott"},{"link_name":"Netherland, Sewell & Associates Inc. (NSAI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netherland,_Sewell_%26_Associates_Inc._(NSAI)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"},{"link_name":"LR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lr.org/en-gb/oil-gas/upstream/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190415084049/https://www.lr.org/en-gb/oil-gas/upstream/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"SEC filings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_filings"},{"link_name":"SPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.spe.org/industry/reserves.php"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Oil companies employ specialist, independent, reserve valuation consultants - such as Gaffney, Cline & Associates, Sproule, Miller and Lents, Ltd., DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Ryder Scott, Netherland, Sewell & Associates Inc. (NSAI), Lloyd's Register (LR Archived 2019-04-15 at the Wayback Machine), Evolution Resources, Cawley, Gillespie & Associates Inc. (CG&A) and others - to provide third party reports as part of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) SEC filings and SPE Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) for other Stockmarket listings. On December 30, 2009, recognising advances in exploration and valuation technology, the SEC allowed 2P probable and 3P possible reserves to be reported, along with 1P proved reserves, though oil companies also have to verify the independence of third party consultants. Since investors view 1P reserves with much greater importance than 2P or 3P reserves, oil companies seek to convert 2P and 3P reserves into 1P reserves.[7]","title":"Reserve evaluations, valuations and certifications"}]	[{"image_text":"Proven reserves are a subset of producible reserves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Petroleum_probabilities.JPG/220px-Petroleum_probabilities.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Estimated ultimate recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimated_ultimate_recovery"},{"title":"List of countries by proven oil reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves"},{"title":"Oil and gas reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves"},{"title":"List of countries by coal reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_reserves"}]	[{"reference":"\"proved reserves\". businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102054/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/proved-reserves.html","url_text":"\"proved reserves\""},{"url":"http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/proved-reserves.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zabrodin, Dmitry (2015-07-16). \"New Russian reserves classification system introduces economic limits\" (PDF). Reservoir Solutions. Ryder Scott. p. 9. Retrieved 2022-08-24. The new Russian Federation classification system for petroleum reserves (RF-2013) has introduced the concept of economic limits. The system, which was approved in November 2013 by the Ministry of Natural Resources, will go into effect Jan. 1, 2016. [..] In the new system, discovered fields are classified into two major groups—Fields under Exploration and Fields under Development according to maturity level.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ryderscott.com/wp-content/uploads/July-2015-Newsletter.pdf","url_text":"\"New Russian reserves classification system introduces economic limits\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.lr.org/en-gb/oil-gas/upstream/","external_links_name":"LR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415084049/https://www.lr.org/en-gb/oil-gas/upstream/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.spe.org/industry/reserves.php","external_links_name":"Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102054/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/proved-reserves.html","external_links_name":"\"proved reserves\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/proved-reserves.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ryderscott.com/wp-content/uploads/July-2015-Newsletter.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Russian reserves classification system introduces economic limits\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_statute_2477	Revised statute 2477	["1 Controversy","1.1 Conflicts on Federal Lands","1.2 Conflicts on Private Lands","2 References","3 External links"]	US federal law Revised Statute 2477, commonly known as RS 2477 was enacted by the United States Congress in 1866 to encourage the settlement of the Western United States by the development of a system of highways. Its entire text is one sentence: "the right-of-way for the construction of highways across public lands not otherwise reserved for public purposes is hereby granted." The original grant did not require being recorded, meaning it was self-enacting, and in 1866 constructing a road often meant using a trail many times and perhaps filling low places, moving rocks and placing signs. It granted to counties and states a right-of-way across federal land when a highway was built. RS 2477 was repealed in 1976 under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). The repeal was subject to "valid existing rights." The relevant text (Sec. 701. 43 U.S.C. 1701) reads (a) "Nothing in this Act, or in any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed as terminating any valid lease, permit, patent, right-of-way, or other land use right or authorization existing on the date of approval of this Act". Controversy Shared-access advocates claim that neither the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service nor other federal agencies, nor even private landowners have the authority to close RS 2477 roads. Their interpretation of the statute has brought them into conflict with wilderness advocates, the federal government and private landowners. Conflicts on Federal Lands RS 2477 has become an issue for wilderness advocacy groups because of language in the Wilderness Act of 1964. According to Section 2 (c) 3, any area to be considered for wilderness status must contain "a least five thousand acres of land or is of sufficient size as to make practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition." Section 4 (c) further specifies, "Except as specifically provided for in this Act, and subject to existing private rights, there shall be no commercial enterprise and no permanent road within any wilderness area designated by this Act". Thus an RS 2477 "highway" which qualifies as a "road" could disqualify the land it traverses from being recognized by the federal government as a "wilderness" if it reduced the area under consideration beneath the 5,000 acre limit. Access advocates have sometimes organized to reopen or maintain what they consider to be legitimate RS 2477 roads. The Jarbidge Shovel Brigade is the best-known group that was formed for this purpose. Landowners, environmental organizations, government organizations (federal, state and county) and recreational-use advocates have very different understandings of the law. Conflicts among these groups came to a head when President Bill Clinton declared the Grand Staircase–Escalante, in southern Utah, to be a National Monument. Several Utah counties have been fighting in court to assert RS 2477 claims to roads that cross federal and private property, including across the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar recently authorized interior representatives to negotiate federal recognition of RS 2477 roads for which there is a clear historical record. In August 2010, quiet title of the Skutumpah Road, within the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, was granted to Kane County, Utah. Conflicts on Private Lands As western lands become developed into residential subdivisions, motorized recreationists and sportsmen are continuing to claim access rights on privately constructed, owned, and maintained roads that cross private land and gated communities. Because some disputed roads were never recorded by counties, shared-access groups claim that private landowners hold property with an unrecorded public right-of-way. Property rights advocates say that failure to record a right-of-way means that there was no intention to create a public right. Shared-access groups argue that lack of formal action by counties does not diminish the public’s easement/usufruct rights through private lands. They have engaged in threats, trespassing, and vandalism to vigorously assert those rights. Private property activists claim that nobody has access rights without a recorded easement. Shared-access activists claim that virtually all private land that used to be public can legally be traversed by the public. There is little common ground between these interpretation, so lawsuits are being fought in the western United States, and it has fallen to the courts to determine which routes are public and which are not. Courts have applied state laws, federal laws, and federal land court rulings to resolve RS 2477 claims. Recent examples of failed attempts to assert RS 2477 rights on private property are Galli v. Idaho County (Case Number CV 36692, Second Judicial District of Idaho, 2006) and Ramey v. Boslough (Case Number 02-CV-582, Boulder County District Court, 20th Judicial District of Colorado, 2007). An RS 2477 case involving County Road 200 in Garfield County, Colorado, was decided in favor of the county on December 23, 2020, in the U.S. District Court of Colorado by Judge R. Brooke Jackson. The plaintiff, High Lonesome Ranch, has appealed to the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals. References ^ "Bureau of Land Management" (PDF). ^ "THE 1964 WILDERNESS ACT". www.wildwilderness.org. Archived from the original on 1999-10-05. ^ http://www.off-road.com/offroad/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=294079 ^ Florence Williams (2001-01-01). "The Shovel Rebellion". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2022-07-26. ^ "SUWA v BLM". ^ "Bureau of Land Management". ^ "Kane County, Utah v United States" (PDF). ^ "Kane County wins its first RS 2477 road — the Skutumpah". Deseret News. 31 August 2010. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2009-11-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Galli v. Idaho County". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2018-03-05. ^ "Ramey v. Boslough". Find a Case. Retrieved 2012-11-27. ^ "High Lonesome Ranch, LLC v. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm'rs for Garfield, Civil Action No 17-cv-1260-RBJ-GPG \| Casetext Search + Citator". External links BLM Administrative Determinations on R.S. 2477 Rights-of-Way Prospecting and Mining Journal summary of R.S. 2477 Rights	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revised Statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Statutes"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Federal Land Policy and Management Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Land_Policy_and_Management_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Revised Statute 2477, commonly known as RS 2477 was enacted by the United States Congress in 1866 to encourage the settlement of the Western United States by the development of a system of highways. Its entire text is one sentence: \"the right-of-way for the construction of highways across public lands not otherwise reserved for public purposes is hereby granted.\"The original grant did not require being recorded, meaning it was self-enacting, and in 1866 constructing a road often meant using a trail many times and perhaps filling low places, moving rocks and placing signs.It granted to counties and states a right-of-way across federal land when a highway was built.RS 2477 was repealed in 1976 under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). The repeal was subject to \"valid existing rights.\" The relevant text (Sec. 701. 43 U.S.C. 1701) reads (a) \"Nothing in this Act, or in any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed as terminating any valid lease, permit, patent, right-of-way, or other land use right or authorization existing on the date of approval of this Act\".[1]","title":"Revised statute 2477"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"}],"text":"Shared-access advocates claim that neither the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service nor other federal agencies, nor even private landowners have the authority to close RS 2477 roads. Their interpretation of the statute has brought them into conflict with wilderness advocates, the federal government and private landowners.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilderness Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Grand Staircase–Escalante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Staircase%E2%80%93Escalante_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ken Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kane County, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_County,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Conflicts on Federal Lands","text":"RS 2477 has become an issue for wilderness advocacy groups because of language in the Wilderness Act of 1964. According to Section 2 (c) 3, any area to be considered for wilderness status must contain \"a least five thousand acres of land or is of sufficient size as to make practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition.\" Section 4 (c) further specifies, \"Except as specifically provided for in this Act, and subject to existing private rights, there shall be no commercial enterprise and no permanent road within any wilderness area designated by this Act\".[2] Thus an RS 2477 \"highway\" which qualifies as a \"road\" could disqualify the land it traverses from being recognized by the federal government as a \"wilderness\" if it reduced the area under consideration beneath the 5,000 acre limit.Access advocates have sometimes organized to reopen or maintain what they consider to be legitimate RS 2477 roads.[3] The Jarbidge Shovel Brigade[4] is the best-known group that was formed for this purpose.Landowners, environmental organizations, government organizations (federal, state and county) and recreational-use advocates have very different understandings of the law. Conflicts among these groups came to a head when President Bill Clinton declared the Grand Staircase–Escalante, in southern Utah, to be a National Monument. Several Utah counties have been fighting in court to assert RS 2477 claims to roads that cross federal and private property,[5] including across the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument.Interior Secretary Ken Salazar recently authorized interior representatives to negotiate federal recognition of RS 2477 roads for which there is a clear historical record.[6] In August 2010, quiet title of the Skutumpah Road, within the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument,[7] was granted to Kane County, Utah.[8]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"easement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement"},{"link_name":"usufruct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufruct"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boslough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boslough"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Conflicts on Private Lands","text":"As western lands become developed into residential subdivisions, motorized recreationists and sportsmen are continuing to claim access rights on privately constructed, owned, and maintained roads that cross private land and gated communities. Because some disputed roads were never recorded by counties, shared-access groups claim that private landowners hold property with an unrecorded public right-of-way. Property rights advocates say that failure to record a right-of-way means that there was no intention to create a public right.Shared-access groups argue that lack of formal action by counties does not diminish the public’s easement/usufruct rights through private lands. They have engaged in threats, trespassing, and vandalism[9] to vigorously assert those rights.Private property activists claim that nobody has access rights without a recorded easement. Shared-access activists claim that virtually all private land that used to be public can legally be traversed by the public. There is little common ground between these interpretation, so lawsuits are being fought in the western United States, and it has fallen to the courts to determine which routes are public and which are not.Courts have applied state laws, federal laws, and federal land court rulings to resolve RS 2477 claims. Recent examples of failed attempts to assert RS 2477 rights on private property are Galli v. Idaho County (Case Number CV 36692, Second Judicial District of Idaho, 2006)[10] and Ramey v. Boslough (Case Number 02-CV-582, Boulder County District Court, 20th Judicial District of Colorado, 2007).[11]\nAn RS 2477 case involving County Road 200 in Garfield County, Colorado, was decided in favor of the county on December 23, 2020, in the U.S. District Court of Colorado by Judge R. Brooke Jackson.[12] The plaintiff, High Lonesome Ranch, has appealed to the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.","title":"Controversy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bureau of Land Management\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/or/regulations/files/FLPMA.pdf","url_text":"\"Bureau of Land Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE 1964 WILDERNESS ACT\". www.wildwilderness.org. Archived from the original on 1999-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991005131311/http://wildwilderness.org/docs/act1964.htm","url_text":"\"THE 1964 WILDERNESS ACT\""},{"url":"http://www.wildwilderness.org/docs/act1964.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Florence Williams (2001-01-01). \"The Shovel Rebellion\". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2022-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2001/01/shovel.html","url_text":"\"The Shovel Rebellion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)","url_text":"Mother Jones"}]},{"reference":"\"SUWA v BLM\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ca10.washburnlaw.edu/cases/2005/09/04-4071a.htm","url_text":"\"SUWA v BLM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bureau of Land Management\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/info/newsroom/2010/july/salazar_lays_groundwork.html","url_text":"\"Bureau of Land Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kane County, Utah v United States\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://assets.matchbin.com/sites/990/assets/2BEP_Kane_County_Motion_for_Summary_Judgment___answer_due_9_8_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Kane County, Utah v United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kane County wins its first RS 2477 road — the Skutumpah\". Deseret News. 31 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700061805/Kane-County-wins-its-first-RS-2477-road-2-the-Skutumpah.html","url_text":"\"Kane County wins its first RS 2477 road — the Skutumpah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2009-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426183606/http://home.comcast.net/~balarat/ranch-vigilantes.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://home.comcast.net/~balarat/ranch-vigilantes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Galli v. Idaho County\". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2018-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16268288420925476991&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr","url_text":"\"Galli v. Idaho County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramey v. Boslough\". Find a Case. Retrieved 2012-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://co.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20060201_0000845.DCO.htm/qx","url_text":"\"Ramey v. Boslough\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Lonesome Ranch, LLC v. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm'rs for Garfield, Civil Action No 17-cv-1260-RBJ-GPG \| Casetext Search + Citator\".","urls":[{"url":"https://casetext.com/case/high-lonesome-ranch-llc-v-bd-of-cnty-commrs-for-garfield","url_text":"\"High Lonesome Ranch, LLC v. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm'rs for Garfield, Civil Action No 17-cv-1260-RBJ-GPG \| Casetext Search + Citator\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.blm.gov/or/regulations/files/FLPMA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bureau of Land Management\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991005131311/http://wildwilderness.org/docs/act1964.htm","external_links_name":"\"THE 1964 WILDERNESS ACT\""},{"Link":"http://www.wildwilderness.org/docs/act1964.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.off-road.com/offroad/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=294079","external_links_name":"http://www.off-road.com/offroad/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=294079"},{"Link":"https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2001/01/shovel.html","external_links_name":"\"The Shovel Rebellion\""},{"Link":"http://ca10.washburnlaw.edu/cases/2005/09/04-4071a.htm","external_links_name":"\"SUWA v BLM\""},{"Link":"https://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/info/newsroom/2010/july/salazar_lays_groundwork.html","external_links_name":"\"Bureau of Land Management\""},{"Link":"http://assets.matchbin.com/sites/990/assets/2BEP_Kane_County_Motion_for_Summary_Judgment___answer_due_9_8_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kane County, Utah v United States\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700061805/Kane-County-wins-its-first-RS-2477-road-2-the-Skutumpah.html","external_links_name":"\"Kane County wins its first RS 2477 road — the Skutumpah\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426183606/http://home.comcast.net/~balarat/ranch-vigilantes.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://home.comcast.net/~balarat/ranch-vigilantes.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16268288420925476991&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr","external_links_name":"\"Galli v. Idaho County\""},{"Link":"http://co.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20060201_0000845.DCO.htm/qx","external_links_name":"\"Ramey v. Boslough\""},{"Link":"https://casetext.com/case/high-lonesome-ranch-llc-v-bd-of-cnty-commrs-for-garfield","external_links_name":"\"High Lonesome Ranch, LLC v. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm'rs for Garfield, Civil Action No 17-cv-1260-RBJ-GPG \| Casetext Search + Citator\""},{"Link":"https://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/prog/more/lands_and_realty/rs2477_rights-of-way.html","external_links_name":"BLM Administrative Determinations on R.S. 2477 Rights-of-Way"},{"Link":"http://www.icmj.com/more_page.php?id=5&keywords=RS_2477_Roads_&_Rights-of-Way_%28Summary%29","external_links_name":"Prospecting and Mining Journal summary of R.S. 2477 Rights"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bella_Principessa	La Bella Principessa	["1 Description","2 Provenance","3 The fingerprint dispute","4 Support for Leonardo attribution","4.1 Expert opinions","4.2 Analysis","4.3 Warsaw copy of the Sforziada","5 Opposition to Leonardo attribution","6 Popular culture","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Portrait attributed to Leonardo da Vinci La Bella PrincipessaEnglish: The Beautiful PrincessArtistUncertain. Disputed attribution to Leonardo da VinciYear1495-6TypeTrois crayons (black, red and white chalk), heightened with pen and ink on vellum, laid on oak panelSubjectBianca SforzaDimensions33 cm × 23.9 cm (13 in × 9.4 in)ConditionRestoredOwnerPrivate collection La Bella Principessa (English: "The Beautiful Princess"), also known as Portrait of Bianca Sforza, Young Girl in Profile in Renaissance Dress and Portrait of a Young Fiancée, is a portrait in coloured chalks and ink, on vellum, of a young lady in fashionable costume and hairstyle of a Milanese of the 1490s. Some scholars have attributed it to Leonardo da Vinci but the attribution and the work's authenticity have been disputed. Supporters of the theory that it was by Leonardo have propositioned that Bianca Maria Sforza is the woman depicted in the drawing. Some of those who disagree with the attribution to Leonardo believe the portrait is by an early 19th-century German artist imitating the style of the Italian Renaissance, although radiocarbon dating tests show a much earlier date for the vellum. It has also been denounced as a forgery. The white lead has been dated to be at least 225 years old. The work sold for just under $22,000 at auction in 1998, and was bought by its current owner Peter Silverman in 2007. He has championed the attribution to Leonardo, supported by the analysis of academics Martin Kemp and Pascal Cotte. The drawing was shown as a Leonardo in an exhibition in Sweden in 2010 and was estimated by various newspaper reports to be worth more than $160 million. The Bella Principessa remains locked in a vault in a secret Swiss location. According to Kemp and Cotte, the sheet was cut from a Milanese vellum book, La Sforziada, in Warsaw, which celebrates the marriage in 1496 of Galeazzo Sanseverino with Bianca, the illegitimate daughter of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo's employer. It has subsequently been exhibited in Urbino, Monza and Nanjing; and a facsimile edition of the portrait and the book in Warsaw has been published. Description The portrait is a mixed media drawing in pen and brown ink with red, black and white chalk, on vellum, 33 by 23.9 centimetres (10 by 9 in) which has been laid down on an oak board. There are signs of restoration with thin paint applied with a brush. Three stitch holes in the left-hand margin of the vellum, indicate that the leaf was once in a bound volume. It represents a girl in her early teens, depicted in profile, the usual way in which Italian artists of the 15th century portraited women. The girl's dress and hairstyle indicate that she was a member of the Court of Milan during the 1490s. If it truly is a Renaissance work, it would have been executed in the 1490s according to Kemp and Cotte. If the subject is Bianca Sforza it would date from 1496, the year of her marriage and her death. Reflecting the subject of an Italian woman of high nobility, Kemp named the portrait La Bella Principessa, although acknowledging that Sforza ladies were not princesses. Provenance If the drawing is originally a Leonardo illustration for the present-day Warsaw copy of the Sforziad, its history is the same as that of the book until the drawing was cut out from the volume. The book is known to have been rebound at the turn of the 18th and 19th century. The modern provenance of the drawing is known only from 1955 and is documented only from 1998. According to a lawsuit brought by Jeanne Marchig against Christie's after the drawing's re-attribution to Leonardo, the drawing belonged to her husband Giannino Marchig, an art restorer, when they married in 1955. Jeanne Marchig became the owner of the drawing in 1983, following her husband's death. The work was included in a sale at Christie's in New York on January 30, 1998, catalogued as Young Girl in Profile in Renaissance Dress, and described as "German School, early 19th Century". The seller was Jeanne Marchig. It was sold for $21,850 (including buyer's premium) to a New York art dealer who sold it on for a similar amount in 2007. In 2007, art dealer Peter Silverman, purchased the portrait from a gallery on East 73rd Street, owned by Kate Ganz. Peter Silverman believed that the portrait was possibly from an older period, potentially dating back to the Renaissance period, and sought the opinions of experts who have since attributed it to Leonardo da Vinci. In 2010 one of those experts, Martin Kemp, made it the subject of his book co-authored with Pascal Cotte, La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. This is now revised in Kemp and Cotte's La Bella Principessa di Leonardo da Vinci. Ritratto di Bianca Sforza, Florence, 2012. The drawing was shown as a Leonardo in a 2010 exhibition called And there was Light in Eriksberg, Gothenburg, in Sweden, and was estimated by various newspaper reports to be worth more than $160 million. Silverman promoted the Leonardo connection in his 2012 book Leonardo's Lost Princess: One Man's Quest to Authenticate an Unknown Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci and has declined an offer for the portrait of $80 million. The fingerprint dispute Pascal Cotte of Lumière Technology in Paris performed a multi-spectral digital scan of the work. The high resolution images were used by Peter Paul Biro, a forensic art examiner who studied a fingerprint on the vellum which he said was "highly comparable" to a fingerprint on Leonardo's unfinished St. Jerome in the Wilderness. In 2010 David Grann published an article about the drawing in The New Yorker, which implied that Biro had been involved with forged paintings attributed to Jackson Pollock. Biro consequently sued the writer and the publisher of the New Yorker Advance Media for defamation in 2011. The judge in the case, J. Paul Oetken, ruled that the article contained eight instances that were capable of a defamatory meaning. He eventually dismissed the case on a technicality arguing that Biro was a limited purpose public figure. An appeals court supported the initial judgment. The New Yorker article was republished in 2018 and Biro sued the New Yorker again for republication of a potentially defamatory article. The case is before the court and a ruling is expected. Biro is an analyst and not an "authenticator". He continues to practice art analytics as he has for the past 40 years. The fingerprint evidence is not cited in the revised Italian edition of the book by Kemp and Cotte or in any of Kemp's subsequent publications. The story of the research and attribution is told in Kemp's Living with Leonardo. Support for Leonardo attribution A portrait by Ambrogio da Predis of Bianca Maria Sforza showing a similar hairstyle (National Gallery of Art) Detail of the upper left corner, revealing a fingerprint which has been suggested as being similar to one of Leonardo's. A page of La Sforziada from the National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa) in Warsaw The first study of the drawing was published by Cristina Geddo. Geddo attributes this work to Leonardo based not only on stylistic considerations, extremely high quality and left-handed hatching, but also on the evidence of the combination of black, white and red chalks (the trois crayons technique). Leonardo was the first artist in Italy to use pastels, a drawing technique he had learned from the French artist Jean Perréal, whom he met in Milan in 1494 and/ or 1499. Leonardo acknowledges his debt to Perréal in the Codex Atlanticus. Geddo also points out that the "coazzone" of the sitter's hairstyle was fashionable during the same period. Strong support for the attribution has come from Elizabetta Gnignera, the costume historian, in her book La Bella Svelata, which studies a wide range of comparative costumes and hair styles. Expert opinions A number of Leonardo experts and art historians have concurred with the attribution to Leonardo, including: Martin Kemp, Emeritus Research Professor in the History of Art at the University of Oxford, Carlo Pedretti, late professor emeritus of art history and Armand Hammer Chair in Leonardo Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles Nicholas Turner, former curator at the British Museum and the J. Paul Getty Museum Alessandro Vezzosi, the director of the Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci in Vinci, Italy Cristina Geddo, an expert on Milanese Leonardesques and Giampietrino, Mina Gregori, professor emerita at the University of Florence. Analysis In 2010, after a two-year study of the picture, Kemp published his findings and conclusions in a book, La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. Kemp describes the work as "a portrait of a young lady on the cusp of maturity shows her with the fashionable costume and hairstyle of a Milanese court lady in the 1490s". By process of elimination involving the inner group of young Sforza women, Kemp suggested that she is probably Bianca Sforza, the illegitimate (but later legitimized) daughter of Ludovico Sforza ("Il Moro"), duke of Milan. In 1496, when Bianca was no more than 14, she married Galeazzo Sanseverino, captain of the duke's Milanese forces and a patron of Leonardo. Bianca was dead within months of her marriage, having suffered from a stomach complaint (possibly an ectopic pregnancy). Kemp pointed out that Milanese ladies were often the dedicatees of volumes of poetry on vellum, and that such a portrait of a "beloved lady" would have made a suitable title page or main illustration for a set of verses produced on the occasion of her marriage or death. The physical and scientific evidence from multispectral analysis and study of the painting, as described by Kemp in the first edition of his book with Cotte, may be summarized as follows: The technique of the portrait is black, red and white chalks (trois crayons, a French medium), with pen and ink. The drawing and hatching was carried out entirely by a left-handed artist, as Leonardo is known to have been, although restorations are by a right-hander. There are significant pentimenti. The portrait is characterized by particularly subtle details, such as the relief of the ear hinted at below the hair, and the amber of the sitter's iris. There are strong stylistic parallels with the Windsor silverpoint drawing of A Woman in Profile, which, like other head studies by Leonardo, features comparable delicate pentimenti to the profile. The members of the Sforza family were always portrayed in profile, whereas Ludovico's mistresses were not. The proportions of the head and face reflect the rules that Leonardo articulated in his notebooks. The interlace or knotwork ornament in the costume and caul corresponds to patterns that Leonardo explored in other works and in the logo designs for his Academy. The portrait was executed on vellum—used by him in his illustrations for Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione (1498). We know from his writings that he was interested in the French technique of dry colouring on parchment (vellum). He specifically noted that he should ask the French artist, Jean Perréal, who was in Milan in 1494 and perhaps on other occasions, about the method of colouring in dry chalks. The format of the vellum support is that of a √2 rectangle, a format used for several of his portraits. The vellum sheet was cut from a codex, probably a volume of poetry of the kind presented to mark major events in the Sforza women's lives. The vellum includes a palmprint in the chalk pigment on the neck of the sitter, which is characteristic of Leonardo's technique. The green of the sitter's costume was obtained with a simple diffusion of black chalk applied on top of the yellowish tone of the vellum support. (Kemp has subsequently expressed reservations about this evidence.) The nuances of the flesh tints were also achieved by exploiting the tone of the vellum and allowing it to show through the transparent media. There are noteworthy similarities between this work and the portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, including the handling of the eyes, the modelling of flesh tones using the palm of the hand, the intricacy of the patterns of the knotwork ornament and the treatment of the contours. The now somewhat pale original hatching in pen and ink was retouched in ink in a later restoration, which is far less fluid, precise and rhythmic. There have been some re-touchings over the years, most extensively in the costume and headdress, but the restoration has not affected the expression and physiognomy of the face to a significant degree, and has not seriously affected the overall impact of the portrait. Warsaw copy of the Sforziada In 2011, after the publication of the first edition of their book, Kemp and Pascal Cotte reported that there was evidence that the drawing had once been part of a copy in the National Library of Poland in Warsaw of the Sforziada. This is a printed book with hand-illuminated additions containing a long propagandistic poem in praise of the father of Ludovico Sforza, who was Leonardo's patron, recounting the career. The Warsaw copy, printed on vellum with added illumination, was given to Galeazzo Sanseverino, a military commander under Ludovico Sforza, on his marriage to Bianca Sforza in 1496. Kemp and Cotte identified where two sheets were missing from this volume from which they believe the drawing was cut. Kemp and Cotte say that, although "the dimensions and precise locations of the holes in the portrait cannot be obtained with precision", the three holes on the left-hand side of the drawing can be aligned with three of the five stitch holes in the sheets in the book. According to Kemp and Cotte, the association with the Sforziada suggests that the drawing is a portrait of Bianca Sforza, who was the daughter of Ludovico Sforza and his mistress Bernardina de Corradis. At the time of the portrait, she was around thirteen years old. Leonardo painted three other portraits associated with the family or court of Ludovico Sforza. The Polish scholar Bogdan Horodyski in 1954-1956 reached the conclusion that the Warsaw illumination refers to both the deceased dukes Galeazzo Maria and Gian Galeazzo and to the dynastic downfall after the usurpation of Ludovico il Moro. The reproduction of the unpublished heraldic figure attributed to Antonio Grifo, illuminated in the incunabulum "Comedia" by Dante (Cremonese, Venice 1491), now at Casa di Dante in Rome, shows the original coat of arms and insignia of the family of Galeazzo Sanseverino, and the comparison with those illuminated by Birago is not corresponding. Developing this hypothesis, Carla Glori suggests that Caterina Sforza, the daughter of Galeazzo Maria and half-sister of Gian Galeazzo, was the owner of the Warsaw Sforziad and that she gave it to the family of her deceased half-brother between 1496 and 1499. Horodyski's ideas have recently been revived by Katarzyna Krzyzagórska-Pisarek in her "La Bella Principessa. Arguments against the Attribution to Leonardo", Artibus et Historiae, XXXVI, 215, pp. 61– 89. Pisarek is a member of Artwatch UK, which has offered polemic denunciations of Kemp. Opposition to Leonardo attribution The New Yorker article discussed the troubling circumstances in which Kemp attributed this work to Leonardo. But apart from this, strong indications are going against the hypothesis of authenticity, and the attribution to Leonardo has been challenged by a number of scholars who showed interest. Among the reasons for doubting its authorship are the lack of provenance prior to the 20th century – unusual given Leonardo's renown dating from his own lifetime, as well as the fame of the purported subject's family – and the fact that it was on vellum. Only once did Leonardo use vellum and old sheets of it are easily acquired by forgers. Leonardo scholar Pietro C. Marani discounts the significance of the drawing being made by a left-handed artist, noting that imitators of Leonardo's work have emulated this characteristic in the past. Marani is also troubled by use of vellum, "monotonous" detail, use of colored pigments in specific areas, firmness of touch and lack of craquelure. A museum director who wished to remain anonymous believes the drawing is "a screaming 20th-century fake", and finds the damages and repair to the drawing suspicious. The work was not requested for inclusion in the 2011–12 exhibition at the National Gallery in London, which specifically covered Leonardo's period in Milan; Nicholas Penny, director of the National Gallery, said simply "We have not asked to borrow it." Carlo Pedretti, one of the scholars who attribute this work to Leonardo, had before made a mistake attributing a painting from the twentieth century to him. Drawing of a woman by Leonardo. A stylistic similarity has been noted between this drawing and the Bella Principessa. Klaus Albrecht Schröder, director of the Albertina, Vienna, said "No one is convinced it is a Leonardo," and David Ekserdjian, a scholar of 16th-century Italian drawings, wrote that he suspects the work is a "counterfeit". Neither Carmen Bambach of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, one of the primary scholars of Leonardo's drawings, nor Everett Fahy, her colleague at the Metropolitan, accepts the attribution to Leonardo. Several forensic experts on fingerprints have discounted Biro's conclusions, finding the partial fingerprint taken from the drawing too poorly detailed to offer conclusive evidence. Biro's description of the print as being "highly comparable" to a known fingerprint of Leonardo's has similarly been discounted by fingerprint examiners as being too vague an assessment to establish authorship. When asked if he may have been mistaken to suggest that the fingerprint was Leonardo's, Biro answered "It's possible. Yes." Kemp's later publications do not use the finger-print evidence in support of the attribution. Noting the lack of mention of dissenting opinion in Kemp's publication, Richard Dorment, the former husband of Ganz, wrote in the Telegraph: "Although purporting to be a work of scholarship, his book has none of the balanced analysis you would expect from such an acclaimed historian. For La Bella Principessa, as he called the girl in the study, is not art history – it is advocacy." Fred R. Kline, an independent art historian and author of Leonardo's Holy Child--The Discovery of a Leonardo da Vinci Masterpiece: A Connoisseur's Search for Lost Art in America, is known for his discovery of "Leonardo's model drawing" of Infant Jesus (which has yet to be accepted by Leonardo scholars) and for a number of important discoveries of lost art by the Nazarene Brotherhood, a group of German painters working in Rome during the early 19th century who revived the styles and subjects of the Italian Renaissance. Kline has proposed one of the Nazarenes, Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1794–1872), as the creator of the drawing. In evidence, Kline points to a drawing on vellum by Schnorr, Half-nude Female, in the collection of the Kunsthalle Mannheim in Germany, which he suggests depicts the same model, although older, as portrayed in La Bella Principessa. Comparative material-testing of the vellum supports of the Mannheim Schnorr and La Bella Principessa were anticipated to occur in the New York federal court lawsuit Marchig v. Christie's, brought in May 2010 by the original owner of La Bella Principessa, who accused Christie's of breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation and other claims. However, the court dismissed the suit on the ground that the claims were brought years too late (Statute of Limitations and Laches), and thus the merits of the suit were never addressed. The district court decision was upheld on appeal. Disagreements with the attribution to Leonardo were made before the discovery of the missing page in the Warsaw Sforziada book. No alternative attribution has been accepted by Kemp or his research group. Kline claims that no comparative scientific analysis has been made of the vellum supports in question: the Warsaw Sforziada book, the Mannheim Schnorr (an alternate attribution), and La Bella Principessa, although Kemp and Cotte have shown a close match between the vellum of the portrait and the book. Further analysis of the vellum could possibly provide the conclusive evidence that may support or disqualify Schnorr's authorship. In November 2015, notorious art forger Shaun Greenhalgh claimed that he created the work in 1978, at the age of 20; Greenhalgh said the woman's face is that of a supermarket check-out girl named Sally who worked in Bolton, outside Manchester. In his memoir A Forger's Tale, written in prison, Greenhalgh claims as a 17 year old to have forged the drawing by obtaining an old piece of vellum from a reused 1587 land deed. Kemp said he found the claim hilarious and ridiculous. Popular culture The work of art was studied on the PBS program NOVA in 2012 in a program titled Mystery of a Masterpiece, from NOVA/National Geographic/PBS, which aired on January 25, 2012. Notes ^ The vellum has been carbon dated to between 1440 – 1650, within a 95 % confidence interval. The 1495–96 is the dating by Kemp. ^ If by Leonardo; see text. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Kemp, Martin; Cotte, Pascal (2010). La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-4447-0626-0. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grann, David (July 12–19, 2010). "The Mark of a Masterpiece". The New Yorker. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 20. ISSN 0028-792X. ^ Mystery of a Masterpiece (Television production). PBS/WGBH. January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ a b "New Leonardo da Vinci Bella Principessa confirmed". Lumiere-technology.com. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-23. ^ Scripta Maneant ^ a b Turner, Nicholas (September 2008). "Statement concerning the portrait on vellum by Leonardo" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2012. ^ a b c d e f Cotte, Pascal; Kemp, Martin. "La Bella Principessa and the Warsaw Sforziad" (PDF). Lumiere Technology. Retrieved 19 November 2012. ^ See Katarzyna Wozniak, The Warsaw Sforziad http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM ^ Katarzyna Wozniak, The Warsaw Sforziad http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM ^ Katarzyna Woźniak, La Bella Principessa and the Warsaw Sforziad. Circumstances of Rebinding and Excision of the Portrait http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM ^ a b c Christie's (1998). "The Head of a young Girl in Profile to the left in Renaissance Dress". Lot 402, Sale 8812 ("old master drawings"). Retrieved 15 October 2009. ^ Withers LLP (16 September 2010). "Bella Principessa and the hazard of expert opinions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. ^ "La Bella Principessa på plats". svt.se. March 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. ^ "Fingerprint points to $19,000 portrait being revalued as £100m work by Leonardo da Vinci". 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009. ^ "Fingerprint unmasks original da Vinci painting". CNN. 13 October 2009. ^ "Finger points to new da Vinci art". BBC News. 13 October 2009. ^ Pidd, Helen (13 October 2009). "New Leonardo da Vinci painting 'discovered'". The Guardian. London. ^ Adams, Stephen (12 October 2009). "Leonardo da Vinci picture 'worth millions' revealed by a fingerprint". The Daily Telegraph. London. ^ Hoyle, Ben (13 October 2009). "Unrecognised Leonardo da Vinci portrait revealed by his fingerprint". The Times. London. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. ^ a b David Grann, ‘The Mark of a Masterpiece’, The New Yorker, July 12, 2010. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/07/12/the-mark-of-a-masterpiece ^ Ital ed. and exhib ^ Martin Kemp, Living with Leonardo. Fifty Years of Sanity and Insanity in the Art World and Beyond, London: Thames and Hudson, 2018 ^ Geddo, Cristina (2008–2009). "Il pastello ritrovato: un nuovo ritratto di Leonardo?" (PDF). Artes. 14: 63–87. ^ Pedretti, Carlo (2008). "introduction to Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo Infinito, Scriptamaneant Editzioni – Bologna, Italy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2014-05-22. ^ a b Alessandro Vezzosi, Nuptial Portrait of a Young Woman ^ a b Silverman, Peter (August 2, 2010), "Re: The Mark of a Masterpiece – A letter in response to David Grann's article (July 12 & 19, 2010)", The New Yorker, p. 3 ^ a b Esterow, Milton. "The Real Thing?"Archived 2010-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, in ARTnews ^ to "turn-the pages" for the Warsaw copy of the Sforziada ^ Kemp and Cotte believe the difference in the number of holes is due either to the irregular way in which the margin of the page with the drawing has been cut, or to the addition of two intermediate stitches when the book was rebound. ^ a b "Carmen Bambach, Artwatch". artwatch.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-20. ^ Glori, Carla, “The Illumination by Birago in the Sforziad incunabulum in Warsaw: in defense of Horodyski's thesis and a new hypothesis”, Academia.edu ^ a b c d e f g h Dorment, Richard (12 April 2010). "La Bella Principessa: a £100m Leonardo, or a copy?". The Daily Telegraph. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. ^ a b Geary, David (April 2, 2002). "An Art Explorer Finds the Real Creator of Works". New York Times. ^ Sharpe, Tom. (September 25, 2010). "Case Closed on da Vinci Mystery?". The Santa Fe New Mexican. ^ image of the Mannheim drawing ^ Marchig v. Christie's Inc., 762 F. Supp. 2d 667 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd in relevant part, 2011 WL 2685608 (2d Cir. Summary Order July 12, 2011). ^ Reyburn, Scott (December 4, 2015). "An Art World Mystery Worthy of Leonardo". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2015. ^ "'It's not a da Vinci, it's Sally from the Co-op'". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2015. ^ Kemp, Martin (29 November 2015). "La Bella Principessa is a "forgery"!!!". Martin Kemp's This and That. Bibliography Geddo, Cristina. "Il pastello ritrovato: un nuovo ritratto di Leonardo?", Artes, 14, 2008-9: 63–87 (with French abstract and the English version "The "Pastel" found: a new Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci?" ). Vezzosi, Alessandro. Nuptial Portrait of a Young Woman, Abstract of the monograph Leonardo Infinito, (accessed 22-05-2014) Kemp, Martin, with Pascal Cotte and Peter Paul Biro (2010). La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-4447-0626-0 Kemp, Martin and Pascal Cotte (2012). La Bella Principessa di Leonardo da Vinci. Ritratto di Bianca Sforza, Florence; Mandragora. Geddo, Cristina, Leonardo da Vinci: la découverte extraordinaire du dernier portrait. Les pourquoi d'une authentification. Conférence, Société genevoise d'études italiennes, Genève, Palais de l'Athénée, Salle des Abeilles, 2 octobre 2012, Paris-Genève, Lumière-Technology, 2012 (with the English version Leonardo da Vinci: the extraordinary discovery of the last portrait. The rationale for authentication. A Lecture ). Kemp, Martin (2015). Bianca and the Book: The Sforziada and Leonardo's Portrait of Bianca Sforza. Bologna: Scripta Maneant. ISBN 9788895847412. Kemp, Martin, with Mina Gregori, Cristina Geddo et alii (2015). La Bella Principessa di Leonardo da Vinci: ritratto di Bianca Sforza, Introduction by Vittorio Sgarbi (Monza, Villa Reale), exhibition catalogue, Reggio Emilia, Scripta Maneant (with English, French, Spanish, Polish, Russian and Japanese versions) Wozniak, Katarzyna (Kasia). The Warsaw Sforziad. The Leonardo da Vinci Society, Birkbeck College, London, http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM Wozniak, Katarzyna (Kasia). La Bella Principessa and the Warsaw Sforziad. Circumstances of Rebinding and Excision of the Portrait, The Leonardo da Vinci Society, Birkbeck College, London: http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/ Gnignera, Elisabetta La Bella Svelata, Bologna, 2016. Ragai, Jehane (2015). The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 9781783267392 Kline, Fred R. (2016). Leonardo's Holy Child: The Discovery of a Leonardo da Vinci Masterpiece—A Connoisseur's Search for Lost Art in America. New York & London: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-979-2 O'Neill, Tom; Colla, Gianluca. Lady with a Secret: A Chalk-And-Ink Portrait May Be a $100 Million Leonardo, National Geographic Magazine, February 2012. Centro di Conservazione e Restauro (2014). La Bella Principessa. Dossier tecnico di consegna. Turin: Centro di Conservazione e Restauro, Venaria Reale. Silverman, Peter (2012). Leonardo's Lost Princess: One Man's Quest to Authenticate an Unknown Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-93640-5 Further reading Hewitt, Simon (2019). Leonardo Da Vinci and the Book of Doom: Bianca Sforza, The Sforziada and Artful Propaganda in Renaissance Milan. ISBN 9781912690572 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bella Principessa by Leonardo da Vinci. "Mystery of the Masterpiece"—episode of Nova about the work Detailed attribution summary including video excerpts on multispectral scanning and Sforziad verification: "Enhancing the art of seeing – A Leonardo case study". Retrieved 20 October 2019. vteLeonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Major works The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ ✻ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi Saint Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta ✻ Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician ✻✻ Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière The Last Supper Sala delle Asse Portrait of Isabella d'Este The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist Buccleuch Madonna ✻ Salvator Mundi ✻✻ Lansdowne Madonna ✻ The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne Mona Lisa La Scapigliata Saint John the Baptist Lost works Medusa The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (cartoon) Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing The Battle of Anghiari Leda and the Swan Sculptures Budapest Horse Horse and Rider Sforza Horse (unexecuted) Works on paper Study for the Madonna of the Cat Head of a Bear The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Vitruvian Man Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk Studies for the Virgin of the Rocks Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child Head of the Angel Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist Studies for the Last Supper Head of Christ Studies for the Louvre Saint Anne Christ Child Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm Head of Saint Anne Head of the Virgin Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects Architonnerre Divina proportione (illustrations) Great Kite Harpsichord-viola Aerial screw Crossbow Fighting vehicle Robot Self-propelled cart Octant projection Rapid fire crossbow Sonar Viola organista World Map Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Bernardino de' Conti Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Museums Museo leonardiano di Vinci Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo3 Museum Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan) Related Cultural references Namesakes Portraits of Leonardo Conservation-restoration of The Last Supper Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations High Renaissance Mathematics and art The Lost Leonardo Leda and the Swan (Galleria Borghese) ✻ Collaboration ✻✻ Possible collaboration Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum"},{"link_name":"Milanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Dollars"},{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"Martin Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOVA_Episode-5"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lumiere-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"La Bella Principessa (English: \"The Beautiful Princess\"), also known as Portrait of Bianca Sforza, Young Girl in Profile in Renaissance Dress and Portrait of a Young Fiancée, is a portrait in coloured chalks and ink, on vellum, of a young lady in fashionable costume and hairstyle of a Milanese of the 1490s.[1] Some scholars have attributed it to Leonardo da Vinci but the attribution and the work's authenticity have been disputed.[2] Supporters of the theory that it was by Leonardo have propositioned that Bianca Maria Sforza is the woman depicted in the drawing.Some of those who disagree with the attribution to Leonardo believe the portrait is by an early 19th-century German artist imitating the style of the Italian Renaissance, although radiocarbon dating tests show a much earlier date for the vellum. It has also been denounced as a forgery. The white lead has been dated to be at least 225 years old. The work sold for just under $22,000 at auction in 1998, and was bought by its current owner Peter Silverman in 2007. He has championed the attribution to Leonardo, supported by the analysis of academics Martin Kemp and Pascal Cotte.The drawing was shown as a Leonardo in an exhibition in Sweden in 2010 and was estimated by various newspaper reports to be worth more than $160 million. The Bella Principessa remains locked in a vault in a secret Swiss location.[3]According to Kemp and Cotte, the sheet was cut from a Milanese vellum book, La Sforziada, in Warsaw, which celebrates the marriage in 1496 of Galeazzo Sanseverino with Bianca, the illegitimate daughter of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo's employer.[4] It has subsequently been exhibited in Urbino, Monza and Nanjing; and a facsimile edition of the portrait and the book in Warsaw has been published.[5]","title":"La Bella Principessa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"princesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"}],"text":"The portrait is a mixed media drawing in pen and brown ink with red, black and white chalk, on vellum, 33 by 23.9 centimetres (10 by 9 in)[6] which has been laid down on an oak board.[7]There are signs of restoration with thin paint applied with a brush. Three stitch holes in the left-hand margin of the vellum, indicate that the leaf was once in a bound volume.[7]It represents a girl in her early teens, depicted in profile, the usual way in which Italian artists of the 15th century portraited women. The girl's dress and hairstyle indicate that she was a member of the Court of Milan during the 1490s.[1] If it truly is a Renaissance work, it would have been executed in the 1490s according to Kemp and Cotte.[1] If the subject is Bianca Sforza it would date from 1496, the year of her marriage and her death.Reflecting the subject of an Italian woman of high nobility, Kemp named the portrait La Bella Principessa, although acknowledging that Sforza ladies were not princesses.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christies-13"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawsuit-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christies-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christies-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Martin Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-9"},{"link_name":"Eriksberg, Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriksberg,_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Dollars"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"If the drawing is originally a Leonardo illustration for the present-day Warsaw copy of the Sforziad, its history is the same as that of the book until the drawing was cut out from the volume.[8] The book is known to have been rebound at the turn of the 18th and 19th century.[9][10]The modern provenance of the drawing is known only from 1955 and is documented only from 1998.[11] According to a lawsuit brought by Jeanne Marchig against Christie's after the drawing's re-attribution to Leonardo, the drawing belonged to her husband Giannino Marchig, an art restorer, when they married in 1955. Jeanne Marchig became the owner of the drawing in 1983, following her husband's death.[12]The work was included in a sale at Christie's in New York on January 30, 1998, catalogued as Young Girl in Profile in Renaissance Dress, and described as \"German School, early 19th Century\".[11] The seller was Jeanne Marchig.[7] It was sold for $21,850 (including buyer's premium)[11] to a New York art dealer[7] who sold it on for a similar amount in 2007.[2]In 2007, art dealer Peter Silverman, purchased the portrait from a gallery on East 73rd Street, owned by Kate Ganz. Peter Silverman believed that the portrait was possibly from an older period, potentially dating back to the Renaissance period, and sought the opinions of experts who have since attributed it to Leonardo da Vinci. In 2010 one of those experts, Martin Kemp, made it the subject of his book co-authored with Pascal Cotte, La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci.[7] This is now revised in Kemp and Cotte's La Bella Principessa di Leonardo da Vinci. Ritratto di Bianca Sforza, Florence, 2012.The drawing was shown as a Leonardo in a 2010 exhibition called And there was Light in Eriksberg, Gothenburg, in Sweden,[13] and was estimated by various newspaper reports to be worth more than $160 million.[14][15][16][17][18][19] Silverman promoted the Leonardo connection in his 2012 book Leonardo's Lost Princess: One Man's Quest to Authenticate an Unknown Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci and has declined an offer for the portrait of $80 million.[citation needed]","title":"Provenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-spectral digital scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-spectral_image"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Biro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Biro"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science"},{"link_name":"fingerprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint"},{"link_name":"St. Jerome in the Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gran1-25"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Oetken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Oetken"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gran1-25"}],"text":"Pascal Cotte of Lumière Technology in Paris performed a multi-spectral digital scan of the work.[20] The high resolution images were used by Peter Paul Biro, a forensic art examiner who studied a fingerprint on the vellum which he said was \"highly comparable\" to a fingerprint on Leonardo's unfinished St. Jerome in the Wilderness.[21][22] In 2010 David Grann published an article about the drawing in The New Yorker, which implied that Biro had been involved with forged paintings attributed to Jackson Pollock.[23]Biro consequently sued the writer and the publisher of the New Yorker Advance Media for defamation in 2011. The judge in the case, J. Paul Oetken, ruled that the article contained eight instances that were capable of a defamatory meaning. He eventually dismissed the case on a technicality arguing that Biro was a limited purpose public figure. An appeals court supported the initial judgment. The New Yorker article was republished in 2018 and Biro sued the New Yorker again for republication of a potentially defamatory article. The case is before the court and a ruling is expected. Biro is an analyst and not an \"authenticator\". He continues to practice art analytics as he has for the past 40 years.[citation needed]The fingerprint evidence is not cited in the revised Italian edition of the book by Kemp and Cotte or in any of Kemp's subsequent publications.[24][non-primary source needed] The story of the research and attribution is told in Kemp's Living with Leonardo.[25][23]","title":"The fingerprint dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrogio_de_Predis_-_Bianca_Maria_Sforza_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambrogio da Predis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrogio_da_Predis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Profile_of_a_Young_Fiancee_-_fingerprint.JPG"},{"link_name":"fingerprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Sforziada.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Library of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatching"},{"link_name":"trois crayons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_crayons"},{"link_name":"Jean Perréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Perr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Codex Atlanticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus"}],"text":"A portrait by Ambrogio da Predis of Bianca Maria Sforza showing a similar hairstyle (National Gallery of Art)Detail of the upper left corner, revealing a fingerprint which has been suggested as being similar to one of Leonardo's.A page of La Sforziada from the National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa) in WarsawThe first study of the drawing was published by Cristina Geddo.[26] Geddo attributes this work to Leonardo based not only on stylistic considerations, extremely high quality and left-handed hatching, but also on the evidence of the combination of black, white and red chalks (the trois crayons technique). Leonardo was the first artist in Italy to use pastels, a drawing technique he had learned from the French artist Jean Perréal, whom he met in Milan in 1494 and/ or 1499. Leonardo acknowledges his debt to Perréal in the Codex Atlanticus. Geddo also points out that the \"coazzone\" of the sitter's hairstyle was fashionable during the same period. Strong support for the attribution has come from Elizabetta Gnignera, the costume historian, in her book La Bella Svelata, which studies a wide range of comparative costumes and hair styles.","title":"Support for Leonardo attribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"Carlo Pedretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pedretti"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedretti-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner-8"},{"link_name":"Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vezzosi-30"},{"link_name":"Giampietrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giampietrino"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silver-31"},{"link_name":"professor emerita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_emeritus"},{"link_name":"University of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silver-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E1-32"}],"sub_title":"Expert opinions","text":"A number of Leonardo experts and art historians have concurred with the attribution to Leonardo, including:Martin Kemp, Emeritus Research Professor in the History of Art at the University of Oxford,[1]\nCarlo Pedretti, late professor emeritus of art history and Armand Hammer Chair in Leonardo Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles[27]\nNicholas Turner, former curator at the British Museum and the J. Paul Getty Museum[6]\nAlessandro Vezzosi, the director of the Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci in Vinci, Italy[28]\nCristina Geddo, an expert on Milanese Leonardesques and Giampietrino,[29]\nMina Gregori, professor emerita at the University of Florence.[2][29][30]","title":"Support for Leonardo attribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza"},{"link_name":"ectopic pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"vellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum"},{"link_name":"title page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_page"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"},{"link_name":"trois crayons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_crayons"},{"link_name":"hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatching"},{"link_name":"pentimenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_Room,_Windsor"},{"link_name":"silverpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverpoint"},{"link_name":"interlace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlace_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"caul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caul_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Gallerani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-3"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"In 2010, after a two-year study of the picture, Kemp published his findings and conclusions in a book, La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci.[1] Kemp describes the work as \"a portrait of a young lady on the cusp of maturity [which] shows her with the fashionable costume and hairstyle of a Milanese court lady in the 1490s\". By process of elimination involving the inner group of young Sforza women, Kemp suggested that she is probably Bianca Sforza, the illegitimate (but later legitimized) daughter of Ludovico Sforza (\"Il Moro\"), duke of Milan. In 1496, when Bianca was no more than 14, she married Galeazzo Sanseverino, captain of the duke's Milanese forces and a patron of Leonardo. Bianca was dead within months of her marriage, having suffered from a stomach complaint (possibly an ectopic pregnancy). Kemp pointed out that Milanese ladies were often the dedicatees of volumes of poetry on vellum, and that such a portrait of a \"beloved lady\" would have made a suitable title page or main illustration for a set of verses produced on the occasion of her marriage or death.[1]The physical and scientific evidence from multispectral analysis and study of the painting, as described by Kemp in the first edition of his book with Cotte,[1] may be summarized as follows:The technique of the portrait is black, red and white chalks (trois crayons, a French medium), with pen and ink.\nThe drawing and hatching was carried out entirely by a left-handed artist, as Leonardo is known to have been, although restorations are by a right-hander.\nThere are significant pentimenti.\nThe portrait is characterized by particularly subtle details, such as the relief of the ear hinted at below the hair, and the amber of the sitter's iris.\nThere are strong stylistic parallels with the Windsor silverpoint drawing of A Woman in Profile, which, like other head studies by Leonardo, features comparable delicate pentimenti to the profile.\nThe members of the Sforza family were always portrayed in profile, whereas Ludovico's mistresses were not.\nThe proportions of the head and face reflect the rules that Leonardo articulated in his notebooks.\nThe interlace or knotwork ornament in the costume and caul corresponds to patterns that Leonardo explored in other works and in the logo designs for his Academy.\nThe portrait was executed on vellum—used by him in his illustrations for Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione (1498). We know from his writings that he was interested in the French technique of dry colouring on parchment (vellum). He specifically noted that he should ask the French artist, Jean Perréal, who was in Milan in 1494 and perhaps on other occasions, about the method of colouring in dry chalks.\nThe format of the vellum support is that of a √2 rectangle, a format used for several of his portraits.\nThe vellum sheet was cut from a codex, probably a volume of poetry of the kind presented to mark major events in the Sforza women's lives.\nThe vellum includes a palmprint in the chalk pigment on the neck of the sitter, which is characteristic of Leonardo's technique.\nThe green of the sitter's costume was obtained with a simple diffusion of black chalk applied on top of the yellowish tone of the vellum support. (Kemp has subsequently expressed reservations about this evidence.)\nThe nuances of the flesh tints were also achieved by exploiting the tone of the vellum and allowing it to show through the transparent media.\nThere are noteworthy similarities between this work and the portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, including the handling of the eyes, the modelling of flesh tones using the palm of the hand, the intricacy of the patterns of the knotwork ornament and the treatment of the contours.\nThe now somewhat pale original hatching in pen and ink was retouched in ink in a later restoration, which is far less fluid, precise and rhythmic.\nThere have been some re-touchings over the years, most extensively in the costume and headdress, but the restoration has not affected the expression and physiognomy of the face to a significant degree, and has not seriously affected the overall impact of the portrait.[1]","title":"Support for Leonardo attribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Library of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lumiere-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-9"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bambach-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Warsaw copy of the Sforziada","text":"In 2011, after the publication of the first edition of their book, Kemp and Pascal Cotte reported that there was evidence that the drawing had once been part of a copy in the National Library of Poland in Warsaw of the Sforziada.[31] This is a printed book with hand-illuminated additions containing a long propagandistic poem in praise of the father of Ludovico Sforza, who was Leonardo's patron, recounting the career. The Warsaw copy, printed on vellum with added illumination, was given to Galeazzo Sanseverino, a military commander under Ludovico Sforza, on his marriage to Bianca Sforza in 1496.[4] Kemp and Cotte identified where two sheets were missing from this volume from which they believe the drawing was cut. Kemp and Cotte say that, although \"the dimensions and precise locations of the holes in the portrait cannot be obtained with precision\", the three holes on the left-hand side of the drawing can be aligned with three of the five stitch holes in the sheets in the book.[7][32][33]According to Kemp and Cotte, the association with the Sforziada suggests that the drawing is a portrait of Bianca Sforza, who was the daughter of Ludovico Sforza and his mistress Bernardina de Corradis. At the time of the portrait, she was around thirteen years old. Leonardo painted three other portraits associated with the family or court of Ludovico Sforza.The Polish scholar Bogdan Horodyski in 1954-1956 reached the conclusion that the Warsaw illumination refers to both the deceased dukes Galeazzo Maria and Gian Galeazzo and to the dynastic downfall after the usurpation of Ludovico il Moro. The reproduction of the unpublished heraldic figure attributed to Antonio Grifo, illuminated in the incunabulum \"Comedia\" by Dante (Cremonese, Venice 1491), now at Casa di Dante in Rome, shows the original coat of arms and insignia of the family of Galeazzo Sanseverino, and the comparison with those illuminated by Birago is not corresponding. Developing this hypothesis, Carla Glori suggests that Caterina Sforza, the daughter of Galeazzo Maria and half-sister of Gian Galeazzo, was the owner of the Warsaw Sforziad and that she gave it to the family of her deceased half-brother between 1496 and 1499.[34] Horodyski's ideas have recently been revived by Katarzyna Krzyzagórska-Pisarek in her \"La Bella Principessa. Arguments against the Attribution to Leonardo\", Artibus et Historiae, XXXVI, 215, pp. 61– 89. Pisarek is a member of Artwatch UK, which has offered polemic denunciations of Kemp.","title":"Support for Leonardo attribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E1-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"Pietro C. Marani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_C._Marani"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"craquelure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craquelure"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Penny"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallerani_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vezzosi-30"},{"link_name":"Klaus Albrecht Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Albrecht_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Albertina, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bambach-35"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-4"},{"link_name":"Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D1-37"},{"link_name":"Fred R. Kline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_R._Kline"},{"link_name":"lost art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_artworks"},{"link_name":"Nazarene Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2002-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2002-39"},{"link_name":"Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Kunsthalle Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle_Mannheim"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"breach of fiduciary duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_fiduciary_duty"},{"link_name":"negligent misrepresentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_misrepresentation"},{"link_name":"Statute of Limitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Limitations"},{"link_name":"Laches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_(equity)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"art forger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_forger"},{"link_name":"Shaun Greenhalgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Greenhalgh"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_England"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reyburn4Dec-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The New Yorker article discussed the troubling circumstances in which Kemp attributed this work to Leonardo. But apart from this, strong indications are going against the hypothesis of authenticity, and the attribution to Leonardo has been challenged by a number of scholars who showed interest.[2][30][35] Among the reasons for doubting its authorship are the lack of provenance prior to the 20th century – unusual given Leonardo's renown dating from his own lifetime, as well as the fame of the purported subject's family[35] – and the fact that it was on vellum. Only once did Leonardo use vellum and old sheets of it are easily acquired by forgers.[2] Leonardo scholar Pietro C. Marani discounts the significance of the drawing being made by a left-handed artist, noting that imitators of Leonardo's work have emulated this characteristic in the past.[35] Marani is also troubled by use of vellum, \"monotonous\" detail, use of colored pigments in specific areas, firmness of touch and lack of craquelure.[35] A museum director who wished to remain anonymous believes the drawing is \"a screaming 20th-century fake\", and finds the damages and repair to the drawing suspicious.[35] The work was not requested for inclusion in the 2011–12 exhibition at the National Gallery in London, which specifically covered Leonardo's period in Milan; Nicholas Penny, director of the National Gallery, said simply \"We have not asked to borrow it.\"[35]Carlo Pedretti, one of the scholars who attribute this work to Leonardo, had before made a mistake attributing a painting from the twentieth century to him.[36]Drawing of a woman by Leonardo. A stylistic similarity has been noted between this drawing and the Bella Principessa.[28]Klaus Albrecht Schröder, director of the Albertina, Vienna, said \"No one is convinced it is a Leonardo,\" and David Ekserdjian, a scholar of 16th-century Italian drawings, wrote that he suspects the work is a \"counterfeit\".[2] Neither Carmen Bambach of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, one of the primary scholars of Leonardo's drawings, nor Everett Fahy, her colleague at the Metropolitan, accepts the attribution to Leonardo.[2][35][33]Several forensic experts on fingerprints have discounted Biro's conclusions, finding the partial fingerprint taken from the drawing too poorly detailed to offer conclusive evidence.[2] Biro's description of the print as being \"highly comparable\" to a known fingerprint of Leonardo's has similarly been discounted by fingerprint examiners as being too vague an assessment to establish authorship.[2] When asked if he may have been mistaken to suggest that the fingerprint was Leonardo's, Biro answered \"It's possible. Yes.\"[2] Kemp's later publications do not use the finger-print evidence in support of the attribution.Noting the lack of mention of dissenting opinion in Kemp's publication, Richard Dorment, the former husband of Ganz, wrote in the Telegraph: \"Although purporting to be a work of scholarship, his book has none of the balanced analysis you would expect from such an acclaimed historian. For La Bella Principessa, as he called the girl in the study, is not art history – it is advocacy.\"[35]Fred R. Kline, an independent art historian and author of Leonardo's Holy Child--The Discovery of a Leonardo da Vinci Masterpiece: A Connoisseur's Search for Lost Art in America, is known for his discovery of \"Leonardo's model drawing\" of Infant Jesus (which has yet to be accepted by Leonardo scholars) and for a number of important discoveries of lost art by the Nazarene Brotherhood,[37] a group of German painters working in Rome during the early 19th century who revived the styles and subjects of the Italian Renaissance.[37] Kline has proposed one of the Nazarenes, Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1794–1872), as the creator of the drawing.[38] In evidence, Kline points to a drawing on vellum by Schnorr, Half-nude Female, in the collection of the Kunsthalle Mannheim in Germany,[39] which he suggests depicts the same model, although older, as portrayed in La Bella Principessa.Comparative material-testing of the vellum supports of the Mannheim Schnorr and La Bella Principessa were anticipated to occur in the New York federal court lawsuit Marchig v. Christie's, brought in May 2010 by the original owner of La Bella Principessa, who accused Christie's of breach of fiduciary duty, negligent misrepresentation and other claims. However, the court dismissed the suit on the ground that the claims were brought years too late (Statute of Limitations and Laches), and thus the merits of the suit were never addressed. The district court decision was upheld on appeal.[40]Disagreements with the attribution to Leonardo were made before the discovery of the missing page in the Warsaw Sforziada book. No alternative attribution has been accepted by Kemp or his research group. Kline claims that no comparative scientific analysis has been made of the vellum supports in question: the Warsaw Sforziada book, the Mannheim Schnorr (an alternate attribution), and La Bella Principessa, although Kemp and Cotte have shown a close match between the vellum of the portrait and the book. Further analysis of the vellum could possibly provide the conclusive evidence that may support or disqualify Schnorr's authorship.In November 2015, notorious art forger Shaun Greenhalgh claimed that he created the work in 1978, at the age of 20; Greenhalgh said the woman's face is that of a supermarket check-out girl named Sally who worked in Bolton, outside Manchester.[41][42] In his memoir A Forger's Tale, written in prison, Greenhalgh claims as a 17 year old to have forged the drawing by obtaining an old piece of vellum from a reused 1587 land deed. Kemp said he found the claim hilarious and ridiculous.[43]","title":"Opposition to Leonardo attribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The work of art was studied on the PBS program NOVA in 2012 in a program titled Mystery of a Masterpiece, from NOVA/National Geographic/PBS, which aired on January 25, 2012.","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ The vellum has been carbon dated to between 1440 – 1650, within a 95 % confidence interval. The 1495–96 is the dating by Kemp.\n\n^ If by Leonardo; see text.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781912690572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912690572"}],"text":"Hewitt, Simon (2019). Leonardo Da Vinci and the Book of Doom: Bianca Sforza, The Sforziada and Artful Propaganda in Renaissance Milan. ISBN 9781912690572 .","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A portrait by Ambrogio da Predis of Bianca Maria Sforza showing a similar hairstyle (National Gallery of Art)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ambrogio_de_Predis_-_Bianca_Maria_Sforza_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Ambrogio_de_Predis_-_Bianca_Maria_Sforza_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the upper left corner, revealing a fingerprint which has been suggested as being similar to one of Leonardo's.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Profile_of_a_Young_Fiancee_-_fingerprint.JPG/220px-Profile_of_a_Young_Fiancee_-_fingerprint.JPG"},{"image_text":"A page of La Sforziada from the National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa) in Warsaw","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/La_Sforziada.jpg/220px-La_Sforziada.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kemp, Martin; Cotte, Pascal (2010). La Bella Principessa: The Story of the New Masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-4447-0626-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder & Stoughton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4447-0626-0","url_text":"978-1-4447-0626-0"}]},{"reference":"Grann, David (July 12–19, 2010). \"The Mark of a Masterpiece\". The New Yorker. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 20. ISSN 0028-792X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grann","url_text":"Grann, David"},{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/07/12/100712fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"The Mark of a Masterpiece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X","url_text":"0028-792X"}]},{"reference":"Mystery of a Masterpiece (Television production). PBS/WGBH. January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/mystery-masterpiece.html","url_text":"Mystery of a Masterpiece"}]},{"reference":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci Bella Principessa confirmed\". Lumiere-technology.com. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/discoveries2.html","url_text":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci Bella Principessa confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"Turner, Nicholas (September 2008). \"Statement concerning the portrait on vellum by Leonardo\" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/images/Download/Nicholas_Turner_Statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement concerning the portrait on vellum by Leonardo\""}]},{"reference":"Cotte, Pascal; Kemp, Martin. \"La Bella Principessa and the Warsaw Sforziad\" (PDF). Lumiere Technology. Retrieved 19 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com//news/Study_Bella_Principessa_and_Warsaw_Sforziad.pdf","url_text":"\"La Bella Principessa and the Warsaw Sforziad\""}]},{"reference":"Christie's (1998). \"The Head of a young Girl in Profile to the left in Renaissance Dress\". Lot 402, Sale 8812 (\"old master drawings\"). Retrieved 15 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=473187","url_text":"\"The Head of a young Girl in Profile to the left in Renaissance Dress\""}]},{"reference":"Withers LLP (16 September 2010). \"Bella Principessa and the hazard of expert opinions\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191452/http://www.withersworldwide.com/news-publications/bella-principessa-and-the-hazard-of-expert-opinions--2.pdf","url_text":"\"Bella Principessa and the hazard of expert opinions\""},{"url":"http://www.withersworldwide.com/news-publications/bella-principessa-and-the-hazard-of-expert-opinions--2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La Bella Principessa på plats\". svt.se. March 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074323/http://svt.se/2.34007/1.1932778/la_bella_principessa_pa_plats?lid=senasteNytt_1765014&lpos=rubrik_1932778","url_text":"\"La Bella Principessa på plats\""},{"url":"http://svt.se/2.34007/1.1932778/la_bella_principessa_pa_plats?lid=senasteNytt_1765014&lpos=rubrik_1932778","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fingerprint points to $19,000 portrait being revalued as £100m work by Leonardo da Vinci\". 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015002856/http://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/7311.aspx","url_text":"\"Fingerprint points to $19,000 portrait being revalued as £100m work by Leonardo da Vinci\""},{"url":"http://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/7311.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fingerprint unmasks original da Vinci painting\". CNN. 13 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/13/da.vinci.portrait.found/","url_text":"\"Fingerprint unmasks original da Vinci painting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Finger points to new da Vinci art\". BBC News. 13 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8304021.stm","url_text":"\"Finger points to new da Vinci art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Pidd, Helen (13 October 2009). \"New Leonardo da Vinci painting 'discovered'\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/oct/13/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-discovered","url_text":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci painting 'discovered'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Stephen (12 October 2009). \"Leonardo da Vinci picture 'worth millions' revealed by a fingerprint\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/6309942/Leonardo-da-Vinci-picture-worth-millions-revealed-by-a-fingerprint.html","url_text":"\"Leonardo da Vinci picture 'worth millions' revealed by a fingerprint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Hoyle, Ben (13 October 2009). \"Unrecognised Leonardo da Vinci portrait revealed by his fingerprint\". The Times. London.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article6872019.ece","url_text":"\"Unrecognised Leonardo da Vinci portrait revealed by his fingerprint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Geddo, Cristina (2008–2009). \"Il pastello ritrovato: un nuovo ritratto di Leonardo?\" (PDF). Artes. 14: 63–87.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/Artes14.pdf","url_text":"\"Il pastello ritrovato: un nuovo ritratto di Leonardo?\""}]},{"reference":"Pedretti, Carlo (2008). \"introduction to Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo Infinito, Scriptamaneant Editzioni – Bologna, Italy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2014-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324045538/http://www.lumiere-technology.com/images/Download/Abstract_Pr_Pedretti.pdf","url_text":"\"introduction to Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo Infinito, Scriptamaneant Editzioni – Bologna, Italy\""},{"url":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/images/Download/Abstract_Pr_Pedretti.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Peter (August 2, 2010), \"Re: The Mark of a Masterpiece – A letter in response to David Grann's article (July 12 & 19, 2010)\", The New Yorker, p. 3","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/letters/2010/08/02/100802mama_mail3","url_text":"\"Re: The Mark of a Masterpiece – A letter in response to David Grann's article (July 12 & 19, 2010)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"\"Carmen Bambach, Artwatch\". artwatch.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://artwatch.org.uk/tag/carmen-bambach/","url_text":"\"Carmen Bambach, Artwatch\""}]},{"reference":"Dorment, Richard (12 April 2010). \"La Bella Principessa: a £100m Leonardo, or a copy?\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/7582591/La-Bella-Principessa-a-100m-Leonardo-or-a-copy.html","url_text":"\"La Bella Principessa: a £100m Leonardo, or a copy?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Geary, David (April 2, 2002). \"An Art Explorer Finds the Real Creator of Works\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sharpe, Tom. (September 25, 2010). \"Case Closed on da Vinci Mystery?\". The Santa Fe New Mexican.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/case-closed-on-da-vinci-art-mystery/article_4c31857b-ee41-518b-b60d-044786f9ecd9.html","url_text":"\"Case Closed on da Vinci Mystery?\""}]},{"reference":"Reyburn, Scott (December 4, 2015). \"An Art World Mystery Worthy of Leonardo\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/arts/international/an-art-world-mystery-worthy-of-leonardo.html","url_text":"\"An Art World Mystery Worthy of Leonardo\""}]},{"reference":"\"'It's not a da Vinci, it's Sally from the Co-op'\". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151201131711/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1639169.ece","url_text":"\"'It's not a da Vinci, it's Sally from the Co-op'\""},{"url":"http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1639169.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Martin (29 November 2015). \"La Bella Principessa is a \"forgery\"!!!\". Martin Kemp's This and That.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)","url_text":"Kemp, Martin"},{"url":"http://martinkempsthisandthat.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/the-silly-season-for-leonardo-never.html","url_text":"\"La Bella Principessa is a \"forgery\"!!!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enhancing the art of seeing – A Leonardo case study\". Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3pp.website/2011/07/enhancing-art-of-seeing-leonardo-case.html","url_text":"\"Enhancing the art of seeing – A Leonardo case study\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/07/12/100712fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all","external_links_name":"\"The Mark of a Masterpiece\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X","external_links_name":"0028-792X"},{"Link":"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/mystery-masterpiece.html","external_links_name":"Mystery of a Masterpiece"},{"Link":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/discoveries2.html","external_links_name":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci Bella Principessa confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://www.scriptamaneant.com/sm/negozio/la-bella-principessa/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Scripta Maneant"},{"Link":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/images/Download/Nicholas_Turner_Statement.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statement concerning the portrait on vellum by Leonardo\""},{"Link":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com//news/Study_Bella_Principessa_and_Warsaw_Sforziad.pdf","external_links_name":"\"La Bella Principessa and the Warsaw Sforziad\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM","external_links_name":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM"},{"Link":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM","external_links_name":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM"},{"Link":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM","external_links_name":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM"},{"Link":"http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=473187","external_links_name":"\"The Head of a young Girl in Profile to the left in Renaissance Dress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191452/http://www.withersworldwide.com/news-publications/bella-principessa-and-the-hazard-of-expert-opinions--2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bella Principessa and the hazard of expert opinions\""},{"Link":"http://www.withersworldwide.com/news-publications/bella-principessa-and-the-hazard-of-expert-opinions--2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074323/http://svt.se/2.34007/1.1932778/la_bella_principessa_pa_plats?lid=senasteNytt_1765014&lpos=rubrik_1932778","external_links_name":"\"La Bella Principessa på plats\""},{"Link":"http://svt.se/2.34007/1.1932778/la_bella_principessa_pa_plats?lid=senasteNytt_1765014&lpos=rubrik_1932778","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015002856/http://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/7311.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Fingerprint points to $19,000 portrait being revalued as £100m work by Leonardo da Vinci\""},{"Link":"http://www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/7311.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/13/da.vinci.portrait.found/","external_links_name":"\"Fingerprint unmasks original da Vinci painting\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8304021.stm","external_links_name":"\"Finger points to new da Vinci art\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/oct/13/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-discovered","external_links_name":"\"New Leonardo da Vinci painting 'discovered'\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/6309942/Leonardo-da-Vinci-picture-worth-millions-revealed-by-a-fingerprint.html","external_links_name":"\"Leonardo da Vinci picture 'worth millions' revealed by a fingerprint\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article6872019.ece","external_links_name":"\"Unrecognised Leonardo da Vinci portrait revealed by his fingerprint\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/07/12/the-mark-of-a-masterpiece","external_links_name":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/07/12/the-mark-of-a-masterpiece"},{"Link":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/Artes14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Il pastello ritrovato: un nuovo ritratto di Leonardo?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324045538/http://www.lumiere-technology.com/images/Download/Abstract_Pr_Pedretti.pdf","external_links_name":"\"introduction to Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo Infinito, Scriptamaneant Editzioni – Bologna, Italy\""},{"Link":"http://www.lumiere-technology.com/images/Download/Abstract_Pr_Pedretti.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/letters/2010/08/02/100802mama_mail3","external_links_name":"\"Re: The Mark of a Masterpiece – A letter in response to David Grann's article (July 12 & 19, 2010)\""},{"Link":"http://www.artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2815","external_links_name":"\"The Real Thing?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101025204850/http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2815","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://polona.pl/item/1520897/0/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://artwatch.org.uk/tag/carmen-bambach/","external_links_name":"\"Carmen Bambach, Artwatch\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/17531825/The_Illumination_by_Birago_in_the_Sforziad_incunabulum_in_Warsaw_in_defence_of_Horodyski_s_thesis_and_a_new_hypothesis","external_links_name":"“The Illumination by Birago in the Sforziad incunabulum in Warsaw: in defense of Horodyski's thesis and a new hypothesis”"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/7582591/La-Bella-Principessa-a-100m-Leonardo-or-a-copy.html","external_links_name":"\"La Bella Principessa: a £100m Leonardo, or a copy?\""},{"Link":"http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/case-closed-on-da-vinci-art-mystery/article_4c31857b-ee41-518b-b60d-044786f9ecd9.html","external_links_name":"\"Case Closed on da Vinci Mystery?\""},{"Link":"https://casetext.com/case/marchig-v-christies-inc-2","external_links_name":"Marchig v. Christie's Inc."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/arts/international/an-art-world-mystery-worthy-of-leonardo.html","external_links_name":"\"An Art World Mystery Worthy of Leonardo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151201131711/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1639169.ece","external_links_name":"\"'It's not a da Vinci, it's Sally from the Co-op'\""},{"Link":"http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1639169.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://martinkempsthisandthat.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/the-silly-season-for-leonardo-never.html","external_links_name":"\"La Bella Principessa is a \"forgery\"!!!\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/12454998/LEONARDO_The_pastel_found_a_new_portrait_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Artes_2008-09_English_translation_of_the_article_above","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310064247/http://www.3pipe.net/2011/07/enhancing-art-of-seeing-leonardo-case.html","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/12617364/LEONARDO_Leonardo_da_Vinci_la_d%C3%A9couverte_extraordinaire_du_portrait_perdu._Les_pourquoi_d_une_authentification_Conf%C3%A9rence_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_genevoise_d_%C3%A9tudes_italiennes_Gen%C3%A8ve_Palais_de_l_Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_2-10-2012_Paris-Gen%C3%A8ve_2013_38_pp._25_figg._","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/12454998/LEONARDO_The_pastel_found_a_new_portrait_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Artes_2008-09_English_translation_of_the_article_above","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM","external_links_name":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/#MM"},{"Link":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/","external_links_name":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/hosted/leonardo/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120043316/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/02/lost-da-vinci/o-neill-text","external_links_name":"Lady with a Secret: A Chalk-And-Ink Portrait May Be a $100 Million Leonardo"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/mystery-masterpiece.html","external_links_name":"\"Mystery of the Masterpiece\""},{"Link":"http://www.3pp.website/2011/07/enhancing-art-of-seeing-leonardo-case.html","external_links_name":"\"Enhancing the art of seeing – A Leonardo case study\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Light	Ben Light	["1 References"]	American pianist This article contains close paraphrasing of a non-free copyrighted source, http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/ben-light.html (Copyvios report). Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help rewriting it with your own words. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Benjamin Bertram Leight, better known by his stage name Ben Light was an American pianist. He was born on April 23, 1893, in New York City. Light had a long career at the keyboard. He started playing the piano at the age of three without a teacher, and made his professional debut at the age of seven. For 15 years, he toured as a vaudeville pianist, performing with renowned figures such as Al Jolson, Eddie Cantor, Fanny Brice, Jack Benny and Sophie Tucker. Known as a musical phenomenon, Ben Light was once timed playing 1,173 notes in a single minute. Light was noted for his fast ragtime play and recorded over 100 piano compositions. He claimed to have written "My Melancholy Baby" as a teenager, but did not copyright the work. In the late 1930s, he recorded bawdy "party" records for a low-budget jukebox label. He also toured with Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards in 1938. From the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, he made over 100 recordings for the Tempo, Capitol, and X labels, selling millions of records. Ben Light died of a heart attack on January 6, 1965, in Santa Monica, California at the age of 72. References ^ "BEN LIGHT DEAD; SONG WRITER Credited as Composer of 'My Melancholy Baby'". New York Times. January 9, 1965. p. 25. Retrieved 2023-06-28. ^ "World Deaths". The Washington Reporter. January 9, 1965. Retrieved 2023-06-28. ^ "Ben Light". saxonyrecordcompany.com. ^ "Obituaries". Star News in Pasadena, California. January 9, 1965. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-06-28. ^ Garber, Michael G. (June 28, 2021). My Melancholy Baby: The First Ballads of the Great American Songbook, 1902-1913. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781496834317. ^ ""My Melancholy Baby": Song history, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video". greatamericansongbook.net. ^ "Ben Light And His Surf Club Boys". Discogs. ^ "The Speed Of Light". Proper Music. ^ Bruce Peacock (January 11, 1965). "Stage and Screen". The Leader-Post, Regina, Sask. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-28.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cantor"},{"link_name":"Fanny Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Brice"},{"link_name":"Jack Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Benny"},{"link_name":"Sophie Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"My Melancholy Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Melancholy_Baby"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cliff \"Ukulele Ike\" Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_Records_(US)"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Benjamin Bertram Leight, better known by his stage name Ben Light was an American pianist. He was born on April 23, 1893, in New York City.[1]Light had a long career at the keyboard. He started playing the piano at the age of three without a teacher, and made his professional debut at the age of seven. For 15 years, he toured as a vaudeville pianist, performing with renowned figures such as Al Jolson, Eddie Cantor, Fanny Brice, Jack Benny and Sophie Tucker.[2] Known as a musical phenomenon, Ben Light was once timed playing 1,173 notes in a single minute.[3] Light was noted for his fast ragtime play and recorded over 100 piano compositions.[4] He claimed to have written \"My Melancholy Baby\" as a teenager, but did not copyright the work.[5][6]In the late 1930s, he recorded bawdy \"party\" records for a low-budget jukebox label.[7] He also toured with Cliff \"Ukulele Ike\" Edwards in 1938. From the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, he made over 100 recordings for the Tempo, Capitol, and X labels, selling millions of records.[8]Ben Light died of a heart attack on January 6, 1965, in Santa Monica, California at the age of 72.[9]","title":"Ben Light"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BEN LIGHT DEAD; SONG WRITER Credited as Composer of 'My Melancholy Baby'\". New York Times. January 9, 1965. p. 25. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/09/archives/ben-light-dead-song-writer-721-wascredited-as-composer-of-my.html","url_text":"\"BEN LIGHT DEAD; SONG WRITER Credited as Composer of 'My Melancholy Baby'\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Deaths\". The Washington Reporter. January 9, 1965. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IoJiAAAAIBAJ&dq=Ben+Light+died&pg=PA3&article_id=5584,671432","url_text":"\"World Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Light\". saxonyrecordcompany.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/ben-light.html","url_text":"\"Ben Light\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituaries\". Star News in Pasadena, California. January 9, 1965. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/star-news-jan-09-1965-p-6/","url_text":"\"Obituaries\""}]},{"reference":"Garber, Michael G. (June 28, 2021). My Melancholy Baby: The First Ballads of the Great American Songbook, 1902-1913. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781496834317.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496834317","url_text":"9781496834317"}]},{"reference":"\"\"My Melancholy Baby\": Song history, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\". greatamericansongbook.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/m/my_melancholy_baby_m.html","url_text":"\"\"My Melancholy Baby\": Song history, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Light And His Surf Club Boys\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/1606523-Ben-Light-And-His-Surf-Club-Boys","url_text":"\"Ben Light And His Surf Club Boys\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Speed Of Light\". Proper Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://propermusic.com/products/benlighthislightningfingers-thespeedoflight","url_text":"\"The Speed Of Light\""}]},{"reference":"Bruce Peacock (January 11, 1965). \"Stage and Screen\". The Leader-Post, Regina, Sask. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jdxUAAAAIBAJ&dq=Ben+Light+died&pg=PA4&article_id=923,1332718","url_text":"\"Stage and Screen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/ben-light.html","external_links_name":"http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/ben-light.html"},{"Link":"https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&project=wikipedia&title=Ben_Light&url=http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/ben-light.html","external_links_name":"Copyvios report"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Light&action=edit","external_links_name":"rewriting it"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/09/archives/ben-light-dead-song-writer-721-wascredited-as-composer-of-my.html","external_links_name":"\"BEN LIGHT DEAD; SONG WRITER Credited as Composer of 'My Melancholy Baby'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IoJiAAAAIBAJ&dq=Ben+Light+died&pg=PA3&article_id=5584,671432","external_links_name":"\"World Deaths\""},{"Link":"http://saxonyrecordcompany.com/ben-light.html","external_links_name":"\"Ben Light\""},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/star-news-jan-09-1965-p-6/","external_links_name":"\"Obituaries\""},{"Link":"http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/m/my_melancholy_baby_m.html","external_links_name":"\"\"My Melancholy Baby\": Song history, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/1606523-Ben-Light-And-His-Surf-Club-Boys","external_links_name":"\"Ben Light And His Surf Club Boys\""},{"Link":"https://propermusic.com/products/benlighthislightningfingers-thespeedoflight","external_links_name":"\"The Speed Of Light\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jdxUAAAAIBAJ&dq=Ben+Light+died&pg=PA4&article_id=923,1332718","external_links_name":"\"Stage and Screen\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_Mends_a_Broken_Heart_Like_You	No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You	["1 Chart performance","2 References"]	1986 single by Barbara Mandrell"No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You"Single by Barbara Mandrellfrom the album Moments B-side"Love Is Adventure in the Great Unknown"ReleasedAugust 4, 1986GenreCountryLength3:09LabelMCASongwriter(s)John SchweersProducer(s)Tom CollinsBarbara Mandrell singles chronology "When You Get to the Heart" (1986) "No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You" (1986) "Sure Feels Good" (1987) No One Mends a Broken Like You is a song written by John Schweers, and recorded by American country music artist Barbara Mandrell. It was released in August 1986 as the first single from the album Moments. The song reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Chart performance Chart (1986) Peakposition US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 6 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 5 References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 214. ^ "Barbara Mandrell Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. vteBarbara Mandrell songsAlbumsSinglesTreat Him Right "I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)" "Playin' Around with Love" "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" "Treat Him Right" The Midnight Oil "Tonight My Baby's Coming Home" "Show Me" "Holdin' On (To the Love I Got)" "Give a Little, Take a Little" "The Midnight Oil" This Time I Almost Made It "This Time I Almost Made It" "Wonder When My Baby's Coming Home" This Is Barbara Mandrell "Standing Room Only" "That's What Friends Are For" "Love Is Thin Ice" Midnight Angel "Midnight Angel" Lovers, Friends and Strangers "Married, But Not to Each Other" "Hold Me" Love's Ups and Downs "Woman to Woman" "Tonight" Moods "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed" "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" Just for the Record "Fooled by a Feeling" "Years" Love Is Fair "Crackers" "The Best of Strangers" "Love Is Fair" Barbara Mandrell Live "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" "Wish You Were Here" ...In Black and White "'Till You're Gone" "Operator, Long Distance Please" Spun Gold "In Times Like These" "One of a Kind Pair of Fools" Clean Cut "Happy Birthday Dear Heartache" "Only a Lonely Heart Knows" "Crossword Puzzle" Meant for Each Other (with Lee Greenwood) "To Me" (with Lee Greenwood) "It Should Have Been Love by Now" (with Lee Greenwood) Greatest Hits "There's No Love in Tennessee" Get to the Heart "Angel in Your Arms" "Fast Lanes and Country Roads" "When You Get to the Heart" (with The Oak Ridge Boys) Moments "No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You" Sure Feels Good "Child Support" I'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight "I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today" "My Train of Thought" This 1986 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell"},{"link_name":"Moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moments_(Barbara_Mandrell_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"No One Mends a Broken Like You is a song written by John Schweers, and recorded by American country music artist Barbara Mandrell. It was released in August 1986 as the first single from the album Moments. The song reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1]","title":"No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Barbara-Mandrell/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Barbara Mandrell Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_One_Mends_a_Broken_Heart_Like_You&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University_Television	Concordia University Television	["1 2012 Quebec student tuition boycott","2 References","3 External links"]	Student-run television station at Concordia University This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Concordia University Television" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Concordia University Television (CUTV) is Canada's oldest student-run television station. CUTV was founded as TVSG (TV Sir George) in 1969 in the Montreal area on the campus of Concordia University. CUTV has a strong focus on media literacy and training. The station was under the umbrella of the Concordia Student Broadcasting Corporation (CSBC), along with CJLO and the Concordia Amateur Radio Club (CUARC, callsign VE2CUA). Concordia University Television (CUTV) was a member owned and operated subsidiary of the non-profit corporation Concordia Student Broadcasting Society (CSBS) and whose primary purpose is to operate a TV station and video production facilities. CUTV distributes in-house, collaborative and external independent content through its closed-circuit TV network, DVD releases, internet-based distribution networks and Public-access television channels. CUTV is a Campus/Community TV and video production studio that provides an essential service to those in the Concordia and Montreal communities whose needs are not met by mainstream commercial TV stations and video production facilities. CUTV also serves as a viable community resource by providing the space, equipment and know-how of video production to student and community populations that are interested in producing content that accurately represents them and their interests. 2012 Quebec student tuition boycott CUTV gained visibility during the 2012 spring for its live coverage of protests held against Plan Nord, as well as protests held in the Greater Montreal area pertaining to the planned $1,625 tuition hike. The station used a broadcast system that allowed them to send images live over the cellular phone network, allowing them to go to places that traditional television network news journalists could not go with their satellite trucks. As well their images went out live, rather that delayed, and they offered an alternative perspective on the events. References ^ La chaîne CUTV devient un acteur dans le conflit étudiant Archived 2012-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, Bruno Maltais, Radio-Canada, retrieved on April 26, 2012 ^ "Audio". External links Official website Concordia University Records Management and Archives: Concordia University Television fonds vteConcordia UniversityAcademics and research Faculty of Arts and Science Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science Faculty of Fine Arts John Molson School of Business Mel Hoppenheim School of Cinema Concordia University Library Concordia University Press District 3 Innovation Centre Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies History Loyola College Sir George Williams University Sir George Williams affair Concordia University massacre Concordia University Netanyahu riot Quartier Concordia Athletics Concordia Stadium Concordia Stingers Football Women's ice hockey Ed Meagher Arena Loyola Warriors Sir George Williams Georgians Student life CJLO CUTV The Link The Concordian Concordia Student Union Space Concordia Troitsky Bridge Building Competition vteBroadcast television in the Montreal marketLocal stations in French (DTV) CBFT-DT (2.1 Ici R-C) CFTM-DT (10.1 TVA) CIVM-DT (17.1 TQc) CFTU-DT (29.1 Ind.) CFJP-DT (35.1 Noovo) CFHD-DT (47.1 Ind./Omni) Local stations in English (DTV) CBMT-DT (6.1 CBC) CFCF-DT (12.1 CTV) CKMI-DT (15.1 Global) CJNT-DT (62.1 Citytv) Defunct CHOY-TV 4 Analog (Ind, Saint-Jérôme) Cable television CUTV MATV MétéoMédia (Metro Montreal Feed) RDS Sportsnet East TSN5 TVA Sports See also List of Quebec stations Quebec TV Burlington/Plattsburgh TV Quebec City TV Ottawa-Gatineau TV This Canadian university, college, or tertiary institution–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a television station in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"CJLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJLO"},{"link_name":"VE2CUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VE2CUA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Public-access television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-access_television"}],"text":"Concordia University Television (CUTV) is Canada's oldest student-run television station.[citation needed] CUTV was founded as TVSG (TV Sir George) in 1969 in the Montreal area on the campus of Concordia University. CUTV has a strong focus on media literacy and training. The station was under the umbrella of the Concordia Student Broadcasting Corporation (CSBC), along with CJLO and the Concordia Amateur Radio Club (CUARC, callsign VE2CUA).Concordia University Television (CUTV) was a member owned and operated subsidiary of the non-profit corporation Concordia Student Broadcasting Society (CSBS) and whose primary purpose is to operate a TV station and video production facilities. CUTV distributes in-house, collaborative and external independent content through its closed-circuit TV network, DVD releases, internet-based distribution networks and Public-access television channels.CUTV is a Campus/Community TV and video production studio that provides an essential service to those in the Concordia and Montreal communities whose needs are not met by mainstream commercial TV stations and video production facilities. CUTV also serves as a viable community resource by providing the space, equipment and know-how of video production to student and community populations that are interested in producing content that accurately represents them and their interests.","title":"Concordia University Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest"},{"link_name":"Plan Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Nord"},{"link_name":"tuition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition"},{"link_name":"satellite trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_truck"},{"link_name":"alternative perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_media"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"CUTV gained visibility[1] during the 2012 spring for its live coverage of protests held against Plan Nord, as well as protests held in the Greater Montreal area pertaining to the planned $1,625 tuition hike.The station used a broadcast system that allowed them to send images live over the cellular phone network, allowing them to go to places that traditional television network news journalists could not go with their satellite trucks. As well their images went out live, rather that delayed, and they offered an alternative perspective on the events.[2]","title":"2012 Quebec student tuition boycott"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Audio\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/video/news/audioplayer.html?clipid=2293882671","url_text":"\"Audio\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Concordia+University+Television%22","external_links_name":"\"Concordia University Television\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Concordia+University+Television%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Concordia+University+Television%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Concordia+University+Television%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Concordia+University+Television%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Concordia+University+Television%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://blogues.radio-canada.ca/surleweb/2012/04/26/la-chaine-cutv-devient-un-acteur-du-conflit-etudiant/","external_links_name":"La chaîne CUTV devient un acteur dans le conflit étudiant"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529235312/http://blogues.radio-canada.ca/surleweb/2012/04/26/la-chaine-cutv-devient-un-acteur-du-conflit-etudiant","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/video/news/audioplayer.html?clipid=2293882671","external_links_name":"\"Audio\""},{"Link":"http://cutv.concordia.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://concordia.accesstomemory.org/concordia-university-television-fonds","external_links_name":"Concordia University Records Management and Archives: Concordia University Television fonds"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concordia_University_Television&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concordia_University_Television&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra_Jr.	Frank Capra Jr.	["1 Death","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]	American film producer (1934–2007) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frank Capra Jr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Frank Capra Jr.BornFrank Warner CapraMarch 20, 1934Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedDecember 19, 2007 (aged 73)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Other namesCapra, Frank WarnerOccupationFilm producerYears active1969–2007Spouses Priscilla Ann Parson (m. 1958; div. 1984) Deborah Lewis Sprunt (m. 1986) Children3 Frank Warner Capra (March 20, 1934 – December 19, 2007), known as Frank Capra Jr., was an American film and television producer. He was one of the three children of film director Frank Capra and his second wife, Lucille Warner. His own sons, Frank Capra III and Jonathan Capra, are assistant directors. At the time of his death, Capra Jr. was president of EUE/Screen Gems studio, which he had helped to found in Wilmington, North Carolina, in the mid-1980s, and a member of the North Carolina Film Council. Death Capra Jr. died on December 19, 2007, aged 73, at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after a long battle with prostate cancer. Filmography Mark Twain's Greatest Adventure: 'It's a Matter of Time' (2005) (pre-production) (producer) Queen City Blowout (2003) (executive producer) Waterproof (2000) (producer) Death Before Dishonor (1987) (executive producer) Marie (1985) (producer) Firestarter (1984) (producer) The Seduction (1982) (executive producer) Vice Squad (1982) (executive producer) High Hopes: The Capra Years (1981) (TV) (producer) An Eye for an Eye (1981) (producer) The Black Marble (1980) (producer) Born Again (1978) (producer) Billy Jack Goes to Washington (1977) (producer) Trapped Beneath the Sea (1974) (TV) (producer) Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973) (associate producer) Tom Sawyer (1973/I) (associate producer) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) (associate producer) Play It Again, Sam (1972) (associate producer) Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) (associate producer) Marooned (1969) (associate producer) References Fox, Margalit. "Frank Capra Jr., Movie and TV Producer, Dies at 73", New York Times. December 22, 2007. External links Frank Capra Jr. at IMDb vteFrank Capra Filmography Films directed Fultah Fisher's Boarding House (1922) The Strong Man (1926) Long Pants (1927) For the Love of Mike (1927) That Certain Thing (1928) So This Is Love? (1928) The Matinee Idol (1928) The Way of the Strong (1928) Say It with Sables (1928) The Power of the Press (1928) Submarine (1928) The Younger Generation (1929) The Donovan Affair (1929) Flight (1929) Ladies of Leisure (1930) Rain or Shine (1930) Dirigible (1931) The Miracle Woman (1931) Platinum Blonde (1931) Forbidden (1932) American Madness (1932) The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933) Lady for a Day (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) Broadway Bill (1934) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Lost Horizon (1937) You Can't Take It with You (1938) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) Meet John Doe (1941) Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) It's a Wonderful Life (1946) State of the Union (1948) Riding High (1950) Here Comes the Groom (1951) A Hole in the Head (1959) Pocketful of Miracles (1961) Why We Fight series Prelude to War (1942) The Nazis Strike (1943) Divide and Conquer (1943) The Battle of Britain (1943) The Battle of Russia (1943) The Battle of China (1944) War Comes to America (1945) Other works Know Your Enemy: Japan Here Is Germany Tunisian Victory Your Job in Germany Two Down and One to Go The Negro Soldier Army–Navy Screen Magazine The Fallbrook Story The Bell System Science Series Our Mr. Sun Hemo the Magnificent Rendezvous in Space Related Bibliography Liberty Films Frank Capra Jr. (son) Five Came Back (2017 documentary) Frank Capra: Mr. America (2023 documentary) Robert Riskin Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Catalonia Germany Italy United States Australia Korea People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra"},{"link_name":"EUE/Screen Gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUE/Screen_Gems"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Film Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Film_Office"}],"text":"Frank Warner Capra (March 20, 1934 – December 19, 2007), known as Frank Capra Jr., was an American film and television producer. He was one of the three children of film director Frank Capra and his second wife, Lucille Warner. His own sons, Frank Capra III and Jonathan Capra, are assistant directors.At the time of his death, Capra Jr. was president of EUE/Screen Gems studio, which he had helped to found in Wilmington, North Carolina, in the mid-1980s, and a member of the North Carolina Film Council.","title":"Frank Capra Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"}],"text":"Capra Jr. died on December 19, 2007, aged 73, at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after a long battle with prostate cancer.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-production"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Waterproof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproof_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Death Before Dishonor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Before_Dishonor_(film)"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Firestarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestarter_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"The Seduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seduction_(film)"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Vice Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Squad_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"An Eye for an Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eye_for_an_Eye_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Born Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_Again_(film)"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Billy Jack Goes to Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Jack_Goes_to_Washington"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"Battle for the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"},{"link_name":"Tom Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sawyer_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"},{"link_name":"Conquest of the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"},{"link_name":"Play It Again, Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_Again,_Sam_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"},{"link_name":"Escape from the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"},{"link_name":"Marooned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marooned_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"}],"text":"Mark Twain's Greatest Adventure: 'It's a Matter of Time' (2005) (pre-production) (producer)\nQueen City Blowout (2003) (executive producer)\nWaterproof (2000) (producer)\nDeath Before Dishonor (1987) (executive producer)\nMarie (1985) (producer)\nFirestarter (1984) (producer)\nThe Seduction (1982) (executive producer)\nVice Squad (1982) (executive producer)\nHigh Hopes: The Capra Years (1981) (TV) (producer)\nAn Eye for an Eye (1981) (producer)\nThe Black Marble (1980) (producer)\nBorn Again (1978) (producer)\nBilly Jack Goes to Washington (1977) (producer)\nTrapped Beneath the Sea (1974) (TV) (producer)\nBattle for the Planet of the Apes (1973) (associate producer)\nTom Sawyer (1973/I) (associate producer)\nConquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) (associate producer)\nPlay It Again, Sam (1972) (associate producer)\nEscape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) (associate producer)\nMarooned (1969) (associate producer)","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frank+Capra+Jr.%22","external_links_name":"\"Frank Capra Jr.\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frank+Capra+Jr.%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frank+Capra+Jr.%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frank+Capra+Jr.%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frank+Capra+Jr.%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frank+Capra+Jr.%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/arts/22capra.html?_r=1&ref=obituaries&oref=slogin","external_links_name":"\"Frank Capra Jr., Movie and TV Producer, Dies at 73\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0135581/","external_links_name":"Frank Capra Jr."},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011473250X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/58865798","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGt6JFYb8WmGYwcBMwYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4583832","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058594958506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1062072812","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV212106","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007100789","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an40395370","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020P8388","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1062072812.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_16	List of Dublin postal districts	["1 History","2 Structure","3 Dublin 1 (D1)","4 Dublin 2 (D2)","5 Dublin 3 (D3)","6 Dublin 4 (D4)","7 Dublin 5 (D5)","8 Dublin 6 (D6)","9 Dublin 6 West (D6W)","10 Dublin 7 (D7)","11 Dublin 8 (D8)","12 Dublin 9 (D9)","13 Dublin 10 (D10)","14 Dublin 11 (D11)","15 Dublin 12 (D12)","16 Dublin 13 (D13)","17 Dublin 14 (D14)","18 Dublin 15 (D15)","19 Dublin 16 (D16)","20 Dublin 17 (D17)","21 Dublin 18 (D18)","22 Dublin 20 (D20)","23 Dublin 22 (D22)","24 Dublin 24 (D24)","25 County Dublin (A41–K78)","26 Later developments","27 Marketing","28 See also","29 References","30 External links"]	"Dublin 3" redirects here. For the EU law on asylum processing, see Dublin III Regulation. Post townDublinPost townPostcode areasD1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D6W, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13, D14, D15, D16, D17, D18, D20, D22, D24. Codes A41 – K78 later added under the Eircode system. Dublin postal districts have been used by Ireland's postal service, known as An Post, to sort mail in Dublin. The system is similar to that used in cities in Europe and North America until they adopted national postal code systems in the 1960s and 1970s. These were incorporated into a new national postcode system, known as Eircode, which was implemented in 2015. Under the Eircode system, the city is covered by the original routing areas D01 to D24, along with A## and K## codes for locations elsewhere in County Dublin. History The green Leeson Street nameplate predates postal districts. The newer blue Hatch Street nameplate indicates the district is Dublin 2. The postal district system was introduced in 1917 by the British government, as a practical way to organise local postal distribution. This followed the example of other cities, including London, first subdivided into ten districts in 1857, and Liverpool, the first city in Britain or Ireland to have postcodes, from 1864. The letter "D" was assigned to designate Dublin and was retained by the new Irish government. Dublin didn't start using postal district numbers until 1927: 371 when the Department of Posts and Telegraphs initiated a scheme that requested senders to add a code to each address in Dublin City and suburbs. When mail was addressed in English senders were to add an appropriate postman's walk number but when addressed in Irish, different letters were used with the same walk numbers, such as Rathgar Road being D3 on mail addresses in English but S3 on Irish addressed mail. This scheme was not popular and within a few years became defunct. In 1961, a new postal district numbers started and these numbers were added to street signs prior to which street signs only displayed the street name in Irish and English. The number of districts was increased as the city grew, and in the 1970s, large districts were subdivided. Dublin 5 was split, with the coastal part retaining the "5" and the inland part becoming Dublin 17. Dublin 8, Ballyfermot became Dublin 10, along with Palmerstown and Chapelizod. However, Dublin 10 was subsequently split again, with Palmerstown and Chapelizod forming Dublin 20. In 1985, Dublin 6 was divided, with some areas, such as Templeogue, Kimmage and Terenure becoming part of a new district in order to facilitate processing of mail by a new delivery office for those areas. Residents of some areas objected to the assignation of the next available number, "Dublin 26", for the new postal district, citing property devaluation: the higher numbered districts typically represented less affluent and less central areas. An Post ultimately relented, and the western part of the district became known as Dublin 6W. Structure Street sign in Dublin, displaying name of the street in Irish and English, with postal district number Historically, the postal district appeared with one or two digits (or in the case of one district, a digit and a letter) at the end of addresses: Sample Address, Sample Street, Dublin 8 Under the Eircode postcode system, the postal district number is still retained in Dublin addresses, even though this information is also contained in the "Locator code" portion of the Eircode postcodes, e.g.: Sample Address, Sample Street, Dublin 8, D08 1X2Y In most cases, odd numbers are used for addresses on the Northside of the River Liffey, while even numbers are on addresses on the Southside. Exceptions to this are the Phoenix Park (along with a small area between the Park and the River Liffey), and Chapelizod Village which, although on the Northside, are parts of the Dublin 8 and Dublin 20 postal districts respectively. The numbering system is not used for some areas in County Dublin, such as Dún Laoghaire, Blackrock, Lucan or Swords, though it is used for other county locations, for example Firhouse, Foxrock, Kilshane, Knocklyon and Tallaght. Dublin's postal districts. Northside, covering local government area Southside, covering local government area Dublin 1 (D1) Dublin Dublin 2 (D2) Dublin Dublin 3 (D3) Dublin Dublin 4 (D4) Dublin, Dun Laoghaire Rathdown Dublin 5 (D5) Dublin Dublin 6 (D6) Dublin, Dún Laoghaire Rathdown Dublin 7 (D7) Dublin Dublin 6W (D6W) Dublin, South Dublin Dublin 9 (D9) Dublin Dublin 8 (D8) Dublin Dublin 11 (D11) Dublin, Fingal Dublin 10 (D10) Dublin Dublin 13 (D13) Dublin, Fingal Dublin 12 (D12) Dublin Dublin 15 (D15) Fingal Dublin 14 (D14) Dublin, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, South Dublin Dublin 17 (D17) Dublin, Fingal Dublin 16 (D16) Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, South Dublin Dublin 18 (D18) Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Dublin 20 (D20) Dublin, South Dublin Dublin 22 (D22) South Dublin Dublin 24 (D24) South Dublin "County Dublin"; Fingal, South Dublin, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, and small pockets of Meath Publicly distributed leaflet to publicise the Dublin Postal Districts issued by the Irish Department of Posts and Telegraphs, dated April 1976. At this time, D6W, D22, and D17 did not yet exist. O'Connell Street in Dublin 1 Dublin 1 (D1) Main article: Dublin 1 Dublin 1 includes most of the city centre north of the River Liffey, including Abbey Street, Amiens Street, Capel Street, Dorset Street, Henry Street and Mary Street, Mountjoy Square, Marlborough Street, North Wall, O'Connell Street, Parnell Square, and Talbot Street. This area include the General Post Office, from which distances are measured. Dublin 2 (D2) St Stephen's Green in Dublin 2 Main article: Dublin 2 Dublin 2 encompasses most of the city centre south of the River Liffey and takes in areas around Merrion Square, Trinity College, Temple Bar, Grafton Street, St Stephen's Green, Dame Street, and Leeson Street. Dublin 2 also covers the Grand Canal Dock and the City Quay areas. Dublin 2 is the location of a number of government departments and addresses such as Leinster House, Government Buildings, and the Mansion House. The borders of Dublin 2 are the Liffey in the north, the Grand Canal to the south and east and Aungier, Wexford and Camden Streets to the west. Dublin 3 (D3) Dublin 3 encompasses areas such as Ballybough, North Strand, Clonliffe, Clontarf, Dollymount, East Wall (including East Point), Fairview, most of Killester, and Marino. Dublin 4 (D4) Main article: Dublin 4 The Dublin Docklands span D1, D2, and pockets of D4. Dublin 4 includes Ballsbridge, Belfield, Donnybrook, Irishtown, Merrion, Pembroke, Ringsend and Sandymount and contains the RDS grounds, Aviva Stadium (formerly Lansdowne Road stadium), and many embassies. Long considered the city's wealthiest postcode, "Dublin 4" has acquired its own socio-economic identity. Dublin 5 (D5) Dublin 5 includes most of Artane, central Coolock, Harmonstown, Kilbarrack, Killester, and Raheny. Dublin 6 (D6) Dublin 6 includes Milltown, Ranelagh, parts of Terenure, Rathmines (including Dartry), and Rathgar. Dublin 6 West (D6W) Edwardian-era houses in Terenure, D6W Dublin 6 West includes Harold's Cross, Templeogue, Kimmage and Terenure. Dublin 7 (D7) Dublin 7 includes Arbour Hill, some parts of Ashtown, Broadstone, Cabra, Grangegorman, Oxmantown, Phibsborough, Smithfield, Stoneybatter. Dublin 8 (D8) Main article: Dublin 8 Dublin 8 includes Dolphin's Barn, Inchicore, Islandbridge, Kilmainham, Merchants Quay, Portobello, South Circular Road, the Phoenix Park and the Liberties. Notable buildings include Christ Church Cathedral and St. Patrick's Cathedral. It is one of only two postal districts to span the Liffey. Dublin 9 (D9) Dublin 9 includes parts of Ballymun east of Ballymun Road (Shangan and Coultry), Beaumont, Donnycarney, Drumcondra, Elm Mount, Griffith Avenue, parts of Glasnevin (St Mobhi, Botanic Gardens and Met Éireann), Santry, and Whitehall. Dublin 10 (D10) Dublin 10 includes Ballyfermot, Sarsfield Road, and Cherry Orchard. Dublin 11 (D11) Dublin 11 includes most of Ballymun west of Ballymun Road (Sillogue, Balcurris, Balbutcher, Poppintree, Sandyhill and Wadelai), Dubber Cross, Finglas (including Ballygall and Cappagh), most of Glasnevin (Cremore, Addison, Violet Hill, Finglas Road, Old Finglas Road and Glasnevin Cemetery), Kilshane Cross, The Ward and Coolquay. Dublin 12 (D12) Dublin 12 includes Bluebell, Crumlin, parts of Terenure, Kimmage, Drimnagh, Greenhills, Perrystown and Walkinstown. Dublin 13 (D13) Dublin 13 includes Baldoyle, Bayside, Donaghmede, Clongriffin, Sutton, Howth and Ayrfield. Clongriffin in D13 Dublin 14 (D14) Dublin 14 includes Churchtown, Clonskeagh, most of Dundrum, Goatstown, lower Rathfarnham and Windy Arbour. Dublin 15 (D15) Main article: Dublin 15 Dublin 15 includes Ashtown, Blanchardstown, Castleknock, Coolmine, Clonsilla, Corduff, Mulhuddart, Tyrrelstown, and Ongar. While the town of Clonee is located in Dublin's neighbouring County Meath, for mailing purposes it is designated as D15. This leads to a mailing quirk whereby the town's addresses could be verbalised as ending with, "County Meath, Dublin 15".Tallaght in D24 Dublin 16 (D16) Dublin 16 includes Ballinteer, Ballyboden, parts of Dundrum, Kilmashogue, Knocklyon, upper Rathfarnham and Rockbrook. Dublin 17 (D17) Dublin 17 includes Balgriffin, most of Coolock, and Belcamp, Darndale, Priorswood and Riverside. Dublin 18 (D18) Dublin 18 includes Cabinteely, Carrickmines, Foxrock, Kilternan, Sandyford, Shankill, Ticknock, Ballyedmonduff, Stepaside, and Leopardstown. Malahide in County Dublin (K36) Dublin 20 (D20) Dublin 20 includes Chapelizod, and Palmerstown. This is one of only two postal districts to span the Liffey. Dublin 22 (D22) Dublin 22 includes Clondalkin, Liffey Valley, Newcastle and Neilstown. Dublin 24 (D24) Dublin 24 includes Firhouse, Jobstown, Old Bawn, Tallaght, and parts of Ballymount. Routing areas of County Dublin after the implementation of Eircode County Dublin (A41–K78) These areas do not fall inside the historic Dublin postal districts and their postal routing keys came about through the new Eircode system. This is because many of these suburbs and towns fell outside the purview of Dublin city in the past. Today, they form part of "A" and "K" Dublin Eircode areas. There are 12 of these districts in total. Notable locales include Blackrock, Dún Laoghaire, Malahide, Swords, Lucan, Rush and Skerries. While a small part of Bray lies in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, for mailing purposes, the entirety of Bray is in County Wicklow's A98 routing area. Later developments Main article: Postal addresses in the Republic of Ireland § Eircode Successive Ministers for Communications since 2005 announced plans to introduce a full postcode system across the state. On 8 October 2013, Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Pat Rabbitte announced a postcode system for the entire country. This came into effect during 2015 and gave an individual post code to every address in Ireland. The pre-existing Dublin district numbers are a component of the full postcode for relevant addresses, forming part of the routing code, the first three characters of the code. For example, a code for an address in Dublin 1 would start with D01, followed by four characters, hence Dublin D01 B2CD. Marketing The districts are sometimes used in a manner similar to the sub-districts of the London postal district whereby they replace a placename. A property might be described as being "in D4", for example. This public awareness of Dublin postal districts allows occasional use in marketing. Dublin n is usually abbreviated to Dn, with examples including the "D7 Restaurant", "Dtwo" nightclub, or "D4 Hotels". D One restaurant Dtwo nightclub D4 Hotels Rhodes D7 restaurant See also Republic of Ireland postal addresses List of Eircode routing areas in Ireland List of postal codes References ^ "New postal code system by 2011". The Irish Times. 21 September 2009. ^ a b "Ireland's new postcode system launches today – here's what you need to know". thejournal.ie. The Journal. 13 July 2015. ^ "New 'Eircodes' being sent to Fingal addresses this month". Fingal Independent. 18 July 2015. ^ "Dubliners go postal over the right address". Irish Independent. 19 July 2015. The new regime does not yet seem to spell the end for the postal district numbering system drawn up under British rule in 1917 ^ a b c d e f "Dublin's vanishing postal districts". The Irish Times. 16 March 2015. The postal districts in Dublin date back to 1917, when they were also introduced in cross- channel cities. Postal districts had started in London in 1857 Dublin didn't start using postal district numbers until 1961, as reflected in the old green street nameplates ^ "Ireland's new postcodes: Everything you need to know about Eircode". Irish Mirror. 13 July 2015. ^ Ferguson, Stephen (2016). The Post Office in Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-911024-32-3. ^ Post-Líomatáiste Bhaile Átha Cliath: Dublin Postal Area, Department of Posts and Telegraphs, August 1927, pp. 1, 3, 8, 11 ^ "It's in the postcode". Irish Independent. 26 September 2009. ^ "Postcode war 'in next year'". Irish Independent. 21 September 2008. ^ "Postcode snobbery screams 'location, location, location'". The Irish Times. 11 October 2003. ^ Moore, Robert (2011). ""If I Actually Talked Like That, I'd Pull a Gun on Myself": Accent, Avoidance, and Moral Panic in Irish English". Anthropological Quarterly. 84 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1353/anq.2011.0014. JSTOR 41237479. S2CID 1097733. ^ Note: Most of the civil parish of Artaine – the townlands of Artaine South, Artaine West and Puckstown – lies within Dublin 9. ^ "Ryan finalises plans for new postcode system". Sunday Tribune. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. ^ Coyle, Coloin (10 September 2006). "Upmarket Dublin survives postcode shake-up". The Sunday Times. Ireland News. UK. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Michael, Jason (21 September 2009). "New postal code system by 2011". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Rabbitte, Minister Pat (8 October 2013). "Rabbitte Gets Green Light From Cabinet For "Next Generation Postcode" System By 2015". Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". eircode.ie. Eircode. Retrieved 12 April 2019. The existing established Dublin Postal Districts 1 to 24 and 6W are being retained in the Routing Key as D01 to D24 ^ Deegan, Gordon (1 December 2020). "Co-living scheme in D4 gets green light". The Irish Times. Dublin. Retrieved 28 May 2021. ^ O'Shea, Cormac (16 September 2020). "Dublin 'nightclub' to reopen its doors this week but not as you once knew it". The Irish Mirror. Dublin. Retrieved 1 March 2021. External links Eircode (official website) An Post – The Post Office ComReg – Commission for Communications Regulation vteHistory of DublinTimeline and general Timeline of Dublin Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin Dublin Corporation Local government in Dublin Lord Mayor of Dublin Sheriff of Dublin City Historical maps of Dublin Early Dublin Battle of Clontarf Dublin slave market Bridge of Dublin Early Scandinavian Dublin History of Dublin to 795 Kingdom of Dublin Riding The Franchises (1192-1780s) Middle Ages The Pale Dublin Castle Donnybrook Fair Gates of Dublin St Patrick's Cathedral Christ Church Cathedral Rathborne Candles St. Audoen's Church St. Mary's Abbey St. Michan's Church The Tholsel Early modern Trinity College Dublin (Est. 1592) Dublin Gunpowder Explosion (1597) Battle of Rathmines (1649) Siege of Dublin (1649) The Brazen Head (Est. 1661) Dick's Coffee House (1698-1780) Georgian Architecture in Dublin (1700s) The Great South Wall (1700s) and Bull Wall (1820s) Dublin Election Riot (1713) Drapier's Letters (1724-5) The Linenhall (1728-1916) The Hell Fire Club (1735-1741) Premiere of Handel's Messiah (1742) Daly's Club (1750-1823) Wide Streets Commission (1758-1851) Guinness Brewery (Est. 1759) The Royal Exchange (1779) Kildare Street Club (Est. 1782) Richard Crosbie's Balloon Ascent (1785) The Grand Canal and Royal Canal (Early 1800s) Dublin Quays (1800s) Irish Rebellion of 1803 (1803) Martello Towers (1808) Military Road (1809) Dún Laoghaire Harbour (1842) Great Industrial Exhibition (1853) Monto (Red Light District) (1860s-1950s) Wellington Monument (1861) International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1865) Dublin tramways (1872-1959) Dublin Whiskey Fire (1875) Phoenix Park Murders (1882) Dublin Castle Scandal (1884) Late modern Irish International Exhibition (1907) Theft of the Irish Crown Jewels (1907) Dublin Lock-out (1913-14) Bachelor's Walk massacre (1914) Howth gun-running (1914) Easter Rising (1916) Introduction of Dublin Postal Districts (1917) Bloody Sunday (1920) The Liffey Swim (Est. 1920) Burning of the Custom House (1921) Battle of Dublin (1922) Assassination of Kevin O'Higgins (1927) Bombing of Dublin in World War II (1941) Bloomsday commemorations (Est. 1954) Destruction of Nelson's Pillar (1966) Dublin Fires (1970) Hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest (1971, 1981, 1988, 1994, 1995, 1997) Dublin and Monaghan Bombings (1974) Dublin Airport Bombing (1975) GUBU (Malcolm MacArthur) (1982) Dublin Area Rapid Transit (1984) European Capital of Culture (1991) Assassination of Veronica Guerin (1996) Contemporary Dublin Millennium celebrations (2000) Spire of Dublin (2003) Luas (2004) May Day protests (2004) Dublin Riots (2006) Dublin Port Tunnel (2006) Bank of Ireland Robbery (2009) M50 motorway (2010) Misc James "Lugs" Branigan Lady on the Rock vteRegions of County Dublin County seats: Dublin Dún Laoghaire Tallaght Swords Cities Dublin County Dublin in IrelandTowns and villages List of towns and villages in County Dublin Counties Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Fingal South Dublin Other regions Northside Southside Greater Dublin Area County Dublin Civil sub-divisions List of subdivisions of County Dublin List of townlands of County Dublin List of Dublin postal districts Baronies of Dublin Balrothery East Balrothery West Castleknock Coolock Dublin Dublin City Nethercross Newcastle Rathdown Uppercross	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin III Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_III_Regulation"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"An Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Post"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"postal code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_code"},{"link_name":"Eircode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eircode"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eircodelaunch-2"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Dublin 3\" redirects here. For the EU law on asylum processing, see Dublin III Regulation.Post townDublin postal districts have been used by Ireland's postal service, known as An Post, to sort mail in Dublin. The system is similar to that used in cities in Europe and North America until they adopted national postal code systems in the 1960s and 1970s. These were incorporated into a new national postcode system, known as Eircode, which was implemented in 2015.[1][2] Under the Eircode system, the city is covered by the original routing areas D01 to D24, along with A## and K## codes for locations elsewhere in County Dublin.[3]","title":"List of Dublin postal districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leeson_St_-_Hatch_St_nameplates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leeson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeson_Street"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-5"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Britain or Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferguson-7"},{"link_name":"Department of Posts and Telegraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs"},{"link_name":"Rathgar Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathgar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-5"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Ballyfermot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyfermot"},{"link_name":"Palmerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerstown"},{"link_name":"Chapelizod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelizod"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Templeogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeogue"},{"link_name":"Kimmage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmage"},{"link_name":"Terenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenure"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The green Leeson Street nameplate predates postal districts. The newer blue Hatch Street nameplate indicates the district is Dublin 2.The postal district system was introduced in 1917 by the British government, as a practical way to organise local postal distribution.[4] This followed the example of other cities, including London, first subdivided into ten districts in 1857,[5] and Liverpool, the first city in Britain or Ireland to have postcodes, from 1864. The letter \"D\" was assigned to designate Dublin[6] and was retained by the new Irish government.[5]Dublin didn't start using postal district numbers until 1927[7]: 371 when the Department of Posts and Telegraphs initiated a scheme that requested senders to add a code to each address in Dublin City and suburbs. When mail was addressed in English senders were to add an appropriate postman's walk number but when addressed in Irish, different letters were used with the same walk numbers, such as Rathgar Road being D3 on mail addresses in English but S3 on Irish addressed mail.[8] This scheme was not popular and within a few years became defunct. In 1961, a new postal district numbers started and these numbers were added to street signs[5] prior to which street signs only displayed the street name in Irish and English.The number of districts was increased as the city grew, and in the 1970s, large districts were subdivided. Dublin 5 was split, with the coastal part retaining the \"5\" and the inland part becoming Dublin 17. Dublin 8, Ballyfermot became Dublin 10, along with Palmerstown and Chapelizod. However, Dublin 10 was subsequently split again, with Palmerstown and Chapelizod forming Dublin 20.[9]In 1985, Dublin 6 was divided, with some areas, such as Templeogue, Kimmage and Terenure becoming part of a new district in order to facilitate processing of mail by a new delivery office for those areas. Residents of some areas objected to the assignation of the next available number, \"Dublin 26\", for the new postal district, citing property devaluation: the higher numbered districts typically represented less affluent and less central areas.[10] An Post ultimately relented, and the western part of the district became known as Dublin 6W.[5][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dublin_DPD_Street_sign.png"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Eircode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eircode"},{"link_name":"Northside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northside_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Southside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park"},{"link_name":"Chapelizod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelizod"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-5"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"Blackrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackrock,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Lucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan,_County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Firhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firhouse"},{"link_name":"Foxrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxrock"},{"link_name":"Knocklyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocklyon"},{"link_name":"Tallaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallaght"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dpd_leaflet.jpg"},{"link_name":"leaflet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaflet_(information)"},{"link_name":"Department of Posts and Telegraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O%27Connell_Monument,_O%27Connell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2945709.jpg"},{"link_name":"O'Connell Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connell_Street"}],"text":"Street sign in Dublin, displaying name of the street in Irish and English, with postal district numberHistorically, the postal district appeared with one or two digits (or in the case of one district, a digit and a letter) at the end of addresses:Sample Address, Sample Street, Dublin 8Under the Eircode postcode system, the postal district number is still retained in Dublin addresses, even though this information is also contained in the \"Locator code\" portion of the Eircode postcodes, e.g.:Sample Address, Sample Street, Dublin 8, D08 1X2YIn most cases, odd numbers are used for addresses on the Northside of the River Liffey, while even numbers are on addresses on the Southside. Exceptions to this are the Phoenix Park (along with a small area between the Park and the River Liffey), and Chapelizod Village which, although on the Northside, are parts of the Dublin 8 and Dublin 20 postal districts respectively.[5]The numbering system is not used for some areas in County Dublin, such as Dún Laoghaire, Blackrock, Lucan or Swords, though it is used for other county locations, for example Firhouse, Foxrock, Kilshane, Knocklyon and Tallaght.[citation needed]Publicly distributed leaflet to publicise the Dublin Postal Districts issued by the Irish Department of Posts and Telegraphs, dated April 1976. At this time, D6W, D22, and D17 did not yet exist.O'Connell Street in Dublin 1","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbey Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Street"},{"link_name":"Amiens Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Street,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Capel Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel_Street"},{"link_name":"Dorset Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Street,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Henry Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Street_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Mountjoy Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountjoy_Square"},{"link_name":"Marlborough Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Street_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"North Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wall_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"O'Connell Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connell_Street"},{"link_name":"Parnell Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnell_Square"},{"link_name":"Talbot Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Street"}],"text":"Dublin 1 includes most of the city centre north of the River Liffey, including Abbey Street, Amiens Street, Capel Street, Dorset Street, Henry Street and Mary Street, Mountjoy Square, Marlborough Street, North Wall, O'Connell Street, Parnell Square, and Talbot Street. This area include the General Post Office, from which distances are measured.","title":"Dublin 1 (D1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"River Liffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Liffey"},{"link_name":"Merrion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrion_Square"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Temple Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Bar,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Grafton Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Street_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Dame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Street"},{"link_name":"Leeson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeson_Street"},{"link_name":"Leinster House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_House"},{"link_name":"Government Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Buildings"},{"link_name":"Mansion House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)"}],"text":"St Stephen's Green in Dublin 2Dublin 2 encompasses most of the city centre south of the River Liffey and takes in areas around Merrion Square, Trinity College, Temple Bar, Grafton Street, St Stephen's Green, Dame Street, and Leeson Street. Dublin 2 also covers the Grand Canal Dock and the City Quay areas. Dublin 2 is the location of a number of government departments and addresses such as Leinster House, Government Buildings, and the Mansion House. The borders of Dublin 2 are the Liffey in the north, the Grand Canal to the south and east and Aungier, Wexford and Camden Streets to the west.","title":"Dublin 2 (D2)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballybough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballybough"},{"link_name":"North Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Strand"},{"link_name":"Clonliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonliffe"},{"link_name":"Clontarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dollymount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollymount"},{"link_name":"East Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wall"},{"link_name":"East Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Point,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Fairview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Killester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killester"},{"link_name":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino,_Dublin"}],"text":"Dublin 3 encompasses areas such as Ballybough, North Strand, Clonliffe, Clontarf, Dollymount, East Wall (including East Point), Fairview, most of Killester, and Marino.","title":"Dublin 3 (D3)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_by_day.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dublin Docklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Docklands"},{"link_name":"Ballsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballsbridge"},{"link_name":"Belfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfield,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Donnybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnybrook,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irishtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irishtown,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Merrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrion,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Township"},{"link_name":"Ringsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringsend"},{"link_name":"Sandymount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandymount"},{"link_name":"RDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society"},{"link_name":"Aviva Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviva_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lansdowne Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdowne_Road"},{"link_name":"embassies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"Dublin 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Dublin Docklands span D1, D2, and pockets of D4.Dublin 4 includes Ballsbridge, Belfield, Donnybrook, Irishtown, Merrion, Pembroke, Ringsend and Sandymount and contains the RDS grounds, Aviva Stadium (formerly Lansdowne Road stadium), and many embassies. Long considered the city's wealthiest postcode, \"Dublin 4\" has acquired its own socio-economic identity.[12]","title":"Dublin 4 (D4)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artane,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Coolock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolock"},{"link_name":"Harmonstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonstown"},{"link_name":"Kilbarrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbarrack"},{"link_name":"Killester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killester"},{"link_name":"Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny"}],"text":"Dublin 5 includes most of Artane,[13] central Coolock, Harmonstown, Kilbarrack, Killester, and Raheny.","title":"Dublin 5 (D5)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milltown,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ranelagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranelagh"},{"link_name":"Terenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenure"},{"link_name":"Rathmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathmines"},{"link_name":"Dartry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartry"},{"link_name":"Rathgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathgar"}],"text":"Dublin 6 includes Milltown, Ranelagh, parts of Terenure, Rathmines (including Dartry), and Rathgar.","title":"Dublin 6 (D6)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terenure_Park,_Dublin_D6W.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenure"},{"link_name":"Harold's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Templeogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeogue"},{"link_name":"Kimmage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmage"},{"link_name":"Terenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenure"}],"text":"Edwardian-era houses in Terenure, D6WDublin 6 West includes Harold's Cross, Templeogue, Kimmage and Terenure.","title":"Dublin 6 West (D6W)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbour Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbour_Hill"},{"link_name":"Ashtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtown,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Broadstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadstone,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Cabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabra,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Grangegorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grangegorman"},{"link_name":"Oxmantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxmantown"},{"link_name":"Phibsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phibsborough"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Stoneybatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneybatter"}],"text":"Dublin 7 includes Arbour Hill, some parts of Ashtown, Broadstone, Cabra, Grangegorman, Oxmantown, Phibsborough, Smithfield, Stoneybatter.","title":"Dublin 7 (D7)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolphin's Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin%27s_Barn"},{"link_name":"Inchicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchicore"},{"link_name":"Islandbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandbridge"},{"link_name":"Kilmainham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmainham"},{"link_name":"Portobello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portobello,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"South Circular Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Circular_Road,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park"},{"link_name":"the Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberties,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diary-5"}],"text":"Dublin 8 includes Dolphin's Barn, Inchicore, Islandbridge, Kilmainham, Merchants Quay, Portobello, South Circular Road, the Phoenix Park and the Liberties. Notable buildings include Christ Church Cathedral and St. Patrick's Cathedral. It is one of only two postal districts to span the Liffey.[5]","title":"Dublin 8 (D8)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballymun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun"},{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Donnycarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnycarney"},{"link_name":"Drumcondra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcondra,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin"},{"link_name":"Botanic Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Botanic_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Met Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Meteorological_Service"},{"link_name":"Santry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santry"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall,_Dublin"}],"text":"Dublin 9 includes parts of Ballymun east of Ballymun Road (Shangan and Coultry), Beaumont, Donnycarney, Drumcondra, Elm Mount, Griffith Avenue, parts of Glasnevin (St Mobhi, Botanic Gardens and Met Éireann), Santry, and Whitehall.","title":"Dublin 9 (D9)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballyfermot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyfermot"},{"link_name":"Sarsfield Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarsfield_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cherry Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Orchard,_Dublin"}],"text":"Dublin 10 includes Ballyfermot, Sarsfield Road, and Cherry Orchard.","title":"Dublin 10 (D10)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballymun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun"},{"link_name":"Finglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finglas"},{"link_name":"Ballygall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygall"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery"}],"text":"Dublin 11 includes most of Ballymun west of Ballymun Road (Sillogue, Balcurris, Balbutcher, Poppintree, Sandyhill and Wadelai), Dubber Cross, Finglas (including Ballygall and Cappagh), most of Glasnevin (Cremore, Addison, Violet Hill, Finglas Road, Old Finglas Road and Glasnevin Cemetery), Kilshane Cross, The Ward and Coolquay.","title":"Dublin 11 (D11)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bluebell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebell,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Crumlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumlin,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Kimmage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmage"},{"link_name":"Drimnagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimnagh"},{"link_name":"Greenhills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhills,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Perrystown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrystown"},{"link_name":"Walkinstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkinstown"}],"text":"Dublin 12 includes Bluebell, Crumlin, parts of Terenure, Kimmage, Drimnagh, Greenhills, Perrystown and Walkinstown.","title":"Dublin 12 (D12)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldoyle"},{"link_name":"Bayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Donaghmede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaghmede"},{"link_name":"Clongriffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clongriffin"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth"},{"link_name":"Ayrfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clongriffin.jpg"}],"text":"Dublin 13 includes Baldoyle, Bayside, Donaghmede, Clongriffin, Sutton, Howth and Ayrfield.Clongriffin in D13","title":"Dublin 13 (D13)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Churchtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchtown,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Clonskeagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonskeagh"},{"link_name":"Dundrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundrum,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Goatstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatstown"},{"link_name":"Rathfarnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathfarnham"},{"link_name":"Windy Arbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_Arbour"}],"text":"Dublin 14 includes Churchtown, Clonskeagh, most of Dundrum, Goatstown, lower Rathfarnham and Windy Arbour.","title":"Dublin 14 (D14)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtown,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Blanchardstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanchardstown"},{"link_name":"Castleknock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleknock"},{"link_name":"Coolmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolmine"},{"link_name":"Clonsilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonsilla"},{"link_name":"Corduff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduff"},{"link_name":"Mulhuddart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhuddart"},{"link_name":"Tyrrelstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrelstown"},{"link_name":"Ongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongar,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Clonee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonee"},{"link_name":"County Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LUAS_tram_no._3013_at_Tallaght,_Dublin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2540478.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tallaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallaght"}],"text":"Dublin 15 includes Ashtown, Blanchardstown, Castleknock, Coolmine, Clonsilla, Corduff, Mulhuddart, Tyrrelstown, and Ongar. While the town of Clonee is located in Dublin's neighbouring County Meath, for mailing purposes it is designated as D15. This leads to a mailing quirk whereby the town's addresses could be verbalised as ending with, \"County Meath, Dublin 15\".Tallaght in D24","title":"Dublin 15 (D15)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballinteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinteer"},{"link_name":"Ballyboden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyboden"},{"link_name":"Dundrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundrum,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Kilmashogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmashogue"},{"link_name":"Knocklyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocklyon"},{"link_name":"Rathfarnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathfarnham"},{"link_name":"Rockbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockbrook"}],"text":"Dublin 16 includes Ballinteer, Ballyboden, parts of Dundrum, Kilmashogue, Knocklyon, upper Rathfarnham and Rockbrook.","title":"Dublin 16 (D16)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balgriffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgriffin"},{"link_name":"Coolock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolock"},{"link_name":"Belcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcamp"},{"link_name":"Darndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darndale"}],"text":"Dublin 17 includes Balgriffin, most of Coolock, and Belcamp, Darndale, Priorswood and Riverside.","title":"Dublin 17 (D17)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabinteely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinteely"},{"link_name":"Carrickmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickmines"},{"link_name":"Foxrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxrock"},{"link_name":"Kilternan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilternan"},{"link_name":"Sandyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandyford"},{"link_name":"Shankill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Stepaside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepaside(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Leopardstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardstown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130811_malahide223.JPG"},{"link_name":"Malahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malahide"}],"text":"Dublin 18 includes Cabinteely, Carrickmines, Foxrock, Kilternan, Sandyford, Shankill, Ticknock, Ballyedmonduff, Stepaside, and Leopardstown.Malahide in County Dublin (K36)","title":"Dublin 18 (D18)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapelizod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelizod"},{"link_name":"Palmerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerstown"}],"text":"Dublin 20 includes Chapelizod, and Palmerstown. This is one of only two postal districts to span the Liffey.","title":"Dublin 20 (D20)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clondalkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clondalkin"}],"text":"Dublin 22 includes Clondalkin, Liffey Valley, Newcastle and Neilstown.","title":"Dublin 22 (D22)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Firhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firhouse"},{"link_name":"Jobstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobstown"},{"link_name":"Old Bawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bawn"},{"link_name":"Tallaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallaght"},{"link_name":"Ballymount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymount"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EircodeDublin.jpg"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Eircode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eircode"}],"text":"Dublin 24 includes Firhouse, Jobstown, Old Bawn, Tallaght, and parts of Ballymount.Routing areas of County Dublin after the implementation of Eircode","title":"Dublin 24 (D24)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eircode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_addresses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Eircode areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eircode_routing_areas_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Blackrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackrock,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"Malahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malahide"},{"link_name":"Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Lucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Skerries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skerries,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"}],"text":"These areas do not fall inside the historic Dublin postal districts and their postal routing keys came about through the new Eircode system. This is because many of these suburbs and towns fell outside the purview of Dublin city in the past. Today, they form part of \"A\" and \"K\" Dublin Eircode areas. There are 12 of these districts in total. Notable locales include Blackrock, Dún Laoghaire, Malahide, Swords, Lucan, Rush and Skerries. While a small part of Bray lies in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, for mailing purposes, the entirety of Bray is in County Wicklow's A98 routing area.","title":"County Dublin (A41–K78)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministers for Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pat Rabbitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Rabbitte"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eircodelaunch-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Successive Ministers for Communications since 2005 announced plans to introduce a full postcode system across the state.[14][15][16]On 8 October 2013, Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Pat Rabbitte announced a postcode system for the entire country.[17] This came into effect during 2015 and gave an individual post code to every address in Ireland.[2] The pre-existing Dublin district numbers are a component of the full postcode for relevant addresses, forming part of the routing code, the first three characters of the code. For example, a code for an address in Dublin 1 would start with D01, followed by four characters, hence Dublin D01 B2CD.[18]","title":"Later developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London postal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_postal_district"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D_One_restaurant.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DTwo_Club.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D4_Hotels_sign.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodes_D7_Restaurant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Rhodes"}],"text":"The districts are sometimes used in a manner similar to the sub-districts of the London postal district whereby they replace a placename. A property might be described as being \"in D4\", for example.[19] This public awareness of Dublin postal districts allows occasional use in marketing. Dublin n is usually abbreviated to Dn, with examples including the \"D7 Restaurant\", \"Dtwo\" nightclub, or \"D4 Hotels\".[20]D One restaurant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDtwo nightclub\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tD4 Hotels\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRhodes D7 restaurant","title":"Marketing"}]	[{"image_text":"The green Leeson Street nameplate predates postal districts. The newer blue Hatch Street nameplate indicates the district is Dublin 2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Leeson_St_-_Hatch_St_nameplates.jpg/220px-Leeson_St_-_Hatch_St_nameplates.jpg"},{"image_text":"Street sign in Dublin, displaying name of the street in Irish and English, with postal district number","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dublin_DPD_Street_sign.png/220px-Dublin_DPD_Street_sign.png"},{"image_text":"Publicly distributed leaflet to publicise the Dublin Postal Districts issued by the Irish Department of Posts and Telegraphs, dated April 1976. At this time, D6W, D22, and D17 did not yet exist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Dpd_leaflet.jpg/220px-Dpd_leaflet.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Connell Street in Dublin 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/O%27Connell_Monument%2C_O%27Connell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2945709.jpg/220px-O%27Connell_Monument%2C_O%27Connell_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2945709.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Stephen's Green in Dublin 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg/220px-Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dublin Docklands span D1, D2, and pockets of D4.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_by_day.jpg/220px-Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_by_day.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edwardian-era houses in Terenure, D6W","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Terenure_Park%2C_Dublin_D6W.jpg/220px-Terenure_Park%2C_Dublin_D6W.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clongriffin in D13","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Clongriffin.jpg/220px-Clongriffin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tallaght in D24","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/LUAS_tram_no._3013_at_Tallaght%2C_Dublin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2540478.jpg/220px-LUAS_tram_no._3013_at_Tallaght%2C_Dublin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2540478.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malahide in County Dublin (K36)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/20130811_malahide223.JPG/220px-20130811_malahide223.JPG"},{"image_text":"Routing areas of County Dublin after the implementation of Eircode","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EircodeDublin.jpg/220px-EircodeDublin.jpg"},{"image_text":"County Dublin in Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Dublin.svg/80px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Dublin.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Republic of Ireland postal addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_postal_addresses"},{"title":"List of Eircode routing areas in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eircode_routing_areas_in_Ireland"},{"title":"List of postal codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postal_codes"}]	[{"reference":"\"New postal code system by 2011\". The Irish Times. 21 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0921/breaking20.html?via=mr","url_text":"\"New postal code system by 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland's new postcode system launches today – here's what you need to know\". thejournal.ie. The Journal. 13 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/eircode-launch-2213263-Jul2015/","url_text":"\"Ireland's new postcode system launches today – here's what you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"\"New 'Eircodes' being sent to Fingal addresses this month\". Fingal Independent. 18 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/new-eircodes-being-sent-to-fingal-addresses-this-month-31372864.html","url_text":"\"New 'Eircodes' being sent to Fingal addresses this month\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dubliners go postal over the right address\". Irish Independent. 19 July 2015. The new regime does not yet seem to spell the end for the postal district numbering system [..] drawn up under British rule in 1917","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/life/dubliners-go-postal-over-the-right-address-31382746.html","url_text":"\"Dubliners go postal over the right address\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin's vanishing postal districts\". The Irish Times. 16 March 2015. The postal districts in Dublin date back to 1917, when they were also introduced in cross- channel cities. Postal districts had started in London in 1857 [..] Dublin didn't start using postal district numbers until 1961, as reflected in the old green street nameplates","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/an-irishman-s-diary-on-dublin-s-vanishing-postal-districts-1.2139140","url_text":"\"Dublin's vanishing postal districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland's new postcodes: Everything you need to know about Eircode\". Irish Mirror. 13 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/eircode-irelands-new-postcodes-everything-you-need-to-know-6056548","url_text":"\"Ireland's new postcodes: Everything you need to know about Eircode\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Stephen (2016). The Post Office in Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-911024-32-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press","url_text":"Irish Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911024-32-3","url_text":"978-1-911024-32-3"}]},{"reference":"Post-Líomatáiste Bhaile Átha Cliath: Dublin Postal Area, Department of Posts and Telegraphs, August 1927, pp. 1, 3, 8, 11","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs","url_text":"Department of Posts and Telegraphs"}]},{"reference":"\"It's in the postcode\". Irish Independent. 26 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/its-in-the-postcode-1897334.html","url_text":"\"It's in the postcode\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcode war 'in next year'\". Irish Independent. 21 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/postcode-war-in-next-year-1479383.html","url_text":"\"Postcode war 'in next year'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Postcode snobbery screams 'location, location, location'\". The Irish Times. 11 October 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/postcode-snobbery-screams-location-location-location-1.382978","url_text":"\"Postcode snobbery screams 'location, location, location'\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Robert (2011). \"\"If I Actually Talked Like That, I'd Pull a Gun on Myself\": Accent, Avoidance, and Moral Panic in Irish English\". Anthropological Quarterly. 84 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1353/anq.2011.0014. JSTOR 41237479. S2CID 1097733.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanq.2011.0014","url_text":"10.1353/anq.2011.0014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41237479","url_text":"41237479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1097733","url_text":"1097733"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan finalises plans for new postcode system\". Sunday Tribune. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100709181908/http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2010/jan/03/ryan-finalises-plans-for-new-postcode-system/","url_text":"\"Ryan finalises plans for new postcode system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Tribune","url_text":"Sunday Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2010/jan/03/ryan-finalises-plans-for-new-postcode-system","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coyle, Coloin (10 September 2006). \"Upmarket Dublin survives postcode shake-up\". The Sunday Times. Ireland News. UK. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511112425/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article634379.ece","url_text":"\"Upmarket Dublin survives postcode shake-up\""},{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article634379.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael, Jason (21 September 2009). \"New postal code system by 2011\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0921/breaking20.htm","url_text":"\"New postal code system by 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Rabbitte, Minister Pat (8 October 2013). \"Rabbitte Gets Green Light From Cabinet For \"Next Generation Postcode\" System By 2015\". Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131122061914/http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Press+Releases/2013/RABBITTE+GETS+GREEN+LIGHT+NEXT+GEN+POSTCODE+BY+2015.htm","url_text":"\"Rabbitte Gets Green Light From Cabinet For \"Next Generation Postcode\" System By 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Press+Releases/2013/RABBITTE+GETS+GREEN+LIGHT+NEXT+GEN+POSTCODE+BY+2015.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". eircode.ie. Eircode. Retrieved 12 April 2019. The existing established Dublin Postal Districts 1 to 24 and 6W are being retained in the Routing Key as D01 to D24","urls":[{"url":"http://eircode.ie/faqs.html","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eircode","url_text":"Eircode"}]},{"reference":"Deegan, Gordon (1 December 2020). \"Co-living scheme in D4 gets green light\". The Irish Times. Dublin. Retrieved 28 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/co-living-scheme-in-d4-gets-green-light-1.4424842","url_text":"\"Co-living scheme in D4 gets green light\""}]},{"reference":"O'Shea, Cormac (16 September 2020). \"Dublin 'nightclub' to reopen its doors this week but not as you once knew it\". The Irish Mirror. Dublin. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishmirror.ie/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/dublin-nightclub-reopen-doors-week-22692506","url_text":"\"Dublin 'nightclub' to reopen its doors this week but not as you once knew it\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0921/breaking20.html?via=mr","external_links_name":"\"New postal code system by 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejournal.ie/eircode-launch-2213263-Jul2015/","external_links_name":"\"Ireland's new postcode system launches today – here's what you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/new-eircodes-being-sent-to-fingal-addresses-this-month-31372864.html","external_links_name":"\"New 'Eircodes' being sent to Fingal addresses this month\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/life/dubliners-go-postal-over-the-right-address-31382746.html","external_links_name":"\"Dubliners go postal over the right address\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/an-irishman-s-diary-on-dublin-s-vanishing-postal-districts-1.2139140","external_links_name":"\"Dublin's vanishing postal districts\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/eircode-irelands-new-postcodes-everything-you-need-to-know-6056548","external_links_name":"\"Ireland's new postcodes: Everything you need to know about Eircode\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/its-in-the-postcode-1897334.html","external_links_name":"\"It's in the postcode\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/postcode-war-in-next-year-1479383.html","external_links_name":"\"Postcode war 'in next year'\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/postcode-snobbery-screams-location-location-location-1.382978","external_links_name":"\"Postcode snobbery screams 'location, location, location'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanq.2011.0014","external_links_name":"10.1353/anq.2011.0014"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41237479","external_links_name":"41237479"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1097733","external_links_name":"1097733"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100709181908/http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2010/jan/03/ryan-finalises-plans-for-new-postcode-system/","external_links_name":"\"Ryan finalises plans for new postcode system\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2010/jan/03/ryan-finalises-plans-for-new-postcode-system","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511112425/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article634379.ece","external_links_name":"\"Upmarket Dublin survives postcode shake-up\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article634379.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0921/breaking20.htm","external_links_name":"\"New postal code system by 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131122061914/http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Press+Releases/2013/RABBITTE+GETS+GREEN+LIGHT+NEXT+GEN+POSTCODE+BY+2015.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rabbitte Gets Green Light From Cabinet For \"Next Generation Postcode\" System By 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Press+Releases/2013/RABBITTE+GETS+GREEN+LIGHT+NEXT+GEN+POSTCODE+BY+2015.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eircode.ie/faqs.html","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/co-living-scheme-in-d4-gets-green-light-1.4424842","external_links_name":"\"Co-living scheme in D4 gets green light\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishmirror.ie/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/dublin-nightclub-reopen-doors-week-22692506","external_links_name":"\"Dublin 'nightclub' to reopen its doors this week but not as you once knew it\""},{"Link":"http://www.eircode.ie/","external_links_name":"Eircode"},{"Link":"http://www.anpost.ie/","external_links_name":"An Post – The Post Office"},{"Link":"http://www.comreg.ie/","external_links_name":"ComReg – Commission for Communications Regulation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrenica	Vjetrenica Cave	["1 Geography","1.1 Popovo Polje and cave location","2 Natural and architectural assemble","2.1 Zavala Village","2.2 UNESCO nomination","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°50′45″N 17°59′02″E / 42.845900°N 17.983806°E / 42.845900; 17.983806Largest cave in Bosnia and Herzegovina Vjetrenica CaveWind Cave, Blowhole CaveCave entranceVjetrenicaLocation in Bosnia and HerzegovinaLocationRavno, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCoordinates42°50′45″N 17°59′02″E / 42.845900°N 17.983806°E / 42.845900; 17.983806Length7,014 metresGeologyKarst caveShow cave openedyesTranslationWindy cave or blowhole (Serbo-Croatian)Pronunciationpronounced Websitewww.centarzakrs.ba Vjetrenica (Serbian Cyrillic: Вјетреница, pronounced ; lit. 'wind cave' or 'blowhole') is the largest cave in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the most biodiverse cave in the world. It is part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range, which is known for its karstic and speleological features. The cave is located in the Popovo field in Ravno, East Herzegovina in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Geography Popovo Polje, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Popovo Polje and cave location Vjetrenica is located in Popovo Polje (pronounced , meaning priest's field, where polje means a karstic plain), which is itself located in the southernmost regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, West Herzegovina, near the Adriatic coast. Its entrance is near the village of Zavala, in the west - south-western corner of the polje. During the warmer parts of the year, a strong blast of cold air blows from its entrance, which is very attractive in the middle of the rocky, hot and waterless terrain. Popovo Polje is one of the largest polje (karstic plains) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the world, famous for its many karstic phenomena and features, and particularly for its Trebišnjica River, which flows through the polje as the largest sinking river (also losing stream, or influent stream) in the world, as well as the Vjetrenica cave system, located to the west/south-western parts of the valley. The cave has been explored and described to a total distance of 7,014 m; of this the main channel is about 2.47 km long. It runs from the edge of Popovo Polje to the south, and on the basis of analysis of the terrain, geologists have predicted that Vjetrenica could stretch right to the Adriatic Sea in the Republic of Croatia, 15–20 km away from its entrance. Along with the hydrological arguments, this assumption is also supported by the "unnatural" end of Vjetrenica in the form of a huge heap of stone blocks that have caved in. Vjetrenica is the richest cave in the world in terms of subterranean biodiversity: among more than two hundred different species are registered in it, almost a hundred are troglophiles, a great number of them are narrow endemic, 15 are stenoendemic, and about 37 were discovered and described in Vjetrenica for the first time. Natural and architectural assemble Zavala Village Located in Popovo Polje in Ravno municipality, village Zavala with its old architecture and stone masonry, together with Vjetrenica cave, constitute the natural and architectural ensemble, which is in the process of being protected as National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as such it is already placed on UNESCO Tentative List. Vjetrenica cave is considered to have richest cave fauna, with highest rate of endemism. Vjetrenica cave also acquired fame throughout the world geological and biological scientific communities, as well as environmental communities around the country and the world for its imperiled and uncertain future, caused by unprofessional management lacking any expertise, and uncertain status at state and especially local level. Inside Vjetrenica cave UNESCO nomination Despite all setbacks government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, although creepingly slowly, nominated Vjeternica (with village Zavala) to UNESCO Tentative List clearly expressing intention to protect the cave and its biodiversity and eventually inscribe it with UNESCO. See also List of caves in Bosnia and Herzegovina Livanjsko field Trebišnjica Saint Basil of Ostrog References ^ "Vjetrenica (official page)". vjetrenica.com/. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "Zavala graditeljska cjelina". Commission to preserve national monuments. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "Pećina Vjetrenica u Zavali". Commission to preserve national monuments. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "Vjetrenica (official page)". vjetrenica.com/. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "Vjetrenica Cave (Tentative List)". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "Vjetrenica (official page)". vjetrenica.com/. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. External links Vjetrenica, official homepage Pećina Vjetrenica on showcaves.com vteCaves of Bosnia and HerzegovinaList of caves in Bosnia and HerzegovinaUnexplored, flooded Biograd estavelle Dejanova pećina Caves with paintings, pictograms & cave prehistoric sites Badanj Cave Ravlića Cave Ledenjača Subterranean river Govještica Cave Mostarska Bijela Mokro wellspring cave Kovači estavelle Caves with underground lakes Govještica Cave Kovači estavelle Mokro wellspring cave Caves with wellsprings Mokro wellspring cave Govještica Cave Vrelo Bune Bistrica's Duman wellspring cave Peć Mlini wellspring cave Dejanova Pećina (flooded) Dabar Cave Estavelle caves (Ponor) Biograd estavelle Kovači estavelle Show caves & explored Vjetrenica Bijambare Titova pećina (Drvar) Titova pećina (Plahovići) Banja Stijena (a.k.a. Mračna pećina) Hrustovačka pećina Hukavica Klokočevica Ledenica Ledenjača Orlovača Cave Podlipe Cave Rastuša Vaganska Zelena Cave Dabarska pećina Djevojačka pećina Fajtovačka pećina Most Bosnia and Herzegovina caves belong to Dinaric Alps and are kast caves vtePrehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and cave paintings Paleoanthropological sites Cave paintings Caves containing pictograms EuropeAustria Drachenhöhle Gudenus Lurgrotte Salzofen Tischofer Belgium Belle-Roche Claminforge Engis Goyet Naulette Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes Ramioul Scladina Spy Trou de l'Abîme Bosnia Badanj Ledenjača Bulgaria Bacho Kiro Devetashka Kozarnika Magura Utroba Cave Croatia Grapčeva Krapina Vela Spila Vindija Romuald's Cave Veternica Cyprus Aetokremnos Czech Republic Amatérská Býčí skála Koněprusy Kůlna Mladeč Šipka Finland Wolf France Vézère Valley World Heritage Site Bara Bahau Bernifal Cap Blanc Castel Merle Abri Castanet Reverdit Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil Abri Audi Abri Chadourne Les Combarelles Cro-Magnon Font-de-Gaume Laugerie-Basse Laugerie-Haute La Micoque La Mouthe Pataud Abri du Poisson Lascaux La Madeleine Rouffignac Other World Heritage Sites Chauvet Other caves with decoration Arcy-sur-Cure Gargas Cosquer Cussac Fontéchevade La Chaire a Calvin La Marche Lombrives Grotte de Gabillou Marsoulas Le Mas-d'Azil Mayrières supérieure Niaux Pair-non-Pair Pech Merle Roc-aux-Sorciers Renne Trois Frères Villars Other caves Arago Aurignac Azé Balauzière Bonne-Femme Bouillon Bruniquel Calès Cauna La Chapelle-aux-Saints Combe Grenal La Ferrassie Fées Fontbrégoua Lazaret Le Moustier Noisetier La Quina Raymonden Le Regourdou Rochereil Vallonnet Germany Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site Bockstein Geissenklösterle Hohle Fels Hohlenstein-Stadel Sirgenstein Vogelherd Other caves Baumann's Brillenhöhle Kleine Feldhofer Lichtenstein Ofnet Gibraltar Devil's Tower Gorham's Vanguard Greece Alepotrypa Apidima Eileithyia Franchthi Kleidi Megalakkos Petralona Stravomyti Theopetra Hungary Baradla Szelim Italy Addaura Arene Candide Balzi Rossi Cavallo Corbeddu Deer Felci Paglicci Romito Villabruna Jersey St Brelade Luxembourg Loschbur Malta Għar Dalam North Macedonia Cocev Kamen Norway Svarthola Poland Obłazowa Paradise Portugal Aroeira Escoural Furninha Lagar Velho Pala Pinta Pedra Furada Pego do Diabo Salemas Romania Coliboaia Cuciulat Muierilor Oase Russia Akhshtyrskaya Chertovy Vorota Denisova Ignatievka Shulgan-Tash Mezmaiskaya Okladnikov Serbia Hadži-Prodan's Pešturina Risovača Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica Slovakia Čertova pec Domica Jasovská Slovenia Betal Divje Babe Pekel Potok Spain Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site Altamira Caves in Cantabria Chufín Covalanas La Garma Hornos de la Peña Monte Castillo El Castillo Las Chimeneas Las Monedas La Pasiega El Pendo Tito Bustillo Altxerri Santimamiñe Los Aviones Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site) Araña Roca dels Moros Other World Heritage Sites Atapuerca Siega Verde Other caves with decoration Bacinete Barranc del Migdia Las Caldas Los Casares Maltravieso los Murciélagos Nerja Niño Ojo Guareña Peñas de Cabrera la Pileta Praileaitz Sidrón Other caves Ángel Antón Armintxe Axlor Bedmar dels Bous Don Gaspar Guanches El Mirón Santa Catalina del Valle Switzerland Bichon Wildkirchli Ukraine Verteba United Kingdom Aveline's Hole Bontnewydd Cathole Coygan Creswell Crags Gough's Heathery Burn High Pasture Kendrick's Kents Long Hole Marble Arch Oldbury Portbraddon Red Lady of Paviland Sand Thor's Windmill Hill AsiaAfghanistan Darra-e Kur Armenia Areni-1 Azerbaijan Allar Azykh Buzeyir Damjili Tağlar Zar Gazma Cambodia Laang Spean China Baishiya Fuyan Guanyindong Luobi Tianyuan Xianren Yuchanyan Zhoukoudian Zengpiyan Zhiren East Timor Jerimalai Laili Lene Hara Georgia Satsurblia India Ambadevi Belum Bhimbetka Edakkal Gudiyam Pahargarh Tikla Indonesia Harimau Jeriji Saléh Liang Bua Pettakere Iran Bisitun Darband Do-Ashkaft Eshkaft-e Siahoo Huto and Kamarband Qaleh Bozi Warwasi Wezmeh Yafteh Iraq Hazar Merd Shanidar Israel Amud HaYonim Kebara Manot Misliya Nahal Me'arot Nahal Hemar Nahal Oren Qafzeh Qesem Raqefet Skhul Tabun Zuttiyeh Japan Kosegasawa Minatogawa Muroya Ōzakai Pinza-Abu Shiraho Saonetabaru Tobayama Yamashita Jordan Iraq ed-Dubb Laos Tham An Mah Tam Pa Ling Lebanon Antelias Jeita Kaukaba Ksar Akil Ras Baalbek I Ras El Kelb Nachcharini Malaysia Niah Mongolia Khoit Tsenkher Myanmar Padah-Lin Pakistan Sanghao Palestine Shuqba Philippines Callao Kalanay Minori Lapuz Lapuz Tabon Sri Lanka Batadombalena Belilena Fa Hien Hunugalagala Thailand Pha Taem Spirit Tham Lod TurkmenistanDzhebelTurkey Belbaşı Karain Yarımburgaz Uzbekistan Obi-Rakhmat Teshik-Tash Vietnam Con Moong Ngườm AfricaAlgeria Gueldaman Botswana Tsodilo Manyana Rock Paintings Cameroon Shum Laka DR Congo Matupi Egypt Beasts Swimmers Kenya Enkapune Ya Muto Njoro River Lesotho Liphofung Libya Haua Fteah Uan Muhuggiag Morocco Hercules Ifri N'Ammar Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa Ifri Oudadane Jebel Irhoud Kelif el Boroud Taforalt Mozambique Ngalue Namibia Apollo 11 The White Lady Nigeria Rop Somaliland Dhambalin Dhaymoole Laas Geel South Africa Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site Bolt's Farm Cooper's Drimolen Gladysvale Gondolin Haasgat Kromdraai Makapansgat Malapa Minnaar's Motsetsi Plovers Lake Rising Star Sterkfontein Swartkrans Other caves Blombos Border Boomplaas Byneskranskop Cango Diepkloof Elands Bay Howieson's Poort Klasies River Melkhoutboom Nelson Bay Pinnacle Point Sibudu Stadsaal Wonderwerk Tanzania Kondoa Bahi Mumba Uganda Nyero Zambia Kalemba Mumbwa Zimbabwe Bambata North and South AmericaArgentina Cueva de las Manos Aruba Quadiriki Belize Actun Tunichil Muknal Barton Creek Midnight Terror Brazil Gentio Maquiné Pedra Pintada Peruaçu Rei do Mato Santo Toca da Tira Peia Canada Bluefish Charlie Lake Chile Fell Milodón Colombia El Abra Chiribiquete Piedras del Tunjo Sáchica Tequendama Tibitó Cuba Ambrosio Calero Centella Cura Patana Pluma Curaçao Hato Dominican Republic Pomier Jamaica Long Mile Mexico Chan Hol Coxcatlan Dzibilchaltún Las Flechas Frightful Guilá Naquitz Ox Bel Ha Oxtotitlán Sac Actun Peru Chivateros Guitarrero Pikimachay Qillqatani Toquepala T'uqu T'uquyuq Suriname Werehpai United States Arnold Research Baker Bonfire Bull Thistle Burnet Cherry Creek Colorado Millennial Danger Daugherty's Dry Creek Durango Dust Dutchess Quarry Fort Rock Franktown Gatecliff Graham Hidden Hidden Valley Hogup Humboldt La Grange Last Supper Levi LoDaisKa Lovelock Mammoth Mantle's Marmes Martz Meadowcroft Modoc Mummy On Your Knees Paisley Pendejo Pictograph Rockhouse Cliffs Russell Sandia Shoup Sisyphus Stanfield-Worley Tainter Tomaquag Trail Creek Trinchera Ventana Wilson Butte OceaniaAustralia Abrakurrie Acheron Ballawinne Beeton Shelter Beginner's Luck Blanche Bone Burrup Cave Bay Cliefden Cloggs Devil's Lair Eagles Reach Fossil Gabarnmung Gwion Gwion Jenolan Koongine Koonalda Kutikina Mackintosh 90/1 Madjedbebe Mammoth Mannalargenna Mudgegonga Murrawijinie Murujuga Naracoorte New Guinea II Nunamira ORS 7 Tarragal Ubirr Wargata Mina Warratyi Warreen Wellington Guam Gadao's Mahlac Talagi Hawaii Makauwahi New Caledonia Pindai New Zealand Moncks Ruakuri Northern Mariana Islands Chugai' Papua New Guinea Kilu Samoa Falemauga Tuvalu Nanumanga Cave List of caves Cave painting Speleology	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[ʋjɛtrɛ̌nitsa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Dinaric Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alps"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstic"},{"link_name":"speleological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleogenesis"},{"link_name":"Popovo field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovo_field"},{"link_name":"Ravno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravno"},{"link_name":"East Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"text":"Largest cave in Bosnia and HerzegovinaVjetrenica (Serbian Cyrillic: Вјетреница, pronounced [ʋjɛtrɛ̌nitsa]; lit. 'wind cave' or 'blowhole') is the largest cave in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the most biodiverse cave in the world. It is part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range, which is known for its karstic and speleological features. The cave is located in the Popovo field in Ravno, East Herzegovina in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.","title":"Vjetrenica Cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popovo_Polje.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"text":"Popovo Polje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popovo Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovo_Polje"},{"link_name":"[pɔ̌pɔʋɔ pɔ̂ʎɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polje"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstic"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"West Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala,_Bosnia-Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstic"},{"link_name":"Trebišnjica River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%A1njica_River"},{"link_name":"sinking river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_river"},{"link_name":"Popovo Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovo_Polje"},{"link_name":"geologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"hydrological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological"},{"link_name":"troglophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglophile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Popovo Polje and cave location","text":"Vjetrenica is located in Popovo Polje (pronounced [pɔ̌pɔʋɔ pɔ̂ʎɛ], meaning priest's field, where polje means a karstic plain), which is itself located in the southernmost regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, West Herzegovina, near the Adriatic coast. \nIts entrance is near the village of Zavala, in the west - south-western corner of the polje. During the warmer parts of the year, a strong blast of cold air blows from its entrance, which is very attractive in the middle of the rocky, hot and waterless terrain.Popovo Polje is one of the largest polje (karstic plains) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the world, famous for its many karstic phenomena and features, and particularly for its Trebišnjica River, which flows through the polje as the largest sinking river (also losing stream, or influent stream) in the world, as well as the Vjetrenica cave system, located to the west/south-western parts of the valley.The cave has been explored and described to a total distance of 7,014 m; of this the main channel is about 2.47 km long. It runs from the edge of Popovo Polje to the south, and on the basis of analysis of the terrain, geologists have predicted that Vjetrenica could stretch right to the Adriatic Sea in the Republic of Croatia, 15–20 km away from its entrance. Along with the hydrological arguments, this assumption is also supported by the \"unnatural\" end of Vjetrenica in the form of a huge heap of stone blocks that have caved in.Vjetrenica is the richest cave in the world in terms of subterranean biodiversity: among more than two hundred different species are registered in it, almost a hundred are troglophiles, a great number of them are narrow endemic, 15 are stenoendemic, and about 37 were discovered and described in Vjetrenica for the first time.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Natural and architectural assemble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravno"},{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Tentative List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Vjetrenica_cave.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Zavala Village","text":"Located in Popovo Polje in Ravno municipality, village Zavala with its old architecture and stone masonry, together with Vjetrenica cave, constitute the natural and architectural ensemble, which is in the process of being protected as National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as such it is already placed on UNESCO Tentative List.[2][3]Vjetrenica cave is considered to have richest cave fauna, with highest rate of endemism.[4] \nVjetrenica cave also acquired fame throughout the world geological and biological scientific communities, as well as environmental communities around the country and the world for its imperiled and uncertain future, caused by unprofessional management lacking any expertise, and uncertain status at state and especially local level.Inside Vjetrenica cave","title":"Natural and architectural assemble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vjeternica (with village Zavala) to UNESCO Tentative List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"UNESCO nomination","text":"Despite all setbacks government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, although creepingly slowly, nominated Vjeternica (with village Zavala) to UNESCO Tentative List clearly expressing intention to protect the cave and its biodiversity and eventually inscribe it with UNESCO.[5][6]","title":"Natural and architectural assemble"}]	[{"image_text":"Popovo Polje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Popovo_Polje.JPG/220px-Popovo_Polje.JPG"},{"image_text":"Inside Vjetrenica cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Inside_Vjetrenica_cave.JPG/220px-Inside_Vjetrenica_cave.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of caves in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"title":"Livanjsko field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livanjsko_field"},{"title":"Trebišnjica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%A1njica"},{"title":"Saint Basil of Ostrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Basil_of_Ostrog"}]	[{"reference":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\". vjetrenica.com/. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194225/http://www.vjetrenica.com/","url_text":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\""},{"url":"http://www.vjetrenica.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zavala graditeljska cjelina\". Commission to preserve national monuments. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?mod=spomenici&extra=Odluke&action=view&lang=1&id=1820","url_text":"\"Zavala graditeljska cjelina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pećina Vjetrenica u Zavali\". Commission to preserve national monuments. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?mod=spomenici&extra=Peticije&action=view&lang=1&id=3484","url_text":"\"Pećina Vjetrenica u Zavali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\". vjetrenica.com/. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194225/http://www.vjetrenica.com/","url_text":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\""},{"url":"http://www.vjetrenica.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vjetrenica Cave (Tentative List)\". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1975/","url_text":"\"Vjetrenica Cave (Tentative List)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\". vjetrenica.com/. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194225/http://www.vjetrenica.com/","url_text":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\""},{"url":"http://www.vjetrenica.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vjetrenica_Cave&params=42.8459_N_17.983806_E_region:BA_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"42°50′45″N 17°59′02″E / 42.845900°N 17.983806°E / 42.845900; 17.983806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vjetrenica_Cave&params=42.8459_N_17.983806_E_region:BA_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"42°50′45″N 17°59′02″E / 42.845900°N 17.983806°E / 42.845900; 17.983806"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194225/http://www.vjetrenica.com/","external_links_name":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\""},{"Link":"http://www.vjetrenica.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?mod=spomenici&extra=Odluke&action=view&lang=1&id=1820","external_links_name":"\"Zavala graditeljska cjelina\""},{"Link":"http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?mod=spomenici&extra=Peticije&action=view&lang=1&id=3484","external_links_name":"\"Pećina Vjetrenica u Zavali\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194225/http://www.vjetrenica.com/","external_links_name":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\""},{"Link":"http://www.vjetrenica.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1975/","external_links_name":"\"Vjetrenica Cave (Tentative List)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194225/http://www.vjetrenica.com/","external_links_name":"\"Vjetrenica (official page)\""},{"Link":"http://www.vjetrenica.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vjetrenica.ba/","external_links_name":"Vjetrenica"},{"Link":"https://www.showcaves.com/english/other/showcaves/Vjetrenica.html","external_links_name":"Pećina Vjetrenica"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_switch	Time switch	["1 Types","1.1 Sleep timer","1.2 Astronomical timer","1.3 Digital Timers","1.4 IoT Enabled Time Switch","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]	A simple 24-hour cyclical electromechanical time switch with a French CEE 7/5 socket A time switch (also called a timer switch, or simply timer) is a device that operates an electric switch controlled by a timer. Intermatic introduced its first time switch in 1945, which was used for "electric signs, store window lighting, apartment hall lights, stokers, and oil and gas burners." A consumer version was added in 1952. The switch may be connected to an electric circuit operating from mains power, including via a relay or contactor; or low voltage, including battery-operated equipment in vehicles. It may be built into power circuits (as with a central heating or water heater timer), plugged into a wall outlet with equipment plugged into the timer instead of directly into the power point; or built into equipment. Types Sleep timer A sleep timer is a function on many modern televisions and other electronic devices that shuts off the power after a preset amount of time. The setting is usually made either from the remote control of the device or the device's menu. They are intended to allow viewers to watch as they fall asleep. The mechanism may be mechanical (e.g., clockwork; rarely used nowadays), electromechanical (e.g., a slowly rotating geared motor that mechanically operates switches) or electronic, with semiconductor timing circuitry and switching devices and no moving parts. The timer may switch equipment on, off, or both, at a preset time or times, after a preset interval, or cyclically. A countdown time switch switches power, usually off, after a preset time. A cyclical timer switches equipment both on and off at preset times over a period, then repeats the cycle; the period is usually 24 hours or 7 days. For example, a central heating timer may supply heat for a specified period during the morning and evening every weekday, and all day on weekends. A timer for an unattended slow cooker may switch on automatically at a time and for a period suitable to have food ready at mealtime. Likewise, a coffee maker may turn itself on early in the morning in time for awakening residents to have fresh coffee already brewed for them. Timers may do other processing or have sensors; for example, a timer may switch on lights only during hours of darkness, using a seasonal algorithm or light sensor. Combining the two allows a light to come on at sundown and go off at midnight, for example. Astronomical timer An astronomical (or astronomic) timer calculates dawn and dusk times (tracking the sun position) for each day of the year based on the latitude and longitude (or just north/central/south and time zone on more cheaply made ones), and the day of the year (month and date), programmed by the user upon installation in addition to the usual time of day, except in the case of GPS enabled astronomic timers wherein all programming is fully automatic. This eliminates the need for a photocell (which may be repeatedly triggered on and off by the light which it operates) or for repeatedly re-setting a regular timer for seasonal changes in the length of day or for daylight-saving time. This allows exterior lighting like a porch light fixture to be controlled by simply replacing its indoor wall switch, or doing the same for a lamp in a dark interior corner (away from a window) by simply plugging-in a self-adjusting lamp timer. Time switches can be used for many purposes, including saving electric energy by consuming it only when required, switching equipment on, off, or both at times required by some process, and home security (for example switching lights in a pattern that gives the impression that premises are attended) to reduce the likelihood of burglary or prowling. Among applications are lighting (interior, exterior, and street lighting), cooking devices such as ovens, washing machines, and heating and cooling of buildings and vehicles. Built-in automatic washing machine controllers are examples of very complex electromechanical and electronic timers cycles, starting and stopping many processes including pumps and valves to fill and empty the drum with water, heating, and rotating at different speeds, with different combinations of settings for different fabrics. Digital Timers A digital timer switch, also known as an electronic timer switch, seamlessly integrates semiconductor components for precise timing and a digital display format to present timing information in a user-friendly manner. Typically presented as a display panel or digital readout timer, this device offers high programmability, empowering users to customize timing sequences according to their specific needs. The scope of applications for digital timer switches is broad and impactful. From controlling lighting systems to overseeing the operations of various electronic and electrical devices, these devices serve as versatile automation tools. The advantages of using digital timer switches are noteworthy. The ability to automate tasks translates to increased efficiency and convenience, liberating users from repetitive actions such as toggling switches or adjusting timers. Notably, these devices promote energy conservation by allowing scheduled operations, thereby minimizing unnecessary power consumption. In essence, digital timer switches are essential components in modern automation and control systems. By seamlessly blending accurate timing with user-friendly digital displays, they play a pivotal role in enhancing various facets of daily life. IoT Enabled Time Switch An IoT-enabled time switch is a smart device that allows users to control and automate the operation of electrical appliances or systems based on a predefined schedule. This technology combines the functionality of a traditional time switch with the connectivity and intelligence of the Internet of Things (IoT). At the core of an IoT-enabled time switch is a microcontroller or microprocessor that manages the scheduling and control of the connected devices. The time switch is connected to a local network or the internet via Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or other wireless communication protocols like Zigbee or Z-Wave. This connectivity enables the time switch to be controlled and monitored remotely through a smartphone app or web interface. The time switch can be programmed to turn on or off a connected device at specific times or according to a set schedule. For example, a user could program the time switch to turn on the lights at a certain time in the morning and turn them off at night, or to activate a heating system at a specific time before the user arrives home from work. Some advanced features of IoT-enabled time switches include the ability to monitor energy consumption, adjust schedules based on local weather conditions, and integrate with other smart home devices like smart speakers or home security systems. These features allow users to optimize their energy usage, increase comfort, and enhance the overall security of their homes. In summary, an IoT-enabled time switch is a smart device that combines the functionality of a traditional time switch with the connectivity and intelligence of the Internet of Things, allowing users to control and automate the operation of electrical appliances or systems based on a predefined schedule. Gallery IoT Enabled Time Switch for Signage light Automation Programmable Digital Time Switch See also Shabbat clock References ^ "Intermatic company history". Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ Walter T. Grondzik, Alison G. Kwok, Benjamin Stein Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, John Wiley and Sons, 2009 ISBN 0-470-19565-7 page 1201 ^ "Car warmers, block heaters, and energy controls" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2009. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Switch clocks. vteSwitch types Analogue switch Banyan switch Battery isolator Cam switch Centrifugal switch Company switch Contact protection Crossbar switch Crossover switch Cryotron DIP switch Dry contact Electric switchboard Float switch Half-moon switch Humidistat Infinite switch Inertial switch Kill switch Key switch Knife switch Limit switch Latching switch Light switch Lightning switch Magnetic proximity fuze Magnetic starter Magnetic switch Mercury switch Miniature snap-action switch Motion-triggered contact insufficiency Optical switch Photoswitch Piezo switch Placebo button Pull switch Push switch Push-button Railroad switch Reed switch Rotary switch Sail switch Sea switch Sense switch Silicone rubber keypad Softswitch Spark gap Staircase timer Stepping switch Strowger switch Thermostat Time switch Touch switch Transfer switch Vacuum switch Vandal-resistant switch Wireless light switch Zero speed switch Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric"},{"link_name":"switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch"},{"link_name":"timer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timer"},{"link_name":"Intermatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermatic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intermatic_company_history-1"},{"link_name":"electric circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_circuit"},{"link_name":"mains power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_power"},{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay"},{"link_name":"contactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactor"},{"link_name":"low voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-low_voltage"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle"},{"link_name":"central heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heating"},{"link_name":"water heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heating"},{"link_name":"wall outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets"}],"text":"A time switch (also called a timer switch, or simply timer) is a device that operates an electric switch controlled by a timer.Intermatic introduced its first time switch in 1945, which was used for \"electric signs, store window lighting, apartment hall lights, stokers, and oil and gas burners.\" A consumer version was added in 1952.[1]The switch may be connected to an electric circuit operating from mains power, including via a relay or contactor; or low voltage, including battery-operated equipment in vehicles. It may be built into power circuits (as with a central heating or water heater timer), plugged into a wall outlet with equipment plugged into the timer instead of directly into the power point; or built into equipment.","title":"Time switch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"televisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"remote control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"},{"link_name":"clockwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork"},{"link_name":"electromechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown"},{"link_name":"slow cooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cooker"},{"link_name":"mealtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supper"},{"link_name":"coffee maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_maker"},{"link_name":"morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"seasonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"light sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_sensor"}],"sub_title":"Sleep timer","text":"A sleep timer is a function on many modern televisions and other electronic devices that shuts off the power after a preset amount of time. The setting is usually made either from the remote control of the device or the device's menu. They are intended to allow viewers to watch as they fall asleep.The mechanism may be mechanical (e.g., clockwork; rarely used nowadays), electromechanical (e.g., a slowly rotating geared motor that mechanically operates switches) or electronic, with semiconductor timing circuitry and switching devices and no moving parts.The timer may switch equipment on, off, or both, at a preset time or times, after a preset interval, or cyclically. A countdown time switch switches power, usually off, after a preset time. A cyclical timer switches equipment both on and off at preset times over a period, then repeats the cycle; the period is usually 24 hours or 7 days.For example, a central heating timer may supply heat for a specified period during the morning and evening every weekday, and all day on weekends. A timer for an unattended slow cooker may switch on automatically at a time and for a period suitable to have food ready at mealtime. Likewise, a coffee maker may turn itself on early in the morning in time for awakening residents to have fresh coffee already brewed for them.Timers may do other processing or have sensors; for example, a timer may switch on lights only during hours of darkness, using a seasonal algorithm[2] or light sensor. Combining the two allows a light to come on at sundown and go off at midnight, for example.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn"},{"link_name":"dusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusk"},{"link_name":"sun position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"day of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_year"},{"link_name":"time of day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_day"},{"link_name":"photocell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocell"},{"link_name":"length of day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_of_day"},{"link_name":"daylight-saving time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight-saving_time"},{"link_name":"lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting"},{"link_name":"porch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch"},{"link_name":"light fixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixture"},{"link_name":"lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp_(fixture)"},{"link_name":"window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window"},{"link_name":"electric energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy"},{"link_name":"home security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_security"},{"link_name":"burglary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary"},{"link_name":"prowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prowling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting"},{"link_name":"street lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light"},{"link_name":"ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven"},{"link_name":"washing machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine"},{"link_name":"heating and cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_control"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"electromechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"}],"sub_title":"Astronomical timer","text":"An astronomical (or astronomic) timer calculates dawn and dusk times (tracking the sun position) for each day of the year based on the latitude and longitude (or just north/central/south and time zone on more cheaply made ones), and the day of the year (month and date), programmed by the user upon installation in addition to the usual time of day, except in the case of GPS enabled astronomic timers wherein all programming is fully automatic. This eliminates the need for a photocell (which may be repeatedly triggered on and off by the light which it operates) or for repeatedly re-setting a regular timer for seasonal changes in the length of day or for daylight-saving time. This allows exterior lighting like a porch light fixture to be controlled by simply replacing its indoor wall switch, or doing the same for a lamp in a dark interior corner (away from a window) by simply plugging-in a self-adjusting lamp timer.Time switches can be used for many purposes, including saving electric energy by consuming it only when required, switching equipment on, off, or both at times required by some process, and home security (for example switching lights in a pattern that gives the impression that premises are attended) to reduce the likelihood of burglary or prowling.Among applications are lighting (interior, exterior, and street lighting), cooking devices such as ovens, washing machines, and heating and cooling of buildings and vehicles.[3] Built-in automatic washing machine controllers are examples of very complex electromechanical and electronic timers cycles, starting and stopping many processes including pumps and valves to fill and empty the drum with water, heating, and rotating at different speeds, with different combinations of settings for different fabrics.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scope of applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//qwatt.co/time-switch-for-signboard-light-automation/"},{"link_name":"scheduled operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/qwatt-technologies-launches-revolutionary-multi-programmable-4-output-time-switch-automates-signboard-lighting-and-industrial-equipment-operations-123071200673_1.html"}],"sub_title":"Digital Timers","text":"A digital timer switch, also known as an electronic timer switch, seamlessly integrates semiconductor components for precise timing and a digital display format to present timing information in a user-friendly manner. Typically presented as a display panel or digital readout timer, this device offers high programmability, empowering users to customize timing sequences according to their specific needs.The scope of applications for digital timer switches is broad and impactful. From controlling lighting systems to overseeing the operations of various electronic and electrical devices, these devices serve as versatile automation tools.The advantages of using digital timer switches are noteworthy. The ability to automate tasks translates to increased efficiency and convenience, liberating users from repetitive actions such as toggling switches or adjusting timers. Notably, these devices promote energy conservation by allowing scheduled operations, thereby minimizing unnecessary power consumption.In essence, digital timer switches are essential components in modern automation and control systems. By seamlessly blending accurate timing with user-friendly digital displays, they play a pivotal role in enhancing various facets of daily life.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IoT-enabled time switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//qwatt.co/iot-enabled-time-switch/"}],"sub_title":"IoT Enabled Time Switch","text":"An IoT-enabled time switch is a smart device that allows users to control and automate the operation of electrical appliances or systems based on a predefined schedule. This technology combines the functionality of a traditional time switch with the connectivity and intelligence of the Internet of Things (IoT).At the core of an IoT-enabled time switch is a microcontroller or microprocessor that manages the scheduling and control of the connected devices. The time switch is connected to a local network or the internet via Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or other wireless communication protocols like Zigbee or Z-Wave. This connectivity enables the time switch to be controlled and monitored remotely through a smartphone app or web interface.The time switch can be programmed to turn on or off a connected device at specific times or according to a set schedule. For example, a user could program the time switch to turn on the lights at a certain time in the morning and turn them off at night, or to activate a heating system at a specific time before the user arrives home from work.Some advanced features of IoT-enabled time switches include the ability to monitor energy consumption, adjust schedules based on local weather conditions, and integrate with other smart home devices like smart speakers or home security systems. These features allow users to optimize their energy usage, increase comfort, and enhance the overall security of their homes.In summary, an IoT-enabled time switch is a smart device that combines the functionality of a traditional time switch with the connectivity and intelligence of the Internet of Things, allowing users to control and automate the operation of electrical appliances or systems based on a predefined schedule.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IoT_Enabled_Time_Switch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qwatt-Time-Switch.jpg"}],"text":"IoT Enabled Time Switch for Signage light AutomationProgrammable Digital Time Switch","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"A simple 24-hour cyclical electromechanical time switch with a French CEE 7/5 socket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Time_switch.JPG/220px-Time_switch.JPG"},{"image_text":"IoT Enabled Time Switch for Signage light Automation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IoT_Enabled_Time_Switch.jpg/220px-IoT_Enabled_Time_Switch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Programmable Digital Time Switch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Qwatt-Time-Switch.jpg/220px-Qwatt-Time-Switch.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Shabbat clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_clock"}]	[{"reference":"\"Intermatic company history\". Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intermatic.com/en/company/history","url_text":"\"Intermatic company history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car warmers, block heaters, and energy controls\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130121414/http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_home/home_comfort/block_heaters.pdf","url_text":"\"Car warmers, block heaters, and energy controls\""},{"url":"http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_home/home_comfort/block_heaters.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://qwatt.co/time-switch-for-signboard-light-automation/","external_links_name":"scope of applications"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/qwatt-technologies-launches-revolutionary-multi-programmable-4-output-time-switch-automates-signboard-lighting-and-industrial-equipment-operations-123071200673_1.html","external_links_name":"scheduled operations"},{"Link":"https://qwatt.co/iot-enabled-time-switch/","external_links_name":"IoT-enabled time switch"},{"Link":"https://www.intermatic.com/en/company/history","external_links_name":"\"Intermatic company history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130121414/http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_home/home_comfort/block_heaters.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Car warmers, block heaters, and energy controls\""},{"Link":"http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_home/home_comfort/block_heaters.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4720238-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_150	Japan National Route 150	["1 References"]	National highway in Japan National Route 150国道150号Route informationLength102.2 km (63.5 mi)Existed1953–presentMajor junctionsEast end National Route 149 in Shimizu-ku, ShizuokaWest end National Route 152 in Naka-ku, Hamamatsu LocationCountryJapan Highway system National highways of Japan Expressways of Japan ← National Route 149→ National Route 151 This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Japan National Route 150" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) National Route 150 is a national highway of Japan connecting Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka and Naka-ku, Hamamatsu in Japan, with a total length of 102.2 km (63.5 mi). References ^ "一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 19 February 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Route 150 (Japan). vte National highways of Japan1–58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 101–200 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201–300 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301–400 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401–507 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 Related topics Kaidō Gokishichidō Nihonbashi Prefectural road Route numbers in italics are no longer in use. Category This article relating to the roads and highways in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_highways_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu-ku,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Naka-ku, Hamamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naka-ku,_Hamamatsu"}],"text":"National Route 150 is a national highway of Japan connecting Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka and Naka-ku, Hamamatsu in Japan, with a total length of 102.2 km (63.5 mi).","title":"Japan National Route 150"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\" [Road statistics by General National Highway route and prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 19 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-data/tokei-nen/2016/pdf/d_genkyou26.pdf","url_text":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_National_Route_150&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Japan+National+Route+150%22","external_links_name":"\"Japan National Route 150\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Japan+National+Route+150%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Japan+National+Route+150%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Japan+National+Route+150%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Japan+National+Route+150%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Japan+National+Route+150%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-data/tokei-nen/2016/pdf/d_genkyou26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"一般国道の路線別、都道府県別道路現況\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_National_Route_150&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kiely	Leo Kiely	["1 External links"]	American baseball player (1929-1984) Baseball player Leo KielyKiely with the Mainichi Orions in 1953PitcherBorn: (1929-11-30)November 30, 1929Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.Died: January 18, 1984(1984-01-18) (aged 54)Montclair, New Jersey, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftProfessional debutMLB: June 27, 1951, for the Boston Red SoxNPB: August 8, 1953, for the Manichi OrionsLast appearanceNPB: August 30, 1953, for the Manichi OrionsMLB: June 20, 1960, for the Kansas City AthleticsMLB statisticsWin–loss record26–27Earned run average3.37Strikeouts212NPB statisticsWin–loss record6–0Earned run average1.80Strikeouts32 Teams Boston Red Sox (1951) Mainichi Orions (1953) Boston Red Sox (1954–1956, 1958–1959) Kansas City Athletics (1960) Leo Patrick Kiely (November 30, 1929 – January 18, 1984) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played between 1951 and 1960 for the Boston Red Sox (1951, 1954–56, 1958–59) and Kansas City Athletics (1960). Listed at 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), 180 pounds (82 kg), Kiely batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. Kiely entered the majors in the 1951 midseason with the Red Sox. He finished with a 7–7 record and a 3.34 ERA in 16 starts before joining the military during Korean War. In 1953, he pitched for the Mainichi Orions of the Pacific League to become the first major leaguer to play in Japanese baseball, while going 6–0 with a 1.80 ERA for Mainichi. It stood as the best record by a foreign rookie until 2005. He returned to Boston in 1954, after his military unit pulled out from Japan. Due to this, NPB banned teams from hiring foreign players who were serving in the military and played part-time from then on, and foreigners now had to play for the teams full time. In 1957, Kiely was demoted to Triple-A. He finished with a 21–6 record and a 2.22 ERA for the PCL San Francisco Seals, leading the league in wins. 20 of them came in relief, including 14 in consecutive games, to set two PCL records. The 1958 TSN Guide also credited Kiely with 11 saves during the 14-game winning streak. Kiely led the Red Sox with 12 saves in 1958 while going 5–2 with a 3.00 ERA in 47 relief appearances. He also pitched with the Athletics in 1960, his last major league season. In a seven-season career, Kiely posted a 26–27 record with a 3.37 ERA in 209 games, including 39 starts, eight complete games, one shutout, 29 saves, and 523.0 innings of work. He went 63–36 during his minor league career. Kiely died from cancer in Montclair, New Jersey at age 54. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Leo Kiely William McNeil (1997-05-01). The King of Swat: An Analysis of Baseball's Home Run Hitters from the Major, Minor, Negro, and Japanese Leagues. McFarland. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7864-0362-2. Japan Baseball Daily Archived 2013-01-26 at archive.today	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Hoboken, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"starts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Mainichi Orions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Orions"},{"link_name":"Pacific League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_League"},{"link_name":"Japanese baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_baseball"},{"link_name":"PCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"TSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"saves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(sport)"},{"link_name":"complete games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_game"},{"link_name":"shutout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout"},{"link_name":"Montclair, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Baseball playerLeo Patrick Kiely (November 30, 1929 – January 18, 1984) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played between 1951 and 1960 for the Boston Red Sox (1951, 1954–56, 1958–59) and Kansas City Athletics (1960). Listed at 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), 180 pounds (82 kg), Kiely batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey.Kiely entered the majors in the 1951 midseason with the Red Sox. He finished with a 7–7 record and a 3.34 ERA in 16 starts before joining the military during Korean War. In 1953, he pitched for the Mainichi Orions of the Pacific League to become the first major leaguer to play in Japanese baseball, while going 6–0 with a 1.80 ERA for Mainichi. It stood as the best record by a foreign rookie until 2005. He returned to Boston in 1954, after his military unit pulled out from Japan. Due to this, NPB banned teams from hiring foreign players who were serving in the military and played part-time from then on, and foreigners now had to play for the teams full time.In 1957, Kiely was demoted to Triple-A. He finished with a 21–6 record and a 2.22 ERA for the PCL San Francisco Seals, leading the league in wins. 20 of them came in relief, including 14 in consecutive games, to set two PCL records. The 1958 TSN Guide also credited Kiely with 11 saves during the 14-game winning streak.Kiely led the Red Sox with 12 saves in 1958 while going 5–2 with a 3.00 ERA in 47 relief appearances. He also pitched with the Athletics in 1960, his last major league season.In a seven-season career, Kiely posted a 26–27 record with a 3.37 ERA in 209 games, including 39 starts, eight complete games, one shutout, 29 saves, and 523.0 innings of work. He went 63–36 during his minor league career.Kiely died from cancer in Montclair, New Jersey at age 54.","title":"Leo Kiely"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"William McNeil (1997-05-01). The King of Swat: An Analysis of Baseball's Home Run Hitters from the Major, Minor, Negro, and Japanese Leagues. McFarland. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7864-0362-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kingofswatanalys0000mcne","url_text":"The King of Swat: An Analysis of Baseball's Home Run Hitters from the Major, Minor, Negro, and Japanese Leagues"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kingofswatanalys0000mcne/page/80","url_text":"80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0362-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-0362-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kielyle01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1006895","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=kiely-001leo","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://baseballbiography.com/leo-kiely-1929","external_links_name":"Leo Kiely"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kingofswatanalys0000mcne","external_links_name":"The King of Swat: An Analysis of Baseball's Home Run Hitters from the Major, Minor, Negro, and Japanese Leagues"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kingofswatanalys0000mcne/page/80","external_links_name":"80"},{"Link":"http://www.japanbaseballdaily.com/historyjanuary.html","external_links_name":"Japan Baseball Daily"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130126211921/http://www.japanbaseballdaily.com/historyjanuary.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(1918_film)	The Blue Bird (1918 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]	1918 film by Maurice Tourneur The Blue BirdDirected byMaurice TourneurWritten byMaurice MaeterlinckStarringTula BelleRobin MacdougallCinematographyJohn van den BroekEdited byClarence BrownMusic byEdward FalckHugo RiesenfeldDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date March 31, 1918 (1918-03-31) Running time75 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) The Blue Bird The Blue Bird is a 1918 American silent fantasy film based upon the 1908 play by Maurice Maeterlinck and directed by Maurice Tourneur in the United States, under the auspices of producer Adolph Zukor. In 2004, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry. Plot When poor old widow Berlingot asks Tyltyl and Mytyl, the young son and daughter of her more prosperous neighbors, for the loan of their pet bird to cheer up her ill daughter, Mytyl selfishly refuses. That night, when the children are asleep, the fairy Bérylune enters their home in the semblance of Berlingot, before transforming into her true beautiful appearance. She insists that the children search for the bluebird of happiness. She gives Tyltyl a magical hat which has the power to show him the insides of things. As a result, the souls of fire, water, light, bread, sugar, and milk becoming personified, and their pet dog and cat can now speak with their masters. Before they all set out, Bérylune warns the children that their new companions will all perish once their quest is achieved. The fairy then takes them to various places to search. At the Palace of Night, the traitorous cat forewarns the Mother of Night, having heard the fairy's prediction. The dog saves Tyltyl from one of the dangers of the palace. In a graveyard, the dead come alive at midnight, and Tyltyl and Mytyl are reunited with their grandmother, grandfather, and siblings. They receive a blue bird, but when they leave, it disappears. Next, they visit the Palace of Happiness. After seeing various lesser joys and happinesses, they are shown the greatest of them all: maternal love in the form of their own mother. Finally, they are transported to the Kingdom of the Future, where children wait to be born, including their brother. Nowhere do they find the bluebird. Returning home empty-handed, the children see that the bird has been in a cage in their home the whole time. Mytyl gives the bird to Berlingot. She returns shortly afterward with her daughter, now well. However, the bird escapes from the daughter's grasp and flies away. Tyltyl comforts the upset neighbor girl, then turns to the audience and asks the viewers to search for the bluebird where they are most likely to find it: in their own homes. Cast Tula Belle as Mytyl Robin Macdougall as Tyltyl Edwin E. Reed as Daddy Tyl Emma Lowry as Mummy Tyl William J. Gross as Grandpa Gaffer Tyl Florence Anderson as Granny Tyl Edward Elkas as Widow Berlingot Katherine Bianchi as Widow Berlingot's Daughter Lillian Cook as Fairy Bérylune Gertrude McCoy as Light Lyn Donelson as Night Charles Ascot as Dog Tom Corless as Cat Mary Kennedy as Water Eleanor Masters as Milk Charles Craig as Sugar Sammy Blum as Bread S.E. Potapovitch as Fire Rose Rolanda Production The film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey; many early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based there at the beginning of the 20th century. Reception The New York Times gave the film a highly favorable review, calling it a "hit on screen", and stating that "seldom, if ever, has the atmosphere and spirit of a written work been more faithfully reproduced in motion pictures." Of the actors, the critic wrote, "Tyltyl and Mytyl are as delightful as children, real or imaginary, ever are. Robin Macdougall and Tula Belle make them so", and "all in the play were thoroughly pleasing." References ^ "Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-05-26. ^ Koszarski, Richard (2004), Fort Lee: The Film Town, Rome, Italy: John Libbey Publishing -CIC srl, ISBN 0-86196-653-8 ^ "Studios and Films". Fort Lee Film Commission. Retrieved 2011-05-30. ^ Fort Lee Film Commission (2006), Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry, Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 0-7385-4501-5 ^ a b "'The Blue Bird' a Hit on Screen". The New York Times. April 1, 1918. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Blue Bird (1918 film). Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Blue Bird (film) The Blue Bird essay by Kaveh Askar on the National Film Registry site The Blue Bird essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2020 ISBN 0826429777, pages 61–62 The Blue Bird at IMDb The Blue Bird at AllMovie The Blue Bird is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive Video on YouTube vteMaurice Maeterlinck's The Blue BirdFilms The Blue Bird (1910) The Blue Bird (1918) The Blue Bird (1940) The Blue Bird (1970) The Blue Bird (1976) Blue Bird (2011) Other Maeterlinck's Blue Bird: Tyltyl and Mytyl's Adventurous Journey L'oiseau bleu vteFilms directed by Maurice Tourneur The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1913) Jean la Poudre (1913) The System of Doctor Goudron (1913) The Gaieties of the Squadron (1913) Tricks of Love (1913) The Last Pardon (1913) The Cameo (1913) Mother (1914) Figures de cire (1914) The Man of the Hour (1914) The Wishing Ring: An Idyll of Old England (1914) The Red Promenade (1914) The Pit (1914) The Sparrow (1914) Monsieur Lecoq (1914) The Secret of the Well (1914) Alias Jimmy Valentine (1915) Trilby (1915) The Cub (1915) The Ivory Snuff Box (1915) The Butterfly on the Wheel (1915) The Pawn of Fate (1915) The Hand of Peril (1916) The Closed Road (1916) The Velvet Paw (1916) The Rail Rider (1916) A Girl's Folly (1916) The Whip (1917) The Undying Flame (1917) Exile (1917) The Law of the Land (1917) The Pride of the Clan (1917) The Poor Little Rich Girl (1917) Barbary Sheep (1917) The Rise of Jennie Cushing (1917) Rose of the World (1917) The Blue Bird (1918) Prunella (1918) A Doll's House (1918) Sporting Life (1918) Woman (1918) My Lady's Garter (1919) The White Heather (1919) The Life Line (1919) Victory (1919) The Broken Butterfly (1919) The County Fair (1920) The Great Redeemer (1920) While Paris Sleeps (1920) Treasure Island (1920) The White Circle (1920) Deep Waters (1920) The Last of the Mohicans (1920) The Bait (1921) The Foolish Matrons (1921) Lorna Doone (1922) The Brass Bottle (1923) The Christian (1923) The Isle of Lost Ships (1923) Jealous Husbands (1923) Torment (1924) The White Moth (1924) Sporting Life (1925) Never the Twain Shall Meet (1925) Clothes Make the Pirate (1925) Aloma of the South Seas (1926) Old Loves and New (1926) The Crew (1928) The Ship of Lost Souls (1929) Accused, Stand Up! (1930) Departure (1931) Dance Hall (1931) Fun in the Barracks (1932) In the Name of the Law (1932) L'Homme mystérieux (1933) The Two Orphans (1933) Le Voleur (1934) Justin de Marseille (1935) Koenigsmark (1935) Samson (1936) With a Smile (1936) The Patriot (1938) Katia (1938) Sins of Youth (1941) Volpone (1941) Miss Bonaparte (1942) La Main du diable (1943) Cecile Is Dead (1944) After Love (1948) Dilemma of Two Angels (1948) Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"the 1908 play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(play)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Maeterlinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck"},{"link_name":"Maurice Tourneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Tourneur"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Adolph Zukor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Zukor"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Blue BirdThe Blue Bird is a 1918 American silent fantasy film based upon the 1908 play by Maurice Maeterlinck and directed by Maurice Tourneur in the United States, under the auspices of producer Adolph Zukor. In 2004, this film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.[1][2]","title":"The Blue Bird (1918 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bluebird of happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird_of_happiness"},{"link_name":"turns to the audience and asks the viewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"}],"text":"When poor old widow Berlingot asks Tyltyl and Mytyl, the young son and daughter of her more prosperous neighbors, for the loan of their pet bird to cheer up her ill daughter, Mytyl selfishly refuses. That night, when the children are asleep, the fairy Bérylune enters their home in the semblance of Berlingot, before transforming into her true beautiful appearance. She insists that the children search for the bluebird of happiness. She gives Tyltyl a magical hat which has the power to show him the insides of things. As a result, the souls of fire, water, light, bread, sugar, and milk becoming personified, and their pet dog and cat can now speak with their masters. Before they all set out, Bérylune warns the children that their new companions will all perish once their quest is achieved.The fairy then takes them to various places to search. At the Palace of Night, the traitorous cat forewarns the Mother of Night, having heard the fairy's prediction. The dog saves Tyltyl from one of the dangers of the palace. In a graveyard, the dead come alive at midnight, and Tyltyl and Mytyl are reunited with their grandmother, grandfather, and siblings. They receive a blue bird, but when they leave, it disappears. Next, they visit the Palace of Happiness. After seeing various lesser joys and happinesses, they are shown the greatest of them all: maternal love in the form of their own mother. Finally, they are transported to the Kingdom of the Future, where children wait to be born, including their brother. Nowhere do they find the bluebird.Returning home empty-handed, the children see that the bird has been in a cage in their home the whole time. Mytyl gives the bird to Berlingot. She returns shortly afterward with her daughter, now well. However, the bird escapes from the daughter's grasp and flies away. Tyltyl comforts the upset neighbor girl, then turns to the audience and asks the viewers to search for the bluebird where they are most likely to find it: in their own homes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tula Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Belle"},{"link_name":"Robin Macdougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Macdougall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edwin E. Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_E._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emma Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William J. Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_J._Gross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florence Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Anderson_(actress)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Elkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elkas"},{"link_name":"Katherine Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Bianchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lillian Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Cook"},{"link_name":"Gertrude McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Lyn Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyn_Donelson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ascot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom Corless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Corless&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Craig_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Blum"},{"link_name":"Rose Rolanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Rolanda"}],"text":"Tula Belle as Mytyl\nRobin Macdougall as Tyltyl\nEdwin E. Reed as Daddy Tyl\nEmma Lowry as Mummy Tyl\nWilliam J. Gross as Grandpa Gaffer Tyl\nFlorence Anderson as Granny Tyl\nEdward Elkas as Widow Berlingot\nKatherine Bianchi as Widow Berlingot's Daughter\nLillian Cook as Fairy Bérylune\nGertrude McCoy as Light\nLyn Donelson as Night\nCharles Ascot as Dog\nTom Corless as Cat\nMary Kennedy as Water\nEleanor Masters as Milk\nCharles Craig as Sugar\nSammy Blum as Bread\nS.E. Potapovitch as Fire\nRose Rolanda","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Lee, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"film studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studio"},{"link_name":"America's first motion picture industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_first_motion_picture_industry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey; many early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based there at the beginning of the 20th century.[3][4][5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-6"}],"text":"The New York Times gave the film a highly favorable review, calling it a \"hit on screen\", and stating that \"seldom, if ever, has the atmosphere and spirit of a written work been more faithfully reproduced in motion pictures.\"[6] Of the actors, the critic wrote, \"Tyltyl and Mytyl are as delightful as children, real or imaginary, ever are. Robin Macdougall and Tula Belle make them so\", and \"all in the play were thoroughly pleasing.\"[6]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"The Blue Bird"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-04-215/films-added-to-national-film-registry-for-2004/2004-12-28/","url_text":"\"Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/","url_text":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Koszarski, Richard (2004), Fort Lee: The Film Town, Rome, Italy: John Libbey Publishing -CIC srl, ISBN 0-86196-653-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0r8YKan04C&q=Fort+Lee:+the+film+town+Door+Richard+Koszarski","url_text":"Fort Lee: The Film Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86196-653-8","url_text":"0-86196-653-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Studios and Films\". Fort Lee Film Commission. Retrieved 2011-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fortleefilm.org/studios.html","url_text":"\"Studios and Films\""}]},{"reference":"Fort Lee Film Commission (2006), Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry, Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 0-7385-4501-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ViR3b72xkK0C&q=Fort+Lee+Birthplace+of+the+Motion+Picture+Industry","url_text":"Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-4501-5","url_text":"0-7385-4501-5"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Blue Bird' a Hit on Screen\". The New York Times. April 1, 1918.","urls":[{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E1DA1E3FE433A25752C0A9629C946996D6CF","url_text":"\"'The Blue Bird' a Hit on Screen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-04-215/films-added-to-national-film-registry-for-2004/2004-12-28/","external_links_name":"\"Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/","external_links_name":"\"Complete National Film Registry Listing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0r8YKan04C&q=Fort+Lee:+the+film+town+Door+Richard+Koszarski","external_links_name":"Fort Lee: The Film Town"},{"Link":"http://www.fortleefilm.org/studios.html","external_links_name":"\"Studios and Films\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ViR3b72xkK0C&q=Fort+Lee+Birthplace+of+the+Motion+Picture+Industry","external_links_name":"Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry"},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E1DA1E3FE433A25752C0A9629C946996D6CF","external_links_name":"\"'The Blue Bird' a Hit on Screen\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/blue_bird.pdf","external_links_name":"The Blue Bird essay by Kaveh Askar on the National Film Registry site"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/America_s_Film_Legacy.html?id=deq3xI8OmCkC","external_links_name":"The Blue Bird essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0008891/","external_links_name":"The Blue Bird"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v141348","external_links_name":"The Blue Bird"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theBlueBird1918","external_links_name":"The Blue Bird"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uocFB3ciGmg","external_links_name":"Video"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4258151002111630280001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/201481243","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylus_squamosus	Spondylus squamosus	["1 References"]	Species of bivalve Spondylus squamosus Spondylus squamosus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Pectinida Family: Spondylidae Genus: Spondylus Species: S. squamosus Binomial name Spondylus squamosusSchreibers, 1793 Spondylus squamosus is a species of Spondylus, a genus of bivalve. This species is found in the Northern Pacific Ocean, resting in tidal zone up to 20 m deep in the sea. They attach themselves to the basis of the sea with their right valve. References ^ "Spondylus squamosus". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-04-10. ^ "国际贝库：血色海菊蛤" (in Chinese). Taiwan Shell Database. Retrieved 2009-08-11. Taxon identifiersSpondylus squamosus Wikidata: Q14377958 AFD: Spondylus_squamosus BOLD: 83411 CoL: 6ZBYG GBIF: 5729612 iNaturalist: 497788 IRMNG: 11123852 NCBI: 106280 OBIS: 207885 Open Tree of Life: 577536 SeaLifeBase: 84392 WoRMS: 207885 This bivalve-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spondylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylus"},{"link_name":"bivalve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tidal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_zone"}],"text":"Spondylus squamosus is a species of Spondylus, a genus of bivalve.[2]This species is found in the Northern Pacific Ocean, resting in tidal zone up to 20 m deep in the sea. They attach themselves to the basis of the sea with their right valve.","title":"Spondylus squamosus"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Spondylus squamosus\". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207885","url_text":"\"Spondylus squamosus\""}]},{"reference":"\"国际贝库：血色海菊蛤\" [International Shell Base: Spondylus cruentus] (in Chinese). Taiwan Shell Database. Retrieved 2009-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/shellbase_detail.php?science_no=3718","url_text":"\"国际贝库：血色海菊蛤\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207885","external_links_name":"\"Spondylus squamosus\""},{"Link":"http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/shellbase_detail.php?science_no=3718","external_links_name":"\"国际贝库：血色海菊蛤\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Spondylus_squamosus","external_links_name":"Spondylus_squamosus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=83411","external_links_name":"83411"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6ZBYG","external_links_name":"6ZBYG"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5729612","external_links_name":"5729612"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/497788","external_links_name":"497788"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11123852","external_links_name":"11123852"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=106280","external_links_name":"106280"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/207885","external_links_name":"207885"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=577536","external_links_name":"577536"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=84392","external_links_name":"84392"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207885","external_links_name":"207885"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spondylus_squamosus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazem_Al-Ghazali	Nazem al-Ghazali	["1 Biography","2 Band","3 List of songs","4 External links"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. (March 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ar\|ناظم الغزالي}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Nazem al-Ghazaliناظم الغزاليNazem al-Ghazali in 1946/47Background informationBorn1921 (1921)Baghdad, Iraq OriginHaydar Khanah Quarter, Baghdad, IraqDiedOctober 23, 1963(1963-10-23) (aged 41–42)Baghdad, Iraqi RepublicGenresArabic, Iraqi maqamOccupation(s)Vocalist, songwriterMusical artist Nazem al-Ghazali (Arabic: ناظم الغزالي, given name also spelled Nazim, Nadhim, Nadhem or Nathem; 1921 – 23 October 1963) was one of the most popular singers in the history of Iraq and his songs are still heard by many in the Arab world. Biography Nazem al-Ghazali was born in the Haydar-Khana locality in Baghdad, and studied at the Institute of Fine Arts in Iraq. He started his career as an actor, and after a few years turned to singing. He worked at the Iraqi Radio in 1948, and was member of the Andalusian Muashahat Ensemble. In that period, he worked with Jamil Bashir, and together they produced some distinguished works, such as Fog el-Nakhal and Marrou 'Alayya el-Hilween. He was also a student of Muhammad al-Qubanchi, one of the most prominent maqam singers of the last century. Nazem was renowned for his popular songs and he had also recorded some maqams. According to many, his refined mellow voice was the finest in the field. He was married to prominent Iraqi Jewish singer Salima Murad. Band Nazem Al-Ghazali's band consisted of many prominent musicians known to the Arab world. The flute player, in addition to the Qanun player, were blind. They are usually the two musicians most commonly seated directly behind Nazem during his concerts. List of songs Fog El nakhal Talaa Min Beit Abuha Ayartni Bil-Shaeb Tusbukh Ala Kheir Gulli Ya Hilu Hayak Baba Hayak Shlon Ma Rida Ahebak Samraa External links almashriq.hiof.no iraq4u.com Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"}],"text":"Musical artistNazem al-Ghazali (Arabic: ناظم الغزالي, given name also spelled Nazim, Nadhim, Nadhem or Nathem; 1921 – 23 October 1963) was one of the most popular singers in the history of Iraq and his songs are still heard by many in the Arab world.","title":"Nazem al-Ghazali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haydar-Khana locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydar-Khana"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Jamil Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Bashir"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Qubanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Qubanchi"},{"link_name":"Salima Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima_Murad"}],"text":"Nazem al-Ghazali was born in the Haydar-Khana locality in Baghdad, and studied at the Institute of Fine Arts in Iraq. He started his career as an actor, and after a few years turned to singing. He worked at the Iraqi Radio in 1948, and was member of the Andalusian Muashahat Ensemble. In that period, he worked with Jamil Bashir, and together they produced some distinguished works, such as Fog el-Nakhal and Marrou 'Alayya el-Hilween. He was also a student of Muhammad al-Qubanchi, one of the most prominent maqam singers of the last century. Nazem was renowned for his popular songs and he had also recorded some maqams. According to many, his refined mellow voice was the finest in the field. He was married to prominent Iraqi Jewish singer Salima Murad.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qanun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)"}],"text":"Nazem Al-Ghazali's band consisted of many prominent musicians known to the Arab world. The flute player, in addition to the Qanun player, were blind. They are usually the two musicians most commonly seated directly behind Nazem during his concerts.","title":"Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fog El nakhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_and_Daoud_Al-Kuwaity"}],"text":"Fog El nakhal\nTalaa Min Beit Abuha\nAyartni Bil-Shaeb\nTusbukh Ala Kheir\nGulli Ya Hilu\nHayak Baba Hayak\nShlon\nMa Rida\nAhebak\nSamraa","title":"List of songs"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://almashriq.hiof.no/iraq/700/780/784/ghazali/","external_links_name":"almashriq.hiof.no"},{"Link":"http://iraq4u.com/apps/music/getSongs.asp?i=UORuoKbmJKXzLK9QJgXypEIeCSXdCSkvLOfulEyj","external_links_name":"iraq4u.com"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/320021/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000382852444","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/266488155","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcvJff7PYcF8mJ8Hc9Dq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140296704","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140296704","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007440033305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93011774","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9d3e05e5-6380-496f-9800-803e7eefe7a3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrano_Day_School	Belgrano Day School	["1 History","2 Academics","2.1 Kindergarten","2.2 Primary","2.3 Middle and senior school","3 Games and sports","4 Facilities","5 Alumni","6 References","7 External links"]	School in Belgrano, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaBelgrano Day SchoolAddressJuramento 3035Belgrano, Buenos AiresArgentinaInformationSchool typePrivate selective bilingual mixed-sex day schoolMottoFac recte(Latin for "act righteously")Founded22 February 1912 (1912-02-22)FounderJohn Ernest GreenSchool boardAlberto C. Taquini, Raúl TaboadaAge2 to 18Enrollment1200Campus typeUrbanSportsAssociation football, field hockey, rugby union, volleyballWebsitewww.bds.edu.ar Belgrano Day School is a private selective bilingual mixed-sex day school located in the Belgrano neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It offers a national and international curriculum for pupils aged 2 to 18 years old. Graduates obtain the national Bilingual Baccalaureate and may optionally take the IGCSE, AICE, AS and A levels of the Cambridge International Examinations. The school draws its pupils from a wide area of Buenos Aires, but the majority come from within the districts of Belgrano, Núñez and Palermo. All pupils in primary, middle and senior schools belong to a house, North, South, East or West, through which internal competitions are organized. The school has over one hundred teachers and support staff from Argentina and abroad. Pupils are of all religious beliefs, however the school has a Catholic orientation. Pupils can prepare for First Communion and Confirmation and may attend monthly masses. Participation in all religious activities is optional. History The school was founded on 22 February 1912 by English teacher John Ernest Green and began its first year with only 12 students. Over the years, it has grown into a school of more than 1000 students from kindergarten to senior school. Academics Kindergarten The implementation of an early English immersion programme from the age of two, led by fully bilingual teachers, is designed to develop bilingualism, social skills, creativity and self-esteem. The kindergarten has the official supervision of the Ministry of Education. Primary It is divided in six years, labelled P1 to P6. Students follow a mixed national-bilingual syllabus and the Cambridge International Primary Programme (CIPP) in English, science and mathematics. At the end of P6 a theatre play is prepared. Middle and senior school Middle school offers a debate club, a creative writing and arts workshop, a choir, the project Jóvenes Negociadores (Young Negotiators) implemented under the supervision of Fundación Poder Ciudadano, and other extracurricular activities. A psychological advisor is also present from this stage until graduation. The preparation for the Cambridge International Examinations starts during this period. Games and sports There are teams in association football, field hockey, rugby union and volleyball that participate in matches against other schools. Senior teams have toured Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Chile. In the latter part of the school year there are athletics tournaments, including an interhouse competition. Facilities Each section has its own building, entrance and playground. Shared facilities include rooms for music, art, computer studies and drama, a dining room, a library, a gym, laboratories, an auditorium, a fully equipped music academy and a first aid centre. The twenty-hectare sports fields are located in El Talar, with seven rugby union and mini-rugby fields, seven field hockey and mini-hockey fields, six volleyball courts, a spacious open air gym, and a snack bar. The school buildings form the greater part of one whole square between the streets of Juramento, Zapiola, Mendoza and Conesa and all sections are connected from one playground to another. Alumni Belgrano Day School has on record more than two thousand graduates since its foundation in 1912. Children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Old Facrecteans are among its pupils. Old Facrecteans prolong their link with the school through the Old Facrectean Association (OFA), take part in activities such as the BDS Club or the Old Facrectean Choir, and keep alive the Old Facrectean Newsletter that is electronically distributed twice a year. The recently published book Belgrano Day School Centennial / Centenario has mainly been written by Old Facrecteans. Notable alumni of the school include: Dennis Clifford Crisp, Royal Regiment of Artillery officer and World War II veteran Luis Dolan, interreligious consultant in the United Nations Matías Zaldarriaga, MacArthur Fellow Father Pedro Richards, adviser in the Second Vatican Council References ^ Marroquín, Lucía (6 July 2012). "Con múltiples festejos, colegios centenarios celebran su historia" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Para el Belgrano Day School, fundado por el maestro inglés John Ernest Green el 22 de febrero de 1912, recordar la historia también es mirar al futuro: como parte de las celebraciones se instalará una placa conmemorativa y los alumnos dejarán unas cajas que deberán ser abiertas dentro de 25 y 50 años y que contendrán objetos que, para ellos, simbolizan el presente. ^ "E. Bernardo Green". La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 18 March 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Su padre, John Ernest Green, un profesor inglés que se radicó en la Argentina, fundó en 1912 el Belgrano Day School, que ese primer año sólo tuvo 12 alumnos y que en 2002 celebró sus 90 años convertido en una institución de singular pujanza. ^ Castrillón, Ernesto; Casabal, Luis (6 June 2004). "Memoria: un argentino en Birmania" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Estuve unos meses allí y, de regreso, estudié en el Belgrano Day School, aunque alterné esa formación con dos años de residencia en Inglaterra (entre 1931 y 1933), y terminé mis estudios en el colegio Carlos Pellegrini. ^ Castrillón, Ernesto; Casabal, Luis (6 June 2004). "Memoria: un argentino en Birmania" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Yo era oficial de Artillería, y ya era la cuarta generación de mi familia que servía en el mismo Regimiento de Artillería Real. ^ Castrillón, Ernesto; Casabal, Luis (6 June 2004). "Memoria: un argentino en Birmania" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Dennis Clifford Crisp se ha ido soltando de a poco, mostrándose, pese a su reticencia inicial, como un conversador encantador y cautivante que sabe extraer del pasado precisos recuerdos de un terrible frente de combate de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, un frente olvidado, salvo, por supuesto, por los que tuvieron la desdicha de pelear en él. ^ "Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 17 October 2000. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Nacido en San Isidro en 1921, cursó estudios en el Belgrano Day School y se graduó en la Universidad Fordham, en Nueva York. ^ "Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 17 October 2000. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Fue consultor interreligioso de las Naciones Unidas, en cuyas conferencias internacionales participó desde 1976. ^ Bär, Nora (28 November 2006). "La "beca de los genios", a un argentino" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2013. La vocación científica de Zaldarriaga no reconoce antecedentes familiares, pero sí el estímulo de un profesor de la Belgrano Day School, donde cursó el secundario. ^ Bär, Nora (28 November 2006). "La "beca de los genios", a un argentino" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2013. A los 35 años y a tres semanas de ser padre de una beba, al físico argentino Matías Zaldarriaga ni se le había pasado por la cabeza que alguien llamaría a su casa para preguntar por él y le indicaría que se sentara antes de seguir conversando. Pero eso fue precisamente lo que ocurrió hace algunas semanas, cuando le anunciaron que era uno de los 25 creadores del arte y la ciencia que este año habían sido elegidos para recibir lo que se conoce como "beca de los genios", otorgada por la Fundación Mac Arthur, de los EE.UU. ^ "Padre Pedro Richards" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 6 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Nacido en Buenos Aires el 31 de diciembre de 1911, "Chubby" Richards, como le decían en su familia, irlandesa, estudió en el colegio Belgrano Day School y jugó al rugby en Curupaytí. ^ "Padre Pedro Richards" . La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 6 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. A los 92 años falleció en Buenos Aires el padre pasionista Pedro Richards, que tuvo una fecunda labor de alcance continental en la promoción de la familia y que fue nombrado por Juan XXIII perito del Concilio Vaticano II en la comisión para el apostolado de los laicos. External links Official website Authority control databases ISNI VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"selective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_school"},{"link_name":"bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_education"},{"link_name":"mixed-sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"day school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_school"},{"link_name":"Belgrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrano,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Cambridge International Examinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations"},{"link_name":"Belgrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrano,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Núñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"First Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Communion"},{"link_name":"Confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation"},{"link_name":"masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"}],"text":"School in Belgrano, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaBelgrano Day School is a private selective bilingual mixed-sex day school located in the Belgrano neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina.It offers a national and international curriculum for pupils aged 2 to 18 years old. Graduates obtain the national Bilingual Baccalaureate and may optionally take the IGCSE, AICE, AS and A levels of the Cambridge International Examinations.The school draws its pupils from a wide area of Buenos Aires, but the majority come from within the districts of Belgrano, Núñez and Palermo. All pupils in primary, middle and senior schools belong to a house, North, South, East or West, through which internal competitions are organized. The school has over one hundred teachers and support staff from Argentina and abroad.Pupils are of all religious beliefs, however the school has a Catholic orientation. Pupils can prepare for First Communion and Confirmation and may attend monthly masses. Participation in all religious activities is optional.","title":"Belgrano Day School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"}],"text":"The school was founded on 22 February 1912 by English teacher John Ernest Green[1] and began its first year with only 12 students.[2] Over the years, it has grown into a school of more than 1000 students from kindergarten to senior school.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersion"},{"link_name":"bilingualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism"}],"sub_title":"Kindergarten","text":"The implementation of an early English immersion programme from the age of two, led by fully bilingual teachers, is designed to develop bilingualism, social skills, creativity and self-esteem. The kindergarten has the official supervision of the Ministry of Education.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"}],"sub_title":"Primary","text":"It is divided in six years, labelled P1 to P6. Students follow a mixed national-bilingual syllabus and the Cambridge International Primary Programme (CIPP) in English, science and mathematics. At the end of P6 a theatre play is prepared.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"Cambridge International Examinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations"}],"sub_title":"Middle and senior school","text":"Middle school offers a debate club, a creative writing and arts workshop, a choir, the project Jóvenes Negociadores (Young Negotiators) implemented under the supervision of Fundación Poder Ciudadano, and other extracurricular activities. A psychological advisor is also present from this stage until graduation.The preparation for the Cambridge International Examinations starts during this period.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"}],"text":"There are teams in association football, field hockey, rugby union and volleyball that participate in matches against other schools. Senior teams have toured Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Chile. In the latter part of the school year there are athletics tournaments, including an interhouse competition.","title":"Games and sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"}],"text":"Each section has its own building, entrance and playground. Shared facilities include rooms for music, art, computer studies and drama, a dining room, a library, a gym, laboratories, an auditorium, a fully equipped music academy and a first aid centre. The twenty-hectare sports fields are located in El Talar, with seven rugby union and mini-rugby fields, seven field hockey and mini-hockey fields, six volleyball courts, a spacious open air gym, and a snack bar.The school buildings form the greater part of one whole square between the streets of Juramento, Zapiola, Mendoza and Conesa and all sections are connected from one playground to another.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Regiment of Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Belgrano Day School has on record more than two thousand graduates since its foundation in 1912. Children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Old Facrecteans are among its pupils. Old Facrecteans prolong their link with the school through the Old Facrectean Association (OFA), take part in activities such as the BDS Club or the Old Facrectean Choir, and keep alive the Old Facrectean Newsletter that is electronically distributed twice a year. The recently published book Belgrano Day School Centennial / Centenario has mainly been written by Old Facrecteans. Notable alumni of the school include:Dennis Clifford Crisp,[3] Royal Regiment of Artillery officer[4] and World War II veteran[5]\nLuis Dolan,[6] interreligious consultant in the United Nations[7]\nMatías Zaldarriaga,[8] MacArthur Fellow[9]\nFather Pedro Richards,[10] adviser in the Second Vatican Council[11]","title":"Alumni"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Marroquín, Lucía (6 July 2012). \"Con múltiples festejos, colegios centenarios celebran su historia\" [With multiple festivities, schools celebrate their centennial history]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Para el Belgrano Day School, fundado por el maestro inglés John Ernest Green el 22 de febrero de 1912, recordar la historia también es mirar al futuro: como parte de las celebraciones se instalará una placa conmemorativa y los alumnos dejarán unas cajas que deberán ser abiertas dentro de 25 y 50 años y que contendrán objetos que, para ellos, simbolizan el presente.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1488133-con-multiples-festejos-colegios-centenarios-celebran-su-historia","url_text":"\"Con múltiples festejos, colegios centenarios celebran su historia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804070525/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1488133-con-multiples-festejos-colegios-centenarios-celebran-su-historia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"E. Bernardo Green\". La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 18 March 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Su padre, John Ernest Green, un profesor inglés que se radicó en la Argentina, fundó en 1912 el Belgrano Day School, que ese primer año sólo tuvo 12 alumnos y que en 2002 celebró sus 90 años convertido en una institución de singular pujanza.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/481691-e-bernardo-green","url_text":"\"E. Bernardo Green\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710155352/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/481691-e-bernardo-green","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Castrillón, Ernesto; Casabal, Luis (6 June 2004). \"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\" [Memories: an Argentine in Burma]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Estuve unos meses allí y, de regreso, estudié en el Belgrano Day School, aunque alterné esa formación con dos años de residencia en Inglaterra (entre 1931 y 1933), y terminé mis estudios en el colegio Carlos Pellegrini.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403154927/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","url_text":"\"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Castrillón, Ernesto; Casabal, Luis (6 June 2004). \"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\" [Memories: an Argentine in Burma]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Yo era oficial de Artillería, y ya era la cuarta generación de mi familia que servía en el mismo Regimiento de Artillería Real.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403154927/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","url_text":"\"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Castrillón, Ernesto; Casabal, Luis (6 June 2004). \"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\" [Memories: an Argentine in Burma]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Dennis Clifford Crisp se ha ido soltando de a poco, mostrándose, pese a su reticencia inicial, como un conversador encantador y cautivante que sabe extraer del pasado precisos recuerdos de un terrible frente de combate de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, un frente olvidado, salvo, por supuesto, por los que tuvieron la desdicha de pelear en él.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403154927/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","url_text":"\"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso\" [Luis Dolan died, leader of the interreligious dialogue]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 17 October 2000. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Nacido en San Isidro en 1921, cursó estudios en el Belgrano Day School y se graduó en la Universidad Fordham, en Nueva York.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403155826/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","url_text":"\"Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso\" [Luis Dolan died, leader of the interreligious dialogue]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 17 October 2000. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Fue consultor interreligioso de las Naciones Unidas, en cuyas conferencias internacionales participó desde 1976.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403155826/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","url_text":"\"Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bär, Nora (28 November 2006). \"La \"beca de los genios\", a un argentino\" [The \"genius grant\", to an Argentine]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2013. La vocación científica de Zaldarriaga no reconoce antecedentes familiares, pero sí el estímulo de un profesor de la Belgrano Day School, donde cursó el secundario.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","url_text":"\"La \"beca de los genios\", a un argentino\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810110911/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bär, Nora (28 November 2006). \"La \"beca de los genios\", a un argentino\" [The \"genius grant\", to an Argentine]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2013. A los 35 años y a tres semanas de ser padre de una beba, al físico argentino Matías Zaldarriaga ni se le había pasado por la cabeza que alguien llamaría a su casa para preguntar por él y le indicaría que se sentara antes de seguir conversando. Pero eso fue precisamente lo que ocurrió hace algunas semanas, cuando le anunciaron que era uno de los 25 creadores del arte y la ciencia que este año habían sido elegidos para recibir lo que se conoce como \"beca de los genios\", otorgada por la Fundación Mac Arthur, de los EE.UU.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","url_text":"\"La \"beca de los genios\", a un argentino\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810110911/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Padre Pedro Richards\" [Father Pedro Richards]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 6 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Nacido en Buenos Aires el 31 de diciembre de 1911, \"Chubby\" Richards, como le decían en su familia, irlandesa, estudió en el colegio Belgrano Day School y jugó al rugby en Curupaytí.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403151958/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","url_text":"\"Padre Pedro Richards\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Padre Pedro Richards\" [Father Pedro Richards]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 6 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. A los 92 años falleció en Buenos Aires el padre pasionista Pedro Richards, que tuvo una fecunda labor de alcance continental en la promoción de la familia y que fue nombrado por Juan XXIII perito del Concilio Vaticano II en la comisión para el apostolado de los laicos.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130403151958/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","url_text":"\"Padre Pedro Richards\""},{"url":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bds.edu.ar/","external_links_name":"www.bds.edu.ar"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1488133-con-multiples-festejos-colegios-centenarios-celebran-su-historia","external_links_name":"\"Con múltiples festejos, colegios centenarios celebran su historia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804070525/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1488133-con-multiples-festejos-colegios-centenarios-celebran-su-historia","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/481691-e-bernardo-green","external_links_name":"\"E. Bernardo Green\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710155352/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/481691-e-bernardo-green","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403154927/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","external_links_name":"\"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403154927/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","external_links_name":"\"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403154927/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","external_links_name":"\"Memoria: un argentino en Birmania\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/607751-memoria-un-argentino-en-birmania","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403155826/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","external_links_name":"\"Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403155826/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","external_links_name":"\"Murió Luis Dolan, líder del diálogo interreligioso\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/37143-murio-luis-dolan-lider-del-dialogo-interreligioso","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","external_links_name":"\"La \"beca de los genios\", a un argentino\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810110911/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","external_links_name":"\"La \"beca de los genios\", a un argentino\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810110911/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/862714-la-beca-de-los-genios-a-un-argentino","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403151958/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","external_links_name":"\"Padre Pedro Richards\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130403151958/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","external_links_name":"\"Padre Pedro Richards\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/651628-padre-pedro-richards","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bds.esc.edu.ar/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403867910","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/160524935","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marksman_(2021_film)	The Marksman (2021 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","6 References","7 External links"]	2021 film by Robert Lorenz The MarksmanTheatrical release posterDirected byRobert LorenzWritten by Robert Lorenz Chris Charles Danny Kravitz Produced by Tai Duncan Mark Williams Warren Goz Eric Gold Robert Lorenz Starring Liam Neeson Jacob Perez Katheryn Winnick Juan Pablo Raba Teresa Ruiz CinematographyMark PattenEdited byLuis CarballarMusic bySean CalleryProductioncompanies Raven Capital Management Sculptor Media Zero Gravity Management Voltage Pictures Distributed by Open Road Films Briarcliff Entertainment Release date January 15, 2021 (2021-01-15) (United States) Running time108 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$23–30 millionBox office$23.9 million The Marksman is a 2021 American action drama film directed by Robert Lorenz. The plot follows a rancher and former Marine (Liam Neeson), living in an Arizona border town, who must help a young boy (Jacob Perez) escape a Mexican drug cartel. Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba, and Teresa Ruiz also star. The film was theatrically released in the United States on January 15, 2021, by Open Road Films and Briarcliff Entertainment. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Neeson's performance but criticized the film as being formulaic. Plot Former US Marine Corps Scout Sniper and Vietnam War veteran Jim Hanson, a widower, lives along the Arizona-Mexico border with his dog, Jackson. While tending his ranch, which he is behind in payments on, he reports illegal border crossings to the United States Border Patrol, where his step-daughter Sarah works. One day he encounters Rosa and her son Miguel, Mexican citizens fleeing from the Mexican Mafia. As Hanson calls border patrol, a cartel gang led by Mauricio approaches and a shootout ensues, in which Hanson shoots and kills Mauricio's brother and Rosa is fatally wounded. Before dying, Rosa gives Hanson her family's address in Chicago and a bag of cash, begging him to take Miguel there, to which Hanson reluctantly agrees. Border patrol show up after her death and take in Miguel. One of the cartel members comes in and claims that he's a relative of Miguel. Hanson happens to see their car there and sneaks Miguel out to go to safety. Meanwhile the gang bribe corrupt patrol officers to gain entry to the United States, and conduct their own manhunt in search for Miguel. After Hanson uses his credit card to repair his truck, Mauricio tracks the pair to Route 66 in Oklahoma. However their road journey is interrupted when a patrol officer pulls them over and instructs Hanson into his squad car using an apparent cover story. The officer then telephones the gang in order to turn in Miguel, in which Hanson becomes suspicious. Knowing that the cop is corrupt, Hanson confronts him and a struggle ensues. Hanson and Miguel flee to a nearby hill, where they witness the gang cartel arrive and roughly question the officer (who awoke from unconsciousness), then shoot him dead. Hanson and Miguel continue to make their way north. While staying at a motel, Hanson bribes the receptionist to not register him and Miguel as guests before the cartel shows up and during the escape, they kill Jackson. The patch on the truck's radiator fails while attempting to get away from the cartel and they are forced to stop. Eventually, Mauricio and his men catch up to Hanson and a firefight breaks out on a nearby farm. Hanson manages to kill three of the cartel members, but Mauricio captures Miguel. After a skirmish, Hanson is stabbed but seriously wounds Mauricio with a gunshot. Hanson offers him a coup de grâce leaving a single bullet in his gun or a choice to shoot Hanson. As Hanson and Miguel leave the farm, they hear a gunshot, indicating that Mauricio chose to commit suicide. The pair eventually reach Miguel's family in Chicago and drop him off at his family's home. The film ends with Hanson, still wounded from earlier, getting on a bus and closing his eyes. Cast Liam Neeson as Jim Hanson, a former U.S. Marines sniper and Vietnam War veteran Katheryn Winnick as Sarah Pennington, border patrol agent, and step-daughter of Hanson Juan Pablo Raba as Mauricio, a deranged Mexican enforcer for the Vasquez Cartel Teresa Ruiz as Rosa, Miguel's mother who is on the run from the cartel Jacob Perez as Miguel, a boy who is on the run from the cartel with his mother Dylan Kenan as Randall Luke Rains as Everett Sean Rosales as Hernando Alfredo Quiroz as Carlos Amber Midthunder as Gas Station Clerk Production The project, originally titled The Minuteman, was announced in May 2019, with Liam Neeson set to star. In September 2019, it was announced that Winnick and Raba joined the cast of the film. Principal photography occurred in Lorain County, Portage County, and Chardon, Ohio. Filming also occurred in New Mexico, and wrapped in October 2019. Release The Marksman was initially scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on January 22, 2021, but was later moved up a week to January 15. Reception Box office The Marksman grossed $15.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $8.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide of $23.9 million. The film grossed $3.7 million over the four-day MLK opening weekend, the second Open Road/Neeson title to top the box office during the COVID-19 pandemic after Honest Thief the previous October. The film played best in the South, with men making up 57% of the audience, and 72% being over the age of 25. It remained in first the following weekend with $2.03 million, then made $1.2 million in its third weekend and finished third. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 39% based on 108 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "The Marksman benefits from having Liam Neeson in the lead, but this formulaic action thriller should have aimed higher." On Metacritic, it holds a weighted average score of 44 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by PostTrak gave the film a 73% positive score, with 46% saying they would definitely recommend it. Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote: "Predictable to a fault, the movie coasts pleasurably on Neeson's seasoned, sad-sweet charisma." Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post rated the film 2/4 stars, writing that it "proves itself to be the cinematic version of comfort food: satisfyingly familiar but full of starch and empty calories." Owen Gleiberman at Variety, gave a more negative review, stating "Lorenz stages the action with a convincing ebb and flow, but thanks to an undercooked script what happens in between is mostly boilerplate." David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C− and wrote "...The Marksman might be two three-ways short of The Mule, but almost everything about it — from its 'get off my lawn' misanthropy to its general take on the uselessness of government in American life — feels geared for a late-career Eastwood vehicle." References ^ "The Marksman". British Board of Film Classification. ^ a b c "The Marksman (2021)". The Numbers. Retrieved September 24, 2021. ^ Jurgensen, John (January 25, 2021). "Liam Neeson Is the Secret Weapon for Getting People Into Movie Theaters". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 16, 2021. ^ a b "The Marksman (2021)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 24, 2021. ^ "The Marksman". British Board of Film Classification. THE MARKSMAN is a US action drama film in which a rancher goes on the run with a young boy in order to protect him from cartel assassins. ^ a b "The Marksman (2021)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "'The Marksman' Summary & Ending, Explained - Dry As Dust \| DMT". Digital Mafia Talkies. April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021. ^ McNary, Dave (May 9, 2019). "Liam Neeson to Star in Action-Thriller 'The Minuteman'". Variety. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Grate, Jake (May 10, 2019). "Liam Neeson to star in new action-thriller 'The Minuteman,' months after racism controversy". Fox News. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ White, James (May 9, 2019). "Liam Neeson Starring In Action Thriller The Minuteman". Empire. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ "Scandal-plagued Liam Neeson cast in action thriller 'The Minuteman'". Edmonton Journal. May 12, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Hipes, Patrick (September 3, 2019). "'The Minuteman': Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Join Liam Neeson Action Thriller". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Hermanns, Grant (September 4, 2019). "Liam Neeson's The Minuteman Adds Katheryn Winnick & Juan Pablo Raba". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ "Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Will Star With Liam Neeson in THE MINUTEMAN". BroadwayWorld. September 3, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Haidet, Ryan (October 10, 2019). "Liam Neeson 'Minuteman' movie filming in Lorain County: Here's where the action is taking place". WKYC. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Anderson, Natasha (October 2, 2019). "Caught on camera: Liam Neeson filming new movie in Portage County". WJW (TV). Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ "Liam Neeson spotted in Portage County filming 'The Minuteman'". Akron Beacon Journal. October 2, 2019. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Balish, Paula (September 25, 2019). "Liam Neeson Shoots Scene In Chardon For Upcoming Movie". WNCX. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Naquin, Talia (August 28, 2019). "Want to be in a movie with Liam Neeson? 'The Minuteman' is filming in Cleveland and looking for actors". WJW (TV). Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ "'The Minutemen' starring Liam Neeson to begin filming in New Mexico". KRQE. September 9, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Morona, Joey (October 22, 2019). "Liam Neeson's 'The Minuteman' wrapping up production in Cleveland". Cleveland.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 17, 2020). "'The Marksman': Liam Neeson Action Pic Sets Sights On MLK Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 17, 2021). "Open Road's Liam Neeson Pic 'The Marksman' Takes $3.7M At MLK Weekend Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 17, 2021. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 24, 2021). "'The Marksman' Stays On Target As No. 1 In Pandemic As Major Studios Pull Product From Q1". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 24, 2021. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 31, 2021). "Denzel Washington & Rami Malek Thriller 'The Little Things' Counts $4.8M Debut, Best For Older Guy Fare During Pandemic B.O." Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ "The Marksman Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved April 1, 2021. ^ Catsoulis, Jeannette (January 14, 2021). "'The Marksman' Review: In Need of a Mission". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael. "Review \| Liam Neeson shoots bad guys, charms audience in the middlebrow 'The Marksman'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (January 12, 2021). "'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Saves a Mexican Boy From Cartel Slaughter in a Feel-Good Action Road Movie". Variety. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ Ehrlich, David (January 12, 2021). "'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Goes Full Clint Eastwood in a Redbox-Ready Action Movie". IndieWire. Retrieved January 12, 2021. External links The Marksman at IMDb vteFilms directed by Robert Lorenz Trouble with the Curve (2012) The Marksman (2021) In the Land of Saints and Sinners (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_drama_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lorenz"},{"link_name":"Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"Katheryn Winnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katheryn_Winnick"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Raba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Raba"},{"link_name":"Teresa Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Ruiz_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Open Road Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Road_Films"},{"link_name":"Briarcliff Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briarcliff_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomatoes-6"}],"text":"The Marksman is a 2021 American action drama film[5] directed by Robert Lorenz. The plot follows a rancher and former Marine (Liam Neeson), living in an Arizona border town, who must help a young boy (Jacob Perez) escape a Mexican drug cartel. Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba, and Teresa Ruiz also star.The film was theatrically released in the United States on January 15, 2021, by Open Road Films and Briarcliff Entertainment. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Neeson's performance but criticized the film as being formulaic.[6]","title":"The Marksman (2021 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Marine Corps Scout Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Scout_Sniper"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Arizona-Mexico border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"United States Border Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Mexican Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Mafia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Former US Marine Corps Scout Sniper and Vietnam War veteran Jim Hanson, a widower, lives along the Arizona-Mexico border with his dog, Jackson. While tending his ranch, which he is behind in payments on, he reports illegal border crossings to the United States Border Patrol, where his step-daughter Sarah works. One day he encounters Rosa and her son Miguel, Mexican citizens fleeing from the Mexican Mafia.[7] As Hanson calls border patrol, a cartel gang led by Mauricio approaches and a shootout ensues, in which Hanson shoots and kills Mauricio's brother and Rosa is fatally wounded. Before dying, Rosa gives Hanson her family's address in Chicago and a bag of cash, begging him to take Miguel there, to which Hanson reluctantly agrees.Border patrol show up after her death and take in Miguel. One of the cartel members comes in and claims that he's a relative of Miguel. Hanson happens to see their car there and sneaks Miguel out to go to safety. Meanwhile the gang bribe corrupt patrol officers to gain entry to the United States, and conduct their own manhunt in search for Miguel.After Hanson uses his credit card to repair his truck, Mauricio tracks the pair to Route 66 in Oklahoma. However their road journey is interrupted when a patrol officer pulls them over and instructs Hanson into his squad car using an apparent cover story. The officer then telephones the gang in order to turn in Miguel, in which Hanson becomes suspicious. Knowing that the cop is corrupt, Hanson confronts him and a struggle ensues. Hanson and Miguel flee to a nearby hill, where they witness the gang cartel arrive and roughly question the officer (who awoke from unconsciousness), then shoot him dead.Hanson and Miguel continue to make their way north. While staying at a motel, Hanson bribes the receptionist to not register him and Miguel as guests before the cartel shows up and during the escape, they kill Jackson. The patch on the truck's radiator fails while attempting to get away from the cartel and they are forced to stop. Eventually, Mauricio and his men catch up to Hanson and a firefight breaks out on a nearby farm. Hanson manages to kill three of the cartel members, but Mauricio captures Miguel.After a skirmish, Hanson is stabbed but seriously wounds Mauricio with a gunshot. Hanson offers him a coup de grâce leaving a single bullet in his gun or a choice to shoot Hanson. As Hanson and Miguel leave the farm, they hear a gunshot, indicating that Mauricio chose to commit suicide.The pair eventually reach Miguel's family in Chicago and drop him off at his family's home. The film ends with Hanson, still wounded from earlier, getting on a bus and closing his eyes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marines"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Katheryn Winnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katheryn_Winnick"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Raba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Raba"},{"link_name":"deranged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy"},{"link_name":"Teresa Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Ruiz_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Amber Midthunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Midthunder"}],"text":"Liam Neeson as Jim Hanson, a former U.S. Marines sniper and Vietnam War veteran\nKatheryn Winnick as Sarah Pennington, border patrol agent, and step-daughter of Hanson\nJuan Pablo Raba as Mauricio, a deranged Mexican enforcer for the Vasquez Cartel\nTeresa Ruiz as Rosa, Miguel's mother who is on the run from the cartel\nJacob Perez as Miguel, a boy who is on the run from the cartel with his mother\nDylan Kenan as Randall\nLuke Rains as Everett\nSean Rosales as Hernando\nAlfredo Quiroz as Carlos\nAmber Midthunder as Gas Station Clerk","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lorain County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Portage County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chardon, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardon,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The project, originally titled The Minuteman, was announced in May 2019, with Liam Neeson set to star.[8][9][10][11] In September 2019, it was announced that Winnick and Raba joined the cast of the film.[12][13][14]Principal photography occurred in Lorain County,[15] Portage County,[16][17] and Chardon, Ohio.[18] Filming also occurred in New Mexico,[19][20] and wrapped in October 2019.[21]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Marksman was initially scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on January 22, 2021, but was later moved up a week to January 15.[22]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NUM-2"},{"link_name":"MLK opening weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day"},{"link_name":"Honest Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_Thief"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The Marksman grossed $15.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $8.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide of $23.9 million.[4][2]The film grossed $3.7 million over the four-day MLK opening weekend, the second Open Road/Neeson title to top the box office during the COVID-19 pandemic after Honest Thief the previous October. The film played best in the South, with men making up 57% of the audience, and 72% being over the age of 25.[23] It remained in first the following weekend with $2.03 million, then made $1.2 million in its third weekend and finished third.[24][25]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomatoes-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"PostTrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostTrak"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-23"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"The Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mule_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 39% based on 108 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critics consensus reads, \"The Marksman benefits from having Liam Neeson in the lead, but this formulaic action thriller should have aimed higher.\"[6] On Metacritic, it holds a weighted average score of 44 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[26] Audiences surveyed by PostTrak gave the film a 73% positive score, with 46% saying they would definitely recommend it.[23]Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote: \"Predictable to a fault, the movie coasts pleasurably on Neeson's seasoned, sad-sweet charisma.\"[27] Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post rated the film 2/4 stars, writing that it \"proves itself to be the cinematic version of comfort food: satisfyingly familiar but full of starch and empty calories.\"[28]Owen Gleiberman at Variety, gave a more negative review, stating \"Lorenz stages the action with a convincing ebb and flow, but thanks to an undercooked script what happens in between is mostly boilerplate.\"[29] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C− and wrote \"...The Marksman might be two three-ways short of The Mule, but almost everything about it — from its 'get off my lawn' misanthropy to its general take on the uselessness of government in American life — feels geared for a late-career Eastwood vehicle.\"[30]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Marksman\". British Board of Film Classification.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-marksman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawodcz","url_text":"\"The Marksman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"The Marksman (2021)\". The Numbers. Retrieved September 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://the-numbers.com/movie/Marksman-The-(2021)#tab=box-office","url_text":"\"The Marksman (2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"Jurgensen, John (January 25, 2021). \"Liam Neeson Is the Secret Weapon for Getting People Into Movie Theaters\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/liam-neeson-is-the-secret-weapon-for-getting-people-into-movie-theaters-11611605825","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson Is the Secret Weapon for Getting People Into Movie Theaters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"The Marksman (2021)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6902332/","url_text":"\"The Marksman (2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"The Marksman\". British Board of Film Classification. THE MARKSMAN is a US action drama film in which a rancher goes on the run with a young boy in order to protect him from cartel assassins.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-marksman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawodcz","url_text":"\"The Marksman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"The Marksman (2021)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_marksman_2021","url_text":"\"The Marksman (2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Marksman' Summary & Ending, Explained - Dry As Dust \| DMT\". Digital Mafia Talkies. April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmtalkies.com/the-marksman-summary-ending-explained-2021-film/","url_text":"\"'The Marksman' Summary & Ending, Explained - Dry As Dust \| DMT\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (May 9, 2019). \"Liam Neeson to Star in Action-Thriller 'The Minuteman'\". Variety. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/liam-neeson-the-minuteman-1203210381/","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson to Star in Action-Thriller 'The Minuteman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Grate, Jake (May 10, 2019). \"Liam Neeson to star in new action-thriller 'The Minuteman,' months after racism controversy\". Fox News. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/liam-neeson-to-star-in-new-action-thriller-movie-the-minuteman","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson to star in new action-thriller 'The Minuteman,' months after racism controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"}]},{"reference":"White, James (May 9, 2019). \"Liam Neeson Starring In Action Thriller The Minuteman\". Empire. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/liam-neeson-starring-action-thriller-minuteman/","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson Starring In Action Thriller The Minuteman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)","url_text":"Empire"}]},{"reference":"\"Scandal-plagued Liam Neeson cast in action thriller 'The Minuteman'\". Edmonton Journal. May 12, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/movies/scandal-plagued-liam-neeson-cast-in-action-thriller-the-minuteman/wcm/56d03222-f532-4a5b-a9b5-f485c1155d0b/","url_text":"\"Scandal-plagued Liam Neeson cast in action thriller 'The Minuteman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Journal","url_text":"Edmonton Journal"}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (September 3, 2019). \"'The Minuteman': Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Join Liam Neeson Action Thriller\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/09/the-minuteman-movie-katheryn-winnick-juan-pablo-raba-cast-liam-neeson-1202709888/","url_text":"\"'The Minuteman': Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Join Liam Neeson Action Thriller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Hermanns, Grant (September 4, 2019). \"Liam Neeson's The Minuteman Adds Katheryn Winnick & Juan Pablo Raba\". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1096883-liam-neesons-the-minuteman-adds-katheryn-winnick-juan-pablo-raba","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson's The Minuteman Adds Katheryn Winnick & Juan Pablo Raba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comingsoon.net","url_text":"Comingsoon.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Will Star With Liam Neeson in THE MINUTEMAN\". BroadwayWorld. September 3, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Katheryn-Winnick-Juan-Pablo-Raba-Will-Star-With-Liam-Neeson-in-THE-MINUTEMAN-20190903","url_text":"\"Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Will Star With Liam Neeson in THE MINUTEMAN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BroadwayWorld","url_text":"BroadwayWorld"}]},{"reference":"Haidet, Ryan (October 10, 2019). \"Liam Neeson 'Minuteman' movie filming in Lorain County: Here's where the action is taking place\". WKYC. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/movies/liam-neeson-the-minute-man-movie-filming-in-wellington-ohio-lorain-county/95-00531e60-a60a-4173-a4ef-3443c4a1b16c","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson 'Minuteman' movie filming in Lorain County: Here's where the action is taking place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKYC","url_text":"WKYC"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Natasha (October 2, 2019). \"Caught on camera: Liam Neeson filming new movie in Portage County\". WJW (TV). Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/news/caught-on-camera-liam-neeson-filming-new-movie-in-portage-county/","url_text":"\"Caught on camera: Liam Neeson filming new movie in Portage County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJW_(TV)","url_text":"WJW (TV)"}]},{"reference":"\"Liam Neeson spotted in Portage County filming 'The Minuteman'\". Akron Beacon Journal. October 2, 2019. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116050332/https://www.beaconjournal.com/news/20191002/liam-neeson-spotted-in-portage-county-filming-the-minuteman","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson spotted in Portage County filming 'The Minuteman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal","url_text":"Akron Beacon Journal"},{"url":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/news/20191002/liam-neeson-spotted-in-portage-county-filming-the-minuteman","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Balish, Paula (September 25, 2019). \"Liam Neeson Shoots Scene In Chardon For Upcoming Movie\". WNCX. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116124039/https://wncx.radio.com/blogs/paula-balish/liam-neeson-shoots-scene-chardon-upcoming-movie","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson Shoots Scene In Chardon For Upcoming Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNCX","url_text":"WNCX"},{"url":"https://wncx.radio.com/blogs/paula-balish/liam-neeson-shoots-scene-chardon-upcoming-movie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Naquin, Talia (August 28, 2019). \"Want to be in a movie with Liam Neeson? 'The Minuteman' is filming in Cleveland and looking for actors\". WJW (TV). Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/news/entertainment/want-to-be-in-a-movie-with-liam-neeson-the-minuteman-is-filming-in-cleveland-and-looking-for-actors/","url_text":"\"Want to be in a movie with Liam Neeson? 'The Minuteman' is filming in Cleveland and looking for actors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJW_(TV)","url_text":"WJW (TV)"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Minutemen' starring Liam Neeson to begin filming in New Mexico\". KRQE. September 9, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-metro/the-minutemen-starring-liam-neeson-to-begin-filming-in-new-mexico/","url_text":"\"'The Minutemen' starring Liam Neeson to begin filming in New Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRQE","url_text":"KRQE"}]},{"reference":"Morona, Joey (October 22, 2019). \"Liam Neeson's 'The Minuteman' wrapping up production in Cleveland\". Cleveland.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2019/10/liam-neesons-the-minuteman-wrapping-up-production-in-cleveland.html","url_text":"\"Liam Neeson's 'The Minuteman' wrapping up production in Cleveland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland.com","url_text":"Cleveland.com"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 17, 2020). \"'The Marksman': Liam Neeson Action Pic Sets Sights On MLK Weekend\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/12/the-marksman-liam-neeson-movie-release-date-1234650172/","url_text":"\"'The Marksman': Liam Neeson Action Pic Sets Sights On MLK Weekend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 17, 2021). \"Open Road's Liam Neeson Pic 'The Marksman' Takes $3.7M At MLK Weekend Box Office\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/01/open-roads-liam-neeson-pic-the-marksman-takes-3-7m-at-mlk-weekend-box-office-1234675393/","url_text":"\"Open Road's Liam Neeson Pic 'The Marksman' Takes $3.7M At MLK Weekend Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 24, 2021). \"'The Marksman' Stays On Target As No. 1 In Pandemic As Major Studios Pull Product From Q1\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/01/the-marksman-liam-neeson-box-office-pandemic-release-date-changes-1234679191/","url_text":"\"'The Marksman' Stays On Target As No. 1 In Pandemic As Major Studios Pull Product From Q1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 31, 2021). \"Denzel Washington & Rami Malek Thriller 'The Little Things' Counts $4.8M Debut, Best For Older Guy Fare During Pandemic B.O.\" Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/01/the-little-things-weekend-box-office-denzel-washington-hbo-max-1234684258/","url_text":"\"Denzel Washington & Rami Malek Thriller 'The Little Things' Counts $4.8M Debut, Best For Older Guy Fare During Pandemic B.O.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"The Marksman Reviews\". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved April 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-marksman","url_text":"\"The Marksman Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"}]},{"reference":"Catsoulis, Jeannette (January 14, 2021). \"'The Marksman' Review: In Need of a Mission\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/movies/the-marksman-review.html","url_text":"\"'The Marksman' Review: In Need of a Mission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Michael. \"Review \| Liam Neeson shoots bad guys, charms audience in the middlebrow 'The Marksman'\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/the-marksman-movie-review/2021/01/12/f1d11164-512e-11eb-b96e-0e54447b23a1_story.html","url_text":"\"Review \| Liam Neeson shoots bad guys, charms audience in the middlebrow 'The Marksman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (January 12, 2021). \"'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Saves a Mexican Boy From Cartel Slaughter in a Feel-Good Action Road Movie\". Variety. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-marksman-review-liam-neeson-1234883083/","url_text":"\"'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Saves a Mexican Boy From Cartel Slaughter in a Feel-Good Action Road Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, David (January 12, 2021). \"'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Goes Full Clint Eastwood in a Redbox-Ready Action Movie\". IndieWire. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2021/01/the-marksman-review-liam-neeson-1234608658/","url_text":"\"'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Goes Full Clint Eastwood in a Redbox-Ready Action Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-marksman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawodcz","external_links_name":"\"The Marksman\""},{"Link":"https://the-numbers.com/movie/Marksman-The-(2021)#tab=box-office","external_links_name":"\"The Marksman (2021)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/liam-neeson-is-the-secret-weapon-for-getting-people-into-movie-theaters-11611605825","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson Is the Secret Weapon for Getting People Into Movie Theaters\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6902332/","external_links_name":"\"The Marksman (2021)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-marksman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawodcz","external_links_name":"\"The Marksman\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_marksman_2021","external_links_name":"\"The Marksman (2021)\""},{"Link":"https://dmtalkies.com/the-marksman-summary-ending-explained-2021-film/","external_links_name":"\"'The Marksman' Summary & Ending, Explained - Dry As Dust \| DMT\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/liam-neeson-the-minuteman-1203210381/","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson to Star in Action-Thriller 'The Minuteman'\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/liam-neeson-to-star-in-new-action-thriller-movie-the-minuteman","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson to star in new action-thriller 'The Minuteman,' months after racism controversy\""},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/liam-neeson-starring-action-thriller-minuteman/","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson Starring In Action Thriller The Minuteman\""},{"Link":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/movies/scandal-plagued-liam-neeson-cast-in-action-thriller-the-minuteman/wcm/56d03222-f532-4a5b-a9b5-f485c1155d0b/","external_links_name":"\"Scandal-plagued Liam Neeson cast in action thriller 'The Minuteman'\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/09/the-minuteman-movie-katheryn-winnick-juan-pablo-raba-cast-liam-neeson-1202709888/","external_links_name":"\"'The Minuteman': Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Join Liam Neeson Action Thriller\""},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1096883-liam-neesons-the-minuteman-adds-katheryn-winnick-juan-pablo-raba","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson's The Minuteman Adds Katheryn Winnick & Juan Pablo Raba\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Katheryn-Winnick-Juan-Pablo-Raba-Will-Star-With-Liam-Neeson-in-THE-MINUTEMAN-20190903","external_links_name":"\"Katheryn Winnick, Juan Pablo Raba Will Star With Liam Neeson in THE MINUTEMAN\""},{"Link":"https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/movies/liam-neeson-the-minute-man-movie-filming-in-wellington-ohio-lorain-county/95-00531e60-a60a-4173-a4ef-3443c4a1b16c","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson 'Minuteman' movie filming in Lorain County: Here's where the action is taking place\""},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/news/caught-on-camera-liam-neeson-filming-new-movie-in-portage-county/","external_links_name":"\"Caught on camera: Liam Neeson filming new movie in Portage County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116050332/https://www.beaconjournal.com/news/20191002/liam-neeson-spotted-in-portage-county-filming-the-minuteman","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson spotted in Portage County filming 'The Minuteman'\""},{"Link":"https://www.beaconjournal.com/news/20191002/liam-neeson-spotted-in-portage-county-filming-the-minuteman","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116124039/https://wncx.radio.com/blogs/paula-balish/liam-neeson-shoots-scene-chardon-upcoming-movie","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson Shoots Scene In Chardon For Upcoming Movie\""},{"Link":"https://wncx.radio.com/blogs/paula-balish/liam-neeson-shoots-scene-chardon-upcoming-movie","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/news/entertainment/want-to-be-in-a-movie-with-liam-neeson-the-minuteman-is-filming-in-cleveland-and-looking-for-actors/","external_links_name":"\"Want to be in a movie with Liam Neeson? 'The Minuteman' is filming in Cleveland and looking for actors\""},{"Link":"https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-metro/the-minutemen-starring-liam-neeson-to-begin-filming-in-new-mexico/","external_links_name":"\"'The Minutemen' starring Liam Neeson to begin filming in New Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2019/10/liam-neesons-the-minuteman-wrapping-up-production-in-cleveland.html","external_links_name":"\"Liam Neeson's 'The Minuteman' wrapping up production in Cleveland\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/12/the-marksman-liam-neeson-movie-release-date-1234650172/","external_links_name":"\"'The Marksman': Liam Neeson Action Pic Sets Sights On MLK Weekend\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/01/open-roads-liam-neeson-pic-the-marksman-takes-3-7m-at-mlk-weekend-box-office-1234675393/","external_links_name":"\"Open Road's Liam Neeson Pic 'The Marksman' Takes $3.7M At MLK Weekend Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/01/the-marksman-liam-neeson-box-office-pandemic-release-date-changes-1234679191/","external_links_name":"\"'The Marksman' Stays On Target As No. 1 In Pandemic As Major Studios Pull Product From Q1\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/01/the-little-things-weekend-box-office-denzel-washington-hbo-max-1234684258/","external_links_name":"\"Denzel Washington & Rami Malek Thriller 'The Little Things' Counts $4.8M Debut, Best For Older Guy Fare During Pandemic B.O.\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-marksman","external_links_name":"\"The Marksman Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/14/movies/the-marksman-review.html","external_links_name":"\"'The Marksman' Review: In Need of a Mission\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/the-marksman-movie-review/2021/01/12/f1d11164-512e-11eb-b96e-0e54447b23a1_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Review \| Liam Neeson shoots bad guys, charms audience in the middlebrow 'The Marksman'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-marksman-review-liam-neeson-1234883083/","external_links_name":"\"'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Saves a Mexican Boy From Cartel Slaughter in a Feel-Good Action Road Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2021/01/the-marksman-review-liam-neeson-1234608658/","external_links_name":"\"'The Marksman' Review: Liam Neeson Goes Full Clint Eastwood in a Redbox-Ready Action Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6902332/","external_links_name":"The Marksman"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguru_people	Luguru people	["1 References"]	Ethnic group from Morogoro and Pwani Regions of Tanzania The Luguru are a matrilineal ethnic and linguistic group from Pwani Region and Morogoro Region in Tanzania. They speak the Bantu Luguru language. In 2001, the Luguru population was estimated to be at about 692,000. The Luguru are Muslim. However, many traditional beliefs and practices are still extant among the Luguru. References ^ "Tanzania". ^ Weekes, Richard V. (1984-12-21). Muslim Peoples : A World Ethnographic Survey. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-313-23392-0. vteEthnic groups in TanzaniaArusha Arusha Datooga Hadza Meru Sonjo Maasai Dar es Salaam Swahili Zaramo Dodoma Alagwa Burunge Gogo Gorowa Rangi Sandawe Geita Sukuma Sumbwa Zinza Iringa Hehe Mbunga Ndamba Kagera Hangaza Haya Nyambo Shubi Katavi Bembe Bende Konongo Pimbwe Rungwa Kigoma Goma Ha Holoholo Jiji Manyema Tongwe Swahili Vinza Kilimanjaro Chagga Ngasa Pare Lindi Machinga Matumbi Mwera Makonde Ndonde Ngindo Swahili Manyara Akie Asa Barabaig Iraqw Kw'adza Maasai Mbugwe Mara Ikizu Ikoma Jita Kabwa Kuria Ngurimi Suba Ware Zanaki Mbeya Kimbu Nyakyusa Nyiha Safwa Sangu Morogoro Kaguru Kutu Luguru Pogolo Sagara Vidunda Mtwara Makonde Makua Maviha Swahili Mwanza Kara Kerewe Sukuma Njombe Bena Kinga Kisi Manda Pangwa Wanji Pwani Doe Kami Ndengereko Rufiji Swahili Zaramo Zigula Rukwa Fipa Lungu Mambwe Tumbuka Wanda Ruvuma Matengo Mpoto Ndendeule Ngoni Nindi Yao Shinyanga Iramba Sukuma Nyamwezi Simiyu Sukuma Singida Iramba Isanzu Nyaturu Songwe Malila Nyamwanga Ndali Lambya Tabora Nyamwezi Nyanyembe Swahili Tanga Bondei Dhaiso Mbugu Ngulu Segeju Sambaa Zigula Swahili Zanzibar & Pemba Hadimu Shirazi Swahili Immigrants White Tanzanians Chinese Tanzanians Indian Tanzanians Arabs Authority control databases National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef This article about a Tanzanian ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal"},{"link_name":"Pwani Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwani_Region"},{"link_name":"Morogoro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morogoro_Region"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Luguru language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguru_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Luguru are a matrilineal ethnic and linguistic group from Pwani Region and Morogoro Region in Tanzania. They speak the Bantu Luguru language. In 2001, the Luguru population was estimated to be at about 692,000.[1] The Luguru are Muslim. However, many traditional beliefs and practices are still extant among the Luguru.[2]","title":"Luguru people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tanzania\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ","url_text":"\"Tanzania\""}]},{"reference":"Weekes, Richard V. (1984-12-21). Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-313-23392-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23392-0","url_text":"978-0-313-23392-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TZ","external_links_name":"\"Tanzania\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12482095s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12482095s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538676605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078766","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034023070","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luguru_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Welby_Pugin	Augustus Pugin	["1 Biography","1.1 Religion","1.2 Education and early ventures","1.3 Marriages","1.4 Salisbury","1.5 Conversion to Catholicism","1.6 Contrasts","1.7 Ramsgate","1.8 Architectural commissions","1.9 Stained glass","1.10 Illness and death","2 Palace of Westminster","3 Pugin in Ireland","4 Pugin and Australia","5 Reputation and influence","6 Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom","6.1 House designs, with approximate date of design and current condition","6.2 Institutional designs","6.3 Major ecclesiastical designs","6.4 Railway cottages","7 Buildings in Ireland","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"]	English architect and designer "Pugin" redirects here. For the Joseon political faction, see Northerners (Korean political faction). For the surname, see Pugin (surname). Not to be confused with his father Augustus Charles Pugin. Augustus PuginBornAugustus Welby Northmore Pugin(1812-03-01)1 March 1812Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London, EnglandDied14 September 1852(1852-09-14) (aged 40)Ramsgate, Kent, EnglandOccupationArchitectChildrenEdward Welby Pugin, Cuthbert Welby Pugin, Peter Paul PuginParentAugustus Charles PuginPracticeArchitecture and interior design in the Gothic styleBuildingsPalace of Westminster, Westminster, LondonDesignMany Victorian churches, Big Ben, interior of the Houses of Parliament Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (/ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin; 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic with French and Swiss origins. He is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, and its renowned clock tower, the Elizabeth Tower (formerly St Stephen's Tower), which houses the bell known as Big Ben. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby Pugin , Cuthbert Welby Pugin, and Peter Paul Pugin, who continued his architectural and interior design firm as Pugin & Pugin. Biography The Grange, Ramsgate, Thanet, Kent, England, designed by Pugin as his family home St Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham, England The northeast chapel of St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle, Cheadle, Staffordshire, England, designed by Pugin "Contrasted Residences for the Poor" from Pugin's Contrasts Pugin was the son of the French draughtsman Auguste Pugin, who had immigrated to England as a result of the French Revolution and had married Catherine Welby of the Welby family of Denton, Lincolnshire, England. Pugin was born on 1 March 1812 at his parents' house in Bloomsbury, London, England. Between 1821 and 1838, Pugin's father published a series of volumes of architectural drawings, the first two entitled Specimens of Gothic Architecture and the following three Examples of Gothic Architecture, that not only remained in print but were the standard references for Gothic architecture for at least the next century. Religion As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish Presbyterian preacher Edward Irving (later the founder of the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church), at his chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, Camden, London. Pugin quickly rebelled against this version of Christianity: according to Benjamin Ferrey, Pugin "always expressed unmitigated disgust at the cold and sterile forms of the Scottish church; and the moment he broke free from the trammels imposed on him by his mother, he rushed into the arms of a church which, pompous by its ceremonies, was attractive to his imaginative mind". Education and early ventures Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended Christ's Hospital. After leaving school, he worked in his father's office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to France. His first commissions independent of his father were for designs for the goldsmiths Rundell and Bridge, and for designs for furniture of Windsor Castle from the upholsterers Morel and Seddon. Through a contact made while working at Windsor, he became interested in the design of theatrical scenery, and in 1831 obtained a commission to design the sets for the production of the new opera Kenilworth at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. He also developed an interest in sailing, and briefly commanded a small merchant schooner trading between Great Britain and Holland, which allowed him to import examples of furniture and carving from Flanders, with which he later furnished his house at Ramsgate in Kent. During one voyage in 1830, he was wrecked on the Scottish coast near Leith, as a result of which he came into contact with Edinburgh architect James Gillespie Graham, who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture. He then established a business supplying historically accurate carved wood and stone detailing for the increasing number of buildings being constructed in the Gothic Revival style, but the enterprise quickly failed. Marriages In 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet. She died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter. He had a further six children, including the future architect Edward Welby Pugin, with his second wife, Louisa Burton, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their marital life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugin's death, which was later published. Their son was the architect Peter Paul Pugin. Salisbury Following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to Salisbury, Wiltshire, with his wife, and in 1835 bought one-half of an acre (0.20 ha) of land in Alderbury, about one and a half miles (2.4 km) outside the town. On this he built a Gothic Revival-style house for his family, which he named St Marie's Grange. Of it, Charles Eastlake said "he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home." Conversion to Catholicism In 1834, Pugin converted to Catholicism and was received into it the following year. British society at the start of the 19th century often discriminated against dissenters from the Church of England, although things began to change during Pugin's lifetime, helping to make Pugin's eventual conversion to Catholicism more socially acceptable. For example, dissenters could not take degrees at the established universities of Oxford and Cambridge until 1871, but the University of London (later renamed University College London) was founded near Pugin's birthplace in 1826 with the express purpose of educating dissenters to degree standard (although it would not be able to confer degrees until 1836). Dissenters were also unable to serve on parish or city councils, be a member of Parliament, serve in the armed forces or be on a jury. A number of reforms across the 19th century relieved these restrictions, one of which was the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which allowed Catholics to become members of parliament. Pugin's conversion acquainted him with new patrons and employers. In 1832 he made the acquaintance of John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury, a Catholic sympathetic to his aesthetic theory and who employed him in alterations and additions to his residence of Alton Towers, which subsequently led to many more commissions. Shrewsbury commissioned him to build St Giles Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire, which was completed in 1846, and Pugin was also responsible for designing the oldest Catholic Church in Shropshire, St Peter and Paul Church, Newport. Contrasts In 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also "a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages". The book was prompted by the passage of the Church Building Acts of 1818 and 1824, the former of which is often called the Million Pound Act due to the appropriation amount by Parliament for the construction of new Anglican churches in Britain. The new churches constructed from these funds, many of them in a Gothic Revival style due to the assertion that it was the "cheapest" style to use, were often criticised by Pugin and many others for their shoddy design and workmanship and poor liturgical standards relative to an authentic Gothic structure. Each plate in Contrasts selected a type of urban building and contrasted the 1830 example with its 15th-century equivalent. In one example, Pugin contrasted a medieval monastic foundation, where monks fed and clothed the needy, grew food in the gardens – and gave the dead a decent burial – with "a panopticon workhouse where the poor were beaten, half-starved and sent off after death for dissection. Each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity: Christianity versus Utilitarianism." Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote: "The drawings were all calculatedly unfair. King's College London was shown from an unflatteringly skewed angle, while Christ Church, Oxford, was edited to avoid showing its famous Tom Tower because that was by Christopher Wren and so not medieval. But the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous." In 1841 he published his illustrated The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture, which was premised on his two fundamental principles of Christian architecture. He conceived of "Christian architecture" as synonymous with medieval, "Gothic", or "pointed", architecture. In the work, he also wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods. Ramsgate In 1841 he left Salisbury, having found it an inconvenient base for his growing architectural practice. He sold St Marie's Grange at a considerable financial loss, and moved temporarily to Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, London. He had, however, already purchased a parcel of land at West Cliff, Ramsgate, Thanet in Kent, where he proceeded to build for himself a large house and, at his own expense, a church dedicated to St Augustine, after whom he thought himself named. He worked on this church whenever funds permitted it. His second wife died in 1844 and was buried at St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham, which he had designed. Architectural commissions Following the destruction by fire of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, in 1834, Pugin was employed by Sir Charles Barry to supply interior designs for his entry to the architectural competition which would determine who would build the new Palace of Westminster. Pugin also supplied drawings for the entry of James Gillespie Graham. This followed a period of employment when Pugin had worked with Barry on the interior design of King Edward's School, Birmingham. Despite his conversion to Catholicism in 1834, Pugin designed and refurbished both Anglican and Catholic churches throughout England. Other works include St Chad's Cathedral, Erdington Abbey, and Oscott College, all in Birmingham, England. He also designed the collegiate buildings of St Patrick and St Mary in St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Ireland; though not the collegiate chapel. His original plans included both a chapel and an aula maxima (great hall), neither of which were built because of financial constraints. The college chapel was designed by a follower of Pugin, the Irish architect James Joseph McCarthy. Also in Ireland, Pugin designed St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney, St Aidan's Cathedral in Enniscorthy (renovated in 1996), and the Dominican Church of the Holy Cross in Tralee. He revised the plans for St Michael's Church, Ballinasloe, County Galway, Ireland. Bishop William Wareing also invited Pugin to design what eventually became Northampton Cathedral, a project that was completed in 1864 by one of Pugin's sons, Edward Welby Pugin. Pugin visited Italy in 1847; his experience there confirmed his dislike of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, but he found much to admire in the medieval art of northern Italy.Detail of east window of Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge, made by John Hardman & Co. to a design by Pugin (1848–1850) Stained glass Pugin was a prolific designer of stained glass. He worked with Thomas Willement, William Warrington and William Wailes before persuading his friend John Hardman to start stained glass production. Illness and death Tiles designed by Pugin (c.1845–51) In February 1852, while travelling with his son Edward by train, Pugin had a total breakdown and arrived in London unable to recognise anyone or speak coherently. For four months he was confined to a private asylum, Kensington House. In June, he was transferred to the Royal Bethlem Hospital, popularly known as Bedlam. At that time, Bethlem Hospital was opposite St George's Cathedral, Southwark, one of Pugin's major buildings, where he had married his third wife, Jane, in 1848. Jane and a doctor removed Pugin from Bedlam and took him to a private house in Hammersmith where they attempted therapy, and he recovered sufficiently to recognise his wife. In September, Jane took her husband back to The Grange in Ramsgate, where he died on 14 September 1852. He is buried in his church next to The Grange, St Augustine's. The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate On Pugin's death certificate, the cause listed was "convulsions followed by coma". Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, suggests that, in the last year of his life, he had had hyperthyroidism which would account for his symptoms of exaggerated appetite, perspiration, and restlessness. Hill writes that Pugin's medical history, including eye problems and recurrent illness from his early twenties, suggests that he contracted syphilis in his late teens, and this may have been the cause of his death at the age of 40. Palace of Westminster Palace of Westminster Sovereign's Throne in the Palace of Westminster, designed by Pugin in the 1840s In October 1834, the Palace of Westminster burned down. Subsequently, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, wanted, now that he was premier, to disassociate himself from the controversial John Wilson Croker, who was a founding member of the Athenaeum Club; a close associate of the pre-eminent neoclassical architects James Burton and Decimus Burton; an advocate of neoclassicism; and a repudiator of the gothic revival style. Consequently, Peel appointed a committee chaired by Edward Cust, a detestor of the style of John Nash and William Wilkins, which resolved that the new Houses of Parliament would have to be in either the 'gothic' or the 'Elizabethan' style. Augustus W. N. Pugin, the foremost expert on the Gothic, had to submit each of his designs through, and thus in the name of, other architects, Gillespie-Graham and Charles Barry, because he had recently openly and fervently converted to Catholicism, as a consequence of which any design submitted in his own name would certainly have been automatically rejected; the design he submitted for improvements to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1843 were rejected for this reason. The design for Parliament that Pugin submitted through Barry won the competition. Subsequent to the announcement of the design ascribed to Barry, William Richard Hamilton, who had been secretary to Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin during the acquisition of the Elgin Marbles, published a pamphlet in which he censured the fact that 'gothic barbarism' had been preferred to the masterful designs of Ancient Greece and Rome: but the judgement was not altered, and was ratified by the Commons and the Lords. The commissioners subsequently appointed Pugin to assist in the construction of the interior of the new Palace, to the design of which Pugin himself had been the foremost determiner. Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, shows that Barry designed the Palace as a whole, and only he could co-ordinate such a large project and deal with its difficult paymasters, but he relied entirely on Pugin for its Gothic interiors, wallpapers and furnishings. The first stone of the new Pugin-Barry design was laid on 27 April 1840. During the competition for the design of the new Houses of Parliament, Decimus Burton, 'the land's leading classicist', was vituperated with continuous invective, which Guy Williams has described as an 'anti-Burton campaign', by the foremost advocate of the neo-gothic style, Augustus W. N. Pugin, who was made enviously reproachful that Decimus "had done much more than Pugin's father (Augustus Charles Pugin) to alter the appearance of London". Pugin attempted to popularize advocacy of the neo-gothic, and repudiation of the neoclassical, by composing and illustrating books that contended the supremacy of the former and the degeneracy of the latter, which were published from 1835. In 1845, Pugin, in his Contrasts: or a Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day, which the author had to publish himself as a consequence of the extent of the defamation of society architects therein, satirized John Nash as "Mr Wash, Plasterer, who jobs out Day Work on Moderate Terms", and Decimus Burton as "Talent of No Consequence, Premium Required", and included satirical sketches of Nash's Buckingham Palace and Burton's Wellington Arch. Consequently, the number of commissions received by Decimus declined, although Decimus retained a close friendship with the aristocrats amongst his patrons, who continued to commission him. At the end of Pugin's life, in February 1852, Barry visited him in Ramsgate and Pugin supplied a detailed design for the iconic Palace clock tower, in 2012 dubbed the Elizabeth Tower but popularly known as Big Ben. The design is very close to earlier designs by Pugin, including an unbuilt scheme for Scarisbrick Hall, Lancashire. The tower was Pugin's last design before descending into madness. In her biography, Hill quotes Pugin as writing of what is probably his best-known building: "I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful & I am the whole machinery of the clock." Hill writes that Barry omitted to give any credit to Pugin for his huge contribution to the design of the new Houses of Parliament. In 1867, after the deaths of both Pugin and Barry, Pugin's son Edward published a pamphlet, Who Was the Art Architect of the Houses of Parliament, a statement of facts, in which he asserted that his father was the "true" architect of the building, and not Barry. Pugin in Ireland Pugin was invited to Ireland by the Redmond family, initially to work in County Wexford. He arrived in Ireland in 1838 at a time of greater religious tolerance, when Catholic churches were permitted to be built. Most of his work in Ireland consisted of religious buildings. Pugin demanded the highest quality of workmanship from his craftsmen, particularly the stonemasons. His subsequent visits to the country were brief and infrequent. He was the main architect of St Aidan's Cathedral for the Diocese of Ferns in Enniscorthy, County Wexford. Pugin was the architect of the Russell Library at St Patrick's College, Maynoooth, although he did not live to see its completion. Pugin provided the initial design of St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney. Pugin and Australia The Pugin Chapel in Brisbane, Australia, designed by Augustus Pugin and built between 1848 and 1850 The first Catholic Bishop of New South Wales, Australia, John Bede Polding, met Pugin and was present when St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham and St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle were officially opened. Although Pugin never visited Australia, Polding persuaded Pugin to design a series of churches for him. Although a number of churches do not survive, St Francis Xavier's in Berrima, New South Wales, is regarded as a fine example of a Pugin church. Polding blessed the foundation stone in February 1849, and the church was completed in 1851. St Stephen's Chapel, now in the cathedral grounds in Elizabeth Street, Brisbane, was built to a design by Pugin. Construction began in 1848, and the first Mass in the church was celebrated on 12 May 1850. In 1859 James Quinn was appointed Bishop of Brisbane, Brisbane became a diocese, and Pugin's small church became a cathedral. When the new Cathedral of St Stephen was opened in 1874 the small Pugin church became a schoolroom, and later church offices and storage room. It was several times threatened with demolition before its restoration in the 1990s. In Sydney, there are several altered examples of his work, namely St Benedict's, Chippendale; St Charles Borromeo, Ryde; the former church of St Augustine of Hippo (next to the existing church), Balmain; and St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta, which was gutted by a fire in 1996. According to Steve Meacham writing in The Sydney Morning Herald, Pugin's legacy in Australia is particularly of the idea of what a church should look like:Pugin's notion was that Gothic was Christian and Christian was Gothic... It became the way people built churches and perceived churches should be. Even today if you ask someone what a church should look like, they'll describe a Gothic building with pointed windows and arches. Right across Australia, from outback towns with tiny churches made out of corrugated iron with a little pointed door and pointed windows, to our very greatest cathedrals, you have buildings which are directly related to Pugin's ideas. After his death, Pugin's two sons, E. W. Pugin and Peter Paul Pugin, continued operating their father's architectural firm under the name Pugin & Pugin. Their work includes most of the "Pugin" buildings in Australia and New Zealand. Reputation and influence Charles Eastlake, writing in 1872, noted that the quality of construction in Pugin's buildings was often poor, and believed he was lacking in technical knowledge, his strength lying more in his facility as a designer of architectural detail. Pugin's legacy began to fade immediately after his death. This was partly due to the hostility of John Ruskin. In his appendix to The Stones of Venice (1851), Ruskin wrote of Pugin, "he is not a great architect but one of the smallest possible or conceivable architects". Contemporaries and admirers of Pugin, including Sir Henry Cole, protested at the viciousness of the attack and pointed out that Ruskin's idea on style had much in common with Pugin's. After Pugin's death, Ruskin "outlived and out-talked him by half a century". Sir Kenneth Clark wrote, "If Ruskin had never lived, Pugin would never have been forgotten." Armoire, designed in 1850 by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–1852) and made by JG Crace (1809–1889) V&A Museum no. 25:1 to 3-1852 Nonetheless, Pugin's architectural ideas were carried forward by two young architects who admired him and had attended his funeral, W. E. Nesfield and Norman Shaw. George Gilbert Scott, William Butterfield and George Edmund Street were influenced by Pugin's designs, and continued to work out the implication of ideas he had sketched in his writings. In Street's office, Philip Webb met William Morris and they went on to become leading members of the English Arts and Crafts Movement. Morris regarded Pugin as a prominent figure in the "first act" of the Gothic revival, in which it "triumphed as an exotic ecclesiastical style", whereas in the second act, Ruskin replaced specific religious connotations with a universal, ethical stance. When the German critic Hermann Muthesius published his admiring and influential study of English domestic architecture, Das englische Haus (1904), Pugin was all but invisible, yet "it was he ... who invented the English House that Muthesius so admired". An armoire that he designed (crafted by frequent collaborator John Gregory Crace) is held at the Victoria and Albert Museum. It was shown at The Great Exhibition of 1851, but was not eligible for a medal, as it was shown under Crace's name and he was a judge for the Furniture Class at the exhibition. On 23 February 2012 the Royal Mail released a first-class stamp featuring Pugin as part of its "Britons of Distinction" series. The stamp image depicts an interior view of the Palace of Westminster. Also in 2012, the BBC broadcast Pugin: God's Own Architect, an arts documentary programme on his achievements hosted by Richard Taylor. Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom House designs, with approximate date of design and current condition Pugin Hall, Rampisham, Dorset: Grade I listed house designed as a rectory by Pugin, built 1846–1847 Source: John Halle's Hall, Salisbury (1834) – restoration of an existing hall of 1470, largely intact but extended prior to and following the 1834 restoration; now in use as the vestibule to a cinema St Marie's Grange, Alderbury, Wiltshire, for his own occupation (1835) – altered; a private house Oxburgh Hall (with J.C. Buckler, 1835) – restoration of a 15th-century fortified manor house, now owned by the National Trust Derby presbytery (1838) – demolished Scarisbrick Hall (1837) – largely intact; a school Uttoxeter presbytery (1838) – largely intact; in use Keighley presbytery (1838) – altered; in use Bishop's House, Birmingham (1840) – demolished Warwick Bridge presbytery (1841) – intact with minor alterations; in use Clergy House, Nottingham (1841) – largely intact; in use Garendon Hall scheme (1841) – not executed Bilton Grange (1841) – intact; now a school Oxenford Grange farm buildings (1841) – intact; private house and farm Cheadle presbytery (1842) – largely intact; now a private house Woolwich presbytery (1842) – largely intact; in use Brewood presbytery (1842) – largely intact; in use St Augustine's Grange ("The Grange"), Ramsgate (1843) – restored by the Landmark Trust Alton Castle (1843) – intact; a Catholic youth centre Alton Towers – largely intact; used as a theme park Oswaldcroft, Liverpool (1844) – altered; a residential home Dartington Hall scheme (1845) – unexecuted Lanteglos-by-Camelford rectory (1846) – much altered; a hotel Rampisham rectory (1846) – unaltered; private house Woodchester Park scheme (1846) – unexecuted St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham (1847) Fulham presbytery (1847) – intact; in use Leighton Hall, Powys (1847) – intact; in use Banwell Castle (1847) – intact now a hotel and restaurant Wilburton Manor, Cambridgeshire (1848) – largely intact Stafford Grammar School Pugin's Hall (1850) – intact, a private house St Edmund's College Chapel (1853) – intact, a school and chapel "Big Ben" (London), completed to Pugin's design Institutional designs Convent of Mercy, Bermondsey (1838) – destroyed Mount St Bernard Abbey, Leicestershire (1839) – largely intact; in use Downside Abbey, Somerset, schemes (1839 and 1841) – unexecuted Convent of Mercy, Handsworth, Staffordshire (1840) – largely intact; in use St John's Hospital, Alton, Staffordshire (1841) – intact; in use Convent of St Joseph, school and almshouses, Chelsea, London (1841) – altered; used as a school Convent of Mercy, Liverpool (1841 and from 1847) – demolished St Ann's School, Spetchley, Worcestershire, and schoolmaster's house (1841) – intact, now a private house Balliol College, Oxford, scheme (1843) – unexecuted Ratcliffe College, Leicestershire (1843) – partially executed; largely intact; in use Liverpool Orphanage (1843) – demolished Magdalen College School, Oxford, schemes (1843–1844) – unexecuted Convent of Mercy, Nottingham (1844) – altered; private flats Mercy House and cloisters, Handsworth (1844–1845) – cloisters intact; otherwise destroyed Cotton College, Staffordshire (1846) – alterations to older house for use by a religious community; now derelict Faber RC Primary School – Ordered by Frederick William Faber at the time that Cotton College was built; in use St Anne's Bedehouses, Lincoln, (1847) – intact; in use Convent of the Good Shepherd, Hammersmith, London (1848) – demolished Convent of St Joseph's, Cheadle, Staffordshire (1848) – intact; private house King Edward's School, Birmingham, design of parts of interior (1838) Major ecclesiastical designs St James's, Reading (1837) – altered St Mary's, Derby (1837) – altered Oscott College Chapel, Birmingham (1837–38) – extant Our Lady and St Thomas of Canterbury, Dudley (1838) – altered St Anne's, Keighley (1838) – altered and extended St Alban's, Macclesfield (1838) – extant St Benedict Abbey (Oulton Abbey), Stone, Staffordshire (1854) – complete and in use as a nursing home St Marie's, Ducie Street, Manchester (1838) – not executed St Augustine's, Solihull (1838) – altered and extended St Marie's, Southport (1838) – altered St Mary's Catholic Church, Uttoxeter (1839) – altered St Wilfrid's, Hulme, Manchester (1839) – extant Chancel of St John's, Banbury (1839) – extant St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham (1839) – extant St Giles', Cheadle, Staffordshire (1840) – extant St Oswald's, Liverpool (1840) – only tower remains St George's Cathedral, Southwark, London (1840) – almost entirely rebuilt after World War II bombing Holy Trinity, Radford, Oxfordshire (1839) – extant Our Lady and St Wilfred, Warwick Bridge, Cumbria (1840) – extant St Mary's, Brewood, Staffordshire (1840) – extant St Marie's, Liverpool (1841) – demolished St Augustine's, Kenilworth, Warwickshire (1841) – extant St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne (1841) – extant, with tower by C. Hansom St Barnabas' Cathedral, Nottingham (1841) – extant St Mary's, Stockton-on-Tees (1841) – extant Jesus Chapel, Ackworth Grange, Pontefract (1841) – demolished St Peter's, Woolwich (1842) – extended St Winifrede's, Shepshed, Leicestershire (1842) – now a private house Old St Peter and St Paul's Church, Albury Park, Surrey (mortuary chapel) (1842) – extant Reredos of Leeds Cathedral (1842) – transferred to rebuilt cathedral 1902; restored 2007 Sacred Heart, Cambridge (1843) – dismantled in 1908 and re-erected in St Ives, Cambridgeshire Our Lady and St Thomas, Northampton (1844) – Subsequently, enlarged in stages forming St Mary and St Thomas RC Northampton Cathedral St Marie's, Wymeswold, Leicestershire (restoration) (1844) – extant St Wilfrid's, Cotton, Staffordshire Moorlands (1844) – extant, but redundant 2012 St Peter's, Marlow (1845) – extant St John the Evangelist ("The Willows"), Kirkham, Lancashire (1845) – extant St Augustine's, Ramsgate (1845) – extant, loss of some fittings; the only church he built entirely with his own money St Marie's Church, Rugby (1845) – much added to St Lawrence's, Tubney, Berkshire (1845) – extant Highland Tolbooth Kirk/Victoria Hall, Edinburgh (1845) – with James Gillespie Graham, now a Festival venue St Edmund's College chapel, Old Hall Green, Hertfordshire (1846) – extant St Mary's, West Tofts, Norfolk (1845) – disused and inaccessible St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham (1847) – extant St Osmund's, Salisbury (1847) – much added to Chancel of St Oswald's Church, Winwick, Cheshire (1847) – extant Erdington Abbey, Birmingham (1848) Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge (1849) – restoration, extant Rolle Mortuary Chapel, Bicton Grange, Bicton, Devon (1850) – extant St Nicholas' Church, Boldmere, Sutton Coldfield (1841) – demolished St James-the-Less, Rawtenstall, Lancashire (1844) – extant; restored 1993–1995 Bolton Priory, North Yorkshire, set of six windows (1854) – extant Railway cottages Less grand than the above are the railway cottages at Windermere station in Cumbria which have been loosely attributed to Pugin or a follower. Believed to date from 1849, and probably some of the first houses to be built in Windermere, the terrace of cottages was built for railway executives. One of the fireplaces is a copy of one of his in the Palace of Westminster. Buildings in Ireland St Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County Wexford Church of Assumption of Mary, Bree, County Wexford. 1837–1839. Patronage from the Redmond family Church of St John the Baptist, Bellevue, Ballyhogue, County Wexford. 1859 St Peter's College, Summerhill Road, Wexford, County Wexford. Chapel.1838–1841; 6 bay chapel integrated as part of the college; built in Wexford red sandstone. Various Pugin elements including stations of the cross, balcony, rood screen etc. were removed in the renovation of 1950. Church of St James's, Ramsgrange, County Wexford. 1838–1843 Chapel at Loreto Abbey, Rathfarnham, Dublin. Currently vacant and out of use Church of St Michael the Archangel, Gorey, County Wexford. 1839–1842. Cruciform plan in Romanesque style. 9 bay nave. Low square tower over the crossing. The design may have been influenced by Dunbrody Abbey, County Wexford. Built in Ballyscartin limestone with Wicklow granite dressings. Spire not constructed. Patronage of Sir Thomas Esmonde, 9th Baronet and family Loreto Convent, St Michael's Road, Gorey, County Wexford. 1842–1844 St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney, County Kerry. 1842–1856. Cruciform early English style in limestone. Much modified. 12 bay nave and spire over the crossing completed by others. Two Villas, Cobh, County Cork. 1842 for George Brodrick, 5th Viscount Midleton Church of St Mary's, Tagoat, County Wexford. 1843–1848. Cruciform plan. 5 bay nave and aisles. Contains Pugin brasses, tiles etc. Damaged in fire 1936 St Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County Wexford. 1843–1860. Cruciform plan Church of St Alphonsus or Blessed Virgin Mary, Barntown, County Wexford. 1844–1848. 7 bay church with nave and aisles. Scissors roof truss. Design may be based on St Michael's Church, Longstanton, Cambridgeshire. Interior much modified Houses, Midleton, County Cork. For Viscount Midleton. 1845 St Patrick's College, Maynooth, County Kildare. 1845–1850. Quadrangles Presentation Convent, Waterford, County Waterford. Quadrangle and internal cloister Presentation Monastery, Port Road, Killarney, County Kerry. 1846–1862 Adare Manor, Adare, County Limerick. 1846. Alterations including hall ceiling, staircase, gallery etc. St John's Convent of Mercy, Birr, County Offaly. 1846–1856. Completed by E. W. Pugin See also Mintons John Dibblee Crace References ^ Raizman, David Seth (12 November 2003). The History of Modern Design. Pearson. ISBN 978-0131830400. ^ Hill, 2007, List of Works, pp. 501–528. ^ Hill, 2007, p. 495. ^ "Pugin's Family". 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2020. ^ Ferrey, 1861, pp. 43–44. ^ Ferrey, 1861, p. 45. ^ Eastlake, 1872, p. 146. ^ Eastlake, 1872, p. 147. ^ a b Eastlake, 1872, p. 148. ^ Porter, Bertha (1890). "Graham, James Gillespie" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Eastlake, 1872, pp. 147–148. ^ "Augustus Northmore Welby Pugin". Dictionary of Art Historians. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018. ^ Jane Pugin and Caroline Stanford, "Dearest Augustus and I": The Journal of Jane Pugin. Spire Books, 2004. ^ Ferrey, 1861, p. 93. ^ Ferrey, 1861, pp. 73–74. ^ Eastlake 1872, pp. 148–149. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 29 March 2018. ^ "Clifton Diocese \| Parliament's Pugin Plaque in Salisbury". archive.is. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2020. ^ Eastlake, 1872, p. 150. ^ a b c Hill, Rosemary (24 February 2012). "Pugin, God's architect". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ Mary Mulvey-Roberts, ed., The Handbook to Gothic Literature (Houndsmills and London, England: Macmillan, 1998), p. 94. ^ a b Eastlake, 1872, pp. 150–151. ^ Ferrey, 1861, p. 94. ^ Eastlake, 1872, p. 96. ^ Shepherd, Stanley A. (2009). The stained glass of A.W.N. Pugin. Alastair Carew-Cox. Reading, England: Spire Books. ISBN 978-1-904965-20-6. OCLC 313657551. ^ a b c Hill, 2007, pp. 484–490 ^ a b c d e f Hill, 2007, pp. 492–494. ^ a b c d e f g Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. pp. 69–75. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 150. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Hill, 2007, pp. 316–318. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 147. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 83. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London: Cassell Publishers Ltd. p. 129. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London: Cassell Publishers Ltd. pp. 67–78. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 75. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ a b Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 108. ISBN 0-304-31561-3. ^ Hill, 2007, pp. 481–483 ^ Hill, 2007, p. 480. ^ Hill, 2007, pp. 495–496. ^ Comerford, Patrick (28 January 2019). "AWN Pugin and the Gothic Revival in Ireland". PATRICK COMERFORD: an online journal on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry, beach walks ... and more. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021. ^ "Saint Aidan's Catholic Cathedral, Cathedral Street originally Duffrey Street, Main Street originally Market Street, ENNISCORTHY, Enniscorthy, WEXFORD". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021. ^ "Maynooth University Library". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2021. ^ "Tasmania's Gothic paradise rediscovered". The Age. 14 September 2002. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021. ^ Morton, Philip (28 September 2015). "Berrima church is a Pugin design of heritage significance". Southern Highland News. Retrieved 26 September 2021. ^ Meacham, Steve (4 February 2003). "A genius in his Gothic splendour". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2006. ^ Eastlake, 1872, pp. 152. ^ a b Hill, 2007, pp. 458–459. ^ Clark, 1962, p. 144. ^ Conner, Patrick R. M. (1978). "Pugin and Ruskin". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 41: 349–350. doi:10.2307/750883. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 750883. S2CID 195044710. ^ a b "Armoire \| A. W. Pugin \| V&A Search the Collections". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2017. ^ "Royal Mail Britons of Distinction Stamp Issue". GBStamp.co.uk. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012. ^ "Pugin: God's Own Architect". BBC Four. Retrieved 19 January 2019. ^ "Pugin Society website". Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2007. ^ Historic England. "Wilburton Manor (Grade II) (1460737)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ "History of the Pugin Chapel". St Edmund's College. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ Beattie, Gordon J (1997). Gregory's Angels. Gracewing Publishing. p. 143. ^ "Cathedral tour – 9". Leeds Cathedral. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009. ^ "Restoring a masterpiece". BBC Leeds. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (1968). Bedfordshire and the County of Huntingdon and Peterborough. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 338. ISBN 0-14-0710-34-5. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1973) . Northamptonshire. The Buildings of England (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 338. ISBN 0-14-071022-1. ^ "The Pugin Windows". Bolton Priory. Retrieved 10 April 2023. ^ Historic England. "The Terrace (Grade II) (1203378)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 September 2015. ^ "A W N Pugin in Cumbria". Visit Cumbria. ^ Variously abbreviated, during his lifetime and since, as A. W. N. Pugin, A. W. Pugin, and Augustus Pugin. Sources Brian Andrews, 2001, Creating a Gothic Paradise: Pugin at the Antipodes, Hobart, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Exhibition catalogue. Charles Locke Eastlake, A History of the Gothic Revival, London, England, Longmans, Green & Company, 1872. Benjamin Ferrey, 1861, Recollections of A. Welby N. Pugin, and his Father Augustus Pugin, London, England, Edward Stanford. Michael Fisher, Alexandra Wedgwood, 2002, Pugin-Land: A W N Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury and the Gothic Revival in Staffordshire, Stafford Fisher. Michael Fisher,Gothic For Ever! Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury, and the Rebuilding of Gothic England, Reading, Spire Books, 2012, ISBN 978-1-904965-36-7. Rachel Hasted, 1995, Scarisbrick Hall – A Guide, Social History at Lancashire County Museum Service, 1984. Rosemary Hill, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin: A Biographical Sketch, in A.W.N. Pugin: Master of Gothic Revival, New Haven, Connecticut and London, England, Yale University Press. Rosemary Hill, 2007, God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9499-5. Pugin, AWN (1920). Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England. Vol. 1 and 2. Cleveland, Ohio: J.H. Jansen. (Published in five volumes between 1821 and 1838). Pugin, AWN (1836). Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day. Shewing the Present Decay of Taste. Accompanied by Appropriate Text. London, England: Charles Dolman. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin. Wikisource has the text of the 1885–1900 Dictionary of National Biography's article about Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore". The Pugin Society Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1812–1852, A comprehensive overview of Pugin's life with nearly 400 images The Pugin Foundation – Australian Works of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin Archived 16 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine New Advent Catholic encyclopaedia, Pugin entry Augustus Pugin's Map Room – UK Parliament Living Heritage St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire with 360° images of the interior Papers of AWN Pugin at the UK Parliamentary Archives "Pugin's manifesto": an essay on Pugin's early work from TLS, 1 August 2007 A Victorian Novel in Stone: the Houses of Parliament tell the story of Britain's past and its peculiar constitution The Wall Street Journal, 21 March 2009 Pugin: God's Own Architect BBC4, 19 January 2012 "Archival material relating to Augustus Pugin". UK National Archives. Portraits of Augustus Pugin at the National Portrait Gallery, London Floriated Ornament: A Series of Thirty-One Designs Pugin, Augustus W. N. London, England: H.G. Bohn, 1849. NA997 P8.8o. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. Library Table designed by A.W.N. Pugin for Windsor Castle, 1828. Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Butchoff Antiques, London A. W. N. Pugin Drawings. James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University Parliamentary Archives, Papers of AWN Pugin, (1812–1852); Architect vteBritish and Irish stained glass British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918) History Architecture of cathedrals and great churches History of stained glass Medieval stained glass Poor Man's Bible Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture InfluencesArtistic movements Aesthetic Movement Arts and Crafts Movement Biblia pauperum Cambridge Camden Society Classicism Early Renaissance Exoticism Gothic Revival Oxford Movement Romanticism Organisations The Glass House Hogarth Club Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood PeopleArchitectural John Loughborough Pearson Augustus Pugin George Gilbert Scott Alexander Thomson Artists Carl Almquist works Edward Liddall Armitage Hugh Arnold William Burges Alfred E. Child Margaret Chilton Brian Clarke Harry Clarke Walter Francis Clokey Charles Edmund Clutterbuck Trena Cox Louis Davis works Rachel de Montmorency Alfred Drury Mabel Esplin Moira Forsyth Wilhelmina Geddes Jane Gray Reginald Hallward works Herbert Hendrie James Humphries Hogan Evie Hone Joan Howson works Edward Holmes Jewitt works Marjorie Kemp Charles Eamer Kempe Mary Lowndes William Morris Catherine O’Brien Karl Parsons works Henry Payne works Lilian Josephine Pocock John Piper Patrick Pollen Sarah Purser Ethel Rhind Arnold Wathen Robinson works Arild Rosenkrantz Francis Skeat works Caroline Townshend works Christopher Webb Geoffrey Webb works Nathaniel Westlake Christopher Whall works Veronica Whall works Thomas Willement William Wilson Paul Woodroffe works Edward Woore works British stained-glass artists Irish stained-glass artists Critics Martin Harrison John Ruskin Manufacturers An Túr Gloine Barton, Kinder and Alderson Burlison and Grylls Harry Clarke Clayton and Bell Walter Francis Clokey Daniel Cottier John Hardman & Co. Heaton, Butler and Bayne Hincks and Burnell Lavers, Barraud and Westlake Morris & Co. James Powell and Sons Shrigley and Hunt William Wailes William Warrington Examples Canterbury Cathedral Coventry Cathedral Fairford stained glass York Minster My Four Green Fields Images Admiral Apostles Biblical Bishop Fleur-de-lis Heraldry Prophet Saint Virtues Terminology Architectural glass Art glass Beveled glass Came glasswork Cathedral glass Curvilinear coordinates Float glass Glass art Glass beadmaking Glassblowing Grisaille Lancet window Leadlight Mandorla Mullion Pontil Quatrefoil Rose window Roundel Stained glass Stained glass conservation Studio glass Tracery Commons: United Kingdom Ireland Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists South Australia Musée d'Orsay Victoria 2 RKD Artists ULAN People Ireland Deutsche Biographie Structurae Trove Other SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northerners (Korean political faction)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northerners_(Korean_political_faction)"},{"link_name":"Pugin (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugin_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Augustus Charles Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Pugin"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"/ˈpjuːdʒɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"PEW-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival style of architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Big Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Auguste Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Pugin"},{"link_name":"Edward Welby Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Pugin"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Welby Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Welby_Pugin"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Pugin"},{"link_name":"Pugin & Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugin_%26_Pugin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Pugin\" redirects here. For the Joseon political faction, see Northerners (Korean political faction). For the surname, see Pugin (surname).Not to be confused with his father Augustus Charles Pugin.Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin[a] (/ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin; 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic with French and Swiss origins. He is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, and its renowned clock tower, the Elizabeth Tower (formerly St Stephen's Tower), which houses the bell known as Big Ben. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia.[2] He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby Pugin , Cuthbert Welby Pugin, and Peter Paul Pugin, who continued his architectural and interior design firm as Pugin & Pugin.[3]","title":"Augustus Pugin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Grange,_Ramsgate_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Grange, Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange,_Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanet_District"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Chad's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Giles_RC_Church_Cheadle_Staffs_NE_chapel.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Catholic_Church,_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contrasted_Residences_for_the_Poor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Pugin"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Denton, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury"},{"link_name":"architectural drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_drawing"}],"text":"The Grange, Ramsgate, Thanet, Kent, England, designed by Pugin as his family homeSt Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham, EnglandThe northeast chapel of St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle, Cheadle, Staffordshire, England, designed by Pugin\"Contrasted Residences for the Poor\" from Pugin's ContrastsPugin was the son of the French draughtsman Auguste Pugin, who had immigrated to England as a result of the French Revolution and had married Catherine Welby of the Welby family of Denton, Lincolnshire, England.[4] Pugin was born on 1 March 1812 at his parents' house in Bloomsbury, London, England. Between 1821 and 1838, Pugin's father published a series of volumes of architectural drawings, the first two entitled Specimens of Gothic Architecture and the following three Examples of Gothic Architecture, that not only remained in print but were the standard references for Gothic architecture for at least the next century.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Edward Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Irving"},{"link_name":"Catholic Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Hatton Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatton_Garden"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Ferrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Ferrey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish Presbyterian preacher Edward Irving (later the founder of the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church), at his chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, Camden, London.[5] Pugin quickly rebelled against this version of Christianity: according to Benjamin Ferrey, Pugin \"always expressed unmitigated disgust at the cold and sterile forms of the Scottish church; and the moment he broke free from the trammels imposed on him by his mother, he rushed into the arms of a church which, pompous by its ceremonies, was attractive to his imaginative mind\".[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christ's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rundell and Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundell_and_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_castello_di_Kenilworth"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House, Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House,_Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastlake,_1872,_p._148.-10"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"James Gillespie Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillespie_Graham"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastlake,_1872,_p._148.-10"}],"sub_title":"Education and early ventures","text":"Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended Christ's Hospital. After leaving school, he worked in his father's office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to France.[7] His first commissions independent of his father were for designs for the goldsmiths Rundell and Bridge, and for designs for furniture of Windsor Castle from the upholsterers Morel and Seddon. Through a contact made while working at Windsor, he became interested in the design of theatrical scenery, and in 1831 obtained a commission to design the sets for the production of the new opera Kenilworth at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.[8] He also developed an interest in sailing, and briefly commanded a small merchant schooner trading between Great Britain and Holland, which allowed him to import examples of furniture and carving from Flanders, with which he later furnished his house at Ramsgate in Kent.[9] During one voyage in 1830, he was wrecked on the Scottish coast near Leith,[10] as a result of which he came into contact with Edinburgh architect James Gillespie Graham, who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture.[11] He then established a business supplying historically accurate carved wood and stone detailing for the increasing number of buildings being constructed in the Gothic Revival style, but the enterprise quickly failed.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Edward Welby Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Welby_Pugin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Pugin"}],"sub_title":"Marriages","text":"In 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet.[12] She died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter. He had a further six children, including the future architect Edward Welby Pugin, with his second wife, Louisa Burton, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their marital life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugin's death, which was later published.[13] Their son was the architect Peter Paul Pugin.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Alderbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderbury"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charles Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eastlake"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Salisbury","text":"Following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to Salisbury, Wiltshire, with his wife,[14] and in 1835 bought one-half of an acre (0.20 ha) of land in Alderbury, about one and a half miles (2.4 km) outside the town. On this he built a Gothic Revival-style house for his family, which he named St Marie's Grange.[15] Of it, Charles Eastlake said \"he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home.\"[16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Relief Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act"},{"link_name":"John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_16th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Alton Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alton_Towers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"St Giles Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Catholic_Church,_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"St Peter and Paul Church, Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Newport"}],"sub_title":"Conversion to Catholicism","text":"In 1834, Pugin converted to Catholicism[17] and was received into it the following year.[18]British society at the start of the 19th century often discriminated against dissenters from the Church of England, although things began to change during Pugin's lifetime, helping to make Pugin's eventual conversion to Catholicism more socially acceptable. For example, dissenters could not take degrees at the established universities of Oxford and Cambridge until 1871, but the University of London (later renamed University College London) was founded near Pugin's birthplace in 1826 with the express purpose of educating dissenters to degree standard (although it would not be able to confer degrees until 1836). Dissenters were also unable to serve on parish or city councils, be a member of Parliament, serve in the armed forces or be on a jury. A number of reforms across the 19th century relieved these restrictions, one of which was the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which allowed Catholics to become members of parliament.Pugin's conversion acquainted him with new patrons and employers. In 1832 he made the acquaintance of John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury, a Catholic sympathetic to his aesthetic theory and who employed him in alterations and additions to his residence of Alton Towers, which subsequently led to many more commissions.[19] Shrewsbury commissioned him to build St Giles Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire, which was completed in 1846, and Pugin was also responsible for designing the oldest Catholic Church in Shropshire, St Peter and Paul Church, Newport.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revival of the medieval Gothic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-21"},{"link_name":"Church Building Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Building_Act"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"panopticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon"},{"link_name":"workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse#Early_Victorian_workhouses"},{"link_name":"Utilitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-21"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Tom Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tower"},{"link_name":"Christopher Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-21"}],"sub_title":"Contrasts","text":"In 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also \"a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages\".[20] The book was prompted by the passage of the Church Building Acts of 1818 and 1824, the former of which is often called the Million Pound Act due to the appropriation amount by Parliament for the construction of new Anglican churches in Britain. The new churches constructed from these funds, many of them in a Gothic Revival style due to the assertion that it was the \"cheapest\" style to use, were often criticised by Pugin and many others for their shoddy design and workmanship and poor liturgical standards relative to an authentic Gothic structure.[21]Each plate in Contrasts selected a type of urban building and contrasted the 1830 example with its 15th-century equivalent. In one example, Pugin contrasted a medieval monastic foundation, where monks fed and clothed the needy, grew food in the gardens – and gave the dead a decent burial – with \"a panopticon workhouse where the poor were beaten, half-starved and sent off after death for dissection. Each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity: Christianity versus Utilitarianism.\"[20] Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote: \"The drawings were all calculatedly unfair. King's College London was shown from an unflatteringly skewed angle, while Christ Church, Oxford, was edited to avoid showing its famous Tom Tower because that was by Christopher Wren and so not medieval. But the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous.\"[20]In 1841 he published his illustrated The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture, which was premised on his two fundamental principles of Christian architecture. He conceived of \"Christian architecture\" as synonymous with medieval, \"Gothic\", or \"pointed\", architecture. In the work, he also wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cheyne Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne_Walk"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanet_District"},{"link_name":"church dedicated to St Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugin%27s_Church_and_Shrine_of_St_Augustine"},{"link_name":"St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-23"}],"sub_title":"Ramsgate","text":"In 1841 he left Salisbury,[22] having found it an inconvenient base for his growing architectural practice.[23] He sold St Marie's Grange at a considerable financial loss,[24] and moved temporarily to Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, London. He had, however, already purchased a parcel of land at West Cliff, Ramsgate, Thanet in Kent, where he proceeded to build for himself a large house and, at his own expense, a church dedicated to St Augustine, after whom he thought himself named. He worked on this church whenever funds permitted it. His second wife died in 1844 and was buried at St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham, which he had designed.[22]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destruction by fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Charles Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barry"},{"link_name":"King Edward's School, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Erdington Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdington_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Oscott College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscott_College"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College, Maynooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Maynooth"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"James Joseph McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Killarney"},{"link_name":"St Aidan's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aidan%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Enniscorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniscorthy"},{"link_name":"Tralee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralee"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Church, Ballinasloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Ballinasloe"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"William Wareing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wareing"},{"link_name":"Northampton Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JesusHardEWLastSupper.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College_Chapel,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Hardman & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co."}],"sub_title":"Architectural commissions","text":"Following the destruction by fire of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, in 1834, Pugin was employed by Sir Charles Barry to supply interior designs for his entry to the architectural competition which would determine who would build the new Palace of Westminster. Pugin also supplied drawings for the entry of James Gillespie Graham. This followed a period of employment when Pugin had worked with Barry on the interior design of King Edward's School, Birmingham. Despite his conversion to Catholicism in 1834, Pugin designed and refurbished both Anglican and Catholic churches throughout England.Other works include St Chad's Cathedral, Erdington Abbey, and Oscott College, all in Birmingham, England. He also designed the collegiate buildings of St Patrick and St Mary in St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Ireland; though not the collegiate chapel. His original plans included both a chapel and an aula maxima (great hall), neither of which were built because of financial constraints. The college chapel was designed by a follower of Pugin, the Irish architect James Joseph McCarthy. Also in Ireland, Pugin designed St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney, St Aidan's Cathedral in Enniscorthy (renovated in 1996), and the Dominican Church of the Holy Cross in Tralee. He revised the plans for St Michael's Church, Ballinasloe, County Galway, Ireland. Bishop William Wareing also invited Pugin to design what eventually became Northampton Cathedral, a project that was completed in 1864 by one of Pugin's sons, Edward Welby Pugin.Pugin visited Italy in 1847; his experience there confirmed his dislike of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, but he found much to admire in the medieval art of northern Italy.Detail of east window of Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge, made by John Hardman & Co. to a design by Pugin (1848–1850)","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Thomas Willement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Willement"},{"link_name":"William Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Warrington"},{"link_name":"William Wailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wailes"},{"link_name":"John Hardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co."}],"sub_title":"Stained glass","text":"Pugin was a prolific designer of stained glass.[25] He worked with Thomas Willement, William Warrington and William Wailes before persuading his friend John Hardman to start stained glass production.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pugintile.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kensington House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_House_(academy)"},{"link_name":"Royal Bethlem Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bethlem_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill484-27"},{"link_name":"St George's Cathedral, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cathedral,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill484-27"},{"link_name":"The Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange,_Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill484-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_tomb_of_Augustus_Pugin_in_St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Ramsgate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Hill"},{"link_name":"hyperthyroidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill492-28"}],"sub_title":"Illness and death","text":"Tiles designed by Pugin (c.1845–51)In February 1852, while travelling with his son Edward by train, Pugin had a total breakdown and arrived in London unable to recognise anyone or speak coherently. For four months he was confined to a private asylum, Kensington House. In June, he was transferred to the Royal Bethlem Hospital, popularly known as Bedlam.[26] At that time, Bethlem Hospital was opposite St George's Cathedral, Southwark, one of Pugin's major buildings, where he had married his third wife, Jane, in 1848. Jane and a doctor removed Pugin from Bedlam and took him to a private house in Hammersmith where they attempted therapy, and he recovered sufficiently to recognise his wife.[26] In September, Jane took her husband back to The Grange in Ramsgate, where he died on 14 September 1852.[26] He is buried in his church next to The Grange, St Augustine's.The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, RamsgateOn Pugin's death certificate, the cause listed was \"convulsions followed by coma\". Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, suggests that, in the last year of his life, he had had hyperthyroidism which would account for his symptoms of exaggerated appetite, perspiration, and restlessness. Hill writes that Pugin's medical history, including eye problems and recurrent illness from his early twenties, suggests that he contracted syphilis in his late teens, and this may have been the cause of his death at the age of 40.[27]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster_Westminster_Hall_south.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sovereign%27s_Throne_in_The_House_of_Lords.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"burned down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"John Wilson Croker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_London"},{"link_name":"James Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burton_(property_developer)"},{"link_name":"Decimus Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimus_Burton"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"Edward Cust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cust"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)"},{"link_name":"William Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"Charles Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barry"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p.150-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"William Richard Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin"},{"link_name":"Elgin Marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Marbles"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.69-75-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p.147-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p.83-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p.129-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.67-78-35"},{"link_name":"Augustus Charles Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Pugin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p.75-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.75-77-37"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Wellington Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Arch"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.75-77-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_pp.83-84-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_p.108-39"},{"link_name":"Big Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben"},{"link_name":"Scarisbrick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarisbrick_Hall"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Palace of WestminsterSovereign's Throne in the Palace of Westminster, designed by Pugin in the 1840sIn October 1834, the Palace of Westminster burned down. Subsequently, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, wanted, now that he was premier, to disassociate himself from the controversial John Wilson Croker, who was a founding member of the Athenaeum Club; a close associate of the pre-eminent neoclassical architects James Burton and Decimus Burton; an advocate of neoclassicism; and a repudiator of the gothic revival style.[28] Consequently, Peel appointed a committee chaired by Edward Cust, a detestor of the style of John Nash and William Wilkins, which resolved that the new Houses of Parliament would have to be in either the 'gothic' or the 'Elizabethan' style.[28] Augustus W. N. Pugin, the foremost expert on the Gothic, had to submit each of his designs through, and thus in the name of, other architects, Gillespie-Graham and Charles Barry, because he had recently openly and fervently converted to Catholicism, as a consequence of which any design submitted in his own name would certainly have been automatically rejected;[28] the design he submitted for improvements to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1843 were rejected for this reason.[29] The design for Parliament that Pugin submitted through Barry won the competition.[28] Subsequent to the announcement of the design ascribed to Barry, William Richard Hamilton, who had been secretary to Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin during the acquisition of the Elgin Marbles, published a pamphlet in which he censured the fact that 'gothic barbarism' had been preferred to the masterful designs of Ancient Greece and Rome:[28] but the judgement was not altered, and was ratified by the Commons and the Lords.[28] The commissioners subsequently appointed Pugin to assist in the construction of the interior of the new Palace, to the design of which Pugin himself had been the foremost determiner.[28] Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, shows that Barry designed the Palace as a whole, and only he could co-ordinate such a large project and deal with its difficult paymasters, but he relied entirely on Pugin for its Gothic interiors, wallpapers and furnishings.[30] The first stone of the new Pugin-Barry design was laid on 27 April 1840.[31]During the competition for the design of the new Houses of Parliament, Decimus Burton, 'the land's leading classicist',[32] was vituperated with continuous invective, which Guy Williams has described as an 'anti-Burton campaign',[33] by the foremost advocate of the neo-gothic style, Augustus W. N. Pugin,[34] who was made enviously reproachful that Decimus \"had done much more than Pugin's father (Augustus Charles Pugin) to alter the appearance of London\".[35] Pugin attempted to popularize advocacy of the neo-gothic, and repudiation of the neoclassical, by composing and illustrating books that contended the supremacy of the former and the degeneracy of the latter, which were published from 1835.[36] In 1845, Pugin, in his Contrasts: or a Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day, which the author had to publish himself as a consequence of the extent of the defamation of society architects therein, satirized John Nash as \"Mr Wash, Plasterer, who jobs out Day Work on Moderate Terms\", and Decimus Burton as \"Talent of No Consequence, Premium Required\", and included satirical sketches of Nash's Buckingham Palace and Burton's Wellington Arch.[36] Consequently, the number of commissions received by Decimus declined,[37] although Decimus retained a close friendship with the aristocrats amongst his patrons, who continued to commission him.[38]At the end of Pugin's life, in February 1852, Barry visited him in Ramsgate and Pugin supplied a detailed design for the iconic Palace clock tower, in 2012 dubbed the Elizabeth Tower but popularly known as Big Ben. The design is very close to earlier designs by Pugin, including an unbuilt scheme for Scarisbrick Hall, Lancashire. The tower was Pugin's last design before descending into madness. In her biography, Hill quotes Pugin as writing of what is probably his best-known building: \"I never worked so hard in my life [as] for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful & I am the whole machinery of the clock.\"[39] Hill writes that Barry omitted to give any credit to Pugin for his huge contribution to the design of the new Houses of Parliament.[40] In 1867, after the deaths of both Pugin and Barry, Pugin's son Edward published a pamphlet, Who Was the Art Architect of the Houses of Parliament, a statement of facts, in which he asserted that his father was the \"true\" architect of the building, and not Barry.[41]","title":"Palace of Westminster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"St Aidan's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aidan%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ferns"},{"link_name":"Enniscorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniscorthy"},{"link_name":"County Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Russell Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Library_(St_Patrick%27s_College)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Pugin was invited to Ireland by the Redmond family, initially to work in County Wexford. He arrived in Ireland in 1838 at a time of greater religious tolerance, when Catholic churches were permitted to be built. Most of his work in Ireland consisted of religious buildings.[42] Pugin demanded the highest quality of workmanship from his craftsmen, particularly the stonemasons. His subsequent visits to the country were brief and infrequent. He was the main architect of St Aidan's Cathedral for the Diocese of Ferns in Enniscorthy, County Wexford.[43] Pugin was the architect of the Russell Library at St Patrick's College, Maynoooth, although he did not live to see its completion.[44] Pugin provided the initial design of St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney.","title":"Pugin in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Stephen%E2%80%99s_Chapel,_Brisbane,_Queensland_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pugin Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Stephen%27s_Church"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"John Bede Polding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bede_Polding"},{"link_name":"St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Catholic_Church,_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Berrima"},{"link_name":"Berrima, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrima,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"James Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Quinn_(Australian_bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Stephen,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Chippendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippendale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryde,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Parramatta"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"E. W. Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Pugin"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Pugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Pugin"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"}],"text":"The Pugin Chapel in Brisbane, Australia, designed by Augustus Pugin and built between 1848 and 1850The first Catholic Bishop of New South Wales, Australia, John Bede Polding, met Pugin and was present when St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham and St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle were officially opened. Although Pugin never visited Australia,[45] Polding persuaded Pugin to design a series of churches for him. Although a number of churches do not survive, St Francis Xavier's in Berrima, New South Wales, is regarded as a fine example of a Pugin church. Polding blessed the foundation stone in February 1849, and the church was completed in 1851.[46]St Stephen's Chapel, now in the cathedral grounds in Elizabeth Street, Brisbane, was built to a design by Pugin. Construction began in 1848, and the first Mass in the church was celebrated on 12 May 1850. In 1859 James Quinn was appointed Bishop of Brisbane, Brisbane became a diocese, and Pugin's small church became a cathedral. When the new Cathedral of St Stephen was opened in 1874 the small Pugin church became a schoolroom, and later church offices and storage room. It was several times threatened with demolition before its restoration in the 1990s. In Sydney, there are several altered examples of his work, namely St Benedict's, Chippendale; St Charles Borromeo, Ryde; the former church of St Augustine of Hippo (next to the existing church), Balmain; and St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta, which was gutted by a fire in 1996.According to Steve Meacham writing in The Sydney Morning Herald, Pugin's legacy in Australia is particularly of the idea of what a church should look like:Pugin's notion was that Gothic was Christian and Christian was Gothic... It became the way people built churches and perceived churches should be. Even today if you ask someone what a church should look like, they'll describe a Gothic building with pointed windows and arches. Right across Australia, from outback towns with tiny churches made out of corrugated iron with a little pointed door and pointed windows, to our very greatest cathedrals, you have buildings which are directly related to Pugin's ideas.[47]After his death, Pugin's two sons, E. W. Pugin and Peter Paul Pugin, continued operating their father's architectural firm under the name Pugin & Pugin. Their work includes most of the \"Pugin\" buildings in Australia and New Zealand.","title":"Pugin and Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eastlake"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill492-28"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"The Stones of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill458-50"},{"link_name":"Henry Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cole"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill458-50"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill492-28"},{"link_name":"Sir Kenneth Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Kenneth_Clark"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Schrank_neugotisch_1851.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. E. Nesfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._Nesfield"},{"link_name":"Norman Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Shaw"},{"link_name":"George Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"William Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"George Edmund Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edmund_Street"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill492-28"},{"link_name":"Philip Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Webb"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill492-28"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Hermann Muthesius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius"},{"link_name":"Das englische Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_englische_Haus"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill492-28"},{"link_name":"armoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoire_(Augustus_Welby_Northmore_Pugin)"},{"link_name":"John Gregory Crace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gregory_Crace_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-53"},{"link_name":"The Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-53"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Charles Eastlake, writing in 1872, noted that the quality of construction in Pugin's buildings was often poor, and believed he was lacking in technical knowledge, his strength lying more in his facility as a designer of architectural detail.[48]Pugin's legacy began to fade immediately after his death.[27] This was partly due to the hostility of John Ruskin. In his appendix to The Stones of Venice (1851), Ruskin wrote of Pugin, \"he is not a great architect but one of the smallest possible or conceivable architects\".[49] Contemporaries and admirers of Pugin, including Sir Henry Cole, protested at the viciousness of the attack and pointed out that Ruskin's idea on style had much in common with Pugin's.[49] After Pugin's death, Ruskin \"outlived and out-talked him by half a century\".[27] Sir Kenneth Clark wrote, \"If Ruskin had never lived, Pugin would never have been forgotten.\"[50]Armoire, designed in 1850 by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–1852) and made by JG Crace (1809–1889) V&A Museum no. 25:1 to 3-1852Nonetheless, Pugin's architectural ideas were carried forward by two young architects who admired him and had attended his funeral, W. E. Nesfield and Norman Shaw. George Gilbert Scott, William Butterfield and George Edmund Street were influenced by Pugin's designs, and continued to work out the implication of ideas he had sketched in his writings.[27] In Street's office, Philip Webb met William Morris and they went on to become leading members of the English Arts and Crafts Movement.[27] Morris regarded Pugin as a prominent figure in the \"first act\" of the Gothic revival, in which it \"triumphed as an exotic ecclesiastical style\", whereas in the second act, Ruskin replaced specific religious connotations with a universal, ethical stance.[51] When the German critic Hermann Muthesius published his admiring and influential study of English domestic architecture, Das englische Haus (1904), Pugin was all but invisible, yet \"it was he ... who invented the English House that Muthesius so admired\".[27]An armoire that he designed (crafted by frequent collaborator John Gregory Crace) is held at the Victoria and Albert Museum.[52] It was shown at The Great Exhibition of 1851, but was not eligible for a medal, as it was shown under Crace's name and he was a judge for the Furniture Class at the exhibition.[52]On 23 February 2012 the Royal Mail released a first-class stamp featuring Pugin as part of its \"Britons of Distinction\" series. The stamp image depicts an interior view of the Palace of Westminster.[53] Also in 2012, the BBC broadcast Pugin: God's Own Architect, an arts documentary programme on his achievements hosted by Richard Taylor.[54]","title":"Reputation and influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Pugin_Hall_Rampisham.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pugin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugin_Hall"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"John Halle's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Halle%27s_Hall"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Alderbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderbury"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Oxburgh Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxburgh_Hall"},{"link_name":"J.C. Buckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chessell_Buckler"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"Scarisbrick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarisbrick_Hall"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Garendon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garendon_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bilton Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilton_Grange"},{"link_name":"Woolwich presbytery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Woolwich#Presbytery_and_school"},{"link_name":"St Augustine's Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange,_Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"Landmark Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Trust"},{"link_name":"Alton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Alton Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alton_Towers"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Rampisham rectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Woodchester Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchester_Mansion"},{"link_name":"St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas_of_Canterbury_Church,_Fulham"},{"link_name":"Leighton Hall, Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Hall,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Banwell Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banwell_Castle"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Stafford Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"St Edmund's College Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund%27s_College,_Ware"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben"}],"sub_title":"House designs, with approximate date of design and current condition","text":"Pugin Hall, Rampisham, Dorset: Grade I listed house designed as a rectory by Pugin, built 1846–1847Source:[55]John Halle's Hall, Salisbury (1834) – restoration of an existing hall of 1470, largely intact but extended prior to and following the 1834 restoration; now in use as the vestibule to a cinema\nSt Marie's Grange, Alderbury, Wiltshire, for his own occupation (1835) – altered; a private house\nOxburgh Hall (with J.C. Buckler, 1835) – restoration of a 15th-century fortified manor house, now owned by the National Trust\nDerby presbytery (1838) – demolished\nScarisbrick Hall (1837) – largely intact; a school\nUttoxeter presbytery (1838) – largely intact; in use\nKeighley presbytery (1838) – altered; in use\nBishop's House, Birmingham (1840) – demolished\nWarwick Bridge presbytery (1841) – intact with minor alterations; in use\nClergy House, Nottingham (1841) – largely intact; in use\nGarendon Hall scheme (1841) – not executed\nBilton Grange (1841) – intact; now a school\nOxenford Grange farm buildings (1841) – intact; private house and farm\nCheadle presbytery (1842) – largely intact; now a private house\nWoolwich presbytery (1842) – largely intact; in use\nBrewood presbytery (1842) – largely intact; in use\nSt Augustine's Grange (\"The Grange\"), Ramsgate (1843) – restored by the Landmark Trust\nAlton Castle (1843) – intact; a Catholic youth centre\nAlton Towers – largely intact; used as a theme park\nOswaldcroft, Liverpool (1844) – altered; a residential home\nDartington Hall scheme (1845) – unexecuted\nLanteglos-by-Camelford rectory (1846) – much altered; a hotel\nRampisham rectory (1846) – unaltered; private house\nWoodchester Park scheme (1846) – unexecuted\nSt Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham (1847)\nFulham presbytery (1847) – intact; in use\nLeighton Hall, Powys (1847) – intact; in use\nBanwell Castle (1847) – intact now a hotel and restaurant\nWilburton Manor, Cambridgeshire (1848) – largely intact[56]\nStafford Grammar School\nPugin's Hall (1850) – intact, a private house\nSt Edmund's College Chapel (1853) – intact, a school and chapel[57]\"Big Ben\" (London), completed to Pugin's design","title":"Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey"},{"link_name":"Mount St Bernard Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St_Bernard_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Downside Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downside_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Convent of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Convent,_Handsworth"},{"link_name":"Handsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Spetchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetchley"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ratcliffe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratcliffe_College"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Cotton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_College"},{"link_name":"Faber RC Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.faber.staffs.sch.uk/meet-the-staff/"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Faber"},{"link_name":"Cotton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_College"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"King Edward's School, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham"}],"sub_title":"Institutional designs","text":"Convent of Mercy, Bermondsey (1838) – destroyed\nMount St Bernard Abbey, Leicestershire (1839) – largely intact; in use\nDownside Abbey, Somerset, schemes (1839 and 1841) – unexecuted\nConvent of Mercy, Handsworth, Staffordshire (1840) – largely intact; in use\nSt John's Hospital, Alton, Staffordshire (1841) – intact; in use\nConvent of St Joseph, school and almshouses, Chelsea, London (1841) – altered; used as a school\nConvent of Mercy, Liverpool (1841 and from 1847) – demolished\nSt Ann's School, Spetchley, Worcestershire, and schoolmaster's house (1841) – intact, now a private house\nBalliol College, Oxford, scheme (1843) – unexecuted\nRatcliffe College, Leicestershire (1843) – partially executed; largely intact; in use\nLiverpool Orphanage (1843) – demolished\nMagdalen College School, Oxford, schemes (1843–1844) – unexecuted\nConvent of Mercy, Nottingham (1844) – altered; private flats\nMercy House and cloisters, Handsworth (1844–1845) – cloisters intact; otherwise destroyed\nCotton College, Staffordshire (1846) – alterations to older house for use by a religious community; now derelict\nFaber RC Primary School – Ordered by Frederick William Faber at the time that Cotton College was built; in use\nSt Anne's Bedehouses, Lincoln, (1847) – intact; in use\nConvent of the Good Shepherd, Hammersmith, London (1848) – demolished\nConvent of St Joseph's, Cheadle, Staffordshire (1848) – intact; private house\nKing Edward's School, Birmingham, design of parts of interior (1838)","title":"Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St James's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Reading"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"St Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Derby"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"Oscott College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Oscott"},{"link_name":"Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley"},{"link_name":"St Alban's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Alban%27s_Church,_Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"Macclesfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"Oulton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Stone, Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Solihull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solihull"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Catholic Church, Uttoxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Catholic_Church,_Uttoxeter"},{"link_name":"St Wilfrid's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Wilfrid%27s_Church,_Hulme"},{"link_name":"Hulme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulme"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"St Giles', Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Catholic_Church,_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"St George's Cathedral, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cathedral,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Radford, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Our Lady and St Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_and_St_Wilfrid%27s_Church,_Warwick_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Warwick Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Brewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewood"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"St Barnabas' Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St Mary's, Stockton-on-Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Stockton-on-Tees"},{"link_name":"Pontefract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefract"},{"link_name":"St Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Peter%27s_Catholic_Church,_Woolwich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Shepshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepshed"},{"link_name":"Old St Peter and St Paul's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church,_Albury"},{"link_name":"Albury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albury_Park"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"mortuary chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue"},{"link_name":"Reredos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"Leeds Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"St Ives, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Northampton Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Wymeswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymeswold"},{"link_name":"St Wilfrid's, Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Wilfrid%27s_Church,_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire Moorlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands"},{"link_name":"Marlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"St John the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist%27s_Church,_Kirkham"},{"link_name":"Kirkham, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkham,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"St Augustine's, Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"St Marie's Church, Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Marie%27s_Church,_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Tubney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubney"},{"link_name":"Highland Tolbooth Kirk/Victoria Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hub,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"St Edmund's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund%27s_College,_Ware"},{"link_name":"Old Hall Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hall_Green"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"West Tofts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Tofts"},{"link_name":"St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas_of_Canterbury_Church,_Fulham"},{"link_name":"St Osmund's, Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Osmund%27s_Church,_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"St Oswald's Church, Winwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Oswald%27s_Church,_Winwick"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Erdington Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdington_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College_Chapel,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Bicton, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Boldmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldmere"},{"link_name":"Sutton Coldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield"},{"link_name":"Rawtenstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawtenstall"},{"link_name":"Bolton Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Priory"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Major ecclesiastical designs","text":"St James's, Reading (1837) – altered\nSt Mary's, Derby (1837) – altered\nOscott College Chapel, Birmingham (1837–38) – extant\nOur Lady and St Thomas of Canterbury, Dudley (1838) – altered\nSt Anne's, Keighley (1838) – altered and extended\nSt Alban's, Macclesfield (1838) – extant\nSt Benedict Abbey (Oulton Abbey), Stone, Staffordshire (1854) – complete and in use as a nursing home[58]\nSt Marie's, Ducie Street, Manchester (1838) – not executed\nSt Augustine's, Solihull (1838) – altered and extended\nSt Marie's, Southport (1838) – altered\nSt Mary's Catholic Church, Uttoxeter (1839) – altered\nSt Wilfrid's, Hulme, Manchester (1839) – extant\nChancel of St John's, Banbury (1839) – extant\nSt Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham (1839) – extant\nSt Giles', Cheadle, Staffordshire (1840) – extant\nSt Oswald's, Liverpool (1840) – only tower remains\nSt George's Cathedral, Southwark, London (1840) – almost entirely rebuilt after World War II bombing\nHoly Trinity, Radford, Oxfordshire (1839) – extant\nOur Lady and St Wilfred, Warwick Bridge, Cumbria (1840) – extant\nSt Mary's, Brewood, Staffordshire (1840) – extant\nSt Marie's, Liverpool (1841) – demolished\nSt Augustine's, Kenilworth, Warwickshire (1841) – extant\nSt Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne (1841) – extant, with tower by C. Hansom\nSt Barnabas' Cathedral, Nottingham (1841) – extant\nSt Mary's, Stockton-on-Tees (1841) – extant\nJesus Chapel, Ackworth Grange, Pontefract (1841) – demolished\nSt Peter's, Woolwich (1842) – extended\nSt Winifrede's, Shepshed, Leicestershire (1842) – now a private house\nOld St Peter and St Paul's Church, Albury Park, Surrey (mortuary chapel) (1842) – extant\nReredos of Leeds Cathedral (1842) – transferred to rebuilt cathedral 1902;[59] restored 2007[60]\nSacred Heart, Cambridge (1843) – dismantled in 1908 and re-erected in St Ives, Cambridgeshire[61]\nOur Lady and St Thomas, Northampton (1844) – Subsequently, enlarged in stages forming St Mary and St Thomas RC Northampton Cathedral[62]\nSt Marie's, Wymeswold, Leicestershire (restoration) (1844) – extant\nSt Wilfrid's, Cotton, Staffordshire Moorlands (1844) – extant, but redundant 2012\nSt Peter's, Marlow (1845) – extant\nSt John the Evangelist (\"The Willows\"), Kirkham, Lancashire (1845) – extant\nSt Augustine's, Ramsgate (1845) – extant, loss of some fittings; the only church he built entirely with his own money\nSt Marie's Church, Rugby (1845) – much added to\nSt Lawrence's, Tubney, Berkshire (1845) – extant\nHighland Tolbooth Kirk/Victoria Hall, Edinburgh (1845) – with James Gillespie Graham, now a Festival venue\nSt Edmund's College chapel, Old Hall Green, Hertfordshire (1846) – extant\nSt Mary's, West Tofts, Norfolk (1845) – disused and inaccessible\nSt Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham (1847) – extant\nSt Osmund's, Salisbury (1847) – much added to\nChancel of St Oswald's Church, Winwick, Cheshire (1847) – extant\nErdington Abbey, Birmingham (1848)\nJesus College Chapel, Cambridge (1849) – restoration, extant\nRolle Mortuary Chapel, Bicton Grange, Bicton, Devon (1850) – extant\nSt Nicholas' Church, Boldmere, Sutton Coldfield (1841) – demolished\nSt James-the-Less, Rawtenstall, Lancashire (1844) – extant; restored 1993–1995\nBolton Priory, North Yorkshire, set of six windows (1854)[63] – extant","title":"Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windermere station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere,_Cumbria_(town)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Railway cottages","text":"Less grand than the above are the railway cottages at Windermere station in Cumbria which have been loosely attributed to Pugin or a follower.[64] Believed to date from 1849, and probably some of the first houses to be built in Windermere, the terrace of cottages was built for railway executives. One of the fireplaces is a copy of one of his in the Palace of Westminster.[65]","title":"Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnniscorthyCathedral.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Aidan's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aidan%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bree, County Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bree,_County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"Ballyhogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyhogue"},{"link_name":"County Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Wexford"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford"},{"link_name":"Rathfarnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathfarnham"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Gorey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorey"},{"link_name":"Dunbrody Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbrody_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Esmonde, 9th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Esmonde,_9th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Killarney"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney"},{"link_name":"County Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"Cobh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobh"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"George Brodrick, 5th Viscount Midleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brodrick,_5th_Viscount_Midleton"},{"link_name":"St Aidan's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Aidan%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Enniscorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniscorthy"},{"link_name":"Barntown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barntown"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Church, Longstanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Longstanton"},{"link_name":"Midleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midleton"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Maynooth"},{"link_name":"Maynooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth"},{"link_name":"County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"County Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Adare Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adare_Manor"},{"link_name":"Adare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adare"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Birr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birr,_County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"}],"text":"St Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County WexfordChurch of Assumption of Mary, Bree, County Wexford. 1837–1839. Patronage from the Redmond family\nChurch of St John the Baptist, Bellevue, Ballyhogue, County Wexford. 1859\nSt Peter's College, Summerhill Road, Wexford, County Wexford. Chapel.1838–1841; 6 bay chapel integrated as part of the college; built in Wexford red sandstone. Various Pugin elements including stations of the cross, balcony, rood screen etc. were removed in the renovation of 1950.\nChurch of St James's, Ramsgrange, County Wexford. 1838–1843\nChapel at Loreto Abbey, Rathfarnham, Dublin. Currently vacant and out of use\nChurch of St Michael the Archangel, Gorey, County Wexford. 1839–1842. Cruciform plan in Romanesque style. 9 bay nave. Low square tower over the crossing. The design may have been influenced by Dunbrody Abbey, County Wexford. Built in Ballyscartin limestone with Wicklow granite dressings. Spire not constructed. Patronage of Sir Thomas Esmonde, 9th Baronet and family\nLoreto Convent, St Michael's Road, Gorey, County Wexford. 1842–1844\nSt Mary's Cathedral, Killarney, County Kerry. 1842–1856. Cruciform early English style in limestone. Much modified. 12 bay nave and spire over the crossing completed by others.\nTwo Villas, Cobh, County Cork. 1842 for George Brodrick, 5th Viscount Midleton\nChurch of St Mary's, Tagoat, County Wexford. 1843–1848. Cruciform plan. 5 bay nave and aisles. Contains Pugin brasses, tiles etc. Damaged in fire 1936\nSt Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County Wexford. 1843–1860. Cruciform plan\nChurch of St Alphonsus or Blessed Virgin Mary, Barntown, County Wexford. 1844–1848. 7 bay church with nave and aisles. Scissors roof truss. Design may be based on St Michael's Church, Longstanton, Cambridgeshire. Interior much modified\nHouses, Midleton, County Cork. For Viscount Midleton. 1845\nSt Patrick's College, Maynooth, County Kildare. 1845–1850. Quadrangles\nPresentation Convent, Waterford, County Waterford. Quadrangle and internal cloister\nPresentation Monastery, Port Road, Killarney, County Kerry. 1846–1862\nAdare Manor, Adare, County Limerick. 1846. Alterations including hall ceiling, staircase, gallery etc.\nSt John's Convent of Mercy, Birr, County Offaly. 1846–1856. Completed by E. W. Pugin","title":"Buildings in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-904965-36-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904965-36-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7139-9499-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9499-5"},{"link_name":"Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu00pugi"},{"link_name":"Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day. Shewing the Present Decay of Taste. Accompanied by Appropriate Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vKRWAAAAMAAJ"}],"text":"Brian Andrews, 2001, Creating a Gothic Paradise: Pugin at the Antipodes, Hobart, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Exhibition catalogue.\nCharles Locke Eastlake, A History of the Gothic Revival, London, England, Longmans, Green & Company, 1872.\nBenjamin Ferrey, 1861, Recollections of A. Welby N. Pugin, and his Father Augustus Pugin, London, England, Edward Stanford.\nMichael Fisher, Alexandra Wedgwood, 2002, Pugin-Land: A W N Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury and the Gothic Revival in Staffordshire, Stafford Fisher.\nMichael Fisher,Gothic For Ever! Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury, and the Rebuilding of Gothic England, Reading, Spire Books, 2012, ISBN 978-1-904965-36-7.\nRachel Hasted, 1995, Scarisbrick Hall – A Guide, Social History at Lancashire County Museum Service, 1984.\nRosemary Hill, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin: A Biographical Sketch, in A.W.N. Pugin: Master of Gothic Revival, New Haven, Connecticut and London, England, Yale University Press.\nRosemary Hill, 2007, God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9499-5.\nPugin, AWN (1920). Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England. Vol. 1 and 2. Cleveland, Ohio: J.H. Jansen. (Published in five volumes between 1821 and 1838).\nPugin, AWN (1836). Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day. Shewing the Present Decay of Taste. Accompanied by Appropriate Text. London, England: Charles Dolman.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"The Grange, Ramsgate, Thanet, Kent, England, designed by Pugin as his family home","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg/220px-The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral%2C_Birmingham.jpg/220px-St_Chad%27s_Cathedral%2C_Birmingham.jpg"},{"image_text":"The northeast chapel of St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle, Cheadle, Staffordshire, England, designed by Pugin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/St_Giles_RC_Church_Cheadle_Staffs_NE_chapel.jpg/220px-St_Giles_RC_Church_Cheadle_Staffs_NE_chapel.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Contrasted Residences for the Poor\" from Pugin's Contrasts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Contrasted_Residences_for_the_Poor.jpg/400px-Contrasted_Residences_for_the_Poor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of east window of Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge, made by John Hardman & Co. to a design by Pugin (1848–1850)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/JesusHardEWLastSupper.jpg/220px-JesusHardEWLastSupper.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tiles designed by Pugin (c.1845–51)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pugintile.jpg/220px-Pugintile.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_tomb_of_Augustus_Pugin_in_St_Augustine%27s_Church%2C_Ramsgate.jpg/220px-The_tomb_of_Augustus_Pugin_in_St_Augustine%27s_Church%2C_Ramsgate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palace of Westminster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Palace_of_Westminster_Westminster_Hall_south.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Westminster_Westminster_Hall_south.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sovereign's Throne in the Palace of Westminster, designed by Pugin in the 1840s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sovereign%27s_Throne_in_The_House_of_Lords.jpg/220px-Sovereign%27s_Throne_in_The_House_of_Lords.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pugin Chapel in Brisbane, Australia, designed by Augustus Pugin and built between 1848 and 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/St_Stephen%E2%80%99s_Chapel%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_11.jpg/220px-St_Stephen%E2%80%99s_Chapel%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armoire, designed in 1850 by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–1852) and made by JG Crace (1809–1889) V&A Museum no. 25:1 to 3-1852","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Schrank_neugotisch_1851.jpg/220px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Schrank_neugotisch_1851.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pugin Hall, Rampisham, Dorset: Grade I listed house designed as a rectory by Pugin, built 1846–1847","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2_Pugin_Hall_Rampisham.jpg/220px-2_Pugin_Hall_Rampisham.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Big Ben\" (London), completed to Pugin's design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg/220px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County Wexford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/EnniscorthyCathedral.JPG/170px-EnniscorthyCathedral.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Mintons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintons"},{"title":"John Dibblee Crace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dibblee_Crace"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pugin's Family\". 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130610044718/http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm","url_text":"\"Pugin's Family\""},{"url":"http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Bertha (1890). \"Graham, James Gillespie\" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Graham,_James_Gillespie","url_text":"\"Graham, James Gillespie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Augustus Northmore Welby Pugin\". Dictionary of Art Historians. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163910/http://arthistorians.info/pugina","url_text":"\"Augustus Northmore Welby Pugin\""},{"url":"http://arthistorians.info/pugina","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin\". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12558b.htm","url_text":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clifton Diocese \| Parliament's Pugin Plaque in Salisbury\". archive.is. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120724052849/http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386","url_text":"\"Clifton Diocese \| Parliament's Pugin Plaque in Salisbury\""},{"url":"http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Rosemary (24 February 2012). \"Pugin, God's architect\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/24/pugin-gothic-architect","url_text":"\"Pugin, God's architect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, Stanley A. (2009). The stained glass of A.W.N. Pugin. Alastair Carew-Cox. Reading, England: Spire Books. ISBN 978-1-904965-20-6. OCLC 313657551.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313657551","url_text":"The stained glass of A.W.N. Pugin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904965-20-6","url_text":"978-1-904965-20-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313657551","url_text":"313657551"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. pp. 69–75. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 150. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 147. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 83. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London: Cassell Publishers Ltd. p. 129. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London: Cassell Publishers Ltd. pp. 67–78. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 75. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Guy (1990). Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel. London, England: Cassell Publishers Limited. p. 108. ISBN 0-304-31561-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31561-3","url_text":"0-304-31561-3"}]},{"reference":"Comerford, Patrick (28 January 2019). \"AWN Pugin and the Gothic Revival in Ireland\". PATRICK COMERFORD: an online journal on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry, beach walks ... and more. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2019/01/awn-pugin-and-gothic-revival-in-ireland.html","url_text":"\"AWN Pugin and the Gothic Revival in Ireland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228185101/http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2019/01/awn-pugin-and-gothic-revival-in-ireland.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Aidan's Catholic Cathedral, Cathedral Street originally Duffrey Street, Main Street originally Market Street, ENNISCORTHY, Enniscorthy, WEXFORD\". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/15603011/saint-aidans-catholic-cathedral-cathedral-street-originally-duffrey-street-main-street-originally-market-street-enniscorthy-enniscorthy-wexford","url_text":"\"Saint Aidan's Catholic Cathedral, Cathedral Street originally Duffrey Street, Main Street originally Market Street, ENNISCORTHY, Enniscorthy, WEXFORD\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926074511/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/15603011/saint-aidans-catholic-cathedral-cathedral-street-originally-duffrey-street-main-street-originally-market-street-enniscorthy-enniscorthy-wexford","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maynooth University Library\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/russell-library","url_text":"\"Maynooth University Library\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525162819/https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/russell-library","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tasmania's Gothic paradise rediscovered\". The Age. 14 September 2002. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926093048/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/tasmanias-gothic-paradise-rediscovered-20020914-gdul87.html","url_text":"\"Tasmania's Gothic paradise rediscovered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/tasmanias-gothic-paradise-rediscovered-20020914-gdul87.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Philip (28 September 2015). \"Berrima church is a Pugin design of heritage significance\". Southern Highland News. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southernhighlandnews.com.au/story/3384962/berrima-church-is-a-pugin-design-of-heritage-significance/","url_text":"\"Berrima church is a Pugin design of heritage significance\""}]},{"reference":"Meacham, Steve (4 February 2003). \"A genius in his Gothic splendour\". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/03/1044122320848.html","url_text":"\"A genius in his Gothic splendour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051222231140/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/03/1044122320848.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Conner, Patrick R. M. (1978). \"Pugin and Ruskin\". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 41: 349–350. doi:10.2307/750883. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 750883. S2CID 195044710.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/750883","url_text":"\"Pugin and Ruskin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750883","url_text":"10.2307/750883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4390","url_text":"0075-4390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/750883","url_text":"750883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195044710","url_text":"195044710"}]},{"reference":"\"Armoire \| A. W. Pugin \| V&A Search the Collections\". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O8162/armoire-a-w-pugin/","url_text":"\"Armoire \| A. W. Pugin \| V&A Search the Collections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Mail Britons of Distinction Stamp Issue\". GBStamp.co.uk. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gbstamp.co.uk/article/royal-mail-britons-of-distinction-stamp-issue-246.html","url_text":"\"Royal Mail Britons of Distinction Stamp Issue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pugin: God's Own Architect\". BBC Four. Retrieved 19 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01b1z45","url_text":"\"Pugin: God's Own Architect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pugin Society website\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304170943/http://www.pugin-society.1to1.org/LL-buildings-1.html/","url_text":"\"Pugin Society website\""},{"url":"http://www.pugin-society.1to1.org/LL-buildings-1.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Wilburton Manor (Grade II) (1460737)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1460737","url_text":"\"Wilburton Manor (Grade II) (1460737)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Pugin Chapel\". St Edmund's College. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stedmundscollege.org/about-us/our-history/history-of-the-pugin-chapel/","url_text":"\"History of the Pugin Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"Beattie, Gordon J (1997). Gregory's Angels. Gracewing Publishing. p. 143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cathedral tour – 9\". Leeds Cathedral. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131090709/http://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/cathedral/cathedral_tour/floorplan.php","url_text":"\"Cathedral tour – 9\""},{"url":"http://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/cathedral/cathedral_tour/floorplan.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Restoring a masterpiece\". BBC Leeds. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/02/15/faith_st_annes_reredos_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Restoring a masterpiece\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214091809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/02/15/faith_st_annes_reredos_feature.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus (1968). Bedfordshire and the County of Huntingdon and Peterborough. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 338. ISBN 0-14-0710-34-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-0710-34-5","url_text":"0-14-0710-34-5"}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1973) [1961]. Northamptonshire. The Buildings of England (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 338. ISBN 0-14-071022-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Cherry","url_text":"Cherry, Bridget (revision)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071022-1","url_text":"0-14-071022-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pugin Windows\". Bolton Priory. Retrieved 10 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boltonpriory.org.uk/the-pugin-windows/","url_text":"\"The Pugin Windows\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"The Terrace (Grade II) (1203378)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203378","url_text":"\"The Terrace (Grade II) (1203378)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"A W N Pugin in Cumbria\". Visit Cumbria.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitcumbria.com/a-w-n-pugin/","url_text":"\"A W N Pugin in Cumbria\""}]},{"reference":"Pugin, AWN (1920). Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England. Vol. 1 and 2. Cleveland, Ohio: J.H. Jansen.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu00pugi","url_text":"Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England"}]},{"reference":"Pugin, AWN (1836). Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day. Shewing the Present Decay of Taste. Accompanied by Appropriate Text. London, England: Charles Dolman.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vKRWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day. Shewing the Present Decay of Taste. Accompanied by Appropriate Text"}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Augustus Pugin\". UK National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F44100","url_text":"\"Archival material relating to Augustus Pugin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.faber.staffs.sch.uk/meet-the-staff/","external_links_name":"Faber RC Primary School"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Modern_Design.html?id=fkZJAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The History of Modern Design"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130610044718/http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pugin's Family\""},{"Link":"http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Graham,_James_Gillespie","external_links_name":"\"Graham, James Gillespie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163910/http://arthistorians.info/pugina","external_links_name":"\"Augustus Northmore Welby Pugin\""},{"Link":"http://arthistorians.info/pugina","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12558b.htm","external_links_name":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120724052849/http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386","external_links_name":"\"Clifton Diocese \| Parliament's Pugin Plaque in Salisbury\""},{"Link":"http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/24/pugin-gothic-architect","external_links_name":"\"Pugin, God's architect\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313657551","external_links_name":"The stained glass of A.W.N. Pugin"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313657551","external_links_name":"313657551"},{"Link":"http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2019/01/awn-pugin-and-gothic-revival-in-ireland.html","external_links_name":"\"AWN Pugin and the Gothic Revival in Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228185101/http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2019/01/awn-pugin-and-gothic-revival-in-ireland.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/15603011/saint-aidans-catholic-cathedral-cathedral-street-originally-duffrey-street-main-street-originally-market-street-enniscorthy-enniscorthy-wexford","external_links_name":"\"Saint Aidan's Catholic Cathedral, Cathedral Street originally Duffrey Street, Main Street originally Market Street, ENNISCORTHY, Enniscorthy, WEXFORD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926074511/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/15603011/saint-aidans-catholic-cathedral-cathedral-street-originally-duffrey-street-main-street-originally-market-street-enniscorthy-enniscorthy-wexford","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/russell-library","external_links_name":"\"Maynooth University Library\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525162819/https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/russell-library","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926093048/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/tasmanias-gothic-paradise-rediscovered-20020914-gdul87.html","external_links_name":"\"Tasmania's Gothic paradise rediscovered\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/tasmanias-gothic-paradise-rediscovered-20020914-gdul87.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.southernhighlandnews.com.au/story/3384962/berrima-church-is-a-pugin-design-of-heritage-significance/","external_links_name":"\"Berrima church is a Pugin design of heritage significance\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/03/1044122320848.html","external_links_name":"\"A genius in his Gothic splendour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051222231140/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/03/1044122320848.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/750883","external_links_name":"\"Pugin and Ruskin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750883","external_links_name":"10.2307/750883"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4390","external_links_name":"0075-4390"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/750883","external_links_name":"750883"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195044710","external_links_name":"195044710"},{"Link":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O8162/armoire-a-w-pugin/","external_links_name":"\"Armoire \| A. W. Pugin \| V&A Search the Collections\""},{"Link":"http://gbstamp.co.uk/article/royal-mail-britons-of-distinction-stamp-issue-246.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Mail Britons of Distinction Stamp Issue\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01b1z45","external_links_name":"\"Pugin: God's Own Architect\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304170943/http://www.pugin-society.1to1.org/LL-buildings-1.html/","external_links_name":"\"Pugin Society website\""},{"Link":"http://www.pugin-society.1to1.org/LL-buildings-1.html/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1460737","external_links_name":"\"Wilburton Manor (Grade II) (1460737)\""},{"Link":"https://www.stedmundscollege.org/about-us/our-history/history-of-the-pugin-chapel/","external_links_name":"\"History of the Pugin Chapel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131090709/http://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/cathedral/cathedral_tour/floorplan.php","external_links_name":"\"Cathedral tour – 9\""},{"Link":"http://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/cathedral/cathedral_tour/floorplan.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/02/15/faith_st_annes_reredos_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Restoring a masterpiece\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214091809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/02/15/faith_st_annes_reredos_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.boltonpriory.org.uk/the-pugin-windows/","external_links_name":"\"The Pugin Windows\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203378","external_links_name":"\"The Terrace (Grade II) (1203378)\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitcumbria.com/a-w-n-pugin/","external_links_name":"\"A W N Pugin in Cumbria\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu00pugi","external_links_name":"Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vKRWAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day. Shewing the Present Decay of Taste. Accompanied by Appropriate Text"},{"Link":"http://www.thepuginsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Pugin Society"},{"Link":"http://www.pugin.com/","external_links_name":"Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1812–1852, A comprehensive overview of Pugin's life with nearly 400 images"},{"Link":"http://www.puginfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"The Pugin Foundation – Australian Works of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080616165618/http://www.puginfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12558b.htm","external_links_name":"New Advent Catholic encyclopaedia, Pugin entry"},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/collections1/stone/lords-library/","external_links_name":"Augustus Pugin's Map Room – UK Parliament Living Heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/360/stgiles/index.shtml","external_links_name":"St Giles' Catholic Church"},{"Link":"http://www.portcullis.parliament.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27PUG%27&dsqCmd=Show.tcl","external_links_name":"Papers of AWN Pugin"},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/tls_selections/commentary/article2306065.ece","external_links_name":"\"Pugin's manifesto\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-tls.co.uk/","external_links_name":"TLS"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123758504383299443","external_links_name":"A Victorian Novel in Stone: the Houses of Parliament tell the story of Britain's past and its peculiar constitution"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00n58pm","external_links_name":"Pugin: God's Own Architect"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F44100","external_links_name":"\"Archival material relating to Augustus Pugin\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03673","external_links_name":"Portraits of Augustus Pugin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130516074845/http://cdm16245.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16245coll1/id/36622","external_links_name":"Floriated Ornament: A Series of Thirty-One Designs"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130219091622/http://137.165.18.28/record=b1036646","external_links_name":"NA997 P8.8o"},{"Link":"https://www.butchoff.com/objectdetails/828093/0/a-gothic-revival-table-made-for-windsor","external_links_name":"Table designed by A.W.N. Pugin for Windsor Castle, 1828."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200608153812/https://www.butchoff.com/objectdetails/828093/0/a-gothic-revival-table-made-for-windsor","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_PUG","external_links_name":"Parliamentary Archives, Papers of AWN Pugin, (1812–1852); Architect"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8958/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080961987","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17247761","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtq4mMghjVGPtx9MBQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90522982","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX877333","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12080461d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12080461d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507889606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118793659","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278252205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14240830","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50027100","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/vs68bmld0zh94sn","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0069613&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35435757","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070981086","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598268605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/249402","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/3525/","external_links_name":"South Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/35671","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3174/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3066/","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/65053","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500008414","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007514.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118793659.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/persons/1005843","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/952068","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s85v7","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029110211","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/57420","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_point	Point reflection	["1 Terminology","2 Examples","3 Formula","4 Point reflection as a special case of uniform scaling or homothety","5 Point reflection group","6 Point reflections in mathematics","7 Point reflection in analytic geometry","8 Properties","9 Inversion centers in crystallography","10 Inversion with respect to the origin","10.1 Representations","10.2 Properties","10.3 Geometry","10.4 Clifford algebras and spin groups","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References"]	Geometric symmetry operation "Central inversion" redirects here. Not to be confused with Circle inversion. Not to be confused with Reflection point. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Point reflection" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Example of a 2-dimensional figure with central symmetry, invariant under point reflection Dual tetrahedra that are centrally symmetric to each other In geometry, a point reflection (also called a point inversion or central inversion) is a transformation of affine space in which every point is reflected across a specific fixed point. When dealing with crystal structures and in the physical sciences the terms inversion symmetry, inversion center or centrosymmetric are more commonly used. A point reflection is an involution: applying it twice is the identity transformation. It is equivalent to a homothetic transformation with scale factor −1. The point of inversion is also called homothetic center. An object that is invariant under a point reflection is said to possess point symmetry; if it is invariant under point reflection through its center, it is said to possess central symmetry or to be centrally symmetric. A point group including a point reflection among its symmetries is called centrosymmetric. In Euclidean space, a point reflection is an isometry (preserves distance). In the Euclidean plane, a point reflection is the same as a half-turn rotation (180° or π radians); a point reflection through the object's centroid is the same as a half-turn spin. Terminology The term reflection is loose, and considered by some an abuse of language, with inversion preferred; however, point reflection is widely used. Such maps are involutions, meaning that they have order 2 – they are their own inverse: applying them twice yields the identity map – which is also true of other maps called reflections. More narrowly, a reflection refers to a reflection in a hyperplane ( n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} dimensional affine subspace – a point on the line, a line in the plane, a plane in 3-space), with the hyperplane being fixed, but more broadly reflection is applied to any involution of Euclidean space, and the fixed set (an affine space of dimension k, where 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1 {\displaystyle 1\leq k\leq n-1} ) is called the mirror. In dimension 1 these coincide, as a point is a hyperplane in the line. In terms of linear algebra, assuming the origin is fixed, involutions are exactly the diagonalizable maps with all eigenvalues either 1 or −1. Reflection in a hyperplane has a single −1 eigenvalue (and multiplicity n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} on the 1 eigenvalue), while point reflection has only the −1 eigenvalue (with multiplicity n). The term inversion should not be confused with inversive geometry, where inversion is defined with respect to a circle. Examples 2D examples Hexagonal parallelogon Octagon In two dimensions, a point reflection is the same as a rotation of 180 degrees. In three dimensions, a point reflection can be described as a 180-degree rotation composed with reflection across the plane of rotation, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In dimension n, point reflections are orientation-preserving if n is even, and orientation-reversing if n is odd. Formula Given a vector a in the Euclidean space Rn, the formula for the reflection of a across the point p is R e f p ( a ) = 2 p − a . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ref} _{\mathbf {p} }(\mathbf {a} )=2\mathbf {p} -\mathbf {a} .} In the case where p is the origin, point reflection is simply the negation of the vector a. In Euclidean geometry, the inversion of a point X with respect to a point P is a point X* such that P is the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints X and X. In other words, the vector from X to P is the same as the vector from P to X. The formula for the inversion in P is x* = 2p − x where p, x and x* are the position vectors of P, X and X* respectively. This mapping is an isometric involutive affine transformation which has exactly one fixed point, which is P. Point reflection as a special case of uniform scaling or homothety When the inversion point P coincides with the origin, point reflection is equivalent to a special case of uniform scaling: uniform scaling with scale factor equal to −1. This is an example of linear transformation. When P does not coincide with the origin, point reflection is equivalent to a special case of homothetic transformation: homothety with homothetic center coinciding with P, and scale factor −1. (This is an example of non-linear affine transformation.) Point reflection group The composition of two offset point reflections in 2-dimensions is a translation. The composition of two point reflections is a translation. Specifically, point reflection at p followed by point reflection at q is translation by the vector 2(q − p). The set consisting of all point reflections and translations is Lie subgroup of the Euclidean group. It is a semidirect product of Rn with a cyclic group of order 2, the latter acting on Rn by negation. It is precisely the subgroup of the Euclidean group that fixes the line at infinity pointwise. In the case n = 1, the point reflection group is the full isometry group of the line. Point reflections in mathematics Point reflection across the center of a sphere yields the antipodal map. A symmetric space is a Riemannian manifold with an isometric reflection across each point. Symmetric spaces play an important role in the study of Lie groups and Riemannian geometry. Point reflection in analytic geometry Given the point P ( x , y ) {\displaystyle P(x,y)} and its reflection P ′ ( x ′ , y ′ ) {\displaystyle P'(x',y')} with respect to the point C ( x c , y c ) {\displaystyle C(x_{c},y_{c})} , the latter is the midpoint of the segment P P ′ ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {PP'}}} ; { x c = x + x ′ 2 y c = y + y ′ 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x_{c}={\frac {x+x'}{2}}\\y_{c}={\frac {y+y'}{2}}\end{cases}}} Hence, the equations to find the coordinates of the reflected point are { x ′ = 2 x c − x y ′ = 2 y c − y {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x'=2x_{c}-x\\y'=2y_{c}-y\end{cases}}} Particular is the case in which the point C has coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (0,0)} (see the paragraph below) { x ′ = − x y ′ = − y {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x'=-x\\y'=-y\end{cases}}} Properties In even-dimensional Euclidean space, say 2N-dimensional space, the inversion in a point P is equivalent to N rotations over angles π in each plane of an arbitrary set of N mutually orthogonal planes intersecting at P. These rotations are mutually commutative. Therefore, inversion in a point in even-dimensional space is an orientation-preserving isometry or direct isometry. In odd-dimensional Euclidean space, say (2N + 1)-dimensional space, it is equivalent to N rotations over π in each plane of an arbitrary set of N mutually orthogonal planes intersecting at P, combined with the reflection in the 2N-dimensional subspace spanned by these rotation planes. Therefore, it reverses rather than preserves orientation, it is an indirect isometry. Geometrically in 3D it amounts to rotation about an axis through P by an angle of 180°, combined with reflection in the plane through P which is perpendicular to the axis; the result does not depend on the orientation (in the other sense) of the axis. Notations for the type of operation, or the type of group it generates, are 1 ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {1}}} , Ci, S2, and 1×. The group type is one of the three symmetry group types in 3D without any pure rotational symmetry, see cyclic symmetries with n = 1. The following point groups in three dimensions contain inversion: Cnh and Dnh for even n S2n and Dnd for odd n Th, Oh, and Ih Closely related to inverse in a point is reflection in respect to a plane, which can be thought of as a "inversion in a plane". Inversion centers in crystallography Molecules contain an inversion center when a point exists through which all atoms can reflect while retaining symmetry. In crystallography, the presence of inversion centers distinguishes between centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric compounds. Crystal structures are composed of various polyhedra, categorized by their coordination number and bond angles. For example, four-coordinate polyhedra are classified as tetrahedra, while five-coordinate environments can be square pyramidal or trigonal bipyramidal depending on the bonding angles. All crystalline compounds come from a repetition of an atomic building block known as a unit cell, and these unit cells define which polyhedra form and in what order. These polyhedra link together via corner-, edge- or face sharing, depending on which atoms share common bonds. Polyhedra containing inversion centers are known as centrosymmetric, while those without are non-centrosymmetric. Six-coordinate octahedra are an example of centrosymmetric polyhedra, as the central atom acts as an inversion center through which the six bonded atoms retain symmetry. Tetrahedra, on the other hand, are non-centrosymmetric as an inversion through the central atom would result in a reversal of the polyhedron. It is important to note that bonding geometries with odd coordination numbers must not be centrosymmetric, because these polyhedra will not contain inversion centers. Real polyhedra in crystals often lack the uniformity anticipated in their bonding geometry. Common irregularities found in crystallography include distortions and disorder. Distortion involves the warping of polyhedra due to nonuniform bonding lengths, often due to differing electrostatic attraction between heteroatoms. For instance, a titanium center will likely bond evenly to six oxygens in an octahedra, but distortion would occur if one of the oxygens were replaced with a more electronegative fluorine. Distortions will not change the inherent geometry of the polyhedra—a distorted octahedron is still classified as an octahedron, but strong enough distortions can have an effect on the centrosymmetry of a compound. Disorder involves a split occupancy over two or more sites, in which an atom will occupy one crystallographic position in a certain percentage of polyhedra and the other in the remaining positions. Disorder can influence the centrosymmetry of certain polyhedra as well, depending on whether or not the occupancy is split over an already-present inversion center. Centrosymmetry applies to the crystal structure as a whole, as well. Crystals are classified into thirty-two crystallographic point groups which describe how the different polyhedra arrange themselves in space in the bulk structure. Of these thirty-two point groups, eleven are centrosymmetric. The presence of noncentrosymmetric polyhedra does not guarantee that the point group will be the same—two non-centrosymmetric shapes can be oriented in space in a manner which contains an inversion center between the two. Two tetrahedra facing each other can have an inversion center in the middle, because the orientation allows for each atom to have a reflected pair. The inverse is also true, as multiple centrosymmetric polyhedra can be arranged to form a noncentrosymmetric point group. Non-centrosymmetric compounds can be useful for application in nonlinear optics. The lack of symmetry via inversion centers can allow for areas of the crystal to interact differently with incoming light. The wavelength, frequency and intensity of light is subject to change as the electromagnetic radiation interacts with different energy states throughout the structure. Potassium titanyl phosphate, KTiOPO4 (KTP). crystalizes in the non-centrosymmetric, orthorhombic Pna21 space group, and is a useful non-linear crystal. KTP is used for frequency-doubling neodymium-doped lasers, utilizing a nonlinear optical property known as second-harmonic generation. The applications for nonlinear materials are still being researched, but these properties stem from the presence of (or lack thereof) an inversion center. Inversion with respect to the origin Inversion with respect to the origin corresponds to additive inversion of the position vector, and also to scalar multiplication by −1. The operation commutes with every other linear transformation, but not with translation: it is in the center of the general linear group. "Inversion" without indicating "in a point", "in a line" or "in a plane", means this inversion; in physics 3-dimensional reflection through the origin is also called a parity transformation. In mathematics, reflection through the origin refers to the point reflection of Euclidean space Rn across the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system. Reflection through the origin is an orthogonal transformation corresponding to scalar multiplication by − 1 {\displaystyle -1} , and can also be written as − I {\displaystyle -I} , where I {\displaystyle I} is the identity matrix. In three dimensions, this sends ( x , y , z ) ↦ ( − x , − y , − z ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)\mapsto (-x,-y,-z)} , and so forth. Representations As a scalar matrix, it is represented in every basis by a matrix with − 1 {\displaystyle -1} on the diagonal, and, together with the identity, is the center of the orthogonal group O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} . It is a product of n orthogonal reflections (reflection through the axes of any orthogonal basis); note that orthogonal reflections commute. In 2 dimensions, it is in fact rotation by 180 degrees, and in dimension 2 n {\displaystyle 2n} , it is rotation by 180 degrees in n orthogonal planes; note again that rotations in orthogonal planes commute. Properties It has determinant ( − 1 ) n {\displaystyle (-1)^{n}} (from the representation by a matrix or as a product of reflections). Thus it is orientation-preserving in even dimension, thus an element of the special orthogonal group SO(2n), and it is orientation-reversing in odd dimension, thus not an element of SO(2n + 1) and instead providing a splitting of the map O ( 2 n + 1 ) → ± 1 {\displaystyle O(2n+1)\to \pm 1} , showing that O ( 2 n + 1 ) = S O ( 2 n + 1 ) × { ± I } {\displaystyle O(2n+1)=SO(2n+1)\times \{\pm I\}} as an internal direct product. Together with the identity, it forms the center of the orthogonal group. It preserves every quadratic form, meaning Q ( − v ) = Q ( v ) {\displaystyle Q(-v)=Q(v)} , and thus is an element of every indefinite orthogonal group as well. It equals the identity if and only if the characteristic is 2. It is the longest element of the Coxeter group of signed permutations. Analogously, it is a longest element of the orthogonal group, with respect to the generating set of reflections: elements of the orthogonal group all have length at most n with respect to the generating set of reflections, and reflection through the origin has length n, though it is not unique in this: other maximal combinations of rotations (and possibly reflections) also have maximal length. Geometry In SO(2r), reflection through the origin is the farthest point from the identity element with respect to the usual metric. In O(2r + 1), reflection through the origin is not in SO(2r+1) (it is in the non-identity component), and there is no natural sense in which it is a "farther point" than any other point in the non-identity component, but it does provide a base point in the other component. Clifford algebras and spin groups Further information: Clifford algebra Further information: Spin group It should not be confused with the element − 1 ∈ S p i n ( n ) {\displaystyle -1\in \mathrm {Spin} (n)} in the spin group. This is particularly confusing for even spin groups, as − I ∈ S O ( 2 n ) {\displaystyle -I\in SO(2n)} , and thus in Spin ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spin} (n)} there is both − 1 {\displaystyle -1} and 2 lifts of − I {\displaystyle -I} . Reflection through the identity extends to an automorphism of a Clifford algebra, called the main involution or grade involution. Reflection through the identity lifts to a pseudoscalar. See also Affine involution Circle inversion Clifford algebra Congruence (geometry) Estermann measure Euclidean group Kovner–Besicovitch measure Orthogonal group Parity (physics) Reflection (mathematics) Riemannian symmetric space Spin group Notes ^ "Orthogonal planes" meaning all elements are orthogonal and the planes intersect at 0 only, not that they intersect in a line and have dihedral angle 90°. ^ This follows by classifying orthogonal transforms as direct sums of rotations and reflections, which follows from the spectral theorem, for instance. References ^ "Reflections in Lines". new.math.uiuc.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Lab 9 Point Reflection". sites.math.washington.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circle inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_inversion"},{"link_name":"Reflection point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_point"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclic_symmetry_2.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrahedron_with_colored_edges_a.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrahedron_with_colored_edges_b.png"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation"},{"link_name":"affine space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space"},{"link_name":"fixed point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"crystal structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure"},{"link_name":"physical sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"inversion symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Inversion_centers_in_crystallography"},{"link_name":"involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"identity transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_transformation"},{"link_name":"homothetic transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic_transformation"},{"link_name":"homothetic center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic_center"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"point group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_group"},{"link_name":"centrosymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosymmetry"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"isometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Euclidean plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane"},{"link_name":"half-turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_turn"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"radians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian"},{"link_name":"centroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid"},{"link_name":"spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(geometry)"}],"text":"\"Central inversion\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Circle inversion.Not to be confused with Reflection point.Example of a 2-dimensional figure with central symmetry, invariant under point reflectionDual tetrahedra that are centrally symmetric to each otherIn geometry, a point reflection (also called a point inversion or central inversion) is a transformation of affine space in which every point is reflected across a specific fixed point. When dealing with crystal structures and in the physical sciences the terms inversion symmetry, inversion center or centrosymmetric are more commonly used.A point reflection is an involution: applying it twice is the identity transformation. It is equivalent to a homothetic transformation with scale factor −1. The point of inversion is also called homothetic center.An object that is invariant under a point reflection is said to possess point symmetry; if it is invariant under point reflection through its center, it is said to possess central symmetry or to be centrally symmetric. A point group including a point reflection among its symmetries is called centrosymmetric.In Euclidean space, a point reflection is an isometry (preserves distance).[1] In the Euclidean plane, a point reflection is the same as a half-turn rotation (180° or π radians); a point reflection through the object's centroid is the same as a half-turn spin.","title":"Point reflection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"involutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"identity map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_function"},{"link_name":"reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"affine subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_subspace"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"diagonalizable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonalizable"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"inversive geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversive_geometry"}],"text":"The term reflection is loose, and considered by some an abuse of language, with inversion preferred; however, point reflection is widely used. Such maps are involutions, meaning that they have order 2 – they are their own inverse: applying them twice yields the identity map – which is also true of other maps called reflections. More narrowly, a reflection refers to a reflection in a hyperplane (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n-1}\n \n dimensional affine subspace – a point on the line, a line in the plane, a plane in 3-space), with the hyperplane being fixed, but more broadly reflection is applied to any involution of Euclidean space, and the fixed set (an affine space of dimension k, where \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n k\n ≤\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq k\\leq n-1}\n \n) is called the mirror. In dimension 1 these coincide, as a point is a hyperplane in the line.In terms of linear algebra, assuming the origin is fixed, involutions are exactly the diagonalizable maps with all eigenvalues either 1 or −1. Reflection in a hyperplane has a single −1 eigenvalue (and multiplicity \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n-1}\n \n on the 1 eigenvalue), while point reflection has only the −1 eigenvalue (with multiplicity n).The term inversion should not be confused with inversive geometry, where inversion is defined with respect to a circle.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"composed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_functions"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mathematics)"}],"text":"In two dimensions, a point reflection is the same as a rotation of 180 degrees. In three dimensions, a point reflection can be described as a 180-degree rotation composed with reflection across the plane of rotation, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In dimension n, point reflections are orientation-preserving if n is even, and orientation-reversing if n is odd.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euclidean geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry"},{"link_name":"point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"line segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometric)"},{"link_name":"mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"involutive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"affine transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation"},{"link_name":"fixed point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)"}],"text":"Given a vector a in the Euclidean space Rn, the formula for the reflection of a across the point p isR\n e\n f\n \n \n \n p\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n )\n =\n 2\n \n p\n \n −\n \n a\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ref} _{\\mathbf {p} }(\\mathbf {a} )=2\\mathbf {p} -\\mathbf {a} .}In the case where p is the origin, point reflection is simply the negation of the vector a.In Euclidean geometry, the inversion of a point X with respect to a point P is a point X* such that P is the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints X and X. In other words, the vector from X to P is the same as the vector from P to X.The formula for the inversion in P isx* = 2p − xwhere p, x and x* are the position vectors of P, X and X* respectively.This mapping is an isometric involutive affine transformation which has exactly one fixed point, which is P.","title":"Formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uniform scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_scaling"},{"link_name":"linear transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_transformation"},{"link_name":"homothetic transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic_transformation"},{"link_name":"homothetic center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic_center"},{"link_name":"affine transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation"}],"text":"When the inversion point P coincides with the origin, point reflection is equivalent to a special case of uniform scaling: uniform scaling with scale factor equal to −1. This is an example of linear transformation.When P does not coincide with the origin, point reflection is equivalent to a special case of homothetic transformation: homothety with homothetic center coinciding with P, and scale factor −1. (This is an example of non-linear affine transformation.)","title":"Point reflection as a special case of uniform scaling or homothety"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Composing_Point_Reflections.png"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_functions"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lie subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_subgroup"},{"link_name":"Euclidean group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group"},{"link_name":"semidirect product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product"},{"link_name":"cyclic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group"},{"link_name":"line at infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_at_infinity"},{"link_name":"isometry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group"}],"text":"The composition of two offset point reflections in 2-dimensions is a translation.The composition of two point reflections is a translation.[2] Specifically, point reflection at p followed by point reflection at q is translation by the vector 2(q − p).The set consisting of all point reflections and translations is Lie subgroup of the Euclidean group. It is a semidirect product of Rn with a cyclic group of order 2, the latter acting on Rn by negation. It is precisely the subgroup of the Euclidean group that fixes the line at infinity pointwise.In the case n = 1, the point reflection group is the full isometry group of the line.","title":"Point reflection group "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antipodal map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodal_map"},{"link_name":"symmetric space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_symmetric_space"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"Lie groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Riemannian geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_geometry"}],"text":"Point reflection across the center of a sphere yields the antipodal map.\nA symmetric space is a Riemannian manifold with an isometric reflection across each point. Symmetric spaces play an important role in the study of Lie groups and Riemannian geometry.","title":"Point reflections in mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint"},{"link_name":"paragraph below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Inversion_with_respect_to_the_origin"}],"text":"Given the point \n \n \n \n P\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(x,y)}\n \n and its reflection \n \n \n \n \n P\n ′\n \n (\n \n x\n ′\n \n ,\n \n y\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P'(x',y')}\n \n with respect to the point \n \n \n \n C\n (\n \n x\n \n c\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n c\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x_{c},y_{c})}\n \n, the latter is the midpoint of the segment \n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n P\n ′\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {PP'}}}\n \n;{\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n c\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n x\n +\n \n x\n ′\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n c\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n y\n +\n \n y\n ′\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{cases}x_{c}={\\frac {x+x'}{2}}\\\\y_{c}={\\frac {y+y'}{2}}\\end{cases}}}Hence, the equations to find the coordinates of the reflected point are{\n \n \n \n \n x\n ′\n \n =\n 2\n \n x\n \n c\n \n \n −\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ′\n \n =\n 2\n \n y\n \n c\n \n \n −\n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{cases}x'=2x_{c}-x\\\\y'=2y_{c}-y\\end{cases}}}Particular is the case in which the point C has coordinates \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,0)}\n \n (see the paragraph below){\n \n \n \n \n x\n ′\n \n =\n −\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ′\n \n =\n −\n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{cases}x'=-x\\\\y'=-y\\end{cases}}}","title":"Point reflection in analytic geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"direct isometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"indirect isometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(rigid_body)"},{"link_name":"symmetry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_group"},{"link_name":"rotational symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_symmetry"},{"link_name":"cyclic symmetries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_symmetries"},{"link_name":"point groups in three dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_groups_in_three_dimensions"},{"link_name":"reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(geometry)"}],"text":"In even-dimensional Euclidean space, say 2N-dimensional space, the inversion in a point P is equivalent to N rotations over angles π in each plane of an arbitrary set of N mutually orthogonal planes intersecting at P. These rotations are mutually commutative. Therefore, inversion in a point in even-dimensional space is an orientation-preserving isometry or direct isometry.In odd-dimensional Euclidean space, say (2N + 1)-dimensional space, it is equivalent to N rotations over π in each plane of an arbitrary set of N mutually orthogonal planes intersecting at P, combined with the reflection in the 2N-dimensional subspace spanned by these rotation planes. Therefore, it reverses rather than preserves orientation, it is an indirect isometry.Geometrically in 3D it amounts to rotation about an axis through P by an angle of 180°, combined with reflection in the plane through P which is perpendicular to the axis; the result does not depend on the orientation (in the other sense) of the axis. Notations for the type of operation, or the type of group it generates, are \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {1}}}\n \n, Ci, S2, and 1×. The group type is one of the three symmetry group types in 3D without any pure rotational symmetry, see cyclic symmetries with n = 1.The following point groups in three dimensions contain inversion:Cnh and Dnh for even n\nS2n and Dnd for odd n\nTh, Oh, and IhClosely related to inverse in a point is reflection in respect to a plane, which can be thought of as a \"inversion in a plane\".","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"centrosymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosymmetric"},{"link_name":"tetrahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"square pyramidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_pyramidal_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"trigonal bipyramidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"electronegative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegative"},{"link_name":"crystallographic point groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic_point_groups"},{"link_name":"nonlinear optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics"},{"link_name":"Potassium titanyl phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_titanyl_phosphate"},{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"space group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group"},{"link_name":"neodymium-doped lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_laser"},{"link_name":"second-harmonic generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-harmonic_generation"}],"text":"Molecules contain an inversion center when a point exists through which all atoms can reflect while retaining symmetry. In crystallography, the presence of inversion centers distinguishes between centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric compounds. Crystal structures are composed of various polyhedra, categorized by their coordination number and bond angles. For example, four-coordinate polyhedra are classified as tetrahedra, while five-coordinate environments can be square pyramidal or trigonal bipyramidal depending on the bonding angles. All crystalline compounds come from a repetition of an atomic building block known as a unit cell, and these unit cells define which polyhedra form and in what order. These polyhedra link together via corner-, edge- or face sharing, depending on which atoms share common bonds. Polyhedra containing inversion centers are known as centrosymmetric, while those without are non-centrosymmetric. Six-coordinate octahedra are an example of centrosymmetric polyhedra, as the central atom acts as an inversion center through which the six bonded atoms retain symmetry. Tetrahedra, on the other hand, are non-centrosymmetric as an inversion through the central atom would result in a reversal of the polyhedron. It is important to note that bonding geometries with odd coordination numbers must not be centrosymmetric, because these polyhedra will not contain inversion centers.Real polyhedra in crystals often lack the uniformity anticipated in their bonding geometry. Common irregularities found in crystallography include distortions and disorder. Distortion involves the warping of polyhedra due to nonuniform bonding lengths, often due to differing electrostatic attraction between heteroatoms. For instance, a titanium center will likely bond evenly to six oxygens in an octahedra, but distortion would occur if one of the oxygens were replaced with a more electronegative fluorine. Distortions will not change the inherent geometry of the polyhedra—a distorted octahedron is still classified as an octahedron, but strong enough distortions can have an effect on the centrosymmetry of a compound. Disorder involves a split occupancy over two or more sites, in which an atom will occupy one crystallographic position in a certain percentage of polyhedra and the other in the remaining positions. Disorder can influence the centrosymmetry of certain polyhedra as well, depending on whether or not the occupancy is split over an already-present inversion center.Centrosymmetry applies to the crystal structure as a whole, as well. Crystals are classified into thirty-two crystallographic point groups which describe how the different polyhedra arrange themselves in space in the bulk structure. Of these thirty-two point groups, eleven are centrosymmetric. The presence of noncentrosymmetric polyhedra does not guarantee that the point group will be the same—two non-centrosymmetric shapes can be oriented in space in a manner which contains an inversion center between the two. Two tetrahedra facing each other can have an inversion center in the middle, because the orientation allows for each atom to have a reflected pair. The inverse is also true, as multiple centrosymmetric polyhedra can be arranged to form a noncentrosymmetric point group.Non-centrosymmetric compounds can be useful for application in nonlinear optics. The lack of symmetry via inversion centers can allow for areas of the crystal to interact differently with incoming light. The wavelength, frequency and intensity of light is subject to change as the electromagnetic radiation interacts with different energy states throughout the structure. Potassium titanyl phosphate, KTiOPO4 (KTP). crystalizes in the non-centrosymmetric, orthorhombic Pna21 space group, and is a useful non-linear crystal. KTP is used for frequency-doubling neodymium-doped lasers, utilizing a nonlinear optical property known as second-harmonic generation. The applications for nonlinear materials are still being researched, but these properties stem from the presence of (or lack thereof) an inversion center.","title":"Inversion centers in crystallography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"additive inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse"},{"link_name":"scalar multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_multiplication"},{"link_name":"linear transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_transformation"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"general linear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group"},{"link_name":"parity transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"orthogonal transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_transformation"},{"link_name":"scalar multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_multiplication"},{"link_name":"identity matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix"}],"text":"Inversion with respect to the origin corresponds to additive inversion of the position vector, and also to scalar multiplication by −1. The operation commutes with every other linear transformation, but not with translation: it is in the center of the general linear group. \"Inversion\" without indicating \"in a point\", \"in a line\" or \"in a plane\", means this inversion; in physics 3-dimensional reflection through the origin is also called a parity transformation.In mathematics, reflection through the origin refers to the point reflection of Euclidean space Rn across the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system. Reflection through the origin is an orthogonal transformation corresponding to scalar multiplication by \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1}\n \n, and can also be written as \n \n \n \n −\n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -I}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n is the identity matrix. In three dimensions, this sends \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n )\n ↦\n (\n −\n x\n ,\n −\n y\n ,\n −\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y,z)\\mapsto (-x,-y,-z)}\n \n, and so forth.","title":"Inversion with respect to the origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scalar matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_matrix"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"orthogonal basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_basis"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Representations","text":"As a scalar matrix, it is represented in every basis by a matrix with \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1}\n \n on the diagonal, and, together with the identity, is the center of the orthogonal group \n \n \n \n O\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(n)}\n \n.It is a product of n orthogonal reflections (reflection through the axes of any orthogonal basis); note that orthogonal reflections commute.In 2 dimensions, it is in fact rotation by 180 degrees, and in dimension \n \n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2n}\n \n, it is rotation by 180 degrees in n orthogonal planes;[a] note again that rotations in orthogonal planes commute.","title":"Inversion with respect to the origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"splitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_short_exact_sequence"},{"link_name":"internal direct product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_direct_product"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"indefinite orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"longest element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_element_of_a_Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"Coxeter group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"signed permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_permutations"},{"link_name":"length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_function"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Properties","text":"It has determinant \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (-1)^{n}}\n \n (from the representation by a matrix or as a product of reflections). Thus it is orientation-preserving in even dimension, thus an element of the special orthogonal group SO(2n), and it is orientation-reversing in odd dimension, thus not an element of SO(2n + 1) and instead providing a splitting of the map \n \n \n \n O\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n →\n ±\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(2n+1)\\to \\pm 1}\n \n, showing that \n \n \n \n O\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n S\n O\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n ×\n {\n ±\n I\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(2n+1)=SO(2n+1)\\times \\{\\pm I\\}}\n \n as an internal direct product.Together with the identity, it forms the center of the orthogonal group.\nIt preserves every quadratic form, meaning \n \n \n \n Q\n (\n −\n v\n )\n =\n Q\n (\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q(-v)=Q(v)}\n \n, and thus is an element of every indefinite orthogonal group as well.\nIt equals the identity if and only if the characteristic is 2.\nIt is the longest element of the Coxeter group of signed permutations.Analogously, it is a longest element of the orthogonal group, with respect to the generating set of reflections: elements of the orthogonal group all have length at most n with respect to the generating set of reflections,[b] and reflection through the origin has length n, though it is not unique in this: other maximal combinations of rotations (and possibly reflections) also have maximal length.","title":"Inversion with respect to the origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"base point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_point"}],"sub_title":"Geometry","text":"In SO(2r), reflection through the origin is the farthest point from the identity element with respect to the usual metric. In O(2r + 1), reflection through the origin is not in SO(2r+1) (it is in the non-identity component), and there is no natural sense in which it is a \"farther point\" than any other point in the non-identity component, but it does provide a base point in the other component.","title":"Inversion with respect to the origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifford algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebra"},{"link_name":"Spin group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_group"},{"link_name":"spin group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_group"},{"link_name":"Clifford algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebra"},{"link_name":"pseudoscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscalar_(Clifford_algebra)"}],"sub_title":"Clifford algebras and spin groups","text":"Further information: Clifford algebraFurther information: Spin groupIt should not be confused with the element \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n ∈\n \n S\n p\n i\n n\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1\\in \\mathrm {Spin} (n)}\n \n in the spin group. This is particularly confusing for even spin groups, as \n \n \n \n −\n I\n ∈\n S\n O\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -I\\in SO(2n)}\n \n, and thus in \n \n \n \n Spin\n ⁡\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Spin} (n)}\n \n there is both \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1}\n \n and 2 lifts of \n \n \n \n −\n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -I}\n \n.Reflection through the identity extends to an automorphism of a Clifford algebra, called the main involution or grade involution.Reflection through the identity lifts to a pseudoscalar.","title":"Inversion with respect to the origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"dihedral angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_angle"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"spectral theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_theorem"}],"text":"^ \"Orthogonal planes\" meaning all elements are orthogonal and the planes intersect at 0 only, not that they intersect in a line and have dihedral angle 90°.\n\n^ This follows by classifying orthogonal transforms as direct sums of rotations and reflections, which follows from the spectral theorem, for instance.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Example of a 2-dimensional figure with central symmetry, invariant under point reflection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyclic_symmetry_2.svg/220px-Cyclic_symmetry_2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The composition of two offset point reflections in 2-dimensions is a translation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Composing_Point_Reflections.png/220px-Composing_Point_Reflections.png"}]	[{"title":"Affine involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_involution"},{"title":"Circle inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_inversion"},{"title":"Clifford algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebra"},{"title":"Congruence (geometry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_(geometry)"},{"title":"Estermann measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estermann_measure"},{"title":"Euclidean group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group"},{"title":"Kovner–Besicovitch measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovner%E2%80%93Besicovitch_measure"},{"title":"Orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group"},{"title":"Parity (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)"},{"title":"Reflection (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Riemannian symmetric space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_symmetric_space"},{"title":"Spin group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_group"}]	[{"reference":"\"Reflections in Lines\". new.math.uiuc.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.math.uiuc.edu/public403/isometries/reflections.html#_geometrical_definition_of_a_reflection","url_text":"\"Reflections in Lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lab 9 Point Reflection\". sites.math.washington.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.math.washington.edu/~king/coursedir/m444a02/lab/lab09.html","url_text":"\"Lab 9 Point Reflection\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Point+reflection%22","external_links_name":"\"Point reflection\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Point+reflection%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Point+reflection%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Point+reflection%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Point+reflection%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Point+reflection%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://new.math.uiuc.edu/public403/isometries/reflections.html#_geometrical_definition_of_a_reflection","external_links_name":"\"Reflections in Lines\""},{"Link":"https://sites.math.washington.edu/~king/coursedir/m444a02/lab/lab09.html","external_links_name":"\"Lab 9 Point Reflection\""},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126222&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_railway_station	Finsbury Park station	["1 Name and location","2 History","2.1 Construction of Piccadilly line and Northern Heights plan","2.2 Construction of Victoria line","2.3 Northern City Line modifications","2.4 Station upgrades","3 Accidents and incidents","4 National Rail services","4.1 Existing services","4.2 Thameslink services","4.3 New Platform 1","4.4 Other station facilities","5 London Underground","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°33′53″N 0°06′23″W / 51.564653°N 0.106366°W / 51.564653; -0.106366London Underground and railway station Finsbury Park Finsbury ParkLocation of Finsbury Park in Greater LondonLocationFinsbury ParkLocal authorityLondon Borough of IslingtonManaged byGreat NorthernLondon UndergroundStation codeFPKDfT categoryC2Number of platforms12 (8 National Rail, 4 Underground)AccessibleYesFare zone2London Underground annual entry and exit2018 23.39 million2019 33.40 million2020 15.82 million2021 14.05 million2022 23.40 millionNational Rail annual entry and exit2018–19 7.615 million– interchange 2.988 million2019–20 7.670 million– interchange 3.810 million2020–21 2.014 million– interchange 0.669 million2021–22 4.600 million– interchange 1.901 million2022–23 8.559 million– interchange 3.360 millionRailway companiesOriginal companyGreat Northern RailwayPre-groupingGreat Northern RailwayPost-groupingLondon and North Eastern RailwayKey dates1850Tracks laid1 July 1861Opened (GNR)22 August 1867Opened (Edgware branch)14 February 1904Opened (GN&CR))15 December 1906Opened as terminus (GNP&BR)19 September 1932Became through station (Piccadilly)1954Closed (Edgware branch, passengers)3 October 1964Closed (Northern City Line)1 September 1968Opened (Victoria)September 1970Closed (Edgware branch)8 November 1976Opened (Northern City Line)Other informationExternal links TfL station info page Departures Layout Facilities Buses Coordinates51°33′53″N 0°06′23″W / 51.564653°N 0.106366°W / 51.564653; -0.106366 London transport portal Finsbury Park is an intermodal interchange station in North London for London Underground, National Rail and London Buses services. The station is the third busiest Underground station outside Zone 1, with over 33 million passengers using the station in 2019. Name and location The station is named after the nearby Finsbury Park, one of the oldest of London's Victorian parks, opening in 1869. The interchange consists of a National Rail station, a London Underground station and two bus stations, all interconnected. The main entrances are by the eastern bus station on Station Place. The National Rail ticket office here lies in between one entrance marked by the Underground roundel symbol, while the other is marked by the National Rail symbol, and provides direct access to the main line platforms. A new, larger western entrance by Wells Terrace and Goodwin Place opened in December 2019, as part of the upgrade of the station. There is also a narrow side entrance to the south on the A503 Seven Sisters Road (open during peak times only. The complex is located in Travelcard Zone 2. London Buses routes 4, 19, 29, 106, 153, 210, 236, 253, 254, 259, W3, W7, night routes N19, N29, N253, N279, serve the station. History Finsbury Park is on the route of the East Coast Main Line from King's Cross to the north of England and Scotland. The southern section of this was built in stages during the 1840s and early 1850s by the Great Northern Railway (GNR). Tracks were first laid through Finsbury Park in 1850 to the GNR's temporary terminus at Maiden Lane just north of the permanent terminus at King's Cross (which opened in 1852). The first station at Finsbury Park opened on 1 July 1861 and was originally named Seven Sisters Road (Holloway). Soon after the first station opened, the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway (EH&LR) began construction of a line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. The GNR took over the EH&LR shortly before its opening on 22 August 1867. The station was given its current name Finsbury Park on 15 November 1869. The Edgware branch platforms were on each side of the main tracks. The southbound ("up") track of the branch crossed over the main line by a bridge on its way into the station. LNER Ivatt Atlantic at Finsbury Park in 1946 The Great Northern & City Railway (GN&CR) was an underground railway planned to provide a tunnel link between Finsbury Park and Moorgate in the City of London as an alternative London terminus for GNR trains. The tunnels were constructed with a large diameter to accommodate this service but a dispute between the two companies prevented the GN&CR connecting its tunnels to the GNR platforms. The GN&CR tunnels, instead, terminated beneath the main line station without a connection to the surface and the line operated as a shuttle between Finsbury Park and Moorgate. The line opened on 14 February 1904 and on 1 September 1913, it was taken over by the Metropolitan Railway. The Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR) (now London Underground's Piccadilly line) opened on 15 December 1906 by David Lloyd George, then President of the Board of Trade, between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith in west London. The tube railway originated as the Great Northern and Strand Railway (GN&SR) in 1899 and was initially supported by the GNR as a means of relieving congestion on its main line into King's Cross by constructing a tube line under the GNR's tracks from Alexandra Palace to King's Cross and then to the Strand. The GN&SR was taken over in 1901 by a consortium led by Charles Yerkes before any work had been carried out and the section north of Finsbury Park was cancelled. The GN&SR was merged with the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway to form the GNP&BR. It was constructed with the smaller-diameter tube tunnels common to other underground railways being constructed in London at that time. Its platforms were constructed by the GNR parallel with the GN&CR's platforms beneath the main line station. Construction of Piccadilly line and Northern Heights plan The transport interchange at Finsbury Park had long been recognised as a severe bottle-neck for passengers heading north from central London and calls had been regularly made to improve the situation by extending northwards one of the two underground lines serving the station. Until the mid-1920s this had been resisted by the GNR and its successor the LNER as a threat to its suburban passenger traffic, but mounting pressure finally forced the LNER to relinquish its veto and lift its objections to the Underground making an extension. With financial support from the government, the Underground began construction of an extension of the Piccadilly line northwards to Cockfosters and the first section, to Arnos Grove, opened on 19 September 1932. The route was opened fully on 31 July 1933. By 1935 the GNR had become part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). In 1935 London Underground announced its New Works Programme. This included plans to take over the steam-operated LNER branch lines from Finsbury Park to Edgware, High Barnet and Alexandra Palace – collectively known as the "Northern Heights" lines. These routes were to be joined to the Northern City Line by the construction of new tracks from Drayton Park to the surface at Finsbury Park as had originally been intended by the GN&CR. Trains would then have been able to run from any of the three LNER termini to Moorgate. The Northern City Line tunnels from Drayton Park to Finsbury Park would have been taken out of use. A separate connection between Archway Underground station (then named Highgate) and East Finchley station was also planned, including a new Underground station below the then-existing surface station at Highgate. In early 1939 London Underground announced that the Drayton Park to Alexandra Palace route would begin operation in autumn 1940 and the branch was transferred to the control of the Northern line. The start of the Second World War caused the postponement and eventual cancellation of this and much of the other plans, leaving operations at Finsbury Park unchanged. The surface connection between Drayton Park and Finsbury Park was abandoned and the Northern City Line continued to run between Moorgate and Finsbury Park in tunnel. Traffic on the Highgate and Alexandra Palace branch diminished and it was closed to passengers in 1954 although it was retained for freight to Edgware and stock movements to Highgate Depot. Construction of Victoria line London Underground had for many years been planning a new route across central London to relieve pressure on the central sections of the Piccadilly and Northern lines. In the early 1960s the plans were consolidated into a single plan for the Victoria line. The route of the new line was designed to provide the maximum number of interchanges with other Underground and British Rail lines as possible, and Finsbury Park was an ideal candidate for this. The plan called for the reconfiguration of the four underground platforms used by the Northern City Line and the Piccadilly line. To allow the construction works necessary for the provision of cross-platform interchanges between the Piccadilly and the Victoria lines the Northern City service to Finsbury Park was ended on 3 October 1964. After this date trains from Moorgate ran only as far as Drayton Park. Reconfiguration of the below ground platforms at Finsbury Park The Northern City platforms became the southbound platforms for both the Piccadilly and Victoria lines which were connected to the previously dead-end tunnels to the north of the platforms. The old southbound Piccadilly line platform then became the Victoria line northbound platform, with the northbound Piccadilly line platform unchanged. New connecting tunnels were constructed. There are cross-over connections between each pair of northbound and southbound tunnels to enable stock transfers, given that the Victoria line is otherwise completely self-contained. The first section of the Victoria line, including Finsbury Park, opened between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington on 1 September 1968. When the Victoria line was built in the 1960s, the walls in Finsbury Park station were decorated with mosaics of duelling pistols, which can still be seen. This was based on a mistaken identification of Finsbury Park with Finsbury Fields, which was used by Londoners since medieval times for archery and sports, and also associated with 18th-century duels and one of the first hot air balloon flights. Finsbury Fields was close to the present-day Finsbury Square, 3 miles (5 km) south. At the same time the long entrance subways and the Wells Terrace booking hall (at the bus station end) were rebuilt to a high standard. Northern City Line modifications vteFinsbury Park to Highbury & Islington to Dalston Legend East Coast Main Line Finsbury Park Junctions with Canonbury Curve and Northern City Line towards King's Cross Bridge to Emirates Stadium Drayton Park Victoria line Canonbury Curve North London line Highbury & Islington Victoria line Northern City Line Canonbury Dalston Junction Dalston Kingsland East London line North London line London Underground continued to use the Edgware branch occasionally for stock movements between its depot at Highgate and Finsbury Park until September 1970. The tracks were removed in 1971 and the platforms at Finsbury Park which served this line were demolished; their location is now the pedestrian access to the eastern station entrance. The bridge over Stroud Green Road which carried the tracks was removed. The abutment walls remain. In 1976, part of the abandoned Northern Heights plan was completed in reverse. The Northern City Line, which had originally run to the underground part of the station, was transferred from London Underground to British Rail. An unfinished surface connection between Drayton Park and Finsbury Park begun as part of the "Northern Heights" project was completed to make it possible to bring trains to the surface at Finsbury Park and run through trains from Moorgate on to the north. The service commenced operation on 8 November 1976. Station upgrades In the late 2010s, the station was upgraded and refurbished throughout, including the provision of step free access, ticket barriers and a new, larger western entrance to the bus station, Goodwin Street and Wells Terrace. Step free access to both the Piccadilly and Victoria lines, as well as to platforms 1&2 and 5&6 of the National Rail station was completed in January 2019. The new western entrance was constructed in collaboration with Telford Homes, the developer of "City North" - a residential and commercial development adjacent to the station. This new, larger entrance opened in December 2019, replacing an older entrance constructed in the 1970s, which closed in July 2016 as part of the City North development works. A project to make the remaining platforms (3, 4, 7 & 8) step-free began in July 2021 and was completed in April 2023. Accidents and incidents On 9 November 1959, a freight train ran away and collided with an empty coaching-stock train. The collision occurred on a bridge over a road, severely damaging the bridge. On 8 May 1974, musician Graham Bond died after getting run over by a Piccadilly line train at the station. On 17 December 1992, Jonathan Zito was stabbed to death in the station. National Rail services Existing services Great Northern Class 717 service at Finsbury Park The above-ground National Rail station, which has a separate ticket office to the Underground station, is managed and served by Great Northern. Trains from Moorgate and King's Cross form inner suburban services to Stevenage via Hertford North and Welwyn Garden City and outer suburban services start from Kings Cross towards Peterborough and Cambridge. Inner suburban service formerly did not serve the Moorgate branch at night and at weekends, being diverted to London Kings Cross instead. There are currently six platforms but only five tracks, as platforms 6 and 7 share a track (though platform 6 is no longer separately numbered or utilised). The platforms were renumbered on 19 May 2013 to prepare for two new up platforms, with all existing numbers increased by 2. Typically, platform 1 is used by southbound suburban services to Moorgate, platform 2 by southbound regional services to King's Cross and southbound Thameslink services, platform 7 (and occasionally also platform 5) by northbound regional services from King's Cross and northbound Thameslink Services, and platform 8 by northbound suburban services from Moorgate. Workers testing electricity at Finsbury Park on Platform 5 Thameslink services In 2018, as part of the Thameslink Programme, Finsbury Park was linked to the Thameslink network via a new tunnel which connects the Great Northern Route to the lines into St Pancras. This has enabled through services to run from Cambridge and Peterborough via Finsbury Park and London Bridge to Gatwick Airport, Horsham and Brighton. Currently, not all trains labelled on the train as 'Thameslink' actually travel through the Thameslink core, as many serve King's Cross instead. During the week, and on Saturdays, there are currently four trains an hour off peak in each direction through the core to/from Finsbury Park; two to/from Peterborough to Horsham and two to/from Brighton to Cambridge. There are also an extra two trains per hour from Welwyn Garden City to Sevenoaks at peak times during the week. On Sundays there is only one train per hour in each direction, to/from Brighton to Cambridge. The introduction of Thameslink services at Finsbury Park was part of the Thameslink Programme, and in the connected 'RailPlan 2020' consultation, it was stated that they also planned to start a two trains per hour service from Cambridge to Maidstone East via Finsbury Park from December 2019, however this service does not yet exist. New Platform 1 In February 2008 Network Rail published its East Coast Main Line Route Utilisation Strategy (ECMLRUS). This recommended improvements to the tracks able to carry passenger trains between Alexandra Palace Station and Finsbury Park. In March 2009 Network Rail published its CP4 Delivery Plan 2009, which involved the bringing back into service of an abandoned southbound platform; this plan was confirmed in a June 2010 update to the plan. Regular use of this new platform, Platform 1, commenced at the December 2013 timetable change. and since that date regular use of platform 3 has ceased, with platforms 1 and 2 now used instead. Since the December 2015 timetable change, the Northern City line to Moorgate operates through until end of service during the week and at weekends, rather than diverting to Kings Cross at weekends. Other station facilities British Transport Police maintain a presence at Finsbury Park and have a police station at the Wells Terrace entrance. Preceding station National Rail Following station Drayton Park or London King's Cross Great NorthernNorthern City Line and Kings Cross to Cambridge Harringay orAlexandra Palace St Pancras International ThameslinkThameslink Stevenage or or New Southgate Disused railways London King's CrossTerminus British RailwaysEastern RegionEdgware, Highgate & London Stroud Green King's Cross Suburban (northbound)orKing's Cross York Road(southbound) British RailEastern RegionCity Widened Lines Harringay Historical railways Holloway & Caledonian RoadLine open, station closed Great Northern RailwayEast Coast Main Line HarringayLine and station open Holloway & Caledonian RoadLine open, station closed Great Northern RailwayEast Coast Main Line Stroud GreenLine open, station closed London Underground The station is served by the Piccadilly and Victoria lines. Although thought of as a 'deep-level' tube station, Finsbury Park has no escalators as its lines are less than 6 m below street level. Access to the Piccadilly and Victoria line platforms was previously by staircase only, reached via two narrow passages that prevented the installation of ticket barriers. As part of the upgrade of the station in the 2010s, ticket barriers were installed at both the eastern and western entrances to the station, as well as the provision of step free access throughout the station. Preceding station London Underground Following station Arsenaltowards Uxbridge, Rayners Lane or Heathrow Airport (Terminal 4 or Terminal 5) Piccadilly line Manor Housetowards Cockfosters or Arnos Grove Highbury & Islingtontowards Brixton Victoria line Seven Sisterstowards Walthamstow Central Former Service Preceding station London Underground Following station Terminus Metropolitan lineNorthern City Branch(1913-39) Drayton Parktowards Moorgate Northern lineNorthern City branch(1939-64) Abandoned Plans Preceding station London Underground Following station Gillespie Roadtowards Strand Great Northern & Strand Harringaytowards Wood Green Stroud Greentowards Bushey Heath, High Barnet or Alexandra Palace Northern lineNorthern Heights Plan Drayton Parktowards Moorgate References Citations ^ Finsbury Park station has eight National Rail platforms, numbered 1 to 8, but only six tracks given that platforms 2/3 and 6/7 share a single track each. ^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Estimates of station usage". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year. ^ a b c "TfL Press Release - New station entrance open at Finsbury Park". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 December 2019. ^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 292. ^ "Buses from Finsbury Park" (PDF). TfL. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "Night buses from Finsbury Park" (PDF). TfL. June 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2023. ^ Jackson 1984, p. 76. ^ Butt 1995, pp. 27, 208. ^ McCarthy, Colin; McCarthy, David (2009). Railways of Britain – London North of the Thames. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7110-3346-7. ^ Butt 1995, p. 208. ^ Rose, Douglas (2016) . The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History (9th ed.). Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-404-1. ^ Horne 2007, p. 19. ^ Horne 2007, p. 6. ^ Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005). London's Lost Tube Schemes. Capital Transport. pp. 77 and 138. ISBN 1-85414-293-3. ^ Horne 2007, p. 22. ^ Horne 2007, p. 90. ^ HMSO 1959, p. 10. ^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 163. ^ Rose 2007. ^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 166. ^ Day, John R. (1969). The Story of the Victoria Line. Westminster: London Transport. p. 80, and photos between pp. 58–59. 968/2719 RP/5M. ^ tfl webpage; see external links ^ a b "Finsbury Park Tube station becomes step-free". Transport for London. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ "City North Newsletter, 6th September 2019" (PDF). City North Newsletter. City North. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Step-free access arrives at Finsbury Park station". Islington Gazette. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019. ^ "Finsbury Park Station Details". Great Northern. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "New entrance opens at Finsbury Park railway station". ianvisits.co.uk. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2022. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn joins Network Rail for ground-breaking event on project to make Finsbury Park station fully accessible". Network Rail. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023. ^ "Work to make Finsbury Park station completely step-free now complete". Network Rail. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023. ^ Earnshaw, Alan (1989). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 5. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-906899-35-4. ^ Larkin, Colin (27 May 2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 2753. ISBN 978-0857125958. ^ "From monster to human being in 50 minutes". The Independent. 21 December 1995. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Major raft of improvements begins at Finsbury Park". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2012. ^ Lydall, Ross. "First direct trains from Cambridge to Brighton via central London launch". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018. ^ "Timetable". timetables.thameslinkrailway.com. ^ url:https://timetables.thameslinkrailway.com/TL/#/timetables/2093/Table%20E ^ "Route info sheet 7: Kent Thameslink" (PDF). Railplan 2020. Govia Thameslink Railway. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "East Coast main Line RUS". ^ "NR Enhancements delivery plan. June 2010 update, pages 112 and 117–120" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010. ^ GB eNRT December 2015 Edition, Table 24 ^ "British Transport Police, London Underground Area". Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008. ^ "Finsbury Park station - new entrance and step-free access". Transport for London. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Sources Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M. Day, John R; Reed, John (2010) . The Story of London's Underground. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-341-9. Jackson, Alan A. (1984) . London's Termini. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6. Horne, M.A.C. (2007). The Piccadilly Tube : A history of the first 100 years. Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85414-305-1. Rose, Douglas (December 2007) . The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History (8th ed.). Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0. The Victoria Line : Report by the London Travel Committee to the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1959. Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finsbury Park station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Seven Sisters Road entrance to underground station, 1909 Wells Terrace entrance, 1925 Ticket office, 1934, when the Northern City Line was still operated by the Metropolitan line LNER Station, 1935 vteTransport in LondonCompanies andorganisationsTransport forLondon (TfL)London Underground Night Tube Bakerloo Central Circle District Hammersmith & City Jubilee Metropolitan Northern Piccadilly Victoria Waterloo & City London Rail Docklands Light Railway Elizabeth line Tramlink London Overground North London East London South London West London Gospel Oak to Barking Lea Valley Romford–Upminster Watford DC London Buses East London Transit Superloop Night buses Other Coach station Cycle hire Dial-a-Ride IFS Cloud Cable Car London River Services London Streets Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Arriva Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties Go-Ahead London Blue Triangle Docklands Buses London Central London General Metrobus Metroline RATP Dev Transit London London Sovereign London Transit London United Stagecoach London East London Selkent Thameside Transport UK London Bus Uno River operators Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company Uber Boat by Thames Clippers Thames River Services Westminster Passenger Services Association Train operators Arriva Rail London Avanti West Coast c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways East Midlands Railway Eurostar Govia Thameslink Railway Gatwick Express Great Northern Southern Thameslink Grand Central Great Western Railway Greater Anglia Stansted Express Heathrow Express Hull Trains MTR Elizabeth line London North Eastern Railway London Northwestern Railway Lumo South Western Railway Southeastern Other Global Infrastructure Partners Heathrow Airport Holdings Port of London Authority AirportsWithin London City Heathrow London Heliport Military: Northolt Private: Biggin Hill Outside London Gatwick Luton Southend Stansted Major stationsCentral area Baker Street Bank-Monument Blackfriars Bond Street Cannon Street Charing Cross City Thameslink Earl's Court Elephant & Castle Euston Farringdon Fenchurch Street Green Park King's Cross Liverpool Street London Bridge Marylebone Moorgate Oxford Circus Paddington St Pancras International Tottenham Court Road Vauxhall Victoria Waterloo Waterloo East Westminster Other Barking Bromley South Canary Wharf Clapham Junction Ealing Broadway East Croydon Finsbury Park Heathrow stations Highbury & Islington Lewisham London City Airport Richmond Stratford Surbiton Sutton Upminster West Ham West Hampstead stations Whitechapel Willesden Junction Wimbledon RoadsMotorways M1 M4 M11 M25 London Orbital Former: M41 (West Cross Route) A40(M) (Westway) A102(M) (East Cross Route) Ring roads London Inner Ring Road North Circular Road South Circular Road Charging Congestion charge Low emission zone Ultra Low Emission Zone Ticketing Freedom Pass Oyster card Travelcard Other Cycle routes History of public transport authorities London Transport Museum Port of London Regent's Canal Thameslink Trams Trolleybuses Windsor House Former BR sectors British Rail InterCity Network SouthEast Category Portal A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z vteGreat Northern routeEast Coast Main Line(main route) London King's Cross Finsbury Park Harringay Hornsey Alexandra Palace New Southgate Oakleigh Park New Barnet Hadley Wood Potters Bar Brookmans Park Welham Green Hatfield Welwyn Garden City Welwyn North Knebworth Stevenage Hitchin Northern City Line Moorgate Old Street Essex Road Highbury & Islington Drayton Park Hertford loop line Bowes Park Palmers Green Winchmore Hill Grange Park Enfield Chase Gordon Hill Crews Hill Cuffley Bayford Hertford North Watton-at-Stone Peterborough Line Arlesey Biggleswade Sandy St Neots Huntingdon Peterborough Cambridge line Letchworth Garden City Baldock Ashwell & Morden Royston Meldreth Shepreth Foxton Cambridge Cambridge North Train operating company Govia Thameslink Railway Former operators West Anglia Great Northern (WAGN) First Capital Connect Closed line Varsity Line Closed stations Abbots Ripton Denver Enfield Harston Hilgay Holloway and Caledonian Road Holme (Cambridgeshire) Holme (Norfolk) Maiden Lane Offord and Buckden Ouse Bridge Stapleford Stow Bardolph Tempsford Three Counties Yaxley and Farcet Infrastructure Hitchin Flyover vtePiccadilly lineStationsMainroute Cockfosters Oakwood Southgate Arnos Grove Bounds Green Wood Green Turnpike Lane Manor House Finsbury Park Arsenal Holloway Road Caledonian Road King's Cross St Pancras Russell Square Holborn Covent Garden Leicester Square Piccadilly Circus Green Park Hyde Park Corner Knightsbridge South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl's Court Barons Court Hammersmith Turnham Green Acton Town Heathrowbranch South Ealing Northfields Boston Manor Osterley Hounslow East Hounslow Central Hounslow West Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Uxbridgebranch Ealing Common North Ealing Park Royal Alperton Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill South Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Rolling stockCurrent 1973 Stock Future 2024 Stock Former 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock Standard Stock HistoryFormer companies Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Railway Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway Great Northern & Strand Railway District Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations Aldwych Brompton Road Down Street Osterley & Spring Grove York Road Rejected plans Angel Aldgate Alexandra Palace, Hornsey & Harringay Goldhawk Road & Acton Parsons Green Shepherd's Bush Waterloo London Underground Transport for London London transport portal vteVictoria lineStations Walthamstow Central Blackhorse Road Tottenham Hale Seven Sisters Finsbury Park Highbury & Islington King's Cross St Pancras Euston Warren Street Oxford Circus Green Park Victoria Pimlico Vauxhall Stockwell Brixton (100m) Rolling stockCurrent2009 StockOriginal1967 StockAbandoned plans Wood Street London Underground Transport for London London transport portal vteMetropolitan lineStationsCentral London section Aldgate Liverpool Street Moorgate Barbican Farringdon King's Cross St Pancras Euston Square Great Portland Street Core section Baker Street Finchley Road Wembley Park Preston Road Northwick Park Harrow-on-the-Hill Uxbridge branch West Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Outer section& branches North Harrow Pinner Northwood Hills Northwood Moor Park Watford branch Croxley Watford Rickmansworth Chorleywood Chalfont & Latimer Chesham branch Chesham Amersham branch Amersham Rolling stockPresent rolling stock S8 Stock HistoryFormer lines Brill Tramway 1863–1933 1933–1988 Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Closed stations Brill Granborough Road Hammersmith (Grove Road) Lord's Marlborough Road Quainton Road St Mary's (Whitechapel Road) Shoreditch Swiss Cottage Tower of London Uxbridge Road Verney Junction Waddesdon Waddesdon Road Westcott Winslow Road Wood Lane Wood Siding Wotton Former stations Aldgate East Aylesbury Barking Bow Road Bromley-by-Bow Dollis Hill Drayton Park East Ham Edgware Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Goldhawk Road Great Missenden Gunnersbury Hammersmith Highbury & Islington Kensington (Olympia) Kew Gardens Kilburn Kingsbury Ladbroke Grove Latimer Road New Cross New Cross Gate Mile End Neasden Old Street Paddington Plaistow Queensbury Ravenscourt Park Richmond Rotherhithe Royal Oak Shadwell Shepherd's Bush Stanmore Stepney Green Stoke Mandeville Surrey Quays Turnham Green Upton Park Wapping Wendover West Ham West Hampstead Whitechapel Willesden Green Abandoned plans Lothbury Clerkenwell Finchley Road Hampstead Watford Central Transferred lines Aylesbury line Bakerloo line East London line Hammersmith & City line Jubilee line Great Northern & City Railway Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units GN&C Stock S Stock T Stock Circle Stock O/P/CP/CO/P1 Stock F Stock Main Line Stock A60 and A62 Stock Former locomotives A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G Class H Class K Class Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives Metropolitan departmental ex GWR Wotton Tramway Metro-Land Metro-land Metro-Land (1973 film) HistoricproposalsCroxley Rail Link Cassiobridge Watford Vicarage Road Watford High Street Watford Junction Other West Hampstead interchange London Underground Transport for London London transport portal vteNorthern lineStationsHigh Barnet branch High Barnet Totteridge & Whetstone Woodside Park West Finchley Mill Hill East Finchley Central East Finchley Highgate Archway Tufnell Park Kentish Town Camden Town Edgware branch Edgware Burnt Oak Colindale Hendon Central Brent Cross Golders Green Hampstead Belsize Park Chalk Farm Camden Town Charing Cross branch Camden Town Mornington Crescent Euston Warren Street Goodge Street Tottenham Court Road Leicester Square Charing Cross Embankment Waterloo Kennington Bank Branch Camden Town Euston King's Cross St Pancras Angel Old Street Moorgate Bank London Bridge Borough Elephant & Castle ( 100m) Kennington Morden branch Kennington Oval Stockwell Clapham North Clapham Common Clapham South Balham Tooting Bec Tooting Broadway Colliers Wood South Wimbledon Morden Battersea branch Kennington Nine Elms Battersea Power Station RollingstockCurrent 1995 Stock Former 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1949 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock 1962 Stock 1972 Stock Standard Stock HistoryFormer companies City and South London Railway Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway Edgware, Highgate and London Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former lines Northern City Line Former stations City Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Highbury & Islington Drayton Park King William Street South Kentish Town Abandoned plans Northern Heights plan Aldenham depot Alexandra Palace Brockley Hill Bushey Heath Cranley Gardens Crouch End Elstree South Mill Hill Muswell Hill North End Stroud Green Depots Golders Green Morden London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London transport portal vteThameslink, Great Northern, Southern and Southeastern routesThameslink and Great Northern routes serving this stationGreat Northern Peterborough & Cambridge London King's Cross Finsbury Park Potters Bar Hatfield Welwyn Garden City Welwyn North Knebworth Stevenage Hitchin Arlesey Biggleswade Sandy St. Neots Huntingdon Peterborough Letchworth Garden City Baldock Ashwell & Morden Royston Meldreth Shepreth Foxton Cambridge Great NorthernSuburban London Moorgate Old Street Essex Road Highbury & Islington Drayton Park London King's Cross Finsbury Park Harringay Hornsey Alexandra Palace New Southgate Oakleigh Park New Barnet Hadley Wood Potters Bar Brookmans Park Welham Green Hatfield Welwyn Garden City Bowes Park Palmers Green Winchmore Hill Grange Park Enfield Chase Gordon Hill Crews Hill Cuffley Bayford Hertford North Watton-at-Stone Stevenage Hitchin Letchworth Garden City Stations in italics are served on limited occasions, at peak hours or on Sundays only. Govia National Rail Thameslink Great Northern Southeastern Southern Gatwick Express vteLondon bus and coach stationsLondon Buses Addington Village Aldgate Beckton Brent Cross Canada Water Canning Town Crystal Palace Dagenham Dock Dalston Junction Ealing Hospital East Croydon Edgware Edmonton Green Elmers End Eltham Euston Finsbury Park Golders Green Hammersmith Harrow Hatton Cross Heathrow Central Heathrow Terminal 5 Hounslow Hounslow West Kingston Cromwell Road Kingston Fairfield Leytonstone Liverpool Street London Bridge Newbury Park North Finchley North Greenwich Orpington Peckham Prince Regent Richmond Romford Brewery Romford Queen's Hospital Shepherd's Bush South Harrow Stratford Stratford City Streatham Tottenham Hale Turnpike Lane Vauxhall Victoria Waltham Cross Walthamstow Waterloo West Croydon White City Coach Golders Green Heathrow Central Victoria London transport portal • Buses portalReference: "London's bus stations: a passenger's perspective". London TravelWatch. Retrieved 9 November 2021. Authority control databases: Geographic Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intermodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport"},{"link_name":"interchange station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_station"},{"link_name":"North London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"National Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"London Underground and railway stationFinsbury Park is an intermodal interchange station in North London for London Underground, National Rail and London Buses services. The station is the third busiest Underground station outside Zone 1, with over 33 million passengers using the station in 2019.[8]","title":"Finsbury Park station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finsbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Era"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008292-9"},{"link_name":"National Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"A503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A503_road"},{"link_name":"Travelcard Zone 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_2"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_4"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_19"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_29"},{"link_name":"106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_106"},{"link_name":"153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_153"},{"link_name":"210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_210"},{"link_name":"236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_236"},{"link_name":"253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_253"},{"link_name":"254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_254"},{"link_name":"259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_259"},{"link_name":"W3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_W3"},{"link_name":"W7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_W7"},{"link_name":"N19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N19"},{"link_name":"N29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N29"},{"link_name":"N253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N253"},{"link_name":"N279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N279"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The station is named after the nearby Finsbury Park, one of the oldest of London's Victorian parks, opening in 1869.[9]The interchange consists of a National Rail station, a London Underground station and two bus stations, all interconnected. The main entrances are by the eastern bus station on Station Place. The National Rail ticket office here lies in between one entrance marked by the Underground roundel symbol, while the other is marked by the National Rail symbol, and provides direct access to the main line platforms. A new, larger western entrance by Wells Terrace and Goodwin Place opened in December 2019, as part of the upgrade of the station.[8] There is also a narrow side entrance to the south on the A503 Seven Sisters Road (open during peak times only. The complex is located in Travelcard Zone 2.London Buses routes 4, 19, 29, 106, 153, 210, 236, 253, 254, 259, W3, W7, night routes N19, N29, N253, N279, serve the station.[10][11]","title":"Name and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Maiden Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Lane_railway_stations"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198476-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt199527,_208-13"},{"link_name":"Edgware, Highgate and London Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware,_Highgate_and_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"Edgware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1995208-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finsbury_Park_with_LNER_Ivatt_Atlantic_geograph-2319243-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Northern & City Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_City_Line"},{"link_name":"Moorgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate_station"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rose-16"},{"link_name":"Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern,_Piccadilly_and_Brompton_Railway"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_tube_station_(Piccadilly_and_District_lines)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200719-17"},{"link_name":"Great Northern and Strand Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_and_Strand_Railway"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Palace_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne20076-18"},{"link_name":"Charles Yerkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Yerkes"},{"link_name":"Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_and_Piccadilly_Circus_Railway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200722-20"}],"text":"Finsbury Park is on the route of the East Coast Main Line from King's Cross to the north of England and Scotland. The southern section of this was built in stages during the 1840s and early 1850s by the Great Northern Railway (GNR). Tracks were first laid through Finsbury Park in 1850 to the GNR's temporary terminus at Maiden Lane just north of the permanent terminus at King's Cross (which opened in 1852).[12] The first station at Finsbury Park opened on 1 July 1861 and was originally named Seven Sisters Road (Holloway).[13]Soon after the first station opened, the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway (EH&LR) began construction of a line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. The GNR took over the EH&LR shortly before its opening on 22 August 1867.[14] The station was given its current name Finsbury Park on 15 November 1869.[15] The Edgware branch platforms were on each side of the main tracks. The southbound (\"up\") track of the branch crossed over the main line by a bridge on its way into the station.LNER Ivatt Atlantic at Finsbury Park in 1946The Great Northern & City Railway (GN&CR) was an underground railway planned to provide a tunnel link between Finsbury Park and Moorgate in the City of London as an alternative London terminus for GNR trains. The tunnels were constructed with a large diameter to accommodate this service but a dispute between the two companies prevented the GN&CR connecting its tunnels to the GNR platforms. The GN&CR tunnels, instead, terminated beneath the main line station without a connection to the surface and the line operated as a shuttle between Finsbury Park and Moorgate. The line opened on 14 February 1904 and on 1 September 1913, it was taken over by the Metropolitan Railway.[16]The Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR) (now London Underground's Piccadilly line) opened on 15 December 1906 by David Lloyd George, then President of the Board of Trade, between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith in west London.[17] The tube railway originated as the Great Northern and Strand Railway (GN&SR) in 1899 and was initially supported by the GNR as a means of relieving congestion on its main line into King's Cross by constructing a tube line under the GNR's tracks from Alexandra Palace to King's Cross and then to the Strand.[18] The GN&SR was taken over in 1901 by a consortium led by Charles Yerkes before any work had been carried out and the section north of Finsbury Park was cancelled. The GN&SR was merged with the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway to form the GNP&BR.[19] It was constructed with the smaller-diameter tube tunnels common to other underground railways being constructed in London at that time. Its platforms were constructed by the GNR parallel with the GN&CR's platforms beneath the main line station.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line_extension_to_Cockfosters"},{"link_name":"Cockfosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockfosters_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Arnos Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200790-21"},{"link_name":"London and North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"New Works Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Heights_plan"},{"link_name":"High Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Barnet_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Palace_railway_station_(Muswell_Hill_branch)"},{"link_name":"Archway Underground station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"link_name":"East Finchley station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"sub_title":"Construction of Piccadilly line and Northern Heights plan","text":"The transport interchange at Finsbury Park had long been recognised as a severe bottle-neck for passengers heading north from central London and calls had been regularly made to improve the situation by extending northwards one of the two underground lines serving the station. Until the mid-1920s this had been resisted by the GNR and its successor the LNER as a threat to its suburban passenger traffic, but mounting pressure finally forced the LNER to relinquish its veto and lift its objections to the Underground making an extension.With financial support from the government, the Underground began construction of an extension of the Piccadilly line northwards to Cockfosters and the first section, to Arnos Grove, opened on 19 September 1932. The route was opened fully on 31 July 1933.[21]By 1935 the GNR had become part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). In 1935 London Underground announced its New Works Programme. This included plans to take over the steam-operated LNER branch lines from Finsbury Park to Edgware, High Barnet and Alexandra Palace – collectively known as the \"Northern Heights\" lines. These routes were to be joined to the Northern City Line by the construction of new tracks from Drayton Park to the surface at Finsbury Park as had originally been intended by the GN&CR. Trains would then have been able to run from any of the three LNER termini to Moorgate. The Northern City Line tunnels from Drayton Park to Finsbury Park would have been taken out of use. A separate connection between Archway Underground station (then named Highgate) and East Finchley station was also planned, including a new Underground station below the then-existing surface station at Highgate.In early 1939 London Underground announced that the Drayton Park to Alexandra Palace route would begin operation in autumn 1940 and the branch was transferred to the control of the Northern line. The start of the Second World War caused the postponement and eventual cancellation of this and much of the other plans, leaving operations at Finsbury Park unchanged. The surface connection between Drayton Park and Finsbury Park was abandoned and the Northern City Line continued to run between Moorgate and Finsbury Park in tunnel. Traffic on the Highgate and Alexandra Palace branch diminished and it was closed to passengers in 1954 although it was retained for freight to Edgware and stock movements to Highgate Depot.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMSO195910-22"},{"link_name":"cross-platform interchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayReed2010163-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose2007-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finsbury_Park_station_Platform_Changes.png"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Central_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Highbury & Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury_%26_Islington_station"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayReed2010166-25"},{"link_name":"Victoria line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_line"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Fields"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Square"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Construction of Victoria line","text":"London Underground had for many years been planning a new route across central London to relieve pressure on the central sections of the Piccadilly and Northern lines. In the early 1960s the plans were consolidated into a single plan for the Victoria line. The route of the new line was designed to provide the maximum number of interchanges with other Underground and British Rail lines as possible, and Finsbury Park was an ideal candidate for this.[22] The plan called for the reconfiguration of the four underground platforms used by the Northern City Line and the Piccadilly line. To allow the construction works necessary for the provision of cross-platform interchanges between the Piccadilly and the Victoria lines the Northern City service to Finsbury Park was ended on 3 October 1964.[23] After this date trains from Moorgate ran only as far as Drayton Park.[24]Reconfiguration of the below ground platforms at Finsbury ParkThe Northern City platforms became the southbound platforms for both the Piccadilly and Victoria lines which were connected to the previously dead-end tunnels to the north of the platforms. The old southbound Piccadilly line platform then became the Victoria line northbound platform, with the northbound Piccadilly line platform unchanged. New connecting tunnels were constructed. There are cross-over connections between each pair of northbound and southbound tunnels to enable stock transfers, given that the Victoria line is otherwise completely self-contained.[citation needed]The first section of the Victoria line, including Finsbury Park, opened between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington on 1 September 1968.[25] When the Victoria line was built in the 1960s, the walls in Finsbury Park station were decorated with mosaics of duelling pistols,[26] which can still be seen. This was based on a mistaken identification of Finsbury Park with Finsbury Fields, which was used by Londoners since medieval times for archery and sports, and also associated with 18th-century duels and one of the first hot air balloon flights. Finsbury Fields was close to the present-day Finsbury Square, 3 miles (5 km) south.[27] At the same time the long entrance subways and the Wells Terrace booking hall (at the bus station end) were rebuilt to a high standard.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Northern City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_City_Line"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"Drayton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Northern City Line modifications","text":"London Underground continued to use the Edgware branch occasionally for stock movements between its depot at Highgate and Finsbury Park until September 1970. The tracks were removed in 1971 and the platforms at Finsbury Park which served this line were demolished; their location is now the pedestrian access to the eastern station entrance. The bridge over Stroud Green Road which carried the tracks was removed. The abutment walls remain.[citation needed]In 1976, part of the abandoned Northern Heights plan was completed in reverse. The Northern City Line, which had originally run to the underground part of the station, was transferred from London Underground to British Rail. An unfinished surface connection between Drayton Park and Finsbury Park begun as part of the \"Northern Heights\" project was completed to make it possible to bring trains to the surface at Finsbury Park and run through trains from Moorgate on to the north. The service commenced operation on 8 November 1976.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_line"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Telford Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford_Homes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Station upgrades","text":"In the late 2010s, the station was upgraded and refurbished throughout, including the provision of step free access, ticket barriers and a new, larger western entrance to the bus station, Goodwin Street and Wells Terrace.[28][29]Step free access to both the Piccadilly and Victoria lines, as well as to platforms 1&2 and 5&6 of the National Rail station was completed in January 2019.[30][28][31] The new western entrance was constructed in collaboration with Telford Homes, the developer of \"City North\" - a residential and commercial development adjacent to the station. This new, larger entrance opened in December 2019,[8] replacing an older entrance constructed in the 1970s, which closed in July 2016 as part of the City North development works.[32] A project to make the remaining platforms (3, 4, 7 & 8) step-free began in July 2021 and was completed in April 2023.[33][34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earnshaw5-35"},{"link_name":"Graham Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Bond"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"stabbed to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jonathan_Zito"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"On 9 November 1959, a freight train ran away and collided with an empty coaching-stock train. The collision occurred on a bridge over a road, severely damaging the bridge.[35]On 8 May 1974, musician Graham Bond died after getting run over by a Piccadilly line train at the station.[36]On 17 December 1992, Jonathan Zito was stabbed to death in the station.[37]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National Rail services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Class_717_023_Great_Northern_at_Finsbury_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Great Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameslink_and_Great_Northern"},{"link_name":"Moorgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate_station"},{"link_name":"King's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hertford North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Welwyn Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Works_at_Finsbury_Park.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Existing services","text":"Great Northern Class 717 service at Finsbury ParkThe above-ground National Rail station, which has a separate ticket office to the Underground station, is managed and served by Great Northern. Trains from Moorgate and King's Cross form inner suburban services to Stevenage via Hertford North and Welwyn Garden City and outer suburban services start from Kings Cross towards Peterborough and Cambridge. Inner suburban service formerly did not serve the Moorgate branch at night and at weekends, being diverted to London Kings Cross instead. There are currently six platforms but only five tracks, as platforms 6 and 7 share a track (though platform 6 is no longer separately numbered or utilised). The platforms were renumbered on 19 May 2013 to prepare for two new up platforms, with all existing numbers increased by 2. Typically, platform 1 is used by southbound suburban services to Moorgate, platform 2 by southbound regional services to King's Cross and southbound Thameslink services, platform 7 (and occasionally also platform 5) by northbound regional services from King's Cross and northbound Thameslink Services, and platform 8 by northbound suburban services from Moorgate.Workers testing electricity at Finsbury Park on Platform 5","title":"National Rail services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thameslink Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameslink_Programme"},{"link_name":"Thameslink network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameslink_(route)"},{"link_name":"new tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Tunnels"},{"link_name":"St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-es-thameslink-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Thameslink Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameslink_Programme"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Thameslink services","text":"In 2018, as part of the Thameslink Programme, Finsbury Park was linked to the Thameslink network via a new tunnel which connects the Great Northern Route to the lines into St Pancras. This has enabled through services to run from Cambridge and Peterborough via Finsbury Park and London Bridge to Gatwick Airport, Horsham and Brighton.[38][39]Currently, not all trains labelled on the train as 'Thameslink' actually travel through the Thameslink core, as many serve King's Cross instead. During the week, and on Saturdays, there are currently four trains an hour off peak in each direction through the core to/from Finsbury Park; two to/from Peterborough to Horsham and two to/from Brighton to Cambridge.[40] There are also an extra two trains per hour from Welwyn Garden City to Sevenoaks at peak times during the week.[41] On Sundays there is only one train per hour in each direction, to/from Brighton to Cambridge.The introduction of Thameslink services at Finsbury Park was part of the Thameslink Programme, and in the connected 'RailPlan 2020' consultation, it was stated that they also planned to start a two trains per hour service from Cambridge to Maidstone East via Finsbury Park from December 2019,[42] however this service does not yet exist.","title":"National Rail services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"New Platform 1","text":"In February 2008 Network Rail published its East Coast Main Line Route Utilisation Strategy (ECMLRUS).[43] This recommended improvements to the tracks able to carry passenger trains between Alexandra Palace Station and Finsbury Park. In March 2009 Network Rail published its CP4 Delivery Plan 2009, which involved the bringing back into service of an abandoned southbound platform; this plan was confirmed in a June 2010 update to the plan.[44] Regular use of this new platform, Platform 1, commenced at the December 2013 timetable change. and since that date regular use of platform 3 has ceased, with platforms 1 and 2 now used instead. Since the December 2015 timetable change, the Northern City line to Moorgate operates through until end of service during the week and at weekends, rather than diverting to Kings Cross at weekends.[45]","title":"National Rail services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Transport Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Police"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SE-46"}],"sub_title":"Other station facilities","text":"British Transport Police maintain a presence at Finsbury Park and have a police station at the Wells Terrace entrance.[46]","title":"National Rail services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_line"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The station is served by the Piccadilly and Victoria lines. Although thought of as a 'deep-level' tube station, Finsbury Park has no escalators as its lines are less than 6 m below street level.Access to the Piccadilly and Victoria line platforms was previously by staircase only, reached via two narrow passages that prevented the installation of ticket barriers. As part of the upgrade of the station in the 2010s, ticket barriers were installed at both the eastern and western entrances to the station, as well as the provision of step free access throughout the station.[47]","title":"London Underground"}]	[{"image_text":"LNER Ivatt Atlantic at Finsbury Park in 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Finsbury_Park_with_LNER_Ivatt_Atlantic_geograph-2319243-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Finsbury_Park_with_LNER_Ivatt_Atlantic_geograph-2319243-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconfiguration of the below ground platforms at Finsbury Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Finsbury_Park_station_Platform_Changes.png/220px-Finsbury_Park_station_Platform_Changes.png"},{"image_text":"Great Northern Class 717 service at Finsbury Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Class_717_023_Great_Northern_at_Finsbury_Park.jpg/220px-Class_717_023_Great_Northern_at_Finsbury_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Workers testing electricity at Finsbury Park on Platform 5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Works_at_Finsbury_Park.JPG/220px-Works_at_Finsbury_Park.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage\". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Rail_Regulation","url_text":"Office of Rail Regulation"}]},{"reference":"\"TfL Press Release - New station entrance open at Finsbury Park\". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl-newsroom.prgloo.com/news/tfl-press-release-new-station-entrance-open-at-finsbury-park","url_text":"\"TfL Press Release - New station entrance open at Finsbury Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buses from Finsbury Park\" (PDF). TfL. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finsbury-park-a4-051220.pdf","url_text":"\"Buses from Finsbury Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Night buses from Finsbury Park\" (PDF). TfL. June 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finsbury-park-night-a4-0622.pdf","url_text":"\"Night buses from Finsbury Park\""}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Colin; McCarthy, David (2009). Railways of Britain – London North of the Thames. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7110-3346-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3346-7","url_text":"978-0-7110-3346-7"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Douglas (2016) [1980]. The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History (9th ed.). Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-404-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85414-404-1","url_text":"978-1-85414-404-1"}]},{"reference":"Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005). London's Lost Tube Schemes. Capital Transport. pp. 77 and 138. ISBN 1-85414-293-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-293-3","url_text":"1-85414-293-3"}]},{"reference":"Day, John R. (1969). The Story of the Victoria Line. Westminster: London Transport. p. 80, and photos between pp. 58–59. 968/2719 RP/5M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Transport_Board","url_text":"London Transport"}]},{"reference":"\"Finsbury Park Tube station becomes step-free\". Transport for London. Retrieved 26 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/january/finsbury-park-tube-station-becomes-step-free","url_text":"\"Finsbury Park Tube station becomes step-free\""}]},{"reference":"\"City North Newsletter, 6th September 2019\" (PDF). City North Newsletter. City North. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finsburyparktrust.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NEWSLETTER-ISSUE-06-September-2019-Final.pdf","url_text":"\"City North Newsletter, 6th September 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Step-free access arrives at Finsbury Park station\". Islington Gazette. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/step-free-access-arrives-at-finsbury-park-station-1-5868885","url_text":"\"Step-free access arrives at Finsbury Park station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190201073735/https://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/step-free-access-arrives-at-finsbury-park-station-1-5868885","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Finsbury Park Station Details\". Great Northern. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatnorthernrail.com/travel-information/plan-your-journey/station-information/stations/finsbury-park","url_text":"\"Finsbury Park Station Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"New entrance opens at Finsbury Park railway station\". ianvisits.co.uk. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/articles/new-entrance-opens-at-finsbury-park-railway-station-34635/","url_text":"\"New entrance opens at Finsbury Park railway station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremy Corbyn joins Network Rail for ground-breaking event on project to make Finsbury Park station fully accessible\". Network Rail. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/jeremy-corbyn-joins-network-rail-for-ground-breaking-event-on-project-to-make-finsbury-park-station-fully-accessible","url_text":"\"Jeremy Corbyn joins Network Rail for ground-breaking event on project to make Finsbury Park station fully accessible\""}]},{"reference":"\"Work to make Finsbury Park station completely step-free now complete\". Network Rail. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/work-to-make-finsbury-park-station-completely-step-free-now-complete","url_text":"\"Work to make Finsbury Park station completely step-free now complete\""}]},{"reference":"Earnshaw, Alan (1989). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 5. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-906899-35-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-35-4","url_text":"0-906899-35-4"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (27 May 2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 2753. ISBN 978-0857125958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857125958","url_text":"978-0857125958"}]},{"reference":"\"From monster to human being in 50 minutes\". The Independent. 21 December 1995. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/from-monster-to-human-being-in-50-minutes-1526765.html","url_text":"\"From monster to human being in 50 minutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major raft of improvements begins at Finsbury Park\". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130420154818/http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2011/major-raft-improvements-begins-finsbury-park/","url_text":"\"Major raft of improvements begins at Finsbury Park\""},{"url":"http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2011/major-raft-improvements-begins-finsbury-park/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lydall, Ross. \"First direct trains from Cambridge to Brighton via central London launch\". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/first-direct-trains-from-cambridge-to-brighton-via-central-london-launch-a3785091.html","url_text":"\"First direct trains from Cambridge to Brighton via central London launch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180309131545/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/first-direct-trains-from-cambridge-to-brighton-via-central-london-launch-a3785091.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable\". timetables.thameslinkrailway.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://timetables.thameslinkrailway.com/TL/#/timetables/2091/Table+A","url_text":"\"Timetable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route info sheet 7: Kent Thameslink\" (PDF). Railplan 2020. Govia Thameslink Railway. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railplan2020.com/-/media/goahead/railplan2020/route-info-sheets/route-info-sheet-7-kent-thameslink.pdf?la=en","url_text":"\"Route info sheet 7: Kent Thameslink\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Coast main Line RUS\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browseDirectory.aspx?dir=\\RUS%20Documents\\Route%20Utilisation%20Strategies\\East%20Coast%20Main%20Line&pageid=4449&root=\\RUS%20Documents\\Route%20Utilisation%20Strategies","url_text":"\"East Coast main Line RUS\""}]},{"reference":"\"NR Enhancements delivery plan. June 2010 update, pages 112 and 117–120\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101111045925/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/Delivery%20Plan/2010/Enhancements%20programme,%20statement%20of%20scope,%20outputs%20and%20milestones%20(June%202010%20Update).pdf","url_text":"\"NR Enhancements delivery plan. June 2010 update, pages 112 and 117–120\""},{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/Delivery%20Plan/2010/Enhancements%20programme,%20statement%20of%20scope,%20outputs%20and%20milestones%20(June%202010%20Update).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British Transport Police, London Underground Area\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221073514/http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas/london_underground__dlr.aspx#finsbury","url_text":"\"British Transport Police, London Underground Area\""},{"url":"http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas/london_underground__dlr.aspx#finsbury","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Finsbury Park station - new entrance and step-free access\". Transport for London. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2015/march/finsbury-park-station---new-entrance-and-step-free-access","url_text":"\"Finsbury Park station - new entrance and step-free access\""}]},{"reference":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt","url_text":"Butt, R. V. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford","url_text":"Sparkford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7","url_text":"978-1-85260-508-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","url_text":"60251199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","url_text":"11956311M"}]},{"reference":"Day, John R; Reed, John (2010) [1963]. The Story of London's Underground. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-341-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85414-341-9","url_text":"978-1-85414-341-9"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Alan A. (1984) [1969]. London's Termini. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02747-6","url_text":"0-330-02747-6"}]},{"reference":"Horne, M.A.C. (2007). The Piccadilly Tube : A history of the first 100 years. Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85414-305-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85414-305-1","url_text":"978-1-85414-305-1"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Douglas (December 2007) [1980]. The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History (8th ed.). Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85414-315-0","url_text":"978-1-85414-315-0"}]},{"reference":"The Victoria Line : Report by the London Travel Committee to the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1959.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/op1265392-1001","url_text":"The Victoria Line : Report by the London Travel Committee to the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation"}]},{"reference":"Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weinreb","url_text":"Weinreb, Ben"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert","url_text":"Hibbert, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keay","url_text":"Keay, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Encyclopaedia","url_text":"The London Encyclopaedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-04924-5","url_text":"978-1-405-04924-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finsbury_Park_station&params=51.564653_N_0.106366_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°33′53″N 0°06′23″W / 51.564653°N 0.106366°W / 51.564653; -0.106366"},{"Link":"https://tfl.gov.uk/tube/stop/940GZZLUFPK/finsbury-park-underground-station","external_links_name":"TfL station info page"},{"Link":"http://realtime.nationalrail.co.uk/ldb/summary.aspx?T=FPK","external_links_name":"Departures"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/sjp/FPK/stationOverview.xhtml","external_links_name":"Layout"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/FPK/details.html","external_links_name":"Facilities"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/posters/FPK.pdf","external_links_name":"Buses"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finsbury_Park_station&params=51.564653_N_0.106366_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°33′53″N 0°06′23″W / 51.564653°N 0.106366°W / 51.564653; -0.106366"},{"Link":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"Link":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"Link":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"Link":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","external_links_name":"\"Estimates of station usage\""},{"Link":"https://tfl-newsroom.prgloo.com/news/tfl-press-release-new-station-entrance-open-at-finsbury-park","external_links_name":"\"TfL Press Release - New station entrance open at Finsbury Park\""},{"Link":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finsbury-park-a4-051220.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Buses from Finsbury Park\""},{"Link":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finsbury-park-night-a4-0622.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Night buses from Finsbury Park\""},{"Link":"https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/january/finsbury-park-tube-station-becomes-step-free","external_links_name":"\"Finsbury Park Tube station becomes step-free\""},{"Link":"https://www.finsburyparktrust.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NEWSLETTER-ISSUE-06-September-2019-Final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"City North Newsletter, 6th September 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/step-free-access-arrives-at-finsbury-park-station-1-5868885","external_links_name":"\"Step-free access arrives at Finsbury Park station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190201073735/https://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/news/step-free-access-arrives-at-finsbury-park-station-1-5868885","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.greatnorthernrail.com/travel-information/plan-your-journey/station-information/stations/finsbury-park","external_links_name":"\"Finsbury Park Station Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/articles/new-entrance-opens-at-finsbury-park-railway-station-34635/","external_links_name":"\"New entrance opens at Finsbury Park railway station\""},{"Link":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/jeremy-corbyn-joins-network-rail-for-ground-breaking-event-on-project-to-make-finsbury-park-station-fully-accessible","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Corbyn joins Network Rail for ground-breaking event on project to make Finsbury Park station fully accessible\""},{"Link":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/work-to-make-finsbury-park-station-completely-step-free-now-complete","external_links_name":"\"Work to make Finsbury Park station completely step-free now complete\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/from-monster-to-human-being-in-50-minutes-1526765.html","external_links_name":"\"From monster to human being in 50 minutes\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130420154818/http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2011/major-raft-improvements-begins-finsbury-park/","external_links_name":"\"Major raft of improvements begins at Finsbury Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2011/major-raft-improvements-begins-finsbury-park/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/first-direct-trains-from-cambridge-to-brighton-via-central-london-launch-a3785091.html","external_links_name":"\"First direct trains from Cambridge to Brighton via central London launch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180309131545/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/first-direct-trains-from-cambridge-to-brighton-via-central-london-launch-a3785091.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timetables.thameslinkrailway.com/TL/#/timetables/2091/Table+A","external_links_name":"\"Timetable\""},{"Link":"https://timetables.thameslinkrailway.com/TL/#/timetables/2093/Table%20E","external_links_name":"https://timetables.thameslinkrailway.com/TL/#/timetables/2093/Table%20E"},{"Link":"https://www.railplan2020.com/-/media/goahead/railplan2020/route-info-sheets/route-info-sheet-7-kent-thameslink.pdf?la=en","external_links_name":"\"Route info sheet 7: Kent Thameslink\""},{"Link":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browseDirectory.aspx?dir=\\RUS%20Documents\\Route%20Utilisation%20Strategies\\East%20Coast%20Main%20Line&pageid=4449&root=\\RUS%20Documents\\Route%20Utilisation%20Strategies","external_links_name":"\"East Coast main Line RUS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101111045925/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/Delivery%20Plan/2010/Enhancements%20programme,%20statement%20of%20scope,%20outputs%20and%20milestones%20(June%202010%20Update).pdf","external_links_name":"\"NR Enhancements delivery plan. June 2010 update, pages 112 and 117–120\""},{"Link":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/Delivery%20Plan/2010/Enhancements%20programme,%20statement%20of%20scope,%20outputs%20and%20milestones%20(June%202010%20Update).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221073514/http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas/london_underground__dlr.aspx#finsbury","external_links_name":"\"British Transport Police, London Underground Area\""},{"Link":"http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas/london_underground__dlr.aspx#finsbury","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2015/march/finsbury-park-station---new-entrance-and-step-free-access","external_links_name":"\"Finsbury Park station - new entrance and step-free access\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","external_links_name":"60251199"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","external_links_name":"11956311M"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/op1265392-1001","external_links_name":"The Victoria Line : Report by the London Travel Committee to the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation"},{"Link":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs","external_links_name":"London Transport Museum Photographic Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs/item/1998-61222","external_links_name":"Seven Sisters Road entrance to underground station, 1909"},{"Link":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs/item/1998-61209","external_links_name":"Wells Terrace entrance, 1925"},{"Link":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs/item/1998-65932","external_links_name":"Ticket office, 1934"},{"Link":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs/item/1998-57214","external_links_name":"LNER Station, 1935"},{"Link":"https://www.londontravelwatch.org.uk/publication/londons-bus-stations-a-passengers-perspective/","external_links_name":"\"London's bus stations: a passenger's perspective\""},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20053849","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-chinned_parakeet	Orange-chinned parakeet	["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Movement","4.2 Feeding","4.3 Breeding","4.4 Vocalization","5 Status","6 References","7 External links"]	Species of bird Orange-chinned parakeet Male specimen in Honduras Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Genus: Brotogeris Species: B. jugularis Binomial name Brotogeris jugularis(Müller, 1776) The orange-chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis), also known as the Tovi parakeet, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found from southern Mexico through Central America into Colombia and Venezuela. Taxonomy and systematics The orange-chinned parakeet has two subspecies, the nominate B. j. jugularis (Müller, 1776) and B. j. exsul (Todd, 1917). Another subspecies, B. j. apurensis, has been proposed as separate from exsul but that treatment has not been accepted. The orange-chinned and the grey-cheeked parakeet (B. pyrrhotera) are sister species. In Panama Description The orange-chinned parakeet is 18 to 19 cm (7.1 to 7.5 in) long and weighs between 53 and 65 g (1.9 and 2.3 oz). Adults of the nominate subspecies have a bright green head with a bluish wash on the crown, a white eye ring, an orange chin, and a pale bill. The chin patch is often hard to see. Their upperparts and tail are bluish green with brown wing coverts that show as "shoulders" when perched. Their underparts are mostly bright green with bluish vent and thighs. Their underwing coverts are yellow. Immature birds are similar to adults. Subspecies B. j. exsul has entirely green underparts and a smaller and paler orange chin patch, darker "shoulders", and more olive in the mantle than the nominate. Distribution and habitat The nominate subspecies of the orange-chinned parakeet has by far the larger range. It is found from the southwestern Mexican state of Oaxaca south mostly along the Pacific side of Central America through western, central, and northern Colombia into northwestern Venezuela. Subspecies B. j. exsul is found in northeastern Colombia's Arauca Department and northern and western Venezuela as far as Guárico. The species inhabits semi-open to open landscapes including Llanos, deciduous woodland, secondary and gallery forest, plantations, and treed parts of towns. It shuns evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,400 m (4,600 ft). Behavior Movement The orange-chinned parakeet is generally sedentary, but at least in El Salvador wanders locally after the breeding season. It is usually seen in pairs or small flocks. Feeding The orange-chinned parakeet often forages with the larger orange-fronted parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis). It feeds on a wide variety of foods, primarily fruits and seeds but also flowers, herbs, nectar, insects, and algae. It can damage cultivated fruit. Like many other parrots, it feeds on mineral-rich soil. Two pet birds of this species Breeding The orange-chinned parakeet's breeding season spans from January to April. It nests in an old woodpecker hole, a natural cavity, or in a hole it excavates in an arboreal termite nest. Communal nesting in a large rotten snag has been observed. The typical clutch size is four to seven eggs. In captivity the incubation period is about 21 to 26 days and fledging occurs about two to three weeks after hatch. Songs and calls Listen to orange-chinned parakeet on xeno-canto Vocalization The orange-chinned parakeet's common calls are "a high-pitched “klee”, shrill “chree” or bisyllabic “chree-chree”" that are given when perched or in flight. It also makes "a fast chattering series “cra-cra-cra-cra-cra”." It makes "a near constant, shrill, harsh chatter." Status The IUCN has assessed the orange-chinned parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals. The latter, however, is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered "ommon to abundant throughout most of range, but uncommon in Oaxaca, Mexico." References ^ a b BirdLife International (2021). "Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22685980A140713921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685980A140713921.en. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Orange-chinned Parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.orcpar.01 retrieved February 21, 2023 ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023 ^ "Orange-chinned Parakeet". ebird.org. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ "Orange-chinned Parakeet". Celebrate Urban Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 196. ISBN 1-84309-164-X. ^ Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brotogeris jugularis. Wikispecies has information related to Brotogeris jugularis. Orange-chinned parakeet photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) Taxon identifiersBrotogeris jugularis Wikidata: Q520983 Wikispecies: Brotogeris jugularis ADW: Brotogeris_jugularis Avibase: C360AA2FB43A0820 BirdLife: 22685980 BOLD: 97946 BOW: orcpar CoL: 68R9F eBird: orcpar EoL: 45510862 GBIF: 2479563 IBC: orange-chinned-parakeet-brotogeris-jugularis iNaturalist: 19211 IRMNG: 10586308 ITIS: 177741 IUCN: 22685980 NCBI: 503983 Neotropical: orcpar Observation.org: 71604 Open Tree of Life: 717634 Species+: 9480 Xeno-canto: Brotogeris-jugularis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinae"},{"link_name":"Psittacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC13.1-2"}],"text":"The orange-chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis), also known as the Tovi parakeet, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found from southern Mexico through Central America into Colombia and Venezuela.[2]","title":"Orange-chinned parakeet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nominate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Ludwig_Statius_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._Clyde_Todd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC13.1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"grey-cheeked parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-cheeked_parakeet"},{"link_name":"sister species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SACClist-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brotogeris_jugularis_-Panama_-feeding-8.jpg"}],"text":"The orange-chinned parakeet has two subspecies, the nominate B. j. jugularis (Müller, 1776) and B. j. exsul (Todd, 1917).[2] Another subspecies, B. j. apurensis, has been proposed as separate from exsul but that treatment has not been accepted.[3] The orange-chinned and the grey-cheeked parakeet (B. pyrrhotera) are sister species.[3][4]In Panama","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_feather"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"}],"text":"The orange-chinned parakeet is 18 to 19 cm (7.1 to 7.5 in) long and weighs between 53 and 65 g (1.9 and 2.3 oz). Adults of the nominate subspecies have a bright green head with a bluish wash on the crown, a white eye ring, an orange chin, and a pale bill. The chin patch is often hard to see. Their upperparts and tail are bluish green with brown wing coverts that show as \"shoulders\" when perched. Their underparts are mostly bright green with bluish vent and thighs. Their underwing coverts are yellow. Immature birds are similar to adults. Subspecies B. j. exsul has entirely green underparts and a smaller and paler orange chin patch, darker \"shoulders\", and more olive in the mantle than the nominate.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Arauca Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_Department"},{"link_name":"Guárico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico"},{"link_name":"Llanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanos"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest"},{"link_name":"gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_forest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"}],"text":"The nominate subspecies of the orange-chinned parakeet has by far the larger range. It is found from the southwestern Mexican state of Oaxaca south mostly along the Pacific side of Central America through western, central, and northern Colombia into northwestern Venezuela. Subspecies B. j. exsul is found in northeastern Colombia's Arauca Department and northern and western Venezuela as far as Guárico. The species inhabits semi-open to open landscapes including Llanos, deciduous woodland, secondary and gallery forest, plantations, and treed parts of towns. It shuns evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eBird-5"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"The orange-chinned parakeet is generally sedentary, but at least in El Salvador wanders locally after the breeding season.[3] It is usually seen in pairs or small flocks.[5]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orange-fronted parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupsittula_canicularis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange-chinned_Parakeet_(Brotogeris_jugularis)10c1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The orange-chinned parakeet often forages with the larger orange-fronted parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis). It feeds on a wide variety of foods, primarily fruits and seeds but also flowers, herbs, nectar, insects, and algae. It can damage cultivated fruit. Like many other parrots, it feeds on mineral-rich soil.[3][6]Two pet birds of this species","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DA2003-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to orange-chinned parakeet on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Brotogeris-jugularis"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The orange-chinned parakeet's breeding season spans from January to April. It nests in an old woodpecker hole, a natural cavity, or in a hole it excavates in an arboreal termite nest. Communal nesting in a large rotten snag has been observed. The typical clutch size is four to seven eggs. In captivity the incubation period is about 21 to 26 days and fledging occurs about two to three weeks after hatch.[3][7]Songs and calls\nListen to orange-chinned parakeet on xeno-canto","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garrigues-8"}],"sub_title":"Vocalization","text":"The orange-chinned parakeet's common calls are \"a high-pitched “klee”, shrill “chree” or bisyllabic “chree-chree”\" that are given when perched or in flight. It also makes \"a fast chattering series “cra-cra-cra-cra-cra”.\"[3] It makes \"a near constant, shrill, harsh chatter.\"[8]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCPA-BOW-3"}],"text":"The IUCN has assessed the orange-chinned parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals. The latter, however, is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered \"[c]ommon to abundant throughout most of range, but uncommon in Oaxaca, Mexico.\"[3]","title":"Status"}]	[{"image_text":"In Panama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brotogeris_jugularis_-Panama_-feeding-8.jpg/220px-Brotogeris_jugularis_-Panama_-feeding-8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two pet birds of this species","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Orange-chinned_Parakeet_%28Brotogeris_jugularis%2910c1.jpg/220px-Orange-chinned_Parakeet_%28Brotogeris_jugularis%2910c1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2021). \"Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22685980A140713921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685980A140713921.en. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685980/140713921","url_text":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685980A140713921.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685980A140713921.en"}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). \"Parrots, cockatoos\". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/parrots/","url_text":"\"Parrots, cockatoos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet\". ebird.org. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved February 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ebird.org/species/orcpar","url_text":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet\". Celebrate Urban Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved February 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://celebrateurbanbirds.org/learn/birds/focal-species/orange-chinned-parakeet/","url_text":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet\""}]},{"reference":"Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 196. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alderton","url_text":"Alderton, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84309-164-X","url_text":"1-84309-164-X"}]},{"reference":"Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7373-9","url_text":"978-0-8014-7373-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Brotogeris-jugularis","external_links_name":"Listen to orange-chinned parakeet on xeno-canto"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685980/140713921","external_links_name":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685980A140713921.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22685980A140713921.en"},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/parrots/","external_links_name":"\"Parrots, cockatoos\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.orcpar.01","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.orcpar.01"},{"Link":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/orcpar","external_links_name":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet\""},{"Link":"https://celebrateurbanbirds.org/learn/birds/focal-species/orange-chinned-parakeet/","external_links_name":"\"Orange-chinned Parakeet\""},{"Link":"http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Orange-chinned+parakeet&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24","external_links_name":"Orange-chinned parakeet photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Brotogeris_jugularis/","external_links_name":"Brotogeris_jugularis"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=C360AA2FB43A0820","external_links_name":"C360AA2FB43A0820"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22685980","external_links_name":"22685980"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=97946","external_links_name":"97946"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/orcpar","external_links_name":"orcpar"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/68R9F","external_links_name":"68R9F"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/orcpar","external_links_name":"orcpar"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/45510862","external_links_name":"45510862"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2479563","external_links_name":"2479563"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/orange-chinned-parakeet-brotogeris-jugularis","external_links_name":"orange-chinned-parakeet-brotogeris-jugularis"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/19211","external_links_name":"19211"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10586308","external_links_name":"10586308"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177741","external_links_name":"177741"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22685980","external_links_name":"22685980"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=503983","external_links_name":"503983"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/orcpar","external_links_name":"orcpar"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/71604/","external_links_name":"71604"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=717634","external_links_name":"717634"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/9480","external_links_name":"9480"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Brotogeris-jugularis","external_links_name":"Brotogeris-jugularis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(novel_series)	Battery (novel series)	["1 Plot","2 Characters","2.1 Main characters","2.2 Other characters","3 Media","3.1 Anime","4 References","5 External links"]	Novel by Atsuko Asano BatteryCover of the first volume of the novel seriesバッテリー(Batterī)GenreSports NovelWritten byAtsuko AsanoIllustrated byMakiko SatōPublished byKyōikugagekiKadokawa BunkoImprintKyōikugageki no Sōsaku BungakuKadokawa ShotenKadokawa Tsubasa Shoten Audio dramaStationNHK FMOriginal runApril 17, 2000 – April 28, 2000Episodes10 MangaWritten byAtsuko AsanoIllustrated byChikage YuniwaPublished byKadokawa ShotenMagazineMonthly AsukaDemographicShōjoOriginal run2005 – September 24, 2021Volumes8 Live-action filmThe BatteryDirected byYōjirō TakitaWritten byTadashi MorishitaMusic byRyō YoshimataStudioTohoReleasedMarch 10, 2007 (2007-03-10)Runtime119 minutes Television dramaWritten byAtsuko SagaraOriginal networkNHKOriginal run April 3, 2008 – June 12, 2008Episodes10 Anime television seriesDirected byTomomi MochizukiWritten byTomomi MochizukiMusic byAkira SenjuStudioZero-GLicensed byAmazon.com (streaming) NA: Discotek Media (home video)Original networkFuji TV (Noitamina)Original run July 14, 2016 – September 22, 2016Episodes11 Battery (Japanese: バッテリー, Hepburn: Batterī) is a Japanese novel series by Atsuko Asano that was published by Kadokawa Shoten. The series is about Harada Takumi and Gō Nagakura, two boys who start a baseball team. For the work the author received the Noma Prize for Juvenile Literature in 1997 and the Shogakukan Children's Publication Culture Award in 2005. It has sold over 10 million copies in Japan, and has been adapted into a film in 2007 and an anime television series in 2016. Plot This story is about a young baseball pitcher named Takumi Harada who just recently moved in with his grandfather, a former coach at Nitta High School. Later on, Harada meets a catcher named Gō Nakagura. They start playing ball together, and Harada realizes that Gō can keep up with his pitches. Harada gets motivated and joins the baseball team at Nitta High. The two boys later begin their journey with a baseball team. Characters Main characters Takumi Harada (原田巧, Harada Takumi) Voiced by: Koki Uchiyama (anime), Mamoru Miyano (radio drama) Portrayed by: Kento Hayashi (movie), Yuma Nakayama (TV drama) Gō Nagakura (永倉豪, Nagakura Gō) Voiced by: Tasuku Hatanaka (anime) Portrayed by: Kenta Yamada (movie), Shō Takada (live-action series) Other characters Seiha Harada (原田青波, Harada Seiha) Voiced by: Yūi Fujimaki (anime), Hayato Taya (radio drama) Portrayed by: Akihiro Yarita (movie), Shintarō Morimoto (TV drama) Shūgo Kadowaki (門脇秀吾, Kadowaki Shūgo) Voiced by: Yūki Ono (anime) Portrayed by: Dai Watanabe (movie), Ryūta Nakamura (TV drama) Shunji Mizugaki (瑞垣俊二, Mizugaki Shunji) Voiced by: Ryōhei Kimura (anime) Portrayed by: Yasuaki Seki (movie), Kazuma Kawahara (TV drama) Kazuki Kaionji (海音寺一希, Kaionji Kazuki) Voiced by: Yūichirō Umehara (anime) Portrayed by: Hiroshi Yazaki (movie), Ryōsuke Kawamura (TV drama) Keita Higashidani (東谷啓太, Higashidani Keita) Voiced by: Kaito Ishikawa (anime) Fumito Sawaguchi (沢口文人, Sawaguchi Fumito) Voiced by: Ayumu Murase (anime) Media Anime An anime television series adaptation aired on July 14, 2016, on the Noitamina block of Fuji TV and concluded on September 22, 2016. The series was directed and written by Tomomi Mochizuki, with animation by the studio Zero-G. Hideoki Kusama served as character designer and chief animation director, and Akira Senju was in charge of the music. References ^ "バッテリー 6 - Blu-ray&DVD - TVアニメ「バッテリー」公式サイト" (in Japanese). Retrieved July 14, 2016. ^ "Battery (6 volumes)". Japanese Board on Books for Young People. Retrieved February 26, 2009. ^ "TVアニメ化！シリーズ累計1,000万部越えの青春野球小説『バッテリー』が描き下ろしアニメイラストの幅広帯で登!". Oricon. July 14, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016. ^ "バッテリー" . Variety Japan. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g "Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina". Anime News Network. May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016. ^ a b c "Baseball Anime Battery Casts Ayumu Murase, Kaito Ishikawa & Premieres July 14". Anime News Network. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016. ^ "Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina". Anime News Network. March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016. External links Children and Young Adult Literature portal Battery Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine at Kadokawa Shoten (in Japanese) Battery the Animation (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteAsuka seriesCurrent The Eccentric Doctor of the Moon Flower Kingdom (2018) The Demon Prince of Momochi House: Tsugi (2023) 1980s–90s Hana no Asuka-gumi! (1985) The Sword of Paros (1986) Idol Densetsu Eriko (1989) Tenma no Ketsuzoku (1991) Clamp School Detectives (1992) X (1992) Shirahime-Syo: Snow Goddess Tales (1992) Mouryou Kiden: Legend of the Nymph (1994) Wish (1995) Angelique (1996) Shout Out Loud! (1996) Yamada Tarō Monogatari (1996) Cowboy Bebop: Shooting Star (1997) D.N.Angel (1997) Cowboy Bebop (1998) Hands Off! (1999) Crescent Moon (1999) Secret Chaser (1999) Suki: A Like Story (1999) Broken Angels (1999) 2000s Mad Love Chase (2001) World of the S&M (2001) Lagoon Engine (2002) Legal Drug (2002) Trinity Blood (2003) Neon Genesis Evangelion: Angelic Days (2003) Pick of the Litter (2004) Battery (2005) The Story of Saiunkoku (2005) Kyo Kara Maoh! (2005) Shōnen Onmyōji (2005) The Betrayal Knows My Name (2005) Rental Magica (2006) Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (2006) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Darker than Black (2007) Kamisama Game (2007) Neon Genesis Evangelion: Campus Apocalypse (2007) Ai Ore! – Love Me (2008) Kiss of the Rose Princess (2008) Tales of the Abyss: Jade in My Memories (2009) Book Girl and the Delicious Recipe (2009) 2010s Book Girl and the Lovesick Poet (2010) Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East (2011) Fate/Zero Kuro (2012) Biblia Koshodō no Jiken Techō (2012) The Demon Prince of Momochi House (2013) Midnight Occult Civil Servants (2015) vtenoitaminA2005–2009 Honey and Clover Paradise Kiss Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales Jyu-Oh-Sei Honey and Clover II Hataraki Man Nodame Cantabile Mononoke Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture Hakaba Kitarō Library War Antique Bakery Nodame Cantabile: Paris Chapter Genji Monogatari Sennenki Eden of the East Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 Welcome to Irabu's Office 2010–2014 Nodame Cantabile: Finale House of Five Leaves The Tatami Galaxy Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture (live-action) Shiki Princess Jellyfish Fractale Wandering Son Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day Bunny Drop No. 6 Un-Go Guilty Crown Thermae Romae Black Rock Shooter Kids on the Slope Tsuritama Moyashimon Returns Natsuyuki Rendezvous Psycho-Pass Robotics;Notes Katanagatari Silver Spoon (season 1) Galilei Donna Samurai Flamenco Silver Spoon (season 2) Ping Pong Nanana's Buried Treasure Terror in Resonance Psycho-Pass 2 Your Lie in April 2015–2019 Saekano: How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Punch Line Rampo Kitan: Game of Laplace Subete ga F ni Naru Erased Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Battery The Great Passage Scum's Wish Saekano: How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat Dive!! Inuyashiki After the Rain Wotakoi: Love Is Hard for Otaku Banana Fish The Promised Neverland (season 1) Sarazanmai Given Psycho-Pass 3 2020–present Uchitama?! Have you seen my Tama? The Millionaire Detective Balance: Unlimited 2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team The Promised Neverland (season 2) Backflip!! The Idaten Deities Know Only Peace Ranking of Kings Call of the Night (season 1) Urusei Yatsura (season 1) Ranking of Kings: The Treasure Chest of Courage Rurouni Kenshin Urusei Yatsura (season 2) Senpai Is an Otokonoko Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Disturbance Call of the Night (season 2) Films Eden of the East Compilation: Air Communication (2009) Eden of the East: The King of Eden (2009) Eden of the East: Paradise Lost (2010) Un-Go episode:0 Inga chapter (2011) Library War: The Wings of Revolution (2012) Anohana the Movie: The Flower We Saw That Day (2013) Psycho-Pass: The Movie (2015) Typhoon Noruda (2015) The Anthem of the Heart (2015) The Empire of Corpses (2015) Harmony (2015) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress (2016–2017) Genocidal Organ (2017) Night Is Short, Walk On Girl (2017) Lu over the Wall (2017) Penguin Highway (2018) Psycho-Pass: Sinners of the System (2019) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress: Unato Decisive Battle (2019) Her Blue Sky (2019) Saekano the Movie: Finale (2019) Psycho-Pass 3: First Inspector (2020) Given (2020) Backflip!! (2022) Related Fuji TV +Ultra Blue Lynx Category vteWorks directed by Tomomi MochizukiAnimated series Hikari no Densetsu (1986) Ranma ½ (1989) Brave Command Dagwon (1996–1997) Wankorobee (1996–1997) Princess Nine (1998) Seraphim Call (1999) Twin Spica (2003–2004) Absolute Boy (2005) Ballad of a Shinigami (2006) Porphy no Nagai Tabi (2008) House of Five Leaves (2010) Pupa (2014) Rainy Cocoa (2015) Battery (2016) Mysterious Disappearances (2024) Animated films Kimagure Orange Road: Shonen Jump Special (1985) Maison Ikkoku: The Final Chapter (1988) Kimagure Orange Road: I Want to Return to That Day (1988) Ocean Waves (1993) Love and Berry: Dress Up and Dance - Magic of Happiness (2007) OVAs Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Lovely Serenade (1985) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Long Goodbye (1985) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel Song Special 2: Curtain Call (1986) Time Knot: Reflection (1987) Licca-chan Fushigina Fushigina Yunia Monogatari (1990) Here is Greenwood (1991–1993) "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "Betrayal in The City" in Nine Love Stories (1992) Tanjō - Debut (1994) Dirty Pair Flash II (1995) Dirty Pair Flash III (1995–1996) My Dear Marie (1996) Brave Command Dagwon: The Boy with Crystal Eyes (1997) Eight Clouds Rising (1997) Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō: Quiet Country Cafe (2002–2003) vteZero-GTelevision series Battery (2016) Piace: Watashi no Italian (2017) Tsugumomo (2017) Dive!! (2017) Nil Admirari no Tenbin: Teito Genwaku Kitan (2018) Doreiku (2018) One Room Second Season (2018) Grand Blue Dreaming (2018) The Idolmaster SideM Wake Atte Mini! (2018) Rinshi!! Ekoda-chan (2019, #4) My Roommate Is a Cat (2019) Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It (2020) Tsugu Tsugumomo (2020) One Room Third Season (2020) The Night Beyond the Tricornered Window (2021) Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It r=1-sinθ (2022) The Ice Guy and His Cool Female Colleague (2023) Farming Life in Another World (2023) I'm Giving the Disgraced Noble Lady I Rescued a Crash Course in Naughtiness (2023) Mysterious Disappearances (2024) Let This Grieving Soul Retire! (2024) Welcome to Japan, Ms. Elf! (TBA) ONAs The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls Theater Extra Stage (2020–2021) The House Spirit Tatami-chan (2020) High-Rise Invasion (2021) Lady Napoleon (TBA) OVAs One Room Second Season (2018) The Idolmaster SideM Wake Atte Mini! (2019) Tsugumomo (2020) Theatrical films Kukuriraige: Sanxingdui Fantasy (unreleased) Break of Dawn (2022) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Atsuko Asano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsuko_Asano_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Kadokawa Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBBY-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Battery (Japanese: バッテリー, Hepburn: Batterī) is a Japanese novel series by Atsuko Asano that was published by Kadokawa Shoten. The series is about Harada Takumi and Gō Nagakura, two boys who start a baseball team. For the work the author received the Noma Prize for Juvenile Literature in 1997 and the Shogakukan Children's Publication Culture Award in 2005.[2] It has sold over 10 million copies in Japan,[3] and has been adapted into a film in 2007[4] and an anime television series in 2016.","title":"Battery (novel series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This story is about a young baseball pitcher named Takumi Harada who just recently moved in with his grandfather, a former coach at Nitta High School. Later on, Harada meets a catcher named Gō Nakagura. They start playing ball together, and Harada realizes that Gō can keep up with his pitches. Harada gets motivated and joins the baseball team at Nitta High. The two boys later begin their journey with a baseball team.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koki Uchiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koki_Uchiyama"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Miyano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Miyano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"},{"link_name":"Kento Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kento_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Yuma Nakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Nakayama"},{"link_name":"Tasuku Hatanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasuku_Hatanaka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"Takumi Harada (原田巧, Harada Takumi)\nVoiced by: Koki Uchiyama (anime), Mamoru Miyano (radio drama)[5]\nPortrayed by: Kento Hayashi (movie), Yuma Nakayama (TV drama)\nGō Nagakura (永倉豪, Nagakura Gō)\nVoiced by: Tasuku Hatanaka (anime)[5]\nPortrayed by: Kenta Yamada (movie), Shō Takada (live-action series)","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"},{"link_name":"Yūki Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_Ono"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"},{"link_name":"Ryōhei Kimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dhei_Kimura"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"},{"link_name":"Yūichirō Umehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABichir%C5%8D_Umehara"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"},{"link_name":"Kaito Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaito_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirDate-6"},{"link_name":"Ayumu Murase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumu_Murase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirDate-6"}],"sub_title":"Other characters","text":"Seiha Harada (原田青波, Harada Seiha)\nVoiced by: Yūi Fujimaki (anime), Hayato Taya (radio drama)[5]\nPortrayed by: Akihiro Yarita (movie), Shintarō Morimoto (TV drama)\nShūgo Kadowaki (門脇秀吾, Kadowaki Shūgo)\nVoiced by: Yūki Ono (anime)[5]\nPortrayed by: Dai Watanabe (movie), Ryūta Nakamura (TV drama)\nShunji Mizugaki (瑞垣俊二, Mizugaki Shunji)\nVoiced by: Ryōhei Kimura (anime)[5]\nPortrayed by: Yasuaki Seki (movie), Kazuma Kawahara (TV drama)\nKazuki Kaionji (海音寺一希, Kaionji Kazuki)\nVoiced by: Yūichirō Umehara (anime)[5]\nPortrayed by: Hiroshi Yazaki (movie), Ryōsuke Kawamura (TV drama)\nKeita Higashidani (東谷啓太, Higashidani Keita)\nVoiced by: Kaito Ishikawa (anime)[6]\nFumito Sawaguchi (沢口文人, Sawaguchi Fumito)\nVoiced by: Ayumu Murase (anime)[6]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noitamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noitamina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirDate-6"},{"link_name":"Tomomi Mochizuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomomi_Mochizuki"},{"link_name":"Zero-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-G_(studio)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-5"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"An anime television series adaptation aired on July 14, 2016, on the Noitamina block of Fuji TV[7][6] and concluded on September 22, 2016. The series was directed and written by Tomomi Mochizuki, with animation by the studio Zero-G. Hideoki Kusama served as character designer and chief animation director, and Akira Senju was in charge of the music.[5]","title":"Media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"バッテリー 6 - Blu-ray&DVD - TVアニメ「バッテリー」公式サイト\" (in Japanese). Retrieved July 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://battery-anime.com/product/6","url_text":"\"バッテリー 6 - Blu-ray&DVD - TVアニメ「バッテリー」公式サイト\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battery (6 volumes)\". Japanese Board on Books for Young People. Retrieved February 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jbby.org/en/books/s16_Battery.html","url_text":"\"Battery (6 volumes)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TVアニメ化！シリーズ累計1,000万部越えの青春野球小説『バッテリー』が描き下ろしアニメイラストの幅広帯で登!\". Oricon. July 14, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/pressrelease/42314/","url_text":"\"TVアニメ化！シリーズ累計1,000万部越えの青春野球小説『バッテリー』が描き下ろしアニメイラストの幅広帯で登!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"バッテリー\" [Battery]. Variety Japan. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080706075747/http://search.varietyjapan.com/moviedb/cinema_38378.html","url_text":"\"バッテリー\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety Japan"},{"url":"http://search.varietyjapan.com/moviedb/cinema_38378.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina\". Anime News Network. May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-05-19/baseball-anime-battery-2nd-promo-reveals-additional-cast/.102282","url_text":"\"Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball Anime Battery Casts Ayumu Murase, Kaito Ishikawa & Premieres July 14\". Anime News Network. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-02/baseball-anime-battery-casts-ayumu-murase-kaito-ishikawa-and-premieres-july-14/.102773","url_text":"\"Baseball Anime Battery Casts Ayumu Murase, Kaito Ishikawa & Premieres July 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina\". Anime News Network. March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-17/atsuko-asano-battery-novels-get-tv-anime-in-july-on-noitamina/.99902","url_text":"\"Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://battery-anime.com/product/6","external_links_name":"\"バッテリー 6 - Blu-ray&DVD - TVアニメ「バッテリー」公式サイト\""},{"Link":"http://www.jbby.org/en/books/s16_Battery.html","external_links_name":"\"Battery (6 volumes)\""},{"Link":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/pressrelease/42314/","external_links_name":"\"TVアニメ化！シリーズ累計1,000万部越えの青春野球小説『バッテリー』が描き下ろしアニメイラストの幅広帯で登!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080706075747/http://search.varietyjapan.com/moviedb/cinema_38378.html","external_links_name":"\"バッテリー\""},{"Link":"http://search.varietyjapan.com/moviedb/cinema_38378.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-05-19/baseball-anime-battery-2nd-promo-reveals-additional-cast/.102282","external_links_name":"\"Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-02/baseball-anime-battery-casts-ayumu-murase-kaito-ishikawa-and-premieres-july-14/.102773","external_links_name":"\"Baseball Anime Battery Casts Ayumu Murase, Kaito Ishikawa & Premieres July 14\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-17/atsuko-asano-battery-novels-get-tv-anime-in-july-on-noitamina/.99902","external_links_name":"\"Atsuko Asano's Battery Novels Get TV Anime in July on Noitamina\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/battery/","external_links_name":"Battery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220210839/http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/battery/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=18153","external_links_name":"Battery the Animation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parami	Pāramitā	["1 Etymology","2 Theravāda Buddhism","2.1 Canonical sources","2.2 Historicity","2.3 Traditional practice","3 Sarvāstivāda","4 Mahāyāna Buddhism","4.1 Tibetan Buddhism","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Works cited","7 External links"]	Buddhist qualities for spiritual perfection "Six Perfections" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Six Perfections (horse). Part of a series onPāramitā Pāramīs in Theravada Dāna Sīla Nekkhamma Paññā Viriya Khanti Sacca Adhiṭṭhāna Mettā Upekkhā Pāramitās in Mahayana Dāna Śīla Kṣānti Vīrya Dhyāna Prajñā Upāya Praṇidhāna Bala Jñāna Religion portalvte Part of a series onBuddhism Glossary Index Outline History Timeline The Buddha Pre-sectarian Buddhism Councils Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Decline in the Indian subcontinent Later Buddhists Buddhist modernism DharmaConcepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Dharma wheel Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Not-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Morality Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhist texts Buddhavacana Early Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana Sutras Pāli Canon Sanskrit literature Tibetan canon Chinese canon Post-canon Practices Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Five precepts Perfections Meditation Philosophical reasoning Devotional practices Merit making Recollections Mindfulness Wisdom Sublime abidings Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Lay life Buddhist chant Pilgrimage Vegetarianism Nirvāṇa Awakening Four Stages Arhat Pratyekabuddha Bodhisattva Buddha Traditions Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhism by country Bhutan Brazil Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Russia Singapore US Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Religion portalvte Pāramitā (Sanskrit, Pali: पारमिता) or pāramī (Pāli: पारमी) is a Buddhist term often translated as "perfection". It is described in Buddhist commentaries as a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings. Pāramī and pāramitā are both terms in Pali but Pali literature makes greater reference to pāramī, while Mahayana texts generally use the Sanskrit pāramitā. Etymology Donald S. Lopez Jr. describes the etymology of the term:The term pāramitā, commonly translated as "perfection", has two etymologies. The first derives it from the word parama, meaning "highest", "most distant", and hence "chief", "primary", "most excellent". Hence, the substantive can be rendered "excellence" or "perfection". This reading is supported by the Madhyāntavibhāga (V.4), where the twelve excellences (parama) are associated with the ten perfections (pāramitā). A more creative yet widely reported etymology divides pāramitā into pāra and mita, with pāra meaning "beyond", "the further bank, shore or boundary," and mita, meaning "that which has arrived", or ita meaning "that which goes". Pāramitā then means "that which has gone beyond", "that which goes beyond" or "transcendent". This reading is reflected in the Tibetan translation pha rol tu phyin pa ("gone to the other side"). Theravāda Buddhism Theravada teachings on the pāramīs can be found in late canonical books and post-canonical commentaries. Theravada commentator Dhammapala describes them as noble qualities usually associated with bodhisattvas. American scholar-monk Thanissaro Bhikkhu describes them as perfections (paramī) of character necessary to achieve enlightenment as one of the three enlightened beings, a samma sambuddha, a pacceka-buddha, or an arahant. Canonical sources A bodhisattva benefitting sentient beings. Palm-leaf manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India In the Pāli Canon, the Buddhavamsa of the Khuddaka Nikāya lists the ten perfections (dasa pāramiyo) as: Dāna pāramī: generosity, giving of oneself Sīla pāramī: virtue, morality, proper conduct Nekkhamma pāramī: renunciation Paññā pāramī: wisdom, discernment Viriya pāramī: energy, diligence, vigour, effort Khanti pāramī: patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance Sacca pāramī: truthfulness, honesty Adhiṭṭhāna pāramī: determination, resolution Mettā pāramī: goodwill, friendliness, loving-kindness Upekkhā pāramī: equanimity, serenity Two of these virtues—mettā and upekkhā—are also brahmavihāras, and two – vīrya and upekkhā—are factors of awakening. Historicity The Theravāda teachings on the pāramīs can be found in canonical books (Jataka tales, Apadāna, Buddhavamsa, Cariyāpiṭaka) and post-canonical commentaries written to supplement the Pāli Canon that therefore might not be an original part of the Theravāda teachings. The oldest parts of the Sutta Piṭaka (for example, Majjhima Nikāya, Digha Nikāya, Saṃyutta Nikāya and the Aṅguttara Nikāya) do not mention the pāramīs as a category (though they are all mentioned individually). Some scholars refer to the pāramīs as a semi-Mahāyāna teaching added to the scriptures at a later time in order to appeal to the interests and needs of the lay community and to popularize their religion. However, these views rely on the early scholarly presumption of Mahāyāna originating with religious devotion and appeal to laity. More recently, scholars have started to open up early Mahāyāna literature, which is very ascetic and expounds the ideal of the monk's life in the forest. Therefore, the practice of the pāramitās in Mahāyāna Buddhism may have been close to the ideals of the ascetic tradition of the śramaṇa. Traditional practice Bhikkhu Bodhi maintains that in the earliest Buddhist texts (which he identifies as the first four nikāyas), those seeking the extinction of suffering (nibbana) pursued the noble eightfold path. As time went on, a backstory was provided for the multi-life development of the Buddha; as a result, the ten perfections were identified as part of the path for the bodhisattva (Pāli: bodhisatta). Over subsequent centuries, the pāramīs were seen as being significant for aspirants to both Buddhahood and arahantship. Bhikkhu Bodhi summarizes: in established Theravāda tradition the pāramīs are not regarded as a discipline peculiar to candidates for Buddhahood alone but as practices which must be fulfilled by all aspirants to enlightenment and deliverance, whether as Buddhas, paccekabuddhas, or disciples. What distinguishes the supreme bodhisattva from aspirants in the other two vehicles is the degree to which the pāramīs must be cultivated and the length of time they must be pursued. But the qualities themselves are universal requisites for deliverance, which all must fulfill to at least a minimal degree to merit the fruits of the liberating path. Sarvāstivāda The Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāṣika school's main commentary, the Mahāvibhāṣā, teaches the bodhisattva path based on a system of four pāramitās: generosity (dāna), discipline (śīla), energy (vīrya), wisdom (prajñā), The Mahāvibhāṣā also mentions the system of six pāramitās, arguing that patience (Kṣānti) is classified as a kind of discipline and that meditation (Dhyāna) is to be seen as a mode of wisdom (prajñā). Mahāyāna Buddhism Religious studies scholar Dale S. Wright states that Mahāyāna texts refer to the pāramitās as "bases of training" for those looking to achieve enlightenment. Wright describes the Buddhist pāramitās as a set of character ideals that guide self-cultivation and provide a concrete image of the Buddhist ideal. The Prajñapāramitā sūtras (प्रज्ञापारमिता सूत्र) and a large number of other Mahāyāna texts list six perfections: Dāna pāramitā (दान पारमिता): generosity, giving of oneself (in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, 布施波羅蜜; in Tibetan, སྦྱིན་པ sbyin-pa) Śīla pāramitā (शील पारमिता): virtue, morality, discipline, proper conduct (持戒波羅蜜; ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས tshul-khrims) Kṣānti pāramitā (क्षान्ति पारमिता): patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance (忍辱波羅蜜; བཟོད་པ bzod-pa) Vīrya pāramitā (वीर्य पारमिता): energy, diligence, vigour, effort (精進波羅蜜; བརྩོན་འགྲུས brtson-’grus) Dhyāna pāramitā (ध्यान पारमिता): one-pointed concentration, contemplation (禪定波羅蜜, བསམ་གཏན bsam-gtan) Prajñā pāramitā (प्रज्ञा पारमिता): wisdom, insight (般若波羅蜜; ཤེས་རབ shes-rab) This list is also mentioned by the Theravāda commentator Dhammapala, who describes it as a categorization of the same ten perfections of Theravada Buddhism. According to Dhammapala, Sacca is classified as both Śīla and Prajñā, Mettā and Upekkhā are classified as Dhyāna, and Adhiṭṭhāna falls under all six. Bhikkhu Bodhi states that the correlations between the two sets shows there was a shared core before the Theravada and Mahayana schools split. In the Ten Stages Sutra, four more pāramitās are listed: 7. Upāya pāramitā (उपाय पारमिता): skillful means (方便波羅蜜） 8. Praṇidhāna pāramitā (प्राणिधान पारमिता): vow, resolution, aspiration, determination (願波羅蜜） 9. Bala pāramitā (बल पारमिता): spiritual power (力波羅蜜） 10. Jñāna pāramitā (ज्ञान पारमिता): knowledge (智波羅蜜） The Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra (महारत्नकूट सूत्र, the Sutra of the Heap of Jewels) also includes these additional four pāramitās, with the order of numbers 8 and 9 switched. Tibetan Buddhism According to the perspective of Tibetan Buddhism, Mahāyāna practitioners have the choice of two practice paths: the path of perfection (Sanskrit: pāramitāyāna) or the path of tantra (Sanskrit: tantrayāna), which is the Vajrayāna. Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche renders "pāramitā" into English as "transcendent action" and then frames and qualifies it: When we say that paramita means "transcendent action," we mean it in the sense that actions or attitude are performed in a non-egocentric manner. "Transcendental" does not refer to some external reality, but rather to the way in which we conduct our lives and perceive the world – either in an egocentric or a non-egocentric way. The six paramitas are concerned with the effort to step out of the egocentric mentality. The pure illusory body is said to be endowed with the six perfections (Sanskrit: ṣatpāramitā). The initial four perfections involve skillful means practice, while the last two pertain to wisdom practice. Together, they encompass all the necessary methods and skills to dispel delusion and meet the needs of others, and to rise from states of contentment to even greater happiness. See also Anupubbikathā – Buddhist termPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Bodhipakkhiyādhammā – Spiritual qualities conducive to Buddhist cultivation Buddhist paths to liberation – Theology of Buddhism: descriptions of the spiritual path Gradual training Pañca-Parameṣṭhi – Fivefold hierarchy of religious authorities in Jainism Threefold Training – Buddhist practices for higher virtue, mind, and wisdom References Citations ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2008-06-01). "Paramita, Pāramitā, Pāramita: 12 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28. ^ "A Treatise on the Paramis: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2020-01-27. ^ Lopez 1988, p. 21. ^ Dhammapala, Acariya. (1996). A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka (PDF). Bodhi, Bhikkhu. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. p. 1. ISBN 955-24-0146-1. OCLC 40888949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ "The Ten Perfections: A Study Guide". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2020-01-27. ^ Dhammapala, Acariya. (1996). A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka (PDF). Translated by Bodhi, Bhikkhu. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. pp. 2–5. ISBN 955-24-0146-1. OCLC 40888949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2020-01-26. ^ " originally did not form part of scriptures": Nalinaksha Dutt (1978) Buddhist Sects in India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Delhi), 2nd Edition: 224 Regarding the Cariyāpiṭaka, Horner (2000), Cariyāpiṭaka section, p. vi, writes that it is "onsidered to be post-Asokan...." ^ " early literature did not refer to the pāramitās." Nalinaksha Dutt (1978) Buddhist Sects in India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Delhi), 2nd Edition: 228 ^ "The incorporation of pāramis by the Theravādins in the Jātakas reveals that they were not immune from Mahāyānic influence. This happened, of course, at a much later date" Nalinaksha Dutt (1978) Buddhist Sects in India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Delhi), 2nd Edition: 219 "It is evident that the Hinayānists, either to popularize their religion or to interest the laity more in it, incorporated in their doctrines the conception of Bodhisattva and the practice of pāramitās. This was effected by the production of new literature: the Jātakas and Avadānas." Nalinaksha Dutt (1978) Buddhist Sects in India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Delhi), 2nd Edition: 251. The term "Semi-Mahāyāna" occurs here as a subtitle. ^ "As scholars have moved away from this limited corpus, and have begun to explore a wider range of Mahāyāna sutras, they have stumbled on, and have started to open up, a literature that is often stridently ascetic and heavily engaged in reinventing the forest ideal, an individualistic, antisocial, ascetic ideal that is encapsulated in the apparently resurrected image of "wandering alone like a rhinoceros." Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004): p. 494 ^ Bodhi (2005). Archived 2007-08-25 at the Wayback Machine (Converted the document's original use of the Velthuis convention to Pāli diacritics.) ^ Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 456 ^ Xing, Guang (2005). The concept of the Buddha : its evolution from early Buddhism to the trikāya theory. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 48. ISBN 0-203-41310-5. OCLC 57298090. ^ a b Wright, Dale Stuart (2009). The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-538201-3. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27. ^ Wright, Dale Stuart (2009). The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character. Oxford University Press. pp. contents. ISBN 978-0-19-538201-3. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27. ^ a b Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01). The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 300. ISBN 978-955-24-0052-0. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27. ^ Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01). The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 44. ISBN 978-955-24-0052-0. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27. ^ Ray, Reginald A. (ed.) (2004). In the Presence of Masters: Wisdom from 30 Contemporary Tibetan Buddhist Teachers. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambala. ISBN 1-57062-849-1 (pbk.) p. 140. ^ Keown, Damien, ed. (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-19-860560-9. ^ Padmasambhava (30 January 2007). Coleman, Graham; Jinpa, Thupten (eds.). The Tibetan Book of the Dead. Translated by Dorje, Gyurme. Penguin Books. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-101-46228-7. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. ^ Wangchen, Geshe Namgyal (September 8, 2009). Step by Step: Basic Buddhist Meditations (Revised ed.). Wisdom Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-0861716005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2020. Works cited Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1957–59). Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1978). The All-Embracing Net of Views. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (1978, 2005). A Treatise on the Paramis: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka A Treatise on the Paramis]: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka by Acariya Dhammapala (The Wheel, No. 409/411). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Horner, I.B. (trans.) (1975; reprinted 2000). The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon (Part III): 'Chronicle of Buddhas' (Buddhavamsa) and 'Basket of Conduct' (Cariyapitaka). Oxford: Pali Text Society. ISBN 0-86013-072-X. Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1988). The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-589-7. Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. External links Renunciation by T. Prince, a free distribution article on the Buddhist conception of renunciation Lama Zopa Rinpoche's view of the Six Perfections A Zen view of the Six Perfections Six paramitas, Chinese Buddhist website Theravada Buddhist Dhamma Talk Album: "Ten Parami (Suc 06)", By Ajahn Sucitto What are the paramitas? Buddhism for Beginners vteLotus SūtraSaddharma Puṇḍarīka SūtraComponents Threefold Lotus Sutra: Innumerable Meanings Sūtra Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra Concepts Bodhisattva Buddha-nature Emptiness Eternal Buddha Six Pāramitās Skillful Means Ten Suchnesses Key figures Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara (Guanyin) Maitreya Mañjuśrī Medicine King Samantabhadra Firm Practice Pure Practice Superior Practice Unlimited Practice Never Disrespectful Buddhas Abundant Treasures Buddha Akshobhya Majestic Voice King Śākyamuni Buddha Vairocana (in Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra) Devas Śakra Brahmā Hārītī (with ten rākṣasī daughters) Nāgakanya (daughter of Sāgara Nāgaraja who becomes a Buddha) Vaiśravaṇa Dhṛtarāṣṭra Śrāvakas Ānanda Aniruddha Kauṇḍinya Mahā-Kāśyapa Mahā-Kātyāyana Maha-Maudgalyayana Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī Nanda Pūrṇa Rāhula Śāriputra Subhūti Upāli Yaśodharā Nichiren Buddhism Tiantai Buddhism (J. Tendai, K. Cheontae) vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. R. Ambedkar Ajahn Chah Thích Nhất Hạnh Texts Early Buddhist Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Dhammapada Sutra Vinaya Madhyamakālaṃkāra Abhidharmadīpa Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Buryatia Kalmykia Tuva (ru) Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Africa Central Asia Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Mexico United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Kanishka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco-Buddhism Menander I Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Buddhism and democracy Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihāra Kyaung Wat Ordination hall Stupa Pagoda Burmese pagoda Candi Dzong architecture List of Buddhist architecture in China Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco-Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddha in art Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Māgha Pūjā Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Hama Yumi Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Brahmā Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Māra Ṛddhi Siddhi Sacred languages Pāḷi Sanskrit Comparison Baháʼí Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Buddhas Buddhists Suttas Sutras Temples Festivals Category Religion portal vteVirtuesAbout virtues Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics Virtue families Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Cardinal virtues Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Nine Noble Virtues Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Theological virtues Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas Individual virtues Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Prajñā Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā/Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Perfections (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Perfections_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"Pali literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_literature"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Six Perfections\" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Six Perfections (horse).Pāramitā (Sanskrit, Pali: पारमिता) or pāramī (Pāli: पारमी) is a Buddhist term often translated as \"perfection\". It is described in Buddhist commentaries as a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings. Pāramī and pāramitā are both terms in Pali but Pali literature makes greater reference to pāramī, while Mahayana texts generally use the Sanskrit pāramitā.[1][2]","title":"Pāramitā"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald S. Lopez Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr."},{"link_name":"Madhyāntavibhāga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyanta-vibhaga-karika"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez198821-3"}],"text":"Donald S. Lopez Jr. describes the etymology of the term:The term pāramitā, commonly translated as \"perfection\", has two etymologies. The first derives it from the word parama, meaning \"highest\", \"most distant\", and hence \"chief\", \"primary\", \"most excellent\". Hence, the substantive can be rendered \"excellence\" or \"perfection\". This reading is supported by the Madhyāntavibhāga (V.4), where the twelve excellences (parama) are associated with the ten perfections (pāramitā).\nA more creative yet widely reported etymology divides pāramitā into pāra and mita, with pāra meaning \"beyond\", \"the further bank, shore or boundary,\" and mita, meaning \"that which has arrived\", or ita meaning \"that which goes\". Pāramitā then means \"that which has gone beyond\", \"that which goes beyond\" or \"transcendent\". This reading is reflected in the Tibetan translation pha rol tu phyin pa (\"gone to the other side\").[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atthakatha"},{"link_name":"Dhammapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la"},{"link_name":"bodhisattvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thanissaro Bhikkhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu"},{"link_name":"samma sambuddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammasambuddha"},{"link_name":"pacceka-buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratyekabuddha"},{"link_name":"arahant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Theravada teachings on the pāramīs can be found in late canonical books and post-canonical commentaries. Theravada commentator Dhammapala describes them as noble qualities usually associated with bodhisattvas.[4] American scholar-monk Thanissaro Bhikkhu describes them as perfections (paramī) of character necessary to achieve enlightenment as one of the three enlightened beings, a samma sambuddha, a pacceka-buddha, or an arahant.[5]","title":"Theravāda Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Bodhisattva_Helping.jpeg"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Palm-leaf manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Nalanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Pāli Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon"},{"link_name":"Buddhavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhavamsa"},{"link_name":"Khuddaka Nikāya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81na"},{"link_name":"Sīla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla"},{"link_name":"Nekkhamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekkhamma"},{"link_name":"Paññā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Viriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABrya"},{"link_name":"Khanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshanti"},{"link_name":"Sacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacca"},{"link_name":"Adhiṭṭhāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na"},{"link_name":"Mettā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Upekkhā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upekkha"},{"link_name":"virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"brahmavihāras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmavihara"},{"link_name":"factors of awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening"}],"sub_title":"Canonical sources","text":"A bodhisattva benefitting sentient beings. Palm-leaf manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, IndiaIn the Pāli Canon, the Buddhavamsa of the Khuddaka Nikāya lists the ten perfections (dasa pāramiyo) as:[6]Dāna pāramī: generosity, giving of oneself\nSīla pāramī: virtue, morality, proper conduct\nNekkhamma pāramī: renunciation\nPaññā pāramī: wisdom, discernment\nViriya pāramī: energy, diligence, vigour, effort\nKhanti pāramī: patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance\nSacca pāramī: truthfulness, honesty\nAdhiṭṭhāna pāramī: determination, resolution\nMettā pāramī: goodwill, friendliness, loving-kindness\nUpekkhā pāramī: equanimity, serenityTwo of these virtues—mettā and upekkhā—are also brahmavihāras, and two – vīrya and upekkhā—are factors of awakening.","title":"Theravāda Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jataka tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales"},{"link_name":"Apadāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apad%C4%81na"},{"link_name":"Buddhavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhavamsa"},{"link_name":"Cariyāpiṭaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariyapitaka"},{"link_name":"commentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atthakatha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sutta Piṭaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka"},{"link_name":"Majjhima Nikāya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"Digha Nikāya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digha_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"Saṃyutta Nikāya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"Aṅguttara Nikāya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"śramaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a"}],"sub_title":"Historicity","text":"The Theravāda teachings on the pāramīs can be found in canonical books (Jataka tales, Apadāna, Buddhavamsa, Cariyāpiṭaka) and post-canonical commentaries written to supplement the Pāli Canon that therefore might not be an original part of the Theravāda teachings.[7] The oldest parts of the Sutta Piṭaka (for example, Majjhima Nikāya, Digha Nikāya, Saṃyutta Nikāya and the Aṅguttara Nikāya) do not mention the pāramīs as a category (though they are all mentioned individually).[8]Some scholars refer to the pāramīs as a semi-Mahāyāna teaching added to the scriptures at a later time in order to appeal to the interests and needs of the lay community and to popularize their religion.[9] However, these views rely on the early scholarly presumption of Mahāyāna originating with religious devotion and appeal to laity. More recently, scholars have started to open up early Mahāyāna literature, which is very ascetic and expounds the ideal of the monk's life in the forest.[10] Therefore, the practice of the pāramitās in Mahāyāna Buddhism may have been close to the ideals of the ascetic tradition of the śramaṇa.","title":"Theravāda Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhikkhu Bodhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi"},{"link_name":"nikāyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka"},{"link_name":"the extinction of suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"},{"link_name":"noble eightfold path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path"},{"link_name":"backstory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstory"},{"link_name":"multi-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"arahantship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhat"},{"link_name":"Buddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahood"},{"link_name":"paccekabuddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccekabuddha"},{"link_name":"disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sravaka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Traditional practice","text":"Bhikkhu Bodhi maintains that in the earliest Buddhist texts (which he identifies as the first four nikāyas), those seeking the extinction of suffering (nibbana) pursued the noble eightfold path. As time went on, a backstory was provided for the multi-life development of the Buddha; as a result, the ten perfections were identified as part of the path for the bodhisattva (Pāli: bodhisatta). Over subsequent centuries, the pāramīs were seen as being significant for aspirants to both Buddhahood and arahantship. Bhikkhu Bodhi summarizes:in established Theravāda tradition the pāramīs are not regarded as a discipline peculiar to candidates for Buddhahood alone but as practices which must be fulfilled by all aspirants to enlightenment and deliverance, whether as Buddhas, paccekabuddhas, or disciples. What distinguishes the supreme bodhisattva from aspirants in the other two vehicles is the degree to which the pāramīs must be cultivated and the length of time they must be pursued. But the qualities themselves are universal requisites for deliverance, which all must fulfill to at least a minimal degree to merit the fruits of the liberating path.[11]","title":"Theravāda Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarvāstivāda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada"},{"link_name":"Vaibhāṣika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika"},{"link_name":"Mahāvibhāṣā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"śīla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla"},{"link_name":"prajñā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Kṣānti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshanti"},{"link_name":"Dhyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"prajñā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāṣika school's main commentary, the Mahāvibhāṣā, teaches the bodhisattva path based on a system of four pāramitās:[12]generosity (dāna),\ndiscipline (śīla),\nenergy (vīrya),\nwisdom (prajñā),The Mahāvibhāṣā also mentions the system of six pāramitās, arguing that patience (Kṣānti) is classified as a kind of discipline and that meditation (Dhyāna) is to be seen as a mode of wisdom (prajñā).[13]","title":"Sarvāstivāda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dale S. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_S._Wright"},{"link_name":"Mahāyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Prajñapāramitā sūtras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajnaparamita"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Dāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81na"},{"link_name":"Śīla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla"},{"link_name":"Kṣānti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshanti"},{"link_name":"Vīrya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABrya"},{"link_name":"Dhyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Prajñā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Dhammapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammapala"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ten Stages Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Stages_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Upāya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya"},{"link_name":"Praṇidhāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow"},{"link_name":"Bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Strengths"},{"link_name":"Jñāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnana"},{"link_name":"Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra"}],"text":"Religious studies scholar Dale S. Wright states that Mahāyāna texts refer to the pāramitās as \"bases of training\" for those looking to achieve enlightenment.[14] Wright describes the Buddhist pāramitās as a set of character ideals that guide self-cultivation and provide a concrete image of the Buddhist ideal.[14]The Prajñapāramitā sūtras (प्रज्ञापारमिता सूत्र) and a large number of other Mahāyāna texts list six perfections:[15][16]Dāna pāramitā (दान पारमिता): generosity, giving of oneself (in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, 布施波羅蜜; in Tibetan, སྦྱིན་པ sbyin-pa)\nŚīla pāramitā (शील पारमिता): virtue, morality, discipline, proper conduct (持戒波羅蜜; ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས tshul-khrims)\nKṣānti pāramitā (क्षान्ति पारमिता): patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance (忍辱波羅蜜; བཟོད་པ bzod-pa)\nVīrya pāramitā (वीर्य पारमिता): energy, diligence, vigour, effort (精進波羅蜜; བརྩོན་འགྲུས brtson-’grus)\nDhyāna pāramitā (ध्यान पारमिता): one-pointed concentration, contemplation (禪定波羅蜜, བསམ་གཏན bsam-gtan)\nPrajñā pāramitā (प्रज्ञा पारमिता): wisdom, insight (般若波羅蜜; ཤེས་རབ shes-rab)This list is also mentioned by the Theravāda commentator Dhammapala, who describes it as a categorization of the same ten perfections of Theravada Buddhism. According to Dhammapala, Sacca is classified as both Śīla and Prajñā, Mettā and Upekkhā are classified as Dhyāna, and Adhiṭṭhāna falls under all six.[16] Bhikkhu Bodhi states that the correlations between the two sets shows there was a shared core before the Theravada and Mahayana schools split.[17]In the Ten Stages Sutra, four more pāramitās are listed:7. Upāya pāramitā (उपाय पारमिता): skillful means (方便波羅蜜）\n8. Praṇidhāna pāramitā (प्राणिधान पारमिता): vow, resolution, aspiration, determination (願波羅蜜）\n9. Bala pāramitā (बल पारमिता): spiritual power (力波羅蜜）\n10. Jñāna pāramitā (ज्ञान पारमिता): knowledge (智波羅蜜）The Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra (महारत्नकूट सूत्र, the Sutra of the Heap of Jewels) also includes these additional four pāramitās, with the order of numbers 8 and 9 switched.","title":"Mahāyāna Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Mahāyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"tantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra"},{"link_name":"Vajrayāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana"},{"link_name":"Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"pure illusory body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa#Illusory_body"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"skillful means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillful_means"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Tibetan Buddhism","text":"According to the perspective of Tibetan Buddhism, Mahāyāna practitioners have the choice of two practice paths: the path of perfection (Sanskrit: pāramitāyāna) or the path of tantra (Sanskrit: tantrayāna), which is the Vajrayāna.Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche renders \"pāramitā\" into English as \"transcendent action\" and then frames and qualifies it:When we say that paramita means \"transcendent action,\" we mean it in the sense that actions or attitude are performed in a non-egocentric manner. \"Transcendental\" does not refer to some external reality, but rather to the way in which we conduct our lives and perceive the world – either in an egocentric or a non-egocentric way. The six paramitas are concerned with the effort to step out of the egocentric mentality.[18]The pure illusory body is said to be endowed with the six perfections (Sanskrit: ṣatpāramitā).[19][20][further explanation needed]The initial four perfections involve skillful means practice, while the last two pertain to wisdom practice. Together, they encompass all the necessary methods and skills to dispel delusion and meet the needs of others, and to rise from states of contentment to even greater happiness.[21]","title":"Mahāyāna Buddhism"}]	[{"image_text":"A bodhisattva benefitting sentient beings. Palm-leaf manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Bodhisattva_Helping.jpeg/170px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Bodhisattva_Helping.jpeg"}]	[{"title":"Anupubbikathā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupubbikath%C4%81"},{"title":"Bodhipakkhiyādhammā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81"},{"title":"Buddhist paths to liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation"},{"title":"Gradual training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradual_training"},{"title":"Pañca-Parameṣṭhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi"},{"title":"Threefold Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_Training"}]	[{"reference":"www.wisdomlib.org (2008-06-01). \"Paramita, Pāramitā, Pāramita: 12 definitions\". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/paramita","url_text":"\"Paramita, Pāramitā, Pāramita: 12 definitions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128053908/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/paramita","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Treatise on the Paramis: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka\". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2020-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","url_text":"\"A Treatise on the Paramis: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133259/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dhammapala, Acariya. (1996). A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka (PDF). Bodhi, Bhikkhu. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. p. 1. ISBN 955-24-0146-1. OCLC 40888949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2020-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","url_text":"A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0146-1","url_text":"955-24-0146-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40888949","url_text":"40888949"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622131026/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ten Perfections: A Study Guide\". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2020-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/perfections.html","url_text":"\"The Ten Perfections: A Study Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001703/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/perfections.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dhammapala, Acariya. (1996). A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka (PDF). Translated by Bodhi, Bhikkhu. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. pp. 2–5. ISBN 955-24-0146-1. OCLC 40888949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2020-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","url_text":"A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0146-1","url_text":"955-24-0146-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40888949","url_text":"40888949"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622131026/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Xing, Guang (2005). The concept of the Buddha : its evolution from early Buddhism to the trikāya theory. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 48. ISBN 0-203-41310-5. OCLC 57298090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-41310-5","url_text":"0-203-41310-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57298090","url_text":"57298090"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Dale Stuart (2009). The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-538201-3. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","url_text":"The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538201-3","url_text":"978-0-19-538201-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212728/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Dale Stuart (2009). The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character. Oxford University Press. pp. contents. ISBN 978-0-19-538201-3. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","url_text":"The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538201-3","url_text":"978-0-19-538201-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212728/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01). The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 300. ISBN 978-955-24-0052-0. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","url_text":"The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0052-0","url_text":"978-955-24-0052-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211033/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01). The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 44. ISBN 978-955-24-0052-0. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","url_text":"The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0052-0","url_text":"978-955-24-0052-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211033/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Keown, Damien, ed. (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-19-860560-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbudd0000keow","url_text":"A Dictionary of Buddhism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbudd0000keow/page/270/mode/1up","url_text":"270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9","url_text":"0-19-860560-9"}]},{"reference":"Padmasambhava (30 January 2007). Coleman, Graham; Jinpa, Thupten (eds.). The Tibetan Book of the Dead. Translated by Dorje, Gyurme. Penguin Books. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-101-46228-7. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=22YF90GT2sIC","url_text":"The Tibetan Book of the Dead"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=22YF90GT2sIC&dq=%E1%B9%A3atp%C4%81ramit%C4%81&pg=PT459","url_text":"459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-46228-7","url_text":"978-1-101-46228-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200302024417/https://books.google.com/books?id=22YF90GT2sIC&pg=PT459&lpg=PT459&dq=%E1%B9%A3atp%C4%81ramit%C4%81&source=bl&ots=FG_-dl0qaA&sig=17a9daDh0FJmj7JKdt7tymhFTDc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibiLy6rKbPAhWIpJQKHRf8DkQQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=%E1%B9%A3atp%C4%81ramit%C4%81&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wangchen, Geshe Namgyal (September 8, 2009). Step by Step: Basic Buddhist Meditations (Revised ed.). Wisdom Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-0861716005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C3Ky1zGpzlUC&q=skilfull+mean+six+perfections&pg=PA137","url_text":"Step by Step: Basic Buddhist Meditations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861716005","url_text":"978-0861716005"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220427124815/https://books.google.com/books?id=C3Ky1zGpzlUC&q=skilfull+mean+six+perfections&pg=PA137","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1988). The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-589-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr.","url_text":"Lopez, Donald S. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v5-0LLlNNTEC","url_text":"The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-589-7","url_text":"978-0-88706-589-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/paramita","external_links_name":"\"Paramita, Pāramitā, Pāramita: 12 definitions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128053908/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/paramita","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","external_links_name":"\"A Treatise on the Paramis: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133259/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","external_links_name":"A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40888949","external_links_name":"40888949"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622131026/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/perfections.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ten Perfections: A Study Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001703/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/perfections.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","external_links_name":"A treatise on the Paramis : from the commentary to the Cariyapitaka"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40888949","external_links_name":"40888949"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622131026/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","external_links_name":"Bodhi (2005)."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825142232/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57298090","external_links_name":"57298090"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","external_links_name":"The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212728/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","external_links_name":"The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212728/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeCAtSdxikYC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","external_links_name":"The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211033/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","external_links_name":"The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211033/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ym-vC4nTsAC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbudd0000keow","external_links_name":"A Dictionary of Buddhism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbudd0000keow/page/270/mode/1up","external_links_name":"270"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=22YF90GT2sIC","external_links_name":"The Tibetan Book of the Dead"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=22YF90GT2sIC&dq=%E1%B9%A3atp%C4%81ramit%C4%81&pg=PT459","external_links_name":"459"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200302024417/https://books.google.com/books?id=22YF90GT2sIC&pg=PT459&lpg=PT459&dq=%E1%B9%A3atp%C4%81ramit%C4%81&source=bl&ots=FG_-dl0qaA&sig=17a9daDh0FJmj7JKdt7tymhFTDc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibiLy6rKbPAhWIpJQKHRf8DkQQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=%E1%B9%A3atp%C4%81ramit%C4%81&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C3Ky1zGpzlUC&q=skilfull+mean+six+perfections&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Step by Step: Basic Buddhist Meditations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220427124815/https://books.google.com/books?id=C3Ky1zGpzlUC&q=skilfull+mean+six+perfections&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130729174400/http://dsal1.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/apte/","external_links_name":"The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html","external_links_name":"A Treatise on the Paramis: From the Commentary to the Cariyapitaka"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v5-0LLlNNTEC","external_links_name":"The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries"},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/","external_links_name":"The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.bps.lk/olib/bl/bl036_Prince_Renunciation.html","external_links_name":"Renunciation by T. Prince"},{"Link":"http://www.bodhicitta.net/Six%20Perfections.htm","external_links_name":"Lama Zopa Rinpoche's view of the Six Perfections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801052101/http://www.clearmindzen.org/the-six-paramitas/","external_links_name":"A Zen view of the Six Perfections"},{"Link":"http://www.paramita6.org/","external_links_name":"Six paramitas, Chinese Buddhist website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140901140406/http://mirror1.birken.ca/dhamma_talks/indiv/Suc/06/","external_links_name":"Theravada Buddhist Dhamma Talk Album: \"Ten Parami (Suc 06)\", By Ajahn Sucitto"},{"Link":"https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/paramita/","external_links_name":"What are the paramitas?"},{"Link":"https://tricycle.org/beginners/","external_links_name":"Buddhism for Beginners"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_de_Planhol	Xavier de Planhol	["1 References"]	Xavier de Planhol (3 February 1926 – 17 May 2016) was a Professor of Geography at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and a widely acknowledged authority on political geography. From 1958, when he began to publish monographs and articles during his first fieldwork in Azerbaijan, and later in the Alborz region of Iran, to his monumental and highly acclaimed, Les Nations du Prophète (1993) and Minorités en Islam (1997), he has maintained his deep interest in Persia and the Iranian civilization. He was also a contributor to Encyclopædia Iranica, submitting articles ranging from "Abadan" to "Boundaries", "Cholera", "Darya?", "Earthquakes", "Famines", and a series of forthcoming articles on "Geography". A bibliography of de Planhol’s wide-ranging publications up to 1995 has been compiled and published by Professor Daniel Balland in Geographie Historique et Culturelle de l’Europe: Hommage au Professor Xavier de Planhol, by Jean-Robert Pitte (1995). References ^ La mort de Xavier de Planhol, géographe (in French) ^ Nouveau dictionnaire national des contemporains. - Paris : Robin, 1961-1968 ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived October 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Xavier de Planhol"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2016/06/02/la-mort-de-xavier-de-planhol-geographe_4930936_3382.html","external_links_name":"La mort de Xavier de Planhol, géographe"},{"Link":"http://www.iranica.com/newsite/aboutiranica/int_committee.html","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006080926/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/aboutiranica/int_committee.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/110374/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110306810","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88798682","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhpyMQCdgc7FXFJwxv73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90548192","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1393828","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119199899","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119199899","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517672606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119480549","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273954605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14009394","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83039150","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01031350","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2013778761&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35425015","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06918335X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612312105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1013531","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/243129","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02927676?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119480549.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/948038","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027075869","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurit_Aviv	Nurith Aviv	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]	French filmmaker Nurith AvivBorn (1945-03-11) 11 March 1945 (age 79)Tel Aviv, Mandatory PalestineNationalityFrench, IsraeliOccupation(s)Cinematographer, film director, writerWebsitehttp://nurithaviv.free.fr/ Nurith Aviv is a French film director and director of photography who was born 11 March 1945, in Tel Aviv (then in Mandatory Palestine). Biography Nurith Aviv has directed fourteen documentary films, and the topic of language is central to her personal and cinematographic exploration. Aviv was the first woman to be recognized as Director of Photography by the CNC, the French National Center for Cinema and Animation, and has served as cinematographer for some one hundred feature and documentary films (for directors who include Agnès Varda, Amos Gitaï, René Allio and Jacques Doillon). In 2019, Aviv was the recipient of the Grand Prix of the Académie Française (nominated by Amin Maalouf) In 2015, a retrospective of her oeuvre titled "Filiation, Language, Place" was held at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, including 40 films for which she served as director or cinematographer. was the winner of the 2009 Édouard Glissant Prize. In 2008, a retrospective of her films took place at the Jeu de Paume. Screenings of her latest films were held at Les 3 Luxembourgs Cinema, accompanied by numerous in-person and virtual discussions with writers, philosophers, psychoanalysts and literary critics. Filmography Year Original title Director Notes 1989 Kfar Qar'a, Israel Yes 1997 Makom, Avoda Yes 2000 Circumcision Yes 2001 Allenby, passage Yes 2003 Vaters Land/Perte Yes 2004 From Language to Language Yes 2008 Sacred Language, Spoken Language Yes 2011 Translating Yes 2013 Announcements Yes 2015 Poetics of the Brain Yes 2017 Signing in Languages Yes 2018 Signing Yes 2020 Yiddish Yes 2022 Words That Remain Yes References ^ "retro2015". nurithaviv.free.fr. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "Cité des Arts : REMISE DU PRIX EDOUARD GLISSANT 2009 à Nurith Aviv". nurithaviv.free.fr. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ "rencontres filmées". nurithaviv.free.fr. Retrieved January 5, 2021. External links Nurith Aviv at IMDb Nurith Aviv's web page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists ICIA (Israel) People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a cinematographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"}],"text":"Nurith Aviv is a French film director and director of photography who was born 11 March 1945, in Tel Aviv (then in Mandatory Palestine).","title":"Nurith Aviv"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnès Varda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda"},{"link_name":"Amos Gitaï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Gitai"},{"link_name":"René Allio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Allio"},{"link_name":"Jacques Doillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doillon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nurith Aviv has directed fourteen documentary films, and the topic of language is central to her personal and cinematographic exploration.Aviv was the first woman to be recognized as Director of Photography by the CNC, the French National Center for Cinema and Animation, and has served as cinematographer for some one hundred feature and documentary films (for directors who include Agnès Varda, Amos Gitaï, René Allio and Jacques Doillon).In 2019, Aviv was the recipient of the Grand Prix of the Académie Française (nominated by Amin Maalouf)In 2015, a retrospective[1] of her oeuvre titled \"Filiation, Language, Place\" was held at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, including 40 films for which she served as director or cinematographer.was the winner of the 2009 Édouard Glissant[2] Prize.In 2008, a retrospective of her films took place at the Jeu de Paume.Screenings of her latest films were held at Les 3 Luxembourgs Cinema, accompanied by numerous in-person and virtual discussions[3] with writers, philosophers, psychoanalysts and literary critics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"retro2015\". nurithaviv.free.fr. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/retro2015/retro2015.html","url_text":"\"retro2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cité des Arts : REMISE DU PRIX EDOUARD GLISSANT 2009 à Nurith Aviv\". nurithaviv.free.fr. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/cite_des_arts.php.html","url_text":"\"Cité des Arts : REMISE DU PRIX EDOUARD GLISSANT 2009 à Nurith Aviv\""}]},{"reference":"\"rencontres filmées\". nurithaviv.free.fr. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/cerveau/rencontres.htm","url_text":"\"rencontres filmées\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/","external_links_name":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/"},{"Link":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/retro2015/retro2015.html","external_links_name":"\"retro2015\""},{"Link":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/cite_des_arts.php.html","external_links_name":"\"Cité des Arts : REMISE DU PRIX EDOUARD GLISSANT 2009 à Nurith Aviv\""},{"Link":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/cerveau/rencontres.htm","external_links_name":"\"rencontres filmées\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043232/","external_links_name":"Nurith Aviv"},{"Link":"http://nurithaviv.free.fr/","external_links_name":"Nurith Aviv's web page"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078405121","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39579072","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhv7CGccV87J9fVTy68C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14049499q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14049499q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/140341056","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007524917305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006013178","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=269804","external_links_name":"ICIA (Israel)"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd140341056.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/059784407","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurith_Aviv&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-5_Publishing	Lumina Media	["1 History","1.1 Timeline","2 Magazines","3 Websites","4 References","5 External links"]	American publisher Lumina MediaFounded1974; 50 years ago (1974) (as Fancy Publications)FounderNorman RidkerDefunctFebruary 2020Country of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationAnn Arbor, Michigan, United StatesPublication typesMagazines, booksNonfiction topicsPets, lifestyles, and hobbiesOfficial websiteluminamedia.com Lumina Media was an American publisher of magazines, books, and associated websites. Throughout all its incarnations, the business has focused on the pet-keeping and -breeding market, though also with some other topical lifestyle and hobby publications. The original company was founded in 1974 as Fancy Publications (later renamed BowTie Inc.) by Norman Ridker, absorbing Kennel Club Books in 2004, which made BowTie a main competitor to TFH Publications in the pet-book market. In 2002, Bob Garfield of On the Media called Fancy Publications "the Time Warner of the pet magazine business". After some financial difficulties, BowTie was restructured as I-5 Publishing in 2013 under the new ownership of David Fry and Mark Harris, and took on its present name in 2016. Over the years, the company has launched, acquired, divested, or consolidated many pet-related paper and digital publications, including a number that have been dominant in their niches among North American speciality magazines and sites during various periods, including Bird Talk, Cat Fancy (merged into the Catster website and magazine), Dog Fancy (merged to Dogster), Dog World (purchased from Primedia Inc., and originally dating to 1916), Ferrets Magazine (merged to the Small Animal Channel website), and Reptiles. Lumina has also dominated the American market for magazine-format newsstand specials about pets (usually annually issued). In 2016, Lumina sold its book division – responsible for more than 400 paper books and e-books, mostly about specific breeds – to Fox Chapel Publishing, forming the new imprint CompanionHouse Press. Some other noteworthy Lumina publications have included Motorcycle Consumer News, Veterinary Practice News (later published by Kenilworth Media), and the first magazine devoted to animal rescue, Rescue Me (later Rescue Proud). As of February 2020, Lumina Media was dissolved and had ceased their business operations. A letter was sent to subscribers without explanation as to why. History Fancy Publications was started by Norman Ridker in 1974. Ridker subsequently renamed the company to BowTie Inc. (publishing books as BowTie Press) to show his love of bow ties. By 2013, BowTie had experienced months of financial difficulties caused in part by significant decreases in readership and in advertisement proceeds. In 2013, I-5 Publishing LLC, a new company founded by David Fry and Mark Harris, bought BowTie's businesses for an eight-figure sum. I-5 started to decrease their "breeder-centric" publications in favor of rescue-focused content, and launched a topically unique magazine titled Rescue Me, later followed up by Rescue Proud. The company was renamed to Lumina Media in 2016. Timeline This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (January 2020) 1993 – Fancy Publications published the magazines Aquarium Fish, Bird Talk, Cat Fancy, Dog Fancy, Horse Illustrated, Pet Product News, Reptiles, and Wild Bird. 1998 – Fancy Publications operated the website Animal Network and published Bird Breeder magazine. 1998 – Fancy Publications sued Primedia over alleged copyright infringement by Primedia's Cats magazine. 1999 – Fancy Publications published Bird Talk, Critters, Dog Fancy, Ferrets, Koi World, Natural Cat, Natural Dog, Rabbits, and Reptiles. 2004 – BowTie acquired Kennel Club Books, a publisher in Allenhurst, New Jersey, that specialized in dog-breed books, adding about 200 titles to their then-current collection of around 100 titles. The Library of Congress has 265 books published under the Kennel Club Books imprint. 2012 – BowTie stopped publishing a print version of Bird Talk magazine. 2012 – Thoroughbred Times magazine filed for bankruptcy and terminated operations. The Times had been started in 1985 and was acquired by BowTie in 1993. 2013 – I-5 Publishing signed a 10-year deal to print and distribute Rat Rod Magazine, adding to its several auto titles, including Auto Restorer magazine. 2013 – Lumina Media purchased Dog Fancy and Cat Fancy magazines from BowTie. 2013 – I-5 Publishing acquired the Dogster and Catster websites from Say Media. 2013 – I-5 Publishing acquires Poultry World (previously The Poultry Magazine) 2014 – Lumina Media launched alternating bimonthly print magazines for Dogster and Catster and stopped publishing Dog Fancy and Cat Fancy magazines. 2016 – Lumina Media sold its book division to Fox Chapel Publishing, including 330 print books and 440 e-books to be sold under the new imprint CompanionHouse Press. 2017 – Lumina Media sold Veterinary Practice News to Kenilworth Media, Inc. 2017 – Lumina Media sold the Web publication Petcha and Reptiles magazine to PetSmart. 2017 – Lumina Media sold Horse Illustrated, Young Rider, Hobby Farms, and Chickens magazines to EG Media Investments. 2017 – Lumina Media sold Dogster and Catster to Belvoir Media Group. Magazines This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2020) Magazines published by I-5 Publishing (monthly, unless otherwise noted) include or formerly included: Aquarium USA (annual) Auto Restorer Bird Talk Cats USA (annual) Chickens Cigar & Spirits (50% stake, sold back to the magazine's original founder in 2015) Critters USA (annual) Dog World (annual) Dogs USA (annual) Dogs in Review Ferrets Magazine (bimonthly, later online-only) Hobby Farms Horse Illustrated Horses USA (annual) Kittens USA (annual) Lucky Puppy Marine Fish and Reef USA (annual) Motorcycle Consumer News Popular Horse (series of specials) Puppies USA (annual) Puppies 101 Quarter Horses Rabbits USA (annual) Rat Rod (pertaining to hotrods, not rodents) Reptiles Reptiles USA (annual) Rescue Proud Road Rider Urban Farm (bimonthly) Young Rider (pertaining to horses, not motorcycles) Your New Horse Websites I-5 Publishing has operated several websites (with domain names corresponding to their titles, e.g. SmallAnimalChannel.com for Small Animal Channel) including: Bird Channel Cat Channel Dog Channel Fish Channel Horse Channel Reptile Channel Small Animal Channel (devoted primarily to rabbits and rodents) References ^ a b Garfield, Bob; Gladstone, Brooke (January 4, 2002). "Ferrets Magazine". On the Media. WNYC Studios. Retrieved August 25, 2019. (Click the "Transcript" tab to get the transcript.) ^ a b c d e Clough, Richard (January 2, 2013). "Pet Publisher BowTie Sells Magazines". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ Jow, Lauren (October 16, 2014). "Company Revamped Pet Publishing". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ Guaglione, Sara (March 17, 2016). "I-5 Publishing Rebrands as Lumina Media". MediaPost. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ Siegel, Suzie (May 7, 1993). "Half a Century of Cat Tales". The Tampa Tribune. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Spadafori, Gina (August 25, 1993). "Unusual Pets in Print". Ellensburg Daily Record. McClatchy. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Google News. ^ Szadkowski, Joe (June 16, 1998). "Site Gives Pet Owners Wealth of Information". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via NewsBank. ^ Kuczynski, Alex (December 16, 1998). "Cat fight Breaks Out in Specialty World: Cats Magazine Takes on Cat Fancy, the Big One on the Block – One Lawsuit Has Already Been Launched". Vancouver Sun. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Rivenberg, Roy (January 25, 1999). "Cosmo for the Cold and Scaly". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ Milliott, Jim (May 14, 2004). "BowTie Inc. Adds to Pet Book Offerings". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ "List of Books by Publisher 'Kennel Club Books' - LC Catalog - Titles List". Catalog.LoC.gov. Library of Congress. ^ a b c Clough, Richard (March 17, 2014). "Dog Fancy Publisher Adds Hot-rod Title". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ Crosby, Claire (September 15, 2012). "Thoroughbred Times Declares Bankruptcy". ^ a b Madans, Hannah; Gohri, Imran (December 13, 2014). "Viral Pet Antics Come to Print with Two New Magazines". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ "Press Release: I-5 Publishing Acquires UK-based Poultry World Magazine". I5Publishing.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014. ^ Riesman, Abraham (December 11, 2014). "Who Killed Cat Fancy?". New York. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. ^ Maher, John (February 2, 2017). "Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division". ^ "Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division". December 30, 2016. ^ "Kenilworth Media, Inc. Acquires Veterinary Practice News from Lumina Media LLC". May 24, 2017. ^ "About Petcha". Petcha. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Lumina Media LLC Sells Petcha.com and Reptiles". TheFisherCompany.com. August 2017. ^ "EG Media Investments Acquires Hobby Farms, Chickens, Horse Illustrated, and Young Rider from Lumina Media LLC". TheFisherCompany.com. December 18, 2017. ^ "Press Release: Belvoir Media Group Acquires Catster and Dogster from Lumina Media LLC". TheFisherCompany.com. April 25, 2017. ^ a b "Rabbit Information, Rabbit Care and Rabbit Health". Small Animal Channel. March 19, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19 – via Web.archive.org. ^ a b "Our Products". i5Publishing.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Bird Talk Annual Magazine". Archived from the original on April 14, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Cats USA 2013 Table of Contents". Archived from the original on February 6, 2013 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Cigar & Spirits Magazine and I-5 Publishing Form New Partnership". Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014. ^ "Dogs USA 2011". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Dogs in Review". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Kittens USA 2012–2013 Table of Contents". Cat Channel. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Puppies USA 2012". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ a b c "Horse Books and Magazines". Horse Channel. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Pet Birds, Parrots, Cockatiels, Macaws, Conures, Parakeets Care, Facts and Information". BirdChannel.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Cat Fancy Presents CatChannel.com". Cat Channel. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Dogs, Dog Training, Breed Info & More". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. ^ "Aquarium Fish, Tropical Fish, Freshwater and Saltwater Aquariums". Fish Channel. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016 – via Web.archive.org. External links Official website vteLumina MediaCurrent MagazinesTransportation Motorcycle Consumer News Former MagazinesBirds Bird Talk Mammals Cat Fancy Catster Dog Fancy Dogster Reptiles Reptiles Books Kennel Club Books	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pet-keeping and -breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fancy"},{"link_name":"TFH Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFH_Publications"},{"link_name":"On the Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Media"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferretmag-1"},{"link_name":"Bird Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Talk"},{"link_name":"Cat Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Catster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catster"},{"link_name":"Dog Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Dogster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogster"},{"link_name":"Dog World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_World"},{"link_name":"Primedia Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primedia_Inc."},{"link_name":"Ferrets Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrets_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Motorcycle Consumer News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_Consumer_News"},{"link_name":"animal rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rescue_group"}],"text":"Lumina Media was an American publisher of magazines, books, and associated websites. Throughout all its incarnations, the business has focused on the pet-keeping and -breeding market, though also with some other topical lifestyle and hobby publications. The original company was founded in 1974 as Fancy Publications (later renamed BowTie Inc.) by Norman Ridker, absorbing Kennel Club Books in 2004, which made BowTie a main competitor to TFH Publications in the pet-book market. In 2002, Bob Garfield of On the Media called Fancy Publications \"the Time Warner of the pet magazine business\".[1] After some financial difficulties, BowTie was restructured as I-5 Publishing in 2013 under the new ownership of David Fry and Mark Harris, and took on its present name in 2016.Over the years, the company has launched, acquired, divested, or consolidated many pet-related paper and digital publications, including a number that have been dominant in their niches among North American speciality magazines and sites during various periods, including Bird Talk, Cat Fancy (merged into the Catster website and magazine), Dog Fancy (merged to Dogster), Dog World (purchased from Primedia Inc., and originally dating to 1916), Ferrets Magazine (merged to the Small Animal Channel website), and Reptiles. Lumina has also dominated the American market for magazine-format newsstand specials about pets (usually annually issued). In 2016, Lumina sold its book division – responsible for more than 400 paper books and e-books, mostly about specific breeds – to Fox Chapel Publishing, forming the new imprint CompanionHouse Press. Some other noteworthy Lumina publications have included Motorcycle Consumer News, Veterinary Practice News (later published by Kenilworth Media), and the first magazine devoted to animal rescue, Rescue Me (later Rescue Proud). As of February 2020, Lumina Media was dissolved and had ceased their business operations. A letter was sent to subscribers without explanation as to why.","title":"Lumina Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clough2013-02-01-2"},{"link_name":"bow ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_ties"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clough2013-02-01-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clough2013-02-01-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clough2013-02-01-2"},{"link_name":"breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_breeding"},{"link_name":"rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rescue_group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fancy Publications was started by Norman Ridker in 1974.[2] Ridker subsequently renamed the company to BowTie Inc. (publishing books as BowTie Press) to show his love of bow ties.[2] By 2013, BowTie had experienced months of financial difficulties caused in part by significant decreases in readership and in advertisement proceeds.[2] In 2013, I-5 Publishing LLC, a new company founded by David Fry and Mark Harris, bought BowTie's businesses for an eight-figure sum.[2] I-5 started to decrease their \"breeder-centric\" publications in favor of rescue-focused content, and launched a topically unique magazine titled Rescue Me,[3] later followed up by Rescue Proud. The company was renamed to Lumina Media in 2016.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cat Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Dog Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Primedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RentPath"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Allenhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allenhurst,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratrod-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratrod-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratrod-12"},{"link_name":"Dog Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Cat Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Fancy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clough2013-02-01-2"},{"link_name":"Dogster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogster"},{"link_name":"Catster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catster"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sters-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dogster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogster"},{"link_name":"Catster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catster"},{"link_name":"Dog Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Cat Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Fancy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sters-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"PetSmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetSmart"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Dogster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogster"},{"link_name":"Catster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catster"},{"link_name":"Belvoir Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"1993 – Fancy Publications published the magazines Aquarium Fish, Bird Talk, Cat Fancy, Dog Fancy, Horse Illustrated, Pet Product News, Reptiles, and Wild Bird.[5][6]\n1998 – Fancy Publications operated the website Animal Network and published Bird Breeder magazine.[7]\n1998 – Fancy Publications sued Primedia over alleged copyright infringement by Primedia's Cats magazine.[8]\n1999 – Fancy Publications published Bird Talk, Critters, Dog Fancy, Ferrets, Koi World, Natural Cat, Natural Dog, Rabbits, and Reptiles.[9]\n2004 – BowTie acquired Kennel Club Books, a publisher in Allenhurst, New Jersey, that specialized in dog-breed books, adding about 200 titles to their then-current collection of around 100 titles.[10] The Library of Congress has 265 books published under the Kennel Club Books imprint.[11]\n2012 – BowTie stopped publishing a print version of Bird Talk magazine.[12]\n2012 – Thoroughbred Times magazine filed for bankruptcy and terminated operations. The Times had been started in 1985 and was acquired by BowTie in 1993.[12][13]\n2013 – I-5 Publishing signed a 10-year deal to print and distribute Rat Rod Magazine, adding to its several auto titles, including Auto Restorer magazine.[12]\n2013 – Lumina Media purchased Dog Fancy and Cat Fancy magazines from BowTie.[2]\n2013 – I-5 Publishing acquired the Dogster and Catster websites from Say Media.[14]\n2013 – I-5 Publishing acquires Poultry World (previously The Poultry Magazine)[15]\n2014 – Lumina Media launched alternating bimonthly print magazines for Dogster and Catster and stopped publishing Dog Fancy and Cat Fancy magazines.[16][14]\n2016 – Lumina Media sold its book division to Fox Chapel Publishing, including 330 print books and 440 e-books to be sold under the new imprint CompanionHouse Press.[17][18]\n2017 – Lumina Media sold Veterinary Practice News to Kenilworth Media, Inc.[19]\n2017 – Lumina Media sold the Web publication Petcha and Reptiles magazine to PetSmart.[20][21]\n2017 – Lumina Media sold Horse Illustrated, Young Rider, Hobby Farms, and Chickens magazines to EG Media Investments.[22]\n2017 – Lumina Media sold Dogster and Catster to Belvoir Media Group.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAC-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurProd-25"},{"link_name":"Bird Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Talk"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dog World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_World"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ferrets Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrets_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferretmag-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Motorcycle Consumer News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_Consumer_News"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horsechan-33"},{"link_name":"Reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horsechan-33"}],"text":"Magazines published by I-5 Publishing (monthly, unless otherwise noted) include or formerly included:[24][25]Aquarium USA (annual)\nAuto Restorer\nBird Talk[26]\nCats USA (annual) [27]\nChickens\nCigar & Spirits (50% stake,[28] sold back to the magazine's original founder in 2015)\nCritters USA (annual)\nDog World (annual)\nDogs USA (annual) [29]\nDogs in Review[30]\nFerrets Magazine (bimonthly, later online-only)[1]\nHobby Farms\nHorse Illustrated\nHorses USA (annual)\nKittens USA (annual) [31]\nLucky Puppy\nMarine Fish and Reef USA (annual)\nMotorcycle Consumer News\nPopular Horse (series of specials)\nPuppies USA (annual) [32]\nPuppies 101\nQuarter Horses[33]\nRabbits USA (annual)\nRat Rod (pertaining to hotrods, not rodents)\nReptiles\nReptiles USA (annual)\nRescue Proud\nRoad Rider\nUrban Farm (bimonthly)\nYoung Rider (pertaining to horses, not motorcycles)\nYour New Horse[33]","title":"Magazines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurProd-25"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horsechan-33"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAC-24"}],"text":"I-5 Publishing has operated several websites (with domain names corresponding to their titles, e.g. SmallAnimalChannel.com for Small Animal Channel) including:[25]Bird Channel[34]\nCat Channel[35]\nDog Channel[36]\nFish Channel[37]\nHorse Channel[33]\nReptile Channel\nSmall Animal Channel[24] (devoted primarily to rabbits and rodents)","title":"Websites"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Garfield, Bob; Gladstone, Brooke (January 4, 2002). \"Ferrets Magazine\". On the Media. WNYC Studios. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Garfield","url_text":"Garfield, Bob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Gladstone","url_text":"Gladstone, Brooke"},{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/131832-ferrets-magazine","url_text":"\"Ferrets Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Media","url_text":"On the Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC","url_text":"WNYC"}]},{"reference":"Clough, Richard (January 2, 2013). \"Pet Publisher BowTie Sells Magazines\". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825100822/https://www.ocregister.com/2013/02/01/pet-publisher-bowtie-sells-magazines/","url_text":"\"Pet Publisher BowTie Sells Magazines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"},{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2013/02/01/pet-publisher-bowtie-sells-magazines/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jow, Lauren (October 16, 2014). \"Company Revamped Pet Publishing\". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825100926/https://www.ocregister.com/2014/10/16/company-revamped-pet-publishing/","url_text":"\"Company Revamped Pet Publishing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"},{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2014/10/16/company-revamped-pet-publishing/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guaglione, Sara (March 17, 2016). \"I-5 Publishing Rebrands as Lumina Media\". MediaPost. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190826074830/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/271523/i-5-publishing-rebrands-as-lumina-media.html","url_text":"\"I-5 Publishing Rebrands as Lumina Media\""},{"url":"https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/271523/i-5-publishing-rebrands-as-lumina-media.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Suzie (May 7, 1993). \"Half a Century of Cat Tales\". The Tampa Tribune. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101904/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256520/the_tampa_tribune/","url_text":"\"Half a Century of Cat Tales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune","url_text":"The Tampa Tribune"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256520/the_tampa_tribune/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Spadafori, Gina (August 25, 1993). \"Unusual Pets in Print\". Ellensburg Daily Record. McClatchy. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w1BUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6o4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4546,3873682&dq=fancy-publications&hl=en","url_text":"\"Unusual Pets in Print\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellensburg_Daily_Record","url_text":"Ellensburg Daily Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClatchy","url_text":"McClatchy"}]},{"reference":"Szadkowski, Joe (June 16, 1998). \"Site Gives Pet Owners Wealth of Information\". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB0F31C9FF66305&f=basic","url_text":"\"Site Gives Pet Owners Wealth of Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times","url_text":"The Washington Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190825103335/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB0F31C9FF66305&f=basic","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kuczynski, Alex (December 16, 1998). \"Cat fight Breaks Out in Specialty World: Cats Magazine Takes on Cat Fancy, the Big One on the Block – One Lawsuit Has Already Been Launched\". Vancouver Sun. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kuczynski","url_text":"Kuczynski, Alex"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825104347/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256656/the_vancouver_sun/","url_text":"\"Cat fight Breaks Out in Specialty World: Cats Magazine Takes on Cat Fancy, the Big One on the Block – One Lawsuit Has Already Been Launched\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Sun","url_text":"Vancouver Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256656/the_vancouver_sun/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Rivenberg, Roy (January 25, 1999). \"Cosmo for the Cold and Scaly\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825105202/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jan-25-cl-1343-story.html","url_text":"\"Cosmo for the Cold and Scaly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jan-25-cl-1343-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Milliott, Jim (May 14, 2004). \"BowTie Inc. Adds to Pet Book Offerings\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092101/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20040517/34761-bowtie-inc-adds-to-pet-book-offerings.html","url_text":"\"BowTie Inc. Adds to Pet Book Offerings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"},{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20040517/34761-bowtie-inc-adds-to-pet-book-offerings.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Books by Publisher 'Kennel Club Books' - LC Catalog - Titles List\". Catalog.LoC.gov. Library of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Kennel+Club+Books&argType1=all&searchCode1=KPUB&searchType=2&combine2=and&searchArg2=&argType2=all&searchCode2=GKEY&combine3=and&searchArg3=&argType3=all&searchCode3=GKEY&year=1519-2019&fromYear=&toYear=&location=all&place=all&type=all&language=all&recCount=25","url_text":"\"List of Books by Publisher 'Kennel Club Books' - LC Catalog - Titles List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Clough, Richard (March 17, 2014). \"Dog Fancy Publisher Adds Hot-rod Title\". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101200/https://www.ocregister.com/2013/04/17/dog-fancy-publisher-adds-hot-rod-title/","url_text":"\"Dog Fancy Publisher Adds Hot-rod Title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"},{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2013/04/17/dog-fancy-publisher-adds-hot-rod-title/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crosby, Claire (September 15, 2012). \"Thoroughbred Times Declares Bankruptcy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/126487/thoroughbred-times-declares-bankruptcy","url_text":"\"Thoroughbred Times Declares Bankruptcy\""}]},{"reference":"Madans, Hannah; Gohri, Imran (December 13, 2014). \"Viral Pet Antics Come to Print with Two New Magazines\". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101046/https://www.ocregister.com/2014/12/13/viral-pet-antics-come-to-print-with-two-new-magazines/","url_text":"\"Viral Pet Antics Come to Print with Two New Magazines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"},{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2014/12/13/viral-pet-antics-come-to-print-with-two-new-magazines/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release: I-5 Publishing Acquires UK-based Poultry World Magazine\". I5Publishing.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205820/http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/i-5-publishing-acquires-uk-based-poultry-world-magazine/","url_text":"\"Press Release: I-5 Publishing Acquires UK-based Poultry World Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/i-5-publishing-acquires-uk-based-poultry-world-magazine/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Riesman, Abraham (December 11, 2014). \"Who Killed Cat Fancy?\". New York. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825100718/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/12/who-killed-cat-fancy.html","url_text":"\"Who Killed Cat Fancy?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/12/who-killed-cat-fancy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maher, John (February 2, 2017). \"Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/72685-fox-chapel-acquires-lumina-books-division.html","url_text":"\"Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division\". December 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","url_text":"\"Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenilworth Media, Inc. Acquires Veterinary Practice News from Lumina Media LLC\". May 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","url_text":"\"Kenilworth Media, Inc. Acquires Veterinary Practice News from Lumina Media LLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Petcha\". Petcha. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228111243/http://petcha.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Petcha\""},{"url":"http://petcha.com/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lumina Media LLC Sells Petcha.com and Reptiles\". TheFisherCompany.com. August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","url_text":"\"Lumina Media LLC Sells Petcha.com and Reptiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"EG Media Investments Acquires Hobby Farms, Chickens, Horse Illustrated, and Young Rider from Lumina Media LLC\". TheFisherCompany.com. December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","url_text":"\"EG Media Investments Acquires Hobby Farms, Chickens, Horse Illustrated, and Young Rider from Lumina Media LLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release: Belvoir Media Group Acquires Catster and Dogster from Lumina Media LLC\". TheFisherCompany.com. April 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","url_text":"\"Press Release: Belvoir Media Group Acquires Catster and Dogster from Lumina Media LLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbit Information, Rabbit Care and Rabbit Health\". Small Animal Channel. March 19, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319083759/http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/default-3112.aspx#Sec3","url_text":"\"Rabbit Information, Rabbit Care and Rabbit Health\""},{"url":"http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/default-3112.aspx#Sec3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Products\". i5Publishing.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502095636/http://www.i5publishing.com/our-products/","url_text":"\"Our Products\""},{"url":"http://www.i5publishing.com/our-products/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bird Talk Annual Magazine\". Archived from the original on April 14, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143248/http://www.birdchannel.com/bird-magazines/bird-talk/","url_text":"\"Bird Talk Annual Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.birdchannel.com/bird-magazines/bird-talk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cats USA 2013 Table of Contents\". Archived from the original on February 6, 2013 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130206141129/http://www.catchannel.com/cats-usa-2013-toc.aspx","url_text":"\"Cats USA 2013 Table of Contents\""},{"url":"http://www.catchannel.com/cats-usa-2013-toc.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cigar & Spirits Magazine and I-5 Publishing Form New Partnership\". Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212523/http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/cigar-spirits-magazine-and-i-5-publishing-form-new-partnership/","url_text":"\"Cigar & Spirits Magazine and I-5 Publishing Form New Partnership\""},{"url":"http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/cigar-spirits-magazine-and-i-5-publishing-form-new-partnership/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dogs USA 2011\". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160406070402/http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsusa/dogs-usa-articles/dogs-usa-2011.aspx","url_text":"\"Dogs USA 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsusa/dogs-usa-articles/dogs-usa-2011.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dogs in Review\". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418193712/http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsinreview/","url_text":"\"Dogs in Review\""},{"url":"http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsinreview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kittens USA 2012–2013 Table of Contents\". Cat Channel. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403222418/http://www.catchannel.com/magazines/kittensusa/kittens-usa-2012-2013-toc.aspx","url_text":"\"Kittens USA 2012–2013 Table of Contents\""},{"url":"http://www.catchannel.com/magazines/kittensusa/kittens-usa-2012-2013-toc.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Puppies USA 2012\". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404185931/https://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/puppiesusa/puppies-usa-articles/puppies-usa-2012-annual.aspx","url_text":"\"Puppies USA 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/puppiesusa/puppies-usa-articles/puppies-usa-2012-annual.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Horse Books and Magazines\". Horse Channel. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417051647/http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-books-and-magazines.aspx","url_text":"\"Horse Books and Magazines\""},{"url":"http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-books-and-magazines.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pet Birds, Parrots, Cockatiels, Macaws, Conures, Parakeets Care, Facts and Information\". BirdChannel.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074239/http://www.birdchannel.com/","url_text":"\"Pet Birds, Parrots, Cockatiels, Macaws, Conures, Parakeets Care, Facts and Information\""},{"url":"http://www.birdchannel.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cat Fancy Presents CatChannel.com\". Cat Channel. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160421155502/http://www.catchannel.com/","url_text":"\"Cat Fancy Presents CatChannel.com\""},{"url":"http://www.catchannel.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dogs, Dog Training, Breed Info & More\". Dog Channel. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422053106/http://www.dogchannel.com/","url_text":"\"Dogs, Dog Training, Breed Info & More\""},{"url":"http://www.dogchannel.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aquarium Fish, Tropical Fish, Freshwater and Saltwater Aquariums\". Fish Channel. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016 – via Web.archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423001242/http://www.fishchannel.com/","url_text":"\"Aquarium Fish, Tropical Fish, Freshwater and Saltwater Aquariums\""},{"url":"http://www.fishchannel.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://luminamedia.com/","external_links_name":"luminamedia.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumina_Media&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumina_Media&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/131832-ferrets-magazine","external_links_name":"\"Ferrets Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825100822/https://www.ocregister.com/2013/02/01/pet-publisher-bowtie-sells-magazines/","external_links_name":"\"Pet Publisher BowTie Sells Magazines\""},{"Link":"https://www.ocregister.com/2013/02/01/pet-publisher-bowtie-sells-magazines/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825100926/https://www.ocregister.com/2014/10/16/company-revamped-pet-publishing/","external_links_name":"\"Company Revamped Pet Publishing\""},{"Link":"https://www.ocregister.com/2014/10/16/company-revamped-pet-publishing/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190826074830/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/271523/i-5-publishing-rebrands-as-lumina-media.html","external_links_name":"\"I-5 Publishing Rebrands as Lumina Media\""},{"Link":"https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/271523/i-5-publishing-rebrands-as-lumina-media.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101904/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256520/the_tampa_tribune/","external_links_name":"\"Half a Century of Cat Tales\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256520/the_tampa_tribune/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w1BUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6o4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4546,3873682&dq=fancy-publications&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Unusual Pets in Print\""},{"Link":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB0F31C9FF66305&f=basic","external_links_name":"\"Site Gives Pet Owners Wealth of Information\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20190825103335/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB0F31C9FF66305&f=basic","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825104347/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256656/the_vancouver_sun/","external_links_name":"\"Cat fight Breaks Out in Specialty World: Cats Magazine Takes on Cat Fancy, the Big One on the Block – One Lawsuit Has Already Been Launched\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35256656/the_vancouver_sun/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825105202/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jan-25-cl-1343-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Cosmo for the Cold and Scaly\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jan-25-cl-1343-story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092101/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20040517/34761-bowtie-inc-adds-to-pet-book-offerings.html","external_links_name":"\"BowTie Inc. Adds to Pet Book Offerings\""},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20040517/34761-bowtie-inc-adds-to-pet-book-offerings.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Kennel+Club+Books&argType1=all&searchCode1=KPUB&searchType=2&combine2=and&searchArg2=&argType2=all&searchCode2=GKEY&combine3=and&searchArg3=&argType3=all&searchCode3=GKEY&year=1519-2019&fromYear=&toYear=&location=all&place=all&type=all&language=all&recCount=25","external_links_name":"\"List of Books by Publisher 'Kennel Club Books' - LC Catalog - Titles List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101200/https://www.ocregister.com/2013/04/17/dog-fancy-publisher-adds-hot-rod-title/","external_links_name":"\"Dog Fancy Publisher Adds Hot-rod Title\""},{"Link":"https://www.ocregister.com/2013/04/17/dog-fancy-publisher-adds-hot-rod-title/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/126487/thoroughbred-times-declares-bankruptcy","external_links_name":"\"Thoroughbred Times Declares Bankruptcy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101046/https://www.ocregister.com/2014/12/13/viral-pet-antics-come-to-print-with-two-new-magazines/","external_links_name":"\"Viral Pet Antics Come to Print with Two New Magazines\""},{"Link":"https://www.ocregister.com/2014/12/13/viral-pet-antics-come-to-print-with-two-new-magazines/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205820/http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/i-5-publishing-acquires-uk-based-poultry-world-magazine/","external_links_name":"\"Press Release: I-5 Publishing Acquires UK-based Poultry World Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/i-5-publishing-acquires-uk-based-poultry-world-magazine/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825100718/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/12/who-killed-cat-fancy.html","external_links_name":"\"Who Killed Cat Fancy?\""},{"Link":"http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/12/who-killed-cat-fancy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/72685-fox-chapel-acquires-lumina-books-division.html","external_links_name":"\"Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"Fox Chapel Acquires Lumina Books Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"Kenilworth Media, Inc. Acquires Veterinary Practice News from Lumina Media LLC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228111243/http://petcha.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Petcha\""},{"Link":"http://petcha.com/about","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"Lumina Media LLC Sells Petcha.com and Reptiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"EG Media Investments Acquires Hobby Farms, Chickens, Horse Illustrated, and Young Rider from Lumina Media LLC\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefishercompany.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"Press Release: Belvoir Media Group Acquires Catster and Dogster from Lumina Media LLC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319083759/http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/default-3112.aspx#Sec3","external_links_name":"\"Rabbit Information, Rabbit Care and Rabbit Health\""},{"Link":"http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rabbits/default-3112.aspx#Sec3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160502095636/http://www.i5publishing.com/our-products/","external_links_name":"\"Our Products\""},{"Link":"http://www.i5publishing.com/our-products/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143248/http://www.birdchannel.com/bird-magazines/bird-talk/","external_links_name":"\"Bird Talk Annual Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.birdchannel.com/bird-magazines/bird-talk","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130206141129/http://www.catchannel.com/cats-usa-2013-toc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Cats USA 2013 Table of Contents\""},{"Link":"http://www.catchannel.com/cats-usa-2013-toc.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212523/http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/cigar-spirits-magazine-and-i-5-publishing-form-new-partnership/","external_links_name":"\"Cigar & Spirits Magazine and I-5 Publishing Form New Partnership\""},{"Link":"http://www.i5publishing.com/dev/cigar-spirits-magazine-and-i-5-publishing-form-new-partnership/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160406070402/http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsusa/dogs-usa-articles/dogs-usa-2011.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Dogs USA 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsusa/dogs-usa-articles/dogs-usa-2011.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418193712/http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsinreview/","external_links_name":"\"Dogs in Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/dogsinreview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403222418/http://www.catchannel.com/magazines/kittensusa/kittens-usa-2012-2013-toc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Kittens USA 2012–2013 Table of Contents\""},{"Link":"http://www.catchannel.com/magazines/kittensusa/kittens-usa-2012-2013-toc.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404185931/https://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/puppiesusa/puppies-usa-articles/puppies-usa-2012-annual.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Puppies USA 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.dogchannel.com/dog-magazines/puppiesusa/puppies-usa-articles/puppies-usa-2012-annual.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417051647/http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-books-and-magazines.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Horse Books and Magazines\""},{"Link":"http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-books-and-magazines.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074239/http://www.birdchannel.com/","external_links_name":"\"Pet Birds, Parrots, Cockatiels, Macaws, Conures, Parakeets Care, Facts and Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.birdchannel.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160421155502/http://www.catchannel.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cat Fancy Presents CatChannel.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.catchannel.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422053106/http://www.dogchannel.com/","external_links_name":"\"Dogs, Dog Training, Breed Info & More\""},{"Link":"http://www.dogchannel.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423001242/http://www.fishchannel.com/","external_links_name":"\"Aquarium Fish, Tropical Fish, Freshwater and Saltwater Aquariums\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishchannel.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://luminamedia.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks	Mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks	["1 Formulation","2 Polynomial arithmetic modulo 2","3 Variations","4 Reversed representations and reciprocal polynomials","4.1 Polynomial representations","4.2 Reciprocal polynomials","5 Error detection strength","5.1 Bitfilters","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Methods of error detection and correction in communications The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is based on division in the ring of polynomials over the finite field GF(2) (the integers modulo 2), that is, the set of polynomials where each coefficient is either zero or one, and arithmetic operations wrap around. Any string of bits can be interpreted as the coefficients of a message polynomial of this sort, and to find the CRC, we multiply the message polynomial by x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} and then find the remainder when dividing by the degree- n {\displaystyle n} generator polynomial. The coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC. Formulation In general, computation of CRC corresponds to Euclidean division of polynomials over GF(2): M ( x ) ⋅ x n = Q ( x ) ⋅ G ( x ) + R ( x ) . {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}=Q(x)\cdot G(x)+R(x).} Here M ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)} is the original message polynomial and G ( x ) {\displaystyle G(x)} is the degree- n {\displaystyle n} generator polynomial. The bits of M ( x ) ⋅ x n {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}} are the original message with n {\displaystyle n} zeroes added at the end. The CRC 'checksum' is formed by the coefficients of the remainder polynomial R ( x ) {\displaystyle R(x)} whose degree is strictly less than n {\displaystyle n} . The quotient polynomial Q ( x ) {\displaystyle Q(x)} is of no interest. Using modulo operation, it can be stated that R ( x ) = M ( x ) ⋅ x n mod G ( x ) . {\displaystyle R(x)=M(x)\cdot x^{n}\,{\bmod {\,}}G(x).} In communication, the sender attaches the n {\displaystyle n} bits of R after the original message bits of M, which could be shown to be equivalent to sending out M ( x ) ⋅ x n − R ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}-R(x)} (the codeword.) The receiver, knowing G ( x ) {\displaystyle G(x)} and therefore n {\displaystyle n} , separates M from R and repeats the calculation, verifying that the received and computed R are equal. If they are, then the receiver assumes the received message bits are correct. In practice CRC calculations most closely resemble long division in binary, except that the subtractions involved do not borrow from more significant digits, and thus become exclusive or operations. A CRC is a checksum in a strict mathematical sense, as it can be expressed as the weighted modulo-2 sum of per-bit syndromes, but that word is generally reserved more specifically for sums computed using larger moduli, such as 10, 256, or 65535. CRCs can also be used as part of error-correcting codes, which allow not only the detection of transmission errors, but the reconstruction of the correct message. These codes are based on closely related mathematical principles. Polynomial arithmetic modulo 2 Since the coefficients are constrained to a single bit, any math operation on CRC polynomials must map the coefficients of the result to either zero or one. For example, in addition: ( x 3 + x ) + ( x + 1 ) = x 3 + 2 x + 1 ≡ x 3 + 1 ( mod 2 ) . {\displaystyle (x^{3}+x)+(x+1)=x^{3}+2x+1\equiv x^{3}+1{\pmod {2}}.} Note that 2 x {\displaystyle 2x} is equivalent to zero in the above equation because addition of coefficients is performed modulo 2: 2 x = x + x = x × ( 1 + 1 ) ≡ x × 0 = 0 ( mod 2 ) . {\displaystyle 2x=x+x=x\times (1+1)\equiv x\times 0=0{\pmod {2}}.} Polynomial addition modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR. Since XOR is the inverse of itself, polynominal subtraction modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR too. Multiplication is similar (a carry-less product): ( x 2 + x ) ( x + 1 ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 + x ≡ x 3 + x ( mod 2 ) . {\displaystyle (x^{2}+x)(x+1)=x^{3}+2x^{2}+x\equiv x^{3}+x{\pmod {2}}.} We can also divide polynomials mod 2 and find the quotient and remainder. For example, suppose we're dividing x 3 + x 2 + x {\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x} by x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} . We would find that x 3 + x 2 + x x + 1 = ( x 2 + 1 ) − 1 x + 1 . {\displaystyle {\frac {x^{3}+x^{2}+x}{x+1}}=(x^{2}+1)-{\frac {1}{x+1}}.} In other words, ( x 3 + x 2 + x ) = ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) − 1 ≡ ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) + 1 ( mod 2 ) . {\displaystyle (x^{3}+x^{2}+x)=(x^{2}+1)(x+1)-1\equiv (x^{2}+1)(x+1)+1{\pmod {2}}.} The division yields a quotient of x2 + 1 with a remainder of −1, which, since it is odd, has a last bit of 1. In the above equations, x 3 + x 2 + x {\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x} represents the original message bits 111, x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} is the generator polynomial, and the remainder 1 {\displaystyle 1} (equivalently, x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} ) is the CRC. The degree of the generator polynomial is 1, so we first multiplied the message by x 1 {\displaystyle x^{1}} to get x 3 + x 2 + x {\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x} . Variations There are several standard variations on CRCs, any or all of which may be used with any CRC polynomial. Implementation variations such as endianness and CRC presentation only affect the mapping of bit strings to the coefficients of M ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)} and R ( x ) {\displaystyle R(x)} , and do not impact the properties of the algorithm. To check the CRC, instead of calculating the CRC on the message and comparing it to the CRC, a CRC calculation may be run on the entire codeword. If the result (called the residual) is zero, the check passes. This works because the codeword is M ( x ) ⋅ x n − R ( x ) = Q ( x ) ⋅ G ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}-R(x)=Q(x)\cdot G(x)} , which is always divisible by G ( x ) {\displaystyle G(x)} . This simplifies many implementations by avoiding the need to treat the last few bytes of the message specially when checking CRCs. The shift register may be initialized with ones instead of zeroes. This is equivalent to inverting the first n {\displaystyle n} bits of the message before feeding them into the algorithm. The CRC equation becomes M ( x ) ⋅ x n + ∑ i = m m + n − 1 x i = Q ( x ) ⋅ G ( x ) + R ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}+\sum _{i=m}^{m+n-1}x^{i}=Q(x)\cdot G(x)+R(x)} , where m > deg ⁡ ( M ( x ) ) {\displaystyle m>\deg(M(x))} is the length of the message in bits. The change this imposes on R ( x ) {\displaystyle R(x)} is a function of the generating polynomial and the message length, ( ∑ i = m m + n − 1 x i ) mod G ( x ) {\displaystyle \left(\sum _{i=m}^{m+n-1}x^{i}\right)\,{\bmod {\,}}G(x)} . The reason this method is used is because an unmodified CRC does not distinguish between two messages which differ only in the number of leading zeroes, because leading zeroes do not affect the value of M ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)} . When this inversion is done, the CRC does distinguish between such messages. The CRC may be inverted before being appended to the message stream. While an unmodified CRC distinguishes between messages M ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)} with different numbers of trailing zeroes, it does not detect trailing zeroes appended after the CRC remainder itself. This is because all valid codewords are multiples of G ( x ) {\displaystyle G(x)} , so x {\displaystyle x} times that codeword is also a multiple. (In fact, this is precisely why the first variant described above works.) In practice, the last two variations are invariably used together. They change the transmitted CRC, so must be implemented at both the transmitter and the receiver. While presetting the shift register to ones is straightforward to do at both ends, inverting affects receivers implementing the first variation, because the CRC of a full codeword that already includes a CRC is no longer zero. Instead, it is a fixed non-zero pattern, the CRC of the inversion pattern of n {\displaystyle n} ones. The CRC thus may be checked either by the obvious method of computing the CRC on the message, inverting it, and comparing with the CRC in the message stream, or by calculating the CRC on the entire codeword and comparing it with an expected fixed value C ( x ) {\displaystyle C(x)} , called the check polynomial, residue or magic number. This may be computed as C ( x ) = ( ∑ i = n 2 n − 1 x i ) mod G ( x ) {\displaystyle C(x)=\left(\sum _{i=n}^{2n-1}x^{i}\right)\,{\bmod {\,}}G(x)} , or equivalently by computing the unmodified CRC of a message consisting of n {\displaystyle n} ones, M ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 n − 1 x i {\displaystyle M(x)=\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}x^{i}} . These inversions are extremely common but not universally performed, even in the case of the CRC-32 or CRC-16-CCITT polynomials. Reversed representations and reciprocal polynomials Polynomial representations Example of CCITT 16-bit Polynomial in the forms described (bits inside square brackets are included in the word representation; bits outside are implied 1 bits; vertical bars designate nibble boundaries): 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 coefficient 1 Normal Nibbles of Normal 0x1021 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 Reverse Nibbles of Reverse 0x8408 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 Reciprocal Nibbles of Reciprocal 0x0811 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Reverse reciprocal 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Koopman 1 Nibbles 0x8810 All the well-known CRC generator polynomials of degree n {\displaystyle n} have two common hexadecimal representations. In both cases, the coefficient of x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} is omitted and understood to be 1. The msbit-first representation is a hexadecimal number with n {\displaystyle n} bits, the least significant bit of which is always 1. The most significant bit represents the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} and the least significant bit represents the coefficient of x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} . The lsbit-first representation is a hexadecimal number with n {\displaystyle n} bits, the most significant bit of which is always 1. The most significant bit represents the coefficient of x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} and the least significant bit represents the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} . The msbit-first form is often referred to in the literature as the normal representation, while the lsbit-first is called the reversed representation. It is essential to use the correct form when implementing a CRC. If the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} happens to be zero, the forms can be distinguished at a glance by seeing which end has the bit set. To further confuse the matter, the paper by P. Koopman and T. Chakravarty converts CRC generator polynomials to hexadecimal numbers in yet another way: msbit-first, but including the x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} coefficient and omitting the x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} coefficient. This "Koopman" representation has the advantage that the degree can be determined from the hexadecimal form and the coefficients are easy to read off in left-to-right order. However, it is not used anywhere else and is not recommended due to the risk of confusion. Reciprocal polynomials A reciprocal polynomial is created by assigning the x i {\displaystyle x^{i}} through x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} coefficients of one polynomial to the x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} through x i {\displaystyle x^{i}} coefficients of a new polynomial. That is, the reciprocal of the degree n {\displaystyle n} polynomial G ( x ) {\displaystyle G(x)} is x n G ( x − 1 ) {\displaystyle x^{n}G(x^{-1})} . The most interesting property of reciprocal polynomials, when used in CRCs, is that they have exactly the same error-detecting strength as the polynomials they are reciprocals of. The reciprocal of a polynomial generates the same codewords, only bit reversed — that is, if all but the first n {\displaystyle n} bits of a codeword under the original polynomial are taken, reversed and used as a new message, the CRC of that message under the reciprocal polynomial equals the reverse of the first n {\displaystyle n} bits of the original codeword. But the reciprocal polynomial is not the same as the original polynomial, and the CRCs generated using it are not the same (even modulo bit reversal) as those generated by the original polynomial. Error detection strength The error-detection ability of a CRC depends on the degree of its key polynomial and on the specific key polynomial used. The "error polynomial" E ( x ) {\displaystyle E(x)} is the symmetric difference of the received message codeword and the correct message codeword. An error will go undetected by a CRC algorithm if and only if the error polynomial is divisible by the CRC polynomial. Because a CRC is based on division, no polynomial can detect errors consisting of a string of zeroes prepended to the data, or of missing leading zeroes. However, see Variations. All single bit errors will be detected by any polynomial with at least two terms with non-zero coefficients. The error polynomial is x k {\displaystyle x^{k}} , and x k {\displaystyle x^{k}} is divisible only by polynomials x i {\displaystyle x^{i}} where i ≤ k {\displaystyle i\leq k} . All two bit errors separated by a distance less than the order of the primitive polynomial which is a factor of the generator polynomial will be detected. The error polynomial in the two bit case is E ( x ) = x i + x k = x k ⋅ ( x i − k + 1 ) , i > k {\displaystyle E(x)=x^{i}+x^{k}=x^{k}\cdot (x^{i-k}+1),\;i>k} . As noted above, the x k {\displaystyle x^{k}} term will not be divisible by the CRC polynomial, which leaves the x i − k + 1 {\displaystyle x^{i-k}+1} term. By definition, the smallest value of i − k {\displaystyle {i-k}} such that a polynomial divides x i − k + 1 {\displaystyle x^{i-k}+1} is the polynomial's order or exponent. The polynomials with the largest order are called primitive polynomials, and for polynomials of degree n {\displaystyle n} with binary coefficients, have order 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{n}-1} . All errors in an odd number of bits will be detected by a polynomial which is a multiple of x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} . This is equivalent to the polynomial having an even number of terms with non-zero coefficients. This capacity assumes that the generator polynomial is the product of x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} and a primitive polynomial of degree n − i {\displaystyle n-i} since all primitive polynomials except x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} have an odd number of non-zero coefficients. All burst errors of length n {\displaystyle n} will be detected by any polynomial of degree n {\displaystyle n} or greater which has a non-zero x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} term. (As an aside, there is never reason to use a polynomial with a zero x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} term. Recall that a CRC is the remainder of the message polynomial times x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} divided by the CRC polynomial. A polynomial with a zero x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} term always has x {\displaystyle x} as a factor. So if K ( x ) {\displaystyle K(x)} is the original CRC polynomial and K ( x ) = x ⋅ K ′ ( x ) {\displaystyle K(x)=x\cdot K'(x)} , then M ( x ) ⋅ x n − 1 = Q ( x ) ⋅ K ′ ( x ) + R ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n-1}=Q(x)\cdot K'(x)+R(x)} M ( x ) ⋅ x n = Q ( x ) ⋅ x ⋅ K ′ ( x ) + x ⋅ R ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}=Q(x)\cdot x\cdot K'(x)+x\cdot R(x)} M ( x ) ⋅ x n = Q ( x ) ⋅ K ( x ) + x ⋅ R ( x ) {\displaystyle M(x)\cdot x^{n}=Q(x)\cdot K(x)+x\cdot R(x)} That is, the CRC of any message with the K ( x ) {\displaystyle K(x)} polynomial is the same as that of the same message with the K ′ ( x ) {\displaystyle K'(x)} polynomial with a zero appended. It is just a waste of a bit.) The combination of these factors means that good CRC polynomials are often primitive polynomials (which have the best 2-bit error detection) or primitive polynomials of degree n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} , multiplied by x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} (which detects all odd numbers of bit errors, and has half the two-bit error detection ability of a primitive polynomial of degree n {\displaystyle n} ). Bitfilters Analysis technique using bitfilters allows one to very efficiently determine the properties of a given generator polynomial. The results are the following: All burst errors (but one) with length no longer than the generator polynomial can be detected by any generator polynomial 1 + ⋯ + X n {\displaystyle 1+\cdots +X^{n}} . This includes 1-bit errors (burst of length 1). The maximum length is n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} , when n {\displaystyle n} is the degree of the generator polynomial (which itself has a length of n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} ). The exception to this result is a bit pattern the same as that of the generator polynomial. All uneven bit errors are detected by generator polynomials with even number of terms. 2-bit errors in a (multiple) distance of the longest bitfilter of even parity to a generator polynomial are not detected; all others are detected. For degrees up to 32 there is an optimal generator polynomial with that degree and even number of terms; in this case the period mentioned above is 2 n − 1 − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{n-1}-1} . For n = 16 {\displaystyle n=16} this means that blocks of 32,767 bits length do not contain undiscovered 2-bit errors. For uneven number of terms in the generator polynomial there can be a period of 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{n}-1} ; however, these generator polynomials (with odd number of terms) do not discover all odd number of errors, so they should be avoided. A list of the corresponding generators with even number of terms can be found in the link mentioned at the beginning of this section. All single bit errors within the bitfilter period mentioned above (for even terms in the generator polynomial) can be identified uniquely by their residual. So CRC method can be used to correct single-bit errors as well (within those limits, e.g. 32,767 bits with optimal generator polynomials of degree 16). Since all odd errors leave an odd residual, all even an even residual, 1-bit errors and 2-bit errors can be distinguished. However, like other SECDED techniques, CRCs cannot always distinguish between 1-bit errors and 3-bit errors. When 3 or more bit errors occur in a block, CRC bit error correction will be erroneous itself and produce more errors. See also Barrett reduction Error correcting code List of checksum algorithms Parity (telecommunication) Polynomial representations of cyclic redundancy checks References ^ a b c Koopman, Philip (July 2002). "32-bit cyclic redundancy codes for Internet applications". Proceedings International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (PDF). pp. 459–468. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.8323. doi:10.1109/DSN.2002.1028931. ISBN 978-0-7695-1597-7. S2CID 14775606. Retrieved 14 January 2011. - verification of Castagnoli's results by exhaustive search and some new good polynomials ^ Koopman, Philip; Chakravarty, Tridib (June 2004). "Cyclic redundancy code (CRC) polynomial selection for embedded networks". International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2004 (PDF). pp. 145–154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.648.9080. doi:10.1109/DSN.2004.1311885. ISBN 978-0-7695-2052-0. S2CID 793862. Retrieved 14 January 2011. – analysis of short CRC polynomials for embedded applications External links Koopman, Phil. "Blog: Checksum and CRC Central". — lists CRC polynomials giving best Hamming distances. vte"Mathematics of" articles apportionment artificial neural networks bookmaking cyclic redundacy checks general relativity (introduction) paper folding Sudoku three-phase electric power	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclic redundancy check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ring of polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_ring"},{"link_name":"finite field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field"},{"link_name":"GF(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF(2)"},{"link_name":"modulo 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient"},{"link_name":"arithmetic operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_operations"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial"}],"text":"The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is based on division in the ring of polynomials over the finite field GF(2) (the integers modulo 2), that is, the set of polynomials where each coefficient is either zero or one, and arithmetic operations wrap around.Any string of bits can be interpreted as the coefficients of a message polynomial of this sort, and to find the CRC, we multiply the message polynomial by \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}}\n \n and then find the remainder when dividing by the degree-\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n generator polynomial. The coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC.","title":"Mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computation of CRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks"},{"link_name":"Euclidean division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_division"},{"link_name":"GF(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF(2)"},{"link_name":"modulo operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation"},{"link_name":"long division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_division"},{"link_name":"exclusive or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or"},{"link_name":"checksum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum"},{"link_name":"syndromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_decoding#Syndrome_decoding"},{"link_name":"error-correcting codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-correcting_code_memory"}],"text":"In general, computation of CRC corresponds to Euclidean division of polynomials over GF(2):M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n =\n Q\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n G\n (\n x\n )\n +\n R\n (\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}=Q(x)\\cdot G(x)+R(x).}Here \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)}\n \n is the original message polynomial and \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(x)}\n \n is the degree-\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n generator polynomial. The bits of \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}}\n \n are the original message with \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n zeroes added at the end. The CRC 'checksum' is formed by the coefficients of the remainder polynomial \n \n \n \n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R(x)}\n \n whose degree is strictly less than \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n. The quotient polynomial \n \n \n \n Q\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q(x)}\n \n is of no interest. Using modulo operation, it can be stated thatR\n (\n x\n )\n =\n M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n mod\n \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R(x)=M(x)\\cdot x^{n}\\,{\\bmod {\\,}}G(x).}In communication, the sender attaches the \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits of R after the original message bits of M, which could be shown to be equivalent to sending out \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n −\n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}-R(x)}\n \n (the codeword.) The receiver, knowing \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(x)}\n \n and therefore \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n, separates M from R and repeats the calculation, verifying that the received and computed R are equal. If they are, then the receiver assumes the received message bits are correct.In practice CRC calculations most closely resemble long division in binary, except that the subtractions involved do not borrow from more significant digits, and thus become exclusive or operations.A CRC is a checksum in a strict mathematical sense, as it can be expressed as the weighted modulo-2 sum of per-bit syndromes, but that word is generally reserved more specifically for sums computed using larger moduli, such as 10, 256, or 65535.CRCs can also be used as part of error-correcting codes, which allow not only the detection of transmission errors, but the reconstruction of the correct message. These codes are based on closely related mathematical principles.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bitwise XOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or#Bitwise_operation"},{"link_name":"carry-less product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry-less_product"}],"text":"Since the coefficients are constrained to a single bit, any math operation on CRC polynomials must map the coefficients of the result to either zero or one. For example, in addition:(\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n x\n )\n +\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 2\n x\n +\n 1\n ≡\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n 2\n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x^{3}+x)+(x+1)=x^{3}+2x+1\\equiv x^{3}+1{\\pmod {2}}.}Note that \n \n \n \n 2\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2x}\n \n is equivalent to zero in the above equation because addition of coefficients is performed modulo 2:2\n x\n =\n x\n +\n x\n =\n x\n ×\n (\n 1\n +\n 1\n )\n ≡\n x\n ×\n 0\n =\n 0\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n 2\n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2x=x+x=x\\times (1+1)\\equiv x\\times 0=0{\\pmod {2}}.}Polynomial addition modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR. Since XOR is the inverse of itself, polynominal subtraction modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR too.Multiplication is similar (a carry-less product):(\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n ≡\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n x\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n 2\n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x^{2}+x)(x+1)=x^{3}+2x^{2}+x\\equiv x^{3}+x{\\pmod {2}}.}We can also divide polynomials mod 2 and find the quotient and remainder. For example, suppose we're dividing \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x}\n \n by \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+1}\n \n. We would find thatx\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n )\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {x^{3}+x^{2}+x}{x+1}}=(x^{2}+1)-{\\frac {1}{x+1}}.}In other words,(\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n )\n =\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n 1\n ≡\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n )\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n 2\n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x^{3}+x^{2}+x)=(x^{2}+1)(x+1)-1\\equiv (x^{2}+1)(x+1)+1{\\pmod {2}}.}The division yields a quotient of x2 + 1 with a remainder of −1, which, since it is odd, has a last bit of 1.In the above equations, \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x}\n \n represents the original message bits 111, \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+1}\n \n is the generator polynomial, and the remainder \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n (equivalently, \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n) is the CRC. The degree of the generator polynomial is 1, so we first multiplied the message by \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{1}}\n \n to get \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x}\n \n.","title":"Polynomial arithmetic modulo 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endianness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"magic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)"}],"text":"There are several standard variations on CRCs, any or all of which may be used with any CRC polynomial. Implementation variations such as endianness and CRC presentation only affect the mapping of bit strings to the coefficients of \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R(x)}\n \n, and do not impact the properties of the algorithm.To check the CRC, instead of calculating the CRC on the message and comparing it to the CRC, a CRC calculation may be run on the entire codeword. If the result (called the residual) is zero, the check passes. This works because the codeword is \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n −\n R\n (\n x\n )\n =\n Q\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}-R(x)=Q(x)\\cdot G(x)}\n \n, which is always divisible by \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(x)}\n \n.This simplifies many implementations by avoiding the need to treat the last few bytes of the message specially when checking CRCs.The shift register may be initialized with ones instead of zeroes. This is equivalent to inverting the first \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits of the message before feeding them into the algorithm. The CRC equation becomes \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n m\n \n \n m\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n =\n Q\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n G\n (\n x\n )\n +\n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}+\\sum _{i=m}^{m+n-1}x^{i}=Q(x)\\cdot G(x)+R(x)}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n m\n >\n deg\n ⁡\n (\n M\n (\n x\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m>\\deg(M(x))}\n \n is the length of the message in bits. The change this imposes on \n \n \n \n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R(x)}\n \n is a function of the generating polynomial and the message length, \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n m\n \n \n m\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n mod\n \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(\\sum _{i=m}^{m+n-1}x^{i}\\right)\\,{\\bmod {\\,}}G(x)}\n \n.The reason this method is used is because an unmodified CRC does not distinguish between two messages which differ only in the number of leading zeroes, because leading zeroes do not affect the value of \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)}\n \n. When this inversion is done, the CRC does distinguish between such messages.The CRC may be inverted before being appended to the message stream. While an unmodified CRC distinguishes between messages \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)}\n \n with different numbers of trailing zeroes, it does not detect trailing zeroes appended after the CRC remainder itself. This is because all valid codewords are multiples of \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(x)}\n \n, so \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n times that codeword is also a multiple. (In fact, this is precisely why the first variant described above works.)In practice, the last two variations are invariably used together. They change the transmitted CRC, so must be implemented at both the transmitter and the receiver. While presetting the shift register to ones is straightforward to do at both ends, inverting affects receivers implementing the first variation, because the CRC of a full codeword that already includes a CRC is no longer zero. Instead, it is a fixed non-zero pattern, the CRC of the inversion pattern of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n ones.The CRC thus may be checked either by the obvious method of computing the CRC on the message, inverting it, and comparing with the CRC in the message stream, or by calculating the CRC on the entire codeword and comparing it with an expected fixed value \n \n \n \n C\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x)}\n \n, called the check polynomial, residue or magic number. This may be computed as \n \n \n \n C\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n n\n \n \n 2\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n mod\n \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x)=\\left(\\sum _{i=n}^{2n-1}x^{i}\\right)\\,{\\bmod {\\,}}G(x)}\n \n, or equivalently by computing the unmodified CRC of a message consisting of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n ones, \n \n \n \n M\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)=\\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}x^{i}}\n \n.These inversions are extremely common but not universally performed, even in the case of the CRC-32 or CRC-16-CCITT polynomials.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reversed representations and reciprocal polynomials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koop02-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koop04-2"}],"sub_title":"Polynomial representations","text":"Example of CCITT 16-bit Polynomial in the forms described (bits inside square brackets are included in the word representation; bits outside are implied 1 bits; vertical bars designate nibble boundaries):16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 coefficient\n 1 [0 0 0 1 \|0 0 0 0 \|0 0 1 0 \|0 0 0 1] Normal \n [ 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1 ] Nibbles of Normal 0x1021\n\n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16\n[1 0 0 0 \|0 1 0 0 \|0 0 0 0 \|1 0 0 0] 1 Reverse \n[ 8 \| 4 \| 0 \| 8 ] Nibbles of Reverse 0x8408\n\n16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0\n 1 [0 0 0 0 \|1 0 0 0 \|0 0 0 1 \|0 0 0 1] Reciprocal \n [ 0 \| 8 \| 1 \| 1 ] Nibbles of Reciprocal 0x0811\n\n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Reverse reciprocal\n16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Koopman\n[1 0 0 0 \|1 0 0 0 \|0 0 0 1 \|0 0 0 0] 1 \n[ 8 \| 8 \| 1 \| 0 ] Nibbles 0x8810All the well-known CRC generator polynomials of degree \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n have two common hexadecimal representations. In both cases, the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}}\n \n is omitted and understood to be 1.The msbit-first representation is a hexadecimal number with \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits, the least significant bit of which is always 1. The most significant bit represents the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n-1}}\n \n and the least significant bit represents the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n.\nThe lsbit-first representation is a hexadecimal number with \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits, the most significant bit of which is always 1. The most significant bit represents the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n and the least significant bit represents the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n-1}}\n \n.The msbit-first form is often referred to in the literature as the normal representation, while the lsbit-first is called the reversed representation. It is essential to use the correct form when implementing a CRC. If the coefficient of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n-1}}\n \n happens to be zero, the forms can be distinguished at a glance by seeing which end has the bit set.To further confuse the matter, the paper by P. Koopman and T. Chakravarty [1][2] converts CRC generator polynomials to hexadecimal numbers in yet another way: msbit-first, but including the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}}\n \n coefficient and omitting the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n coefficient. This \"Koopman\" representation has the advantage that the degree can be determined from the hexadecimal form and the coefficients are easy to read off in left-to-right order. However, it is not used anywhere else and is not recommended due to the risk of confusion.","title":"Reversed representations and reciprocal polynomials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reciprocal polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_polynomial"}],"sub_title":"Reciprocal polynomials","text":"A reciprocal polynomial is created by assigning the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}\n \n through \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n coefficients of one polynomial to the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n through \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}\n \n coefficients of a new polynomial. That is, the reciprocal of the degree \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n polynomial \n \n \n \n G\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(x)}\n \n is \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n G\n (\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}G(x^{-1})}\n \n.The most interesting property of reciprocal polynomials, when used in CRCs, is that they have exactly the same error-detecting strength as the polynomials they are reciprocals of. The reciprocal of a polynomial generates the same codewords, only bit reversed — that is, if all but the first \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits of a codeword under the original polynomial are taken, reversed and used as a new message, the CRC of that message under the reciprocal polynomial equals the reverse of the first \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits of the original codeword. But the reciprocal polynomial is not the same as the original polynomial, and the CRCs generated using it are not the same (even modulo bit reversal) as those generated by the original polynomial.","title":"Reversed representations and reciprocal polynomials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Variations"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"primitive polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_polynomial_(field_theory)"},{"link_name":"burst errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_burst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koop02-1"}],"text":"The error-detection ability of a CRC depends on the degree of its key polynomial and on the specific key polynomial used. The \"error polynomial\" \n \n \n \n E\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(x)}\n \n is the symmetric difference of the received message codeword and the correct message codeword. An error will go undetected by a CRC algorithm if and only if the error polynomial is divisible by the CRC polynomial.Because a CRC is based on division, no polynomial can detect errors consisting of a string of zeroes prepended to the data, or of missing leading zeroes. However, see Variations.\nAll single bit errors will be detected by any polynomial with at least two terms with non-zero coefficients. The error polynomial is \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{k}}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{k}}\n \n is divisible only by polynomials \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n i\n ≤\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\leq k}\n \n.\nAll two bit errors separated by a distance less than the order of the primitive polynomial which is a factor of the generator polynomial will be detected. The error polynomial in the two bit case is \n \n \n \n E\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n ⋅\n (\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n k\n \n \n +\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n i\n >\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(x)=x^{i}+x^{k}=x^{k}\\cdot (x^{i-k}+1),\\;i>k}\n \n. As noted above, the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{k}}\n \n term will not be divisible by the CRC polynomial, which leaves the \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n −\n k\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i-k}+1}\n \n term. By definition, the smallest value of \n \n \n \n \n i\n −\n k\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {i-k}}\n \n such that a polynomial divides \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n −\n k\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i-k}+1}\n \n is the polynomial's order or exponent. The polynomials with the largest order are called primitive polynomials, and for polynomials of degree \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n with binary coefficients, have order \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}-1}\n \n.\nAll errors in an odd number of bits will be detected by a polynomial which is a multiple of \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+1}\n \n. This is equivalent to the polynomial having an even number of terms with non-zero coefficients. This capacity assumes that the generator polynomial is the product of \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+1}\n \n and a primitive polynomial of degree \n \n \n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n-i}\n \n since all primitive polynomials except \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+1}\n \n have an odd number of non-zero coefficients.\nAll burst errors of length \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n will be detected by any polynomial of degree \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n or greater which has a non-zero \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n term.(As an aside, there is never reason to use a polynomial with a zero \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n term. Recall that a CRC is the remainder of the message polynomial times \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}}\n \n divided by the CRC polynomial. A polynomial with a zero \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{0}}\n \n term always has \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n as a factor. So if \n \n \n \n K\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(x)}\n \n is the original CRC polynomial and \n \n \n \n K\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n ⋅\n \n K\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(x)=x\\cdot K'(x)}\n \n, thenM\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n Q\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n K\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n +\n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n-1}=Q(x)\\cdot K'(x)+R(x)}M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n =\n Q\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n x\n ⋅\n \n K\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n +\n x\n ⋅\n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}=Q(x)\\cdot x\\cdot K'(x)+x\\cdot R(x)}M\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n =\n Q\n (\n x\n )\n ⋅\n K\n (\n x\n )\n +\n x\n ⋅\n R\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(x)\\cdot x^{n}=Q(x)\\cdot K(x)+x\\cdot R(x)}That is, the CRC of any message with the \n \n \n \n K\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(x)}\n \n polynomial is the same as that of the same message with the \n \n \n \n \n K\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K'(x)}\n \n polynomial with a zero appended. It is just a waste of a bit.)The combination of these factors means that good CRC polynomials are often primitive polynomials (which have the best 2-bit error detection) or primitive polynomials of degree \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n-1}\n \n, multiplied by \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+1}\n \n (which detects all odd numbers of bit errors, and has half the two-bit error detection ability of a primitive polynomial of degree \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n).[1]","title":"Error detection strength"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koop02-1"},{"link_name":"SECDED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECDED"}],"sub_title":"Bitfilters","text":"Analysis technique using bitfilters[1] allows one to very efficiently determine the properties of a given generator polynomial. The results are the following:All burst errors (but one) with length no longer than the generator polynomial can be detected by any generator polynomial \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1+\\cdots +X^{n}}\n \n. This includes 1-bit errors (burst of length 1). The maximum length is \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n+1}\n \n, when \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the degree of the generator polynomial (which itself has a length of \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n+1}\n \n). The exception to this result is a bit pattern the same as that of the generator polynomial.\nAll uneven bit errors are detected by generator polynomials with even number of terms.\n2-bit errors in a (multiple) distance of the longest bitfilter of even parity to a generator polynomial are not detected; all others are detected. For degrees up to 32 there is an optimal generator polynomial with that degree and even number of terms; in this case the period mentioned above is \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n-1}-1}\n \n. For \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 16\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=16}\n \n this means that blocks of 32,767 bits length do not contain undiscovered 2-bit errors. For uneven number of terms in the generator polynomial there can be a period of \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}-1}\n \n; however, these generator polynomials (with odd number of terms) do not discover all odd number of errors, so they should be avoided. A list of the corresponding generators with even number of terms can be found in the link mentioned at the beginning of this section.\nAll single bit errors within the bitfilter period mentioned above (for even terms in the generator polynomial) can be identified uniquely by their residual. So CRC method can be used to correct single-bit errors as well (within those limits, e.g. 32,767 bits with optimal generator polynomials of degree 16). Since all odd errors leave an odd residual, all even an even residual, 1-bit errors and 2-bit errors can be distinguished. However, like other SECDED techniques, CRCs cannot always distinguish between 1-bit errors and 3-bit errors. When 3 or more bit errors occur in a block, CRC bit error correction will be erroneous itself and produce more errors.","title":"Error detection strength"}]	[]	[{"title":"Barrett reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_reduction"},{"title":"Error correcting code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correcting_code"},{"title":"List of checksum algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_checksum_algorithms"},{"title":"Parity (telecommunication)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(telecommunication)"},{"title":"Polynomial representations of cyclic redundancy checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_representations_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks"}]	[{"reference":"Koopman, Philip (July 2002). \"32-bit cyclic redundancy codes for Internet applications\". Proceedings International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (PDF). pp. 459–468. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.8323. doi:10.1109/DSN.2002.1028931. ISBN 978-0-7695-1597-7. S2CID 14775606. Retrieved 14 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/networks/dsn02/dsn02_koopman.pdf","url_text":"Proceedings International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.8323","url_text":"10.1.1.11.8323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDSN.2002.1028931","url_text":"10.1109/DSN.2002.1028931"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1597-7","url_text":"978-0-7695-1597-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14775606","url_text":"14775606"}]},{"reference":"Koopman, Philip; Chakravarty, Tridib (June 2004). \"Cyclic redundancy code (CRC) polynomial selection for embedded networks\". International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2004 (PDF). pp. 145–154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.648.9080. doi:10.1109/DSN.2004.1311885. ISBN 978-0-7695-2052-0. S2CID 793862. Retrieved 14 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/roses/dsn04/koopman04_crc_poly_embedded.pdf","url_text":"International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.648.9080","url_text":"10.1.1.648.9080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDSN.2004.1311885","url_text":"10.1109/DSN.2004.1311885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2052-0","url_text":"978-0-7695-2052-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:793862","url_text":"793862"}]},{"reference":"Koopman, Phil. \"Blog: Checksum and CRC Central\".","urls":[{"url":"http://checksumcrc.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Blog: Checksum and CRC Central\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/networks/dsn02/dsn02_koopman.pdf","external_links_name":"Proceedings International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.8323","external_links_name":"10.1.1.11.8323"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDSN.2002.1028931","external_links_name":"10.1109/DSN.2002.1028931"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14775606","external_links_name":"14775606"},{"Link":"http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/roses/dsn04/koopman04_crc_poly_embedded.pdf","external_links_name":"International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2004"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.648.9080","external_links_name":"10.1.1.648.9080"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDSN.2004.1311885","external_links_name":"10.1109/DSN.2004.1311885"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:793862","external_links_name":"793862"},{"Link":"http://checksumcrc.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Blog: Checksum and CRC Central\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookham_Rural_District	Cookham Rural District	["1 Civil parishes","2 References"]	Coordinates: 51°30′00″N 0°47′06″W / 51.500°N 0.785°W / 51.500; -0.785 Map of boundary as of 1971 Cookham was a rural district in Berkshire, England from 1894 to 1974. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1894 as a successor to the Cookham rural sanitary district. It continued in existence until 1974, when it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, forming part of the new Windsor and Maidenhead district. Civil parishes The district contained the following civil parishes during its existence: Bisham Bray Cookham Cox Green Hurley Shottesbrooke Waltham St Lawrence White Waltham References Notes vteAdministrative county of Berkshire (1888-1974)Berkshire County CouncilCounty boroughs Reading Municipal boroughs Abingdon Maidenhead Newbury Wallingford New Windsor Wokingham Urban districts Wantage Rural districts Abingdon Bradfield Cookham Easthampstead Faringdon Hungerford Newbury Wallingford Wantage Windsor Wokingham 51°30′00″N 0°47′06″W / 51.500°N 0.785°W / 51.500; -0.785	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"rural district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_district"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894"},{"link_name":"Cookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookham"},{"link_name":"rural sanitary district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sanitary_district"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Windsor and Maidenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead"}],"text":"Map of boundary as of 1971Cookham was a rural district in Berkshire, England from 1894 to 1974.The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1894 as a successor to the Cookham rural sanitary district. It continued in existence until 1974, when it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, forming part of the new Windsor and Maidenhead district.","title":"Cookham Rural District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Bisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisham"},{"link_name":"Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Cookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookham"},{"link_name":"Cox Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Green,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Shottesbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shottesbrooke"},{"link_name":"Waltham St Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_St_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"White Waltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Waltham"}],"text":"The district contained the following civil parishes during its existence:Bisham\nBray\nCookham\nCox Green\nHurley\nShottesbrooke\nWaltham St Lawrence\nWhite Waltham","title":"Civil parishes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cookham_Rural_District&params=51.5_N_0.785_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°30′00″N 0°47′06″W / 51.500°N 0.785°W / 51.500; -0.785"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203642/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10105183&c_id=10001043","external_links_name":"Notes"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cookham_Rural_District&params=51.5_N_0.785_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°30′00″N 0°47′06″W / 51.500°N 0.785°W / 51.500; -0.785"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_in_Poland	Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust	["1 Background","1.1 Statistics","1.2 Difficulties","1.3 Punishment for aiding the Jews","2 Jews in Polish villages","3 Jews in Polish cities","4 Jews outside Poland","4.1 Ładoś Group","5 Organizations dedicated to saving Jews","6 Jews and the Church","7 Jews and the Polish government","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Bibliography"]	Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust Death penalty for the rescue of Jews in occupied PolandPublic announcementNOTICE Concerning: the Sheltering of Escaping Jews. There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with Paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the Limitation of Residence in General Government (page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the death penalty. According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against: 1) Providing shelter to Jews, 2) Supplying them with Food, 3) Selling them Foodstuffs. Tschenstochau, Częstochowa, 24.9.42 Der Stadthauptmann Dr. Franke Part of a series on theHistory of Jews andJudaism in Poland Historical Timeline • List of Jews Early history 18th century 19th century 20th century 1989–present Groups Orthodox Polish-Ashkenazim Musar movement Hasidim Aleksander Biala Bluzhev Bobov Ger Izhbitza-Radzin Kotzk Lelov Peshischa Radomsk Sanz Sochatchov Vurka Zionist Betar Brit HaHayal Poale Zion Komverband HeHalutz Lovers of Zion Tarbut Zionist Socialist Workers Party Other Bundism Haskalah Jewish Autonomism Folkspartei Reform Judaism Cities Adamów Beuthen Białystok Gdańsk Kalisz Kraków Łęczna Łódź Łuków Wieluń Synagogues Bielsko Bobov Bydgoszcz Chabad-Lubavitch Chachmei Lublin Danzig Ezras Israel Great Synagogue (Łódź) High Synagogue Inowrocław Izaak Jasło Końskie Kowea Itim le-Tora Kupa Łańcut Lesko Maharam New Synagogue (Ostrów) New Synagogue (Przemyśl) Nisko Nomer Tamid Nożyk Old Synagogue (Kraków) Old Synagogue (Przemyśl) Oświęcim Piaskower Piotrków Pińczów Przedbórz Radom Rema Sejny Stara Stolp Szydłów Tykocin Warsaw White Stork Włodawa Wolf Popper Zamość Zasanie Organizations Central Committee of Polish Jews Council of Four Lands Jewish Community Centre of Kraków Judaica Foundation Union of Jewish Religious Communities Vaad Rosh Hashochtim Yeshivas Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva Lomza Yeshiva Novardok Yeshiva The Holocaust Ghettos Będzin Białystok Brzesko Częstochowa Frysztak Gorlice Kielce Kraków Łomża Mińsk Nowy Sącz Olkusz Opatów Piotrków Radom Siedlce Sosnowiec Stanisławów Tarnów Warsaw Concentration camps Auschwitz Monowitz Gross-Rosen Mittelsteine Kraków-Płaszów Lipowa 7 Poniatowa Potulice Soldau Stutthof Szebnie Trawniki Warsaw Death camps and mass murder sites Auschwitz-Birkenau Chełmno Majdanek Belzec Sobibor Treblinka Valley of Death Massacres Częstochowa Easter Pogrom Jedwabne Kielce Cemetery Tykocin Dynów Operation Harvest Festival Radziłów Szczuczyn Wąsosz Resistance Białystok Ghetto uprising Anti-Fascist Military Organisation Częstochowa Ghetto uprising Resistance movements in Auschwitz Auschwitz Combat Group Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Jewish Combat Organization Jewish Military Union Oyneg Shabbos Rescue of Jews by Poles Righteous Among the Nations Judaism portal Poland portalvte Polish Jews were the primary victims of the Nazi Germany-organized Holocaust in Poland. Throughout the German occupation of Poland, Jews were rescued from the Holocaust by Polish people, at risk to their lives and the lives of their families. According to Yad Vashem, Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, Poles were, by nationality, the most numerous persons identified as rescuing Jews during the Holocaust. By January 2022, 7,232 people in Poland have been recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous among the Nations. The Polish government-in-exile informed the world of the extermination of the Jews on June 9, 1942, following a report from the Jewish Labour Bund leadership smuggled out of the occupied Poland by Home Army couriers. The Polish government-in-exile, together with Jewish groups, pleaded for American and British forces to bomb train tracks leading to the Auschwitz concentration camp, although, for debated reasons, the Allies did not do so. The rescue efforts were aided by one of the largest resistance movements in Europe, the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Home Army. Supported by the Government Delegation for Poland, the most notable effort dedicated to helping Jews was spearheaded by the Żegota Council, based in Warsaw, with branches in Kraków, Wilno, and Lwów. Polish rescuers were hampered by the German occupation as well as frequent betrayal by the local population. Any kind of help to Jews was punishable by death, for the rescuer and their family, and would-be rescuers moved in an environment hostile to Jews and their protection, exposed to the risk of blackmail and denunciation by neighbours. According to Mordecai Paldiel, "The threats faced by would-be rescuers, both from the Germans and blackmailers alike, make us place Polish rescuers of Jews in a special category, for they exemplified a courage, fortitude, and lofty humanitarianism unequalled in other occupied countries." Background Main article: Polish Righteous among the Nations Before World War II, 3,300,000 Jewish people lived in Poland – ten percent of the general population of some 33 million. Poland was the center of the European Jewish world. The Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939; and, on 17 September, in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. By October 1939, the Second Polish Republic was split in half between two totalitarian powers. Germany occupied 48.4 percent of western and central Poland. Racial policy of Nazi Germany regarded Poles as "sub-human" and Polish Jews beneath that category, validating a campaign of unrestricted violence. One aspect of German foreign policy in conquered Poland was to prevent its ethnically diverse population from uniting against Germany. The Nazi plan for Polish Jews was one of concentration, isolation, and eventually total annihilation in the Holocaust also known as the Shoah. Similar policy measures toward the Polish Catholic majority focused on the murder or suppression of political, religious, and intellectual leaders as well as the Germanization of the annexed lands which included a program to resettle ethnic Germans from the Baltic states and other regions onto farms, ventures and homes formerly owned by the expelled Poles including Polish Jews. Beatified Sister Marta Wołowska of Słonim, murdered for rescuing Jewish families from the Słonim Ghetto and hiding them in her monastery. The response of the Polish majority to the Jewish Holocaust covered an extremely wide spectrum, often ranging from acts of altruism at the risk of endangering their own and their families lives, through compassion, to passivity, indifference, blackmail, and denunciation. That response has been the subject of intense historical and political controversy since the 1980s, when the received notion of the Polish people standing united and unwavering against the German occupier was criticised by Israeli historians, such as Israel Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, and by Polish intellectuals and historians, such as Jan Błoński and in 2000 Jan T. Gross's book, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. New trends in historical research challenged widely shared assumptions about wartime Polish behaviour and highlighted the contribution of home-grown antisemitism and the local police to the extermination of Polish Jews. Polish rescuers faced threats from unsympathetic neighbours, Polish-German Volksdeutsche, ethnic Ukrainian pro-Nazis, blackmailers called szmalcowniks, the Blue Police, and Jewish collaborators, Żagiew and Group 13. In 1941, at the onset of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the main architect of the Holocaust, Reinhard Heydrich, issued his operational guidelines for the mass anti-Jewish actions carried out with the participation of local gentiles. Massacres of Polish Jews by the Ukrainian and Lithuanian auxiliary police battalions followed. Deadly pogroms were committed in over 30 locations across formerly Soviet-occupied parts of Poland, including in Brześć, Tarnopol, Białystok, Łuck, Lwów, Stanisławów, and in Wilno where the Jews were murdered along with the Poles in the Ponary massacre at a ratio of 3-to-1. National minorities routinely participated in pogroms led by OUN-UPA, YB, TDA and BKA. Local participation in the Nazi German "cleansing" operations included the Jedwabne pogrom of 1941. The Einsatzkommandos were ordered to organize them in all eastern territories occupied by Germany. Rudolf Weigl, Polish Righteous whose vaccines, smuggled into the Lwów and Warsaw Ghettos, saved countless Jewish lives. Ethnic Poles assisted Jews by organized as well as by individual efforts. Food was offered to Polish Jews or left in places Jews would pass on their way to forced labor. Other Poles directed Jewish ghetto escapees to Poles who could help them. Some Poles sheltered Jews for only one or a few nights; others assumed full responsibility for their survival, fully aware that the Germans punished by summary execution those (as well as their families) who helped Jews. A special role fell to Polish physicians who saved thousands of Jews. Dr. Eugeniusz Łazowski, known as the "Polish Schindler", saved 8,000 Polish Jews in Rozwadów from deportation to death camps by simulating a typhus epidemic. Dr. Tadeusz Pankiewicz gave out free medicines in the Kraków Ghetto, saving an unspecified number of Jews. Professor Rudolf Weigl, inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus, employed and protected Jews in his Weigl Institute in Lwów; his vaccines were smuggled into the Lwów and Warsaw Ghettos, saving countless lives. Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director of the state hospital in Będzin, was sentenced to death for rescuing Jewish fugitives (but the sentence was commuted to camp imprisonment, and he survived the war). Those who took full responsibility for Jews' survival, perhaps especially, merit recognition as Righteous among the Nations. 6,066 Poles have been recognized by Israel's Yad Vashem as Polish Righteous among the Nations for saving Jews during the Jewish Holocaust, making Poland the country with the highest number of such Righteous. Statistics The number of Poles who rescued Jews from the Nazi German persecution would be hard to determine in black-and-white terms and is still the subject of scholarly debate. According to Gunnar S. Paulsson, the number of rescuers that meet Yad Vashem's criteria is perhaps 100,000 and there may have been two or three times as many who offered minor help; the majority "were passively protective." In an article published in the Journal of Genocide Research, Hans G. Furth estimated that there may have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers. Władysław Bartoszewski estimated that between 1 and 3 percent of the Polish population was actively involved in rescue efforts; Marcin Urynowicz estimates that a minimum of from 500,000 to over a million Poles actively tried to help Jews. The lower number was proposed by Teresa Prekerowa who claimed that between 160,000 and 360,000 Poles assisted in hiding Jews, amounting to between 1% and 2.5% of the 15 million adult Poles she categorized as "those who could offer help." Her estimation counts only those who were involved in hiding Jews directly. It also assumes that each Jew who hid among the non-Jewish populace stayed throughout the war in only one hiding place and as such had only one set of helpers. However, other historians indicate that a much higher number was involved. Paulsson wrote that, according to his research, an average Jew in hiding stayed in seven different places throughout the war. The Król family of Polish Righteous west of Nowy Sącz Ghetto hid Jewish friends in the attic for three years. In close proximity, the Germans carried out mass executions of civilians. An average Jew who survived in occupied Poland depended on many acts of assistance and tolerance, wrote Paulsson. "Nearly every Jew that was rescued, was rescued by the cooperative efforts of dozen or more people," as confirmed also by the Polish-Jewish historian Szymon Datner. Paulsson notes that during the six years of wartime and occupation, the average Jew sheltered by the Poles had three or four sets of false documents and faced recognition as a Jew multiple times. Datner explains also that hiding a Jew lasted often for several years thus increasing the risk involved for each Christian family exponentially. Polish-Jewish writer and Holocaust survivor Hanna Krall has identified 45 Poles who helped to shelter her from the Nazis and Władysław Szpilman, the Jewish Polish musician whose wartime experiences were chronicled in his memoir The Pianist and the film of the same title identified 30 Poles who helped him to survive the Holocaust. Meanwhile, Father John T. Pawlikowski from Chicago, referring to work by other historians, speculated that claims of hundreds of thousands of rescuers struck him as inflated. Likewise, Martin Gilbert has written that under Nazi regime, rescuers were an exception, albeit one that could be found in towns and villages throughout Poland. Difficulties The wall of the ghetto in Warsaw, being constructed by Nazi German order in August 1940 Efforts at rescue were encumbered by several factors. The threat of the death penalty for aiding Jews and the limited ability to provide for the escapees were often responsible for the fact that many Poles were unwilling to provide direct help to a person of Jewish origin. This was exacerbated by the fact that the people who were in hiding did not have official ration cards and hence food for them had to be purchased on the black market at high prices. According to Emmanuel Ringelblum in most cases the money that Poles accepted from Jews they helped to hide, was taken not out of greed, but out of poverty which Poles had to endure during the German occupation. Israel Gutman has written that the majority of Jews who were sheltered by Poles paid for their own up-keep, but thousands of Polish protectors perished along with the people they were hiding. Several scholars have stated that, unlike in Western Europe, Polish collaboration with the Nazi Germans was insignificant. However, Nazi terror combined with the inadequacy of food rations, as well as German greed, along with the system of corruption as the only "one language the Germans understood well," wrecked traditional values. Poles helping Jews faced unparalleled dangers not only from the German occupiers but also from their own ethnically diverse countrymen including Polish-German Volksdeutsche, and Polish Ukrainians, many of whom were anti-Semitic and morally disoriented by the war. There were people, the so-called szmalcownicy ("shmalts people" from shmalts or szmalec, slang term for money), who blackmailed the hiding Jews and Poles helping them, or who turned the Jews to the Germans for a reward. Outside the cities there were peasants of various ethnic backgrounds looking for Jews hiding in the forests, to demand money from them. There were also Jews turning in other Jews and ethnic Poles in order to alleviate hunger with the awarded prize. The vast majority of these individuals joined the criminal underworld after the German occupation and were responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people, both Jews and the Poles who were trying to save them. According to one reviewer of Paulsson, with regard to the extortionists, "a single hooligan or blackmailer could wreak severe damage on Jews in hiding, but it took the silent passivity of a whole crowd to maintain their cover." He also notes that "hunters" were outnumbered by "helpers" by a ratio of one to 20 or 30. Michael C. Steinlauf writes that not only the fear of the death penalty was an obstacle limiting Polish aid to Jews, but also antisemitism, which made many individuals uncertain of their neighbors' reaction to their attempts at rescue. Number of authors have noted the negative consequences of the hostility towards Jews by extremists advocating their eventual removal from Poland. Meanwhile, Alina Cala in her study of Jews in Polish folk culture argued also for the persistence of traditional religious antisemitism and anti-Jewish propaganda before and during the war both leading to indifference. Steinlauf however notes that despite these uncertainties, Jews were helped by countless thousands of individual Poles throughout the country. He writes that "not the informing or the indifference, but the existence of such individuals is one of the most remarkable features of Polish-Jewish relations during the Holocaust." Nechama Tec, who herself survived the war aided by a group of Catholic Poles, noted that Polish rescuers worked within an environment that was hostile to Jews and unfavorable to their protection, in which rescuers feared both the disapproval of their neighbors and reprisals that such disapproval might bring. Tec also noted that Jews, for many complex and practical reasons, were not always prepared to accept assistance that was available to them. Some Jews were pleasantly surprised to have been aided by people whom they thought to have expressed antisemitic attitudes before the invasion of Poland. Underground Biuletyn Informacyjny announcing death sentence by Kedyw and the execution of named individuals who blackmailed Polish villagers hiding Jews, July 1943. Former Director of the Department of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, Mordecai Paldiel, wrote that the widespread revulsion among the Polish people at the murders being committed by the Nazis was sometimes accompanied by an alleged feeling of relief at the disappearance of Jews. Israeli historian Joseph Kermish (born 1907) who left Poland in 1950, had claimed at the Yad Vashem conference in 1977, that the Polish researchers overstate the achievements of the Żegota organization (including members of Żegota themselves, along with venerable historians like Prof. Madajczyk), but his assertions are not supported by the listed evidence. Paulsson and Pawlikowski wrote that wartime attitudes among some of the populace were not a major factor impeding the survival of sheltered Jews, or the work of the Żegota organization. The fact that the Polish Jewish community was destroyed during World War II, coupled with stories about Polish collaborators, has contributed, especially among Israelis and American Jews, to a lingering stereotype that the Polish population has been passive in regard to, or even supportive of, Jewish suffering. However, modern scholarship has not validated the claim that Polish antisemitism was irredeemable or different from contemporary Western antisemitism; it has also found that such claims are among the stereotypes that comprise anti-Polonism. The presenting of selective evidence in support of preconceived notions have led some popular press to draw overly simplistic and often misleading conclusions regarding the role played by Poles at the time of the Holocaust. Punishment for aiding the Jews See also: Called by Name Announcement of death penalty for Jews captured outside the ghetto and for Poles helping Jews issued by the Governor of the Warsaw District – Dr Ludwig Fischer In an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied a ruthless retaliation policy. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by Hans Frank, governor of the General Government, to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who "deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews". The law was made public by posters distributed in all cities and towns, to instill fear. The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in Polish territories that became part of Reichskommisariat Ukraine and Reichskommisariat Ost, but without issuing any legal act. Similarly, in the territories incorporated directly into the German Reich, the death penalty for helping Jews was not introduced, but it was imposed locally during the liquidation of the ghettos. Initially, the death penalty was imposed sporadically and only on Jews. Until the summer of 1942, Poles who helped them were fined or imprisoned. The situation changed during the liquidation of the ghettos, when the caught Jews were immediately killed, and the Poles who helped them were killed, sent to camps, punished with imprisonment or a fine, and sometimes released. There was no rule in punishing, and Poles who helped Jews were not sure whether the punishment would be only imprisonment or execution of them and their entire family, they had to assume the worst. For example, the Ulma family (father, mother and six children) of the village of Markowa near Łańcut – where many families concealed their Jewish neighbors – were executed jointly by the Nazis with the eight Jews they hid. The entire Wołyniec family in Romaszkańce was massacred for sheltering three Jewish refugees from a ghetto. In Maciuńce, for hiding Jews, the Germans shot eight members of Józef Borowski's family along with him and four guests who happened to be there. Nazi death squads carried out mass executions of the entire villages that were discovered to be aiding Jews on a communal level. Public execution of Michał Kruk and several other ethnic Poles in Przemyśl as punishment for helping Jews, 1943 In November 1942, the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police executed 20 villagers from Berecz in Wołyń Voivodeship for giving aid to Jewish escapees from the ghetto in Povorsk. According to postwar investigations, 568 Poles and Ukrainians from the town Przemyśl and its environs were murdered for attempting to help Jews. For example, Michał Gierula from the village of Łodzinka Górna was hanged for offering shelter to three Jews and three partisans. In Przemyśl Michał Kruk and several other people in were executed on September 6, 1943 for the assistance they had rendered to the Jews. For helping Jews, Father Adam Sztark and the CSIC Maria Wołowska and Ewa Noiszewska were murdered on 19 December 1942 in a mass execution near Slonim. In Huta Stara near Buczacz, Polish Christians and the Jewish countrymen they protected were herded into a church by the Nazis and burned alive on 4 March 1944. Entire communities that helped to shelter Jews were annihilated, such as the now-extinct village of Huta Werchobuska near Złoczów, Zahorze near Łachwa, Huta Pieniacka near Brody. Jews in Polish villages A number of Polish villages in their entirety provided shelter from Nazi apprehension, offering protection for their Jewish neighbors as well as the aid for refugees from other villages and escapees from the ghettos. Postwar research has confirmed that communal protection occurred in Głuchów near Łańcut with everyone engaged, as well as in the villages of Główne, Ozorków, Borkowo near Sierpc, Dąbrowica near Ulanów, in Głupianka near Otwock, and Teresin near Chełm. In Cisie near Warsaw, 25 Poles were caught hiding Jews; all were killed and the village was burned to the ground as punishment. The forms of protection varied from village to village. In Gołąbki, the farm of Jerzy and Irena Krępeć provided a hiding place for as many as 30 Jews; years after the war, the couple's son recalled in an interview with the Montreal Gazette that their actions were "an open secret in the village everyone knew they had to keep quiet" and that the other villagers helped, "if only to provide a meal." Another farm couple, Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek, provided shelter for Jewish families consisting of 18 people in Ceranów near Sokołów Podlaski, and their neighbors brought food to those being rescued. Two decades after the end of the war, a Jewish partisan named Gustaw Alef-Bolkowiak identified the following villages in the Parczew-Ostrów Lubelski area where "almost the entire population" assisted Jews: Rudka, Jedlanka, Makoszka, Tyśmienica, and Bójki. Historians have documented that a dozen villagers of Mętów near Głusk outside Lublin sheltered Polish Jews. In some well-confirmed cases, Polish Jews who were hidden, were circulated between homes in the village. Farmers in Zdziebórz near Wyszków sheltered two Jewish men by taking turns. Both of them later joined the Polish underground Home Army. The entire village of Mulawicze near Bielsk Podlaski took responsibility for the survival of an orphaned nine-year-old Jewish boy. Different families took turns hiding a Jewish girl at various homes in Wola Przybysławska near Lublin, and around Jabłoń near Parczew many Polish Jews successfully sought refuge. Impoverished Polish Jews, unable to offer any money in return, were nonetheless provided with food, clothing, shelter and money by some small communities; historians have confirmed this took place in the villages of Czajków near Staszów as well as several villages near Łowicz, in Korzeniówka near Grójec, near Żyrardów, in Łaskarzew, and across Kielce Voivodship. In tiny villages where there was no permanent Nazi military presence, such as Dąbrowa Rzeczycka, Kępa Rzeczycka and Wola Rzeczycka near Stalowa Wola, some Jews were able to openly participate in the lives of their communities. Olga Lilien, recalling her wartime experience in the 2000 book To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue, was sheltered by a Polish family in a village near Tarnobrzeg, where she survived the war despite the posting of a 200 deutsche mark reward by the Nazi occupiers for information on Jews in hiding. Chava Grinberg-Brown from Gmina Wiskitki recalled in a postwar interview that some farmers used the threat of violence against a fellow villager who intimated the desire to betray her safety. Polish-born Israeli writer and Holocaust survivor Natan Gross, in his 2001 book Who Are You, Mr. Grymek?, told of a village near Warsaw where a local Nazi collaborator was forced to flee when it became known he reported the location of a hidden Jew. Nonetheless, there were cases where Poles who saved Jews were met with a different response after the war. Antonina Wyrzykowska from Janczewko village near Jedwabne managed to successfully shelter seven Jews for twenty-six months from November 1942 until liberation. Sometime earlier, during the Jedwabne pogrom close by, a minimum of 300 Polish Jews were burned alive in a barn set on fire by a group of Polish men under the German command. Wyrzykowska was honored as Righteous Among the Nations for her heroism, but left her hometown after liberation for fear of retribution. Jews in Polish cities Irena Sendler smuggled 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto to safety. In Poland's cities and larger towns, the Nazi occupiers created ghettos that were designed to imprison the local Jewish populations. The food rations allocated by the Germans to the ghettos condemned their inhabitants to starvation. Smuggling of food into the ghettos and smuggling of goods out of the ghettos, organized by Jews and Poles, was the only means of subsistence of the Jewish population in the ghettos. The price difference between the Aryan and Jewish sides was large, reaching as much as 100%, but the penalty for aiding Jews was death. Hundreds of Polish and Jewish smugglers would come in and out the ghettos, usually at night or at dawn, through openings in the walls, tunnels and sewers or through the guardposts by paying bribes. Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland The Polish Underground urged the Poles to support smuggling. The punishment for smuggling was death, carried out on the spot. Among the Jewish smuggler victims were scores of Jewish children aged five or six, whom the German shot at the ghetto exits and near the walls. While communal rescue was impossible under these circumstances, many Polish Christians concealed their Jewish neighbors. For example, Zofia Baniecka and her mother rescued over 50 Jews in their home between 1941 and 1944. Paulsson, in his research on the Jews of Warsaw, documented that Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did residents in other European cities under Nazi occupation. Ten percent of Warsaw's Polish population was actively engaged in sheltering their Jewish neighbors. It is estimated that the number of Jews living in hiding on the Aryan side of the capital city in 1944 was at least 15,000 to 30,000 and relied on the network of 50,000–60,000 Poles who provided shelter, and about half as many assisting in other ways. Jews outside Poland Poles living in Lithuania supported Chiune Sugihara producing false Japanese visas. The refugees arriving to Japan were helped by Polish ambassador Tadeusz Romer. Henryk Sławik issued false Polish passports to about 5000 Jews in Hungary. He was killed by Germans in 1944. Ładoś Group The Ładoś Group also called the Bernese Group (Aleksander Ładoś, Konstanty Rokicki, Stefan Ryniewicz, Juliusz Kühl, Abraham Silberschein, Chaim Eiss) was a group of Polish diplomats and Jewish activists who elaborated in Switzerland a system of illegal production of Latin American passports aimed at saving European Jews from Holocaust. Ca 10.000 Jews received such passports, of which over 3000 have been saved. The group efforts are documented in the Eiss Archive. Organizations dedicated to saving Jews Żegota members at 3rd anniversary of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Poland Several organizations dedicated to saving Jews were created and run by Christian Poles with the help of the Polish Jewish underground. Among those, Żegota, the Council to Aid Jews, was the most prominent. It was unique not only in Poland, but in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, as there was no other organization dedicated solely to that goal. Żegota concentrated its efforts on saving Jewish children toward whom the Germans were especially cruel. Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998) gives several wide-range estimates of a number of survivors including those who might have received assistance from Żegota in some form including financial, legal, medical, child care, and other help in times of trouble. The subject is shrouded in controversy according to Szymon Datner, but in Lukas' estimate about half of those who survived within the changing borders of Poland were helped by Żegota. The number of Jews receiving assistance who did not survive the Holocaust is not known. Perhaps the most famous member of Żegota was Irena Sendler, who managed to successfully smuggle 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto. Żegota was granted over 5 million dollars or nearly 29 million zł by the government-in-exile (see below), for the relief payments to Jewish families in Poland. Besides Żegota, there were smaller organizations such as KZ-LNPŻ, ZSP, SOS and others (along the Polish Red Cross), whose action agendas included help to the Jews. Some were associated with Żegota. Jews and the Church Mother Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto. Polish priest Marceli Godlewski was recognized as Righteous among the Nations in 2009. The Roman Catholic Church in Poland provided many persecuted Jews with food and shelter during the war, even though monasteries gave no immunity to Polish priests and monks against the death penalty. Nearly every Catholic institution in Poland looked after a few Jews, usually children with forged Christian birth certificates and an assumed or vague identity. In particular, convents of Catholic nuns in Poland (see Sister Bertranda), played a major role in the effort to rescue and shelter Polish Jews, with the Franciscan Sisters credited with the largest number of Jewish children saved. Two thirds of all nunneries in Poland took part in the rescue, in all likelihood with the support and encouragement of the church hierarchy. These efforts were supported by local Polish bishops and the Vatican itself. The convent leaders never disclosed the exact number of children saved in their institutions, and for security reasons the rescued children were never registered. Jewish institutions have no statistics that could clarify the matter. Systematic recording of testimonies did not begin until the early 1970s. In the villages of Ożarów, Ignaców, Szymanów, and Grodzisko near Leżajsk, the Jewish children were cared for by Catholic convents and by the surrounding communities. In these villages, Christian parents did not remove their children from schools where Jewish children were in attendance. Irena Sendler head of children's section Żegota (the Council to Aid Jews) organisation cooperated very closely in saving Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto with social worker and Catholic nun, mother provincial of Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary - Matylda Getter. The children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or Roman Catholic convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate at Turkowice and Chotomów. Sister Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children in different education and care facilities for children in Anin, Białołęka, Chotomów, Międzylesie, Płudy, Sejny, Vilnius and others. Getter's convent was located at the entrance to the Warsaw Ghetto. When the Nazis commenced the clearing of the ghetto in 1941, Getter took in many orphans and dispersed them among Family of Mary homes. As the Nazis began sending orphans to the gas chambers, Getter issued fake baptismal certificates, providing the children with false identities. The sisters lived in daily fear of the Germans. Michael Phayer credits Getter and the Family of Mary with rescuing more than 750 Jews. Historians have shown that in numerous villages, Jewish families survived the Holocaust by living under assumed identities as Christians with full knowledge of the local inhabitants who did not betray their identities. This has been confirmed in the settlements of Bielsko (Upper Silesia), in Dziurków near Radom, in Olsztyn Village near Częstochowa, in Korzeniówka near Grójec, in Łaskarzew, Sobolew, and Wilga triangle, and in several villages near Łowicz. Some officials in the senior Polish priesthood maintained the same theological attitude of hostility toward the Jews which was known from before the invasion of Poland. After the war ended, some convents were unwilling to return Jewish children to postwar institutions that asked for them, and at times refused to disclose the adoptive parents' identities, forcing government agencies and courts to intervene. Jews and the Polish government The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland: the 1942 report by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the wartime allies of the United Nations Lack of international effort to aid Jews resulted in political uproar on the part of the Polish government in exile residing in Great Britain. The government often publicly expressed outrage at German mass murders of Jews. In 1942, the Directorate of Civil Resistance, part of the Polish Underground State, issued the following declaration based on reports by the Polish underground: For nearly a year now, in addition to the tragedy of the Polish people, which is being slaughtered by the enemy, our country has been the scene of a terrible, planned massacre of the Jews. This mass murder has no parallel in the annals of mankind; compared to it, the most infamous atrocities known to history pale into insignificance. Unable to act against this situation, we, in the name of the entire Polish people, protest the crime being perpetrated against the Jews; all political and public organizations join in this protest. The Polish government was the first to inform the Western Allies about the Holocaust, although early reports were often met with disbelief, even by Jewish leaders themselves, and then, for much longer, by Western powers. Witold Pilecki Witold Pilecki was a member of the Polish Armia Krajowa (AK) resistance, and the only person who volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz. As an agent of the underground intelligence, he began sending numerous reports about the camp and genocide to the Polish resistance headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network he organized in Auschwitz. In March 1941, Pilecki's reports were being forwarded via the Polish resistance to the British government in London, but the British government refused AK reports on atrocities as being gross exaggerations and propaganda of the Polish government. Similarly, in 1942, Jan Karski, who had been serving as a courier between the Polish underground and the Polish government in exile, was smuggled into the Warsaw Ghetto and reported to the Polish, British and American governments on the terrible situation of the Jews in Poland, in particular the destruction of the ghetto. He met with Polish politicians in exile, including the prime minister, as well as members of political parties such as the Polish Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party, People's Party, Jewish Bund, and Poalei Zion. He also spoke to Anthony Eden, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec. In 1943 in London, Karski met the well-known journalist Arthur Koestler. He then traveled to the United States and reported to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In July 1943, Jan Karski again personally reported to Roosevelt about the plight of Polish Jews, but the president "interrupted and asked the Polish emissary about the situation of... horses" in Poland. He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William J. Donovan, and Stephen Wise. Karski also presented his report to the news media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch), members of the Hollywood film industry, and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him and again supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda from the Polish government in exile. Last page "Raczyński's Note" - official note of Polish government-in-exile to Anthony Eden 10 December 1942. The supreme political body of the underground government within Poland was the Delegatura. There were no Jewish representatives in it. Delegatura financed and sponsored Żegota, the organization for help to the Polish Jews – run jointly by Jews and non-Jews. Since 1942 Żegota was granted by Delegatura nearly 29 million zlotys (over $5 million; or, 13.56 times as much, in today's funds) for the relief payments to thousands of extended Jewish families in Poland. The Home Army also provided assistance including arms, explosives and other supplies to Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), particularly from 1942 onwards. The interim government transmitted messages to the West from the Jewish underground, and gave support to their requests for retaliation on German targets if the atrocities are not stopped – a request that was dismissed by the Allied governments. The Polish government also tried, without much success, to increase the chances of Polish refugees finding a safe haven in neutral countries and to prevent deportations of escaping Jews back to Nazi-occupied Poland. Diplomat Henryk Sławik helped save Jews with false Polish passports. Polish Delegate of the Government in Exile residing in Hungary, diplomat Henryk Sławik known as the Polish Wallenberg, helped rescue over 30,000 refugees including 5,000 Polish Jews in Budapest, by giving them false Polish passports as Christians. He founded an orphanage for Jewish children officially named School for Children of Polish Officers in Vác. Polish Jews were represented, as the only minority, by two members on the National Council, a 20-30 member body that served as a quasi-parliament to the government in exile: Ignacy Schwarzbart and Szmul Zygielbojm. Also, in 1943 a Jewish affairs section of the Underground State was set up by the Government Delegation for Poland; it was headed by Witold Bieńkowski and Władysław Bartoszewski. Its purpose was to organize efforts concerning the Polish Jewish population, to coordinate with Żegota, and to prepare documentation about the fate of the Jews for the government in London. Regrettably, the great number of Polish Jews had been killed already even before the Government-in-exile fully realized the totality of the Final Solution. According to David Engel and Dariusz Stola, the government-in-exile concerned itself with the fate of Polish people in general, the re-recreation of the independent Polish state, and with establishing itself as an equal partner amongst the Allied forces. On top of its relative weakness, the government in exile was subject to the scrutiny of the West, in particular, American and British Jews reluctant to criticize their own governments for inaction in regard to saving their fellow Jews. The Polish government and its underground representatives at home issued declarations that people acting against the Jews (blackmailers and others) would be punished by death. General Władysław Sikorski, the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, signed a decree calling upon the Polish population to extend aid to the persecuted Jews; including the following stern warning. Any direct and indirect complicity in the German criminal actions is the most serious offence against Poland. Any Pole who collaborates in their acts of murder, whether by extortion, informing on Jews, or by exploiting their terrible plight or participating in acts of robbery, is committing a major crime against the laws of the Polish Republic.— Warsaw, May 1943 According to Michael C. Steinlauf, before the Warsaw Ghetto uprising in 1943, Sikorski's appeals to Poles to help Jews accompanied his communiques only on rare occasions. Steinlauf points out that in one speech made in London, he was promising equal rights for Jews after the war, but the promise was omitted from the printed version of the speech for no reason. According to David Engel, the loyalty of Polish Jews to Poland and Polish interests was held in doubt by some members of the exiled government, leading to political tensions. For example, the Jewish Agency refused to give support to Polish demand for the return of Lwów and Wilno to Poland. Overall, as Stola notes, Polish government was just as unprepared to deal with the Holocaust as were the other Allied governments, and that the government's hesitancy in appeals to the general population to aid the Jews diminished only after reports of the Holocaust became more wide spread. Szmul Zygielbojm, a Jewish member of the National Council of the Polish government in exile, committed suicide in May 1943, in London, in protest against the indifference of the Allied governments toward the destruction of the Jewish people, and the failure of the Polish government to rouse public opinion commensurate with the scale of the tragedy befalling Polish Jews. Clandestine poster warning of death penalty for blackmailing and turning in Jews, Żegota 1943. Poland, with its unique underground state, was the only country in occupied Europe to have an extensive, underground justice system. These clandestine courts operated with attention to due process (although limited by circumstances), so it could take months to get a death sentence passed. However, Prekerowa notes that the death sentences by non-military courts only began to be issued in September 1943, which meant that blackmailers were able to operate for some time already since the first Nazi anti-Jewish measures of 1940. Overall, it took the Polish underground until late 1942 to legislate and organize non-military courts which were authorized to pass death sentences for civilian crimes, such as non-treasonous collaboration, extortion and blackmail. According to Joseph Kermish from Israel, among the thousands of collaborators sentenced to death by the underground courts and executed by the Polish resistance fighters who risked death carrying out these verdicts, few were explicitly blackmailers or informers who had persecuted Jews. This, according to Kermish, led to increasing boldness of some of the blackmailers in their criminal activities. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz writes that a number of Polish Jews were executed for denouncing other Jews. He notes that since Nazi informers often denounced members of the underground as well as Jews in hiding, the charge of collaboration was a general one and sentences passed were for cumulative crimes. The Home Army units under the command of officers from left-wing Sanacja, the Polish Socialist Party as well as the centrist Democratic Party welcomed Jewish fighters to serve with Poles without problems stemming from their ethnic identity. However, some rightist units of the Armia Krajowa excluded Jews. Similarly, some members of the Delegate's Bureau saw Jews and ethnic Poles as separate entities. Historian Israel Gutman has noted that AK leader Stefan Rowecki advocated the abandonment of the long-range considerations of the underground and the launch of an all-out uprising should the Germans undertake a campaign of extermination against ethnic Poles, but that no such plan existed while the extermination of Jewish Polish citizens was under way. On the other hand, the pre-war Polish government armed and trained Jewish paramilitary groups such as Lehi and – while in exile – accepted thousands of Polish Jewish fighters into Anders Army including leaders such as Menachem Begin. The policy of support continued throughout the war with the Jewish Combat Organization and the Jewish Military Union forming an integral part of the Polish resistance. See also List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust Kastner's Train of 1,684 Jews freed from Nazi-controlled Hungary Schindler's List biographical drama film about Oskar Schindler Ładoś Group that saved over 3000 Jews Notes ^ As noted by Joshua D. Zimmerman, many negative stereotypes about the Home Army among the Jews came from reading postwar literature on the subject, and not from personal experience. References ^ a b "Names of Righteous by Country". yadvashem.org. Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 1 January 2022. ^ Zimmerman 2015, p. 144-146. ^ Epstein, Catherine (2015). Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1118294796. Although the refusal to bomb Auschwitz seems a case of moral indifference, it was, in fact, reasoned strategy. – via Google Books. See also: Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (10 December 1942), The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. Note to the Governments of the United Nations. ^ Epstein, Catherine A. (27 January 2015). Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172. ISBN 9781118294789 – via Google Books. ^ a b Piotrowski (1998), p. 119, chpt. Assistance. ^ Paldiel 1993, pp. 184–5: "The occupation authorities threatened with death any person who obstructed Nazi designs to destroy the Jews. This dire punishment was not only written in the law and known to studious attorneys but made public by posters on bulletin boards in all major cities. Any Pole caught hiding a Jew could be shot on the spot. If lucky, he would be dispatched to a concentration camp. The threat facing would-be rescuers, however, also came from the direction of the local population. There were not a few Poles who exerted pressure on rescuers to expel their Jewish wards." ^ Zimmerman 2003, p. 5: "Besides the obvious German threat, Polish rescuers cited fear of denunciation by their neighbors as the second greatest obstacle." ^ Grabowski 2013, p. 56: "The Poles involved in Judenbegünstigung had no guarantee whether—in case of arrest—they would face prison terms, or be executed together with their families, but they had to assume the worst." ^ Tec 1986, p. 58: "Not only did rescuers know that their protection of Jews would meet with Polish disapproval, but many feared that this Polish disapproval would come with actual reprisals." ^ Paldiel 1993, p. 185. ^ London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym Królestwie , Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers. Zebrali i opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl Stanislaw Szurlej. ^ Piotr Eberhardt (2011), Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950). Polish Academy of Sciences; Stanisław Leszczycki Institute, Monographies; 12, pp. 25–29; via Internet Archive. ^ From Ringelblum’s Diary: "As the Ghetto is Sealed Off, Jews and Poles Remain in Contact." June 1942. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "POLES: VICTIMS OF THE NAZI ERA" Washington D.C. ^ Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 – via Internet Archive, 28 December 2010. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Żyńska, Marta (2003). "Prawda poświadczona życiem (biography of Sister Marta Wołowska)". 30. Tygodnik Katolicki 'Niedziela'. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Gutman & Krakowski 1986, p. 246: "The over-all balance between the acts of crime and acts of help, as described in the available sources, is disproportionately negative ... To a significant extent, this negative balance is to be accounted for by the hostility towards the Jews on the part of large segments of the Polish underground, and, even more importantly, by the involvement of some armed units of that underground in murders of Jews." ^ Friedrich 2005, p. 711. ^ Zimmerman 2015, p. 4. ^ Tec 1987. ^ a b Grabowski 2016. ^ a b Emanuel Ringelblum, Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski, Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War. Page 226. Quote from chapter "The Idealists": "Informing and denunciation flourish throughout the country, thanks largely to the Volksdeutsche. Arrests and round-ups at every step and constant searches..." ^ Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum, page 204 ^ Christopher R. Browning, Jurgen Matthaus, The Origins of the Final Solution, page 262 Publisher University of Nebraska Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8032-5979-4 ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2017), Holocaust by Bullets ^ Piotrowski (1998), p. 209, 'Pogroms involving murder.' ^ Ronald Headland (1992), Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, pp. 125–126. ISBN 0-8386-3418-4. ^ Niwiński, Piotr (2011). Ponary : the Place of "Human Slaughter". Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Departament Współpracy z Polonią. pp. 25–26. ^ Rieber, Alfred J. "Civil Wars in the Soviet Union" (PDF). Project Muse: 145–147. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Symposium Presentations (September 2005). "The Holocaust and Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study" (PDF). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012 – via direct download 1.63 MB. ^ Patrylyak, I.K. (2004). "The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942" (PDF). Kiev: Shevchenko University; Institute of History of Ukraine. 522–524 (4–6/45 in PDF). ^ Качановський, Іван (30 March 2013). "Contemporary politics of OUN (b) memory in Volhynia, and the Nazi massacres" . Україна модерна. ^ Bubnys, Arūnas (2004). "The Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Results". The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews. Rodopi. pp. 209–210. ISBN 90-420-0850-4 – via Google Books. ^ Paweł Machcewicz, "Płomienie nienawiści", Polityka 43 (2373), 26 October 2002, p. 71-73. The Findings. Archived 10 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Michael C. Steinlauf. Bondage to the Dead. Syracuse University Press, p. 30. ^ Waclaw Szybalski, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI (2003). "The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883–1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder. In Memoriam". International Weigl Conference (Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and their Drug Resistance – Programme and Abstracts; R. Stoika et al., eds.) 11–14 Sep 2003, pp. 10 – 31. Archived from the original on 15 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Art Golab, "Chicago's 'Schindler' who saved 8,000 Jews". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Chicago Sun-Times, 20 December 2006. ^ Andrzej Pityñski, Stalowa Wola Museum, Short biography of Eugeniusz Łazowski. Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Polish) ^ "Museum of National Remembrance at "Under the Eagle Pharmacy"". Krakow-info.com. Retrieved 30 April 2013. ^ Halina Szymanska Ogrodzinska, "Her Story". Recollections Archived 4 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ciesielska, Maria; Jackl, Klara, eds. (August 2014). "Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006". Historia pomocy. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Krakowski, Shmuel. "Difficulties in Rescue Attempts in Occupied Poland" (PDF). Yad Vashem Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "Righteous Among the Nations by country". Jewish Virtual Library. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland," published in The Journal of Holocaust Education, volume 7, nos. 1 & 2 (summer/autumn 1998): pp.19–44. ^ Hans G. Furth, One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews?. Journal of Genocide Research, Jun99, Vol. 1 Issue 2, p227, 6p; (AN 6025705) ^ a b Michael Phayer (2000), The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965. Indiana University Press. Pages 113, 117, 250. ^ Marcin Urynowicz, "Organized and individual Polish aid for the Jewish population exterminated by the German invader during the Second World War" as cited by Institute of National Remembrance. The Life for a Life Project: Remembrance of Poles who gave their lives to save Jews Archived 30 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Prekerowa, Teresa (1989) . Polonsky, Antony (ed.). The Just and the Passive. Routledge. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9781134952106 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath Rutgers University Press, 2003. ^ Turowicz, Jerzy (1989). Polonsky, Antony (ed.). Polish reasons and Jewish reasons. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 1134952104 – via Google Books. Note 2: Teresa Prekerowa estimated that approximately 1–2.5 per cent of Poles (between 160,000 and 360,000) were actively engaged in helping Jews to survive. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (2016). "Sądeczanie w telewizji: Sprawiedliwy Artur Król". Nowy Sącz: Oficjalna strona miasta. Komunikaty Biura Prasowego. ^ a b c Piotrowski (1998), p. 22, chpt. Nazi Terror. ^ Knade, Tadeusz (12 October 2002). "Człowiek musiał być silny" . Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 19 June 2015. ^ John T. Pawlikowski. "Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust" in: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003. Page 110 ^ Martin Gilbert. The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust Macmillan, 2003. pp 102-103. ^ a b c Lukas, Richard C. (1989). Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. University Press of Kentucky. p. 13. ISBN 0813116929. The estimates of Jewish survivors in Poland... do not accurately reflect the extent of the Poles' enormous sacrifices on behalf of the Jews because, at various times during the occupation, there were more Jews in hiding than in the end survived. ^ Ringelblum, "Polish-Jewish Relations", pg. 226. ^ Martin Gilbert. The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Macmillan, 2003. p146. ^ Lukas, Richard C. (1994). Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945. Hippocrene Books. pp. 180–189. ISBN 0-7818-0242-3 – via Google Books. ^ Carla Tonini, The Polish underground press and the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire, Volume 15, Issue 2 April 2008, pages 193 - 205 ^ John Connelly, Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris, Slavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 771-781, JSTOR ^ a b David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig, The world reacts to the Holocaust. Published by JHU Press; pages 81-101, 106. ^ Wiktoria Śliwowska, Jakub Gutenbaum, The Last Eyewitnesses, page 187-188 Northwestern University Press ^ "Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II". Msz.gov.pl. 14 June 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2011. ^ "Yad Vashem Holocaust documents part 2, #157". .yadvashem.org. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2013. ^ Piotrowski (1998), p. 66, chpt. German Occupation. ^ a b c Unveiling the Secret City Archived 12 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine H-Net Review: John Radzilowski ^ Robert Szuchta. Review of Jan Grabowski, "Ja tego Żyda znam! Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1943". Zydzi w Polsce ^ Robert Szuchta (22 September 2008), "Śmierć dla szmalcowników." Rzeczpospolita. Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Michael C. Steinlauf. Bondage to the Dead. Syracuse University Press, pp. 41-42. ^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), pp. 41ff, attitudes. ^ Israel Gutman. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943. Indiana University Press, 1982. Pages 27ff. ^ Antony Polonsky. "Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behavior Towards the Jews During the Second World War." In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13. (1997): 190-224. ^ Jan T. Gross. A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists. In: István Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt. The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath. Princeton University Press, 2000. P. 84ff ^ a b Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman. Review of Aliana Cala, The Image of the Jew in Polish Folk Culture. In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. Jews and Gender: The Challenge to Hierarchy. Oxford University Press US, 2000. ^ "Holocaust survivor Dr. Nechama Tec to address SRU community at remembrance". Sru.edu. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2013. ^ Nechama Tec. When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press US, 1987. ^ Nechama Tec. When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press US, 1987. ^ a b c d e John T. Pawlikowski, Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust, in, Google Print, p. 113 in Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 ^ Mordecai Paldiel. The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust. KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1993. ^ a b Kermish (1977), pp. 14–17, 30, 32: Kermish falsely asserts that the relief payments amounted to 50,000 zł per month (page 4), which is contradicted by the Żegota reports digitized by the Ghetto Fighters House Archives in Jerusalem (Catalog No. 6159) which prove that the Żegota branch in Kraków alone (just one branch) received one million Polish złoty in July 1943. The annual report from December 1944 (paragraph 3) states: "at the end of July an authorization was received from the Warsaw branch confirming the transfer of one million zł to the Krakow branch for distribution to welfare support cases and to the Plaszow, Mielec, Wieliczka, and Stalowa Wola camps - in all, for some 22,000 Jews." According to Polonsky (2004), Żegota was granted 29 million zł by the government-in-exile for the relief payments to Jewish families. ^ a b Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, Rethinking Poles and Jews, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 0-7425-4666-7, Google Print, p.25 ^ Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews, page 184. Published by KTAV Publishing House Inc. ^ Grądzka-Rejak & Namysło 2022, p. 103According to the law, the GG had the death penalty. It was also used in the Polish parts of Reichskommisariat Ukraine and Reichskommisariat Ost (Volhynia, Polesie, Nowogródczyzna, eastern Bialystok, Vilnius region), although no such legal act was issued in the indicated area. In the Polish lands incorporated into the Reich, no general regulation on the death penalty for helping Jews was introduced. Such announcements were published locally during the liquidation of individual ghettos. ^ Grabowski 2013, p. 55. ^ Grabowski 2013, p. 55-56. ^ Grabowski 2013, p. 56. ^ The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma, Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Institute of National Remembrance ^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, The Last Rising in the Eastern Borderlands: The Ejszyszki Epilogue in its Historical Context Archived 9 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 0-7425-4666-7, Google Print, p.5 ^ Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia, 1939–1945, Warsaw: Von Borowiecky, 2000, vol. 1, p. 363. (in Polish) ^ a b Dunagan, Curt. "Przemyśl". Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2. ^ "Kruk Michał – Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II". 15 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ "The crime in Słonim. The story of Fr. Adam Sztarek and Sisters Ewa (Bogumiła Noiszewska) and Marta (Kazimiera Wołowska) \| Polscy Sprawiedliwi". sprawiedliwi.org.pl. Retrieved 19 February 2023. ^ Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, pp. 385–386 and 390–391. Stanisław Łukomski, "Wspomnienia" Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 5–7 (May–July) 1974: p. 62; Witold Jemielity, "Martyrologium księży diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945" Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 8–9 (August–September) 1974: p. 55; Jan Żaryn, "Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w latach 1939–1945." Interview with Rev. Kazimierz Łupiński from the Szumowo Parish, Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 8–9 (September–October 2002): pp. 112–117. Listings by Zajączkowski (1988). ^ Kopel Kolpanitzky, Sentenced To Life: The Story of a Survivor of the Lahwah Ghetto, London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007, pp.89–96. ^ Siekierka 2022, p. 684. ^ a b Władysław Bartoszewski, Zofia Lewinówna (1969), Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, pp.533–34. ^ Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów. Archived 21 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine "Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war - most of us already know that.") Last actualization 8 November 2008. (in Polish) ^ Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa," Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62. ISBN 83-7257-103-1 (in Polish) ^ Kalmen Wawryk, To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71. ^ Walczak, Ryszard (1997). Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust. Warsaw: GKBZpNP–IPN. p. 51. ISBN 9788376290430. Retrieved 17 April 2014 – via Google Books. ^ Datner, Szymon (1968). Las sprawiedliwych. Karta z dziejów ratownictwa Żydów w okupowanej Polsce (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 99. ^ Peggy Curran, "Decent people: Polish couple honored for saving Jews from Nazis," Montreal Gazette, 10 December 1994; Janice Arnold, "Polish widow made Righteous Gentile," The Canadian Jewish News (Montreal edition), 26 January 1995; Irene Tomaszewski and Tecia Werbowski, Żegota: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945, Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1999, pp.131–32. ^ Magazyn Internetowy Forum (26 September 2007), "Odznaczenia dla Sprawiedliwych." Archived 19 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine Znak.org.pl (in Polish) ^ Dariusz Libionka, "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325. (in Polish) ^ Krystian Brodacki, "Musimy ich uszanować!" Tygodnik Solidarność, 17 December 2004. (in Polish) "Tygodnik Solidarność nr 51/2004". Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Alina Cała, The Image of the Jew in Polish Folk Culture, Jerusalem, Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1995, pp.209–10. ^ Shiye Goldberg (Szie Czechever), The Undefeated Tel Aviv, H. Leivick Publishing House, 1985, pp.166–67. ^ "Marian Małowist on History and Historians," in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 13, 2000, p.338. ^ Gabriel Singer, "As Beasts in the Woods," in Elhanan Ehrlich, ed., Sefer Staszow, Tel Aviv: Organization of Staszowites in Israel with the Assistance of the Staszowite Organizations in the Diaspora, 1962, p. xviii (English section). ^ Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., Righteous Among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945, ibidem, p.361.; Gedaliah Shaiak, ed., Lowicz, A Town in Mazovia: Memorial Book, Tel Aviv: Lowitcher Landsmanshaften in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, 1966, pp.xvi–xvii.; Wiktoria Śliwowska, ed., The Last Eyewitnesses: Children of the Holocaust Speak, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1998, pp.120–23.; Małgorzata Niezabitowska, Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland, New York: Friendly Press, 1986, pp.118–124. ^ Ellen Land-Weber, To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp.204–206, 246. ^ Nechama Tec, Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust. Ibid., pp.224–27, p.29. ^ Natan Gross, Who Are You, Mr Grymek?, London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2001, pp.248–49. ISBN 0-85303-411-7 ^ IPN (30 June 2003), Communique regarding a decision to stop the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941 (Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r.) Warsaw. Internet Archive. ^ Dorota Glowacka, Joanna Zylinska, Imaginary Neighbors. University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p.7. ISBN 0803205996. ^ "Insight Into Tragedy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). The Warsaw Voice, 17 July 2003 (Internet Archive). Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ Joanna Michlic, The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Current Trend in Antisemitism Series. ^ Sławomir Kapralski. The Jedwabne Village Green? The Memory and Counter-Memory of the Crime. History & Memory. Vol 18, No 1, Spring/Summer 2006, pp. 179-194. "...a genuine memory of a traumatic event is possible only in a de-centered memory space, in which no standpoints are privileged a priori." ^ Ruth Franklin. Epilogue. Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine The New Republic, 2 October 2006. ^ "Ghettos and Camps". "No Child's Play" Exhibition. Yad Vashem. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2017. ^ a b c Emmanuel Ringelblum (Warsaw 1943, excerpts), "Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War." Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1974, pp. 58-88. Shoah Resource Center. ^ "The memory of Sugihara and the "visas for life" in Poland" (PDF). Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ "The Righteous Among The Nations, Sławik family". Yad Vashem. ^ "President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews". chicago.mfa.gov.pl. Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ Kumoch, Jakub. "How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten". israelhayom.com. Israel Hayom. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ "Lista Ładosia: nazwiska 3262 Żydów objętych tzw. "akcją paszportową" - Instytut Pileckiego" . instytutpileckiego.pl (in Polish). 11 December 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Parafianowicz, Zbigniew; Potocki, Michal (9 August 2017). "How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ Aderet, Ofer (26 May 2018). "The Unknown Story of the Polish Diplomats Who Saved Jews From the Nazis". Haaretz. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ Piotrowski (1998), p. 112, chpt. Assistance. ^ a b Andrzej Sławiński, Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII Archived 20 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on 14 March 2008. ^ a b c Piotrowski (1998), p. 118, chpt. Assistance. ^ "Irena Sendler". Auschwitz.dk. Retrieved 30 April 2013. ^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), p. 64. Also in: Jonathan Frankel (ed), Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Volume XIII, p. 217. ^ a b c Piotrowski (1998), p. 117, chpt. Assistance. ^ a b c Delegatura. The Polish government-in-exile underground representation in Poland. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. PDF direct download, 45.2 KB. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ Ewa Kurek (1997), Your Life is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-occupied Poland, 1939-1945. Hippocrene Books, ISBN 0781804094. ^ a b John T. Pawlikowski, Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust, in, Google Print, p. 113 in Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 ^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), p. 68, nunneries. ^ Zofia Szymańska, Byłam tylko lekarzem..., Warsaw: Pax, 1979, pp.149–76.; Bertha Ferderber-Salz, And the Sun Kept Shining..., New York City: Holocaust Library, 1980, 233 pages; p.199. ^ LSIC. "Our Background". Little Servant Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. pp. 33–34. Życie za życie. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017. ^ Mordecai Paldiel "Churches and the Holocaust: unholy teaching, good samaritans, and reconciliation" p.209-210, KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2006, ISBN 0-88125-908-X, ISBN 978-0-88125-908-7 ^ Sosnowska, Anna (6 September 2017). "The Polish priest whose "House of Life" saved a thousand Jewish lives". Aleteia. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ Al Sokol, "Holocaust theme underscores work of artist," Toronto Star, 7 November 1996.^ Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinówna, eds., Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, Second revised and expanded edition, Kraków: Znak, 1969, pp.741–42.^ Tadeusz Kozłowski, "Spotkanie z żydowskim kolegą po 50 latach," Gazeta (Toronto), 12–14 May 1995.^ Frank Morgens, Years at the Edge of Existence: War Memoirs, 1939–1945, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1996, pp.97, 99.^ Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., Righteous Among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945, London: Earlscourt Publications, 1969, p.361. ^ John T. Pawlikowski. Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003 ^ Bogner, Nahum (2012). "The Convent Children. The Rescue of Jewish Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center: 41–44. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 – via direct download, 45.2 KB. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help)CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) See also: Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Indiana University Press. pp. 113, 117–120, 250. ISBN 0253214718. In January 1941 Jan Dobraczynski placed roughly 2,500 children in cooperating convents of Warsaw. Matylda Getter took many of them into her convent. During the Ghetto uprising the number of Jewish orphans in their care surged upward.. Dobraczynski Getter. ^ a b c d Yad Vashem, staff writer (archived 5 June 2011), "Delegatura." The summary journal entry. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820171-0., Google Print, p. 1023 ^ a b c Engel, David (1993). Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943–1945. University of North Carolina Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780807820698 – via Google Books. The creation of the Rescue Council made the Polish government the second Allied regime – following the United States – to establish an official body dedicated to assisting the remaining Jews ... the Polish government was the first to state unambiguously that the object of its rescue agency's efforts were to be Jews. Clarification to Engel's commentary is provided by Minutes of the agency's inaugural meeting confirming its mission as mere coordination of rescue efforts taking place in Poland for a long time already. — Lerski, Jerzy (12 June 1944). "Protokół wystąpienia na posiedzeniu RdSRLZwP" (PDF). Życie Za Życie. Page 1. Notes. ^ Yad Vashem (2013). "Jan Karski, Poland". The Righteous Among the Nations. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 – via Internet Archive.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Scheib, Ronnie (7 March 2011). "The Karski Report". Variety. News, Film Reviews, Media. Retrieved 7 October 2011. ^ Waldemar Piasecki, Interview with Elim Zborowski, President of International Society for Yad Vashem: "Egzamin z pamięci" (Memory Exam). (in Polish) Forum Polacy - Żydzi - Chrześcijanie. Quote in Polish: "Kiedy w lipcu 1943 roku raportował mu w Białym Domu tragedię żydowską, prezydent przerwał i zapytał polskiego emisariusza o sytuację... koni w Generalnej Guberni." ^ Michael C. Steinlauf. Poland. In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. pp 98; 105. ^ Robert Alexander Clarke Parker, The Second World War Published by Oxford University Press. Page 276 ^ Inflation Calculator: The Value of a Dollar based on the Consumer Price Index ^ Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004), p. 64. ^ Stola 2003, p. 91. ^ a b Stola 2003, p. 87. ^ Grzegorz Łubczyk, "Henryk Slawik – the Polish Wallenberg". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2004. Trybuna 120 (3717), 24 May 2002. ^ "Unsung Hero". Warsaw Voice. 28 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2008. ^ "Premiera filmu "Henryk Sławik – Polski Wallenberg."". Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007. Archiwum działalności Prezydenta RP w latach 1997–2005. BIP. ^ Maria Zawadzka, "Righteous Among the Nations: Henryk Sławik and József Antall." Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Warsaw, 7 October 2010. See also: "The Sławik family" (ibidem). Accessed 3 September 2011. ^ a b Stola 2003, p. 88. ^ Stola 2003, p. 86. ^ a b David Engel. In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-In-Exile and the Jews, 1939–1942. University of North Carolina Press. 1987. ^ Michael C. Steinlauf. Poland. In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. pp 98; 104-105. ^ a b Appeal signed by The Organizations of Polish Independence (Warsaw, May 1943). Excerpt. Polacy! ... wszelka bezpośrednia czy pośrednia pomoc okazywana Niemcom w ich zbrodniczej akcji jest najcięższym przestępstwem w stosunku do Polski. Każdy Polak, który współdziała z ich mordercza akcją, czy to szantażując lub denuncjując Żydów czy to wyzyskując ich okropne położenie lub uczestnicząc w grabieży, popełnia ciężką zbrodnię wobec praw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i będzie niezwłocznie ukarany. — W-wa w maju 1943 r. Polskie Organiz. Niepodległościowe ^ a b Michael C. Steinlauf. Bondage to the Dead. Syracuse University Press, p. 38. ^ David Engel (1993), Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943-1945. University of North Carolina Press, pp. 138ff. ISBN 0807820695. ^ Engel (1993), p. 35, territorial claims, ibidem. ^ Stola 2003, p. 90, 93. ^ Robert Moses Shapiro. Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust. KTAV Publishing House, Inc./Yeshiva University Press, 2003. ^ Chojnacki, Piotr; Mazek, Dorota (2008). Poles rescuing Jews during World War II (PDF) (in Polish). Vol. Nr 23. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. page 81 in current document. OCLC 495731157. {{cite book}}: \|volume= has extra text (help); \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b c Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994). Polish Underground State: 1939–1945 . Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 281–284. ISBN 83-02-05500-X – via Google Books. ^ a b Teresa Prekerowa (29 March 1987). The Just and the Passive. In Antony Polonsky, ed. 'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust. Routledge, 1989. Pp. 75-76 ^ Marek Jan Chodkiewisz, Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939-1947., Lexington Books, 2004. pp. 154; 178. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, "The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Survivor Memoirs and Testimonies Reveal" Yeshiva University ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 153-156. ^ Israel Gutman. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt. Indiana University Press, 1982. ^ Jakub Mielnik: "Jak polacy stworzyli Izrael" (How the Poles created Israel) Archived 7 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Focus.pl Historia, 5 May 2008 (see Part six: II Korpus palestynski) Archived 20 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish) Bibliography Cesarani, David; Kavanaugh, Sarah (2004). "Inside Nazi-dominated Europe". Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Vol. V: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. Psychology Press . p. 64. ISBN 0415318718 – via Google Books, preview. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2. Grądzka-Rejak, Martyna; Namysło, Aleksandra (2022). "Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza" . In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240. Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005). "Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 3649910. S2CID 163786298. Grabowski, Jan (2013). Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253010742. OCLC 816563430. Grabowski, Jan (17 November 2016), The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust (PDF), Ina Levine Annual Lecture, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, retrieved 1 March 2023 Gutman, Israel; Krakowski, Shmuel (1986). Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews during the Second World War. New York: Holocaust Publications. Kermish, Joseph (1977). "The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") in Occupied Poland" (PDF). Yad Vashem 1977 Conference Proceedings, Jerusalem. Shoah Resource Center. pp. 1–4, 14–17, 30–32. ASIN B00400ZEC0. Direct download, 139 KB. Lukas, Richard Conrad (1994). Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 (1st ed.). New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 9780781802420. OCLC 878669401. Lukas, Richard Conrad (2013). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (3rd revised ed.). New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 9780781809016. OCLC 868380881. Paldiel, Mordecai (1993). The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. New York: Ktav. ISBN 0-88125-376-6. Paulsson, Gunnar S. (20 April 2001). Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth (eds.). Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography. Palgrave Macmillan. Three-Volume Set, p. 257. ISBN 0333804864. Age of Genocide (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave, 2001), Volume 1, pp. 302–318. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) Paulsson, Gunnar Svante (2002). Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300095463. OCLC 48965137. Paulsson, Gunnar S. (2003). Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. pp. 173–192. ISBN 0813531586. No preview. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) Paulsson, Gunnar S. (2004). The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945. Originally in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13 (2000), at pages 78–103; reprinted in: The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. ISBN 041527513X. Rejak, Sebastian; Frister, Elżbieta (2012). Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust (PDF). RYTM, Warsaw 2011. ISBN 9788373995147. PDF file, direct download 1.64 MB. Pawlikowski, John T. (2003). "Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–123. ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 – via Google Books. Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). "Assistance to Jews". Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company. pp. 112–128. ISBN 0786403713 – via Google Books. Tec, Nechama (1987). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505194-7 – via Internet Archive. Siekierka, Michał (2022). "Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom świadczoną przez ludność polską w okresie II wojny światowej na okupowanych terenach województwa tarnopolskiego" . In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240. Stola, Dariusz (2003). "The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–123. ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 – via Google Books. Tec, Nechama (1986). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195051940. Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland. Price-Patterson. ISBN 0-9695771-6-8. Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939-1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-31841-6. OCLC 910935082. Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). "Introduction: Changing Perceptions in the Historiography of Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813531586.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Holocaust in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"occupation of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Polish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YV_Stats-1"},{"link_name":"Righteous among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YV_Stats-1"},{"link_name":"Polish government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Jewish Labour Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015144-146-2"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epstein-3"},{"link_name":"debated reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"resistance movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_movements"},{"link_name":"Polish Underground State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Underground_State"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"Government Delegation for Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland"},{"link_name":"Żegota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski119-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaldiel1993184%E2%80%935-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman20035-7"},{"link_name":"help to Jews was punishable by death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_retribution_against_Poles_who_helped_Jews"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETec198658-9"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Paldiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Paldiel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaldiel1993185-10"}],"text":"Rescue of Jews by Poles during the HolocaustPolish Jews were the primary victims of the Nazi Germany-organized Holocaust in Poland. Throughout the German occupation of Poland, Jews were rescued from the Holocaust by Polish people, at risk to their lives and the lives of their families. According to Yad Vashem, Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, Poles were, by nationality, the most numerous persons identified as rescuing Jews during the Holocaust.[1] By January 2022, 7,232 people in Poland have been recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous among the Nations.[1]The Polish government-in-exile informed the world of the extermination of the Jews on June 9, 1942, following a report from the Jewish Labour Bund leadership smuggled out of the occupied Poland by Home Army couriers.[2] The Polish government-in-exile, together with Jewish groups, pleaded for American and British forces to bomb train tracks leading to the Auschwitz concentration camp,[3] although, for debated reasons, the Allies did not do so.[4] The rescue efforts were aided by one of the largest resistance movements in Europe, the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Home Army. Supported by the Government Delegation for Poland, the most notable effort dedicated to helping Jews was spearheaded by the Żegota Council, based in Warsaw, with branches in Kraków, Wilno, and Lwów.[5]Polish rescuers were hampered by the German occupation as well as frequent betrayal by the local population.[6][7] Any kind of help to Jews was punishable by death, for the rescuer and their family,[8] and would-be rescuers moved in an environment hostile to Jews and their protection, exposed to the risk of blackmail and denunciation by neighbours.[9] According to Mordecai Paldiel, \"The threats faced by would-be rescuers, both from the Germans and blackmailers alike, make us place Polish rescuers of Jews in a special category, for they exemplified a courage, fortitude, and lofty humanitarianism unequalled in other occupied countries.\"[10]","title":"Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish people lived in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polex-11"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union invaded Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eberhardt-12"},{"link_name":"Racial policy of Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"sub-human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch"},{"link_name":"campaign of unrestricted violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Y-V1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USHMM1-14"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"program to resettle ethnic Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich"},{"link_name":"the expelled Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neu-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marta_Wo%C5%82owska.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marta_Wo%C5%82owska.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marta_Wo%C5%82owska.JPG"},{"link_name":"Beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatified"},{"link_name":"Słonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Słonim Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Israel Gutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Gutman"},{"link_name":"Shmuel Krakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel_Krakowski"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutmanKrakowski1986246-17"},{"link_name":"Jan Błoński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_B%C5%82o%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Jan T. Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_T._Gross"},{"link_name":"Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors:_The_Destruction_of_the_Jewish_Community_in_Jedwabne,_Poland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2005711-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman20154-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETec1987-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabowski2016-21"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ER-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibney_&_Hansen-23"},{"link_name":"szmalcowniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmalcownik"},{"link_name":"Blue Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Police"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabowski2016-21"},{"link_name":"Żagiew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBagiew"},{"link_name":"Group 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_13"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Heydrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-M-24"},{"link_name":"auxiliary police battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_police_battalions"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Brześć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Tarnopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto#Background"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto#Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Łuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uck_Ghetto#Background"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_pogroms#Killings_by_Einsatzgruppe"},{"link_name":"Stanisławów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Ponary massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponary_massacre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Headland-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niwinski-28"},{"link_name":"participated in pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_collaborationism_with_the_Axis_powers#Holocaust"},{"link_name":"OUN-UPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUN-UPA"},{"link_name":"YB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys"},{"link_name":"TDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautinio_darbo_apsauga"},{"link_name":"BKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muse-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USHMM-Symposium-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patrylyak2004-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B92013-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanished-209-33"},{"link_name":"Jedwabne pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-M-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-S-35"},{"link_name":"Einsatzkommandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzkommando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weigl-Lwow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Weigl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Weigl"},{"link_name":"Polish Righteous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"to forced labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Germany_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"summary execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)"},{"link_name":"Eugeniusz Łazowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_%C5%81azowski"},{"link_name":"Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler"},{"link_name":"Rozwadów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozwad%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_Typhus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stalowawola-38"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Pankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Pankiewicz"},{"link_name":"Kraków Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle-39"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Weigl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Weigl"},{"link_name":"vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"epidemic typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_typhus"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemberg_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-O-40"},{"link_name":"Będzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kosibowicz-41"},{"link_name":"Righteous among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-K-42"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"Polish Righteous among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous_among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jvl-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"}],"text":"Before World War II, 3,300,000 Jewish people lived in Poland – ten percent of the general population of some 33 million. Poland was the center of the European Jewish world.[11]The Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939; and, on 17 September, in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. By October 1939, the Second Polish Republic was split in half between two totalitarian powers. Germany occupied 48.4 percent of western and central Poland.[12] Racial policy of Nazi Germany regarded Poles as \"sub-human\" and Polish Jews beneath that category, validating a campaign of unrestricted violence. One aspect of German foreign policy in conquered Poland was to prevent its ethnically diverse population from uniting against Germany.[13][14] The Nazi plan for Polish Jews was one of concentration, isolation, and eventually total annihilation in the Holocaust also known as the Shoah. Similar policy measures toward the Polish Catholic majority focused on the murder or suppression of political, religious, and intellectual leaders as well as the Germanization of the annexed lands which included a program to resettle ethnic Germans from the Baltic states and other regions onto farms, ventures and homes formerly owned by the expelled Poles including Polish Jews.[15]Beatified Sister Marta Wołowska of Słonim,[16] murdered for rescuing Jewish families from the Słonim Ghetto and hiding them in her monastery.The response of the Polish majority to the Jewish Holocaust covered an extremely wide spectrum, often ranging from acts of altruism at the risk of endangering their own and their families lives, through compassion, to passivity, indifference, blackmail, and denunciation[citation needed]. That response has been the subject of intense historical and political controversy since the 1980s, when the received notion of the Polish people standing united and unwavering against the German occupier was criticised by Israeli historians, such as Israel Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski,[17] and by Polish intellectuals and historians, such as Jan Błoński and in 2000 Jan T. Gross's book, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland.[18][19] New trends in historical research challenged widely shared assumptions about wartime Polish behaviour and highlighted the contribution of home-grown antisemitism[20] and the local police to the extermination of Polish Jews.[21] Polish rescuers faced threats from unsympathetic neighbours, Polish-German Volksdeutsche,[22] ethnic Ukrainian pro-Nazis,[23] blackmailers called szmalcowniks, the Blue Police, and Jewish collaborators,[21] Żagiew and Group 13.In 1941, at the onset of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the main architect of the Holocaust, Reinhard Heydrich, issued his operational guidelines for the mass anti-Jewish actions carried out with the participation of local gentiles.[24] Massacres of Polish Jews by the Ukrainian and Lithuanian auxiliary police battalions followed.[25] Deadly pogroms were committed in over 30 locations across formerly Soviet-occupied parts of Poland,[26] including in Brześć, Tarnopol, Białystok, Łuck, Lwów, Stanisławów, and in Wilno where the Jews were murdered along with the Poles in the Ponary massacre at a ratio of 3-to-1.[27][28] National minorities routinely participated in pogroms led by OUN-UPA, YB, TDA and BKA.[29][30][31][32][33] Local participation in the Nazi German \"cleansing\" operations included the Jedwabne pogrom of 1941.[34][35] The Einsatzkommandos were ordered to organize them in all eastern territories occupied by Germany.Rudolf Weigl, Polish Righteous whose vaccines, smuggled into the Lwów and Warsaw Ghettos, saved countless Jewish lives.[36]Ethnic Poles assisted Jews by organized as well as by individual efforts. Food was offered to Polish Jews or left in places Jews would pass on their way to forced labor. Other Poles directed Jewish ghetto escapees to Poles who could help them. Some Poles sheltered Jews for only one or a few nights; others assumed full responsibility for their survival, fully aware that the Germans punished by summary execution those (as well as their families) who helped Jews.A special role fell to Polish physicians who saved thousands of Jews. Dr. Eugeniusz Łazowski, known as the \"Polish Schindler\", saved 8,000 Polish Jews in Rozwadów from deportation to death camps by simulating a typhus epidemic.[37][38] Dr. Tadeusz Pankiewicz gave out free medicines in the Kraków Ghetto, saving an unspecified number of Jews.[39] Professor Rudolf Weigl, inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus, employed and protected Jews in his Weigl Institute in Lwów; his vaccines were smuggled into the Lwów and Warsaw Ghettos, saving countless lives.[40] Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director of the state hospital in Będzin, was sentenced to death for rescuing Jewish fugitives (but the sentence was commuted to camp imprisonment, and he survived the war).[41]Those who took full responsibility for Jews' survival, perhaps especially, merit recognition as Righteous among the Nations.[42] 6,066 Poles have been recognized by Israel's Yad Vashem as Polish Righteous among the Nations for saving Jews during the Jewish Holocaust, making Poland the country with the highest number of such Righteous.[43][44]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnar S. Paulsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_S._Paulsson"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"Journal of Genocide Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research"},{"link_name":"Hans G. Furth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_G._Furth"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-45"},{"link_name":"Władysław Bartoszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phayer1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ursynowicz1-47"},{"link_name":"Teresa Prekerowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Prekerowa"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prekerowa1-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmerman1-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turowicz1-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kr%C3%B3l_family_of_the_Righteous_(1937-39).jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish Righteous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"mass executions of civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_actions_in_German-occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"Szymon Datner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Datner"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski-22-52"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski-22-52"},{"link_name":"Hanna Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Krall"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski-22-52"},{"link_name":"Władysław Szpilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman"},{"link_name":"The Pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pianist_(memoir)"},{"link_name":"film of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"John T. Pawlikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Pawlikowski"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski1-54"},{"link_name":"Martin Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert1-55"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"The number of Poles who rescued Jews from the Nazi German persecution would be hard to determine in black-and-white terms and is still the subject of scholarly debate. According to Gunnar S. Paulsson, the number of rescuers that meet Yad Vashem's criteria is perhaps 100,000 and there may have been two or three times as many who offered minor help; the majority \"were passively protective.\"[44] In an article published in the Journal of Genocide Research, Hans G. Furth estimated that there may have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.[45] Władysław Bartoszewski estimated that between 1 and 3 percent of the Polish population was actively involved in rescue efforts;[46] Marcin Urynowicz estimates that a minimum of from 500,000 to over a million Poles actively tried to help Jews.[47] The lower number was proposed by Teresa Prekerowa who claimed that between 160,000 and 360,000 Poles assisted in hiding Jews, amounting to between 1% and 2.5% of the 15 million adult Poles she categorized as \"those who could offer help.\" Her estimation counts only those who were involved in hiding Jews directly. It also assumes that each Jew who hid among the non-Jewish populace stayed throughout the war in only one hiding place and as such had only one set of helpers.[48] However, other historians indicate that a much higher number was involved.[49][50] Paulsson wrote that, according to his research, an average Jew in hiding stayed in seven different places throughout the war.[44]The Król family of Polish Righteous west of Nowy Sącz Ghetto hid Jewish friends in the attic for three years. In close proximity, the Germans carried out mass executions of civilians.[51]An average Jew who survived in occupied Poland depended on many acts of assistance and tolerance, wrote Paulsson.[44] \"Nearly every Jew that was rescued, was rescued by the cooperative efforts of dozen or more people,\"[44] as confirmed also by the Polish-Jewish historian Szymon Datner.[52] Paulsson notes that during the six years of wartime and occupation, the average Jew sheltered by the Poles had three or four sets of false documents and faced recognition as a Jew multiple times.[44] Datner explains also that hiding a Jew lasted often for several years thus increasing the risk involved for each Christian family exponentially.[52] Polish-Jewish writer and Holocaust survivor Hanna Krall has identified 45 Poles who helped to shelter her from the Nazis[52] and Władysław Szpilman, the Jewish Polish musician whose wartime experiences were chronicled in his memoir The Pianist and the film of the same title identified 30 Poles who helped him to survive the Holocaust.[53]Meanwhile, Father John T. Pawlikowski from Chicago, referring to work by other historians, speculated that claims of hundreds of thousands of rescuers struck him as inflated.[54] Likewise, Martin Gilbert has written that under Nazi regime, rescuers were an exception, albeit one that could be found in towns and villages throughout Poland.[55]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg"},{"link_name":"ghetto in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukas-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukas-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ringelblum-57"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Ringelblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Ringelblum"},{"link_name":"Israel Gutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Gutman"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukas3-59"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Polish collaboration with the Nazi Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#Poland"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukas-56"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT-60"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-CR-62"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ER-22"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msz-64"},{"link_name":"szmalcownicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmalcownicy"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-CR-62"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski-66-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hnetradz-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zydziwpolsce-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www3-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hnetradz-67"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"Michael C. Steinlauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_C._Steinlauf"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcs-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google4-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google5-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google6-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google7-74"},{"link_name":"Alina Cala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Cala"},{"link_name":"religious antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google8-76"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcs-70"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-75"},{"link_name":"Nechama Tec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechama_Tec"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sru-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google9-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google10-79"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski110-113-80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG"},{"link_name":"Biuletyn Informacyjny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacyjny"},{"link_name":"Kedyw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedyw"},{"link_name":"blackmailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmalcownik"},{"link_name":"Righteous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Paldiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Paldiel"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google11-81"},{"link_name":"Żegota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota"},{"link_name":"Prof. Madajczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Madajczyk"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kermish-82"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski110-113-80"},{"link_name":"stereotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"anti-Polonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Polonism"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Print,_p.25-83"},{"link_name":"selective evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking_(fallacy)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Print,_p.25-83"}],"sub_title":"Difficulties","text":"The wall of the ghetto in Warsaw, being constructed by Nazi German order in August 1940Efforts at rescue were encumbered by several factors. The threat of the death penalty for aiding Jews and the limited ability to provide for the escapees were often responsible for the fact that many Poles were unwilling to provide direct help to a person of Jewish origin.[56] This was exacerbated by the fact that the people who were in hiding did not have official ration cards and hence food for them had to be purchased on the black market at high prices.[56][57] According to Emmanuel Ringelblum in most cases the money that Poles accepted from Jews they helped to hide, was taken not out of greed, but out of poverty which Poles had to endure during the German occupation. Israel Gutman has written that the majority of Jews who were sheltered by Poles paid for their own up-keep,[58] but thousands of Polish protectors perished along with the people they were hiding.[59]Several scholars[who?] have stated that, unlike in Western Europe, Polish collaboration with the Nazi Germans was insignificant.[56][60][failed verification][61] However, Nazi terror combined with the inadequacy of food rations, as well as German greed, along with the system of corruption as the only \"one language the Germans understood well,\" wrecked traditional values.[62] Poles helping Jews faced unparalleled dangers not only from the German occupiers but also from their own ethnically diverse countrymen including Polish-German Volksdeutsche,[22] and Polish Ukrainians,[63] many of whom were anti-Semitic and morally disoriented by the war.[64] There were people, the so-called szmalcownicy (\"shmalts people\" from shmalts or szmalec, slang term for money),[65] who blackmailed the hiding Jews and Poles helping them, or who turned the Jews to the Germans for a reward. Outside the cities there were peasants of various ethnic backgrounds looking for Jews hiding in the forests, to demand money from them.[62] There were also Jews turning in other Jews and ethnic Poles in order to alleviate hunger with the awarded prize.[66] The vast majority of these individuals joined the criminal underworld after the German occupation and were responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people, both Jews and the Poles who were trying to save them.[67][68][69]According to one reviewer of Paulsson, with regard to the extortionists, \"a single hooligan or blackmailer could wreak severe damage on Jews in hiding, but it took the silent passivity of a whole crowd to maintain their cover.\"[67] He also notes that \"hunters\" were outnumbered by \"helpers\" by a ratio of one to 20 or 30.[44]Michael C. Steinlauf writes that not only the fear of the death penalty was an obstacle limiting Polish aid to Jews, but also antisemitism, which made many individuals uncertain of their neighbors' reaction to their attempts at rescue.[70] Number of authors have noted the negative consequences of the hostility towards Jews by extremists advocating their eventual removal from Poland.[71][72][73][74] Meanwhile, Alina Cala in her study of Jews in Polish folk culture argued also for the persistence of traditional religious antisemitism and anti-Jewish propaganda before and during the war both leading to indifference.[75][76] Steinlauf however notes that despite these uncertainties, Jews were helped by countless thousands of individual Poles throughout the country. He writes that \"not the informing or the indifference, but the existence of such individuals is one of the most remarkable features of Polish-Jewish relations during the Holocaust.\"[70][75] Nechama Tec, who herself survived the war aided by a group of Catholic Poles,[77] noted that Polish rescuers worked within an environment that was hostile to Jews and unfavorable to their protection, in which rescuers feared both the disapproval of their neighbors and reprisals that such disapproval might bring.[78] Tec also noted that Jews, for many complex and practical reasons, were not always prepared to accept assistance that was available to them.[79] Some Jews were pleasantly surprised to have been aided by people whom they thought to have expressed antisemitic attitudes before the invasion of Poland.[44][80]Underground Biuletyn Informacyjny announcing death sentence by Kedyw and the execution of named individuals who blackmailed Polish villagers hiding Jews, July 1943.Former Director of the Department of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, Mordecai Paldiel, wrote that the widespread revulsion among the Polish people at the murders being committed by the Nazis was sometimes accompanied by an alleged feeling of relief at the disappearance of Jews.[81] Israeli historian Joseph Kermish (born 1907) who left Poland in 1950, had claimed at the Yad Vashem conference in 1977, that the Polish researchers overstate the achievements of the Żegota organization (including members of Żegota themselves, along with venerable historians like Prof. Madajczyk), but his assertions are not supported by the listed evidence.[82] Paulsson and Pawlikowski wrote that wartime attitudes among some of the populace were not a major factor impeding the survival of sheltered Jews, or the work of the Żegota organization.[44][80]The fact that the Polish Jewish community was destroyed during World War II, coupled with stories about Polish collaborators, has contributed, especially among Israelis and American Jews, to a lingering stereotype that the Polish population has been passive in regard to, or even supportive of, Jewish suffering.[44] However, modern scholarship has not validated the claim that Polish antisemitism was irredeemable or different from contemporary Western antisemitism; it has also found that such claims are among the stereotypes that comprise anti-Polonism.[83] The presenting of selective evidence in support of preconceived notions have led some popular press to draw overly simplistic and often misleading conclusions regarding the role played by Poles at the time of the Holocaust.[44][83]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Called by Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_by_Name"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Hans Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Frank"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google12-84"},{"link_name":"Reichskommisariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Reichskommisariat Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C4%85dzka-RejakNamys%C5%82o2022103-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabowski201355-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabowski201355-56-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabowski201356-88"},{"link_name":"Ulma family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_and_Wiktoria_Ulma"},{"link_name":"Markowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa"},{"link_name":"Łańcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipn-89"},{"link_name":"Romaszkańce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1923%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Maciuńce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacwashmetrodiv-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google13-91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michal_Kruk_1943_execution(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Auxiliary Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police"},{"link_name":"Wołyń Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-ES-92"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encprz-93"},{"link_name":"Łodzinka Górna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81odzinka_G%C3%B3rna"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encprz-93"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Adam Sztark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Sztark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sztark"},{"link_name":"CSIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Maria Wołowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Marta_Kazimiera_Wo%C5%82owska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Marta_Kazimiera_Wo%C5%82owska"},{"link_name":"Ewa Noiszewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogumi%C5%82a_Noiszewskaa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82a_Noiszewska"},{"link_name":"Slonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonim"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Huta Stara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huta_Stara"},{"link_name":"Buczacz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buczacz"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-D-96"},{"link_name":"Złoczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82ocz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Łachwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhva"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kolpanitzky-97"},{"link_name":"Huta Pieniacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huta_Pieniacka"},{"link_name":"Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiekierka2022684-98"}],"sub_title":"Punishment for aiding the Jews","text":"See also: Called by NameAnnouncement of death penalty for Jews captured outside the ghetto and for Poles helping Jews issued by the Governor of the Warsaw District – Dr Ludwig FischerIn an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied a ruthless retaliation policy. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by Hans Frank, governor of the General Government, to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who \"deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews\". The law was made public by posters distributed in all cities and towns, to instill fear.[84] The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in Polish territories that became part of Reichskommisariat Ukraine and Reichskommisariat Ost, but without issuing any legal act. Similarly, in the territories incorporated directly into the German Reich, the death penalty for helping Jews was not introduced, but it was imposed locally during the liquidation of the ghettos.[85]Initially, the death penalty was imposed sporadically and only on Jews. Until the summer of 1942, Poles who helped them were fined or imprisoned.[86] The situation changed during the liquidation of the ghettos, when the caught Jews were immediately killed, and the Poles who helped them were killed, sent to camps, punished with imprisonment or a fine, and sometimes released.[87] There was no rule in punishing, and Poles who helped Jews were not sure whether the punishment would be only imprisonment or execution of them and their entire family, they had to assume the worst.[88]For example, the Ulma family (father, mother and six children) of the village of Markowa near Łańcut – where many families concealed their Jewish neighbors – were executed jointly by the Nazis with the eight Jews they hid.[89] The entire Wołyniec family in Romaszkańce was massacred for sheltering three Jewish refugees from a ghetto. In Maciuńce, for hiding Jews, the Germans shot eight members of Józef Borowski's family along with him and four guests who happened to be there.[90] Nazi death squads carried out mass executions of the entire villages that were discovered to be aiding Jews on a communal level.[91]Public execution of Michał Kruk and several other ethnic Poles in Przemyśl as punishment for helping Jews, 1943In November 1942, the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police executed 20 villagers from Berecz in Wołyń Voivodeship for giving aid to Jewish escapees from the ghetto in Povorsk.[92] According to postwar investigations,\n568 Poles and Ukrainians from the town Przemyśl and its environs were murdered for attempting to help Jews.[93] For example, Michał Gierula from the village of Łodzinka Górna was hanged for offering shelter to three Jews and three partisans.[93] In Przemyśl Michał Kruk and several other people in were executed on September 6, 1943 for the assistance they had rendered to the Jews.[94] For helping Jews, Father Adam Sztark [pl] and the CSIC Maria Wołowska [pl] and Ewa Noiszewska [pl] were murdered on 19 December 1942 in a mass execution near Slonim.[95] In Huta Stara near Buczacz, Polish Christians and the Jewish countrymen they protected were herded into a church by the Nazis and burned alive on 4 March 1944.[96]Entire communities that helped to shelter Jews were annihilated, such as the now-extinct village of Huta Werchobuska near Złoczów, Zahorze near Łachwa,[97] Huta Pieniacka near Brody.[98]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-L-99"},{"link_name":"Głuchów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82uch%C3%B3w,_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Łańcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPN-100"},{"link_name":"Główne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wne"},{"link_name":"Ozorków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozork%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Borkowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkowo_Wielkie,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Sierpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpc"},{"link_name":"Dąbrowica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85browica,_Nisko_County"},{"link_name":"Ulanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Głupianka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82upianka"},{"link_name":"Otwock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otwock"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J-Ch-101"},{"link_name":"Teresin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresin,_Gmina_Bia%C5%82opole"},{"link_name":"Chełm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82m"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-W-102"},{"link_name":"Cisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisie,_Mi%C5%84sk_County"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rescuers51-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datner99-104"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Gołąbki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa_Go%C5%82%C4%85bki"},{"link_name":"Jerzy and Irena Krępeć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_and_Irena_Kr%C4%99pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Montreal Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-C-105"},{"link_name":"Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreda_and_Boles%C5%82aw_Pietraszek"},{"link_name":"Ceranów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Ceran%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Sokołów Podlaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soko%C5%82%C3%B3w_Podlaski"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MI-F-106"},{"link_name":"Parczew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parczew"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Lubelski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lubelski"},{"link_name":"Rudka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudka_Kija%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Jedlanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedlanka,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Makoszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoszka"},{"link_name":"Tyśmienica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C5%9Bmienica,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Bójki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3jki"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-L-99"},{"link_name":"Mętów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%99t%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Głusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_G%C5%82usk"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-L-107"},{"link_name":"Zdziebórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzieb%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"Wyszków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KB-108"},{"link_name":"Mulawicze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulawicze"},{"link_name":"Bielsk Podlaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk_Podlaski"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-109"},{"link_name":"Wola Przybysławska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wola_Przybys%C5%82awska"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG-110"},{"link_name":"Jabłoń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82o%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Parczew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parczew"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-111"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski119-5"},{"link_name":"Czajków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Stasz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Staszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS-112"},{"link_name":"Łowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owicz"},{"link_name":"Korzeniówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korzeni%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Grójec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3jec"},{"link_name":"Żyrardów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Łaskarzew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81askarzew"},{"link_name":"Kielce Voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB-GS-WS-MN-113"},{"link_name":"Dąbrowa Rzeczycka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85browa_Rzeczycka"},{"link_name":"Kępa Rzeczycka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99pa_Rzeczycka"},{"link_name":"Wola Rzeczycka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wola_Rzeczycka"},{"link_name":"Stalowa Wola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalowa_Wola"},{"link_name":"Tarnobrzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnobrzeg"},{"link_name":"deutsche mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_mark"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EL-W-114"},{"link_name":"Gmina Wiskitki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wiskitki"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N-T2-115"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N-G-116"},{"link_name":"Janczewko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janczewko"},{"link_name":"Jedwabne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne"},{"link_name":"Jedwabne pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipn14-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google16-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warsawvoice-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huji-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kapralski-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piastinstitute-122"}],"text":"A number of Polish villages in their entirety provided shelter from Nazi apprehension, offering protection for their Jewish neighbors as well as the aid for refugees from other villages and escapees from the ghettos.[99] Postwar research has confirmed that communal protection occurred in Głuchów near Łańcut with everyone engaged,[100] as well as in the villages of Główne, Ozorków, Borkowo near Sierpc, Dąbrowica near Ulanów, in Głupianka near Otwock,[101] and Teresin near Chełm.[102] In Cisie near Warsaw, 25 Poles were caught hiding Jews; all were killed and the village was burned to the ground as punishment.[103][104][verification needed]The forms of protection varied from village to village. In Gołąbki, the farm of Jerzy and Irena Krępeć provided a hiding place for as many as 30 Jews; years after the war, the couple's son recalled in an interview with the Montreal Gazette that their actions were \"an open secret in the village [that] everyone knew they had to keep quiet\" and that the other villagers helped, \"if only to provide a meal.\"[105] Another farm couple, Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek, provided shelter for Jewish families consisting of 18 people in Ceranów near Sokołów Podlaski, and their neighbors brought food to those being rescued.[106]Two decades after the end of the war, a Jewish partisan named Gustaw Alef-Bolkowiak identified the following villages in the Parczew-Ostrów Lubelski area where \"almost the entire population\" assisted Jews: Rudka, Jedlanka, Makoszka, Tyśmienica, and Bójki.[99] Historians have documented that a dozen villagers of Mętów near Głusk outside Lublin sheltered Polish Jews.[107] In some well-confirmed cases, Polish Jews who were hidden, were circulated between homes in the village. Farmers in Zdziebórz near Wyszków sheltered two Jewish men by taking turns. Both of them later joined the Polish underground Home Army.[108] The entire village of Mulawicze near Bielsk Podlaski took responsibility for the survival of an orphaned nine-year-old Jewish boy.[109] Different families took turns hiding a Jewish girl at various homes in Wola Przybysławska near Lublin,[110] and around Jabłoń near Parczew many Polish Jews successfully sought refuge.[111]Impoverished Polish Jews, unable to offer any money in return, were nonetheless provided with food, clothing, shelter and money by some small communities;[5] historians have confirmed this took place in the villages of Czajków near Staszów[112] as well as several villages near Łowicz, in Korzeniówka near Grójec, near Żyrardów, in Łaskarzew, and across Kielce Voivodship.[113]In tiny villages where there was no permanent Nazi military presence, such as Dąbrowa Rzeczycka, Kępa Rzeczycka and Wola Rzeczycka near Stalowa Wola, some Jews were able to openly participate in the lives of their communities. Olga Lilien, recalling her wartime experience in the 2000 book To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue, was sheltered by a Polish family in a village near Tarnobrzeg, where she survived the war despite the posting of a 200 deutsche mark reward by the Nazi occupiers for information on Jews in hiding.[114] Chava Grinberg-Brown from Gmina Wiskitki recalled in a postwar interview that some farmers used the threat of violence against a fellow villager who intimated the desire to betray her safety.[115] Polish-born Israeli writer and Holocaust survivor Natan Gross, in his 2001 book Who Are You, Mr. Grymek?, told of a village near Warsaw where a local Nazi collaborator was forced to flee when it became known he reported the location of a hidden Jew.[116]Nonetheless, there were cases where Poles who saved Jews were met with a different response after the war. Antonina Wyrzykowska from Janczewko village near Jedwabne managed to successfully shelter seven Jews for twenty-six months from November 1942 until liberation. Sometime earlier, during the Jedwabne pogrom close by, a minimum of 300 Polish Jews were burned alive in a barn set on fire by a group of Polish men under the German command.[117] Wyrzykowska was honored as Righteous Among the Nations for her heroism, but left her hometown after liberation for fear of retribution.[118][119][120][121][122]","title":"Jews in Polish villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irena_Sendlerowa_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irena Sendler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Sendler"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem17-123"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe#Aryan_side"},{"link_name":"penalty for aiding Jews was death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Punishment_for_aiding_the_Jews"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.yadvashem.org-124"},{"link_name":"Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.yadvashem.org-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www1.yadvashem.org-124"},{"link_name":"Zofia Baniecka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Baniecka"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hnetradz-67"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"}],"text":"Irena Sendler smuggled 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto to safety.In Poland's cities and larger towns, the Nazi occupiers created ghettos that were designed to imprison the local Jewish populations. The food rations allocated by the Germans to the ghettos condemned their inhabitants to starvation.[123] Smuggling of food into the ghettos and smuggling of goods out of the ghettos, organized by Jews and Poles, was the only means of subsistence of the Jewish population in the ghettos. The price difference between the Aryan and Jewish sides was large, reaching as much as 100%, but the penalty for aiding Jews was death. Hundreds of Polish and Jewish smugglers would come in and out the ghettos, usually at night or at dawn, through openings in the walls, tunnels and sewers or through the guardposts by paying bribes.[124]Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied PolandThe Polish Underground urged the Poles to support smuggling.[124] The punishment for smuggling was death, carried out on the spot.[124] Among the Jewish smuggler victims were scores of Jewish children aged five or six, whom the German shot at the ghetto exits and near the walls. While communal rescue was impossible under these circumstances, many Polish Christians concealed their Jewish neighbors. For example, Zofia Baniecka and her mother rescued over 50 Jews in their home between 1941 and 1944. Paulsson, in his research on the Jews of Warsaw, documented that Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did residents in other European cities under Nazi occupation.[67]Ten percent of Warsaw's Polish population was actively engaged in sheltering their Jewish neighbors.[44] It is estimated that the number of Jews living in hiding on the Aryan side of the capital city in 1944 was at least 15,000 to 30,000 and relied on the network of 50,000–60,000 Poles who provided shelter, and about half as many assisting in other ways.[44]","title":"Jews in Polish cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiune Sugihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Romer"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Henryk Sławik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_S%C5%82awik"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"text":"Poles living in Lithuania supported Chiune Sugihara producing false Japanese visas. The refugees arriving to Japan were helped by Polish ambassador Tadeusz Romer.[125]\nHenryk Sławik issued false Polish passports to about 5000 Jews in Hungary. He was killed by Germans in 1944.[126]","title":"Jews outside Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ładoś Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ado%C5%9B_Group"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Ładoś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_%C5%81ado%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Konstanty Rokicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanty_Rokicki"},{"link_name":"Stefan Ryniewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Ryniewicz"},{"link_name":"Juliusz Kühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_K%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Abraham Silberschein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Silberschein"},{"link_name":"Chaim Eiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Eiss"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Eiss Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiss_Archive"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"sub_title":"Ładoś Group","text":"The Ładoś Group also called the Bernese Group[127][128] (Aleksander Ładoś, Konstanty Rokicki, Stefan Ryniewicz, Juliusz Kühl, Abraham Silberschein, Chaim Eiss) was a group of Polish diplomats and Jewish activists who elaborated in Switzerland a system of illegal production of Latin American passports aimed at saving European Jews from Holocaust. Ca 10.000 Jews received such passports, of which over 3000 have been saved.[129] The group efforts are documented in the Eiss Archive.[130][131]","title":"Jews outside Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zegota(Rada_Pomocy_Zydom)1946.jpg"},{"link_name":"Żegota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Polish Jewish underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Jewish_underground&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski112-132"},{"link_name":"Żegota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski110-113-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski110-113-80"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS-133"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski110-113-80"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Piotrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski118-134"},{"link_name":"Szymon Datner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Datner"},{"link_name":"Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski118-134"},{"link_name":"Irena Sendler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Sendler"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auschwitz-135"},{"link_name":"zł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google15-136"},{"link_name":"Polish Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski117-137"}],"text":"Żegota members at 3rd anniversary of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, PolandSeveral organizations dedicated to saving Jews were created and run by Christian Poles with the help of the Polish Jewish underground.[132] Among those, Żegota, the Council to Aid Jews, was the most prominent.[80] It was unique not only in Poland, but in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, as there was no other organization dedicated solely to that goal.[80][133] Żegota concentrated its efforts on saving Jewish children toward whom the Germans were especially cruel.[80] Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998) gives several wide-range estimates of a number of survivors including those who might have received assistance from Żegota in some form including financial, legal, medical, child care, and other help in times of trouble.[134] The subject is shrouded in controversy according to Szymon Datner, but in Lukas' estimate about half of those who survived within the changing borders of Poland were helped by Żegota. The number of Jews receiving assistance who did not survive the Holocaust is not known.[134]Perhaps the most famous member of Żegota was Irena Sendler, who managed to successfully smuggle 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto.[135] Żegota was granted over 5 million dollars or nearly 29 million zł by the government-in-exile (see below), for the relief payments to Jewish families in Poland.[136] Besides Żegota, there were smaller organizations such as KZ-LNPŻ, ZSP, SOS and others (along the Polish Red Cross), whose action agendas included help to the Jews. Some were associated with Żegota.[137]","title":"Organizations dedicated to saving Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matylda_Getter_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Matylda Getter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matylda_Getter"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Bogacki_-_ks._Marceli_Godlewski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marceli Godlewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceli_Godlewski"},{"link_name":"Righteous among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski117-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem2-138"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"Sister Bertranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Borkowska_(Sister_Bertranda)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundreds-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski113-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google18-141"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawlikowski113-140"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem2-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem2-138"},{"link_name":"Ożarów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%BCar%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Ignaców","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignac%C3%B3w,_Mi%C5%84sk_County"},{"link_name":"Szymanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Le%C5%BCajsk"},{"link_name":"Grodzisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodzisko_Dolne"},{"link_name":"Leżajsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%BCajsk"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZS-BFS-142"},{"link_name":"Irena Sendler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Sendler"},{"link_name":"Żegota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_worker"},{"link_name":"Catholic nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Sisters_of_the_Family_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Matylda Getter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matylda_Getter"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Turkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkowice,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Chotomów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotom%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive19-143"},{"link_name":"Anin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anin,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Białołęka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82o%C5%82%C4%99ka"},{"link_name":"Chotomów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotom%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Międzylesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzylesie"},{"link_name":"Płudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82udy"},{"link_name":"Sejny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejny"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reconciliation-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Michael Phayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phayer"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phayer1-46"},{"link_name":"Bielsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Dziurków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziurk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom"},{"link_name":"Olsztyn Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olsztyn_Village&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsztyn_(wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie)"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Korzeniówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korzeni%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Grójec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3jec"},{"link_name":"Łaskarzew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81askarzew"},{"link_name":"Sobolew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garwolin_County"},{"link_name":"Wilga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garwolin_County"},{"link_name":"Łowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owicz"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-B-L-K-M-146"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsson-44"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google20-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem22-148"}],"text":"Mother Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto.Polish priest Marceli Godlewski was recognized as Righteous among the Nations in 2009.The Roman Catholic Church in Poland provided many persecuted Jews with food and shelter during the war,[137] even though monasteries gave no immunity to Polish priests and monks against the death penalty.[138] Nearly every Catholic institution in Poland looked after a few Jews, usually children with forged Christian birth certificates and an assumed or vague identity.[44] In particular, convents of Catholic nuns in Poland (see Sister Bertranda), played a major role in the effort to rescue and shelter Polish Jews, with the Franciscan Sisters credited with the largest number of Jewish children saved.[139][140] Two thirds of all nunneries in Poland took part in the rescue, in all likelihood with the support and encouragement of the church hierarchy.[141] These efforts were supported by local Polish bishops and the Vatican itself.[140] The convent leaders never disclosed the exact number of children saved in their institutions, and for security reasons the rescued children were never registered. Jewish institutions have no statistics that could clarify the matter.[138] Systematic recording of testimonies did not begin until the early 1970s.[138] In the villages of Ożarów, Ignaców, Szymanów, and Grodzisko near Leżajsk, the Jewish children were cared for by Catholic convents and by the surrounding communities. In these villages, Christian parents did not remove their children from schools where Jewish children were in attendance.[142]Irena Sendler head of children's section Żegota (the Council to Aid Jews) organisation cooperated very closely in saving Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto with social worker and Catholic nun, mother provincial of Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary - Matylda Getter. The children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or Roman Catholic convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate at Turkowice and Chotomów.[143] Sister Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children in different education and care facilities for children in Anin, Białołęka, Chotomów, Międzylesie, Płudy, Sejny, Vilnius and others.[144][145] Getter's convent was located at the entrance to the Warsaw Ghetto. When the Nazis commenced the clearing of the ghetto in 1941, Getter took in many orphans and dispersed them among Family of Mary homes. As the Nazis began sending orphans to the gas chambers, Getter issued fake baptismal certificates, providing the children with false identities. The sisters lived in daily fear of the Germans. Michael Phayer credits Getter and the Family of Mary with rescuing more than 750 Jews.[46]Historians have shown that in numerous villages, Jewish families survived the Holocaust by living under assumed identities as Christians with full knowledge of the local inhabitants who did not betray their identities. This has been confirmed in the settlements of Bielsko (Upper Silesia), in Dziurków near Radom, in Olsztyn Village [pl] near Częstochowa, in Korzeniówka near Grójec, in Łaskarzew, Sobolew, and Wilga triangle, and in several villages near Łowicz.[146]Some officials in the senior Polish priesthood maintained the same theological attitude of hostility toward the Jews which was known from before the invasion of Poland.[44][147] After the war ended, some convents were unwilling to return Jewish children to postwar institutions that asked for them, and at times refused to disclose the adoptive parents' identities, forcing government agencies and courts to intervene.[148]","title":"Jews and the Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"wartime allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_WWII"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Polish government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Civil Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Polish Underground State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Underground_State"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Del-149"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Del-149"},{"link_name":"Western Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski118-134"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piotrowski117-137"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en1-151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Witold Pilecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Pilecki"},{"link_name":"Witold Pilecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Pilecki"},{"link_name":"Armia Krajowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Polish resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Pilecki's reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold%27s_Report"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government"},{"link_name":"Jan Karski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Karski"},{"link_name":"Polish government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem24-152"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Jewish Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Poalei Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalei_Zion"},{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fzp.net.pl-154"},{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"Cordell Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull"},{"link_name":"William J. Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Donovan"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise"},{"link_name":"Samuel Stritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Stritch"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Nota_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Delegatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegatura_Rz%C4%85du_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_na_Kraj"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google25-155"},{"link_name":"Żegota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegota"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google26-156"},{"link_name":"Delegatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dollartimes-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google27-158"},{"link_name":"Jewish Combat Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200391-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200387-160"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200387-160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_Slawik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henryk Sławik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_S%C5%82awik"},{"link_name":"Henryk Sławik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_S%C5%82awik"},{"link_name":"Wallenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ubczyk-161"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unsung_Hero-162"},{"link_name":"Vác","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1c"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prezydent_RP-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sprawiedliwi-164"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Schwarzbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Schwarzbart"},{"link_name":"Szmul Zygielbojm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200388-165"},{"link_name":"Government Delegation for Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland"},{"link_name":"Witold Bieńkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Bie%C5%84kowski"},{"link_name":"Władysław Bartoszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Del-149"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Del-149"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200388-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200386-166"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en1-151"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en2-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google28-168"},{"link_name":"Władysław Sikorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem29-169"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yadvashem29-169"},{"link_name":"Michael C. Steinlauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_C._Steinlauf"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_uprising"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_C._Steinlauf_p._38-170"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_C._Steinlauf_p._38-170"},{"link_name":"David Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en1-151"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en2-167"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google30-171"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google29-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStola200390,_93-173"},{"link_name":"Szmul Zygielbojm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google31-174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%BBegota_ulotka_1943.JPG"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChM2008-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salm-176"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salm-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-per7576-177"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salm-176"},{"link_name":"underground courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_court"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-per7576-177"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kermish-82"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google32-178"},{"link_name":"Sanacja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanacja"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google34-181"},{"link_name":"Israel Gutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Gutman"},{"link_name":"Stefan Rowecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google35-182"},{"link_name":"Lehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(group)"},{"link_name":"Anders Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Army"},{"link_name":"Menachem Begin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin"},{"link_name":"Jewish Combat Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization"},{"link_name":"Jewish Military Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FocusPl-183"}],"text":"The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland: the 1942 report by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the wartime allies of the United NationsLack of international effort to aid Jews resulted in political uproar on the part of the Polish government in exile residing in Great Britain. The government often publicly expressed outrage at German mass murders of Jews. In 1942, the Directorate of Civil Resistance, part of the Polish Underground State, issued the following declaration based on reports by the Polish underground:[149]For nearly a year now, in addition to the tragedy of the Polish people, which is being slaughtered by the enemy, our country has been the scene of a terrible, planned massacre of the Jews. This mass murder has no parallel in the annals of mankind; compared to it, the most infamous atrocities known to history pale into insignificance. Unable to act against this situation, we, in the name of the entire Polish people, protest the crime being perpetrated against the Jews; all political and public organizations join in this protest.[149]The Polish government was the first to inform the Western Allies about the Holocaust, although early reports were often met with disbelief, even by Jewish leaders themselves, and then, for much longer, by Western powers.[133][134][137][150][151]Witold PileckiWitold Pilecki was a member of the Polish Armia Krajowa (AK) resistance, and the only person who volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz. As an agent of the underground intelligence, he began sending numerous reports about the camp and genocide to the Polish resistance headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network he organized in Auschwitz. In March 1941, Pilecki's reports were being forwarded via the Polish resistance to the British government in London, but the British government refused AK reports on atrocities as being gross exaggerations and propaganda of the Polish government.Similarly, in 1942, Jan Karski, who had been serving as a courier between the Polish underground and the Polish government in exile, was smuggled into the Warsaw Ghetto and reported to the Polish, British and American governments on the terrible situation of the Jews in Poland, in particular the destruction of the ghetto.[152] He met with Polish politicians in exile, including the prime minister, as well as members of political parties such as the Polish Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party, People's Party, Jewish Bund, and Poalei Zion. He also spoke to Anthony Eden, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec.In 1943 in London, Karski met the well-known journalist Arthur Koestler. He then traveled to the United States and reported to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In July 1943, Jan Karski again personally reported to Roosevelt about the plight of Polish Jews, but the president \"interrupted and asked the Polish emissary about the situation of... horses\" in Poland.[153][154] He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William J. Donovan, and Stephen Wise. Karski also presented his report to the news media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch), members of the Hollywood film industry, and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him and again supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda from the Polish government in exile.Last page \"Raczyński's Note\" - official note of Polish government-in-exile to Anthony Eden 10 December 1942.The supreme political body of the underground government within Poland was the Delegatura. There were no Jewish representatives in it.[155] Delegatura financed and sponsored Żegota, the organization for help to the Polish Jews – run jointly by Jews and non-Jews.[156] Since 1942 Żegota was granted by Delegatura nearly 29 million zlotys (over $5 million; or, 13.56 times as much,[157] in today's funds) for the relief payments to thousands of extended Jewish families in Poland.[158] The Home Army also provided assistance including arms, explosives and other supplies to Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), particularly from 1942 onwards.[159] The interim government transmitted messages to the West from the Jewish underground, and gave support to their requests for retaliation on German targets if the atrocities are not stopped – a request that was dismissed by the Allied governments.[160] The Polish government also tried, without much success, to increase the chances of Polish refugees finding a safe haven in neutral countries and to prevent deportations of escaping Jews back to Nazi-occupied Poland.[160]Diplomat Henryk Sławik helped save Jews with false Polish passports.Polish Delegate of the Government in Exile residing in Hungary, diplomat Henryk Sławik known as the Polish Wallenberg,[161] helped rescue over 30,000 refugees including 5,000 Polish Jews in Budapest, by giving them false Polish passports as Christians.[162] He founded an orphanage for Jewish children officially named School for Children of Polish Officers in Vác.[163][164]Polish Jews were represented, as the only minority, by two members on the National Council, a 20-30 member body that served as a quasi-parliament to the government in exile: Ignacy Schwarzbart and Szmul Zygielbojm.[165] Also, in 1943 a Jewish affairs section of the Underground State was set up by the Government Delegation for Poland; it was headed by Witold Bieńkowski and Władysław Bartoszewski.[149] Its purpose was to organize efforts concerning the Polish Jewish population, to coordinate with Żegota, and to prepare documentation about the fate of the Jews for the government in London.[149] Regrettably, the great number of Polish Jews had been killed already even before the Government-in-exile fully realized the totality of the Final Solution.[165] According to David Engel and Dariusz Stola, the government-in-exile concerned itself with the fate of Polish people in general, the re-recreation of the independent Polish state, and with establishing itself as an equal partner amongst the Allied forces.[166][151][167] On top of its relative weakness, the government in exile was subject to the scrutiny of the West, in particular, American and British Jews reluctant to criticize their own governments for inaction in regard to saving their fellow Jews.[168]The Polish government and its underground representatives at home issued declarations that people acting against the Jews (blackmailers and others) would be punished by death. General Władysław Sikorski, the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, signed a decree calling upon the Polish population to extend aid to the persecuted Jews; including the following stern warning.[169]Any direct and indirect complicity in the German criminal actions is the most serious offence against Poland. Any Pole who collaborates in their acts of murder, whether by extortion, informing on Jews, or by exploiting their terrible plight or participating in acts of robbery, is committing a major crime against the laws of the Polish Republic.— Warsaw, May 1943 [169]According to Michael C. Steinlauf, before the Warsaw Ghetto uprising in 1943, Sikorski's appeals to Poles to help Jews accompanied his communiques only on rare occasions.[170] Steinlauf points out that in one speech made in London, he was promising equal rights for Jews after the war, but the promise was omitted from the printed version of the speech for no reason.[170] According to David Engel, the loyalty of Polish Jews to Poland and Polish interests was held in doubt by some members of the exiled government,[151][167] leading to political tensions.[171] For example, the Jewish Agency refused to give support to Polish demand for the return of Lwów and Wilno to Poland.[172] Overall, as Stola notes, Polish government was just as unprepared to deal with the Holocaust as were the other Allied governments, and that the government's hesitancy in appeals to the general population to aid the Jews diminished only after reports of the Holocaust became more wide spread.[173]Szmul Zygielbojm, a Jewish member of the National Council of the Polish government in exile, committed suicide in May 1943, in London, in protest against the indifference of the Allied governments toward the destruction of the Jewish people, and the failure of the Polish government to rouse public opinion commensurate with the scale of the tragedy befalling Polish Jews.[174]Clandestine poster warning of death penalty for blackmailing and turning in Jews, Żegota 1943.[175]Poland, with its unique underground state, was the only country in occupied Europe to have an extensive, underground justice system.[176] These clandestine courts operated with attention to due process (although limited by circumstances), so it could take months to get a death sentence passed.[176] However, Prekerowa notes that the death sentences by non-military courts only began to be issued in September 1943, which meant that blackmailers were able to operate for some time already since the first Nazi anti-Jewish measures of 1940.[177] Overall, it took the Polish underground until late 1942 to legislate and organize non-military courts which were authorized to pass death sentences for civilian crimes, such as non-treasonous collaboration, extortion and blackmail.[176] According to Joseph Kermish from Israel, among the thousands of collaborators sentenced to death by the underground courts and executed by the Polish resistance fighters who risked death carrying out these verdicts,[177] few were explicitly blackmailers or informers who had persecuted Jews. This, according to Kermish, led to increasing boldness of some of the blackmailers in their criminal activities.[82] Marek Jan Chodakiewicz writes that a number of Polish Jews were executed for denouncing other Jews. He notes that since Nazi informers often denounced members of the underground as well as Jews in hiding, the charge of collaboration was a general one and sentences passed were for cumulative crimes.[178]The Home Army units under the command of officers from left-wing Sanacja, the Polish Socialist Party as well as the centrist Democratic Party welcomed Jewish fighters to serve with Poles without problems stemming from their ethnic identity.[a] However, some rightist units of the Armia Krajowa excluded Jews. Similarly, some members of the Delegate's Bureau saw Jews and ethnic Poles as separate entities.[180] Historian Israel Gutman has noted that AK leader Stefan Rowecki advocated the abandonment of the long-range considerations of the underground and the launch of an all-out uprising should the Germans undertake a campaign of extermination against ethnic Poles, but that no such plan existed while the extermination of Jewish Polish citizens was under way.[181] On the other hand, the pre-war Polish government armed and trained Jewish paramilitary groups such as Lehi and – while in exile – accepted thousands of Polish Jewish fighters into Anders Army including leaders such as Menachem Begin. The policy of support continued throughout the war with the Jewish Combat Organization and the Jewish Military Union forming an integral part of the Polish resistance.[182]","title":"Jews and the Polish government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-180"},{"link_name":"Joshua D. Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huji33-179"}],"text":"^ As noted by Joshua D. Zimmerman, many negative stereotypes about the Home Army among the Jews came from reading postwar literature on the subject, and not from personal experience.[179]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cesarani, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cesarani"},{"link_name":"\"Inside Nazi-dominated Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3mamLUa4qnkC&q=%22monthly+relief+payments+to+a+few+thousand+Jewish+families+in+Warsaw%2C+Lwow+and+Cracow%22&pg=PA64"},{"link_name":"Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3mamLUa4qnkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0415318718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415318718"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Institute of National Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788382294194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788382294194"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1325606240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325606240"},{"link_name":"\"Collaboration in a \"Land without a Quisling\": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3649910"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3649910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3649910"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0037-6779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3649910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3649910"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163786298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163786298"},{"link_name":"Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Jews"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780253010742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253010742"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"816563430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/816563430"},{"link_name":"Grabowski, Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Grabowski"},{"link_name":"The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf"},{"link_name":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"\"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews (\"Żegota\") in Occupied Poland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%204804.pdf"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B00400ZEC0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B00400ZEC0"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Hippocrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780781802420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781802420"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"878669401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/878669401"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Hippocrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780781809016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781809016"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"868380881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380881"},{"link_name":"The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pathofrighteousg00pald/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88125-376-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-376-6"},{"link_name":"Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cdhRAQAAIAAJ&q=Paulsson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0333804864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333804864"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300095463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300095463"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"48965137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48965137"},{"link_name":"Zimmerman, Joshua D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YMP3ngEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0813531586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813531586"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Paulsson, Gunnar S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_S._Paulsson"},{"link_name":"The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"041527513X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/041527513X"},{"link_name":"Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturapolshi.ru/files/Inferno0108148535.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788373995147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788373995147"},{"link_name":"\"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PR7"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8135-3158-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3158-6"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Piotrowski, Tadeusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"\"Assistance to Jews\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PA112"},{"link_name":"Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0786403713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786403713"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/whenlightpierced0000tecn/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-505194-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505194-7"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Institute of National Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788382294194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788382294194"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1325606240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325606240"},{"link_name":"\"The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PR7"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8135-3158-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3158-6"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195051940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195051940"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9695771-6-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9695771-6-8"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-316-31841-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-31841-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"910935082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/910935082"},{"link_name":"Zimmerman, Joshua D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0813531586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813531586"}],"text":"Cesarani, David; Kavanaugh, Sarah (2004). \"Inside Nazi-dominated Europe\". Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Vol. V: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. Psychology Press [Routledge]. p. 64. ISBN 0415318718 – via Google Books, preview.\nEncyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2.\nGrądzka-Rejak, Martyna; Namysło, Aleksandra (2022). \"Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza\" [German legislation towards Poles and Jews in the General Government and the lands incorporated into the Third Reich. Comparative analysis]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240.\nFriedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005). \"Collaboration in a \"Land without a Quisling\": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II\". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 3649910. S2CID 163786298.\nGrabowski, Jan (2013). Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253010742. OCLC 816563430.\nGrabowski, Jan (17 November 2016), The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust (PDF), Ina Levine Annual Lecture, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, retrieved 1 March 2023\nGutman, Israel; Krakowski, Shmuel (1986). Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews during the Second World War. New York: Holocaust Publications.\nKermish, Joseph (1977). \"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews (\"Żegota\") in Occupied Poland\" (PDF). Yad Vashem 1977 Conference Proceedings, Jerusalem. Shoah Resource Center. pp. 1–4, 14–17, 30–32. ASIN B00400ZEC0. Direct download, 139 KB.\nLukas, Richard Conrad (1994). Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 (1st ed.). New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 9780781802420. OCLC 878669401.\nLukas, Richard Conrad (2013). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (3rd revised ed.). New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 9780781809016. OCLC 868380881.\nPaldiel, Mordecai (1993). The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. New York: Ktav. ISBN 0-88125-376-6.\nPaulsson, Gunnar S. (20 April 2001). Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth (eds.). Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography. Palgrave Macmillan. Three-Volume Set, p. 257. ISBN 0333804864. [Also in:] Age of Genocide (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave, 2001), Volume 1, pp. 302–318. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\nPaulsson, Gunnar Svante (2002). Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300095463. OCLC 48965137.\nPaulsson, Gunnar S. (2003). Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. pp. 173–192. ISBN 0813531586. No preview. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\nPaulsson, Gunnar S. (2004). The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945. Originally in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13 (2000), at pages 78–103; reprinted in: The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. ISBN 041527513X.\nRejak, Sebastian; Frister, Elżbieta (2012). Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust (PDF). RYTM, Warsaw 2011. ISBN 9788373995147. PDF file, direct download 1.64 MB.\nPawlikowski, John T. (2003). \"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust\". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–123. ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 – via Google Books.\nPiotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). \"Assistance to Jews\". Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company. pp. 112–128. ISBN 0786403713 – via Google Books.\nTec, Nechama (1987). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505194-7 – via Internet Archive.\nSiekierka, Michał (2022). \"Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom świadczoną przez ludność polską w okresie II wojny światowej na okupowanych terenach województwa tarnopolskiego\" [The state of research on aid to Jews provided by the Polish population during World War II in the occupied territories of the Tarnopol Voivodeship]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240.\nStola, Dariusz (2003). \"The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?\". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–123. ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 – via Google Books.\nTec, Nechama (1986). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195051940.\nTomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland. Price-Patterson. ISBN 0-9695771-6-8.\nZimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939-1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-31841-6. OCLC 910935082.\nZimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). \"Introduction: Changing Perceptions in the Historiography of Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War\". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813531586.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Rudolf Weigl, Polish Righteous whose vaccines, smuggled into the Lwów and Warsaw Ghettos, saved countless Jewish lives.[36]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Weigl-Lwow.jpg/170px-Weigl-Lwow.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Król family of Polish Righteous west of Nowy Sącz Ghetto hid Jewish friends in the attic for three years. In close proximity, the Germans carried out mass executions of civilians.[51]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kr%C3%B3l_family_of_the_Righteous_%281937-39%29.jpg/220px-Kr%C3%B3l_family_of_the_Righteous_%281937-39%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The wall of the ghetto in Warsaw, being constructed by Nazi German order in August 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg/220px-The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg"},{"image_text":"Underground Biuletyn Informacyjny announcing death sentence by Kedyw and the execution of named individuals who blackmailed Polish villagers hiding Jews, July 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG/220px-Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG"},{"image_text":"Announcement of death penalty for Jews captured outside the ghetto and for Poles helping Jews issued by the Governor of the Warsaw District – Dr Ludwig Fischer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/170px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg"},{"image_text":"Public execution of Michał Kruk and several other ethnic Poles in Przemyśl as punishment for helping Jews, 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michal_Kruk_1943_execution%282%29.jpg/260px-Michal_Kruk_1943_execution%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irena Sendler smuggled 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto to safety.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Irena_Sendlerowa_1942.jpg/220px-Irena_Sendlerowa_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Żegota members at 3rd anniversary of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg/260px-Zegota%28Rada_Pomocy_Zydom%291946.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mother Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Matylda_Getter_%281%29.jpg/170px-Matylda_Getter_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish priest Marceli Godlewski was recognized as Righteous among the Nations in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Stanis%C5%82aw_Bogacki_-_ks._Marceli_Godlewski.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland: the 1942 report by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the wartime allies of the United Nations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf/page1-170px-The_Mass_Extermination_of_Jews_in_German_Occupied.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Witold Pilecki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/170px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Last page \"Raczyński's Note\" - official note of Polish government-in-exile to Anthony Eden 10 December 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2_Nota_10.jpg/220px-2_Nota_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diplomat Henryk Sławik helped save Jews with false Polish passports.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Henryk_Slawik.jpg/170px-Henryk_Slawik.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clandestine poster warning of death penalty for blackmailing and turning in Jews, Żegota 1943.[175]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%C5%BBegota_ulotka_1943.JPG/170px-%C5%BBegota_ulotka_1943.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individuals_and_groups_assisting_Jews_during_the_Holocaust"},{"title":"Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust"},{"title":"Kastner's Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastner_train"},{"title":"Schindler's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List"},{"title":"Oskar Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler"},{"title":"Ładoś Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ado%C5%9B_Group"}]	[{"reference":"\"Names of Righteous by Country\". yadvashem.org. Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html","url_text":"\"Names of Righteous by Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"}]},{"reference":"Epstein, Catherine (2015). Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1118294796. Although the refusal to bomb Auschwitz seems a case of moral indifference, it was, in fact, reasoned strategy. – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NezsBQAAQBAJ&q=begged+governments","url_text":"Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118294796","url_text":"978-1118294796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate","url_text":"the refusal to bomb Auschwitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Epstein, Catherine A. (27 January 2015). Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172. ISBN 9781118294789 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9bFYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172","url_text":"Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118294789","url_text":"9781118294789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 – via Internet Archive, 28 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228180005/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm","url_text":"Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw","url_text":"Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polonia_Publishing_House&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Polonia Publishing House"},{"url":"http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Żyńska, Marta (2003). \"Prawda poświadczona życiem (biography of Sister Marta Wołowska)\". 30. Tygodnik Katolicki 'Niedziela'.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/18035/nd/Prawda-poswiadczona-zyciem","url_text":"\"Prawda poświadczona życiem (biography of Sister Marta Wołowska)\""}]},{"reference":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2017), Holocaust by Bullets","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum","url_text":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"},{"url":"https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/desbois","url_text":"Holocaust by Bullets"}]},{"reference":"Niwiński, Piotr (2011). Ponary : the Place of \"Human Slaughter\". Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Departament Współpracy z Polonią. pp. 25–26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/65eb5501-876b-4915-a8dd-48ec00882c54","url_text":"Ponary : the Place of \"Human Slaughter\""}]},{"reference":"Rieber, Alfred J. \"Civil Wars in the Soviet Union\" (PDF). Project Muse: 145–147. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030005123/http://www.spranceana.com/uploads/2012/12/4.1rieber.pdf","url_text":"\"Civil Wars in the Soviet Union\""},{"url":"http://www.spranceana.com/uploads/2012/12/4.1rieber.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Symposium Presentations (September 2005). \"The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study\" (PDF). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012 – via direct download 1.63 MB.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120816044021/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf","url_text":"\"The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study\""},{"url":"http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patrylyak, I.K. (2004). \"The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942\" [Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках] (PDF). Kiev: Shevchenko University; Institute of History of Ukraine. 522–524 (4–6/45 in PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/23.pdf","url_text":"\"The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevchenko_University","url_text":"Shevchenko University"}]},{"reference":"Качановський, Іван (30 March 2013). \"Contemporary politics of OUN (b) memory in Volhynia, and the Nazi massacres\" [Сучасна політика пам'яті на Волині щодо ОУН(б) та нацистських масових вбивств]. Україна модерна.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uamoderna.com/md/199","url_text":"\"Contemporary politics of OUN (b) memory in Volhynia, and the Nazi massacres\""}]},{"reference":"Bubnys, Arūnas (2004). \"The Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Results\". The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews. Rodopi. pp. 209–210. ISBN 90-420-0850-4 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mdXRKbcyi5oC&pg=PA209","url_text":"\"The Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0850-4","url_text":"90-420-0850-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Waclaw Szybalski, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI (2003). \"The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883–1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder. In Memoriam\". International Weigl Conference (Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and their Drug Resistance – Programme and Abstracts; R. Stoika et al., eds.) 11–14 Sep 2003, pp. 10 – 31. Archived from the original on 15 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060315224603/http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/in-memoriam.html","url_text":"\"The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883–1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder. In Memoriam\""},{"url":"http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/in-memoriam.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago's 'Schindler' who saved 8,000 Jews\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030214848/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20061220/ai_n17079978/pg_1","url_text":"\"Chicago's 'Schindler' who saved 8,000 Jews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of National Remembrance at \"Under the Eagle Pharmacy\"\". Krakow-info.com. Retrieved 30 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm","url_text":"\"Museum of National Remembrance at \"Under the Eagle Pharmacy\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ciesielska, Maria; Jackl, Klara, eds. (August 2014). \"Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006\". Historia pomocy. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160716123254/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/family/685,kosibowicz-tadeusz/","url_text":"\"Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews","url_text":"POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews"},{"url":"http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/family/685,kosibowicz-tadeusz/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krakowski, Shmuel. \"Difficulties in Rescue Attempts in Occupied Poland\" (PDF). Yad Vashem Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013640/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/pdf/resources/krakowski_poland.pdf","url_text":"\"Difficulties in Rescue Attempts in Occupied Poland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"},{"url":"https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/pdf/resources/krakowski_poland.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Righteous Among the Nations by country\". Jewish Virtual Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/righteous1.html","url_text":"\"Righteous Among the Nations by country\""}]},{"reference":"Prekerowa, Teresa (1989) [1987]. Polonsky, Antony (ed.). The Just and the Passive. Routledge. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9781134952106 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dF-IAgAAQBAJ&q=Teresa+Prekerowa+Just+Passive","url_text":"The Just and the Passive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134952106","url_text":"9781134952106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Turowicz, Jerzy (1989). Polonsky, Antony (ed.). Polish reasons and Jewish reasons. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 1134952104 – via Google Books. Note 2: Teresa Prekerowa estimated that approximately 1–2.5 per cent of Poles (between 160,000 and 360,000) were actively engaged in helping Jews to survive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Turowicz","url_text":"Turowicz, Jerzy"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=ISBN+1134952104+:+Teresa+Prekerowa+360,000","url_text":"Polish reasons and Jewish reasons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134952104","url_text":"1134952104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (2016). \"Sądeczanie w telewizji: Sprawiedliwy Artur Król\". Nowy Sącz: Oficjalna strona miasta. Komunikaty Biura Prasowego.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nowysacz.pl/komunikaty-biura-prasowego/2058","url_text":"\"Sądeczanie w telewizji: Sprawiedliwy Artur Król\""}]},{"reference":"Knade, Tadeusz (12 October 2002). \"Człowiek musiał być silny\" [The man had to be strong]. Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polish-jewish-heritage.org/pol/listopad_szpilman.html","url_text":"\"Człowiek musiał być silny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)","url_text":"Rzeczpospolita"}]},{"reference":"Lukas, Richard C. (1989). Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. University Press of Kentucky. p. 13. ISBN 0813116929. The estimates of Jewish survivors in Poland... do not accurately reflect the extent of the Poles' enormous sacrifices on behalf of the Jews because, at various times during the occupation, there were more Jews in hiding than in the end survived.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas","url_text":"Lukas, Richard C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/outofinferno00rela","url_text":"Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University Press of Kentucky"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/outofinferno00rela/page/13","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813116929","url_text":"0813116929"}]},{"reference":"Lukas, Richard C. (1994). Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945. Hippocrene Books. pp. 180–189. ISBN 0-7818-0242-3 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas","url_text":"Lukas, Richard C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5QpnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0242-3","url_text":"0-7818-0242-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II\". Msz.gov.pl. 14 June 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.msz.gov.pl/Nazi,German,Camps,on,Polish,Soil,,During,World,War,II,6465.html","url_text":"\"Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yad Vashem Holocaust documents part 2, #157\". .yadvashem.org. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/documents/part2/doc157.html","url_text":"\"Yad Vashem Holocaust documents part 2, #157\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holocaust survivor Dr. Nechama Tec to address SRU community at remembrance\". Sru.edu. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527172034/http://www.sru.edu/pages/12587.asp","url_text":"\"Holocaust survivor Dr. Nechama Tec to address SRU community at remembrance\""},{"url":"http://www.sru.edu/PAGES/12587.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunagan, Curt. \"Przemyśl\". Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kruk Michał – Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II\". 15 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://muzeumulmow.pl/en/rescuers/kruk-michal-4/","url_text":"\"Kruk Michał – Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II\""}]},{"reference":"\"The crime in Słonim. The story of Fr. Adam Sztarek and Sisters Ewa (Bogumiła Noiszewska) and Marta (Kazimiera Wołowska) \| Polscy Sprawiedliwi\". sprawiedliwi.org.pl. Retrieved 19 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/stories-of-rescue/the-crime-in-slonim-the-story-of-fr-adam-sztarek-and-sisters-ewa-bogumila-noiszewska-and-marta-kazimiera-wolowska","url_text":"\"The crime in Słonim. The story of Fr. Adam Sztarek and Sisters Ewa (Bogumiła Noiszewska) and Marta (Kazimiera Wołowska) \| Polscy Sprawiedliwi\""}]},{"reference":"Walczak, Ryszard (1997). Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust. Warsaw: GKBZpNP–IPN. p. 51. ISBN 9788376290430. Retrieved 17 April 2014 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aOGEAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788376290430","url_text":"9788376290430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Datner, Szymon (1968). Las sprawiedliwych. Karta z dziejów ratownictwa Żydów w okupowanej Polsce [The Forest of the Just. A page from the history of rescuing Jews in occupied Poland] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 99.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Datner","url_text":"Datner, Szymon"}]},{"reference":"\"Tygodnik Solidarność nr 51/2004\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20061218232337/http://www.tygodniksolidarnosc.com/2004/51/2_mus.htm","url_text":"\"Tygodnik Solidarność nr 51/2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Insight Into Tragedy\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305191557/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/2968/article","url_text":"\"Insight Into Tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghettos and Camps\". \"No Child's Play\" Exhibition. Yad Vashem. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062616/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/nochildsplay/ghettos.asp","url_text":"\"Ghettos and Camps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"},{"url":"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/nochildsplay/ghettos.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The memory of Sugihara and the \"visas for life\" in Poland\" (PDF). Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rcin.org.pl/Content/62825/WA303_82388_SDR-51-1-SI_Hadzelek.pdf","url_text":"\"The memory of Sugihara and the \"visas for life\" in Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Righteous Among The Nations, Sławik family\". Yad Vashem.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4017525","url_text":"\"The Righteous Among The Nations, Sławik family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"}]},{"reference":"\"President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews\". chicago.mfa.gov.pl. Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061623/https://chicago.mfa.gov.pl/en/c/MOBILE/news/president_andrzej_duda_and_survivors_will_pay_tribute_to_a_polish_diplomat_who_saved_more_than_800_jews_","url_text":"\"President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews\""},{"url":"https://chicago.mfa.gov.pl/en/c/MOBILE/news/president_andrzej_duda_and_survivors_will_pay_tribute_to_a_polish_diplomat_who_saved_more_than_800_jews_","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kumoch, Jakub. \"How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten\". israelhayom.com. Israel Hayom. Retrieved 13 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.israelhayom.com/2018/10/26/how-we-let-a-holocaust-hero-be-forgotten/","url_text":"\"How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hayom","url_text":"Israel Hayom"}]},{"reference":"\"Lista Ładosia: nazwiska 3262 Żydów objętych tzw. \"akcją paszportową\" - Instytut Pileckiego\" [Ładoś list: names of 3,262 Jews covered by the so-called \"passport action\" - the Pilecki Institute]. instytutpileckiego.pl (in Polish). 11 December 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutpileckiego.pl/pl/instytut/aktualnosci/instytut-pileckiego-opublikowal-liste-nazwisk-3262-zydow-obj","url_text":"\"Lista Ładosia: nazwiska 3262 Żydów objętych tzw. \"akcją paszportową\" - Instytut Pileckiego\""}]},{"reference":"Parafianowicz, Zbigniew; Potocki, Michal (9 August 2017). \"How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews\". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/holocaust_how-a-polish-envoy-to-bern-saved-hundreds-of-jews/43398504","url_text":"\"How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Aderet, Ofer (26 May 2018). \"The Unknown Story of the Polish Diplomats Who Saved Jews From the Nazis\". Haaretz. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/americas/.premium-the-forgotten-story-of-the-polish-diplomats-who-saved-jews-1.6117139","url_text":"\"The Unknown Story of the Polish Diplomats Who Saved Jews From the Nazis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"\"Irena Sendler\". Auschwitz.dk. Retrieved 30 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm","url_text":"\"Irena Sendler\""}]},{"reference":"LSIC. \"Our Background\". Little Servant Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. pp. 33–34. Życie za życie. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170831042807/https://www.lsic.us/who-we-are/our-background/","url_text":"\"Our Background\""},{"url":"https://www.zyciezazycie.pl/download/23/5169/Materialydlanauczyciela.pdf","url_text":"Życie za życie"},{"url":"https://www.lsic.us/who-we-are/our-background/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sosnowska, Anna (6 September 2017). \"The Polish priest whose \"House of Life\" saved a thousand Jewish lives\". Aleteia. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aleteia.org/2017/06/09/the-polish-priest-whose-house-of-life-saved-a-thousand-jewish-lives/","url_text":"\"The Polish priest whose \"House of Life\" saved a thousand Jewish lives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleteia","url_text":"Aleteia"}]},{"reference":"Bogner, Nahum (2012). \"The Convent Children. The Rescue of Jewish Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust\" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center: 41–44. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 – via direct download, 45.2 KB.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120217083434/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202308.pdf","url_text":"\"The Convent Children. The Rescue of Jewish Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_Resource_Center","url_text":"Shoah Resource Center"}]},{"reference":"Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Indiana University Press. pp. 113, 117–120, 250. ISBN 0253214718. In January 1941 Jan Dobraczynski placed roughly 2,500 children in cooperating convents of Warsaw. Matylda Getter took many of them into her convent. During the Ghetto uprising the number of Jewish orphans in their care surged upward.[p.120]. Dobraczynski Getter.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay","url_text":"The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay/page/113","url_text":"113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253214718","url_text":"0253214718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Dobraczynski","url_text":"Jan Dobraczynski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matylda_Getter","url_text":"Matylda Getter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising","url_text":"Ghetto uprising"}]},{"reference":"Engel, David (1993). Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943–1945. University of North Carolina Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780807820698 – via Google Books. The creation of the Rescue Council made the Polish government the second Allied regime – following the United States [3 months prior] – to establish an official body dedicated to assisting the remaining Jews ... the Polish government was the first to state unambiguously that the object of its rescue agency's efforts were to be Jews.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)","url_text":"Engel, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a12WB1iknWwC&q=david+engel+exile+jews","url_text":"Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press","url_text":"University of North Carolina Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807820698","url_text":"9780807820698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Lerski, Jerzy (12 June 1944). \"Protokół wystąpienia na posiedzeniu RdSRLZwP\" (PDF). Życie Za Życie. Page 1. Notes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Jan_Lerski","url_text":"Lerski, Jerzy"},{"url":"http://zyciezazycie.pl/dokumenty/zalaczniki/23/23-5496.pdf","url_text":"\"Protokół wystąpienia na posiedzeniu RdSRLZwP\""}]},{"reference":"Yad Vashem (2013). \"Jan Karski, Poland\". The Righteous Among the Nations. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425202955/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/karski.asp","url_text":"\"Jan Karski, Poland\""}]},{"reference":"Scheib, Ronnie (7 March 2011). \"The Karski Report\". Variety. News, Film Reviews, Media. Retrieved 7 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944784?refcatid=31&printerfriendly=true","url_text":"\"The Karski Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henryk Slawik – the Polish Wallenberg\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230807/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1322","url_text":"\"Henryk Slawik – the Polish Wallenberg\""},{"url":"http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1322","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unsung Hero\". Warsaw Voice. 28 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719163249/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4635/","url_text":"\"Unsung Hero\""},{"url":"http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4635/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Premiera filmu \"Henryk Sławik – Polski Wallenberg.\"\". Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070902070926/http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=6042904&eventId=500378","url_text":"\"Premiera filmu \"Henryk Sławik – Polski Wallenberg.\"\""},{"url":"http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=6042904&eventId=500378","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chojnacki, Piotr; Mazek, Dorota (2008). Poles rescuing Jews during World War II [Polacy ratujacy Żydów w latach II wojny światowej] (PDF) (in Polish). Vol. Nr 23. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. page 81 in current document. OCLC 495731157.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zyciezazycie.pl/download/23/5118/Materialydlaucznia.pdf","url_text":"Poles rescuing Jews during World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495731157","url_text":"495731157"}]},{"reference":"Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994). Polish Underground State: 1939–1945 [Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939-45]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 281–284. ISBN 83-02-05500-X – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Salmonowicz","url_text":"Salmonowicz, Stanisław"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ1nAAAAMAAJ&q=1942+wyroki","url_text":"Polish Underground State: 1939–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-02-05500-X","url_text":"83-02-05500-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Cesarani, David; Kavanaugh, Sarah (2004). \"Inside Nazi-dominated Europe\". Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Vol. V: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. Psychology Press [Routledge]. p. 64. ISBN 0415318718 – via Google Books, preview.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cesarani","url_text":"Cesarani, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mamLUa4qnkC&q=%22monthly+relief+payments+to+a+few+thousand+Jewish+families+in+Warsaw%2C+Lwow+and+Cracow%22&pg=PA64","url_text":"\"Inside Nazi-dominated Europe\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mamLUa4qnkC","url_text":"Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415318718","url_text":"0415318718"}]},{"reference":"Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grądzka-Rejak, Martyna; Namysło, Aleksandra (2022). \"Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza\" [German legislation towards Poles and Jews in the General Government and the lands incorporated into the Third Reich. Comparative analysis]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw","url_text":"Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"Institute of National Remembrance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788382294194","url_text":"9788382294194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325606240","url_text":"1325606240"}]},{"reference":"Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005). \"Collaboration in a \"Land without a Quisling\": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II\". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 3649910. S2CID 163786298.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3649910","url_text":"\"Collaboration in a \"Land without a Quisling\": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3649910","url_text":"10.2307/3649910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779","url_text":"0037-6779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649910","url_text":"3649910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163786298","url_text":"163786298"}]},{"reference":"Grabowski, Jan (2013). Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253010742. OCLC 816563430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Jews","url_text":"Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana","url_text":"Bloomington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253010742","url_text":"9780253010742"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/816563430","url_text":"816563430"}]},{"reference":"Grabowski, Jan (17 November 2016), The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust (PDF), Ina Levine Annual Lecture, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, retrieved 1 March 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Grabowski","url_text":"Grabowski, Jan"},{"url":"https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf","url_text":"The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum","url_text":"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"}]},{"reference":"Gutman, Israel; Krakowski, Shmuel (1986). Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews during the Second World War. New York: Holocaust Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kermish, Joseph (1977). \"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews (\"Żegota\") in Occupied Poland\" (PDF). Yad Vashem 1977 Conference Proceedings, Jerusalem. Shoah Resource Center. pp. 1–4, 14–17, 30–32. ASIN B00400ZEC0. Direct download, 139 KB.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%204804.pdf","url_text":"\"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews (\"Żegota\") in Occupied Poland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem","url_text":"Yad Vashem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00400ZEC0","url_text":"B00400ZEC0"}]},{"reference":"Lukas, Richard Conrad (1994). Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 (1st ed.). New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 9780781802420. OCLC 878669401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books","url_text":"Hippocrene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781802420","url_text":"9780781802420"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/878669401","url_text":"878669401"}]},{"reference":"Lukas, Richard Conrad (2013). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (3rd revised ed.). New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 9780781809016. OCLC 868380881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books","url_text":"Hippocrene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781809016","url_text":"9780781809016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380881","url_text":"868380881"}]},{"reference":"Paldiel, Mordecai (1993). The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. New York: Ktav. ISBN 0-88125-376-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pathofrighteousg00pald/mode/2up","url_text":"The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-376-6","url_text":"0-88125-376-6"}]},{"reference":"Paulsson, Gunnar S. (20 April 2001). Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth (eds.). Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography. Palgrave Macmillan. Three-Volume Set, p. 257. ISBN 0333804864. [Also in:] Age of Genocide (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave, 2001), Volume 1, pp. 302–318.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cdhRAQAAIAAJ&q=Paulsson","url_text":"Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333804864","url_text":"0333804864"}]},{"reference":"Paulsson, Gunnar Svante (2002). Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300095463. OCLC 48965137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300095463","url_text":"9780300095463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48965137","url_text":"48965137"}]},{"reference":"Paulsson, Gunnar S. (2003). Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. pp. 173–192. ISBN 0813531586. No preview.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman","url_text":"Zimmerman, Joshua D."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YMP3ngEACAAJ","url_text":"Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press","url_text":"Rutgers University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813531586","url_text":"0813531586"}]},{"reference":"Paulsson, Gunnar S. (2004). The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945. Originally in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13 (2000), at pages 78–103; reprinted in: The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. ISBN 041527513X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_S._Paulsson","url_text":"Paulsson, Gunnar S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118","url_text":"The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/041527513X","url_text":"041527513X"}]},{"reference":"Rejak, Sebastian; Frister, Elżbieta (2012). Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust (PDF). RYTM, Warsaw 2011. ISBN 9788373995147. PDF file, direct download 1.64 MB.","urls":[{"url":"http://kulturapolshi.ru/files/Inferno0108148535.pdf","url_text":"Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788373995147","url_text":"9788373995147"}]},{"reference":"Pawlikowski, John T. (2003). \"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust\". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–123. ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PR7","url_text":"\"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press","url_text":"Rutgers University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3158-6","url_text":"0-8135-3158-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). \"Assistance to Jews\". Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company. pp. 112–128. ISBN 0786403713 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)","url_text":"Piotrowski, Tadeusz"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PA112","url_text":"\"Assistance to Jews\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C","url_text":"Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786403713","url_text":"0786403713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Tec, Nechama (1987). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505194-7 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whenlightpierced0000tecn/mode/2up","url_text":"When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505194-7","url_text":"0-19-505194-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Siekierka, Michał (2022). \"Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom świadczoną przez ludność polską w okresie II wojny światowej na okupowanych terenach województwa tarnopolskiego\" [The state of research on aid to Jews provided by the Polish population during World War II in the occupied territories of the Tarnopol Voivodeship]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw","url_text":"Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"Institute of National Remembrance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788382294194","url_text":"9788382294194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325606240","url_text":"1325606240"}]},{"reference":"Stola, Dariusz (2003). \"The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?\". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 107–123. ISBN 0-8135-3158-6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PR7","url_text":"\"The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press","url_text":"Rutgers University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3158-6","url_text":"0-8135-3158-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Tec, Nechama (1986). When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195051940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195051940","url_text":"9780195051940"}]},{"reference":"Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland. Price-Patterson. ISBN 0-9695771-6-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9695771-6-8","url_text":"0-9695771-6-8"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939-1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-31841-6. OCLC 910935082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-31841-6","url_text":"978-1-316-31841-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910935082","url_text":"910935082"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). \"Introduction: Changing Perceptions in the Historiography of Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War\". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813531586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman","url_text":"Zimmerman, Joshua D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813531586","url_text":"0813531586"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html","external_links_name":"\"Names of Righteous by Country\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NezsBQAAQBAJ&q=begged+governments","external_links_name":"Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9bFYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172","external_links_name":"Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot","external_links_name":"chpt. Assistance."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220409/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf","external_links_name":"Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950)."},{"Link":"http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%203726.pdf","external_links_name":"From Ringelblum’s Diary: \"As the Ghetto is Sealed Off, Jews and Poles Remain in Contact.\""},{"Link":"http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm","external_links_name":"\"POLES: VICTIMS OF THE NAZI ERA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228180005/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm","external_links_name":"Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"},{"Link":"http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/18035/nd/Prawda-poswiadczona-zyciem","external_links_name":"\"Prawda poświadczona życiem (biography of Sister Marta Wołowska)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=42sz6MifjMEC&dq=%22denunciation+flourish+throughout+the+country,+thanks+largely+to+the+Volksdeutsche%22&pg=PA226","external_links_name":"Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War. Page 226."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&dq=UPA+Volhynia&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"Immigration and Asylum, page 204"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQdRHNdK44C&dq=%22Heydrich+reminded+the+Einsatzgruppen+chiefs+of+the+need+for+self-cleansing+measures+by+the+local+population%22&pg=PA262","external_links_name":"The Origins of the Final Solution, page 262"},{"Link":"https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/desbois","external_links_name":"Holocaust by Bullets"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot","external_links_name":"'Pogroms involving murder.'"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mue8a5Rwyi0C&q=%22Luck%2C+Sonderkommando%22","external_links_name":"Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943."},{"Link":"http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/65eb5501-876b-4915-a8dd-48ec00882c54","external_links_name":"Ponary : the Place of \"Human Slaughter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030005123/http://www.spranceana.com/uploads/2012/12/4.1rieber.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Civil Wars in the Soviet Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.spranceana.com/uploads/2012/12/4.1rieber.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120816044021/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/23.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942\""},{"Link":"http://www.uamoderna.com/md/199","external_links_name":"\"Contemporary politics of OUN (b) memory in Volhynia, and the Nazi massacres\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mdXRKbcyi5oC&pg=PA209","external_links_name":"\"The Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1573","external_links_name":"The Findings."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090310232936/http://www.znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1573","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PbKbXvQDYQMC","external_links_name":"Bondage to the Dead."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060315224603/http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/in-memoriam.html","external_links_name":"\"The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883–1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder. In Memoriam\""},{"Link":"http://lwow.home.pl/weigl/in-memoriam.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030214848/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20061220/ai_n17079978/pg_1","external_links_name":"\"Chicago's 'Schindler' who saved 8,000 Jews\""},{"Link":"http://www.muzeum.stalowawola.pl/amerykanska_wspolpraca/wspolpraca/lazowski.htm","external_links_name":"Short biography of Eugeniusz Łazowski."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111195534/http://www.muzeum.stalowawola.pl/amerykanska_wspolpraca/wspolpraca/lazowski.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Museum of National Remembrance at \"Under the Eagle Pharmacy\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/halina/HStory1.html","external_links_name":"\"Her Story\". Recollections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090604145919/http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/halina/HStory1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160716123254/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/family/685,kosibowicz-tadeusz/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/family/685,kosibowicz-tadeusz/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013640/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/pdf/resources/krakowski_poland.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Difficulties in Rescue Attempts in Occupied Poland\""},{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/pdf/resources/krakowski_poland.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/righteous1.html","external_links_name":"\"Righteous Among the Nations by country\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay/page/250","external_links_name":"The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965."},{"Link":"http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/2/285/The_Life_for_a_life_project__remembrance_of_Poles_who_gave_their_lives_to_save_J.html","external_links_name":"The Life for a Life Project: Remembrance of Poles who gave their lives to save Jews"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120930194037/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/2/285/The_Life_for_a_life_project__remembrance_of_Poles_who_gave_their_lives_to_save_J.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dF-IAgAAQBAJ&q=Teresa+Prekerowa+Just+Passive","external_links_name":"The Just and the Passive"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=teresa+prekerowa+stereotypes&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=ISBN+1134952104+:+Teresa+Prekerowa+360,000","external_links_name":"Polish reasons and Jewish reasons"},{"Link":"http://www.nowysacz.pl/komunikaty-biura-prasowego/2058","external_links_name":"\"Sądeczanie w telewizji: Sprawiedliwy Artur Król\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/22","external_links_name":"chpt. Nazi Terror."},{"Link":"http://www.polish-jewish-heritage.org/pol/listopad_szpilman.html","external_links_name":"\"Człowiek musiał być silny\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=%22without+sufficient+documentary+evidence%22&pg=PA110","external_links_name":"\"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s18psZJJjbYC&dq=polish+jews+rescue+numbers&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/outofinferno00rela","external_links_name":"Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/outofinferno00rela/page/13","external_links_name":"13"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GICfHnnt2i8C&dq=Poles+in+exchange+for+what+amounted+to+a+ransom.+Some+of+these+Poles+behaved&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5QpnAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/3649912","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=%22Poles+had+no+rights+whatsoever,+every+aspect+of+life,+sometimes+life+itself,+became+a+privilege%22+%22corruption+complemented+the+terror%22+%22German+greed+combined+with+the+inadequacy+of+official+rationing%22&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"The world reacts to the Holocaust."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k5dbmGiYqHEC&dq=Czerwonogrod+1945&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"The Last Eyewitnesses, page 187-188"},{"Link":"http://www.msz.gov.pl/Nazi,German,Camps,on,Polish,Soil,,During,World,War,II,6465.html","external_links_name":"\"Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II\""},{"Link":"http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/documents/part2/doc157.html","external_links_name":"\"Yad Vashem Holocaust documents part 2, #157\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot","external_links_name":"chpt. German Occupation."},{"Link":"http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=252691081495762","external_links_name":"Unveiling the Secret City"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070612051615/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=252691081495762","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zydziwpolsce.edu.pl/biblioteka/co_nowego/r_k001.pdf","external_links_name":"Review of Jan Grabowski, \"Ja tego Żyda znam! Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1943\"."},{"Link":"http://www.rp.pl/artykul/194439.html","external_links_name":"\"Śmierć dla szmalcowników.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023524/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/194439.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PbKbXvQDYQMC","external_links_name":"Bondage to the Dead."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f8iObzjWUDgC&dq=szmalcownicy&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"attitudes."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4U_OcvXvhF4C&dq=israel+gutman+rescue+jews+polish&pg=PA265","external_links_name":"The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rzp51R5WHtIC&dq=Studies+in+Contemporary+Jewry+The+Fate+of+the+European+Jews,+1939-1945+frankel+13&pg=PA267","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behavior Towards the Jews During the Second World War.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s82F2H0FEHQC&dq=szmalcownik&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=teresa+prekerowa+stereotypes&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=47F-KDRr3rYC&dq=cala+blood+libel&pg=PA342","external_links_name":"Jews and Gender: The Challenge to Hierarchy."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527172034/http://www.sru.edu/pages/12587.asp","external_links_name":"\"Holocaust survivor Dr. Nechama Tec to address SRU community at remembrance\""},{"Link":"http://www.sru.edu/PAGES/12587.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg0L3L0kImUC&dq=%22The+environment+in+which+Polish+rescuers+lived+was+hostile+to+the+Jews+and+unfavorable+to+their+protection,%22&pg=PA58","external_links_name":"When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg0L3L0kImUC&dq=%22to+become+effective,+help+had+not+just+to+be+available.%22&pg=PA72","external_links_name":"When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&q=%22council+for+aid+to+the+Jews%22&pg=PA110","external_links_name":"Google Print, p. 113"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pathofrighteousg00pald/page/181","external_links_name":"The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust."},{"Link":"http://www.infocenters.co.il/gfh/notebook_ext.asp?book=79351&lang=eng&site=gfh","external_links_name":"digitized by the Ghetto Fighters House Archives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Google Print, p.25"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pathofrighteousg00pald/page/184","external_links_name":"The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews"},{"Link":"http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/3/273/The_Righteous_and_their_world_Markowa_through_the_lens_of_Jozef_Ulma_by_Mateusz_.html","external_links_name":"The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205042907/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/3/273/The_Righteous_and_their_world_Markowa_through_the_lens_of_Jozef_Ulma_by_Mateusz_.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pacwashmetrodiv.org/projects/ejszyszki/ejszyszki.doc","external_links_name":"The Last Rising in the Eastern Borderlands: The Ejszyszki Epilogue in its Historical Context"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181009024618/http://www.pacwashmetrodiv.org/projects/ejszyszki/ejszyszki.doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Google Print, p.5"},{"Link":"https://muzeumulmow.pl/en/rescuers/kruk-michal-4/","external_links_name":"\"Kruk Michał – Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II\""},{"Link":"https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/stories-of-rescue/the-crime-in-slonim-the-story-of-fr-adam-sztarek-and-sisters-ewa-bogumila-noiszewska-and-marta-kazimiera-wolowska","external_links_name":"\"The crime in Słonim. The story of Fr. Adam Sztarek and Sisters Ewa (Bogumiła Noiszewska) and Marta (Kazimiera Wołowska) \| Polscy Sprawiedliwi\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/359/913/","external_links_name":"Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120221224051/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/359/913/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aOGEAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust"},{"Link":"http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index.php?t=wydarzenia&id=6109","external_links_name":"\"Odznaczenia dla Sprawiedliwych.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719205703/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index.php?t=wydarzenia&id=6109","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aapjs.org/reviews/Friedrich2.pdf","external_links_name":"Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204101151/http://www.aapjs.org/reviews/Friedrich2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20061218232337/http://www.tygodniksolidarnosc.com/2004/51/2_mus.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tygodnik Solidarność nr 51/2004\""},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2776589M","external_links_name":"The Undefeated"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130620004217/http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli","external_links_name":"(Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r.)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-T7Ue0pEaZgC&dq=Antonina+Wyrzykowska&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Imaginary Neighbors."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305191557/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/2968/article","external_links_name":"\"Insight Into Tragedy\""},{"Link":"http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/21michlic.pdf","external_links_name":"The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231629/http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/21michlic.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_and_memory/v018/18.1kapralski.html","external_links_name":"The Jedwabne Village Green?"},{"Link":"http://fear.piastinstitute.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=57","external_links_name":"Epilogue."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003224440/http://fear.piastinstitute.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=91&Itemid=57","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062616/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/nochildsplay/ghettos.asp","external_links_name":"\"Ghettos and Camps\""},{"Link":"http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/nochildsplay/ghettos.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205108.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War.\""},{"Link":"http://rcin.org.pl/Content/62825/WA303_82388_SDR-51-1-SI_Hadzelek.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The memory of Sugihara and the \"visas for life\" in Poland\""},{"Link":"http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4017525","external_links_name":"\"The Righteous Among The Nations, Sławik family\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061623/https://chicago.mfa.gov.pl/en/c/MOBILE/news/president_andrzej_duda_and_survivors_will_pay_tribute_to_a_polish_diplomat_who_saved_more_than_800_jews_","external_links_name":"\"President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.mfa.gov.pl/en/c/MOBILE/news/president_andrzej_duda_and_survivors_will_pay_tribute_to_a_polish_diplomat_who_saved_more_than_800_jews_","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.israelhayom.com/2018/10/26/how-we-let-a-holocaust-hero-be-forgotten/","external_links_name":"\"How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten\""},{"Link":"https://instytutpileckiego.pl/pl/instytut/aktualnosci/instytut-pileckiego-opublikowal-liste-nazwisk-3262-zydow-obj","external_links_name":"\"Lista Ładosia: nazwiska 3262 Żydów objętych tzw. \"akcją paszportową\" - Instytut Pileckiego\""},{"Link":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/holocaust_how-a-polish-envoy-to-bern-saved-hundreds-of-jews/43398504","external_links_name":"\"How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews\""},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/americas/.premium-the-forgotten-story-of-the-polish-diplomats-who-saved-jews-1.6117139","external_links_name":"\"The Unknown Story of the Polish Diplomats Who Saved Jews From the Nazis\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/112","external_links_name":"chpt. Assistance."},{"Link":"http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/10%20Article.htm","external_links_name":"Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020143832/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/10%20Article.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/118","external_links_name":"chpt. Assistance."},{"Link":"http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm","external_links_name":"\"Irena Sendler\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rzp51R5WHtIC&dq=%22monthly+relief+payments+to+a+few+thousand+Jewish+families+in+Warsaw%2C+Lwow+and+Cracow%22&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Studies in Contemporary Jewry."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/117","external_links_name":"chpt. Assistance."},{"Link":"http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202308.pdf","external_links_name":"Delegatura. The Polish government-in-exile underground representation in Poland."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l51tAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Your Life is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-occupied Poland, 1939-1945."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&q=convents&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"Google Print, p. 113"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f8iObzjWUDgC&dq=rescue+of+Jews+in+the+nunneries&pg=PA68","external_links_name":"nunneries."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170831042807/https://www.lsic.us/who-we-are/our-background/","external_links_name":"\"Our Background\""},{"Link":"https://www.zyciezazycie.pl/download/23/5169/Materialydlanauczyciela.pdf","external_links_name":"Życie za życie"},{"Link":"https://www.lsic.us/who-we-are/our-background/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aleteia.org/2017/06/09/the-polish-priest-whose-house-of-life-saved-a-thousand-jewish-lives/","external_links_name":"\"The Polish priest whose \"House of Life\" saved a thousand Jewish lives\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&q=convents&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120217083434/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202308.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Convent Children. The Rescue of Jewish Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay","external_links_name":"The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay/page/113","external_links_name":"113"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605134019/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%20138.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Delegatura.\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/1023","external_links_name":"Google Print, p. 1023"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a12WB1iknWwC&q=david+engel+exile+jews","external_links_name":"Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943–1945"},{"Link":"http://zyciezazycie.pl/dokumenty/zalaczniki/23/23-5496.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Protokół wystąpienia na posiedzeniu RdSRLZwP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425202955/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/karski.asp","external_links_name":"\"Jan Karski, Poland\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944784?refcatid=31&printerfriendly=true","external_links_name":"\"The Karski Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123023028/http://fzp.net.pl/spot33.html","external_links_name":"\"Egzamin z pamięci\" (Memory Exam)."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=%22government+in+exile%22+delegatura+jews&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Poland."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jiqG9l7h3GwC&dq=%22Zegota,+the+organization+for+help+to+the+Jews,+which+was+financed+and+sponsored+by+the+Delegatura%22&pg=PA274","external_links_name":"The Second World War"},{"Link":"http://www.dollartimes.com/calculators/inflation.htm","external_links_name":"The Value of a Dollar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230807/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1322","external_links_name":"\"Henryk Slawik – the Polish Wallenberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1322","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719163249/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4635/","external_links_name":"\"Unsung Hero\""},{"Link":"http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4635/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070902070926/http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=6042904&eventId=500378","external_links_name":"\"Premiera filmu \"Henryk Sławik – Polski Wallenberg.\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=6042904&eventId=500378","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/cms/news-archive/400,presentation-of-the-postcard-righteous-among-the-nations-henryk-slawik-and-jozsef-antall-/","external_links_name":"\"Righteous Among the Nations: Henryk Sławik and József Antall.\""},{"Link":"http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/400,rodzina-slawikow/","external_links_name":"\"The Sławik family\" (ibidem)."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=%22government+in+exile%22+delegatura+jews&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Poland."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PbKbXvQDYQMC","external_links_name":"Bondage to the Dead."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a12WB1iknWwC&q=david+engel+exile+jews","external_links_name":"Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943-1945."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4kfDgAAQBAJ&q=declaration%20calling%20return&pg=PT35","external_links_name":"territorial claims, ibidem."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I3lItIwOzCkC&dq=Szmul+Zygielbojm+protest&pg=PA524","external_links_name":"Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust."},{"Link":"https://www.zyciezazycie.pl/download/23/5118/Materialydlaucznia.pdf","external_links_name":"Poles rescuing Jews during World War II"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495731157","external_links_name":"495731157"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ1nAAAAMAAJ&q=1942+wyroki","external_links_name":"Polish Underground State: 1939–1945"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uceq22StcZUC&q=that%27s+right,+but+from+when%3F&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"The Just and the Passive."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TvUErL-MnV8C&dq=NSZ+provocation&pg=PA232","external_links_name":"Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939-1947."},{"Link":"http://icj.huji.ac.il/conference/papers/Joshua%20Zimmerman.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Survivor Memoirs and Testimonies Reveal\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=delegate%27s+bureau+and+the+myth&pg=PA153","external_links_name":"Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?lr=&ei=_BrnSJjmK4PWsgObmIWYBw&q=%22no+less+citizens+of+poland%22&btnG=Search+Books","external_links_name":"The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt."},{"Link":"http://www.focus.pl/historia/artykuly/zobacz/publikacje/jak-polacy-stworzyli-izrael/","external_links_name":"\"Jak polacy stworzyli Izrael\" (How the Poles created Israel)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090407042937/http://www.focus.pl/historia/artykuly/zobacz/publikacje/jak-polacy-stworzyli-izrael/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.focus.pl/historia/artykuly/zobacz/publikacje/jak-polacy-stworzyli-izrael/strona-publikacji/5/nc/1/","external_links_name":"(see Part six: II Korpus palestynski)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720022105/http://www.focus.pl/historia/artykuly/zobacz/publikacje/jak-polacy-stworzyli-izrael/strona-publikacji/5/nc/1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mamLUa4qnkC&q=%22monthly+relief+payments+to+a+few+thousand+Jewish+families+in+Warsaw%2C+Lwow+and+Cracow%22&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"\"Inside Nazi-dominated Europe\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mamLUa4qnkC","external_links_name":"Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325606240","external_links_name":"1325606240"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3649910","external_links_name":"\"Collaboration in a \"Land without a Quisling\": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3649910","external_links_name":"10.2307/3649910"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779","external_links_name":"0037-6779"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649910","external_links_name":"3649910"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163786298","external_links_name":"163786298"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/816563430","external_links_name":"816563430"},{"Link":"https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf","external_links_name":"The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust"},{"Link":"http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%204804.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews (\"Żegota\") in Occupied Poland\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00400ZEC0","external_links_name":"B00400ZEC0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/878669401","external_links_name":"878669401"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868380881","external_links_name":"868380881"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pathofrighteousg00pald/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cdhRAQAAIAAJ&q=Paulsson","external_links_name":"Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48965137","external_links_name":"48965137"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YMP3ngEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945"},{"Link":"http://kulturapolshi.ru/files/Inferno0108148535.pdf","external_links_name":"Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PR7","external_links_name":"\"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PA112","external_links_name":"\"Assistance to Jews\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C","external_links_name":"Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/whenlightpierced0000tecn/mode/2up","external_links_name":"When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325606240","external_links_name":"1325606240"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&pg=PR7","external_links_name":"\"The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910935082","external_links_name":"910935082"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Woolsey	Ted Woolsey	["1 Biography","1.1 At Square","1.2 Post-Square","2 Works","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American video game translator Ted WoolseyOccupation(s)Translator, video game producerYears active1991–presentNotable workFinal Fantasy VI, Secret of Mana, Super Mario RPG, Chrono Trigger Ted Woolsey is an American video game translator and producer. He had the primary role in the North American production and localization of Square's role-playing video games released for the Super NES between 1991 and 1996. He is best known for translating Final Fantasy VI and Chrono Trigger during his time at Square. Limitations on text length and strict content guidelines forced Woolsey to make many script changes in his translation work, which became known as "Woolseyisms" in popular culture and were both praised and criticized. Woolsey resigned from Square in 1996 when the company moved offices to another city. Since then, his work in the video game industry shifted to a producer role at Big Rain, a company he co-founded, as well as others like Crave Entertainment and RealNetworks. After managing the relationship on the Microsoft Studios side for several years, Woolsey joined Undead Labs as General Manager in 2015. Biography At Square Although born in America, Woolsey spent five years living and studying in Japan as a young adult. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He spent time as a graduate student at the University of Washington, where he completed a master's degree in Japanese literature. He quit his Ph.D. studies to join Square's American office in Redmond, Washington, shortly after that in 1991. At the time, Final Fantasy IV had just been released in the United States (under the title Final Fantasy II) and did not sell according to their expectations. At this point, Square had no localization department, and a Square employee who spoke some English ended up translating Final Fantasy II. Other employees, including one in the financial department and a senior vice president, helped with editing after hours in their spare time. Woolsey's first project with Square was the translation of Final Fantasy Legend III, and the company asked him to review and avoid a repeat of Final Fantasy II's messy translation. During this time, Nintendo of America (NoA) had strict policies regarding what kind of content could appear in games on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The 1993 congressional hearings on video games had made NoA especially sensitive to "controversial" video game content, such as violence, sexuality, religion, and profanity. As a result, Woolsey had to avoid or write around these topics and translate the words at the same time. He would fly to Japan for a typical project and have about thirty days to translate a script based on the finished Japanese version of the game, which had been broken up idiosyncratically by programmers to fit in cartridge memory. He made a nearly finished translation of Final Fantasy V before Square canceled the overseas release. By the time he worked on localizing Final Fantasy VI (retitled Final Fantasy III in the United States), he was familiar enough with NoA's policies to anticipate potential violations and proactively reframe them while retaining as much of the original context and drama as possible. Another challenge was the limited storage space on SNES cartridges. English requires roughly twice as many letters as Japanese to convey the same meaning, which forced Woolsey to cut down the scripts to fit within the cartridge memory. Together, these changes have become known as "Woolseyisms" and are the subject of both criticism and praise. A famous Woolseyism is Kefka's exclamation, "Son of a submariner!"; the line was changed entirely from Japanese "Heee! Damn it!" (ヒーーー　くっそー！, Hī kusō) to avoid profanity and inject character into the script. Other titles he localized included Final Fantasy Mystic Quest, Secret of Mana, Capcom's Breath of Fire, and Chrono Trigger. While at Square, Woolsey received fan mail from players who enjoyed games he worked on, as well as hate mail from people who believed his translations were inaccurate. In addition to localization, Woolsey was in charge of marketing for Square. Post-Square When Square's offices moved to Los Angeles in 1996, Woolsey decided to stay in Washington and leased his old employer's office space for his next company, Big Rain. Woolsey's last project with Square was the translation of Super Mario RPG and left before the English localization of Final Fantasy VII began. At Big Rain, he served as Vice President of Marketing and Business Development. The company moved to Seattle in 1997, where Crave Entertainment purchased it. Woolsey signed on as Vice President of Internal Development and oversaw the development of Shadow Madness, a Japanese-inspired role-playing game. Upon its release in 1999, Shadow Madness sold poorly, and Woolsey left the company to join RealNetworks as the Director of Business Development. As the director, he managed RealArcade, the network's online gaming client. Between 2000 and 2004, he worked on the distribution of the service to publishers and internet service providers and helped launch RealArcade in Japan. Woolsey moved to Microsoft Studios in 2007, where he was Senior Director of First Party Publishing for the Xbox Live Arcade service. In this role, he brought games such as Limbo, Dust: An Elysian Tail, Killer Instinct, and Ori and the Blind Forest to Xbox platforms. He later became General Manager of Undead Labs in 2015 after acting as a liaison between Microsoft and that team for four years to bring the game State of Decay to market. Works Title Year Platform(s) Notes Ref. Final Fantasy Mystic Quest 1992 Super NES Translator, Writer Final Fantasy Legend III 1993 Game Boy Translator Secret of Mana 1993 Super NES Translator Breath of Fire 1994 Super NES Translator Final Fantasy VI 1994 Super NES Translator Chrono Trigger 1995 Super NES Translator Secret of Evermore 1995 Super NES Marketing Super Mario RPG 1996 Super NES Translator Shadow Madness 1999 PlayStation Producer ^ Sorted by year of English language release ^ Credited as translator or localization specialist unless noted See also Localization of Square Enix video games References ^ "Ted Woolsey: Former Member, Advisory Board". Asian Languages and Literature Institute, University of Washington. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-09. ^ a b Vestal, Andrew (April 29, 1999). "Interview with Ted Woolsey". The GIA. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-09. ^ a b c d e Szczepaniak, John (2009-08-31). "Localization: Confessions by Industry Legends". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-09. ^ a b c IGDA Online Games Committee (2002). "IGDA Online Games White Paper" (PDF). IGDA.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-12. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnston, Chris (February 15, 2007). "Transcript of Ted Woolsey interview". Player One Podcast. Retrieved 2020-05-07. ^ a b c d e f Cifaldi, Frank (August 29, 2005). "Playing Catch-Up: Ted Woolsey". Gamasutra.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved 2007-09-12. ^ Mandelin, Clyde (2018-09-10). "Legends of Localization: Game Localization and Nintendo of America's Content Policies in the 1990s (NSFW)". Legends of Localization. Retrieved 2020-05-07. ^ a b c Oxford, Nadia (May 5, 2020). "Ted Woolsey Remembers Final Fantasy 6, Evading Nintendo's Censorship Rules, and the Early Days of Localization". USgamer. Retrieved 2020-05-07. ^ Mandelin, Clyde (2013-06-26). "How Kefka's Famous "Son of a Submariner" Works in Japanese". Legends of Localization. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ DirtyDiva (2008-09-24). "Gamerscore Blog : XBLA - Want More? Got More!". Gamerscoreblog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2008-10-06. ^ Weber, Rachel (2015-06-24). "Undead Labs hires new GM". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23. External links Interview with Player One Podcast Transcript Ted Woolsey at MobyGames Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_localisation"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI"},{"link_name":"Chrono Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Trigger"},{"link_name":"Crave Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crave_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"RealNetworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealNetworks"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Studios"},{"link_name":"Undead Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead_Labs"}],"text":"American video game translatorTed Woolsey is an American video game translator and producer. He had the primary role in the North American production and localization of Square's role-playing video games released for the Super NES between 1991 and 1996. He is best known for translating Final Fantasy VI and Chrono Trigger during his time at Square. Limitations on text length and strict content guidelines forced Woolsey to make many script changes in his translation work, which became known as \"Woolseyisms\" in popular culture and were both praised and criticized.Woolsey resigned from Square in 1996 when the company moved offices to another city. Since then, his work in the video game industry shifted to a producer role at Big Rain, a company he co-founded, as well as others like Crave Entertainment and RealNetworks. After managing the relationship on the Microsoft Studios side for several years, Woolsey joined Undead Labs as General Manager in 2015.","title":"Ted Woolsey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"graduate student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Japanese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGrath-2"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-4"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1p-5"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy Legend III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Legend_III"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-6"},{"link_name":"Nintendo of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_of_America"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"1993 congressional hearings on video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_congressional_hearings_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usg-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1p-5"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_V"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101-3"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI"},{"link_name":"letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usg-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usg-8"},{"link_name":"Kefka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefka_Palazzo"},{"link_name":"Damn it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuso"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy Mystic Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Mystic_Quest"},{"link_name":"Secret of Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_of_Mana"},{"link_name":"Breath of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_of_Fire_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Chrono Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Trigger"},{"link_name":"fan mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_mail"},{"link_name":"hate mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_mail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1p-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1p-5"}],"sub_title":"At Square","text":"Although born in America, Woolsey spent five years living and studying in Japan as a young adult. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He spent time as a graduate student at the University of Washington, where he completed a master's degree in Japanese literature.[1][2] He quit his Ph.D. studies to join Square's American office in Redmond, Washington, shortly after that in 1991.[3][4] At the time, Final Fantasy IV had just been released in the United States (under the title Final Fantasy II) and did not sell according to their expectations.[3] At this point, Square had no localization department, and a Square employee who spoke some English ended up translating Final Fantasy II. Other employees, including one in the financial department and a senior vice president, helped with editing after hours in their spare time.[5] Woolsey's first project with Square was the translation of Final Fantasy Legend III, and the company asked him to review and avoid a repeat of Final Fantasy II's messy translation.[6]During this time, Nintendo of America (NoA) had strict policies regarding what kind of content could appear in games on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The 1993 congressional hearings on video games had made NoA especially sensitive to \"controversial\" video game content, such as violence, sexuality, religion, and profanity.[7] As a result, Woolsey had to avoid or write around these topics and translate the words at the same time.[8] He would fly to Japan for a typical project and have about thirty days to translate a script based on the finished Japanese version of the game, which had been broken up idiosyncratically by programmers to fit in cartridge memory.[5] He made a nearly finished translation of Final Fantasy V before Square canceled the overseas release.[3] By the time he worked on localizing Final Fantasy VI (retitled Final Fantasy III in the United States), he was familiar enough with NoA's policies to anticipate potential violations and proactively reframe them while retaining as much of the original context and drama as possible. Another challenge was the limited storage space on SNES cartridges. English requires roughly twice as many letters as Japanese to convey the same meaning, which forced Woolsey to cut down the scripts to fit within the cartridge memory.[8] Together, these changes have become known as \"Woolseyisms\" and are the subject of both criticism and praise.[8] A famous Woolseyism is Kefka's exclamation, \"Son of a submariner!\"; the line was changed entirely from Japanese \"Heee! Damn it!\" (ヒーーー　くっそー！, Hī kusō) to avoid profanity and inject character into the script.[9] Other titles he localized included Final Fantasy Mystic Quest, Secret of Mana, Capcom's Breath of Fire, and Chrono Trigger. While at Square, Woolsey received fan mail from players who enjoyed games he worked on, as well as hate mail from people who believed his translations were inaccurate.[5] In addition to localization, Woolsey was in charge of marketing for Square.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Super Mario RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_RPG"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-6"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Crave Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crave_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Shadow Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Madness"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-6"},{"link_name":"RealNetworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealNetworks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-4"},{"link_name":"internet service providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-6"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Studios"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Limbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Dust: An Elysian Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust:_An_Elysian_Tail"},{"link_name":"Killer Instinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Instinct_(2013_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Ori and the Blind Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori_and_the_Blind_Forest"},{"link_name":"Undead Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead_Labs"},{"link_name":"State of Decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Decay_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Post-Square","text":"When Square's offices moved to Los Angeles in 1996, Woolsey decided to stay in Washington and leased his old employer's office space for his next company, Big Rain. Woolsey's last project with Square was the translation of Super Mario RPG and left before the English localization of Final Fantasy VII began.[6] At Big Rain, he served as Vice President of Marketing and Business Development. The company moved to Seattle in 1997, where Crave Entertainment purchased it. Woolsey signed on as Vice President of Internal Development and oversaw the development of Shadow Madness, a Japanese-inspired role-playing game.[4][6] Upon its release in 1999, Shadow Madness sold poorly, and Woolsey left the company to join RealNetworks as the Director of Business Development. As the director, he managed RealArcade, the network's online gaming client.[4] Between 2000 and 2004, he worked on the distribution of the service to publishers and internet service providers and helped launch RealArcade in Japan.[6]Woolsey moved to Microsoft Studios in 2007, where he was Senior Director of First Party Publishing for the Xbox Live Arcade service.[10] In this role, he brought games such as Limbo, Dust: An Elysian Tail, Killer Instinct, and Ori and the Blind Forest to Xbox platforms. He later became General Manager of Undead Labs in 2015 after acting as a liaison between Microsoft and that team for four years to bring the game State of Decay to market.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_13-0"}],"text":"^ Sorted by year of English language release\n\n^ Credited as translator or localization specialist unless noted","title":"Works"}]	[]	[{"title":"Localization of Square Enix video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_Square_Enix_video_games"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ted Woolsey: Former Member, Advisory Board\". Asian Languages and Literature Institute, University of Washington. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310080458/https://asian.washington.edu/people/ted-woolsey","url_text":"\"Ted Woolsey: Former Member, Advisory Board\""},{"url":"https://asian.washington.edu/people/ted-woolsey","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vestal, Andrew (April 29, 1999). \"Interview with Ted Woolsey\". The GIA. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.thegia.com/features/f990101b.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Ted Woolsey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311223121/http://archive.thegia.com/features/f990101b.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Szczepaniak, John (2009-08-31). \"Localization: Confessions by Industry Legends\". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235102/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/localization/localization.htm","url_text":"\"Localization: Confessions by Industry Legends\""},{"url":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/localization/localization.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IGDA Online Games Committee (2002). \"IGDA Online Games White Paper\" (PDF). IGDA.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092543/http://igda.org/online/IGDA_Online_Games_Whitepaper_2002.pdf","url_text":"\"IGDA Online Games White Paper\""},{"url":"http://www.igda.org/online/IGDA_Online_Games_Whitepaper_2002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Chris (February 15, 2007). \"Transcript of Ted Woolsey interview\". Player One Podcast. Retrieved 2020-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playeronepodcast.com/2007/02/15/transcript-of-ted-woolsey-interview/","url_text":"\"Transcript of Ted Woolsey interview\""}]},{"reference":"Cifaldi, Frank (August 29, 2005). \"Playing Catch-Up: Ted Woolsey\". Gamasutra.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved 2007-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=6361","url_text":"\"Playing Catch-Up: Ted Woolsey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007150612/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=6361","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mandelin, Clyde (2018-09-10). \"Legends of Localization: Game Localization and Nintendo of America's Content Policies in the 1990s (NSFW)\". Legends of Localization. Retrieved 2020-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://legendsoflocalization.com/game-localization-and-nintendo-of-americas-content-policies-in-the-1990s/","url_text":"\"Legends of Localization: Game Localization and Nintendo of America's Content Policies in the 1990s (NSFW)\""}]},{"reference":"Oxford, Nadia (May 5, 2020). \"Ted Woolsey Remembers Final Fantasy 6, Evading Nintendo's Censorship Rules, and the Early Days of Localization\". USgamer. Retrieved 2020-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/ted-woolsey-localization-translator-profile-nintendo-final-fantasy-6","url_text":"\"Ted Woolsey Remembers Final Fantasy 6, Evading Nintendo's Censorship Rules, and the Early Days of Localization\""}]},{"reference":"Mandelin, Clyde (2013-06-26). \"How Kefka's Famous \"Son of a Submariner\" Works in Japanese\". Legends of Localization. Retrieved 2020-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://legendsoflocalization.com/son-of-a-submariner-kefkas-famous-line-in-detail/","url_text":"\"How Kefka's Famous \"Son of a Submariner\" Works in Japanese\""}]},{"reference":"DirtyDiva (2008-09-24). \"Gamerscore Blog : XBLA - Want More? Got More!\". Gamerscoreblog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2008-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428041258/http://gamerscoreblog.com/team/archive/2008/09/24/561209.aspx","url_text":"\"Gamerscore Blog : XBLA - Want More? Got More!\""},{"url":"http://gamerscoreblog.com/team/archive/2008/09/24/561209.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Rachel (2015-06-24). \"Undead Labs hires new GM\". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-06-24-undead-labs-hires-new-gm","url_text":"\"Undead Labs hires new GM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190923170808/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-06-24-undead-labs-hires-new-gm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310080458/https://asian.washington.edu/people/ted-woolsey","external_links_name":"\"Ted Woolsey: Former Member, Advisory Board\""},{"Link":"https://asian.washington.edu/people/ted-woolsey","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.thegia.com/features/f990101b.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Ted Woolsey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311223121/http://archive.thegia.com/features/f990101b.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235102/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/localization/localization.htm","external_links_name":"\"Localization: Confessions by Industry Legends\""},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/localization/localization.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092543/http://igda.org/online/IGDA_Online_Games_Whitepaper_2002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IGDA Online Games White Paper\""},{"Link":"http://www.igda.org/online/IGDA_Online_Games_Whitepaper_2002.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.playeronepodcast.com/2007/02/15/transcript-of-ted-woolsey-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Transcript of Ted Woolsey interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=6361","external_links_name":"\"Playing Catch-Up: Ted Woolsey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007150612/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=6361","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://legendsoflocalization.com/game-localization-and-nintendo-of-americas-content-policies-in-the-1990s/","external_links_name":"\"Legends of Localization: Game Localization and Nintendo of America's Content Policies in the 1990s (NSFW)\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/ted-woolsey-localization-translator-profile-nintendo-final-fantasy-6","external_links_name":"\"Ted Woolsey Remembers Final Fantasy 6, Evading Nintendo's Censorship Rules, and the Early Days of Localization\""},{"Link":"https://legendsoflocalization.com/son-of-a-submariner-kefkas-famous-line-in-detail/","external_links_name":"\"How Kefka's Famous \"Son of a Submariner\" Works in Japanese\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428041258/http://gamerscoreblog.com/team/archive/2008/09/24/561209.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Gamerscore Blog : XBLA - Want More? Got More!\""},{"Link":"http://gamerscoreblog.com/team/archive/2008/09/24/561209.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-06-24-undead-labs-hires-new-gm","external_links_name":"\"Undead Labs hires new GM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190923170808/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-06-24-undead-labs-hires-new-gm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.playeronepodcast.com/2007/02/11/episode-16-021207-lost-in-translation/","external_links_name":"Interview with Player One Podcast"},{"Link":"http://www.playeronepodcast.com/2007/02/15/transcript-of-ted-woolsey-interview/","external_links_name":"Transcript"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,40944/","external_links_name":"Ted Woolsey"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315556780","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bennett_(academic)	Andrew Bennett (academic)	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]	The Reverend DoctorAndrew BennettAmbassador for Religious FreedomIn officeFebruary 19, 2013 – March 31, 2016Preceded byposition createdSucceeded byposition abolished Personal detailsBornAndrew P. W. BennetAugust 1972Toronto, Ontario, CanadaResidence(s)Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaAlma materDalhousie UniversityMcGill UniversityUniversity of EdinburghOccupationPublic intellectualProfessionScholar Andrew P. W. Bennett is a Canadian public intellectual. He was the first and only Canadian Ambassador for Religious Freedom, as the head of the Office of Religious Freedom, from the office's formation in 2013 to its closure in 2016. Early life He received a Bachelor of Arts in History from Dalhousie University in 1995, a Master of Arts in History from McGill University in 1997, and a PhD in Politics from the University of Edinburgh in 2002. He is a member of the clergy in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and serves as a Deacon at St. John the Baptist Ukrainian-Catholic Shrine in Ottawa. He is the past Vice-President and Chairman of the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute Foundation. Career Before being appointed to lead Canada's Office of Religious Freedom on February 19, 2013, Andrew Bennett worked for the Privy Council Office, Export Development Canada and Natural Resources Canada in a variety of analytical, research, and corporate roles. He has also held roles as Professor and Dean at Augustine College in Ottawa, as a Scholar Expert on the Americas Desk with Oxford Analytica and as a Researcher with the University of Edinburgh's Institute on Governance where he focused on the process of devolution in Scotland. He currently is a Senior Fellow at Cardus, a Canadian faith-based think-tank as well as the Chair of the Cabinet of Canadians, an element of Faith in Canada 150 -a signature initiative of Cardus that seeks to emphasise the importance of religious faith in the lives of Canadians today and indeed throughout Canadian history as Canada marks its 150th birthday in 2017. References ^ a b "PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \| Dr. Andrew P.W. Bennett". Pm.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-02-20. ^ "Joseph Brean \|National Post\|Canada's new religious freedom ambassador says he'll give a louder voice to homegrown values in a 'noisy world'". News.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 2013-02-20. ^ "Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada \| Ambassador's Biography". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-20. ^ Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada cited in References ^ faithincanada150.ca,	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"public intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_intellectual"},{"link_name":"Office of Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Religious_Freedom_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Andrew P. W. Bennett is a Canadian public intellectual. He was the first and only Canadian Ambassador for Religious Freedom, as the head of the Office of Religious Freedom, from the office's formation in 2013 to its closure in 2016.[2]","title":"Andrew Bennett (academic)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Dalhousie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-1"}],"text":"He received a Bachelor of Arts in History from Dalhousie University in 1995, a Master of Arts in History from McGill University in 1997, and a PhD in Politics from the University of Edinburgh in 2002.[3]He is a member of the clergy in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and serves as a Deacon at St. John the Baptist Ukrainian-Catholic Shrine in Ottawa. He is the past Vice-President and Chairman of the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute Foundation.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Religious_Freedom_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"Augustine College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_College"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Oxford Analytica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Analytica"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"devolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Before being appointed to lead Canada's Office of Religious Freedom on February 19, 2013, Andrew Bennett worked for the Privy Council Office, Export Development Canada and Natural Resources Canada in a variety of analytical, research, and corporate roles. He has also held roles as Professor and Dean at Augustine College in Ottawa, as a Scholar Expert on the Americas Desk with Oxford Analytica and as a Researcher with the University of Edinburgh's Institute on Governance where he focused on the process of devolution in Scotland.[4] He currently is a Senior Fellow at Cardus, a Canadian faith-based think-tank as well as the Chair of the Cabinet of Canadians, an element of Faith in Canada 150 -a signature initiative of Cardus that seeks to emphasise the importance of religious faith in the lives of Canadians today and indeed throughout Canadian history as Canada marks its 150th birthday in 2017.[5]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \| Dr. Andrew P.W. Bennett\". Pm.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302115751/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=5308","url_text":"\"PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \| Dr. Andrew P.W. Bennett\""},{"url":"http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=5308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Brean \|National Post\|Canada's new religious freedom ambassador says he'll give a louder voice to homegrown values in a 'noisy world'\". News.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 2013-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/19/canadas-new-religious-freedom-ambassador-says-hell-give-a-louder-voice-to-homegrown-values-in-a-noisy-world/","url_text":"\"Joseph Brean \|National Post\|Canada's new religious freedom ambassador says he'll give a louder voice to homegrown values in a 'noisy world'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada \| Ambassador's Biography\". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.international.gc.ca/religious_freedom-liberte_de_religion/bio_bio.aspx","url_text":"\"Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada \| Ambassador's Biography\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302115751/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=5308","external_links_name":"\"PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA \| Dr. Andrew P.W. Bennett\""},{"Link":"http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=5308","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/19/canadas-new-religious-freedom-ambassador-says-hell-give-a-louder-voice-to-homegrown-values-in-a-noisy-world/","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Brean \|National Post\|Canada's new religious freedom ambassador says he'll give a louder voice to homegrown values in a 'noisy world'\""},{"Link":"http://www.international.gc.ca/religious_freedom-liberte_de_religion/bio_bio.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada \| Ambassador's Biography\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaira_Gali	Khaira Gali	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 33°58′N 73°24′E / 33.967°N 73.400°E / 33.967; 73.400Khaira Gali is one of the tourist mountain resort towns of the Galyat area of Pakistan, it has an altitude of 2347m. Khaira Gali is located in Palak which is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in Abbottabad province of Pakistan. This hill station was also used as a barricade by the British during the colonial period and during the summer months it was occupied by one of the British mountain batteries, which were stationed at Rawalpindi during the winter. It is also famous for the hexagon manor on the highest elevation of the town. References ^ Khaira Gali - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 207 33°58′N 73°24′E / 33.967°N 73.400°E / 33.967; 73.400 This Abbottabad District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_resort"},{"link_name":"Galyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyat"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Palak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palak_Union_Council"},{"link_name":"Union Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad_District"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"barricade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Khaira Gali is one of the tourist mountain resort towns of the Galyat area of Pakistan, it has an altitude of 2347m. Khaira Gali is located in Palak which is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in Abbottabad province of Pakistan. This hill station was also used as a barricade by the British during the colonial period and during the summer months it was occupied by one of the British mountain batteries, which were stationed at Rawalpindi during the winter.[1] It is also famous for the hexagon manor on the highest elevation of the town.","title":"Khaira Gali"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khaira_Gali&params=33_58_N_73_24_E_region:PK_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"33°58′N 73°24′E / 33.967°N 73.400°E / 33.967; 73.400"},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_213.gif","external_links_name":"Khaira Gali - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 207"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khaira_Gali&params=33_58_N_73_24_E_region:PK_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"33°58′N 73°24′E / 33.967°N 73.400°E / 33.967; 73.400"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khaira_Gali&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_El_Ghassil	Tell El Ghassil	["1 History","2 References"]	Archaeological site Tell El GhassilLocation11 km (6.8 mi) north northeast of RayakRegionBekaa ValleyTypeTell (mound)HistoryCulturesChalcolithicSite notesExcavation dates1966ArchaeologistsLorraine Copeland, Peter J. WescombeConditionRuinsPublic accessYes Tell El Ghassil is an archaeological site located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north northeast of Rayak in the Beqaa Mohafazat (Governorate) of Lebanon. History It dates at least to the Chalcolithic period. See finds of the Middle Bronze and Tomb 1, followed by the Late Bronze I. Among finds are Tell el-Yehudiyeh Ware. References ^ Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut; Lebanon) (1969). Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, pp.54. Impr. catholique. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ Genz, Hermann (January 2013). "Middle Bronze Age Pottery from Tell Hizzin, Lebanon". Berytus 53-54, 2010-2011. ^ Badre, Leila (1982). "Tell el-Ghassil : Tomb 1". MOM Éditions. 12 (1): 123–132. vte Archaeological sites in Lebanon Aadloun Aaiha Aammiq Aaqbe Ain Aata Ain Choaab Ain Harcha Akbiyeh Akkar plain foothills Al-Bireh Amioun Amlaq Qatih Anjar, Lebanon Antelias cave Apheca Ard Saouda Ard Tlaili Arqa Augusti Pagus Baalbek Baidar ech Chamout Batroumine Batroun Bechamoun Beirut Beit Mery Belat temple Berytus (Roman Beirut) Bustan Birke Byblos Canalizations of Zenobia Dahr El Ahmar Dakoue Deir El Aachayer Deir Al-Ahmar Deir Mar Maroun Dekwaneh Douris (Baalbek) Elaea (Lebanon) Flaoui Fadous Sud Hebbariye Hadeth south Haret ech Cheikh Hashbai Heliopolis in Phoenicia Hermel plains Iaat Jabal es Saaïdé Jbaa Jdeideh Jebel Aabeby Jeita Grotto Joub Jannine Jieh Kafr Zabad Kamid el-Loz Kamouh el Hermel Karak Nuh Kaukaba Kefraya Kafr Tebnit Kfar Qouq Kfarhata Khallet Michte Kharayeb Khirbet El-Knese Kouachra megalith field Ksar Akil Labweh Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) Libbaya Lion Tower Majdal Anjar Mansourieh Maronite mummies Mayrouba Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) Moukhtara Mtaileb Nabi Zair Nachcharini Nahle, Lebanon Neba'a Faour Nebi Safa Hosn Niha Phoenician port of Beirut Plain of Zgharta Qaa Qal'at Bustra Qalaat Tannour Qaraoun Qasr el Banat Ras Baalbek I Ras Beirut Ras El Kelb Rashaya Roman Forum of Berytus Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman temple of Bziza Sands of Beirut Saraain El Faouqa Shheem Sidon Sin el Fil Sarepta Stone of the Pregnant Woman Tahun ben Aissa Taire Tayibe Tell Aalaq Tell Ablah Tell Addus Tell Ahle Tell Ain Cerif Tell Ain el Meten Tell Ain Ghessali Tell Ain Nfaikh Tell Ain Saouda Tell Ain Sofar Tell Ayoub Tell Bar Elias Tell Beshara Tell Bir Dakoue Tell Deir Tell Delhamieh Tell Derzenoun Tell Dibbine Tell el-Burak Tell El Ghassil Tell El Hadeth Tell Fadous Tell Hazzine Tell Hoch Rafqa Tell Karmita Tell Khardane Tell Kirri Tell Jezireh Tell Jisr Tell Kabb Elias Tell Majdaloun Tell Masoud Tell Mekhada Tell Meouchi Tell Mureibit Tell Murtafa Tell Nahariyah Tell Neba'a Chaate Tell Neba'a Litani Tell Qasr Labwe Tell Rasm El Hadeth Tell Rayak Tell Saatiya Tell Safiyeh Tell Saoudhi Tell Serhan Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai Tell Shamsine Tell Sultan Yakoub Tell Taalabaya Tell Wardeen Tell Zenoub Tell Zeitoun Temnin el-Foka Temple of Bacchus Temple of Eshmun Temple of Jupiter Temple of the Obelisks Toron Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) Tyre Necropolis Tyre Umm al-Amad Wadi Koura Wadi Yaroun Yammoune Yanta Ain W Zain Zahlé Lebanon portalHistory portalAsia portal Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayak"},{"link_name":"Beqaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Mohafazat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohafazat"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"}],"text":"Tell El Ghassil is an archaeological site located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north northeast of Rayak in the Beqaa Mohafazat (Governorate) of Lebanon.","title":"Tell El Ghassil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalcolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(BeirutLebanon)1966-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It dates at least to the Chalcolithic period.[1] See finds of the Middle Bronze and Tomb 1, followed by the Late Bronze I.[2][3]\nAmong finds are Tell el-Yehudiyeh Ware.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut; Lebanon) (1969). Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, pp.54. Impr. catholique. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lhEOAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, pp.54"}]},{"reference":"Genz, Hermann (January 2013). \"Middle Bronze Age Pottery from Tell Hizzin, Lebanon\". Berytus 53-54, 2010-2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4339883","url_text":"\"Middle Bronze Age Pottery from Tell Hizzin, Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"Badre, Leila (1982). \"Tell el-Ghassil : Tomb 1\". MOM Éditions. 12 (1): 123–132.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_0244-5689_1982_ant_12_1_1194","url_text":"\"Tell el-Ghassil : Tomb 1\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lhEOAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, pp.54"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/4339883","external_links_name":"\"Middle Bronze Age Pottery from Tell Hizzin, Lebanon\""},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_0244-5689_1982_ant_12_1_1194","external_links_name":"\"Tell el-Ghassil : Tomb 1\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/249392472","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura_Bay_languages	Sarmi–Jayapura languages	["1 Sound correspondences","2 References"]	Languages Sarmi-JayapuraSarmi-Jayapura BayGeographicdistributionNorthern PapuaLinguistic classificationAustronesianMalayo-PolynesianOceanicWestern OceanicNorth New Guinea ?Sarmi-JayapuraProto-languageProto-Sarmi–JayapuraGlottologsarm1241 The Sarmi-Jayapura Bay languages consist of half a dozen languages spoken on the northern coast of Papua province of Indonesia: Sobei, Bonggo, Tarpia (Sarmi), Kayupulau, Ormu, Tobati–Enggros (Jayapura Bay) Ross (1988) had considered Sarmi and Jayapura Bay (Kayapulau, Orma and Tobati) to be separate but related groups. Ross (1988) listed several additional Sarmi languages: Anus (Korur) and Podena, Liki, and Wakde (close to Sobei), Masimasi, Kaptiau and Yamna. The inclusion of a supposed Yarsun language appears to be due to confusion of language names with island names. No such language is attested; the island is located between that of the Anus and Podena languages, and all three islands are reported to speak dialects of a single language according to the first source to mention it. With the exception of certain Micronesian languages, the Sarmi-Jayapura languages have the westernmost distribution out of all Oceanic languages. Sound correspondences Grace (1971:34–37) published a table of sound correspondences for the Sarmi languages, from which the following forms are gleaned. The languages are arranged from west to east. Proto-Oceanic Sobei Wakde Masimasi Anus Bonggo Tarpia api 'fire' yafu yafu yeif af yap isuŋ 'nose' su- hiu- si- su- sua- siwi- susu 'breast' sisu- ihi- su- su- ranum 'water' rani ranu ranu dein dan dan raun 'leaf' rau rau rou dau dau dau mapine 'woman' mefne mafani mofin mofin mupin manuk 'bird' maninetio mani mani mein man man pulu 'feather' fido firu firo fru puru puaq 'fruit' afo afu afo fowo fukwa pawa paqoRu 'new' fefou afafu fofou fieu pipiu patu 'stone' fati fati fati feit fiat payaʔ pat 'four' fau fau fau fau pau tolu 'three' tou tou tour tou tor tor taliŋa 'ear' tidi- tiri- tira- terne- təren- tarni- taŋis 'cry' -tan -tan -tan -tein tənian -nsin taumataq 'person' temto tamturi timot tumuat tamuʔ kutu 'louse' kute witi kut kut kuʔ kulit 'skin' wadi wari wiri keri kru kuru qone 'sand' wane wane wane wen wen wen qasawa 'spouse' eson ahun sawe sua tawa References ^ Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley. 2002. The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. ^ Yarsun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019). "Glottolog". 3.4. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Grace, George W. (1971). Notes on the phonological history of the Austronesian languages of the Sarmi Coast. Oceanic Linguistics 10:11–37. Ross, Malcolm (1988). Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Proto Oceanic basic vocabulary database vteNorth New Guinea languagesSarmi–Jayapura Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna SchoutenSiau Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kairiru Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Manam Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon GulfNorth Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Markham Aribwatsa Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur South Huon Gulf Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Others Numbami Ngero–VitiazNgero Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Bel Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Bibling Lamogai Mouk-Aria Pasismanua Aigon Karore Kaulong Miu Sengseng Arawe Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Mengen Lote Mamusi Mengen Korap Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Roinji–Nenaya Mato Ronji Others Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap GreaterNorth Borneo North Borneo Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah GreaterDusunic Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sobei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobei_language"},{"link_name":"Bonggo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonggo_language"},{"link_name":"Tarpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpia_language"},{"link_name":"Kayupulau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayupulau_language"},{"link_name":"Ormu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormu_language"},{"link_name":"Tobati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobati_language"},{"link_name":"Enggros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggros_language"},{"link_name":"Anus (Korur)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus_language"},{"link_name":"Podena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podena_language"},{"link_name":"Liki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liki_language"},{"link_name":"Wakde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakde_language"},{"link_name":"Masimasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masimasi_language"},{"link_name":"Kaptiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptiau_language"},{"link_name":"Yamna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamna_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus_language"},{"link_name":"Podena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podena_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Micronesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glottolog-3-4-4"}],"text":"The Sarmi-Jayapura Bay languages consist of half a dozen languages spoken on the northern coast of Papua province of Indonesia:[1]Sobei, Bonggo, Tarpia (Sarmi), Kayupulau, Ormu, Tobati–Enggros (Jayapura Bay)Ross (1988) had considered Sarmi and Jayapura Bay (Kayapulau, Orma and Tobati) to be separate but related groups. Ross (1988) listed several additional Sarmi languages:Anus (Korur) and Podena, Liki, and Wakde (close to Sobei), Masimasi, Kaptiau and Yamna.The inclusion of a supposed Yarsun language[2] appears to be due to confusion of language names with island names. No such language is attested; the island is located between that of the Anus and Podena languages, and all three islands are reported to speak dialects of a single language according to the first source to mention it.[3]With the exception of certain Micronesian languages, the Sarmi-Jayapura languages have the westernmost distribution out of all Oceanic languages.[4]","title":"Sarmi–Jayapura languages"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Grace (1971:34–37) published a table of sound correspondences for the Sarmi languages, from which the following forms are gleaned. The languages are arranged from west to east.","title":"Sound correspondences"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019). \"Glottolog\". 3.4. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.","urls":[{"url":"https://glottolog.org/","url_text":"\"Glottolog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History","url_text":"Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sarm1241","external_links_name":"sarm1241"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yrs/","external_links_name":"Yarsun"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/","external_links_name":"\"Glottolog\""},{"Link":"https://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=270","external_links_name":"Proto Oceanic basic vocabulary database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Wear_Foundation	Fair Wear Foundation	["1 Garment Brands","2 Fair Wear Labour Standards","3 Production countries","4 Tools to Create Change","4.1 Brand performance checks","4.2 Audits","4.3 Workplace education programmes","4.4 Complaints helplines","5 Criticisms","6 Cooperation","7 History","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Garment industry activist organization The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fair Wear FoundationFounded1999TypeNon-profit organizationPurposeTo improve conditions in garment factoriesLocationAmsterdam, NetherlandsKey peopleAlexander Kohnstamm, Executive DirectorWebsitefairwear.org Fair Wear Foundation (Fair Wear) is an independent multi-stakeholder organisation that works with garment brands, garment workers and industry influencers to improve labour conditions in garment factories. Receiving the Fair Wear stamp of approval does not guarantee any existing quality of labour standards; instead it only demonstrates a stated interest in working toward improvement. Garment Brands Fair Wear collaborates with brands that profess an interest in finding a fairer way to make their clothes. Fair Wear has over 80 member companies representing over 130 garment brands from 10 European countries. When a member brand joins Fair Wear, it expresses a commitment to implementing the eight Fair Wear labour standards in its supply chain. Fair Wear's work is based on a ‘shared responsibility' approach. Namely, each actor in the supply chain of a certain product is responsible for the conditions in which the product is made. Management decisions of a brand selling clothes in Europe have a huge influence on factory conditions in distant garment-producing countries. The two cannot be separated. Fair Wear Labour Standards The Fair Wear Code of Labour Practices contains eight labour standards that are based on the conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. The Fair Wear Code of Labour Practices is known for its strong provisions on freedom of association, hours of work, and a living wage. It is important to note, however, that none of these practices are mandated for claiming association with Fair Wear. Fair Wear's eight labour standards are: Employment is freely chosen There is no discrimination in employment No exploitation of child labour Freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining Payment of a living wage No excessive working hours Safe and healthy working conditions Legally binding employment relationship Production countries Fair Wear is active in 11 production countries: Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Macedonia, Romania, Tunisia, Turkey and Vietnam. In all countries, Fair Wear has local audit teams and trainers who are in close contact with the Amsterdam headquarters office. Fair Wear also constantly liaises with many different and in-country organisations, such as trade unions, other NGOs, and governments. Tools to Create Change Fair Wear encourages change by conducting brand performance checks, audits, training, and by operating complaints helplines in 11 countries. Brand performance checks The Fair Wear Brand Performance Checks help brands determine what they are doing well and where they can improve to create positive change. Fair Wear shares the results with the public. Audits During a Fair Wear audit, a worker interviewer, a documents inspector and a health and safety specialist work toward discovering underlying problems. The team is always made up of local specialists. After the audit, the team discusses steps for improvement with the member brand and factory management. The member brand and factory management then create a concrete action plan with a clear timeframe for execution. At Fair Wear, an audit is seen as the starting point. From there, the member brand and factory work together to make concrete improvements. This collaboration is necessary for successful remediation. No information is provided by Fair Wear as to enforcement of the decided-upon timeframes or penalties for failure to live up to action plans. Workplace education programmes To support brands and factories in fulfilling their basic responsibility to inform workers and management about workers' rights and access to grievance systems, Fair Wear has designed several types of training for different countries. Complaints helplines Fair Wear offers complaints helplines in 11 garment producing countries. When a garment worker lodges a complaint, Fair Wear launches an investigation and requires the brand to work with the supplier to remediate the problem. Criticisms Fair Wear does not certify products, brands, or factories, relying instead on a "process approach" that claims to insist on constant progress toward the standards it supports. A factory was investigated by Fair Wear after having been exposed as relying on exploitative labour centres that grossly violate their standards. Further, research has shown that self-regulated codes of conduct (specifically and explicitly those of Fair Wear) provide "few significant results... for specific worker rights." Cooperation Fair Wear also creates change beyond its member brands’ supply chains. Fair Wear works with a range of stakeholders and other organisations in order to develop sustainable systems for good workplace conditions. Fair Wear works on enabling an influencing environment for multiple actors: governments, international organisations, UN bodies, and stakeholders. Fair Wear provides evidence to other brands and industry influencers of what a fairer garment industry could look like. Fair Wear brings different players together at every level – from boardroom decisions to workplace assessments – so that brands, business associations, trade unions, governments and NGOs all have a voice. History Fair Wear was founded in 1999. Just as in other countries, garment production in the Netherlands had, by then, been displaced to low-wage countries. After some years of campaigning against poor labour conditions in low-wage countries, the union FNV and the CCC contacted the employers' organisations and proposed a joint initiative to improve labour conditions in the garment sector. In the period 1999–2002, Fair Wear carried out pilot projects on the implementation of the Code of Labour Practices with four Dutch companies. These experiences led to the determination of a standard procedure. Building up membership among companies was the next step. The first group of 11 members was announced to the public in March 2003. In 2019, Fair Wear employs over 50 employees located in Amsterdam, as well as local teams in garment-producing countries. See also International Labour Organization Labour law Labor rights Sweatshop References ^ "Brands". Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "Labour Standards". Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ Fair Wear Foundation (2016-06-07), Shared responsibility, archived from the original on 2021-12-20, retrieved 2019-06-18 ^ "ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (DECLARATION)". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "Standards Map". Sustainability Map. Retrieved 2019-07-21. ^ "Countries". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "FWF Brand Performance Check guide 2018". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "Resources". Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "FWF Factory Guide". ^ "Terms for audits by FWF audit teams" (PDF). Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-07-22. ^ "Workplace Education Programme 2018". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "Complaints handling". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ^ "Standards Map". Sustainability Map. Retrieved 2019-07-21. ^ Murphy, Simon; Ahmed, Redwan (March 2019). "'Girl power' charity T-shirts made at exploitative Bangladeshi factory". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-07-21. ^ "Do codes of conduct improve worker rights in supply chains? A study of Fair Wear Foundation". Research Gate. Retrieved 2019-07-21. External links Fair Wear Foundation FWF Fair Wear Formula Animated Film on YouTube Modint - Employers Organization for Garment Suppliers CBW-Mitex - Employers Organiza t Garment Retail Trade FNV Bondgenoten - Trade Union CNV - Trade Union Bread for All - Switzerland Clean Clothes Campaign vteSocial and environmental accountabilityEthics andprinciples Aarhus Convention Climate justice Corporate accountability / behaviour / environmental responsibility / responsibility / social responsibility Dirty hands Environmental racism / in Russia / in the United States / in Western Europe / inequality in the UK / injustice in Europe Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Externality Harm Little Eichmanns Loss and damage Organizational ethics Organizational justice Pollution Principles for Responsible Investment Racism Social impact assessment Social justice Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency (behavioral social) UN Global Compact Socialaccounting Corporate crime Double bottom line Ethical positioning index Higg Index Impact assessment (environmental equality social) ISO 26000 ISO 45001 Genuine progress indicator Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole-life cost Environmentalaccounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full-cost accounting / Environmental conflict / impact assessment / management system / profit-and-loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 Life-cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community-based monitoring Environmental (certification) Fair trade (certification) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental degradation Environmental pricing reform Environmental, social, and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Global justice movement Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation SDG Publishers Compact Social enterprise Socially responsible business Socially responsible investing Socially responsible marketing Stakeholder (engagement) Supply chain management Environment portal Category Commons Organizations	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fair Wear Foundation (Fair Wear) is an independent multi-stakeholder organisation that works with garment brands, garment workers and industry influencers to improve labour conditions in garment factories. Receiving the Fair Wear stamp of approval does not guarantee any existing quality of labour standards; instead it only demonstrates a stated interest in working toward improvement.","title":"Fair Wear Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fair Wear collaborates with brands that profess an interest in finding a fairer way to make their clothes. Fair Wear has over 80 member companies representing over 130 garment brands from 10 European countries.[1] When a member brand joins Fair Wear, it expresses a commitment to implementing the eight Fair Wear labour standards in its supply chain.[2]Fair Wear's work is based on a ‘shared responsibility' approach. Namely, each actor in the supply chain of a certain product is responsible for the conditions in which the product is made.[3] Management decisions of a brand selling clothes in Europe have a huge influence on factory conditions in distant garment-producing countries. The two cannot be separated.","title":"Garment Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Fair Wear Code of Labour Practices contains eight labour standards that are based on the conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights.[4] The Fair Wear Code of Labour Practices is known for its strong provisions on freedom of association, hours of work, and a living wage. It is important to note, however, that none of these practices are mandated for claiming association with Fair Wear.[5]Fair Wear's eight labour standards are:Employment is freely chosen\nThere is no discrimination in employment\nNo exploitation of child labour\nFreedom of association and the right to collective bargaining\nPayment of a living wage\nNo excessive working hours\nSafe and healthy working conditions\nLegally binding employment relationship","title":"Fair Wear Labour Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Fair Wear is active in 11 production countries: Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Macedonia, Romania, Tunisia, Turkey and Vietnam.[6] In all countries, Fair Wear has local audit teams and trainers who are in close contact with the Amsterdam headquarters office.Fair Wear also constantly liaises with many different and in-country organisations, such as trade unions, other NGOs, and governments.","title":"Production countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fair Wear encourages change by conducting brand performance checks, audits, training, and by operating complaints helplines in 11 countries.","title":"Tools to Create Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Brand performance checks","text":"The Fair Wear Brand Performance Checks help brands determine what they are doing well and where they can improve to create positive change.[7] Fair Wear shares the results with the public.[8]","title":"Tools to Create Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Audits","text":"During a Fair Wear audit, a worker interviewer, a documents inspector and a health and safety specialist work toward discovering underlying problems. The team is always made up of local specialists. After the audit, the team discusses steps for improvement with the member brand and factory management. The member brand and factory management then create a concrete action plan with a clear timeframe for execution.[9]At Fair Wear, an audit is seen as the starting point. From there, the member brand and factory work together to make concrete improvements. This collaboration is necessary for successful remediation. No information is provided by Fair Wear as to enforcement of the decided-upon timeframes or penalties for failure to live up to action plans.[10]","title":"Tools to Create Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Workplace education programmes","text":"To support brands and factories in fulfilling their basic responsibility to inform workers and management about workers' rights and access to grievance systems, Fair Wear has designed several types of training for different countries.[11]","title":"Tools to Create Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Complaints helplines","text":"Fair Wear offers complaints helplines in 11 garment producing countries. When a garment worker lodges a complaint, Fair Wear launches an investigation and requires the brand to work with the supplier to remediate the problem.[12]","title":"Tools to Create Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Fair Wear does not certify products, brands, or factories, relying instead on a \"process approach\" that claims to insist on constant progress toward the standards it supports.[13] A factory was investigated by Fair Wear after having been exposed as relying on exploitative labour centres that grossly violate their standards.[14] Further, research has shown that self-regulated codes of conduct (specifically and explicitly those of Fair Wear) provide \"few significant results... for specific worker rights.\"[15]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fair Wear also creates change beyond its member brands’ supply chains. Fair Wear works with a range of stakeholders and other organisations in order to develop sustainable systems for good workplace conditions. Fair Wear works on enabling an influencing environment for multiple actors: governments, international organisations, UN bodies, and stakeholders. Fair Wear provides evidence to other brands and industry influencers of what a fairer garment industry could look like.Fair Wear brings different players together at every level – from boardroom decisions to workplace assessments – so that brands, business associations, trade unions, governments and NGOs all have a voice.","title":"Cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fair Wear was founded in 1999. Just as in other countries, garment production in the Netherlands had, by then, been displaced to low-wage countries. After some years of campaigning against poor labour conditions in low-wage countries, the union FNV and the CCC contacted the employers' organisations and proposed a joint initiative to improve labour conditions in the garment sector.In the period 1999–2002, Fair Wear carried out pilot projects on the implementation of the Code of Labour Practices with four Dutch companies. These experiences led to the determination of a standard procedure.Building up membership among companies was the next step. The first group of 11 members was announced to the public in March 2003.In 2019, Fair Wear employs over 50 employees located in Amsterdam, as well as local teams in garment-producing countries.","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"International Labour Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization"},{"title":"Labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law"},{"title":"Labor rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights"},{"title":"Sweatshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatshop"}]	[{"reference":"\"Brands\". Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/brands/","url_text":"\"Brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labour Standards\". Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/labour-standards/","url_text":"\"Labour Standards\""}]},{"reference":"Fair Wear Foundation (2016-06-07), Shared responsibility, archived from the original on 2021-12-20, retrieved 2019-06-18","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oHz6ngOtwY","url_text":"Shared responsibility"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8oHz6ngOtwY","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (DECLARATION)\". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilo.org/declaration/lang--en/index.htm","url_text":"\"ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (DECLARATION)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standards Map\". Sustainability Map. Retrieved 2019-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardsmap.org/quick-scan?standards=19","url_text":"\"Standards Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Countries\". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601005434/https://www.fairwear.org/countries/","url_text":"\"Countries\""},{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/countries/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FWF Brand Performance Check guide 2018\". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618135045/https://www.fairwear.org/resource/fwf-brand-performance-check-guide-2018/","url_text":"\"FWF Brand Performance Check guide 2018\""},{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/resource/fwf-brand-performance-check-guide-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Resources\". Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/resources/","url_text":"\"Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"FWF Factory Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/factory-guide/?referrer=/factory-guide/chapters/chapter-2/auditing-and-corrective-actions/the-fwf-audit/#element_8929","url_text":"\"FWF Factory Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terms for audits by FWF audit teams\" (PDF). Fair Wear Foundation. Retrieved 2019-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TermsforworkingwithFWFauditteams2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Terms for audits by FWF audit teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Workplace Education Programme 2018\". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618135044/https://www.fairwear.org/resource/workplace-education-programme-2018/","url_text":"\"Workplace Education Programme 2018\""},{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/resource/workplace-education-programme-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Complaints handling\". Fair Wear Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618135043/https://www.fairwear.org/complaints/","url_text":"\"Complaints handling\""},{"url":"https://www.fairwear.org/complaints/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Standards Map\". Sustainability Map. Retrieved 2019-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardsmap.org/quick-scan?standards=19","url_text":"\"Standards Map\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Simon; Ahmed, Redwan (March 2019). \"'Girl power' charity T-shirts made at exploitative Bangladeshi factory\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/01/charity-t-shirts-made-at-exploitative-bangladeshi-factory","url_text":"\"'Girl power' charity T-shirts made at exploitative Bangladeshi factory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do codes of conduct improve worker rights in supply chains? A study of Fair Wear Foundation\". Research Gate. Retrieved 2019-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273602720","url_text":"\"Do codes of conduct improve worker rights in supply chains? A study of Fair Wear Foundation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://fairwear.org/","external_links_name":"fairwear.org"},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/brands/","external_links_name":"\"Brands\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/labour-standards/","external_links_name":"\"Labour Standards\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oHz6ngOtwY","external_links_name":"Shared responsibility"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8oHz6ngOtwY","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ilo.org/declaration/lang--en/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (DECLARATION)\""},{"Link":"http://www.standardsmap.org/quick-scan?standards=19","external_links_name":"\"Standards Map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601005434/https://www.fairwear.org/countries/","external_links_name":"\"Countries\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/countries/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618135045/https://www.fairwear.org/resource/fwf-brand-performance-check-guide-2018/","external_links_name":"\"FWF Brand Performance Check guide 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/resource/fwf-brand-performance-check-guide-2018/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/resources/","external_links_name":"\"Resources\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/factory-guide/?referrer=/factory-guide/chapters/chapter-2/auditing-and-corrective-actions/the-fwf-audit/#element_8929","external_links_name":"\"FWF Factory Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TermsforworkingwithFWFauditteams2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Terms for audits by FWF audit teams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618135044/https://www.fairwear.org/resource/workplace-education-programme-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Workplace Education Programme 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/resource/workplace-education-programme-2018/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618135043/https://www.fairwear.org/complaints/","external_links_name":"\"Complaints handling\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairwear.org/complaints/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.standardsmap.org/quick-scan?standards=19","external_links_name":"\"Standards Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/01/charity-t-shirts-made-at-exploitative-bangladeshi-factory","external_links_name":"\"'Girl power' charity T-shirts made at exploitative Bangladeshi factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273602720","external_links_name":"\"Do codes of conduct improve worker rights in supply chains? A study of Fair Wear Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.fairwear.org/","external_links_name":"Fair Wear Foundation FWF"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfQgfKz8t9w","external_links_name":"Fair Wear Formula Animated Film on YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.modint.nl/","external_links_name":"Modint - Employers Organization for Garment Suppliers"},{"Link":"http://www.cbwmitex.nl/","external_links_name":"CBW-Mitex - Employers Organiza t Garment Retail Trade"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060906014536/http://www.fnvbondgenoten.nl/","external_links_name":"FNV Bondgenoten - Trade Union"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312210134/http://www.cnvinternationaal.nl/english/","external_links_name":"CNV - Trade Union"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120410091728/http://www.brotfueralle.ch/en/english/","external_links_name":"Bread for All - Switzerland"},{"Link":"http://www.cleanclothes.org/","external_links_name":"Clean Clothes Campaign"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Branch	St John Branch	["1 Career","2 Family","3 References"]	SirCharles Ernest St John BranchKC23rd Chief Justice of CeylonIn office3 July 1925 – 25 May 1926Appointed byWilliam ManningPreceded byAnton BertramSucceeded byStanley FisherChief Justice of JamaicaIn office1923–1925Preceded bySir Anthony CollSucceeded byFiennes Barrett-Lennard Personal detailsBorn(1865-06-02)2 June 1865TrinidadDied1939Horsham, West Sussex, UKChildrenDenzil Templer BranchAlma materDurham University Sir Charles Ernest St John Branch KC (2 June 1865 – 1939), known as St John Branch, was a British colonial administrator, who served as Chief Justice of Jamaica 1923-25 and the 23rd Chief Justice of Ceylon 1925-26. Career Branch was born in San Ferdinand, Trinidad, the eldest son of Rev. Canon Branch. He was assistant attorney-general of the British Leeward Islands in 1900. In 1910 he was made Auditor General of Jamaica and in 1921 a puisne judge in the Straits Settlements. In 1923 he returned to Jamaica as Chief Justice, a position he held until 1925. He was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1924 Birthday Honours. On 3 July 1925 he was appointed Chief Justice of Ceylon, succeeding Anton Bertram, a position he held until 25 May 1926, when he was succeeded by Stanley Fisher. He died in Horsham, West Sussex in 1939. Family Branch married at Christ Church, Crookham, on 24 March 1900, to Agnes Irene Templer, daughter of Philip Arthur Templer, former Administrator of Dominica. They had two sons, the younger of which was killed in World War II. References ^ "No. 32959". The London Gazette. 25 July 1924. p. 5636. ^ "Overview". Judicial Service Commission Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013. ^ "BRANCH, Sir (Charles Ernest) St John". Who's Who & Who Was Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 7 January 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Amerasinghe, A. Ranjit B. (1986). The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka : the first 185 years. Ratmalana: Sarvodaya Book Pub. Services. ISBN 955599000X. ^ "Marriages". The Times. No. 36100. London. 27 March 1900. p. 1. Legal offices Preceded byAnton Bertram Chief Justice of Ceylon 1925-1926 Succeeded byStanley Fisher Preceded bySir Anthony Coll Chief Justice of Jamaica 1923-1925 Succeeded byFiennes Barrett-Lennard vteChief justices of Sri Lanka Carrington Lushington Johnston Giffard Ottley Marshall Norris Oliphant Carr Rowe Creasy Hackett Phear Cayley de Wet Burnside Bonser Layard Hutchinson Lascelles Renton Bertram Branch Fisher Macdonell Abrahams Howard Wijewardena Jayetileke Rose Basnayake Sansoni Fernando Silva Tennekoon Samarakoon Sharvananda Ranasinghe Thambiah de Silva Silva de Silva Bandaranayake Peiris Sripavan Dep Perera Jayasuriya Supreme Court of Sri Lanka	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ceylon"}],"text":"Sir Charles Ernest St John Branch KC (2 June 1865 – 1939), known as St John Branch, was a British colonial administrator, who served as Chief Justice of Jamaica 1923-25 and the 23rd Chief Justice of Ceylon 1925-26.","title":"St John Branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attorney-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-general"},{"link_name":"British Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Auditor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor_General"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"1924 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anton Bertram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bertram"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSCS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amerasinghe-4"}],"text":"Branch was born in San Ferdinand, Trinidad, the eldest son of Rev. Canon Branch.He was assistant attorney-general of the British Leeward Islands in 1900. In 1910 he was made Auditor General of Jamaica and in 1921 a puisne judge in the Straits Settlements. In 1923 he returned to Jamaica as Chief Justice, a position he held until 1925. He was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1924 Birthday Honours.[1]On 3 July 1925 he was appointed Chief Justice of Ceylon, succeeding Anton Bertram, a position he held until 25 May 1926, when he was succeeded by Stanley Fisher.[2][3][4]He died in Horsham, West Sussex in 1939.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Crookham"},{"link_name":"Administrator of Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Dominica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Branch married at Christ Church, Crookham, on 24 March 1900, to Agnes Irene Templer, daughter of Philip Arthur Templer, former Administrator of Dominica.[5] They had two sons, the younger of which was killed in World War II.","title":"Family"}]	[{"image_text":"Supreme Court of Sri Lanka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg/80px-Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 32959\". The London Gazette. 25 July 1924. p. 5636.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32959/page/5636","url_text":"\"No. 32959\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview\". Judicial Service Commission Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019091817/http://www.jsc.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en","url_text":"\"Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.jsc.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BRANCH, Sir (Charles Ernest) St John\". Who's Who & Who Was Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U206545","url_text":"\"BRANCH, Sir (Charles Ernest) St John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Was_Who","url_text":"Who's Who & Who Was Who"}]},{"reference":"Amerasinghe, A. Ranjit B. (1986). The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka : the first 185 years. Ratmalana: Sarvodaya Book Pub. Services. ISBN 955599000X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/955599000X","url_text":"955599000X"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriages\". The Times. No. 36100. London. 27 March 1900. p. 1.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32959/page/5636","external_links_name":"\"No. 32959\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019091817/http://www.jsc.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsc.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U206545","external_links_name":"\"BRANCH, Sir (Charles Ernest) St John\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Trapani	Sal Trapani	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and comics career","1.2 Animation","1.3 Involvement in Old Time Radio Fandom","2 References"]	American comic book artist (1927–1999) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sal Trapani" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Sal Trapani" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sal TrapaniPanel detail by Trapani from Forbidden Worlds #144 (July 1967)BornApril 30, 1927Brooklyn, New YorkDied1999NationalityAmericanArea(s)Penciller, InkerNotable worksNukla Salvatore A. "Sal" Trapani (April 30, 1927—July 14, 1999) was an American comic-book artist active from the 1940s Golden Age of comics through the 1960s Silver Age and into the 1980s. He is best known as a journeyman inker and occasional penciller for a variety of comics publishers. Biography Early life and comics career Sal Trapani was born in Brooklyn, New York City in 1927. He attended the School of Visual Arts and counted school co-founder Burne Hogarth among his early influences. His earliest recorded comic book credits include short filler pieces in Airboy Comics in 1949. Through the following decades, Trapani racked up credits on hundreds of comic book stories for Gillmor, Charlton, Dell, Gold Key, ACG and others. His most notable credit is as co-creator of the character Nukla. Trapani replaced character co-creator Ramona Fradon for an extended run on the superhero title Metamorpho at DC Comics, beginning in 1966. Trapani also provided inks for many Steve Ditko-illustrated stories published by Charlton, ACG, and Dell, and regularly used Ditko as one of his many ghost artists. Trapani was also a prolific inker for Marvel Comics in the 1970s, providing embellishments for The Incredible Hulk, The Defenders, Ghost Rider, Man-Thing, and many others. Trapani provided the inks on the Man-Thing story that first introduced Howard the Duck, in Adventure into Fear #19, written by Steve Gerber and pencilled by Val Mayerik. Animation Trapani also worked as a designer and storyboard artist for animated cartoons. In the 1960s he was employed by Cambria Productions in Los Angeles. From 1962 to 1964 he is credited as art director on 29 episodes of Cambria's Space Angel TV show. The famously low-budget animation process patented by Cambria was basically an animated comic strip with film of actors’ mouths speaking their lines superimposed over the still images. The images were largely created by cartoonist Alex Toth and inked by Trapani. Involvement in Old Time Radio Fandom Trapani was a lifelong enthusiast of the Golden Age of Radio and as a fan and collector of radio dramas he was instrumental in kickstarting the organized fandom for so-called Old Time Radio. He helped to organize one of the first OTR conventions and gifting 100 radio shows to convention organizer Jay Hickerson: "In 1970, at one of the parties, a guest told me of a friend, Sal Trapani, who had recordings of those radio shows, which intrigued me. I contacted Sal, and we subsequently met. After that initial meeting, Sal gave me 100 shows on 4-1/4 track reels. Thus, my collection of old-time radio shows began." According to brother-in-law Dick Giordano, Trapani also created a radio studio in his garage and produced programs with friends. References ^ "Sal Trapani". lambiek.net. Retrieved September 3, 2023. ^ Gauthier, Jim (August 13, 1999). "Long-Time artist Sal Trapani Dies". Comics Buyer's Guide: 8. ^ at the Grand Comics Database. ^ Gill, Joe; Trapani, Sal (October–December 1965). Nukla #1. Dell Comics. ^ O'Hearn, Martin (October 22, 2011). "Sal Trapani Metamorpho Swipes". Who Created the Comic Books?. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ O'Hearn, Martin (September 24, 2012). "Another Trapani Ghost; Collect Them All". Who Created the Comic Books?. Retrieved March 4, 2019. The Dell TV tie-in Hogan's Heroes, like Get Smart, has Steve Ditko on a couple of issues, ghosting for inker Sal Trapani. Ditko's style is so distinctive that any young reader at the time could recognize his work. After his issues, though, Trapani's ghosts are more harder to spot—and at some point, who knows? Trapani may even pencil for himself. ^ "Sal Trapani". IMDb. IMDb. Retrieved March 3, 2019. ^ Trapani, Sal (September 1965). "Letter from Sal Trapani". The Comics Reader #41. Marvel Mysteries and Comics Minutiae. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "The Formation of a Bootleg Radio Fan Culture \| Antenna". ^ "Martin Grams: Friends of Old Time Radio: The Early Years". October 21, 2011. ^ The Thunder Agents Companion, Jon B. Cooke, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005, pgs. 99–100. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Australia People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lam-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"comic-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic-book"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_comics"},{"link_name":"Silver Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Age_of_comics"},{"link_name":"inker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inker"},{"link_name":"penciller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penciller"}],"text":"Salvatore A. \"Sal\" Trapani (April 30, 1927—July 14, 1999)[1][2] was an American comic-book artist active from the 1940s Golden Age of comics through the 1960s Silver Age and into the 1980s. He is best known as a journeyman inker and occasional penciller for a variety of comics publishers.","title":"Sal Trapani"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"School of Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist_and_Illustrators_School"},{"link_name":"Burne Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burne_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"Airboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcd-3"},{"link_name":"Gillmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Publications"},{"link_name":"Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Comics"},{"link_name":"Gold Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Key_Comics"},{"link_name":"ACG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Comics_Group"},{"link_name":"Nukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ramona Fradon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona_Fradon"},{"link_name":"Metamorpho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorpho"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Steve Ditko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ditko"},{"link_name":"ghost artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Howard the Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_the_Duck"},{"link_name":"Adventure into Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_into_Fear"},{"link_name":"Steve Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gerber"},{"link_name":"Val Mayerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Mayerik"}],"sub_title":"Early life and comics career","text":"Sal Trapani was born in Brooklyn, New York City in 1927. He attended the School of Visual Arts and counted school co-founder Burne Hogarth among his early influences. His earliest recorded comic book credits include short filler pieces in Airboy Comics in 1949.[3]Through the following decades, Trapani racked up credits on hundreds of comic book stories for Gillmor, Charlton, Dell, Gold Key, ACG and others. His most notable credit is as co-creator of the character Nukla.[4] Trapani replaced character co-creator Ramona Fradon for an extended run on the superhero title Metamorpho at DC Comics, beginning in 1966.[5] Trapani also provided inks for many Steve Ditko-illustrated stories published by Charlton, ACG, and Dell, and regularly used Ditko as one of his many ghost artists.[6]Trapani was also a prolific inker for Marvel Comics in the 1970s, providing embellishments for The Incredible Hulk, The Defenders, Ghost Rider, Man-Thing, and many others. Trapani provided the inks on the Man-Thing story that first introduced Howard the Duck, in Adventure into Fear #19, written by Steve Gerber and pencilled by Val Mayerik.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambria Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_Productions"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Space Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Angel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alex Toth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Toth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Animation","text":"Trapani also worked as a designer and storyboard artist for animated cartoons. In the 1960s he was employed by Cambria Productions in Los Angeles. From 1962 to 1964 he is credited as art director on 29 episodes of Cambria's Space Angel TV show.[7] The famously low-budget animation process patented by Cambria was basically an animated comic strip with film of actors’ mouths speaking their lines superimposed over the still images. The images were largely created by cartoonist Alex Toth and inked by Trapani.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Age of Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otr-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapes-10"},{"link_name":"Dick Giordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Giordano"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dick-11"}],"sub_title":"Involvement in Old Time Radio Fandom","text":"Trapani was a lifelong enthusiast of the Golden Age of Radio and as a fan and collector of radio dramas he was instrumental in kickstarting the organized fandom for so-called Old Time Radio. He helped to organize one of the first OTR conventions[9] and gifting 100 radio shows to convention organizer Jay Hickerson: \"In 1970, at one of the parties, a guest told me of a friend, Sal Trapani, who had recordings of those radio shows, which intrigued me. I contacted Sal, and we subsequently met. After that initial meeting, Sal gave me 100 shows on 4-1/4 track reels. Thus, my collection of old-time radio shows began.\"[10] According to brother-in-law Dick Giordano, Trapani also created a radio studio in his garage and produced programs with friends.[11]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sal Trapani\". lambiek.net. Retrieved September 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/trapani_sal.htm","url_text":"\"Sal Trapani\""}]},{"reference":"Gauthier, Jim (August 13, 1999). \"Long-Time artist Sal Trapani Dies\". Comics Buyer's Guide: 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gill, Joe; Trapani, Sal (October–December 1965). Nukla #1. Dell Comics.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Hearn, Martin (October 22, 2011). \"Sal Trapani Metamorpho Swipes\". Who Created the Comic Books?. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://martinohearn.blogspot.com/2011/10/sal-trapani-metamorpho-swipes.html","url_text":"\"Sal Trapani Metamorpho Swipes\""}]},{"reference":"O'Hearn, Martin (September 24, 2012). \"Another Trapani Ghost; Collect Them All\". Who Created the Comic Books?. Retrieved March 4, 2019. The Dell TV tie-in Hogan's Heroes, like Get Smart, has Steve Ditko on a couple of issues, ghosting for inker Sal Trapani. Ditko's style is so distinctive that any young reader at the time could recognize his work. After his issues, though, Trapani's ghosts are more harder to spot—and at some point, who knows? Trapani may even pencil for himself.","urls":[{"url":"http://martinohearn.blogspot.com/2012/09/another-trapani-ghost-collect-them-all.html","url_text":"\"Another Trapani Ghost; Collect Them All\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sal Trapani\". IMDb. IMDb. Retrieved March 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6509098/?ref_=nv_sr_2","url_text":"\"Sal Trapani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Trapani, Sal (September 1965). \"Letter from Sal Trapani\". The Comics Reader #41. Marvel Mysteries and Comics Minutiae. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aJgkRBJBFzE/Uumxkk2GpII/AAAAAAAACKk/Mu0dqjV4Ris/s1600/comicreader41-nukla.jpg","url_text":"\"Letter from Sal Trapani\""},{"url":"https://nick-caputo.blogspot.com/2014/01/more-on-tcr.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Formation of a Bootleg Radio Fan Culture \| Antenna\".","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.commarts.wisc.edu/2015/03/02/the-formation-of-a-bootleg-radio-fan-culture/","url_text":"\"The Formation of a Bootleg Radio Fan Culture \| Antenna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Grams: Friends of Old Time Radio: The Early Years\". October 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://martingrams.blogspot.ca/2011/10/friends-of-old-time-radio-early-years.html","url_text":"\"Martin Grams: Friends of Old Time Radio: The Early Years\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22","external_links_name":"\"Sal Trapani\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sal+Trapani%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sal+Trapani%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22","external_links_name":"\"Sal Trapani\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sal+Trapani%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sal+Trapani%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sal+Trapani%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/trapani_sal.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sal Trapani\""},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/issue/7849/#648922","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://martinohearn.blogspot.com/2011/10/sal-trapani-metamorpho-swipes.html","external_links_name":"\"Sal Trapani Metamorpho Swipes\""},{"Link":"http://martinohearn.blogspot.com/2012/09/another-trapani-ghost-collect-them-all.html","external_links_name":"\"Another Trapani Ghost; Collect Them All\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6509098/?ref_=nv_sr_2","external_links_name":"\"Sal Trapani\""},{"Link":"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aJgkRBJBFzE/Uumxkk2GpII/AAAAAAAACKk/Mu0dqjV4Ris/s1600/comicreader41-nukla.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Letter from Sal Trapani\""},{"Link":"https://nick-caputo.blogspot.com/2014/01/more-on-tcr.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.commarts.wisc.edu/2015/03/02/the-formation-of-a-bootleg-radio-fan-culture/","external_links_name":"\"The Formation of a Bootleg Radio Fan Culture \| Antenna\""},{"Link":"http://martingrams.blogspot.ca/2011/10/friends-of-old-time-radio-early-years.html","external_links_name":"\"Martin Grams: Friends of Old Time Radio: The Early Years\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30145969927732250168","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010080561","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an54339542","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1541595","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissbury	Cissbury Ring	["1 Structure","2 History","3 Etymology","4 Flint mines","5 Biology","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°51′29″N 0°22′30″W / 50.858°N 0.375°W / 50.858; -0.375Prehistoric sites near Worthing, West Sussex, England Cissbury RingSite of Special Scientific InterestRampart of Cissbury RingLocationWest SussexGrid referenceTQ 145 078InterestBiologicalArea84.2 hectares (208 acres)Notification1986Location mapMagic Map Cissbury Ring is an 84.2-hectare (208-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Worthing in West Sussex. It is owned by the National Trust and is designated a Scheduled monument for its Neolithic flint mine and Iron Age hillfort. Cissbury Ring is the largest hill fort in Sussex, the second largest in England and one of the largest in Europe overall, covering some 60 acres (24 hectares). The earthworks that form the fortifications were built around the beginning of the Middle Iron-Age possibly around 250 BC but abandoned in the period 50 BC - 50 AD. 3D view of the digital terrain model Cissbury Ring 3D model Cissbury Ring 3D model video The site of the fort contains a Neolithic mine, one of the first flint mines in Britain. Around 270 shafts were dug into Cissbury hill over around 300 years of use. Shafts were up to 12 metres (39 ft) deep with 7 metres (23 ft) diameters at the surface. Up to eight galleries extended outwards from the bottoms of the shafts, often interconnecting with one another. The site has been damaged by illicit metal detecting. Structure This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The ditches and banks are the remains of a defensive wall that enclosed 65 acres (260,000 m2) of land; the inner band of the wall is over a mile around. The ditches are said to be as deep as three metres and were filled with loosened chalk and covered with timber palisade. The 600 foot (184 m) hill is open to the public. From the top, one is able to see to the west Selsey, Chichester Cathedral, the Spinnaker Tower and the Isle of Wight. To the east, one is able to see Brighton, the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head. Cissbury Ring is the highest point in the borough of Worthing. History Several Bronze Age barrows have been found just outside Cissbury Ring. In the Romano-British period, farmers settled within the ramparts of the hill fort. In 1867–8 Augustus Lane-Fox excavated part of Cissbury Ring. During World War II, Cissbury Ring was used as a camp for the 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in preparation for the Normandy landings. At this time much of the fort within the ramparts was ploughed to provide food. While on manoeuvres, tanks destroyed the dew pond at the north side of the fort. A gap was made in the ramparts to accommodate a 100 lb (45 kg) gun which was used to fire at ships in the English Channel and an anti-aircraft gun was sited by the gap. Artefacts from Cissbury Ring can be found at Worthing Museum and Art Gallery, the Museum of Sussex Archaeology, Lewes and the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Silver pennies from the reign of Ethelred II (978-1016) can be found at the British Museum. Etymology The name Cissbury was traditionally taken to mean Caesar's fort (after Julius Caesar) or Cissa's fort (after Cissa, son of South Saxon king Ælle), but both theories have been discounted. In the early eleventh century in the reign of Ethelred the Unready, Cissbury was known as Sith(m)esteburh, which is taken to mean the 'last or the latest fort'. This may mean that Cissbury was the last fort to be refortified, after another nearby fort such as that at Burpham. It seems that the name Cissbury was altered to accommodate the legend that the fort was linked to Cissa the South Saxon. Flint mines Neolithic flint mineThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Long before the hill was fortified, flint mines were being excavated in the area. Some shafts went down as far as 40 feet (12 m). The shafts at Cissbury were excavated with antler picks, much like those at Grimes Graves and elsewhere. Flint was the common material for making stone axes for felling timber and working wood during the neolithic period. The site was one of the first Neolithic flint mines in Britain and it was exploited throughout the period (the nearby Harrow Hill series of flint mines is slightly older). It is part of a group of flint mines in Sussex which followed a rich seam of flint-bearing chalk. Other examples include Grimes Graves in Norfolk, and Harrow Hill nearby. Cissbury was one of several important mining industries in the UK during the Neolithic and is thought to have been used into the Bronze Age, and later the Iron Age though flint mining probably stopped during the late neolithic, but there is some evidence of re-use of flint for tools during later times. Axes and Blades (struck from cores) account for most of the tools produced at Cissbury and examples of Cissbury flint can be found as far as Italy. Axes were produced on site, as rough-outs, these were then traded or used off site. Many other types of stone were in demand for stone axes such as the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry in the Lake District. The axes were essential for forest clearance for farming in the Neolithic period, and found many other uses, such as wood working. Around 270 shafts were dug into the Cissbury hill over around 900 years of use. Shafts were up to 12 metres (39 ft) deep with 7 metres (23 ft) diameters at the surface. Up to eight galleries extended outwards from the bottoms of the shafts, often interconnecting with one another. Excavation of the mine shafts by John Pull in the 1950s uncovered the remains of a young woman who had been apparently killed in a tunnel collapse. This individual was recently radio-carbon dated to c.3700 BC. Charcoal possibly from her torch and a miniature whale carved from bone were with her. The miniature carved whale has since been identified as an 18th century gaming piece, and was probably thrown in by a local at night during the excavation of the mine shaft. The possibility that the shaft was used for a ritual burial has also been suggested however. The remains of two other people, a man and a woman, were recovered from different shafts at Cissbury in the nineteenth century and it has been suggested that the exhausted mines had a secondary purpose for formal burial. Alternatively, it may have been expedient to send women into the mines as they could squeeze into the narrow galleries and some archaeologists have suggested that flint extraction was a rite of passage for the more slightly built juvenile members of Neolithic societies. The site is significant as it represents the switch from open cast flint extraction favoured previously by prehistoric peoples who exploited deposits of flint close to the surface, to deep shaft mining which required more effort but produced more flint of a higher quality. Biology The site has unimproved chalk grassland, scrub and neutral grassland. Upright brome is dominant in the chalk grassland, while common grasses in the neutral grassland include Yorkshire fog, sheep's fescue and creeping bent. The scrub areas provide important habitats for birds and butterflies. See also Worthing Downland Estate References ^ a b c d "Designated Sites View: Cissbury Ring". Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 21 April 2019. ^ "Map of Cissbury Ring". Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 21 April 2019. ^ "Cissbury Ring". National Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2019. ^ Historic England. "Cissbury Ring hillfort, prehistoric flint mine and associated remains (1015817)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 April 2019. ^ a b c "Cissbury Ring". ^ MacCurdy, George Grant (1 January 1905). "Review of Neolithic Dew-Ponds and Cattle-Ways". American Anthropologist. 7 (3): 529–531. doi:10.1525/aa.1905.7.3.02a00080. JSTOR 659048. ^ a b "Worthing's Historical Features - Visit Worthing". ^ "Cissbury Fort 'damaged by metal detectors'". BBC News. 25 November 2016. ^ Thompson, M. W. (1977). General Pitt-Rivers: evolution and archaeology in the nineteenth century. Bradford-on-Avon: Moonraker Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-239-00162-1. ^ "THIS IS FINDON VILLAGE - The Dew-pond on the North Side of Cissbury Ring". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008. ^ "Neolithic Flint Mines of Sussex". Bournemouth University. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ "British Museum - Silver pennies of Ethelred II". Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016. ^ a b "Place Names www.findon.com". 5 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. ^ "Cissbury Ring citation" (PDF). Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 21 April 2019. Further reading Russell, Miles, Rough Quarries, Rocks and Hills : John Pull and the Neolithic Flint Mines of Sussex. Oxford: Oxbow, (2001). (Bournemouth University School of Conservation Sciences Occasional Series.) Russell, Miles, Flint Mines in Neolithic Britain. Tempus. Stroud, (2000). Russell, Miles The Early Neolithic Architecture of the South Downs. British Archaeological Report 321, (2001). Archaeopress. Oxford. Russell, Miles Prehistoric Sussex. Tempus. Stroud, (2002). Russell, Miles Monuments of the British Neolithic: The Roots of Architecture. Tempus. Stroud, (2002). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cissbury Ring. National Trust Information on Cissbury Ring Cissbury Ring Cissbury Ring Map and aerial photos Information on steps being taken against development of area 50°51′29″N 0°22′30″W / 50.858°N 0.375°W / 50.858; -0.375 vteSites of Special Scientific Interest in West SussexBiological Adur Estuary Amberley Mount to Sullington Hill Amberley Wild Brooks Ambersham Common Arun Banks Arundel Park Beeding Hill to Newtimber Hill Bognor Reef Bracklesham Bay Buchan Hill Ponds Burton Park Chanctonbury Hill Chapel Common Chichester Harbour Chiddingfold Forest Cissbury Ring Clayton to Offham Escarpment Climping Beach Coates Castle Cow Wood and Harry's Wood Duncton to Bignor Escarpment East Dean Park Wood Ebernoe Common Fairmile Bottom Forest Mere Fyning Moor Halnaker Chalk Pit Harting Downs Heyshott Down House Copse Hurston Warren Iping Common Kingley Vale Lavington Common Levin Down The Mens Mills Rocks Northpark Copse to Snapelands Copse Pads Wood Pagham Harbour Parham Park Pulborough Brooks Rake Hanger Rook Clift Shillinglee Lake Singleton and Cocking Tunnels St Leonard's Forest St Leonard's Park Ponds Sullington Warren Treyford to Bepton Down Upper Arun Wakehurst and Chiddingly Woods Waltham Brooks West Dean Woods West Harting Down Wolstonbury Hill Woolbeding and Pound Commons Woolmer Forest Worth Forest Geological Beeding Hill to Newtimber Hill Bognor Common Quarry Bognor Reef Bracklesham Bay Chantry Mill Chichester Harbour Coneyhurst Cutting Coppedhall Hanger Eartham Pit, Boxgrove Felpham Freshfield Lane Horton Clay Pit Marehill Quarry Pagham Harbour Park Farm Cutting Perry Copse Outcrop Philpot's and Hook Quarries Selsey, East Beach Slinfold Stream and Quarry Stone Hill Rocks Turners Hill Wakehurst and Chiddingly Woods Warnham West Hoathly vteIron Age hillforts in EnglandBedfordshire Mowsbury Hill Maiden Bower Berkshire Bussock Camp Caesar's Camp Grimsbury Castle Membury Camp Perborough Castle Walbury Camp Bristol Clifton Camp Kings Weston Hill Buckinghamshire Boddington Camp Cholesbury Camp Desborough Castle Cambridgeshire Stonea Camp Wandlebury Ring Cheshire Bradley Eddisbury Helsby Hill Kelsborrow Castle Maiden Castle Oakmere Woodhouse Hill Cornwall Black Head Cadson Bury Caer Bran Castallack Round Castle an Dinas Castle Dore Castle Goff Chûn Castle Dodman Point Giant's Castle Kelly Rounds Kelsey Head Lescudjack Lesingey Round Maen Castle Padderbury Top Prideaux Castle Rame Head The Rumps Trencrom Hill Trereen Dinas Treryn Dinas Trevelgue Head Warbstow Bury Cumbria Carrock Fell Castle Crag Derbyshire Fin Cop Mam Tor Dorset Abbotsbury Castle Badbury Rings Banbury Hill Buzbury Rings Chalbury Hillfort Coney's Castle Dudsbury Camp Dungeon Hill Eggardon Hill Flower's Barrow Hambledon Hill Hod Hill Lambert's Castle Lewesdon Hill Maiden Castle Pilsdon Pen Poundbury Hill Woodbury Hill Woolsbarrow East Sussex Hollingbury Castle Mount Caburn Essex Ambresbury Banks Danish Camp Loughton Camp Gloucestershire Cleeve Hill Kimsbury Camp Uley Bury Greater Manchester Mellor hill fort Hampshire Ashleys Copse Buckland Rings Bury Hill Caesar's Camp Castle Hill Chilworth Ring Danebury Dunwood Camp Frankenbury Camp The Frith Gorley Hill Hamble Common Camp King John's Hill Knoll Camp Ladle Hill Lockerley Camp Norsebury Ring Old Winchester Hill Oram's Arbour Quarley Hill St. Catherine's Hill Tidbury Ring Toothill Fort Whitsbury Castle Woolbury Herefordshire Aconbury Camp Brandon Camp British Camp Capler Camp Croft Ambrey Dinedor Camp Garmsley Camp Ivington Camp Poston Camp Sutton Walls Wapley Hill Hertfordshire Arbury Banks Wilbury Hill Camp Kent Bigbury Camp Oldbury Camp Lancashire Castercliff Portfield Warton Crag Leicestershire Burrough Hill Norfolk Bloodgate Hill Holkham Camp Warham Camp North Yorkshire Eston Nab Maiden Castle Stanwick Camp Northamptonshire Borough Hill Hunsbury Hill Rainsborough Camp Northumberland Castle Knowe Humbleton Hill Yeavering Bell Oxfordshire Blewburton Hill Cherbury Camp Hardwell Castle Uffington Castle Shropshire Bayston Hill Bury Ditches Bury Walls Caer Caradoc, Church Stretton Caer Caradog, Chapel Lawn Caus Castle Coxall Knoll Nordy Bank Old Oswestry The Wrekin South Yorkshire Carl Wark Wincobank Staffordshire Berry Ring Berth Hill Bury Bank Castle Ring Kinver Edge Hillfort Surrey Caesar's Camp Hascombe Hill Holmbury Hill West Sussex Chanctonbury Ring Cissbury Ring Goosehill Camp Harting Beacon Highdown Hill Thundersbarrow Hill The Trundle Torberry Hill West Yorkshire Castle Hill Wiltshire Ashleys Copse Barbury Castle Battlesbury Camp Bratton Castle Bury Camp Castle Ditches Casterley Camp Castle Rings Chisbury Chiselbury Chisenbury Camp Clearbury Ring Cley Hill Fosbury Camp Grovely Castle Knook Castle Liddington Castle Membury Camp Old Sarum Ringsbury Camp Roundway Down Scratchbury Camp Sidbury Hill Vespasian's Camp Winkelbury Camp Yarnbury Castle Worcestershire Berrow Hill Camp Berry Mound Bredon Hill British Camp Conderton Camp Drakelow Gadbury Bank Hanbury Hill Headless Cross Midsummer Hill Woodbury Hill Wychbury Ring	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-2"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"hillfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillfort"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationaltrust.org.uk-5"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Iron-Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-Age"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitworthing.co.uk-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cissbury_Ring_Digital_Terrain_Model.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cissbury_Ring2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"flint mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_mine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Prehistoric sites near Worthing, West Sussex, EnglandCissbury Ring is an 84.2-hectare (208-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Worthing in West Sussex.[1][2] It is owned by the National Trust[3] and is designated a Scheduled monument for its Neolithic flint mine and Iron Age hillfort.[4]Cissbury Ring is the largest hill fort in Sussex, the second largest in England[5] and one of the largest in Europe overall, covering some 60 acres (24 hectares).[6] The earthworks that form the fortifications were built around the beginning of the Middle Iron-Age possibly around 250 BC[7] but abandoned in the period 50 BC - 50 AD.3D view of the digital terrain modelCissbury Ring 3D modelCissbury Ring 3D model videoThe site of the fort contains a Neolithic mine, one of the first flint mines in Britain. Around 270 shafts were dug into Cissbury hill over around 300 years of use. Shafts were up to 12 metres (39 ft) deep with 7 metres (23 ft) diameters at the surface. Up to eight galleries extended outwards from the bottoms of the shafts, often interconnecting with one another. The site has been damaged by illicit metal detecting.[8]","title":"Cissbury Ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsey"},{"link_name":"Chichester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Spinnaker Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Beachy Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachy_Head"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"}],"text":"The ditches and banks are the remains of a defensive wall that enclosed 65 acres (260,000 m2) of land; the inner band of the wall is over a mile around. The ditches are said to be as deep as three metres and were filled with loosened chalk and covered with timber palisade. The 600 foot (184 m) hill is open to the public. From the top, one is able to see to the west Selsey, Chichester Cathedral, the Spinnaker Tower and the Isle of Wight. To the east, one is able to see Brighton, the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head. Cissbury Ring is the highest point in the borough of Worthing.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"barrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitworthing.co.uk-7"},{"link_name":"Augustus Lane-Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"dew pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_pond"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationaltrust.org.uk-5"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationaltrust.org.uk-5"},{"link_name":"Worthing Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ethelred II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_II"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Several Bronze Age barrows have been found just outside Cissbury Ring. In the Romano-British period, farmers settled within the ramparts of the hill fort.[7]In 1867–8 Augustus Lane-Fox excavated part of Cissbury Ring.[9]During World War II, Cissbury Ring was used as a camp for the 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in preparation for the Normandy landings. At this time much of the fort within the ramparts was ploughed to provide food. While on manoeuvres, tanks destroyed the dew pond at the north side of the fort.[10] A gap was made in the ramparts to accommodate a 100 lb (45 kg) gun which was used to fire at ships in the English Channel[5] and an anti-aircraft gun was sited by the gap.[5]Artefacts from Cissbury Ring can be found at Worthing Museum and Art Gallery, the Museum of Sussex Archaeology, Lewes and the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.[11] Silver pennies from the reign of Ethelred II (978-1016) can be found at the British Museum.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Cissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissa_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"South Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Ælle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lle_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findon.info-13"},{"link_name":"Ethelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Burpham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burpham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findon.info-13"}],"text":"The name Cissbury was traditionally taken to mean Caesar's fort (after Julius Caesar) or Cissa's fort (after Cissa, son of South Saxon king Ælle), but both theories have been discounted.[13] In the early eleventh century in the reign of Ethelred the Unready, Cissbury was known as Sith(m)esteburh, which is taken to mean the 'last or the latest fort'. This may mean that Cissbury was the last fort to be refortified, after another nearby fort such as that at Burpham.[13] It seems that the name Cissbury was altered to accommodate the legend that the fort was linked to Cissa the South Saxon.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cissbury_Ring_neolithic_flint_mine_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"Grimes Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_Graves"},{"link_name":"stone axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_axe"},{"link_name":"neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"Harrow Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Hill,_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Grimes Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_Graves"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"stone axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_axe"},{"link_name":"greenstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenschist"},{"link_name":"Langdale axe industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry"},{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District"},{"link_name":"John Pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pull"}],"text":"Neolithic flint mineLong before the hill was fortified, flint mines were being excavated in the area. Some shafts went down as far as 40 feet (12 m). The shafts at Cissbury were excavated with antler picks, much like those at Grimes Graves and elsewhere. Flint was the common material for making stone axes for felling timber and working wood during the neolithic period.The site was one of the first Neolithic flint mines in Britain and it was exploited throughout the period (the nearby Harrow Hill series of flint mines is slightly older). It is part of a group of flint mines in Sussex which followed a rich seam of flint-bearing chalk. Other examples include Grimes Graves in Norfolk, and Harrow Hill nearby.\nCissbury was one of several important mining industries in the UK during the Neolithic and is thought to have been used into the Bronze Age, and later the Iron Age though flint mining probably stopped during the late neolithic, but there is some evidence of re-use of flint for tools during later times. Axes and Blades (struck from cores) account for most of the tools produced at Cissbury and examples of Cissbury flint can be found as far as Italy. Axes were produced on site, as rough-outs, these were then traded or used off site. Many other types of stone were in demand for stone axes such as the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry in the Lake District. The axes were essential for forest clearance for farming in the Neolithic period, and found many other uses, such as wood working.Around 270 shafts were dug into the Cissbury hill over around 900 years of use. Shafts were up to 12 metres (39 ft) deep with 7 metres (23 ft) diameters at the surface. Up to eight galleries extended outwards from the bottoms of the shafts, often interconnecting with one another.Excavation of the mine shafts by John Pull in the 1950s uncovered the remains of a young woman who had been apparently killed in a tunnel collapse. This individual was recently radio-carbon dated to c.3700 BC. Charcoal possibly from her torch and a miniature whale carved from bone were with her. The miniature carved whale has since been identified as an 18th century gaming piece, and was probably thrown in by a local at night during the excavation of the mine shaft. The possibility that the shaft was used for a ritual burial has also been suggested however. The remains of two other people, a man and a woman, were recovered from different shafts at Cissbury in the nineteenth century and it has been suggested that the exhausted mines had a secondary purpose for formal burial. Alternatively, it may have been expedient to send women into the mines as they could squeeze into the narrow galleries and some archaeologists have suggested that flint extraction was a rite of passage for the more slightly built juvenile members of Neolithic societies.The site is significant as it represents the switch from open cast flint extraction favoured previously by prehistoric peoples who exploited deposits of flint close to the surface, to deep shaft mining which required more effort but produced more flint of a higher quality.","title":"Flint mines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upright brome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_brome"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_fog"},{"link_name":"sheep's fescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep%27s_fescue"},{"link_name":"creeping bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrostis_stolonifera"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The site has unimproved chalk grassland, scrub and neutral grassland. Upright brome is dominant in the chalk grassland, while common grasses in the neutral grassland include Yorkshire fog, sheep's fescue and creeping bent. The scrub areas provide important habitats for birds and butterflies.[14]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Russell, Miles, Rough Quarries, Rocks and Hills : John Pull and the Neolithic Flint Mines of Sussex. Oxford: Oxbow, (2001). (Bournemouth University School of Conservation Sciences Occasional Series.)\nRussell, Miles, Flint Mines in Neolithic Britain. Tempus. Stroud, (2000).\nRussell, Miles The Early Neolithic Architecture of the South Downs. British Archaeological Report 321, (2001). Archaeopress. Oxford.\nRussell, Miles Prehistoric Sussex. Tempus. Stroud, (2002).\nRussell, Miles Monuments of the British Neolithic: The Roots of Architecture. Tempus. Stroud, (2002).","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"3D view of the digital terrain model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cissbury_Ring_Digital_Terrain_Model.jpg/220px-Cissbury_Ring_Digital_Terrain_Model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cissbury Ring 3D model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cissbury_Ring2.jpg/220px-Cissbury_Ring2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cissbury Ring 3D model video"},{"image_text":"Neolithic flint mine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cissbury_Ring_neolithic_flint_mine_1.JPG/220px-Cissbury_Ring_neolithic_flint_mine_1.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Worthing Downland Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing_Downland_Estate"}]	[{"reference":"\"Designated Sites View: Cissbury Ring\". Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 21 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1004162&SiteName=&countyCode=46&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=","url_text":"\"Designated Sites View: Cissbury Ring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map of Cissbury Ring\". Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 21 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%271004162%27","url_text":"\"Map of Cissbury Ring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cissbury Ring\". National Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cissbury-ring","url_text":"\"Cissbury Ring\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Cissbury Ring hillfort, prehistoric flint mine and associated remains (1015817)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015817","url_text":"\"Cissbury Ring hillfort, prehistoric flint mine and associated remains (1015817)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Cissbury Ring\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cissbury-ring","url_text":"\"Cissbury Ring\""}]},{"reference":"MacCurdy, George Grant (1 January 1905). \"Review of Neolithic Dew-Ponds and Cattle-Ways\". American Anthropologist. 7 (3): 529–531. doi:10.1525/aa.1905.7.3.02a00080. JSTOR 659048.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1905.7.3.02a00080","url_text":"10.1525/aa.1905.7.3.02a00080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/659048","url_text":"659048"}]},{"reference":"\"Worthing's Historical Features - Visit Worthing\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitworthing.co.uk/AboutWorthing/HistoricalCountrysideFeatures/","url_text":"\"Worthing's Historical Features - Visit Worthing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cissbury Fort 'damaged by metal detectors'\". BBC News. 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-38101813","url_text":"\"Cissbury Fort 'damaged by metal detectors'\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, M. W. (1977). General Pitt-Rivers: evolution and archaeology in the nineteenth century. Bradford-on-Avon: Moonraker Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-239-00162-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalpittriver0000thom","url_text":"General Pitt-Rivers: evolution and archaeology in the nineteenth century"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalpittriver0000thom/page/48","url_text":"48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-239-00162-1","url_text":"0-239-00162-1"}]},{"reference":"\"THIS IS FINDON VILLAGE - The Dew-pond on the North Side of Cissbury Ring\". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725092013/http://www.findonvillage.com/0680_dewpond_on_the_north_side_of_cissbury_ring.htm","url_text":"\"THIS IS FINDON VILLAGE - The Dew-pond on the North Side of Cissbury Ring\""},{"url":"http://www.findonvillage.com/0680_dewpond_on_the_north_side_of_cissbury_ring.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Neolithic Flint Mines of Sussex\". Bournemouth University. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212014543/http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/caah/landscapeandtownscapearchaeology/neolithic_flint_mines_of_sussex.html","url_text":"\"Neolithic Flint Mines of Sussex\""},{"url":"http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/caah/landscapeandtownscapearchaeology/neolithic_flint_mines_of_sussex.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British Museum - Silver pennies of Ethelred II\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018122357/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_pennies_of_ethelred_ii.aspx","url_text":"\"British Museum - Silver pennies of Ethelred II\""},{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_pennies_of_ethelred_ii.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Place Names www.findon.com\". 5 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505095638/http://findon.info/names/names.htm","url_text":"\"Place Names www.findon.com\""},{"url":"http://findon.info/names/names.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cissbury Ring citation\" (PDF). Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 21 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1004162.pdf","url_text":"\"Cissbury Ring citation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cissbury_Ring&params=50.858_N_0.375_W_type:landmark_region:GB-BNE","external_links_name":"50°51′29″N 0°22′30″W / 50.858°N 0.375°W / 50.858; -0.375"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cissbury_Ring&params=50.858381_N_0.374559_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"TQ 145 078"},{"Link":"https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%271004162%27","external_links_name":"Magic Map"},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1004162&SiteName=&countyCode=46&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=","external_links_name":"\"Designated Sites View: Cissbury Ring\""},{"Link":"https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%271004162%27","external_links_name":"\"Map of Cissbury Ring\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cissbury-ring","external_links_name":"\"Cissbury Ring\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015817","external_links_name":"\"Cissbury Ring hillfort, prehistoric flint mine and associated remains (1015817)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cissbury-ring","external_links_name":"\"Cissbury Ring\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1905.7.3.02a00080","external_links_name":"10.1525/aa.1905.7.3.02a00080"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/659048","external_links_name":"659048"},{"Link":"http://www.visitworthing.co.uk/AboutWorthing/HistoricalCountrysideFeatures/","external_links_name":"\"Worthing's Historical Features - Visit Worthing\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-38101813","external_links_name":"\"Cissbury Fort 'damaged by metal detectors'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalpittriver0000thom","external_links_name":"General Pitt-Rivers: evolution and archaeology in the nineteenth century"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalpittriver0000thom/page/48","external_links_name":"48"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725092013/http://www.findonvillage.com/0680_dewpond_on_the_north_side_of_cissbury_ring.htm","external_links_name":"\"THIS IS FINDON VILLAGE - The Dew-pond on the North Side of Cissbury Ring\""},{"Link":"http://www.findonvillage.com/0680_dewpond_on_the_north_side_of_cissbury_ring.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212014543/http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/caah/landscapeandtownscapearchaeology/neolithic_flint_mines_of_sussex.html","external_links_name":"\"Neolithic Flint Mines of Sussex\""},{"Link":"http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/caah/landscapeandtownscapearchaeology/neolithic_flint_mines_of_sussex.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018122357/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_pennies_of_ethelred_ii.aspx","external_links_name":"\"British Museum - Silver pennies of Ethelred II\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_pennies_of_ethelred_ii.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505095638/http://findon.info/names/names.htm","external_links_name":"\"Place Names www.findon.com\""},{"Link":"http://findon.info/names/names.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1004162.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cissbury Ring citation\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cissbury-ring","external_links_name":"National Trust Information on Cissbury Ring"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615034402/http://www.findon.info/cissbury/cissbury.htm","external_links_name":"Cissbury Ring"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050304055154/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/aspen/sussex/cissbury.html","external_links_name":"Cissbury Ring"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cissbury_Ring&params=50.860278_N_0.381597_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"Map and aerial photos"},{"Link":"http://www.scso.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Information on steps being taken against development of area"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cissbury_Ring&params=50.858_N_0.375_W_type:landmark_region:GB-BNE","external_links_name":"50°51′29″N 0°22′30″W / 50.858°N 0.375°W / 50.858; -0.375"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(Egyptian_singer)	Ruby (Egyptian singer)	["1 Biography","1.1 Musical career","1.2 Acting career","2 Discography","2.1 Singles","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	Egyptian singer and actress (born 1973) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ruby" Egyptian singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) RubyروبىRuby performing in 2023Background informationBirth nameRania Hussein Mohamed Tawfiqرانيا حسين محمد توفيقBorn (1981-10-08) October 8, 1981 (age 42)Cairo, EgyptGenresArabic pop, Egyptian music,Occupation(s)Singer, ActressYears active2001–present (actress)2003–present (singer)LabelsYellow / Delta Sound (2003–present)EMI Music LabelMusical artist Rania Hussein Mohamed Tawfik (Egyptian Arabic: رانيا حسين محمد توفيق ; born October 8, 1981), known as Ruby (Egyptian Arabic: روبى , sometimes transliterated as Roubi), is an Egyptian singer, actress and occasional model who rose to fame with her debut single "Enta Aref Leih" ("Do You Know Why?") in 2003. Biography Musical career The first music video of her debut single "Enta Aref Leih" (2003), was directed by Sherif Sabri and was a huge hit on most satellite music stations in the Middle East during the summer of 2003. Ruby was criticized by the media for appearing in the provocative costume of a belly dancer in the song's music video. Despite this criticism, the successful single brought Ruby into the limelight. Ruby in Concert, 2022 Ruby's second video was released in early 2004. The video was titled "Leih Beydary Kedah" (Why Is He Hiding His Feelings Like This?) and directed by Sherif Sabri; the video again also featured provocative scenes. Her third music video "El Gharaam (Koll Amma A'ollo Ah)" was accompanied by clips from Ruby's movie, "Saba' Wara'aat Kotcheena" (7 Playing Cards). The film was banned by the governments of some Arabic countries due to its usage of erotic themes. Ruby was questioned in numerous interviews about her provocative style and suggestive moves, to which she responded that she does not consider herself to be a sex symbol. She was also rumoured to be married to her manager, Sherif Sabri, but they have both denied the rumour. In 2008, she released a single Yal Ramoush (Wonderful Eyelashes). She is also the one who sang the theme song of Al Wa3d Movie Awwel Marra. Acting career Ruby in Egyptian series Once Upon a Time Ruby's debut in Egyptian cinema was in 2000 and has 25 films in the Egyptian film Film Saqafi (Cultural Film). In 2019, she participated in two Egyptian films including Hamlet Pheroun and The Treasure 2. Ruby's last artistic work is The Treasure 2 (Al Kanz 2). Her father’s family from assuit government Ruby had a prominent role in the viral 2020 advertisement for Edita's Molto croissants. Discography Eba'a Abelni (2004) Meshit Wara Ehsasi (مشيت ورا إحساسى 2007) Eb'a Abelni (2009) Singles Enta Aref Leh (2003) Yal Remoush (2008) Hetta Tanya (2021) Ana Laww Za'lana (2021) Albi Plastic (2021) Hetta Tanya (Harout Zadikian Remix) (2021) Nemt Nenna (2022) Filmography Year Film Translation Notes 2000 Film Thaqafi Cultural Film 2001 Sekut Hansawwar Silence, We're Rolling 2004 Saba' Wara'at Kotshina 7 Cards 2008 Lelet el BabyDoll The BabyDoll Night 2008 El Wa'd The Promise 2010 El Sho' Longing Won—Golden Pyramid Award from the 34th Cairo International Film Festival 2013 El Harami w el Abit The Thief and the Idiot 2016 El Haflah The Party 2017 El Kenz The Treasure 2018 Eyar Nari Gunshot 2019 Hamlet Far'on Pharaoh's Campaign 2019 El Kenz 2 The Treasure 2 2023 Shalaby Shalaby References ^ "In the Arab World, Pop Stardom Can Be A Touchy Subject" By Y. Euny Hong, The Washington Post. June 5, 2005 Archived November 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Adil M. Asgarov, 'Ruby (1981–)', Biographical Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Accessed 6 June 2012. ^ Brooke Comer. "Shaking Up the Airwaves". Carnival. Archived from the original on May 2, 2006. ^ Arabic Song Lyrics and Translation: Ruby Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "How Did Ruby Steal the Hearts of Millions of Egyptians? \| Egyptian Streets". 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2022-08-02. ^ "Sherif Sabri denies intentions to marry Ruby". Al Bawaba. 2005-04-01. Retrieved 2008-10-26. ^ El Waad free – FreeArabicMovies Archived April 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "شاهد- الكدواني وروبي ومالك في أغنية "باظظ" لإعلان مولتو \| في الفن". www.filfan.com. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ "رأي منى زكي في إعلان مولتو الجديد - فن". أخبارك.نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ "Golden Pyramid goes to Al-Shawq". Egyptian Gazette. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14. https://elcinema.com/person/1005695/ External links Sexy stars push limits in Egypt Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Artists MusicBrainz 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈɾɑnjɑ ħeˈseːn mæˈħæm.mæd tæwˈfiːʔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈɾuːbi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistRania Hussein Mohamed Tawfik[1] (Egyptian Arabic: رانيا حسين محمد توفيق [ˈɾɑnjɑ ħeˈseːn mæˈħæm.mæd tæwˈfiːʔ]; born October 8, 1981), known as Ruby (Egyptian Arabic: روبى [ˈɾuːbi], sometimes transliterated as Roubi), is an Egyptian singer, actress and occasional model who rose to fame with her debut single \"Enta Aref Leih\" (\"Do You Know Why?\") in 2003.[2]","title":"Ruby (Egyptian singer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"satellite music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_tv"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"belly dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_(Egyptian_Singer)_6.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arabic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sex symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_symbol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yal Ramoush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yal_Ramoush&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Awwel Marra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awwel_Marra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Musical career","text":"The first music video of her debut single \"Enta Aref Leih\" (2003), was directed by Sherif Sabri and was a huge hit on most satellite music stations in the Middle East during the summer of 2003. Ruby was criticized by the media for appearing in the provocative costume of a belly dancer in the song's music video. Despite this criticism, the successful single brought Ruby into the limelight.[3]Ruby in Concert, 2022Ruby's second video was released in early 2004. The video was titled \"Leih Beydary Kedah\" (Why Is He Hiding His Feelings Like This?)[4] and directed by Sherif Sabri; the video again also featured provocative scenes. Her third music video \"El Gharaam (Koll Amma A'ollo Ah)\" was accompanied by clips from Ruby's movie, \"Saba' Wara'aat Kotcheena\" (7 Playing Cards). The film was banned by the governments of some Arabic countries due to its usage of erotic themes. [5]Ruby was questioned in numerous interviews about her provocative style and suggestive moves, to which she responded that she does not consider herself to be a sex symbol. She was also rumoured to be married to her manager, Sherif Sabri, but they have both denied the rumour.[6]In 2008, she released a single Yal Ramoush (Wonderful Eyelashes). She is also the one who sang the theme song of Al Wa3d Movie Awwel Marra.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_(Egyptian_singer)_2.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Acting career","text":"Ruby in Egyptian series Once Upon a TimeRuby's debut in Egyptian cinema was in 2000 and has 25 films in the Egyptian film Film Saqafi (Cultural Film). In 2019, she participated in two Egyptian films including Hamlet Pheroun and The Treasure 2. Ruby's last artistic work is The Treasure 2 (Al Kanz 2).\nHer father’s family from assuit government \nRuby had a prominent role in the viral 2020 advertisement for Edita's Molto croissants.[8][9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Eba'a Abelni (2004)\nMeshit Wara Ehsasi (مشيت ورا إحساسى 2007)\nEb'a Abelni (2009)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Enta Aref Leh (2003)\nYal Remoush (2008)\nHetta Tanya (2021)\nAna Laww Za'lana (2021)\nAlbi Plastic (2021)\nHetta Tanya (Harout Zadikian Remix) (2021)\nNemt Nenna (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[{"image_text":"Ruby in Concert, 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ruby_%28Egyptian_Singer%29_6.png/200px-Ruby_%28Egyptian_Singer%29_6.png"},{"image_text":"Ruby in Egyptian series Once Upon a Time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ruby_%28Egyptian_singer%29_2.png/170px-Ruby_%28Egyptian_singer%29_2.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brooke Comer. \"Shaking Up the Airwaves\". Carnival. Archived from the original on May 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060502080314/http://www.carnivalarabia.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5828","url_text":"\"Shaking Up the Airwaves\""},{"url":"http://www.carnivalarabia.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5828","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How Did Ruby Steal the Hearts of Millions of Egyptians? \| Egyptian Streets\". 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2022-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/08/26/how-did-ruby-steal-the-hearts-of-millions-of-egyptians/","url_text":"\"How Did Ruby Steal the Hearts of Millions of Egyptians? \| Egyptian Streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sherif Sabri denies intentions to marry Ruby\". Al Bawaba. 2005-04-01. Retrieved 2008-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albawaba.com/en/entertainment/178792","url_text":"\"Sherif Sabri denies intentions to marry Ruby\""}]},{"reference":"\"شاهد- الكدواني وروبي ومالك في أغنية \"باظظ\" لإعلان مولتو \| في الفن\". www.filfan.com. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filfan.com/video/details/38122","url_text":"\"شاهد- الكدواني وروبي ومالك في أغنية \"باظظ\" لإعلان مولتو \| في الفن\""}]},{"reference":"\"رأي منى زكي في إعلان مولتو الجديد - فن\". أخبارك.نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://akhbarak.net/news/2020/02/21/21393181/articles/38622113/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%B2%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-quot-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88-quot-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF","url_text":"\"رأي منى زكي في إعلان مولتو الجديد - فن\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Pyramid goes to Al-Shawq\". Egyptian Gazette. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/5wUapPrmj?url=http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=13650&title=Golden%20Pyramid%20goes%20to%20Al-Shawq","url_text":"\"Golden Pyramid goes to Al-Shawq\""},{"url":"http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=13650&title=Golden%20Pyramid%20goes%20to%20Al-Shawq","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ruby%22+Egyptian+singer","external_links_name":"\"Ruby\" Egyptian singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ruby%22+Egyptian+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ruby%22+Egyptian+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ruby%22+Egyptian+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ruby%22+Egyptian+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ruby%22+Egyptian+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/03/AR2005060301040_pf.html","external_links_name":"\"In the Arab World, Pop Stardom Can Be A Touchy Subject\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106212958/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/03/AR2005060301040_pf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2830800255.html","external_links_name":"Biographical Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060502080314/http://www.carnivalarabia.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5828","external_links_name":"\"Shaking Up the Airwaves\""},{"Link":"http://www.carnivalarabia.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5828","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arabicmusictranslation.com/search/label/Ruby","external_links_name":"Arabic Song Lyrics and Translation: Ruby"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821004803/http://www.arabicmusictranslation.com/search/label/Ruby","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/08/26/how-did-ruby-steal-the-hearts-of-millions-of-egyptians/","external_links_name":"\"How Did Ruby Steal the Hearts of Millions of Egyptians? \| Egyptian Streets\""},{"Link":"http://www.albawaba.com/en/entertainment/178792","external_links_name":"\"Sherif Sabri denies intentions to marry Ruby\""},{"Link":"http://www.freearabicmovies.org/el-waad/","external_links_name":"El Waad free – FreeArabicMovies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110418105655/http://www.freearabicmovies.org/el-waad/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.filfan.com/video/details/38122","external_links_name":"\"شاهد- الكدواني وروبي ومالك في أغنية \"باظظ\" لإعلان مولتو \| في الفن\""},{"Link":"http://akhbarak.net/news/2020/02/21/21393181/articles/38622113/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%B2%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-quot-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88-quot-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF","external_links_name":"\"رأي منى زكي في إعلان مولتو الجديد - فن\""},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/5wUapPrmj?url=http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=13650&title=Golden%20Pyramid%20goes%20to%20Al-Shawq","external_links_name":"\"Golden Pyramid goes to Al-Shawq\""},{"Link":"http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=13650&title=Golden%20Pyramid%20goes%20to%20Al-Shawq","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://elcinema.com/person/1005695/","external_links_name":"https://elcinema.com/person/1005695/"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4722945.stm","external_links_name":"Sexy stars push limits in Egypt"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308267136","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007511624005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/027caa8e-d3cc-480a-80db-23957f26894d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/60827bc3-222a-4eef-af00-87cafb1633ae","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Higher_Education	Colorado Department of Higher Education	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Department of the Colorado state government Department of Higher EducationColorado State Bank and Trust BuildingDepartment overviewJurisdictionColoradoHeadquarters1600 Broadway, Suite 2200, Denver, ColoradoDepartment executiveAngie Paccione, Executive DirectorWebsitehighered.colorado.gov The Colorado Department of Higher Education (DHE) is the principal department of the Colorado state government responsible for implementing the policies of the Colorado Commission on Higher Education (CCHE). As the policy and advocacy coordinating board for Colorado's system of public higher education, the Department and Colorado Commission on Higher Education carry out the policies of the General Assembly and serve as a bridge between the Governor and Legislature and the governing boards of the institutions of higher education. The Department acts as a coordinating body for public two-year and four-year institutions and authorizes private schools and colleges to operate in the state. Several departmental agencies are under the Colorado Department of Higher Education: College Assist CollegeInvest College In Colorado History Colorado Colorado GEAR UP Division of Private Occupational Schools Colorado Opportunity Scholarship Initiative StudyColorado See also Colorado Commission on Higher Education Colorado Department of Education References ^ C.R.S. § 24-1-110 ^ C.R.S. § 23-1-101 External links Colorado Department of Higher Education Colorado Rises: Advancing Education and Talent Development vteColorado state agenciesPrincipal departments Agriculture Corrections Early Childhood Education Health Care Policy and Financing Higher Education Human Services Labor and Employment Law Local Affairs Military and Veterans Affairs Natural Resources Personnel and Administration Public Health and Environment Public Safety Regulatory Agencies Revenue State Transportation Treasury This article relating to education in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Colorado-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Colorado Commission on Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Commission_on_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"College Assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.college-assist.org/"},{"link_name":"CollegeInvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collegeinvest.org"},{"link_name":"College In Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collegeincolorado.org/"},{"link_name":"History Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado GEAR UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.coloradogearup.org/"},{"link_name":"Division of Private Occupational Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//highered.colorado.gov/DPOS/"},{"link_name":"Colorado Opportunity Scholarship Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/a/state.co.us/cosi/"},{"link_name":"StudyColorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//studycolorado.org/"}],"text":"The Colorado Department of Higher Education (DHE) is the principal department of the Colorado state government[1] responsible for implementing the policies of the Colorado Commission on Higher Education (CCHE).[2]As the policy and advocacy coordinating board for Colorado's system of public higher education, the Department and Colorado Commission on Higher Education carry out the policies of the General Assembly and serve as a bridge between the Governor and Legislature and the governing boards of the institutions of higher education. The Department acts as a coordinating body for public two-year and four-year institutions and authorizes private schools and colleges to operate in the state. Several departmental agencies are under the Colorado Department of Higher Education:College Assist\nCollegeInvest\nCollege In Colorado\nHistory Colorado\nColorado GEAR UP\nDivision of Private Occupational Schools\nColorado Opportunity Scholarship Initiative\nStudyColorado","title":"Colorado Department of Higher Education"}]	[]	[{"title":"Colorado Commission on Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Commission_on_Higher_Education"},{"title":"Colorado Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Education"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://highered.colorado.gov/","external_links_name":"highered.colorado.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.college-assist.org/","external_links_name":"College Assist"},{"Link":"https://www.collegeinvest.org/","external_links_name":"CollegeInvest"},{"Link":"https://www.collegeincolorado.org/","external_links_name":"College In Colorado"},{"Link":"https://www.coloradogearup.org/","external_links_name":"Colorado GEAR UP"},{"Link":"https://highered.colorado.gov/DPOS/","external_links_name":"Division of Private Occupational Schools"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/a/state.co.us/cosi/","external_links_name":"Colorado Opportunity Scholarship Initiative"},{"Link":"https://studycolorado.org/","external_links_name":"StudyColorado"},{"Link":"http://highered.colorado.gov/","external_links_name":"Colorado Department of Higher Education"},{"Link":"http://masterplan.highered.colorado.gov/","external_links_name":"Colorado Rises: Advancing Education and Talent Development"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Department_of_Higher_Education&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Department_of_Higher_Education&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder_Jensen_(equestrian)	Peder Jensen (equestrian)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Danish equestrian Peder JensenPersonal informationNationalityDanishBorn(1897-10-12)12 October 1897Vordingborg, DenmarkDied13 November 1938(1938-11-13) (aged 41)Sjælland, DenmarkSportSportEquestrian Peder Jensen (12 October 1897 – 13 November 1938) was a Danish equestrian. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Peder Jensen Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020. External links Peder Jensen at Olympedia This biographical article related to Denmark equestrianism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Peder Jensen (12 October 1897 – 13 November 1938) was a Danish equestrian. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Peder Jensen (equestrian)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Peder Jensen Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003509/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/je/peder-jensen-1.html","url_text":"\"Peder Jensen Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/je/peder-jensen-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003509/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/je/peder-jensen-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Peder Jensen Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/je/peder-jensen-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/12180","external_links_name":"Peder Jensen"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93813010#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peder_Jensen_(equestrian)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_Junction	Weaver Junction	["1 Modernisation of the junction and associated lines","2 Accidents and incidents","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°18′10″N 2°38′23″W / 53.3028°N 2.6396°W / 53.3028; -2.6396 Weaver Junction is a railway junction connecting the West Coast Main Line (WCML) with the Weaver Junction–Liverpool line, opening on 1 April 1869. Trains bound for Liverpool from London diverge from the WCML at this junction. Weaver Junction is the oldest flying junction in Britain, and also the world. The junction between the main line to Warrington and the north, and the direct line to Runcorn and Liverpool was originally from the date of opening in 1869, a flat junction at Birdswood. The flyover carrying the Liverpool line over the main line at Birdswood was not opened until 13 November 1881. The junction is now located some 0.75 miles (1.21 km) south of its former location and known as Weaver Junction. At initial construction, it avoided the need for both a diamond crossing and a conflict of routes. Its location is strategic and is considered a high importance freight corridor. The Weaver Junction area is classed as congested infrastructure when discussed in Parliament in connection with High Speed 2. Modernisation of the junction and associated lines The 1955 Modernisation Plan called for removal of steam, large scale introduction of diesels and substantial electrification of the UK railway network. The north west of England was amongst the first areas to be electrified, but electrification of the WCML initially only went to Liverpool and not Preston and Glasgow, and so stopped at Weaver Junction on the WCML in the initial phase. In April 1964, Doctor Beeching stated he was completely against extending electrification north from Weaver Junction believing there was no financial justification. Continuing the electrification north from the junction was again discussed British Railways Board in 1968 and a document produced and further discussed in Parliament in February 1969. When finally announced by transport minister Richard Marsh and approved by parliament in February 1970, it was costed at 30.4 million pounds. In the 1960s electrification scheme at Weaver Junction, the signaling was modernised. The old signal box was removed, and the semaphore signals replaced with coloured electric light signals. This took place 6 November to 7 November 1960. The track layout at Weaver Junction was also modernised. Major civil engineering work was required. The electrification of the WCML north of Weaver Junction was done differently from the work south of the junction and incorporated lessons learned as well as newer and innovative techniques. O. S. Nock states the junction was referred to as the zero point of the whole West Coast Route Modernisation of 1970-1974. The entire line was eventually electrified from Weaver Junction to Glasgow in the 1970-1974 timeframe. The final completed cost was 74 million pounds. There were some operational problems later resulting from the scheme and higher rail usage. In 2009, concerns were raised and an archeological report issued in connection with a Network Rail application to the National Grid for a boost to the power supply for the WCML at Weaver Junction. It involved running an underground cable from the grid feeder at Frodsham to Weaver Junction. The electrification infrastructure at the junction uses the autotransformer system. In 2018 to 2019 the line between Weaver Junction and Wavertree was further modernised with new signaling. Weaver Junction was one of four sites chosen for data acquisition/monitoring and experimentation with ballast packing. Specifically, this was research conducted by Network Rail regarding machines for compacting ballast. Accidents and incidents An accident happened at the junction on August 6, 1975 involving a collision between two freight trains. The cause was identified as insufficient braking power. Some vehicles were derailed but not the locomotives and there were no injuries. As the two trains were carrying soda ash and alcohol, the location was informally known as "whiskey and soda junction". On 2 March 2020 a landslip occurred at Weaver Junction partially closing the WCML and required the use of rail replacement buses. Disruption was seen over a few days, as the ground needed to be stabilised. See also Double junction North West England electrification schemes West Coast Main Line route modernisation References ^ "OpenStreetMap". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ "Weaver Junction \| railway junction". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ Marshall, John (1975). The Guinness Book of Rail Facts and Feats (2nd ed.). Enfield: Guinness Superlatives. p. 65. ISBN 0-900424-33-8. ^ Holt, Geoffrey O (1986). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Vol. 10 The North West (2nd ed.). Newton Abbot: David St John Thomas. p. 65. ISBN 0-946537-34-8. ^ Nock, O. S. (1968). The Railway Enthusiast's Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 15. ISBN 0-09-903310-0. ^ Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. p. 44. ISBN 978-0711005303. ^ Brown, Joe (2021). Liverpool & Manchester Railway Atlas. Manchester: Crécy Publishing. pp. 158 & index. ISBN 9780860936879. OCLC 1112373294. ^ Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. p. 44. ISBN 978-0711005303. ^ "Freight train capacity doubles to Port of Liverpool thanks to £8.3 million line upgrade". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "North West and Central Route Specifications 2021 Network Rail" (PDF). Network Rail. pp. 170–172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ "Written evidence submitted by Wigan Council (IRP0062)". UK Government. ^ British Transport Commission (1954). "Modernisation and Re-Equipment of British Rail". The Railways Archive. (Originally published by the British Transport Commission). Archived from the original on 31 October 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006. ^ Nock, O. S. (1965). Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester. London: Ian Allan. OCLC 59003738. ^ Hardy, R.H.N. (1989). Beeching: Champion of the Railway?. London: Ian Allan Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7110-1855-6. ^ "Route Improvements Weaver Junction to Glasgow" (PDF). Railway Archives. April 1968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ "Weaver Junction—Motherwell Line (Electrification) (Hansard, 3 February 1969)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ 30.4 million pounds work on main line approved. The Glasgow Herald. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ Nock, O. S. (1965). Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester. London: Ian Allan. pp. 71–78. OCLC 59003738. ^ Butland, A. N. (1966). "Paper 3: Civil Engineering Works of the Euston Main Line Electrification Scheme". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 51–64. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02. ^ Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. p. 7. ISBN 978-0711005303. ^ Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. pp. 44–47. ISBN 978-0711005303. ^ Hewitt, Sam (17 April 2017). "50 years of West Coast electrics - Rail Express". Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0711005303. ^ "Electric all the way" (PDF). Railways archive. May 1974. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ Weaver Junction to Glasgow: electrification and resignalling. August 1973. ^ Cobbett, D. J. (May 1974). "ELECTRIFICATION OF BR WEST-COAST MAIN LINE COMPLETED". Rail Engineering International. 4 (4). ISSN 0141-4615. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ Bradwell, A.; Wheeler, J.C.G. (1982). "Evaluation of plastics insulators for use on British Railways 25 kV overhead line electrification". IEE Proceedings B - Electric Power Applications. 129 (3): 101. doi:10.1049/ip-b.1982.0015. ^ Ribbons, R.T (June 1977). "West Coast Main Line Operational Performance following Electrification from Weaver Junction to Glasgow". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 191: 99–106. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02. ^ Blake, D. C. (March 1977). "OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRITISH RAILWAYS FIXED EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED ON THE WEST COAST MAIN LINE FROM WEAVER JUNCTION TO GLASGOW". Elektrische Bahnen. 48 (3). Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ "Frodsham Rail Connection, Frodsham, Cheshire. Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Walkover and Topographic Surveys, and Watching Brief". library.oxfordarchaeology.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2022. ^ "West Coast Main Line Strategy" (PDF). Railways archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2021. ^ FIRSE, Paul Darlington CEng FIET (29 January 2019). "Christmas 2018: Weaver to Wavertree resignalling". Rail Engineer. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ "Railway upgrade signals greater reliability for Liverpool train customers". Network Rail Media Centre. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ "Rail Engineer - Issue 171 - Jan/Feb 2019 by Rail Media - Issuu". issuu.com. pp. 38–41. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ "Merseyside signals". Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2022 – via PressReader. ^ Sharpe, Phil; Strange, Paul. "Optimisation of ballast compaction by continuous monitoring of ground stiffness" (PDF). researchgate. ^ "Report on the Collision that occurred on 6th August 1975 at Weaver Junction in the London Midland Region British Railways :: The Railways Archive". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ Thomas, Joe (2 March 2020). "Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ "Disruption on trains to last until Wednesday following landslide at Weaver Junction". Warrington Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ Thomas, Joe (2 March 2020). "Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 18 October 2022. 53°18′10″N 2°38′23″W / 53.3028°N 2.6396°W / 53.3028; -2.6396 Further reading Butland, A. N. (1966). "Paper 3: Civil Engineering Works of the Euston Main Line Electrification Scheme". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 51–64. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02. Buck, Martin; Rawlinson, Mark (2000). Line By Line: The West Coast Main Line, London Euston to Glasgow Central. Swindon: Freightmaster Publishing. ISBN 0-9537540-0-6. Wolmar, Christian (2005). On the Wrong Line: How Ideology and Incompetence Wrecked Britain's Railways (rev. ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-998-7. Wolmar, Christian (2022). British Rail A new History. : MICHAEL JOSEPH. ISBN 978-0-241-45620-0. OCLC 1246353492. External links 8D Association -Dedicated to promoting the history of the railways of South Lancashire and North Cheshire Electric All The Way – 1974 British Rail information booklet electrification Weaver Junction to Glasgow.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Weaver Junction–Liverpool line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_Junction%E2%80%93Liverpool_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"flying junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_junction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"flat junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_junction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"High Speed 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Weaver Junction is a railway junction connecting the West Coast Main Line (WCML) with the Weaver Junction–Liverpool line,[1][2] opening on 1 April 1869. Trains bound for Liverpool from London diverge from the WCML at this junction. Weaver Junction is the oldest flying junction in Britain,[3][4][5] and also the world.[6]The junction between the main line to Warrington and the north, and the direct line to Runcorn and Liverpool was originally from the date of opening in 1869, a flat junction at Birdswood. The flyover carrying the Liverpool line over the main line at Birdswood was not opened until 13 November 1881. The junction is now located some 0.75 miles (1.21 km) south of its former location and known as Weaver Junction.[7] At initial construction, it avoided the need for both a diamond crossing and a conflict of routes.[8]Its location is strategic and is considered a high importance freight corridor.[9][10] The Weaver Junction area is classed as congested infrastructure when discussed in Parliament in connection with High Speed 2.[11]","title":"Weaver Junction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1955 Modernisation Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Modernisation_Plan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Central_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Doctor Beeching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beeching"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"British Railways Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways_Board"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Richard Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marsh,_Baron_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"O. S. Nock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._S._Nock"},{"link_name":"West Coast Route Modernisation of 1970-1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line_route_modernisation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line"},{"link_name":"autotransformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Wavertree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavertree"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_ballast"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The 1955 Modernisation Plan called for removal of steam, large scale introduction of diesels and substantial electrification of the UK railway network.[12] The north west of England was amongst the first areas to be electrified, but electrification of the WCML initially only went to Liverpool and not Preston and Glasgow, and so stopped at Weaver Junction on the WCML in the initial phase.[13] In April 1964, Doctor Beeching stated he was completely against extending electrification north from Weaver Junction believing there was no financial justification.[14] Continuing the electrification north from the junction was again discussed British Railways Board in 1968 and a document produced[15] and further discussed in Parliament in February 1969.[16] When finally announced by transport minister Richard Marsh and approved by parliament in February 1970, it was costed at 30.4 million pounds.[17] In the 1960s electrification scheme at Weaver Junction, the signaling was modernised. The old signal box was removed, and the semaphore signals replaced with coloured electric light signals. This took place 6 November to 7 November 1960. The track layout at Weaver Junction was also modernised.[18] Major civil engineering work was required.[19]The electrification of the WCML north of Weaver Junction was done differently from the work south of the junction and incorporated lessons learned as well as newer and innovative techniques.[20] O. S. Nock states the junction was referred to as the zero point of the whole West Coast Route Modernisation of 1970-1974.[21]\nThe entire line was eventually electrified from Weaver Junction to Glasgow in the 1970-1974 timeframe.[22][23][24] The final completed cost was 74 million pounds.[25][26] There were some operational problems later resulting from the scheme and higher rail usage.[27][28][29]In 2009, concerns were raised and an archeological report issued in connection with a Network Rail application to the National Grid for a boost to the power supply for the WCML at Weaver Junction. It involved running an underground cable from the grid feeder at Frodsham to Weaver Junction.[30] The electrification infrastructure at the junction uses the autotransformer system.[31]In 2018 to 2019 the line between Weaver Junction and Wavertree was further modernised with new signaling.[32][33][34][35]Weaver Junction was one of four sites chosen for data acquisition/monitoring and experimentation with ballast packing. Specifically, this was research conducted by Network Rail regarding machines for compacting ballast.[36]","title":"Modernisation of the junction and associated lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"An accident happened at the junction on August 6, 1975 involving a collision between two freight trains. The cause was identified as insufficient braking power. Some vehicles were derailed but not the locomotives and there were no injuries.[37] As the two trains were carrying soda ash and alcohol, the location was informally known as \"whiskey and soda junction\".On 2 March 2020 a landslip occurred at Weaver Junction partially closing the WCML and required the use of rail replacement buses.[38] Disruption was seen over a few days, as the ground needed to be stabilised.[39][40]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9537540-0-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9537540-0-6"},{"link_name":"Wolmar, Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolmar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85410-998-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-998-7"},{"link_name":"British Rail A new History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1246353492"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-241-45620-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-45620-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1246353492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1246353492"}],"text":"Butland, A. N. (1966). \"Paper 3: Civil Engineering Works of the Euston Main Line Electrification Scheme\". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 51–64. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02.\nBuck, Martin; Rawlinson, Mark (2000). Line By Line: The West Coast Main Line, London Euston to Glasgow Central. Swindon: Freightmaster Publishing. ISBN 0-9537540-0-6.\nWolmar, Christian (2005). On the Wrong Line: How Ideology and Incompetence Wrecked Britain's Railways (rev. ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-998-7.\nWolmar, Christian (2022). British Rail A new History. [S.l.]: MICHAEL JOSEPH. ISBN 978-0-241-45620-0. OCLC 1246353492.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Double junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_junction"},{"title":"North West England electrification schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England_electrification_schemes"},{"title":"West Coast Main Line route modernisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line_route_modernisation"}]	[{"reference":"\"OpenStreetMap\". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","url_text":"\"OpenStreetMap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weaver Junction \| railway junction\". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://wikimapia.org/5517130/Weaver-Junction","url_text":"\"Weaver Junction \| railway junction\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, John (1975). The Guinness Book of Rail Facts and Feats (2nd ed.). Enfield: Guinness Superlatives. p. 65. ISBN 0-900424-33-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900424-33-8","url_text":"0-900424-33-8"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Geoffrey O (1986). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Vol. 10 The North West (2nd ed.). Newton Abbot: David St John Thomas. p. 65. ISBN 0-946537-34-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946537-34-8","url_text":"0-946537-34-8"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1968). The Railway Enthusiast's Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 15. ISBN 0-09-903310-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._S._Nock","url_text":"Nock, O. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-903310-0","url_text":"0-09-903310-0"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. p. 44. ISBN 978-0711005303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711005303","url_text":"978-0711005303"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Joe (2021). Liverpool & Manchester Railway Atlas. Manchester: Crécy Publishing. pp. 158 & index. ISBN 9780860936879. OCLC 1112373294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860936879","url_text":"9780860936879"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112373294","url_text":"1112373294"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. p. 44. ISBN 978-0711005303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711005303","url_text":"978-0711005303"}]},{"reference":"\"Freight train capacity doubles to Port of Liverpool thanks to £8.3 million line upgrade\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/freight-train-capacity-doubles-to-port-of-liverpool-thanks-to-83-million-line-upgrade","url_text":"\"Freight train capacity doubles to Port of Liverpool thanks to £8.3 million line upgrade\""}]},{"reference":"\"North West and Central Route Specifications 2021 Network Rail\" (PDF). Network Rail. pp. 170–172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NWC-Route-Specification.pdf","url_text":"\"North West and Central Route Specifications 2021 Network Rail\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725063857/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NWC-Route-Specification.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Written evidence submitted by Wigan Council (IRP0062)\". UK Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/43184/html/","url_text":"\"Written evidence submitted by Wigan Council (IRP0062)\""}]},{"reference":"British Transport Commission (1954). \"Modernisation and Re-Equipment of British Rail\". The Railways Archive. (Originally published by the British Transport Commission). Archived from the original on 31 October 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061031102337/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=23","url_text":"\"Modernisation and Re-Equipment of British Rail\""},{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1965). Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester. London: Ian Allan. OCLC 59003738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59003738","url_text":"59003738"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, R.H.N. (1989). Beeching: Champion of the Railway?. London: Ian Allan Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7110-1855-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bilderberg.org/railways.htm#bio","url_text":"Beeching: Champion of the Railway?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1855-6","url_text":"978-0-7110-1855-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Route Improvements Weaver Junction to Glasgow\" (PDF). Railway Archives. April 1968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_WCML001.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Improvements Weaver Junction to Glasgow\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516164030/https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_WCML001.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Weaver Junction—Motherwell Line (Electrification) (Hansard, 3 February 1969)\". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/feb/03/weaver-junction-motherwell-line","url_text":"\"Weaver Junction—Motherwell Line (Electrification) (Hansard, 3 February 1969)\""}]},{"reference":"30.4 million pounds work on main line approved. The Glasgow Herald. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kJxAAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Weaver+Junction%22&pg=PA25&article_id=3300,5884621","url_text":"30.4 million pounds work on main line approved"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220923190726/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJxAAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=%22Weaver+Junction%22&article_id=3300,5884621&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6ivfzvav6AhW3s4QIHZa5DwIQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Weaver%20Junction%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1965). Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester. London: Ian Allan. pp. 71–78. OCLC 59003738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59003738","url_text":"59003738"}]},{"reference":"Butland, A. N. (1966). \"Paper 3: Civil Engineering Works of the Euston Main Line Electrification Scheme\". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 51–64. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02","url_text":"10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. p. 7. ISBN 978-0711005303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711005303","url_text":"978-0711005303"}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. pp. 44–47. ISBN 978-0711005303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711005303","url_text":"978-0711005303"}]},{"reference":"Hewitt, Sam (17 April 2017). \"50 years of West Coast electrics - Rail Express\". Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railexpress.co.uk/840/50-years-of-west-coast-electrics/","url_text":"\"50 years of West Coast electrics - Rail Express\""}]},{"reference":"Nock, O. S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0711005303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711005303","url_text":"978-0711005303"}]},{"reference":"\"Electric all the way\" (PDF). Railways archive. May 1974. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRLM_Elec002.pdf","url_text":"\"Electric all the way\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611164359/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRLM_Elec002.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weaver Junction to Glasgow: electrification and resignalling. August 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7157769","url_text":"Weaver Junction to Glasgow: electrification and resignalling"}]},{"reference":"Cobbett, D. J. (May 1974). \"ELECTRIFICATION OF BR WEST-COAST MAIN LINE COMPLETED\". Rail Engineering International. 4 (4). ISSN 0141-4615. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/19915","url_text":"\"ELECTRIFICATION OF BR WEST-COAST MAIN LINE COMPLETED\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-4615","url_text":"0141-4615"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210620050213/https://trid.trb.org/view/19915","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bradwell, A.; Wheeler, J.C.G. (1982). \"Evaluation of plastics insulators for use on British Railways 25 kV overhead line electrification\". IEE Proceedings B - Electric Power Applications. 129 (3): 101. doi:10.1049/ip-b.1982.0015.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-b.1982.0015","url_text":"\"Evaluation of plastics insulators for use on British Railways 25 kV overhead line electrification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fip-b.1982.0015","url_text":"10.1049/ip-b.1982.0015"}]},{"reference":"Ribbons, R.T (June 1977). \"West Coast Main Line Operational Performance following Electrification from Weaver Junction to Glasgow\". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 191: 99–106. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02","url_text":"\"West Coast Main Line Operational Performance following Electrification from Weaver Junction to Glasgow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02","url_text":"10.1243/PIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02"}]},{"reference":"Blake, D. C. (March 1977). \"OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRITISH RAILWAYS FIXED EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED ON THE WEST COAST MAIN LINE FROM WEAVER JUNCTION TO GLASGOW\". Elektrische Bahnen. 48 (3). Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/60301","url_text":"\"OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRITISH RAILWAYS FIXED EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED ON THE WEST COAST MAIN LINE FROM WEAVER JUNCTION TO GLASGOW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613123621/https://trid.trb.org/view/60301","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frodsham Rail Connection, Frodsham, Cheshire. Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Walkover and Topographic Surveys, and Watching Brief\". library.oxfordarchaeology.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.oxfordarchaeology.com/4998","url_text":"\"Frodsham Rail Connection, Frodsham, Cheshire. Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Walkover and Topographic Surveys, and Watching Brief\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811034015/https://library.oxfordarchaeology.com/4998/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"West Coast Main Line Strategy\" (PDF). Railways archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/SRA_WCMLStrat2003.pdf","url_text":"\"West Coast Main Line Strategy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071202033358/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/SRA_WCMLStrat2003.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"FIRSE, Paul Darlington CEng FIET (29 January 2019). \"Christmas 2018: Weaver to Wavertree resignalling\". Rail Engineer. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railengineer.co.uk/weaver-to-wavertree-resignalling/","url_text":"\"Christmas 2018: Weaver to Wavertree resignalling\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235523/https://www.railengineer.co.uk/weaver-to-wavertree-resignalling/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway upgrade signals greater reliability for Liverpool train customers\". Network Rail Media Centre. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/railway-upgrade-signals-greater-reliability-for-liverpool-train-customers","url_text":"\"Railway upgrade signals greater reliability for Liverpool train customers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rail Engineer - Issue 171 - Jan/Feb 2019 by Rail Media - Issuu\". issuu.com. pp. 38–41. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/railmedia/docs/tre-janfeb-2019","url_text":"\"Rail Engineer - Issue 171 - Jan/Feb 2019 by Rail Media - Issuu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220923190731/https://issuu.com/railmedia/docs/tre-janfeb-2019","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Merseyside signals\". Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2022 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/rail-uk/20180704/282720522712952","url_text":"\"Merseyside signals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190619205137/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/rail-uk/20180704/282720522712952","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sharpe, Phil; Strange, Paul. \"Optimisation of ballast compaction by continuous monitoring of ground stiffness\" (PDF). researchgate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip-Sharpe/publication/links/575fbb7308ae414b8e549ef7/OPTIMISATION-OF-BALLAST-COMPACTION-BY-CONTINUOUS-MONITORING-OF-GROUND-STIFFNESS.pdf","url_text":"\"Optimisation of ballast compaction by continuous monitoring of ground stiffness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on the Collision that occurred on 6th August 1975 at Weaver Junction in the London Midland Region British Railways :: The Railways Archive\". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=400","url_text":"\"Report on the Collision that occurred on 6th August 1975 at Weaver Junction in the London Midland Region British Railways :: The Railways Archive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130629083053/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=400","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Joe (2 March 2020). \"Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/landslide-set-cause-days-disruption-17843825","url_text":"\"Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disruption on trains to last until Wednesday following landslide at Weaver Junction\". Warrington Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/18273680.trains-cancelled-landslide-near-acton-bridge/","url_text":"\"Disruption on trains to last until Wednesday following landslide at Weaver Junction\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Joe (2 March 2020). \"Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 18 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/landslide-set-cause-days-disruption-17843825","url_text":"\"Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool\""}]},{"reference":"Butland, A. N. (1966). \"Paper 3: Civil Engineering Works of the Euston Main Line Electrification Scheme\". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 51–64. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02","url_text":"10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Martin; Rawlinson, Mark (2000). Line By Line: The West Coast Main Line, London Euston to Glasgow Central. Swindon: Freightmaster Publishing. ISBN 0-9537540-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9537540-0-6","url_text":"0-9537540-0-6"}]},{"reference":"Wolmar, Christian (2005). On the Wrong Line: How Ideology and Incompetence Wrecked Britain's Railways (rev. ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-998-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolmar","url_text":"Wolmar, Christian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-998-7","url_text":"1-85410-998-7"}]},{"reference":"Wolmar, Christian (2022). British Rail A new History. [S.l.]: MICHAEL JOSEPH. ISBN 978-0-241-45620-0. OCLC 1246353492.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1246353492","url_text":"British Rail A new History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-45620-0","url_text":"978-0-241-45620-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1246353492","url_text":"1246353492"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weaver_Junction&params=53.3028_N_2.6396_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°18′10″N 2°38′23″W / 53.3028°N 2.6396°W / 53.3028; -2.6396"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","external_links_name":"\"OpenStreetMap\""},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/5517130/Weaver-Junction","external_links_name":"\"Weaver Junction \| railway junction\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112373294","external_links_name":"1112373294"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/freight-train-capacity-doubles-to-port-of-liverpool-thanks-to-83-million-line-upgrade","external_links_name":"\"Freight train capacity doubles to Port of Liverpool thanks to £8.3 million line upgrade\""},{"Link":"https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NWC-Route-Specification.pdf","external_links_name":"\"North West and Central Route Specifications 2021 Network Rail\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725063857/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NWC-Route-Specification.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/43184/html/","external_links_name":"\"Written evidence submitted by Wigan Council (IRP0062)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061031102337/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=23","external_links_name":"\"Modernisation and Re-Equipment of British Rail\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59003738","external_links_name":"59003738"},{"Link":"http://www.bilderberg.org/railways.htm#bio","external_links_name":"Beeching: Champion of the Railway?"},{"Link":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_WCML001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Improvements Weaver Junction to Glasgow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516164030/https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_WCML001.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/feb/03/weaver-junction-motherwell-line","external_links_name":"\"Weaver Junction—Motherwell Line (Electrification) (Hansard, 3 February 1969)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kJxAAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Weaver+Junction%22&pg=PA25&article_id=3300,5884621","external_links_name":"30.4 million pounds work on main line approved"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220923190726/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJxAAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=%22Weaver+Junction%22&article_id=3300,5884621&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6ivfzvav6AhW3s4QIHZa5DwIQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Weaver%20Junction%22&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59003738","external_links_name":"59003738"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02","external_links_name":"10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02"},{"Link":"https://www.railexpress.co.uk/840/50-years-of-west-coast-electrics/","external_links_name":"\"50 years of West Coast electrics - Rail Express\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRLM_Elec002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Electric all the way\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611164359/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRLM_Elec002.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7157769","external_links_name":"Weaver Junction to Glasgow: electrification and resignalling"},{"Link":"https://trid.trb.org/view/19915","external_links_name":"\"ELECTRIFICATION OF BR WEST-COAST MAIN LINE COMPLETED\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-4615","external_links_name":"0141-4615"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210620050213/https://trid.trb.org/view/19915","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-b.1982.0015","external_links_name":"\"Evaluation of plastics insulators for use on British Railways 25 kV overhead line electrification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fip-b.1982.0015","external_links_name":"10.1049/ip-b.1982.0015"},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02","external_links_name":"\"West Coast Main Line Operational Performance following Electrification from Weaver Junction to Glasgow\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02","external_links_name":"10.1243/PIME_PROC_1977_191_015_02"},{"Link":"https://trid.trb.org/view/60301","external_links_name":"\"OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRITISH RAILWAYS FIXED EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED ON THE WEST COAST MAIN LINE FROM WEAVER JUNCTION TO GLASGOW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613123621/https://trid.trb.org/view/60301","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://library.oxfordarchaeology.com/4998","external_links_name":"\"Frodsham Rail Connection, Frodsham, Cheshire. Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Walkover and Topographic Surveys, and Watching Brief\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811034015/https://library.oxfordarchaeology.com/4998/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/SRA_WCMLStrat2003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"West Coast Main Line Strategy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071202033358/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/SRA_WCMLStrat2003.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.railengineer.co.uk/weaver-to-wavertree-resignalling/","external_links_name":"\"Christmas 2018: Weaver to Wavertree resignalling\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235523/https://www.railengineer.co.uk/weaver-to-wavertree-resignalling/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/railway-upgrade-signals-greater-reliability-for-liverpool-train-customers","external_links_name":"\"Railway upgrade signals greater reliability for Liverpool train customers\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/railmedia/docs/tre-janfeb-2019","external_links_name":"\"Rail Engineer - Issue 171 - Jan/Feb 2019 by Rail Media - Issuu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220923190731/https://issuu.com/railmedia/docs/tre-janfeb-2019","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/rail-uk/20180704/282720522712952","external_links_name":"\"Merseyside signals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190619205137/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/rail-uk/20180704/282720522712952","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip-Sharpe/publication/links/575fbb7308ae414b8e549ef7/OPTIMISATION-OF-BALLAST-COMPACTION-BY-CONTINUOUS-MONITORING-OF-GROUND-STIFFNESS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Optimisation of ballast compaction by continuous monitoring of ground stiffness\""},{"Link":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=400","external_links_name":"\"Report on the Collision that occurred on 6th August 1975 at Weaver Junction in the London Midland Region British Railways :: The Railways Archive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130629083053/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=400","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/landslide-set-cause-days-disruption-17843825","external_links_name":"\"Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool\""},{"Link":"https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/18273680.trains-cancelled-landslide-near-acton-bridge/","external_links_name":"\"Disruption on trains to last until Wednesday following landslide at Weaver Junction\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/landslide-set-cause-days-disruption-17843825","external_links_name":"\"Landslide set to cause disruption to trains to and from Liverpool\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weaver_Junction&params=53.3028_N_2.6396_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°18′10″N 2°38′23″W / 53.3028°N 2.6396°W / 53.3028; -2.6396"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2FPIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02","external_links_name":"10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1246353492","external_links_name":"British Rail A new History"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1246353492","external_links_name":"1246353492"},{"Link":"https://8dassociation.org/","external_links_name":"8D Association -Dedicated to promoting the history of the railways of South Lancashire and North Cheshire"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRLM_Elec002.pdf","external_links_name":"Electric All The Way"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77kids	American Eagle Outfitters	["1 Development","1.1 Finances and operations","1.2 Products","2 Corporate and headquarters","2.1 Franchise agreement","2.2 Logistics","3 Stores","4 Subsidiaries","4.1 aerie","4.2 Martin + Osa","4.3 77kids","4.4 Tailgate and Todd Snyder","4.5 Bluenotes'","4.6 Unsubscribed","4.7 Quiet Logistics","5 International expansion","6 New American Music Union","7 Controversies","7.1 Strike","7.2 Abercrombie & Fitch lawsuits","8 International stores","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Retailer based in the United States This article is about the clothing retailer. For other uses, see American Eagle. American Eagle Outfitters, Inc.Trade nameAmerican EagleCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: AEOS&P 600 componentIndustryRetailFounded1977; 47 years ago (1977)FounderJerry SilvermanMark SilvermanHeadquartersSouthSide Works77 Hot Metal StreetPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Number of locations1,182 stores (Feb. 2024)Area servedWorldwideKey peopleJay Schottenstein (Exec. Chairman and CEO)ProductsApparel, accessories, lingerie, personal care, footwearRevenue US$5.261 billion (2023)Operating income US$222.717 million (2023)Net income US$170.038 million (2023)Total assets US$3.557 billion (2023)Total equity US$1.736 billion (2023)Number of employees40,000 (Feb. 2024)SubsidiariesAerieTodd SnyderQuiet LogisticsWebsiteae.com American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. is an American clothing and accessories retailer headquartered at SouthSide Works in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1977 by brothers Jerry and Mark Silverman as a subsidiary of Retail Ventures, Inc., a company that also owned and operated Silverman's Menswear. The Silvermans sold their ownership interests in 1991 to Jacob Price of Knoxville, Tennessee. American Eagle Outfitters is the parent company of Aerie, Unsubscribed and Todd Snyder. American Eagle retails jeans, polo shirts, graphic T-shirts, boxers, outerwear, and swimwear. American Eagle targets male and female university and high school students, although older adults also wear the brand. In 1977, the first American Eagle Outfitters store opened in Twelve Oaks Mall in Novi, Michigan. As of January 2023, the company operated 1,175 American Eagle stores, 175 Aerie stores, and 12 Todd Snyder stores across the US, Canada, Mexico, and Hong Kong. Development American Eagle Outfitters, Green Oak Village Place An American Eagle Outfitters store at a mall in Taguig, Philippines American Eagle Outfitters at a mall in Markham, Ontario, Canada American Eagle's beginning was with the Silverman family, which owned and operated Silvermans Menswear. By the mid-1970s, two of the Silverman brothers—the third generation of Silvermans in the family business—were running the business. Jerry Silverman was the president and CEO, while his brother, Mark, served as executive vice-president and COO. The Silverman brothers were convinced they needed to diversify their product offerings in order to continue growing their company. They also recognized that the addition of new family-owned chains would then enable them to operate more than one store in the same mall. Their first attempt was to open American Eagle Outfitters in 1977, positioning it as a proprietor of brand-name leisure apparel, footwear, as well as accessories for men and women, emphasizing merchandise suited for outdoor sports, such as hiking, mountain climbing, and camping. Stores were set up in shopping malls and a catalog was established. The chain grew for much of the 1980s. In 1989, the owners decided to refocus their business on American Eagle Outfitters, selling their other retail chains. At the time, there were 137 American Eagle Outfitters stores in 36 different states. Despite the plans for quick growth after the reorganization, American Eagle Outfitters opened only 16 new stores by 1991 and the company was losing money. At this point, the Schottensteins, who had been 50% owners of the chain since 1980, bought out the Silverman family's interest. This change in leadership resulted in American Eagle finding its present niche: casual clothing for men and women selling private label clothes. When the company began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange in the second quarter of 1994, it had 167 stores and a healthy cash flow. With the cash infusion from the IPO, the company opened more than 90 new stores over the next year. Several new executives joined the company in 1995 and '96, leading to another change in the target demographic. Over the next five years, revenues quintupled to $1 billion by 2000. AEO opened the first Canadian store in 2000. As of January 30, 2016, the company operated 949 AEO brand stores, and 97 stand-alone and 67 side-by-side Aerie stores in shopping malls, lifestyle centers, and street locations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Hong Kong, China, the United Kingdom, and internationally. The company had 21 franchised stores operated by franchise partners in 10 countries. On January 22, 2014, then-CEO Robert Hanson stepped down and Jay Schottenstein became interim CEO. Finances and operations On March 15, 2005, the company adjusted its accounting of rent expenses and construction allowances after the Securities and Exchange Commission noted that a number of companies had been improperly logging these items. Due to "disappointing product execution in the women's category", American Eagle posted only a 3% gain in its 2013 second-quarter profits and the stock price dropped. Products On 27 July 2020, American Eagle Outfitters revealed it would sell a new range of fitness wear called "Offline" by Aerie, targeted at consumers who want apparel that can be used for both their workouts and relaxation. Corporate and headquarters American Eagle's Headquarters In mid-2007, American Eagle moved its headquarters from Warrendale, Pennsylvania, to a more urban location at the SouthSide Works complex in Pittsburgh. The cost of the buildings and adjacent property was approximately $21 million (excluding interior finishing and additional construction costs). The addresses of the buildings are 19 Hot Metal Street and 77 Hot Metal Street, with the numbers symbolizing the first store opening in 1977. The Southside Works Campus includes a private garage, a lab store for each brand, a photo studio, and an in-house cafeteria. Other offices are in New York (design and production). Franchise agreement In June 2009, the company signed the franchisee agreement with M. H. Alshaya, one of the leading retailers in the Middle East. The agreement saw the introduction of the first stores outside North America, with the first two opening in Dubai and Kuwait on March 16 and 25, 2010, respectively, and another that opened on October 15, 2011, in Kaslik, Lebanon. Another opened in June 2012 in Hamra Street, Beirut, followed by one in Beirut City Centre, Hazmieh. Logistics The company maintains distribution centers in Hazleton, Pennsylvania; Ottawa, Kansas; and Mississauga, Ontario. Stores An American Eagle store in a mall, with older signage that includes "Outfitters". Items are placed on wooden shelving, tables, or clothes racks. The clothes in AEO Factory stores are hung on basic black hangers, and AEO stores have wooden hangers. There is usually a flat-screen television hanging in the back of the store or behind the cash wrap. The floors are typically wood or concrete. The theme and displays change based on seasonal lines and promotions. Subsidiaries aerie Main article: Aerie (clothing retailer) Aerie store in the SouthSide Works area of Pittsburgh In February 2006, American Eagle launched the aerie lingerie sub-brand, targeting American 15- to 22-year-old females. In addition to lingerie such as bras and other undergarments, the aerie line sells dorm wear, active apparel, loungewear, accessories and sleepwear. What started as a sub-brand quickly became a standalone concept in its own right, featuring a complete fitness line, called aerie f.i.t. The aerie brand is sold in American Eagle Outfitters stores, on the American Eagle website, and in stand-alone aerie retail stores. The first stand-alone aerie store opened in August 2006 in Greenville, South Carolina, and was followed by two more test stores later that year. As of December 2010, there were 147 stand-alone aerie stores in the U.S. and Canada. Aerie has started a campaign that focuses on promoting models' real bodies. This entails their slogan #AerieREAL and adding to their advertisements that models have not been retouched. In this way they take a stand against the use of photo manipulation in media. Iskra Lawrence, while she models for the lingerie line, is also the global role model for the brand. Martin + Osa The company's second stand-alone lifestyle concept launched in 2006 and targeted men and women age 28 to 40. It featured cashmere sweaters and casual clothing for an older target audience. It also sold products by Fred Perry, Ray-Ban, Adidas, Onitsuka Tiger, and HOBO International. In March 2010, management announced that all 28 Martin + Osa stores would be closed, after a failure in retail markets, causing AEO, Inc. to lose up to $44 million. 77kids In October 2008, American Eagle released and launched 77kids, a line of clothing aimed at children aged two to ten. Initially an online only concept, AEO opened its first 77kids store on July 15, 2010, in The Mall at Robinson in Pittsburgh, and eight others followed that year. Expansion continued throughout FY2011. 77kids stores, targeted at younger children, featured interactive games and activities throughout the stores that children could play with while shopping. American Eagle Outfitters announced on May 15, 2012, that it would sell or close all 22 77kids stores by the end of July 2012. Robert Hanson, who became CEO in January 2012, said 77kids had a loss after taxes of roughly $24 million on sales of $40 million in the 2011 fiscal year. On August 3, 2012, American Eagle Outfitters completed the sale of its 77kids to Ezrani 2 Corp, a company formed by Ezra Dabah, the former chairman and CEO of The Children's Place. Ezrani renamed the store "Ruum" in 2013. Tailgate and Todd Snyder In November 2015, American Eagle Outfitters acquired Todd Snyder's eponymous label, as well as his Tailgate Clothing Company, a brand centered on vintage-style collegiate apparel. American Eagle initially focused on Southeastern Conference and Big Ten colleges, hoping to gain more popularity among its target demographic of teenagers and college students. Bluenotes' After its acquisition of Thiftys from Dylex, the 107 stores were rebranded as Bluenotes' in 2000, then sold off in 2004. Unsubscribed American Eagle Outfitters created a new upmarket brand focused on sustainable quality goods in 2020. Boutiques can be found in prestigious resort neighborhoods. Quiet Logistics American Eagle Outfitters announced a $350 million acquisition of Quiet Logistics on November 2, 2021. The acquisition was completed on December 29, 2021. International expansion American Eagle opened its first Canadian store in 2001 after it purchased assets of Dylex. In 2010, AEO opened stores in Kuwait, Riyadh, and Dubai. A store in Kaslik, Lebanon, opened on October 15, 2011. A store in Cairo, Egypt, opened in late 2011. In September 2011, two stores opened in Moscow, Russia. Its first store in Jordan opened in November 2011 in the brand-new Taj Mall. Its first store in Tokyo, Japan opened on April 18, 2012. The first store in Tel Aviv, Israel, opened in February 2012, after the Israeli-based clothing retailer FOX signed a contract with AEO, and expanded to Jerusalem. There are also stores in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. American Eagle Outfitters opened its first store in the Philippines in March 2013. American Eagle is also opening stores in Mexico. The first opened in Mexico City at Fashion Mall Perisur on February 20, 2013, and at Centro Santa Fe in June. Another opened in Guadalajara later in 2013 at Fashion Mall Galerías Guadalajara. In 2014 the company financed the rescue and renovation of the Jardín Edith Sánchez Ramírez pocket park in Mexico City. American Eagle expanded to the U.K. in November 2014, opening stores in Westfield London, Westfield Stratford City, and Bluewater. The Westfield London store opened on November 14, 2014, the Westfield Stratford City store on November 17, 2014, and the Bluewater store on November 19, 2014. All UK operations have ceased, with the UK website closed and all UK stores closed by the end of July 2017. American Eagle Outfitters opened its first store in Muscat, Oman, on October 3, 2015. The company made its debut in the Indian market in June 2018 with first store launched in DLF Mall of India, Noida. Today it operates 17 stores across the country. AEO entered the Chilean market in September 2015, with the opening of its first store in the Parque Arauco shopping center. After its arrival in the Chilean market, the company's expansion was concentrated in Santiago. In 2019, American Eagle Outfitters became one of only two major clothing companies with commitments in line with the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In 2020, American Eagle Outfitters opened its first store in Prague, Czech Republic, in the factory outlet center Fashion Arena Prague Outlet. In 2023, AEO opened its first store in Uruguay, Punta Carretas Shopping. New American Music Union American Eagle was the primary sponsor of New American Music Union, a music festival at SouthSide Works in Pittsburgh on August 8 and 9, 2008. The concert featured Gnarls Barkley, Spoon, The Raconteurs, and Bob Dylan and his band. The festival, which had been planned as an annual event, did not recur, because American Eagle had moved away from using music as a marketing tool. Controversies Strike In 2004, the textile and apparel workers union UNITE HERE launched the "American Vulture" back-to-school boycott of American Eagle in protest of alleged workers' rights violations at the company's Canadian distribution contractor National Logistics Services (NLS). On the 2007 second-quarter conference call, CEO James O'Donnell clarified the American Eagle's relationship with NLS and its effect on business. He explained, We owned NLS with the acquisition of Braemar back in 2000, and we subsequently sold off NLS in 2006, and we are currently a customer of NLS... We have really no involvement at all with Unite Here and NLS. Our only involvement with NLS is basically as a customer, and there have been some allegations made, I think, to some of, to the public about it affecting our business. I can tell you right now it has not affected our business. Abercrombie & Fitch lawsuits Since 1999, Abercrombie & Fitch has sued American Eagle Outfitters at least three times for allegedly copying its designs and its advertisements. On all occasions, American Eagle prevailed in court on the grounds that A&F cannot stop it from presenting similar designs since such designs cannot be copyrighted in the United States. Nevertheless, American Eagle clothing designs have since trended away in appearance from Abercrombie & Fitch designs. American Eagle merchandise is considered "retro/vintage" cost-efficient clothing, whereas Abercrombie & Fitch merchandise has become an internationally known "near-luxury" line of clothing with "preppy", high-grade, and high-priced fashions, on the same level as that of companies such as Polo Ralph Lauren. Judges have generally ruled that giving Abercrombie exclusive rights to market its clothing in a certain way "would be anti-competitive." International stores Locations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Hong Kong are operated directly by American Eagle, whereas other locations are operated under license agreements with third parties. Africa: Egypt: 4 Morocco: 2 Tanzania: 1 Americas: United States: 909 Canada: 103 Mexico: 40 Colombia: 14 Chile: 13 Ecuador: 3 Peru: 1 Costa Rica: 2 Guatemala: 2 El Salvador: 1 Panama: 2 Curaçao: 1 Dominican Republic: 1 Asia: Israel: 43 Saudi Arabia: 18 South Korea: 16 United Arab Emirates: 14 India: 17 Philippines: 10 Hong Kong: 15 Thailand: 6 Lebanon: 5 China: 4 Kuwait: 4 Qatar: 4 Bahrain: 2 Jordan: 1 Oman: 1 Europe: Greece: 9 Czech Republic: 1 Netherlands: 3 See also Companies portal List of S&P 400 companies References ^ a b c d e f g h American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. Form 10-K for 2023 Annual Report (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Report). Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ a b c "AEO". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ^ a b History of American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. – FundingUniverse. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2013. ^ a b "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2012" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters - About AEO". American Eagle Outfitters. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. ^ "History of American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ Karr, Arnold J. (January 22, 2014). "Robert Hanson Exits American Eagle". WWD. Retrieved January 22, 2014. ^ Zaccagnini, Kristen (January 22, 2014). "American Eagle Outfitters Names Jay Schottenstein Interim CEO". Market Watch by the Wall Street Journal (reprinting BUSINESS WIRE). Retrieved January 22, 2014. ^ "American Eagle to restate results". Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2013. ^ Young, Vicki M. (August 21, 2013). "American Eagle Posts 3% Gain in Q2 Profits". WWD. Retrieved August 21, 2013. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters Launches a New Brand, "Offline" Activewear". The Motley Fool. July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release". Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 29, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "American Eagle - Distribution Centers". Retrieved January 13, 2016. ^ Moin, David (February 26, 2006). "American Eagle's Strategy for 'aerie' Intimates". WWD. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters Introduces New Line of Dormwear and intimates" (Press release). PRNewswire. August 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2009. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters Men's & Women's Clothing, Shoes & Accessories". American Eagle Outfitters. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 24, 2005" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Mar 9, 2010" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "American Eagle to open Martin + OSA store in Dallas". Dallas Business Journal. January 3, 2006. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 7, 2008" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "77kids by american eagle Launches E-Commerce Web Site Offering "Kid Cool" Clothing and Accessories" (Press release). BusinessWire. October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2008. ^ "Marketing to kids gets more savvy with new technologies - USATODAY.com". USATODAY.COM. Retrieved January 27, 2017. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 24, 2012". secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "american eagle sells 77kids business". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 9, 2012" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "/ccpa/". TribLIVE.com. ^ American Eagle Acquires Todd Snyder in $11 Million Deal Women's Wear Daily ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko (November 3, 2015). "A New Look, and Label, for American Eagle Outfitters". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2018. ^ Berger, Paul (November 2, 2021). "American Eagle Outfitters to Buy Quiet Logistics for $350 Million". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021. ^ Borneman, Jim (December 31, 2021). "American Eagle Outfitters Completes Quiet Logistics Acquisition". Textile World. Retrieved January 3, 2022. ^ "American Eagle coming to Israel - Israel Business, Ynetnews". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ "The Gap will close in Israel, and it's not just because of its clothes". The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "American Eagle Taking Flight to Japan - Specialty Stores - Retail". WWD.com. December 21, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store". ABS-CBN News. March 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ American Eagle en México: una posibilidad a corto plazo - Moda - Masaryk.tv \| My Web Lifestyle. Masaryk.tv. Retrieved on July 23, 2013. ^ Ruddick, Graham (June 30, 2014). "American Eagle confirms UK arrival". Telegraph. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ^ "@AEO_UK". Twitter. American Eagle UK. Retrieved November 7, 2014. ^ "American Eagle is latest US brand to join flight from UK". Drapers. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ "American Eagle Outfitters Launched in Oman". December 3, 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "American Eagle Outfitters opens the first store in India". June 14, 2018. ^ Cernansky, Rachel (October 17, 2019). "Only two big brands do enough to fight climate change, report claims". Vogue Business. Retrieved May 5, 2021. ^ a b "Twenty-five new brands came to the Czech market last year". www.retailguide.cz. January 13, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ "American Eagle abre su primer local en el país". EL PAIS. March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ a b Mervis, Scott (August 7, 2008). "Cast of American Eagle's New American Music Union festival set to soar on the South Side". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ^ Mervis, Scott (December 31, 2009). "The year in (local) rock". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ^ "www.americanvulture.org". www.americanvulture.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2011. ^ Transcripts, SA (August 21, 2007). "American Eagle Outfitters F2Q07 (Qtr End 8/4/07) Earnings Call Transcript". Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ "American Eagle Wins Abercrombie & Fitch Lawsuit in U.S. Court of Appeals" (Press release). PR NewsWire. February 18, 2002. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008. ^ "Abercrombie's Lawsuit Against Rival Dismissed". Los Angeles Times. July 16, 1999. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008. ^ "Omanis to run Majid Al Futtaim's 3 new malls". Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via PressReader. ^ "AMERICAN EAGLE". www.isicgreece.gr. ^ "American Eagle Locations Store Finder". storelocations.ae.com. Retrieved April 19, 2023. External links Media related to American Eagle Outfitters at Wikimedia Commons Business data for American Eagle Outfitters: BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo! vteMen's undergarmentsUpper body Male bra Sleeveless shirt (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt Henley shirt Undershirt Telnyashka Lower body Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Briefs (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts Fundoshi Jockstrap (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men Swim trunks Thong (G-string) Willy warmer Full body Long underwear (long johns) Nightshirt Union suit Hosiery Compression stockings Leggings Pantyhose Sock Stocking Tabi Historical Breechcloth Chausses Codpiece Doublet Garter Hose Loincloth Nightshirt Union suit Brands 2(X)IST 2wink Abercrombie & Fitch Adidas Allbirds AllSaints American Apparel American Eagle Andrew Christian Arc'teryx aussieBum Björn Borg Boden Bombas Bonds Bonobos Burberry BVD Calvin Klein Comme des Garçons Desigual Diesel DKNY Dolce & Gabbana Dsquared² Duluth Trading Company Emporio Armani Everlane Finisterre Fleur du Mal Fruit of the Loom Gap Gunze H&M Hanes Hanro House of Holland Hugo Boss Ibex J.Crew Jockey International Joe Boxer John Lewis John Smedley's Kenneth Cole Kotn Lacoste Levi's Louis Vuitton Lululemon Marks & Spencer Michael Kors Munsingwear Nasty Pig Nike Nordstrom Orlebar Brown Patagonia Paul Smith Paul Stuart Pringle Puma Ralph Lauren River Island Roberto Cavalli Rufskin Schiesser Smartwool Spanx Stanfield's Sunspel Superdry Supreme Three Gun Todd Snyder Tom Ford Tommy Hilfiger Topman Under Armour Uniqlo Versace Volcom XTG vtePittsburgh corporations within the Pittsburgh metro areaFortune 500 headquarters Alcoa Dick's Sporting Goods Howmet Aerospace Kraft Heinz PNC Financial Services PPG Industries US Steel WESCO International Forbes largest private companies headquarters 84 Lumber Giant Eagle Other corporation headquarters Allegheny Technologies American Bridge American Eagle Outfitters Ampco Pittsburgh Arconic ANSYS Armstrong Communications Augustine's Pizza Black Box Bruster's Ice Cream Calgon Carbon CNX Resources Compunetix Consol Energy Dollar Bank Duquesne Light Eat'n Park EQT Corporation Federated Investors Fiesta Tableware GNC Guru.com Highmark Industrial Scientific Corporation Iron City Brewing Company Kennametal Koppers MARC USA Millcraft Industries Mine Safety Appliances Niche.com Oxford Development PTC Alliance Renda Broadcasting rue21 Sarris Candies University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Vocelli Pizza Wabtec Companies with split headquarters ModCloth Nova Chemicals Subsidiary company headquarters Allegheny Energy FedEx Ground GSK Lanxess Respironics Vivisimo Westinghouse Electric Company Outside companies withstrong Pittsburgh relations BNY Mellon Dreyfus Corporation Eaton Corporation Spreadshirt Macy's Thermo Fisher Scientific Historic Fisher's Big Wheel BodyMedia Clark Bar Dravo EDMC Fisher Scientific Integra Bank Mesta Machinery GC Murphy Gulf Oil J&L Steel Ketchum Rockwell Sunbeam Telerama Westinghouse List of corporations in Pittsburgh	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"SouthSide Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthSide_Works"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Retail Ventures, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Ventures"},{"link_name":"Knoxville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fundinguniverse.com-3"},{"link_name":"parent company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_company"},{"link_name":"Aerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerie_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Todd Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-Mar-2012-10-K-4"},{"link_name":"jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans"},{"link_name":"polo shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_shirt"},{"link_name":"graphic T-shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt"},{"link_name":"boxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment"},{"link_name":"outerwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outerwear"},{"link_name":"swimwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimwear"},{"link_name":"Twelve Oaks Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Oaks_Mall"},{"link_name":"Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoofinance-2"}],"text":"This article is about the clothing retailer. For other uses, see American Eagle.American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. is an American clothing and accessories retailer headquartered at SouthSide Works in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1977 by brothers Jerry and Mark Silverman as a subsidiary of Retail Ventures, Inc., a company that also owned and operated Silverman's Menswear. The Silvermans sold their ownership interests in 1991 to Jacob Price of Knoxville, Tennessee.[3] American Eagle Outfitters is the parent company of Aerie, Unsubscribed and Todd Snyder.[4]American Eagle retails jeans, polo shirts, graphic T-shirts, boxers, outerwear, and swimwear. American Eagle targets male and female university and high school students, although older adults also wear the brand.In 1977, the first American Eagle Outfitters store opened in Twelve Oaks Mall in Novi, Michigan.[5] As of January 2023, the company operated 1,175 American Eagle stores, 175 Aerie stores, and 12 Todd Snyder stores across the US, Canada, Mexico, and Hong Kong.[2]","title":"American Eagle Outfitters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Eagle_Outfitters_store_Green_Oak_Village_Place.JPG"},{"link_name":"Green Oak Village Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Oak_Village_Place"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Eagle_Outfitters_in_SM_Aura,_Bonifacio_Global_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taguig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericanEagleOutfittersMarkville.jpg"},{"link_name":"a mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markville_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Markham, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"shopping malls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"private label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fundinguniverse.com-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoofinance-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-Mar-2012-10-K-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert_Hanson_Exits_American_Eagle-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Eagle_Outfitters_Names_Jay_Schottenstein_Interim_CEO-9"}],"text":"American Eagle Outfitters, Green Oak Village PlaceAn American Eagle Outfitters store at a mall in Taguig, PhilippinesAmerican Eagle Outfitters at a mall in Markham, Ontario, CanadaAmerican Eagle's beginning was with the Silverman family, which owned and operated Silvermans Menswear. By the mid-1970s, two of the Silverman brothers—the third generation of Silvermans in the family business—were running the business. Jerry Silverman was the president and CEO, while his brother, Mark, served as executive vice-president and COO. The Silverman brothers were convinced they needed to diversify their product offerings in order to continue growing their company. They also recognized that the addition of new family-owned chains would then enable them to operate more than one store in the same mall. Their first attempt was to open American Eagle Outfitters in 1977, positioning it as a proprietor of brand-name leisure apparel, footwear, as well as accessories for men and women, emphasizing merchandise suited for outdoor sports, such as hiking, mountain climbing, and camping.[6] Stores were set up in shopping malls and a catalog was established. The chain grew for much of the 1980s. In 1989, the owners decided to refocus their business on American Eagle Outfitters, selling their other retail chains. At the time, there were 137 American Eagle Outfitters stores in 36 different states.Despite the plans for quick growth after the reorganization, American Eagle Outfitters opened only 16 new stores by 1991 and the company was losing money. At this point, the Schottensteins, who had been 50% owners of the chain since 1980, bought out the Silverman family's interest. This change in leadership resulted in American Eagle finding its present niche: casual clothing for men and women selling private label clothes.[citation needed]When the company began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange in the second quarter of 1994, it had 167 stores and a healthy cash flow. [citation needed] With the cash infusion from the IPO, the company opened more than 90 new stores over the next year. Several new executives joined the company in 1995 and '96, leading to another change in the target demographic. [citation needed] Over the next five years, revenues quintupled to $1 billion by 2000.[3] AEO opened the first Canadian store in 2000.[7]As of January 30, 2016, the company operated 949 AEO brand stores, and 97 stand-alone and 67 side-by-side Aerie stores in shopping malls, lifestyle centers, and street locations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Hong Kong, China, the United Kingdom, and internationally.[2] The company had 21 franchised stores operated by franchise partners in 10 countries.[4] On January 22, 2014, then-CEO Robert Hanson stepped down[8] and Jay Schottenstein became interim CEO.[9]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Eagle_Posts_3%_Q2_Profits-11"}],"sub_title":"Finances and operations","text":"On March 15, 2005, the company adjusted its accounting of rent expenses and construction allowances after the Securities and Exchange Commission noted that a number of companies had been improperly logging these items.[10] Due to \"disappointing product execution in the women's category\", American Eagle posted only a 3% gain in its 2013 second-quarter profits and the stock price dropped.[11]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Products","text":"On 27 July 2020, American Eagle Outfitters revealed it would sell a new range of fitness wear called \"Offline\" by Aerie, targeted at consumers who want apparel that can be used for both their workouts and relaxation. [12]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Eagle_Outfitters_Headquarters_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warrendale, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrendale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"SouthSide Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthSide_Works"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"American Eagle's HeadquartersIn mid-2007, American Eagle moved its headquarters from Warrendale, Pennsylvania, to a more urban location at the SouthSide Works complex in Pittsburgh. The cost of the buildings and adjacent property was approximately $21 million (excluding interior finishing and additional construction costs). The addresses of the buildings are 19 Hot Metal Street and 77 Hot Metal Street, with the numbers symbolizing the first store opening in 1977. The Southside Works Campus includes a private garage, a lab store for each brand, a photo studio, and an in-house cafeteria. Other offices are in New York (design and production).[13]","title":"Corporate and headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. H. Alshaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.H._Alshaya_Co."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-May-2009-8-K-14"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kaslik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaslik"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Franchise agreement","text":"In June 2009, the company signed the franchisee agreement with M. H. Alshaya, one of the leading retailers in the Middle East.[14] The agreement saw the introduction of the first stores outside North America, with the first two opening in Dubai and Kuwait on March 16 and 25, 2010, respectively, and another that opened on October 15, 2011, in Kaslik, Lebanon. Another opened in June 2012 in Hamra Street, Beirut, followed by one in Beirut City Centre, Hazmieh.[citation needed]","title":"Corporate and headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hazleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Mississauga, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Logistics","text":"The company maintains distribution centers in Hazleton, Pennsylvania; Ottawa, Kansas; and Mississauga, Ontario.[15]","title":"Corporate and headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_eagle.jpg"},{"link_name":"a mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Mall"}],"text":"An American Eagle store in a mall, with older signage that includes \"Outfitters\".Items are placed on wooden shelving, tables, or clothes racks. The clothes in AEO Factory stores are hung on basic black hangers, and AEO stores have wooden hangers. There is usually a flat-screen television hanging in the back of the store or behind the cash wrap. The floors are typically wood or concrete. The theme and displays change based on seasonal lines and promotions.","title":"Stores"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerie.jpg"},{"link_name":"SouthSide Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthSide_Works"},{"link_name":"aerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerie_(American_Eagle_Outfitters)"},{"link_name":"lingerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingerie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moin2006-16"},{"link_name":"bras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassiere"},{"link_name":"undergarments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment"},{"link_name":"sleepwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajamas"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"photo manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation"},{"link_name":"Iskra Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskra_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"aerie","text":"Aerie store in the SouthSide Works area of PittsburghIn February 2006, American Eagle launched the aerie lingerie sub-brand, targeting American 15- to 22-year-old females.[16] In addition to lingerie such as bras and other undergarments, the aerie line sells dorm wear, active apparel, loungewear, accessories and sleepwear. What started as a sub-brand quickly became a standalone concept in its own right, featuring a complete fitness line, called aerie f.i.t. The aerie brand is sold in American Eagle Outfitters stores, on the American Eagle website, and in stand-alone aerie retail stores. The first stand-alone aerie store opened in August 2006 in Greenville, South Carolina,[17] and was followed by two more test stores later that year. As of December 2010, there were 147 stand-alone aerie stores in the U.S. and Canada.[18] Aerie has started a campaign that focuses on promoting models' real bodies. This entails their slogan #AerieREAL and adding to their advertisements that models have not been retouched. In this way they take a stand against the use of photo manipulation in media. Iskra Lawrence, while she models for the lingerie line, is also the global role model for the brand.[19]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-Oct-2005-8-K-20"},{"link_name":"cashmere sweaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere_wool"},{"link_name":"Ray-Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-Ban"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Onitsuka Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsuka_Tiger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-Mar-2010-8-K-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Martin + Osa","text":"The company's second stand-alone lifestyle concept launched in 2006 and targeted men and women age 28 to 40.[20] It featured cashmere sweaters and casual clothing for an older target audience. It also sold products by Fred Perry, Ray-Ban, Adidas, Onitsuka Tiger, and HOBO International. In March 2010, management announced that all 28 Martin + Osa stores would be closed, after a failure in retail markets, causing AEO, Inc. to lose up to $44 million.[21][22]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-Nov-2008-8-K-23"},{"link_name":"The Mall at Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mall_at_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-May-2012-8-K-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-Eagle-Outfitters-Aug-2012-8-K-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"77kids","text":"In October 2008, American Eagle released and launched 77kids, a line of clothing aimed at children aged two to ten.[23] Initially an online only concept, AEO opened its first 77kids store on July 15, 2010, in The Mall at Robinson in Pittsburgh,[24] and eight others followed that year. Expansion continued throughout FY2011. 77kids stores, targeted at younger children, featured interactive games and activities throughout the stores that children could play with while shopping.[25]American Eagle Outfitters announced on May 15, 2012, that it would sell or close all 22 77kids stores by the end of July 2012.[26][27] Robert Hanson, who became CEO in January 2012, said 77kids had a loss after taxes of roughly $24 million on sales of $40 million in the 2011 fiscal year. On August 3, 2012, American Eagle Outfitters completed the sale of its 77kids to Ezrani 2 Corp, a company formed by Ezra Dabah, the former chairman and CEO of The Children's Place.[28] Ezrani renamed the store \"Ruum\" in 2013.[29]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Todd Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"eponymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymous"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Tailgate and Todd Snyder","text":"In November 2015, American Eagle Outfitters acquired Todd Snyder's eponymous label, as well as his Tailgate Clothing Company, a brand centered on vintage-style collegiate apparel.[30] American Eagle initially focused on Southeastern Conference and Big Ten colleges, hoping to gain more popularity among its target demographic of teenagers and college students.[31]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiftys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluenotes"},{"link_name":"Dylex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylex"}],"sub_title":"Bluenotes'","text":"After its acquisition of Thiftys from Dylex, the 107 stores were rebranded as Bluenotes' in 2000, then sold off in 2004.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Unsubscribed","text":"American Eagle Outfitters created a new upmarket brand focused on sustainable quality goods in 2020. Boutiques can be found in prestigious resort neighborhoods.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quiet Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Logistics"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Quiet Logistics","text":"American Eagle Outfitters announced a $350 million acquisition of Quiet Logistics on November 2, 2021.[32] The acquisition was completed on December 29, 2021.[33]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dylex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylex"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Kaslik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaslik"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"FOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Perisur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisur"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Jardín Edith Sánchez Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard%C3%ADn_Edith_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"pocket park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_park"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEO_opening_UK_stores-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Eagle_UK_opening_dates-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Paris Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retailguide.cz-45"},{"link_name":"Punta Carretas Shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Carretas_Shopping"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"American Eagle opened its first Canadian store in 2001 after it purchased assets of Dylex. In 2010, AEO opened stores in Kuwait, Riyadh, and Dubai. A store in Kaslik, Lebanon, opened on October 15, 2011. A store in Cairo, Egypt, opened in late 2011. In September 2011, two stores opened in Moscow, Russia. Its first store in Jordan opened in November 2011 in the brand-new Taj Mall. Its first store in Tokyo, Japan opened on April 18, 2012. The first store in Tel Aviv, Israel, opened in February 2012,[34] after the Israeli-based clothing retailer FOX signed a contract with AEO, and expanded to Jerusalem.[35] There are also stores in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong.[36] American Eagle Outfitters opened its first store in the Philippines in March 2013.[37]American Eagle is also opening stores in Mexico. The first opened in Mexico City at Fashion Mall Perisur on February 20, 2013, and at Centro Santa Fe in June. Another opened in Guadalajara later in 2013 at Fashion Mall Galerías Guadalajara.[38] In 2014 the company financed the rescue and renovation of the Jardín Edith Sánchez Ramírez pocket park in Mexico City.American Eagle expanded to the U.K. in November 2014, opening stores in Westfield London, Westfield Stratford City, and Bluewater.[39] The Westfield London store opened on November 14, 2014, the Westfield Stratford City store on November 17, 2014, and the Bluewater store on November 19, 2014. All UK operations have ceased, with the UK website closed and all UK stores closed by the end of July 2017.[40][41]American Eagle Outfitters opened its first store in Muscat, Oman, on October 3, 2015.[42] The company made its debut in the Indian market in June 2018 with first store launched in DLF Mall of India, Noida.[43] Today it operates 17 stores across the country.AEO entered the Chilean market in September 2015, with the opening of its first store in the Parque Arauco shopping center. After its arrival in the Chilean market, the company's expansion was concentrated in Santiago.In 2019, American Eagle Outfitters became one of only two major clothing companies with commitments in line with the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.[44]In 2020, American Eagle Outfitters opened its first store in Prague, Czech Republic, in the factory outlet center Fashion Arena Prague Outlet.[45] In 2023, AEO opened its first store in Uruguay, Punta Carretas Shopping.[46]","title":"International expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New American Music Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_American_Music_Union"},{"link_name":"SouthSide Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthSide_Works"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mervis-47"},{"link_name":"Gnarls Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnarls_Barkley"},{"link_name":"Spoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Raconteurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raconteurs"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mervis-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"American Eagle was the primary sponsor of New American Music Union, a music festival at SouthSide Works in Pittsburgh on August 8 and 9, 2008.[47] The concert featured Gnarls Barkley, Spoon, The Raconteurs, and Bob Dylan and his band.[47] The festival, which had been planned as an annual event, did not recur, because American Eagle had moved away from using music as a marketing tool.[48]","title":"New American Music Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNITE HERE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITE_HERE"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Strike","text":"In 2004, the textile and apparel workers union UNITE HERE launched the \"American Vulture\" back-to-school boycott of American Eagle[49] in protest of alleged workers' rights violations at the company's Canadian distribution contractor National Logistics Services (NLS). On the 2007 second-quarter conference call,[50] CEO James O'Donnell clarified the American Eagle's relationship with NLS and its effect on business. He explained,We owned NLS with the acquisition of Braemar back in 2000, and we subsequently sold off NLS in 2006, and we are currently a customer of NLS... We have really no involvement at all with Unite Here and NLS. Our only involvement with NLS is basically as a customer, and there have been some allegations made, I think, to some of, to the public about it affecting our business. I can tell you right now it has not affected our business.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abercrombie & Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch"},{"link_name":"advertisements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"preppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preppy"},{"link_name":"Polo Ralph Lauren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Abercrombie & Fitch lawsuits","text":"Since 1999, Abercrombie & Fitch has sued American Eagle Outfitters at least three times for allegedly copying its designs and its advertisements. On all occasions, American Eagle prevailed in court on the grounds that A&F cannot stop it from presenting similar designs since such designs cannot be copyrighted in the United States. Nevertheless, American Eagle clothing designs have since trended away in appearance from Abercrombie & Fitch designs. American Eagle merchandise is considered \"retro/vintage\" cost-efficient clothing, whereas Abercrombie & Fitch merchandise has become an internationally known \"near-luxury\" line of clothing with \"preppy\", high-grade, and high-priced fashions, on the same level as that of companies such as Polo Ralph Lauren.[51] Judges have generally ruled that giving Abercrombie exclusive rights to market its clothing in a certain way \"would be anti-competitive.\"[52]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10K-1"}],"text":"Locations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Hong Kong are operated directly by American Eagle, whereas other locations are operated under license agreements with third parties.[1]","title":"International stores"}]	[{"image_text":"American Eagle Outfitters, Green Oak Village Place","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/American_Eagle_Outfitters_store_Green_Oak_Village_Place.JPG/220px-American_Eagle_Outfitters_store_Green_Oak_Village_Place.JPG"},{"image_text":"An American Eagle Outfitters store at a mall in Taguig, Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/American_Eagle_Outfitters_in_SM_Aura%2C_Bonifacio_Global_City.jpg/220px-American_Eagle_Outfitters_in_SM_Aura%2C_Bonifacio_Global_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"American Eagle Outfitters at a mall in Markham, Ontario, Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AmericanEagleOutfittersMarkville.jpg/220px-AmericanEagleOutfittersMarkville.jpg"},{"image_text":"American Eagle's Headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/American_Eagle_Outfitters_Headquarters_2.jpg/220px-American_Eagle_Outfitters_Headquarters_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"An American Eagle store in a mall, with older signage that includes \"Outfitters\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/American_eagle.jpg/220px-American_eagle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerie store in the SouthSide Works area of Pittsburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aerie.jpg/220px-Aerie.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"List of S&P 400 companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_400_companies"}]	[{"reference":"American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. Form 10-K for 2023 Annual Report (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Report). Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://s26.q4cdn.com/546305894/files/doc_financials/2023/q4/2a8610f7-ec09-4243-b1ec-4440221a4388.pdf","url_text":"American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. Form 10-K for 2023 Annual Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"AEO\". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/959209/number-of-stores-of-american-eagle-outfitters-worldwide/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20total,Eagle%20Outfitters%20stores%20open%20worldwide.","url_text":"\"AEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2012\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2206/0001193125-12-117468.pdf","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - About AEO\". American Eagle Outfitters. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220127205931/https://www.aeo-inc.com/about-aeo/","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - About AEO\""},{"url":"https://www.aeo-inc.com/about-aeo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. – FundingUniverse\". www.fundinguniverse.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/american-eagle-outfitters-inc-history/","url_text":"\"History of American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. – FundingUniverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store\". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved January 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/01/13/american-eagle-outfitters-opens-first-ph-store","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store\""}]},{"reference":"Karr, Arnold J. (January 22, 2014). \"Robert Hanson Exits American Eagle\". WWD. Retrieved January 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/specialty-stores/robert-hanson-exits-american-eagle-7388363?src=n/newsAlert/20140122-4","url_text":"\"Robert Hanson Exits American Eagle\""}]},{"reference":"Zaccagnini, Kristen (January 22, 2014). \"American Eagle Outfitters Names Jay Schottenstein Interim CEO\". Market Watch by the Wall Street Journal (reprinting BUSINESS WIRE). Retrieved January 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/american-eagle-outfitters-names-jay-schottenstein-interim-ceo-2014-01-22?reflink=MW_news_stmp","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Names Jay Schottenstein Interim CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle to restate results\". Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114222156/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/American+Eagle+Outfitters+Announces+Restatement+Due+to+Lease...-a0130065592","url_text":"\"American Eagle to restate results\""},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/American+Eagle+Outfitters+Announces+Restatement+Due+to+Lease...-a0130065592","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Young, Vicki M. (August 21, 2013). \"American Eagle Posts 3% Gain in Q2 Profits\". WWD. Retrieved August 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/financial/american-eagle-posts-3-gain-in-q2-profits-7094678?src=nl/newsAlert/20130821-1","url_text":"\"American Eagle Posts 3% Gain in Q2 Profits\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Launches a New Brand, \"Offline\" Activewear\". The Motley Fool. July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/07/29/american-eagle-outfitters-launches-a-new-brand-off.aspx","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Launches a New Brand, \"Offline\" Activewear\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release\". Retrieved August 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=771168&highlight=","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 29, 2009\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1999/91901209000016/filing-main.htm","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 29, 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle - Distribution Centers\". Retrieved January 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liveyourlifeloveyourjob.com/career_distributioncenters.aspx","url_text":"\"American Eagle - Distribution Centers\""}]},{"reference":"Moin, David (February 26, 2006). \"American Eagle's Strategy for 'aerie' Intimates\". WWD.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Introduces New Line of Dormwear and intimates\" (Press release). PRNewswire. August 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090512173637/http://ae.online-pressroom.com/releases/index.cfm?view=896799&category=2&year=2006","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Introduces New Line of Dormwear and intimates\""},{"url":"http://ae.online-pressroom.com/releases/index.cfm?view=896799&category=2&year=2006","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release\". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1513555&highlight=","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Men's & Women's Clothing, Shoes & Accessories\". American Eagle Outfitters. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170129204635/https://www.ae.com/featured-aeriereal/aerie/s-cat/6890055","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Men's & Women's Clothing, Shoes & Accessories\""},{"url":"https://www.ae.com/us/en/c/aerie/cat4840006","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 24, 2005\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2709/0000919012-05-000060.pdf","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 24, 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Mar 9, 2010\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/327/0000919012-10-000010.pdf","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Mar 9, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle to open Martin + OSA store in Dallas\". Dallas Business Journal. January 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2006/02/27/daily28.html","url_text":"\"American Eagle to open Martin + OSA store in Dallas\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 7, 2008\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/675/0000919012-08-000025.pdf","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 7, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"77kids by american eagle Launches E-Commerce Web Site Offering \"Kid Cool\" Clothing and Accessories\" (Press release). BusinessWire. October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pr-inside.com/kids-by-american-eagle-launches-e-commerce-r877001.htm","url_text":"\"77kids by american eagle Launches E-Commerce Web Site Offering \"Kid Cool\" Clothing and Accessories\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202035605/http://www.pr-inside.com/kids-by-american-eagle-launches-e-commerce-r877001.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marketing to kids gets more savvy with new technologies - USATODAY.com\". USATODAY.COM. Retrieved January 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2011-07-27-new-technolgies-for-marketing-to-kids_n.htm","url_text":"\"Marketing to kids gets more savvy with new technologies - USATODAY.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 24, 2012\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2823/119312512247042/filing-main.htm","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 24, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"american eagle sells 77kids business\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2012/08/10/american-eagle-sells-77kids-business.html","url_text":"\"american eagle sells 77kids business\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 9, 2012\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/0/0000919012-12-000016.pdf","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 9, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"/ccpa/\". TribLIVE.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://triblive.com/ccpa/","url_text":"\"/ccpa/\""}]},{"reference":"Tabuchi, Hiroko (November 3, 2015). \"A New Look, and Label, for American Eagle Outfitters\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi","url_text":"Tabuchi, Hiroko"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/business/a-new-look-and-label-for-american-eagle-outfitters.html","url_text":"\"A New Look, and Label, for American Eagle Outfitters\""}]},{"reference":"Berger, Paul (November 2, 2021). \"American Eagle Outfitters to Buy Quiet Logistics for $350 Million\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-eagle-outfitters-to-buy-quiet-logistics-for-350-million-11635850920","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters to Buy Quiet Logistics for $350 Million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104003728/https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-eagle-outfitters-to-buy-quiet-logistics-for-350-million-11635850920","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Borneman, Jim (December 31, 2021). \"American Eagle Outfitters Completes Quiet Logistics Acquisition\". Textile World. Retrieved January 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.textileworld.com/textile-world/knitting-apparel/2021/12/american-eagle-outfitters-completes-quiet-logistics-acquisition/","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Completes Quiet Logistics Acquisition\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle coming to Israel - Israel Business, Ynetnews\". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3913559,00.html","url_text":"\"American Eagle coming to Israel - Israel Business, Ynetnews\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gap will close in Israel, and it's not just because of its clothes\". The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-gap-will-close-in-israel-and-its-not-just-because-of-its-clothes/","url_text":"\"The Gap will close in Israel, and it's not just because of its clothes\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Taking Flight to Japan - Specialty Stores - Retail\". WWD.com. December 21, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/american-eagle-turns-to-japan-3407047#","url_text":"\"American Eagle Taking Flight to Japan - Specialty Stores - Retail\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store\". ABS-CBN News. March 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/03/01/13/american-eagle-outfitters-opens-first-ph-store","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store\""}]},{"reference":"Ruddick, Graham (June 30, 2014). \"American Eagle confirms UK arrival\". Telegraph. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10935978/American-Eagle-confirms-UK-arrival.html","url_text":"\"American Eagle confirms UK arrival\""}]},{"reference":"\"@AEO_UK\". Twitter. American Eagle UK. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/aeo_uk","url_text":"\"@AEO_UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle is latest US brand to join flight from UK\". Drapers. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drapersonline.com/news/american-eagle-is-latest-us-brand-to-join-flight-from-uk","url_text":"\"American Eagle is latest US brand to join flight from UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Launched in Oman\". December 3, 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082402/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-436689232.html","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Launched in Oman\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-436689232.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens the first store in India\". June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://apparelresources.com/business-news/retail/american-eagle-outfitters-opens-first-store-india/","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens the first store in India\""}]},{"reference":"Cernansky, Rachel (October 17, 2019). \"Only two big brands do enough to fight climate change, report claims\". Vogue Business. Retrieved May 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/fashion-climate-change-sustainability-standearth-paris-agreement","url_text":"\"Only two big brands do enough to fight climate change, report claims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twenty-five new brands came to the Czech market last year\". www.retailguide.cz. January 13, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retailguide.cz/twenty-five-new-brands-came-to-the-czech-market-last-year/","url_text":"\"Twenty-five new brands came to the Czech market last year\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle abre su primer local en el país\". EL PAIS. March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elpais.com.uy/vida-actual/american-eagle-abre-su-primer-local-en-el-pais","url_text":"\"American Eagle abre su primer local en el país\""}]},{"reference":"Mervis, Scott (August 7, 2008). \"Cast of American Eagle's New American Music Union festival set to soar on the South Side\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2008/08/07/Cast-of-American-Eagle-s-New-American-Music-Union-festival-set-to-soar-on-the-South-Side.html","url_text":"\"Cast of American Eagle's New American Music Union festival set to soar on the South Side\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Mervis, Scott (December 31, 2009). \"The year in (local) rock\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2009/12/31/The-year-in-local-rock.html","url_text":"\"The year in (local) rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"www.americanvulture.org\". www.americanvulture.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011010341/http://www.americanvulture.org/","url_text":"\"www.americanvulture.org\""},{"url":"http://www.americanvulture.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transcripts, SA (August 21, 2007). \"American Eagle Outfitters F2Q07 (Qtr End 8/4/07) Earnings Call Transcript\". Retrieved August 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://seekingalpha.com/article/45199-american-eagle-outfitters-f2q07-qtr-end-8-4-07-earnings-call-transcript","url_text":"\"American Eagle Outfitters F2Q07 (Qtr End 8/4/07) Earnings Call Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Wins Abercrombie & Fitch Lawsuit in U.S. Court of Appeals\" (Press release). PR NewsWire. February 18, 2002. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/02-18-2002/0001671098&EDATE=","url_text":"\"American Eagle Wins Abercrombie & Fitch Lawsuit in U.S. Court of Appeals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202024335/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/02-18-2002/0001671098&EDATE=","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Abercrombie's Lawsuit Against Rival Dismissed\". Los Angeles Times. July 16, 1999. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/16/business/fi-56515","url_text":"\"Abercrombie's Lawsuit Against Rival Dismissed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201200608/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/16/business/fi-56515","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Omanis to run Majid Al Futtaim's 3 new malls\". Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20161108/281603830033970","url_text":"\"Omanis to run Majid Al Futtaim's 3 new malls\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMERICAN EAGLE\". www.isicgreece.gr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isicgreece.gr/item/american-eagle-outfitters/","url_text":"\"AMERICAN EAGLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Eagle Locations Store Finder\". storelocations.ae.com. Retrieved April 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://storelocations.ae.com/nl","url_text":"\"American Eagle Locations Store Finder\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:AEO","external_links_name":"AEO"},{"Link":"https://ae.com/","external_links_name":"ae.com"},{"Link":"https://s26.q4cdn.com/546305894/files/doc_financials/2023/q4/2a8610f7-ec09-4243-b1ec-4440221a4388.pdf","external_links_name":"American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. Form 10-K for 2023 Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/959209/number-of-stores-of-american-eagle-outfitters-worldwide/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20total,Eagle%20Outfitters%20stores%20open%20worldwide.","external_links_name":"\"AEO\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/American-Eagle-Outfitters-Inc-Company-History.html","external_links_name":"History of American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. – FundingUniverse"},{"Link":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2206/0001193125-12-117468.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220127205931/https://www.aeo-inc.com/about-aeo/","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - About AEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.aeo-inc.com/about-aeo/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/american-eagle-outfitters-inc-history/","external_links_name":"\"History of American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. – FundingUniverse\""},{"Link":"http://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/01/13/american-eagle-outfitters-opens-first-ph-store","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/specialty-stores/robert-hanson-exits-american-eagle-7388363?src=n/newsAlert/20140122-4","external_links_name":"\"Robert Hanson Exits American Eagle\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/american-eagle-outfitters-names-jay-schottenstein-interim-ceo-2014-01-22?reflink=MW_news_stmp","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Names Jay Schottenstein Interim CEO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114222156/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/American+Eagle+Outfitters+Announces+Restatement+Due+to+Lease...-a0130065592","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle to restate results\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/American+Eagle+Outfitters+Announces+Restatement+Due+to+Lease...-a0130065592","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/financial/american-eagle-posts-3-gain-in-q2-profits-7094678?src=nl/newsAlert/20130821-1","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Posts 3% Gain in Q2 Profits\""},{"Link":"https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/07/29/american-eagle-outfitters-launches-a-new-brand-off.aspx","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Launches a New Brand, \"Offline\" Activewear\""},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=771168&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release\""},{"Link":"http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1999/91901209000016/filing-main.htm","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 29, 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.liveyourlifeloveyourjob.com/career_distributioncenters.aspx","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle - Distribution Centers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090512173637/http://ae.online-pressroom.com/releases/index.cfm?view=896799&category=2&year=2006","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Introduces New Line of Dormwear and intimates\""},{"Link":"http://ae.online-pressroom.com/releases/index.cfm?view=896799&category=2&year=2006","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1513555&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters - Investor Relations - Press Release\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170129204635/https://www.ae.com/featured-aeriereal/aerie/s-cat/6890055","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Men's & Women's Clothing, Shoes & Accessories\""},{"Link":"https://www.ae.com/us/en/c/aerie/cat4840006","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2709/0000919012-05-000060.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 24, 2005\""},{"Link":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/327/0000919012-10-000010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Mar 9, 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2006/02/27/daily28.html","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle to open Martin + OSA store in Dallas\""},{"Link":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/675/0000919012-08-000025.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 7, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.pr-inside.com/kids-by-american-eagle-launches-e-commerce-r877001.htm","external_links_name":"\"77kids by american eagle Launches E-Commerce Web Site Offering \"Kid Cool\" Clothing and Accessories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202035605/http://www.pr-inside.com/kids-by-american-eagle-launches-e-commerce-r877001.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2011-07-27-new-technolgies-for-marketing-to-kids_n.htm","external_links_name":"\"Marketing to kids gets more savvy with new technologies - USATODAY.com\""},{"Link":"http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2823/119312512247042/filing-main.htm","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 24, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2012/08/10/american-eagle-sells-77kids-business.html","external_links_name":"\"american eagle sells 77kids business\""},{"Link":"http://pdf.secdatabase.com/0/0000919012-12-000016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 9, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://triblive.com/ccpa/","external_links_name":"\"/ccpa/\""},{"Link":"https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-retail-business/gallery/american-eagle-acquires-todd-snyder-in-11-million-deal-10272412/","external_links_name":"American Eagle Acquires Todd Snyder in $11 Million Deal"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/business/a-new-look-and-label-for-american-eagle-outfitters.html","external_links_name":"\"A New Look, and Label, for American Eagle Outfitters\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-eagle-outfitters-to-buy-quiet-logistics-for-350-million-11635850920","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters to Buy Quiet Logistics for $350 Million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104003728/https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-eagle-outfitters-to-buy-quiet-logistics-for-350-million-11635850920","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.textileworld.com/textile-world/knitting-apparel/2021/12/american-eagle-outfitters-completes-quiet-logistics-acquisition/","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Completes Quiet Logistics Acquisition\""},{"Link":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3913559,00.html","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle coming to Israel - Israel Business, Ynetnews\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-gap-will-close-in-israel-and-its-not-just-because-of-its-clothes/","external_links_name":"\"The Gap will close in Israel, and it's not just because of its clothes\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/american-eagle-turns-to-japan-3407047#","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Taking Flight to Japan - Specialty Stores - Retail\""},{"Link":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/03/01/13/american-eagle-outfitters-opens-first-ph-store","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens first PH store\""},{"Link":"http://masaryk.tv/64445/american-eagle-en-m-xico-una-posibilidad-a-corto-plazo-2.html","external_links_name":"American Eagle en México: una posibilidad a corto plazo - Moda - Masaryk.tv \| My Web Lifestyle"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10935978/American-Eagle-confirms-UK-arrival.html","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle confirms UK arrival\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/aeo_uk","external_links_name":"\"@AEO_UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.drapersonline.com/news/american-eagle-is-latest-us-brand-to-join-flight-from-uk","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle is latest US brand to join flight from UK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082402/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-436689232.html","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters Launched in Oman\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-436689232.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apparelresources.com/business-news/retail/american-eagle-outfitters-opens-first-store-india/","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters opens the first store in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/fashion-climate-change-sustainability-standearth-paris-agreement","external_links_name":"\"Only two big brands do enough to fight climate change, report claims\""},{"Link":"https://www.retailguide.cz/twenty-five-new-brands-came-to-the-czech-market-last-year/","external_links_name":"\"Twenty-five new brands came to the Czech market last year\""},{"Link":"https://www.elpais.com.uy/vida-actual/american-eagle-abre-su-primer-local-en-el-pais","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle abre su primer local en el país\""},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2008/08/07/Cast-of-American-Eagle-s-New-American-Music-Union-festival-set-to-soar-on-the-South-Side.html","external_links_name":"\"Cast of American Eagle's New American Music Union festival set to soar on the South Side\""},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2009/12/31/The-year-in-local-rock.html","external_links_name":"\"The year in (local) rock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011010341/http://www.americanvulture.org/","external_links_name":"\"www.americanvulture.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanvulture.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://seekingalpha.com/article/45199-american-eagle-outfitters-f2q07-qtr-end-8-4-07-earnings-call-transcript","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Outfitters F2Q07 (Qtr End 8/4/07) Earnings Call Transcript\""},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/02-18-2002/0001671098&EDATE=","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Wins Abercrombie & Fitch Lawsuit in U.S. Court of Appeals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202024335/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/02-18-2002/0001671098&EDATE=","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/16/business/fi-56515","external_links_name":"\"Abercrombie's Lawsuit Against Rival Dismissed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201200608/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/16/business/fi-56515","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20161108/281603830033970","external_links_name":"\"Omanis to run Majid Al Futtaim's 3 new malls\""},{"Link":"https://www.isicgreece.gr/item/american-eagle-outfitters/","external_links_name":"\"AMERICAN EAGLE\""},{"Link":"https://storelocations.ae.com/nl","external_links_name":"\"American Eagle Locations Store Finder\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/AEO:US","external_links_name":"Bloomberg"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AEO","external_links_name":"Google"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/AEO","external_links_name":"Reuters"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=AEO","external_links_name":"SEC filings"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AEO","external_links_name":"Yahoo!"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz_F.C.	Damash Tehran	["1 History","1.1 Damash","1.2 Parseh Tehran","2 Season-by-Season","3 Club managers","4 See also","5 References"]	Iranian football club Football clubDamash Tehran داماش تهرانFull nameDamash Tehran Football ClubFounded2008; 16 years ago (2008)GroundKargaranCapacity5,000Chairmanabass alizadeHead Coachsaman karamiLeagueTehran Province League2018–193rd Division, 9th Home colours Away colours Damash Tehran Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال داماش تهران), commonly known as Damash Tehran, is an Iranian football club based in capital Tehran, that competes in the Tehran Province League. The club was founded in 2008 and previously known as Parseh Tehran Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال پارسه تهران) between 2011 and 2016. Since the beginning of the 2011–12 season, Damash Tehran has played its home games at the Kargaran which has a capacity of 5,000. History Damash Club was formed by Arya Investment Company and named Damash in 2008. The club participated in different competition since 2008–09 Iranian football season with the names of Damash Tehran and Damash Karaj. Parseh Tehran After its promotion to the Azadegan League in 2011, the club change its name to Parseh Tehran. The club was sold to Tehran-based businessman Kaveh Abedini in 2011. Kaveh Abedini is a businessman in Tehran. In the 2013–2014 Azadegan League season the club almost achieved a promotion to the Iran Pro League where they finished third, one point behind second placed Paykan. Season-by-Season The table below shows the achievements of the club in various competitions. Season League Position Hazfi Cup Notes 2008–09 2nd Division Group B/5th Did not qualify 2009–10 2nd Division Group D/7th 1st Round 2010–11 2nd Division Group A/2nd Did not qualify Promoted 2011–12 Azadegan League Group A/11th 2nd Round 2012–13 Azadegan League Group A/9th 1/16 Final 2013–14 Azadegan League Group B/3rd 1/16 Final 2014–15 Azadegan League Group B/4th 1/16 Final 2015–16 Azadegan League 14th Did not enter Club managers Mehdi Pashazadeh (2012) Alireza Emamifar (2012–2014) Hamlet Mkhitaryan (2016) See also Damash Gilan Gahar Zagros References ^ پارسه جانشين تيم داماش در ليگ ^ پارسه جانشين تيم داماش در ليگ vteAzadegan League2023–24 teams Chadormalou Ardakan Damash Gilan Darya Babol Esteghlal Mollasani Fajr Sepasi Shiraz Khalij Fars Mahshahr Kheybar Khooshe Talaei Saveh Manategh Nafkhiz Jonoob Mes Kerman Mes Shahr-e Babak Mes Sungun Naft Masjed Soleyman Pars Jonoubi Jam Saipa Shahrdari Astara Shahre Raz Shiraz Seasons 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Related competitionsDomestic Persian Gulf Pro League Azadegan League 2nd Division 3rd Division Hazfi Cup Defunct Takht Jamshid Cup Local Leagues Qods League 17th of Shahrivar league Espandi Cup Super Cup International AFC Champions League Asian Cup Winners Cup (Defunct) Iranian football league system Top scorers All-time Seasons vte Football in IranLeague competitions Persian Gulf Pro League Azadegan League League 2 League 3 Provincial Leagues Ardabil Provincial League Bushehr Province League East Azarbaijan Province League Gilan Province League Golestan Province League Khuzestan Premier League Tehran Province League Kowsar league (women's) Futsal Beach soccer Cup competitions Hazfi Cup Super Cup Defunct competitions Takht Jamshid Cup National teams Men's B-team Women's M U-23 M U-20 W U-20 M U-17 W U-17 M Futsal W Futsal M U-20 Futsal M Beach Lists and categories League system Champions Foreign players List of clubs List of venues Managers List of managers League winners Cup winners football award winners List of highest payments Top goalscorers all-time by season Clubs in the AFC Champions League Records List of clubs List of venues International players Men Women	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_team"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Tehran Province League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Province_League"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2011–12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Azadegan_League"},{"link_name":"Kargaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargaran_Stadium"},{"link_name":"capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"}],"text":"Football clubDamash Tehran Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال داماش تهران), commonly known as Damash Tehran, is an Iranian football club based in capital Tehran, that competes in the Tehran Province League. The club was founded in 2008 and previously known as Parseh Tehran Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال پارسه تهران) between 2011 and 2016.[1]Since the beginning of the 2011–12 season, Damash Tehran has played its home games at the Kargaran which has a capacity of 5,000.","title":"Damash Tehran"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Damash","text":"Club was formed by Arya Investment Company and named Damash in 2008. The club participated in different competition since 2008–09 Iranian football season with the names of Damash Tehran and Damash Karaj.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azadegan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadegan_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iran Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"Paykan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paykan_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Parseh Tehran","text":"After its promotion to the Azadegan League in 2011, the club change its name to Parseh Tehran.[2] The club was sold to Tehran-based businessman Kaveh Abedini in 2011. Kaveh Abedini is a businessman in Tehran. In the 2013–2014 Azadegan League season the club almost achieved a promotion to the Iran Pro League where they finished third, one point behind second placed Paykan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The table below shows the achievements of the club in various competitions.","title":"Season-by-Season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mehdi Pashazadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Pashazadeh"},{"link_name":"Alireza Emamifar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alireza_Emamifar"},{"link_name":"Hamlet Mkhitaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_Mkhitaryan_(footballer,_born_1973)"}],"text":"Mehdi Pashazadeh (2012)\nAlireza Emamifar (2012–2014)\nHamlet Mkhitaryan (2016)","title":"Club managers"}]	[]	[{"title":"Damash Gilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Damash"},{"title":"Gahar Zagros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahar_Zagros_F.C."}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/iran/news/1825/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/2011/09/13/2663266/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AF-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA","external_links_name":"پارسه جانشين تيم داماش در ليگ"},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/iran/news/1825/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/2011/09/13/2663266/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AF-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA","external_links_name":"پارسه جانشين تيم داماش در ليگ"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romica_Puceanu	Romica Puceanu	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Romica Puceanu (Vlax Romani: Romika Puchanu; 1926–1996) was a Romanian Gypsy singer and interpreter of urban lăutărească music from Romania. Early life Puceanu started to sing professionally when she was 14, with the "Brothers Gore taraf", one of the most famous tarafuri of the time. Career She was highly appreciated for her unique voice and for the sensibility of her singing. Personal life Despite her professional success, she had an unhappy love life, which led to some drinking problems, and also affected her voice in the latter part of her life. She was married to the accordionist Bebe Șerban (also known as "Bebe de la Petrichioaia" – "Bebe from Petrichioaia"). Cornelia Teișanu, her niece, is also a singer. Death Puceanu died as a result of a car accident in 1996. See also Music of Romania References Romica Puceanu collection edition, Jurnalul Național, March 26, 2007 Romica Puceanu at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 September 2011) The Romanian Doina External links Video recording of Romica Puceanu's performance, from the archives of the Romanian Television vteManeleRelated genres Arabesk Čalgija Chalga Laïko Rebetiko Sevdalinka Tallava Turbo-folk ArtistsModern manele Adrian Minune Carmen Șerban Costi Ioniță Florin Salam Nicolae Guță Sandu Ciorba Instruments Accordion Bass guitar Clarinet Contrabass Drum kit Electric violin Pan flute Saxophone Synthesizer Tambourine Whistle Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This Romani-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article on a Romanian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Romica Puceanu"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Puceanu started to sing professionally when she was 14, with the \"Brothers Gore taraf\", one of the most famous tarafuri of the time.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"She was highly appreciated for her unique voice and for the sensibility of her singing.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accordionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"}],"text":"Despite her professional success, she had an unhappy love life, which led to some drinking problems, and also affected her voice in the latter part of her life.She was married to the accordionist Bebe Șerban (also known as \"Bebe de la Petrichioaia\" – \"Bebe from Petrichioaia\"). Cornelia Teișanu, her niece, is also a singer.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Puceanu died as a result of a car accident in 1996.","title":"Death"}]	[]	[{"title":"Music of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Romania"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085814/http://aris.ss.uci.edu/rgarfias/kiosk/romica.html","external_links_name":"Romica Puceanu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016164314/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/music/Ethnomusic/Ethoworld/Romanian.htm","external_links_name":"The Romanian Doina"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207064609/http://www.lautarie.net/romica-puceanu-as-munci-la-plug-si-coasa/","external_links_name":"Video recording of Romica Puceanu's performance"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117018299","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/121729631","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmFXCm4Vm3wQQkPCJVYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142178841","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142178841","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135447437","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007037642","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/24f24325-00b8-4290-8de2-50559a2981f3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/145340074","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romica_Puceanu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romica_Puceanu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desislava_Cove	Desislava Cove	["1 Location","2 Name","3 Features","3.1 Vrachesh Glacier","3.2 Richard Knoll","3.3 Cruyt Spur","3.4 Kladorub Glacier","3.5 Papiya Nunatak","3.6 Glazne Buttress","3.7 Aleksiev Glacier","3.8 Raven Peninsula","3.9 Cape Worsley","4 References","5 Sources"]	Coordinates: 64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)Desislava CoveDesislava CoveCoordinates64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove) Desislava Cove (64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)) is a 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) wide cove indenting for 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) the Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land west of Cape Worsley, Antarctica. It was formed as a result of the retreat of Aleksiev Glacier and Kladorub Glacier in the early 21st century. Location Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctic Peninsula. Desislava Cove in center Desislava Cove is on the Nordenskjöld Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is southeast of the southern end of the Detroit Plateau, and opens onto the Weddell Sea to the south. Odrin Bay is to the northeast and Solari Bay is to the southwest. Name Desislava Cove is named after Desislava a 13th century Bulgarian sebastokrator. Features Copernix annotated satellite view Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Vrachesh Glacier 64°40′40″S 60°42′00″W / 64.67778°S 60.70000°W / -64.67778; -60.70000 A 10.3 kilometres (6.4 mi) long and 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) wide glacier situated southwest of Kladorub Glacier and northeast of Enravota Glacier. Draining the southeast slopes of Detroit Plateau, flowing southeastwards, and south of Papiya Nunatak turning east to enter Desislava Cove northeast of Richard Knoll. Named after the settlement of Vrachesh in Western Bulgaria. Richard Knoll 64°42′00″S 60°37′30″W / 64.70000°S 60.62500°W / -64.70000; -60.62500 A coastal feature mid way between Cape Worsley and Sentinel Nunatak. Named after Mr Richard Harbour who contributed significantly to the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) survey programme during two years of fieldwork in the Trinity Peninsula and Nordenskjöld Coast areas, and in 1966 in the Bransfield Strait. Cruyt Spur 64°37′S 60°42′W / 64.617°S 60.700°W / -64.617; -60.700. A rocky spur 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Ruth Ridge, extending 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southeast from the south wall of Detroit Plateau. Mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960–61). Named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for William Cruyt, Belgian army engineer who designed the first "auto-polaire" in 1907. Kladorub Glacier 64°39′20″S 60°37′00″W / 64.65556°S 60.61667°W / -64.65556; -60.61667. A 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) wide glacier situated southwest of Aleksiev Glacier and northeast of Vrachesh Glacier. Draining the southeast slopes of Detroit Plateau, flowing southeastwards between Cruyt Spur and Papiya Nunatak, and turning east to enter Desislava Cove. Named after the settlement of Kladorub in Northwestern Bulgaria. Papiya Nunatak 64°40′23″S 60°40′31″W / 64.67306°S 60.67528°W / -64.67306; -60.67528. A rocky hill rising to 666 metres (2,185 ft) high in the south foothills of Detroit Plateau. Situated north of the terminus of Drygalski Glacier, 6.2 kilometres (3.9 mi) south-southwest of Cruyt Spur and 14.6 kilometres (9.1 mi) west by south of Cape Worsley. Named after Papiya Peak on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Glazne Buttress 64°35′10″S 60°38′40″W / 64.58611°S 60.64444°W / -64.58611; -60.64444. An ice-covered buttress rising to 1,730 metres (5,680 ft) high in the southeast foothills of Detroit Plateau. Situated between Arrol Icefall and upper Aleksiev Glacier, 9.85 kilometres (6.12 mi) north of Papiya Nunatak. Precipitous, partly ice-free northeast and south slopes. Named after the Glazne river in Southwestern Bulgaria. Aleksiev Glacier 64°37′30″S 60°32′00″W / 64.62500°S 60.53333°W / -64.62500; -60.53333. A 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) long and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide glacier situated northeast of Kladorub Glacier and south of the glacier featuring Arrol Icefall. Draining the southeast slopes of Detroit Plateau, and flowing east-southeastwards to enter Desislava Cove. Named after the Bulgarian artist and writer Rayko Aleksiev (1893-1944). Raven Peninsula 64°38′00″S 60°23′00″W / 64.63333°S 60.38333°W / -64.63333; -60.38333. A mostly ice-covered peninsula projecting 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) southeastwards, and 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) wide. Bounded by Odrin Bay to the north and Desislava Cove to the SW, and ending in Cape Worsley to the southeast. Formed as a result of the retreat of Aleksiev Glacier and the glacier featuring Arrol Icefall in the early 21st century. Named after the town of Raven in medieval Southwestern Bulgaria. Cape Worsley 64°39′S 60°24′W / 64.650°S 60.400°W / -64.650; -60.400. A dome-shaped cape 225 metres (738 ft) high high with snow-free cliffs on the south and east sides, lying 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east of the south end of Detroit Plateau. Charted by the FIDS in 1947 and named for Commander Frank Worsley, British polar explorer and member of Sir Ernest Shackleton's expeditions of 1914-16 and 1921-22. References ^ a b Desislava Cove SCAR. ^ Graham Land and South Shetland BAS. ^ Vrachesh Glacier SCAR. ^ Richard Knoll SCAR. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 165. ^ Kladorub Glacier SCAR. ^ Antarctic REMA Explorer, 64°40′23″S 60°40′31″W. ^ Papiya Nunatak SCAR. ^ Antarctic REMA Explorer, 64°35′10″S 60°38′40″W. ^ Glazne Buttress SCAR. ^ Aleksiev Glacier SCAR. ^ Raven Peninsula SCAR. ^ Alberts 1995, pp. 823–824. Sources Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names. "Aleksiev Glacier", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research REMA Explorer The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) gives ice surface measurements of most of the continent. When a feature is ice-covered, the ice surface will differ from the underlying rock surface and will change over time. To see ice surface contours and elevation of a feature as of the last REMA update, Open the Antarctic REMA Explorer Enter the feature's coordinates in the box at the top left that says "Find address or place", then press enter The coordinates should be in DMS format, e.g. 65°05'03"S 64°01'02"W. If you only have degrees and minutes, you may not be able to locate the feature. Hover over the icons at the left of the screen Find "Hillshade" and click on that In the bottom right of the screen, set "Shading Factor" to 0 to get a clearer image Find "Contour" and click on that In the "Contour properties" box, select Contour Interval = 1m You can zoom in and out to see the ice surface contours of the feature and nearby features Find "Identify" and click on that Click the point where the contour lines seem to indicate the top of the feature The "Identify" box will appear to the top left. The Orthometric height is the elevation of the ice surface of the feature at this point. Antarctic REMA Explorer (Digital Elevation Models created by the Polar Geospatial Center from Maxar imagery), Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota, 2019, retrieved 2024-06-03 "Desislava Cove", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research "Glazne Buttress", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Graham Land and South Shetland Islands, BAS: British Antarctic Survey, 2005, retrieved 2024-05-03 "Kladorub Glacier", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research "Papiya Nunatak", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research "Raven Peninsula", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research "Richard Knoll", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research "Vrachesh Glacier", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_38_45_S_60_26_50_W_&title=Desislava+Cove"},{"link_name":"Nordenskjöld Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast"},{"link_name":"Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesislava_Cove_SCAR-1"}],"text":"Desislava Cove (64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)) is a 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) wide cove indenting for 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) the Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land west of Cape Worsley, Antarctica.\nIt was formed as a result of the retreat of Aleksiev Glacier and Kladorub Glacier in the early 21st century.[1]","title":"Desislava Cove"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast.svg"},{"link_name":"Nordenskjöld Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Detroit Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Weddell Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham_Land_and_South_Shetland_BAS-2"},{"link_name":"Odrin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrin_Bay"},{"link_name":"Solari Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solari_Bay"}],"text":"Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctic Peninsula. Desislava Cove in centerDesislava Cove is on the Nordenskjöld Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.\nIt is southeast of the southern end of the Detroit Plateau, and opens onto the Weddell Sea to the south.[2]\nOdrin Bay is to the northeast and Solari Bay is to the southwest.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloyan_and_Desislava"},{"link_name":"sebastokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastokrator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesislava_Cove_SCAR-1"}],"text":"Desislava Cove is named after Desislava a 13th century Bulgarian sebastokrator.[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Copernix annotated satellite view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//copernix.io/#?where=-60.45134187304689,-64.64737661419774,13&?query=&?map_type=hybrid"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Desislava_Cove"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Desislava_Cove"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Desislava_Cove"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Desislava_Cove"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Desislava_Cove"}],"text":"Copernix annotated satellite viewMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°40′40″S 60°42′00″W / 64.67778°S 60.70000°W / -64.67778; -60.70000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_40_40_S_60_42_00_W_"},{"link_name":"Enravota Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enravota_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Vrachesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrachesh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrachesh_Glacier_SCAR-3"}],"sub_title":"Vrachesh Glacier","text":"64°40′40″S 60°42′00″W / 64.67778°S 60.70000°W / -64.67778; -60.70000\nA 10.3 kilometres (6.4 mi) long and 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) wide glacier situated southwest of Kladorub Glacier and northeast of Enravota Glacier. \nDraining the southeast slopes of Detroit Plateau, flowing southeastwards, and south of Papiya Nunatak turning east to enter Desislava Cove northeast of Richard Knoll. \nNamed after the settlement of Vrachesh in Western Bulgaria.[3]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°42′00″S 60°37′30″W / 64.70000°S 60.62500°W / -64.70000; -60.62500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_42_00_S_60_37_30_W_"},{"link_name":"Sentinel Nunatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Nunatak"},{"link_name":"British Antarctic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey"},{"link_name":"Trinity Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Nordenskjöld Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast"},{"link_name":"Bransfield Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bransfield_Strait"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Knoll_SCAR-4"}],"sub_title":"Richard Knoll","text":"64°42′00″S 60°37′30″W / 64.70000°S 60.62500°W / -64.70000; -60.62500\nA coastal feature mid way between Cape Worsley and Sentinel Nunatak. \nNamed after Mr Richard Harbour who contributed significantly to the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) survey programme during two years of fieldwork in the Trinity Peninsula and Nordenskjöld Coast areas, and in 1966 in the Bransfield Strait.[4]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°37′S 60°42′W / 64.617°S 60.700°W / -64.617; -60.700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_37_S_60_42_W_"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies_Survey"},{"link_name":"UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Antarctic_Place-Names_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995165-5"}],"sub_title":"Cruyt Spur","text":"64°37′S 60°42′W / 64.617°S 60.700°W / -64.617; -60.700. \nA rocky spur 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Ruth Ridge, extending 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southeast from the south wall of Detroit Plateau. \nMapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960–61). \nNamed by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for William Cruyt, Belgian army engineer who designed the first \"auto-polaire\" in 1907.[5]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°39′20″S 60°37′00″W / 64.65556°S 60.61667°W / -64.65556; -60.61667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_39_20_S_60_37_00_W_"},{"link_name":"Kladorub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladorub"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKladorub_Glacier_SCAR-6"}],"sub_title":"Kladorub Glacier","text":"64°39′20″S 60°37′00″W / 64.65556°S 60.61667°W / -64.65556; -60.61667.\nA 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) wide glacier situated southwest of Aleksiev Glacier and northeast of Vrachesh Glacier. \nDraining the southeast slopes of Detroit Plateau, flowing southeastwards between Cruyt Spur and Papiya Nunatak, and turning east to enter Desislava Cove. \nNamed after the settlement of Kladorub in Northwestern Bulgaria.[6]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°40′23″S 60°40′31″W / 64.67306°S 60.67528°W / -64.67306; -60.67528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_40_23_S_60_40_31_W_"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntarctic_REMA_Explorer64%C2%B040%E2%80%B223%E2%80%B3S_60%C2%B040%E2%80%B231%E2%80%B3W-7"},{"link_name":"Drygalski Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drygalski_Glacier_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapiya_Nunatak_SCAR-8"}],"sub_title":"Papiya Nunatak","text":"64°40′23″S 60°40′31″W / 64.67306°S 60.67528°W / -64.67306; -60.67528.\nA rocky hill rising to 666 metres (2,185 ft)[7] high in the south foothills of Detroit Plateau. \nSituated north of the terminus of Drygalski Glacier, 6.2 kilometres (3.9 mi) south-southwest of Cruyt Spur and 14.6 kilometres (9.1 mi) west by south of Cape Worsley.\nNamed after Papiya Peak on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.[8]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°35′10″S 60°38′40″W / 64.58611°S 60.64444°W / -64.58611; -60.64444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_35_10_S_60_38_40_W_"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntarctic_REMA_Explorer64%C2%B035%E2%80%B210%E2%80%B3S_60%C2%B038%E2%80%B240%E2%80%B3W-9"},{"link_name":"Arrol Icefall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrol_Icefall"},{"link_name":"Glazne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlazne_Buttress_SCAR-10"}],"sub_title":"Glazne Buttress","text":"64°35′10″S 60°38′40″W / 64.58611°S 60.64444°W / -64.58611; -60.64444.\nAn ice-covered buttress rising to 1,730 metres (5,680 ft)[9] high in the southeast foothills of Detroit Plateau. \nSituated between Arrol Icefall and upper Aleksiev Glacier, 9.85 kilometres (6.12 mi) north of Papiya Nunatak. \nPrecipitous, partly ice-free northeast and south slopes.\nNamed after the Glazne river in Southwestern Bulgaria.[10]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°37′30″S 60°32′00″W / 64.62500°S 60.53333°W / -64.62500; -60.53333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_37_30_S_60_32_00_W_"},{"link_name":"Rayko Aleksiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayko_Aleksiev"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAleksiev_Glacier_SCAR-11"}],"sub_title":"Aleksiev Glacier","text":"64°37′30″S 60°32′00″W / 64.62500°S 60.53333°W / -64.62500; -60.53333.\nA 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) long and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide glacier situated northeast of Kladorub Glacier and south of the glacier featuring Arrol Icefall. \nDraining the southeast slopes of Detroit Plateau, and flowing east-southeastwards to enter Desislava Cove.\nNamed after the Bulgarian artist and writer Rayko Aleksiev (1893-1944).[11]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°38′00″S 60°23′00″W / 64.63333°S 60.38333°W / -64.63333; -60.38333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_38_00_S_60_23_00_W_"},{"link_name":"Odrin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrin_Bay"},{"link_name":"Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaven_Peninsula_SCAR-12"}],"sub_title":"Raven Peninsula","text":"64°38′00″S 60°23′00″W / 64.63333°S 60.38333°W / -64.63333; -60.38333.\nA mostly ice-covered peninsula projecting 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) southeastwards, and 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) wide. \nBounded by Odrin Bay to the north and Desislava Cove to the SW, and ending in Cape Worsley to the southeast. \nFormed as a result of the retreat of Aleksiev Glacier and the glacier featuring Arrol Icefall in the early 21st century.\nNamed after the town of Raven in medieval Southwestern Bulgaria.[12]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°39′S 60°24′W / 64.650°S 60.400°W / -64.650; -60.400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_39_S_60_24_W_"},{"link_name":"Frank Worsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Worsley"},{"link_name":"Ernest Shackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995823%E2%80%93824-13"}],"sub_title":"Cape Worsley","text":"64°39′S 60°24′W / 64.650°S 60.400°W / -64.650; -60.400. \nA dome-shaped cape 225 metres (738 ft) high high with snow-free cliffs on the south and east sides, lying 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east of the south end of Detroit Plateau. \nCharted by the FIDS in 1947 and named for Commander Frank Worsley, British polar explorer and member of Sir Ernest Shackleton's expeditions of 1914-16 and 1921-22.[13]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"\"Aleksiev Glacier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137541"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Elevation_Model_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Antarctic REMA Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//livingatlas2.arcgis.com/antarcticdemexplorer/"},{"link_name":"Antarctic REMA Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//livingatlas2.arcgis.com/antarcticdemexplorer/"},{"link_name":"Maxar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxar"},{"link_name":"Polar Geospatial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Geospatial_Center"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"\"Desislava Cove\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137595"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"\"Glazne Buttress\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137565"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"Graham Land and South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/7696/"},{"link_name":"\"Kladorub Glacier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137546"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"\"Papiya Nunatak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137051"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"\"Raven Peninsula\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137532"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"\"Richard Knoll\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137314"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"\"Vrachesh Glacier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137577"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"}],"text":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.\n\"Aleksiev Glacier\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n\n\n\nREMA Explorer\n\n\nThe Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) gives ice surface measurements of most of the continent. When a feature is ice-covered, the ice surface will differ from the underlying rock surface and will change over time. To see ice surface contours and elevation of a feature as of the last REMA update,\nOpen the Antarctic REMA Explorer\nEnter the feature's coordinates in the box at the top left that says \"Find address or place\", then press enter\nThe coordinates should be in DMS format, e.g. 65°05'03\"S 64°01'02\"W. If you only have degrees and minutes, you may not be able to locate the feature.\nHover over the icons at the left of the screen\nFind \"Hillshade\" and click on that\nIn the bottom right of the screen, set \"Shading Factor\" to 0 to get a clearer image\nFind \"Contour\" and click on that\nIn the \"Contour properties\" box, select Contour Interval = 1m\nYou can zoom in and out to see the ice surface contours of the feature and nearby features\nFind \"Identify\" and click on that\nClick the point where the contour lines seem to indicate the top of the feature\nThe \"Identify\" box will appear to the top left. The Orthometric height is the elevation of the ice surface of the feature at this point.\n\n\nAntarctic REMA Explorer (Digital Elevation Models created by the Polar Geospatial Center from Maxar imagery), Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota, 2019, retrieved 2024-06-03\n\"Desislava Cove\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n\"Glazne Buttress\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\nGraham Land and South Shetland Islands, BAS: British Antarctic Survey, 2005, retrieved 2024-05-03\n\"Kladorub Glacier\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n\"Papiya Nunatak\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n\"Raven Peninsula\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n\"Richard Knoll\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n\"Vrachesh Glacier\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Nordenskjöld Coast, Antarctic Peninsula. Desislava Cove in center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast.svg/220px-Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Coast.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","url_text":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"}]},{"reference":"\"Aleksiev Glacier\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137541","url_text":"\"Aleksiev Glacier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"Antarctic REMA Explorer (Digital Elevation Models created by the Polar Geospatial Center from Maxar imagery), Polar Geospatial Center, University of Minnesota, 2019, retrieved 2024-06-03","urls":[{"url":"https://livingatlas2.arcgis.com/antarcticdemexplorer/","url_text":"Antarctic REMA Explorer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxar","url_text":"Maxar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Geospatial_Center","url_text":"Polar Geospatial Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota","url_text":"University of Minnesota"}]},{"reference":"\"Desislava Cove\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137595","url_text":"\"Desislava Cove\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Glazne Buttress\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137565","url_text":"\"Glazne Buttress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"Graham Land and South Shetland Islands, BAS: British Antarctic Survey, 2005, retrieved 2024-05-03","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/7696/","url_text":"Graham Land and South Shetland Islands"}]},{"reference":"\"Kladorub Glacier\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137546","url_text":"\"Kladorub Glacier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Papiya Nunatak\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137051","url_text":"\"Papiya Nunatak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Raven Peninsula\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137532","url_text":"\"Raven Peninsula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Knoll\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137314","url_text":"\"Richard Knoll\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Vrachesh Glacier\", Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","urls":[{"url":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137577","url_text":"\"Vrachesh Glacier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica","url_text":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research","url_text":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_38_45_S_60_26_50_W_&title=Desislava+Cove_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_38_45_S_60_26_50_W_&title=Desislava+Cove_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_38_45_S_60_26_50_W_&title=Desislava+Cove","external_links_name":"64°38′45″S 60°26′50″W / 64.64583°S 60.44722°W / -64.64583; -60.44722 (Desislava Cove)"},{"Link":"https://copernix.io/#?where=-60.45134187304689,-64.64737661419774,13&?query=&?map_type=hybrid","external_links_name":"Copernix annotated satellite view"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Desislava_Cove","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Desislava_Cove","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Desislava_Cove","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Desislava_Cove","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Desislava_Cove","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_40_40_S_60_42_00_W_","external_links_name":"64°40′40″S 60°42′00″W / 64.67778°S 60.70000°W / -64.67778; -60.70000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_42_00_S_60_37_30_W_","external_links_name":"64°42′00″S 60°37′30″W / 64.70000°S 60.62500°W / -64.70000; -60.62500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_37_S_60_42_W_","external_links_name":"64°37′S 60°42′W / 64.617°S 60.700°W / -64.617; -60.700"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_39_20_S_60_37_00_W_","external_links_name":"64°39′20″S 60°37′00″W / 64.65556°S 60.61667°W / -64.65556; -60.61667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_40_23_S_60_40_31_W_","external_links_name":"64°40′23″S 60°40′31″W / 64.67306°S 60.67528°W / -64.67306; -60.67528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_35_10_S_60_38_40_W_","external_links_name":"64°35′10″S 60°38′40″W / 64.58611°S 60.64444°W / -64.58611; -60.64444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_37_30_S_60_32_00_W_","external_links_name":"64°37′30″S 60°32′00″W / 64.62500°S 60.53333°W / -64.62500; -60.53333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_38_00_S_60_23_00_W_","external_links_name":"64°38′00″S 60°23′00″W / 64.63333°S 60.38333°W / -64.63333; -60.38333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Desislava_Cove&params=64_39_S_60_24_W_","external_links_name":"64°39′S 60°24′W / 64.650°S 60.400°W / -64.650; -60.400"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","external_links_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137541","external_links_name":"\"Aleksiev Glacier\""},{"Link":"https://livingatlas2.arcgis.com/antarcticdemexplorer/","external_links_name":"Antarctic REMA Explorer"},{"Link":"https://livingatlas2.arcgis.com/antarcticdemexplorer/","external_links_name":"Antarctic REMA Explorer"},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137595","external_links_name":"\"Desislava Cove\""},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137565","external_links_name":"\"Glazne Buttress\""},{"Link":"https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/7696/","external_links_name":"Graham Land and South Shetland Islands"},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137546","external_links_name":"\"Kladorub Glacier\""},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137051","external_links_name":"\"Papiya Nunatak\""},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137532","external_links_name":"\"Raven Peninsula\""},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137314","external_links_name":"\"Richard Knoll\""},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137577","external_links_name":"\"Vrachesh Glacier\""}]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.