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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg
Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 29°36′07″S 30°22′42″E / 29.60202°S 30.378363°E / -29.60202; 30.378363Statue in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Statue of Mahatma GandhiStatue of Mahatma GandhiYear1993 (1993)SubjectMahatma GandhiLocationChurch Street, PietermaritzburgCoordinates29°36′07″S 30°22′42″E / 29.60202°S 30.378363°E / -29.60202; 30.378363 Mahatma Gandhi is a bronze statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Church Street, Pietermaritzburg, depicting the Indian independence campaigner and nonviolent pacifist as a young man. The statue was unveiled in 1993 by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, marking the centenary since Gandhi was thrown from a train at Pietermaritzburg railway station. References ^ "Gandhi Trail, Through Durban". South African History Online. Retrieved 28 March 2023. ^ "Msunduzi | Mahatma Gandhi & Pmb". msunduzi.gov.za. Retrieved 28 March 2023. ^ "Gandhi Statue". RoomsForAfrica. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahatma Gandhi Memorial, Pietermaritzburg. vteMahatma GandhiLife eventsand movements Indian Ambulance Corps Tolstoy Farm Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi–Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh India ashrams (Kochrab Sabarmati Sodepur Khadi Sevagram) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Practices and beliefs Composite nationalism Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Eleven vows Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Mangal Prabhat Young India Seven Social Sins Navajivan Trust Gandhi Heritage Portal Influences "A Letter to a Hindu" Ahimsa (nonviolence) Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau (Civil Disobedience (essay)) Civil disobedience Fasting Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy (The Kingdom of God Is Within You) (The Masque of Anarchy) Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi's translation "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" "Ekla Chalo Re" "Hari Tuma Haro" "Vaishnava Jana To" Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C. F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J. C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Sri Krishna Sinha Rettamalai Srinivasan V. A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Kishorlal Mashruwala Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Foundation Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency (Gandhi Series, Gandhi New Series, Indian rupee) Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp Family Karamchand Gandhi (father) Kasturba (wife) Harilal (son) Manilal (son) Ramdas (son) Devdas (son) Maganlal (cousin) Samaldas (nephew) Arun (grandson) Ela (granddaughter) Rajmohan (grandson) Gopalkrishna (grandson) Ramchandra (grandson) Kanu (grandson) Kanu (grandnephew) Tushar (great-grandson) Leela (great-granddaughter) Influenced 14th Dalai Lama Aung San Suu Kyi Abhay Bang Abdul Ghaffar Khan Brajkishore Prasad C. Rajagopalachari Eknath Easwaran Draupadi Murmu François Bayrou Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Govind Vallabh Pant Ho Chi Minh James Bevel James Lawson Jawaharlal Nehru Joan Bondurant Lal Bahadur Shastri Lanza del Vasto Maulana Azad Martin Luther King Jr. Maria Lacerda de Moura Mehdi Bazargan Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Nelson Mandela Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Steve Biko Sane Guruji Vinoba Bhave Vallabhbhai Patel MemorialsStatues Ghana India Patna National Salt Satyagraha Memorial New Delhi South Africa Johannesburg Pietermaritzburg UK Parliament Square Tavistock Square U.S. Davis Denver Houston Milwaukee New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai Gandhi Teerth Gandhi Temple, Bhatara Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale Mani Bhavan Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Roads named after Gandhi Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House This South Africa-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretton_Hall,_Leicestershire
Great Glen, Leicestershire
["1 Features and amenities","1.1 Stretton Hall","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°34′17″N 1°02′06″W / 52.57139°N 1.03499°W / 52.57139; -1.03499"Glen Magna" redirects here. For the farm in the United States, see Glen Magna Farms. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Great Glen, Leicestershire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Human settlement in EnglandGreat GlenGreat Glen disused stationGreat GlenLocation within LeicestershirePopulation3,662 (2011)OS grid referenceSP655975Civil parishGreat GlenDistrictHarboroughShire countyLeicestershireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLeicesterPostcode districtLE8Dialling code0116PoliceLeicestershireFireLeicestershireAmbulanceEast Midlands UK ParliamentHarborough List of places UK England Leicestershire 52°34′17″N 1°02′06″W / 52.57139°N 1.03499°W / 52.57139; -1.03499 Great Glen (or Glenn) is a village and civil parish in the Harborough district, in Leicestershire, 2 miles south of Oadby. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 3,662. Leicester city centre is about seven miles north west. Its name comes from the original Iron Age settlers who used the Celtic word glennos meaning valley, and comes from the fact that Great Glen lies in part of the valley of the River Sence. The 'great' part is to distinguish the village from Glen Parva. Features and amenities In 1751 a turnpike bridge was built over the River Sence as a part of the stagecoach route from Leicester to London. The pubs The Pug & Greyhound (The Old Greyhound) and The Crown were originally coaching inns built soon after the new road opened. This road later became the A6 road, and a bypass around the village was opened in 2003. The Midland Main Line runs to the south of the A6, and formerly had a station to serve the village at the closest point. Leicester Grammar School is constructed on the land of Mount Farm, Great Glen. There are two other schools in the village, the C of E St Cuthbert's primary school, which feeds to the local state schools in the neighbouring village of Kibworth and the town of Market Harborough. The independent school, The Stoneygate School, also has its site at Great Glen. Its pupils won Best Junior Choir at BBC Songs of Praise 2005 School Choirs Contest Only four of the village pubs remain open, to date: The Yews The Royal Oak Fox Pond The Pug & Greyhound (formerly The Greyhound). The village park, The Recreation Ground on Bindleys Lane is the home of two of the village's sports clubs: Glen Villa FC Great Glen Cricket Club. At the centre of the village on the Stretton Road/Oaks Road T-junction is Great Glen Methodist Church, a Grade II* listed building. Built in 1827 it houses many activities including Sunday morning and evening services, a Sparklers mums and toddlers group on Mondays, Fusion children's group on Sunday mornings and Confusion alternate Friday evenings for teenagers. View the church at Google Maps The village is serviced by a Post Office and a Co-op store. The K6 Red telephone box on the village green is a listed building. Footballer Trevor Benjamin used to live here, and Engelbert Humperdinck has a home in the village. Stretton Hall Stretton Hall was built in the early 18th century, and though named after Stretton Magna it lies in Great Glen parish. It was built as the manor house of the lordship of Stretton, by, or for, the Hewett family: it was the English residence of Colonel William Hewett (1693–1766), friend of the famous Marquess of Granby, of the novelist Laurence Sterne, and of the eccentric John Hall-Stevenson and his "Club of Demoniacs". Hewett set acorns all over his estate to create a plantation of oaks, some of which were disposed to form a double colonnade like that in front of St Peter's in Rome. These obtained a gold medal from the Society of Arts. Leicestershire and Rutland Joint Board for the Mentally Defective bought the hall in 1932 for conversion to a hospital. Under the NHS it was a residential hospital for learning disabled children and had 157 beds in 1979. The hospital closed in the 1990s and a housing development has been built on part of the site. History Great Glen was the central place of an early Anglo-Saxon multiple estate. The settlements that comprised this estate are: Great and Little Stretton, Wistow, Newton Harcourt, Fleckney and Kilby. These parishes comprise the minimal extent of the estate which broadly follow the River Sence, Glen itself possibly taking its name from an earlier British river-name Glen or from Glennos meaning valley. It is possible that the estate extended further west along the river to Glen Parva where it joins the River Soar. It has not been possible to establish this securely. Glen (as at glenne, not Great Glen) enters the record for the first time in AD 849, when Alhhun, bishop of Worcester tarried there with nine of his clerics to issue a charter granting lands in Worcestershire to King Beorhtwulf of Mercia. The medieval manorial history of Glen is outlined by John Nichols in his History of Leicestershire. In the 16th century, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, father of Lady Jane Grey, became the lord of the manor. After his execution for treason, his lands were seized by the crown. Following the Battle of Naseby in 1645, during the English Civil War, Great Glen played host to a band of Cromwellian soldiers who were pursuing some of the (defeated) Royalist Cavalry. They were later joined by the rest of the army who camped overnight before moving onto Leicester. Some of these soldiers made camp in the church where they caused much damage (such as breaking all the windows), of which some evidence can still be seen today. There are five road names in the village that mark these events: Cromwell Road, Naseby Way, Ruperts Way, Edgehill Close and Halford Close. The old public house, The Fox and Goose, is still visible on Church Lane but has been converted to a private residence. References ^ Great Glen, Leicestershire, UK. Neighbourhood Statistics (Report). Civil Parish population. Office for National Statistics. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016. ^ "Leicester Grammar School relocation: Latest". leicestergrammar.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. ^ "'Songs of Praise' 2005 school choirs contest winners". Press Office. BBC. 20 March 2005. ^ "Great Glen Post Office". British Post Office. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. ^ "Co-op branch directory". The Co-operative (central England co-op stores). Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. ^ "Engelbert Humperdinck charms crowds of fans in Leicester". Leicester Mercury. ^ Dugdale, J. (1819). The New British Traveller. Vol. III. John Cundee. p. 581. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 – via Google Books. ^ Nichols, J. (1971) . History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester. Hathi Trust. Vol. II, Part 1 (reprint ed.). London, UK: S.R. Publishers with Leicestershire County Council. p. 6, note 3. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. ^ Roberts, A. Index of English and Welsh Lunatic Asylums and Mental Hospitals (Report). Middlesex University. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. ^ Bourne, Jill, ed. (1996). Anglo-Saxons landscapes in the East Midlands. Leicestershire Museums Arts and Records Service. ^ Ekwall, E. (1960). The Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. p. 198. ^ Birch, W. de G., ed. (1885–1893) . Anglo-Saxon Charter (Report). Cartularium Saxonicum: A collection of charters relating to Anglo-Saxon history. Vol. II (of III). London, UK: Hathi Trust. pp. 40–41, no. 455, part 1. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. in loco qui nominatur aet Glenne ^ Nichols, J., ed. (c. 2021) . "Gartree Hundred: Glen". The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester. Special Collections (Report). Vol. 2 (Digitized ed.). London, UK: University of Leicester. pp. 180–185, 574–578. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. External links Media related to Great Glen at Wikimedia Commons "British History Online".
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For the farm in the United States, see Glen Magna Farms.Human settlement in EnglandGreat Glen (or Glenn) is a village and civil parish in the Harborough district, in Leicestershire, 2 miles south of Oadby. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 3,662.[1] Leicester city centre is about seven miles north west. Its name comes from the original Iron Age settlers who used the Celtic word glennos meaning valley, and comes from the fact that Great Glen lies in part of the valley of the River Sence. The 'great' part is to distinguish the village from Glen Parva.","title":"Great Glen, Leicestershire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coaching inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"A6 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Midland Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Glen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leicester Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeichGrmr-c2007-05-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2005-03-20-choir-contest-3"},{"link_name":"FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Clubs"},{"link_name":"Great Glen Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Glen_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_building"},{"link_name":"Google Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=great+glen+methodist+church&sll=52.579271,-1.035118&sspn=0.098262,0.230713&ie=UTF8&ll=52.575149,-1.032345&spn=0.000768,0.001802&t=h&z=19&iwloc=A"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKPost-branch-GreatGlen-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Co-Op-Gr-Glen-5"},{"link_name":"Red telephone box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_telephone_box"},{"link_name":"Trevor Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Humperdinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeichMerc-734913-6"}],"text":"In 1751 a turnpike bridge was built over the River Sence as a part of the stagecoach route from Leicester to London. The pubs The Pug & Greyhound (The Old Greyhound) and The Crown were originally coaching inns built soon after the new road opened. This road later became the A6 road, and a bypass around the village was opened in 2003. The Midland Main Line runs to the south of the A6, and formerly had a station to serve the village at the closest point.Leicester Grammar School is constructed on the land of Mount Farm, Great Glen.[2]There are two other schools in the village, the C of E St Cuthbert's primary school, which feeds to the local state schools in the neighbouring village of Kibworth and the town of Market Harborough. The independent school, The Stoneygate School, also has its site at Great Glen. Its pupils won Best Junior Choir at BBC Songs of Praise 2005 School Choirs Contest[3]Only four of the village pubs remain open, to date:The Yews\nThe Royal Oak\nFox Pond\nThe Pug & Greyhound (formerly The Greyhound).The village park, The Recreation Ground on Bindleys Lane is the home of two of the village's sports clubs:Glen Villa FC\nGreat Glen Cricket Club.At the centre of the village on the Stretton Road/Oaks Road T-junction is Great Glen Methodist Church, a Grade II* listed building. Built in 1827 it houses many activities including Sunday morning and evening services, a Sparklers mums and toddlers group on Mondays, Fusion children's group on Sunday mornings and Confusion alternate Friday evenings for teenagers. View the church at Google MapsThe village is serviced by a Post Office[4] and a Co-op store.[5]The K6 Red telephone box on the village green is a listed building.Footballer Trevor Benjamin used to live here, and Engelbert Humperdinck has a home in the village.[6]","title":"Features and amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stretton Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretton_Magna"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby"},{"link_name":"Laurence Sterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Sterne"},{"link_name":"John Hall-Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall-Stevenson"},{"link_name":"colonnade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnade"},{"link_name":"St Peter's in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini#Architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dugdale-1819-NewBrTrv-7"},{"link_name":"Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Encouragement_of_Arts,_Manufactures_and_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-1795-1971-HistAntiqLeich-8"},{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"learning disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disabled"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-nd-Indx-Engl-Wlsh-Luntc-9"}],"sub_title":"Stretton Hall","text":"Stretton Hall was built in the early 18th century, and though named after Stretton Magna it lies in Great Glen parish. It was built as the manor house of the lordship of Stretton, by, or for, the Hewett family: it was the English residence of Colonel William Hewett (1693–1766), friend of the famous Marquess of Granby, of the novelist Laurence Sterne, and of the eccentric John Hall-Stevenson and his \"Club of Demoniacs\". Hewett set acorns all over his estate to create a plantation of oaks, some of which were disposed to form a double colonnade like that in front of St Peter's in Rome.[7] These obtained a gold medal from the Society of Arts.[8]Leicestershire and Rutland Joint Board for the Mentally Defective bought the hall in 1932 for conversion to a hospital. Under the NHS it was a residential hospital for learning disabled children and had 157 beds in 1979.[9] The hospital closed in the 1990s and a housing development has been built on part of the site.","title":"Features and amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon multiple estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_multiple_estate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bourne-1996-10"},{"link_name":"Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stretton"},{"link_name":"Little Stretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Stretton,_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Wistow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistow,_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Newton Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Fleckney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleckney"},{"link_name":"Kilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilby"},{"link_name":"River Sence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Sence,_Wigston"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekwall-1960-OxDicEngPlNm-11"},{"link_name":"Alhhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealhhun"},{"link_name":"bishop of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Beorhtwulf of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorhtwulf_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birch-1885-1893-AS-Charter-12"},{"link_name":"John Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nichols_(printer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-1798-c2021-ULeich-13"},{"link_name":"Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey"},{"link_name":"lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"Battle of Naseby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"}],"text":"Great Glen was the central place of an early Anglo-Saxon multiple estate.[10] The settlements that comprised this estate are: Great and Little Stretton, Wistow, Newton Harcourt, Fleckney and Kilby. These parishes comprise the minimal extent of the estate which broadly follow the River Sence, Glen itself possibly taking its name from an earlier British river-name Glen or from Glennos meaning valley.[11] It is possible that the estate extended further west along the river to Glen Parva where it joins the River Soar. It has not been possible to establish this securely. Glen (as at glenne, not Great Glen) enters the record for the first time in AD 849, when Alhhun, bishop of Worcester tarried there with nine of his clerics to issue a charter granting lands in Worcestershire to King Beorhtwulf of Mercia.[12]The medieval manorial history of Glen is outlined by John Nichols in his History of Leicestershire.[13] In the 16th century, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, father of Lady Jane Grey, became the lord of the manor. After his execution for treason, his lands were seized by the crown.Following the Battle of Naseby in 1645, during the English Civil War, Great Glen played host to a band of Cromwellian soldiers who were pursuing some of the (defeated) Royalist Cavalry. They were later joined by the rest of the army who camped overnight before moving onto Leicester. Some of these soldiers made camp in the church where they caused much damage (such as breaking all the windows), of which some evidence can still be seen today. There are five road names in the village that mark these events: Cromwell Road, Naseby Way, Ruperts Way, Edgehill Close and Halford Close.The old public house, The Fox and Goose, is still visible on Church Lane but has been converted to a private residence.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Great Glen, Leicestershire, UK. Neighbourhood Statistics (Report). Civil Parish population. Office for National Statistics. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123914&c=Great+Glen&d=16&e=62&g=6444578&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1465814130172&enc=1","url_text":"Great Glen, Leicestershire, UK"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011094950/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123914&c=Great+Glen&d=16&e=62&g=6444578&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1465814130172&enc=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester Grammar School relocation: Latest\". leicestergrammar.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505034448/http://www.leicestergrammar.org.uk/lgs.asp?s=about&ss=relocation&pg=latest","url_text":"\"Leicester Grammar School relocation: Latest\""},{"url":"http://www.leicestergrammar.org.uk/lgs.asp?s=about&ss=relocation&pg=latest","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Songs of Praise' 2005 school choirs contest winners\". Press Office. BBC. 20 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/03_march/20/choirs.shtml","url_text":"\"'Songs of Praise' 2005 school choirs contest winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Great Glen Post Office\". British Post Office. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postoffice.co.uk/branchfinder2/2052172/great-glen","url_text":"\"Great Glen Post Office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721111407/https://www.postoffice.co.uk/branchfinder2/2052172/great-glen","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Co-op branch directory\". The Co-operative (central England co-op stores). Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centralengland.coop/stores/information/great-glen-convenience-store","url_text":"\"Co-op branch directory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721111618/https://www.centralengland.coop/stores/information/great-glen-convenience-store","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Engelbert Humperdinck charms crowds of fans in Leicester\". Leicester Mercury.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester-news/leicester-legend-engelbert-humperdinck-charms-734913","url_text":"\"Engelbert Humperdinck charms crowds of fans in Leicester\""}]},{"reference":"Dugdale, J. (1819). The New British Traveller. Vol. III. John Cundee. p. 581. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210903064953/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-OfGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA379","url_text":"The New British Traveller"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-OfGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA379","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, J. (1971) [1795]. History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester. Hathi Trust. Vol. II, Part 1 (reprint ed.). London, UK: S.R. Publishers with Leicestershire County Council. p. 6, note 3. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210903064956/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000032377071&view=1up&seq=28","url_text":"History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000032377071&view=1up&seq=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, A. Index of English and Welsh Lunatic Asylums and Mental Hospitals (Report). Middlesex University. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090527134421/http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/4_13_TA.htm","url_text":"Index of English and Welsh Lunatic Asylums and Mental Hospitals"},{"url":"http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/4_13_TA.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Jill, ed. (1996). Anglo-Saxons landscapes in the East Midlands. Leicestershire Museums Arts and Records Service.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ekwall, E. (1960). The Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. p. 198.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Birch, W. de G., ed. (1885–1893) [849 AD]. Anglo-Saxon Charter (Report). Cartularium Saxonicum: A collection of charters relating to Anglo-Saxon history. Vol. II (of III). London, UK: Hathi Trust. pp. 40–41, no. 455, part 1. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. in loco qui nominatur aet Glenne","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608165720/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4311894&view=1up&seq=80&skin=2021","url_text":"Anglo-Saxon Charter"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4311894&view=1up&seq=80&skin=2021","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, J., ed. (c. 2021) [1798]. \"Gartree Hundred: Glen\". The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester. Special Collections (Report). Vol. 2 (Digitized ed.). London, UK: University of Leicester. pp. 180–185, 574–578. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210608192818/http://specialcollections.le.ac.uk/digital/collection/p15407coll6/id/5035","url_text":"The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester"},{"url":"http://specialcollections.le.ac.uk/digital/collection/p15407coll6/id/5035","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British History Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22049","url_text":"\"British History Online\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_City_High_School_(Mason_City,_Iowa)
Mason City High School (Iowa)
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Athletics","3.1 State championships","4 Notable alumni","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°08′56″N 93°10′01″W / 43.14889°N 93.16694°W / 43.14889; -93.16694Public secondary school in Mason City, Iowa, United States Mason City High SchoolAddress1700 4th Street SoutheastMason City, Iowa 50401United StatesCoordinates43°08′56″N 93°10′01″W / 43.14889°N 93.16694°W / 43.14889; -93.16694InformationTypePublic, coeducationalEstablished1890School districtMason City Community School DistrictSuperintendentPat HamiltonPrincipalDan LongTeaching staff60.60 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment999 (2019-20)Student to teacher ratio16.49Campus size3 acresColor(s)    Red and blackFight songMason City Go!Athletics conferenceIowa Alliance Conference -MascotRiverhawkRivalFort Dodge IowaYearbookMasonianWebsitemasoncityschools.org Mason City High School is a public high school in the Mason City Community School District. It is within the city of Mason City, Iowa, United States. It is located in Cerro Gordo County. The school colors are black and red. Until recently, the mascot was a Mohawk (Indian Tribe figure). The current mascot is the Riverhawk. History Mason City High School was established in 1890. A new building was erected at 22 N. Georgia Avenue in 1917. The current high school building at 1700 4th Street SE was constructed in 1966 after the 1917 building became overcrowded due to the rapidly growing student population during the 1946-1964 "Baby Boom". Later, the 1917 building was renovated into a public services office building, and is called Mohawk Square. The building suffered a catastrophic roof failure after a heavy storm in May 2019, with the building then being declared unsafe and all the businesses and agencies located there having to be forced to find new quarters. The current building shares its campus with John Adams Middle School (7-8 grade), which was built in the early 1960s as a junior high school. Demographics The demographic breakdown of the 1008 students enrolled in 2013-2014 was: Male - 49.6% Female - 50.4% Native American/Alaskan - 0.4% Asian/Pacific islanders - 1.4% Black - 3.6% Hispanic - 7.8% White - 84.5% Multiracial - 2.3% 40.4% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch. Athletics MCHS's programs include football, volleyball, cross country, football cheerleading, girls’ basketball, boys’ basketball, wrestling, dance team, basketball cheerleading, girls’ track, boys’ track, girls’ golf, boys’ golf, baseball, boys' tennis, girls' tennis, boys' swimming, girls' swimming, boys' hockey, girls' hockey, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, softball, and a recent addition of mountain biking. All of these compete as the Riverhawks. MCHS is a member of the Iowa Alliance Conference (IAC). The conference is made up of 11 teams. 10 of those schools were formerly in the CIML (Waterloo East, MVC). In early 2020, there was some talk of switching to the seven-member Northeast Iowa Conference, where Mason City would be far and away the largest school. Instead Mason City founded the IAC State championships Cheerleading (6-time State Champions - 1996, 1997, 2005, 2018, 2020, 2021) Dance (17-time State Champions - 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021) Baseball (7-time State Champions - 1935, 1937, 1938, 1946, 1956, 1972 (Spring), 1972 (Summer)) Boys' Basketball (5-time State Champions - 1935, 1940, 1943, 1996, 1997) Girls' Basketball (2016 State Champions) Boys' Cross Country (2-time State Champions - 1972, 1973) Football (1978 State Champions) Boys' Swimming (3-time State Champions - 1975, 1979, 1991) Girls' Swimming (3-time State Champions - 1988, 1989, 2009) Boys' Track and Field (3-time State Champions - 1918, 1929, 1930) Volleyball (1973 State Champions) Wrestling (3-time State Champions - 1922, 1949, 1950) Notable alumni Eddie Anderson, former NFL player and coach Tanna Frederick, actress Jeff Horner, college and professional basketball player Joe Lillard, former NFL player Stephen H. Locher, lawyer Dean Oliver, college and professional basketball player Tom Randall, former NFL player Dennis Remmert, former NFL player Chad Wicks, former WWE professional wrestler Robert Meredith Willson, playwright, composer, and flutist See also List of high schools in Iowa References ^ a b c "Mason City High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ a b "Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Mason City High School". ed.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ "Native Americans Tribes Northeast Region: Tribal History". McGary. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mason City". Iowa High School Sports. Retrieved 2020-07-17. ^ Coss, Matt (May 6, 2002). "Athlete of the Year: Jeff Horner". Globe Gazette. Retrieved January 26, 2014. ^ Darr, Kent (February 15, 2013). "A Closer Look: Stephen Locher". Des Moines Business Record. ^ Bagnato, Andrew (March 6, 2001). "A Happy Reunion At Iowa". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 26, 2014. ^ "Meredith Willson, the Music Man of Mason City". Retrieved March 22, 2018. External links School district website
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The building suffered a catastrophic roof failure after a heavy storm in May 2019, with the building then being declared unsafe and all the businesses and agencies located there having to be forced to find new quarters.The current building shares its campus with John Adams Middle School (7-8 grade), which was built in the early 1960s as a junior high school.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ed.gov-2"}],"text":"The demographic breakdown of the 1008 students enrolled in 2013-2014 was:Male - 49.6%\nFemale - 50.4%\nNative American/Alaskan - 0.4%\nAsian/Pacific islanders - 1.4%\nBlack - 3.6%\nHispanic - 7.8%\nWhite - 84.5%\nMultiracial - 2.3%40.4% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MCHS's programs include football, volleyball, cross country, football cheerleading, girls’ basketball, boys’ basketball, wrestling, dance team, basketball cheerleading, girls’ track, boys’ track, girls’ golf, boys’ golf, baseball, boys' tennis, girls' tennis, boys' swimming, girls' swimming, boys' hockey, girls' hockey, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, softball, and a recent addition of mountain biking. All of these compete as the Riverhawks. MCHS is a member of the Iowa Alliance Conference (IAC). The conference is made up of 11 teams. 10 of those schools were formerly in the CIML (Waterloo East, MVC). In early 2020, there was some talk of switching to the seven-member Northeast Iowa Conference, where Mason City would be far and away the largest school. Instead Mason City founded the IAC","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sports-4"}],"sub_title":"State championships","text":"Cheerleading (6-time State Champions - 1996, 1997, 2005, 2018, 2020, 2021)\nDance (17-time State Champions - 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021)\nBaseball (7-time State Champions - 1935, 1937, 1938, 1946, 1956, 1972 (Spring), 1972 (Summer))[4]\nBoys' Basketball (5-time State Champions - 1935, 1940, 1943, 1996, 1997)[4]\nGirls' Basketball (2016 State Champions)\nBoys' Cross Country (2-time State Champions - 1972, 1973)[4]\nFootball (1978 State Champions)[4]\nBoys' Swimming (3-time State Champions - 1975, 1979, 1991)[4]\nGirls' Swimming (3-time State Champions - 1988, 1989, 2009)[4]\nBoys' Track and Field (3-time State Champions - 1918, 1929, 1930)[4]\nVolleyball (1973 State Champions)[4]\nWrestling (3-time State Champions - 1922, 1949, 1950)[4]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Anderson_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"Tanna Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanna_Frederick"},{"link_name":"Jeff Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Horner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joe Lillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lillard"},{"link_name":"Stephen H. Locher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_H._Locher"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Dean Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Oliver_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tom Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Randall_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Remmert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Remmert"},{"link_name":"Chad Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Robert Meredith Willson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Meredith_Willson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Eddie Anderson, former NFL player and coach\nTanna Frederick, actress\nJeff Horner, college and professional basketball player[5]\nJoe Lillard, former NFL player\nStephen H. Locher, lawyer[6]\nDean Oliver, college and professional basketball player[7]\nTom Randall, former NFL player\nDennis Remmert, former NFL player\nChad Wicks, former WWE professional wrestler\nRobert Meredith Willson, playwright, composer, and flutist[8]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of high schools in Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Iowa"}]
[{"reference":"\"Mason City High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=1918780&ID=191878001107","url_text":"\"Mason City High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Mason City High School\". ed.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=191878001107&ID=191878001107","url_text":"\"Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Mason City High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Native Americans Tribes Northeast Region: Tribal History\". McGary. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230112/http://www.davemcgary.com/northeast-native-american-tribes.htm","url_text":"\"Native Americans Tribes Northeast Region: Tribal History\""},{"url":"http://www.davemcgary.com/northeast-native-american-tribes.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mason City\". Iowa High School Sports. Retrieved 2020-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/current-high-schools/mason-city","url_text":"\"Mason City\""}]},{"reference":"Coss, Matt (May 6, 2002). \"Athlete of the Year: Jeff Horner\". Globe Gazette. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://globegazette.com/sports/athlete-of-the-year-jeff-horner/article_25103b69-c7ac-5cf7-94c7-6db243a2dcd6.html","url_text":"\"Athlete of the Year: Jeff Horner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Gazette","url_text":"Globe Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Darr, Kent (February 15, 2013). \"A Closer Look: Stephen Locher\". Des Moines Business Record.","urls":[{"url":"https://businessrecord.com/Content/Social/Social/Article/A-Closer-Look_-Stephen-Locher/193/1023/56563","url_text":"\"A Closer Look: Stephen Locher\""}]},{"reference":"Bagnato, Andrew (March 6, 2001). \"A Happy Reunion At Iowa\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-03-06/sports/0103060163_1_mason-city-high-school-hawkeyes-mr-basketball","url_text":"\"A Happy Reunion At Iowa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Meredith Willson, the Music Man of Mason City\". Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://visitmasoncityiowa.com/about-us/meredith-willson/","url_text":"\"Meredith Willson, the Music Man of Mason City\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mason_City_High_School_(Iowa)&params=43_08_56_N_93_10_01_W_type:edu_region:US-IA","external_links_name":"43°08′56″N 93°10′01″W / 43.14889°N 93.16694°W / 43.14889; -93.16694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mason_City_High_School_(Iowa)&params=43_08_56_N_93_10_01_W_type:edu_region:US-IA","external_links_name":"43°08′56″N 93°10′01″W / 43.14889°N 93.16694°W / 43.14889; -93.16694"},{"Link":"http://masoncityschools.org/","external_links_name":"masoncityschools.org"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=1918780&ID=191878001107","external_links_name":"\"Mason City High School\""},{"Link":"http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=191878001107&ID=191878001107","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Mason City High School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230112/http://www.davemcgary.com/northeast-native-american-tribes.htm","external_links_name":"\"Native Americans Tribes Northeast Region: Tribal History\""},{"Link":"http://www.davemcgary.com/northeast-native-american-tribes.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/current-high-schools/mason-city","external_links_name":"\"Mason City\""},{"Link":"https://globegazette.com/sports/athlete-of-the-year-jeff-horner/article_25103b69-c7ac-5cf7-94c7-6db243a2dcd6.html","external_links_name":"\"Athlete of the Year: Jeff Horner\""},{"Link":"https://businessrecord.com/Content/Social/Social/Article/A-Closer-Look_-Stephen-Locher/193/1023/56563","external_links_name":"\"A Closer Look: Stephen Locher\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-03-06/sports/0103060163_1_mason-city-high-school-hawkeyes-mr-basketball","external_links_name":"\"A Happy Reunion At Iowa\""},{"Link":"https://visitmasoncityiowa.com/about-us/meredith-willson/","external_links_name":"\"Meredith Willson, the Music Man of Mason City\""},{"Link":"http://masoncityschools.org/","external_links_name":"School district website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island,_Alaska
Kodiak Island
["1 History","1.1 1912 Novarupta eruption","1.2 1964 earthquake","2 Climate","3 Education","4 Parks and protected areas","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 57°28′N 153°26′W / 57.467°N 153.433°W / 57.467; -153.433Island off the coast of Alaska, United States KodiakNickname: Emerald IsleKodiakGeographyLocationPacific OceanCoordinates57°28′N 153°26′W / 57.467°N 153.433°W / 57.467; -153.433ArchipelagoKodiak ArchipelagoTotal islands25Area3,595.09 sq mi (9,311.2 km2)Highest elevation4,469 ft (1362.2 m)Highest pointKoniag PeakAdministrationUnited StatesStateAlaskaBoroughKodiak IslandLargest settlementKodiak (pop. 5,581)DemographicsPopulation13,101 (2020 Census)Pop. density3.64/sq mi (1.405/km2)Ethnic groupsAlutiiq, European, Filipino other Asian and Indigenous peoples,Hispanics, including Filipino HispanicsAdditional information Kodiak Island (Alutiiq: Qikertaq, Russian: Кадьяк) is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. The largest island in the Kodiak Archipelago, Kodiak Island is the second largest island in the United States and the 80th largest island in the world, with an area of 3,595.09 sq mi (9,311.2 km2), slightly larger than Cyprus. It is 160 km (99 miles) long and in width ranges from 16 to 97 kilometers (10 to 60 mi). Kodiak Island is the namesake for Kodiak Seamount, which lies off the coast at the Aleutian Trench. The largest community on the island is the city of Kodiak, Alaska. Kodiak Island is mountainous and heavily forested in the north and east, but fairly treeless in the south. The island has many deep, ice-free bays that provide sheltered anchorages for boats. The southwestern two-thirds of the island, like much of the Kodiak Archipelago, is part of Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Kodiak Island is part of the Kodiak Island Borough and Kodiak Archipelago of Alaska. The town of Kodiak is one of seven communities on Kodiak Island and is the island's main city. All commercial transportation between the island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline. Other settlements include the villages of Akhiok, Old Harbor, Karluk, Larsen Bay, Port Lions, and an unorganized community near Cape Chiniak. The village of Ouzinkie on nearby Spruce Island is also part of the island community. Kodiak is also home to the largest U.S. Coast Guard base, which includes Coast Guard Base Kodiak, Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, Communications Station Kodiak, and Aids to Navigation Station Kodiak. The island is also home to the Pacific Spaceport Complex. The Kodiak bear and the king crab are native to the island. The fishing industry is the most important economic activity on the island; fisheries include Pacific salmon, Pacific halibut, and crab. The Karluk River is famous for its salmon run. Logging, ranching, numerous canneries, and some copper mining are also prevalent. An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city of Kodiak provides primary communications to and from the island. History Native artifacts from the Kodiak Islands, engraving c. 1805 from a Russian journal Location of Three Saints Bay and St. Paul on Kodiak in 1805 Chart including Kodiak Island Kodiak is the ancestral land of the Sugpiaq, an Alutiiq nation of Native Americans. The original inhabitants subsisted by hunting marine mammals, fishing, and gathering. Kodiak Island was explored in 1763 by Russian fur trader Stepan Glotov. The first outsiders to settle on the island were Russian explorers under Grigory Shelikhov, a fur trader, who founded a Russian settlement on Kodiak Island at Three Saints Bay in 1784; the present-day village of Old Harbor developed near there.: 162–163  In 1792, the settlement was moved to the site of present-day Kodiak and became the center of Russian fur trading with the Alaska Natives. In 1793, Grigory Shelikhov, with the help of the governor-general of Irkutsk, was given twenty craftsmen and ten families of farmers with the obligation of paying government taxes for them, for promoting successful development of Russia-America settlements and the establishment of shipyards and factories. The settlers provided to Shelikhov were not serfs in the full sense of the word. It was not possible to sell, mortgage, or give away the settlers; they were owned by the company for as long as the Shelikhov-Golikov Company existed. The settlement of Grigory Shelikhov on Kodiak Island. In 1784, Shelikhov, along with 130 Russian fur traders, massacred (see Awa'uq Massacre) several hundred Qik’rtarmiut Sugpiat ("Sugpiaq people of Qik’rtaq/Kodiak") tribe of Alutiiq men, women and children at Refuge Rock, a tiny stack island off the eastern coast of Sitkalidak Island. In Alutiiq, this sacred place is now known as Awa'uq, "to become numb". The Alutiiq were conscripted by the Russian occupants for the purpose of hunting, gathering, and processing food and furs. Native labor was commandeered through hostage taking, physical threat, and punishment. The Alutiiq men were forced to obtain quotas of otter pelts and bird skins which were then stitched into waterproof parkas by the Alutiiq women. The waterproof garments, made by the Alutiiq women, were given to the Alutiiq men as payment for the furs brought to the Russian fur traders. The Orthodox mission in Russian America was authorized by Catherine II in 1793, and then was established on Kodiak Island in 1794 by a group of monks from the Valaam Monastery in Saint Petersburg. The Russian fur traders radically expanded sea otter hunting operations and forced the Alutiiq men to hunt for longer periods of time at increasingly distant areas as the local population of fur-bearing animals was extinguished. The Alutiiq suffered starvation and physical separation of families because of the able-bodied men hunting and trapping furs rather than providing food for the women, young, old, and sick as they had done traditionally. In 1837-1839, a smallpox epidemic swept through all the Russian America territory and destroyed an estimated one-third of the Native population. The remaining Alutiiq on Kodiak Island were then consolidated into seven settlements where they were more readily offered medical, educational, and religious services by the Russian-American Company. The smallpox epidemic was eventually stopped with vaccination of the natives. Following the 1867 Alaska purchase by the United States, the island became part of the United States. Gradually Americans settled there, also engaging in hunting and fishing. 1912 Novarupta eruption Novarupta is a volcano 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Kodiak Island that erupted from June 6 to June 8, 1912: the largest eruption in the 20th century. Life on Kodiak Island was immobilized during the 60-hour eruption. Darkness and suffocating conditions caused by the falling ash and sulfur dioxide gas rendered villagers helpless with sore eyes and respiratory problems. Water became undrinkable. Radio communications were disrupted and visibility was nil. Roofs in the village collapsed under the weight of more than a foot of ash. Buildings were destroyed as avalanches of ash rushed down from nearby hillsides. On June 9, Kodiak villagers saw the first clear, ash-free skies in three days, but their environment had changed dramatically. Wildlife on Kodiak Island was devastated by ash and acid rain from the eruption. Bears and other large animals were blinded by thick ash, and many starved to death because large numbers of plants and small animals were smothered in the eruption. Birds blinded and coated by volcanic ash fell to the ground. Even the region's prolific mosquitoes were exterminated. Aquatic organisms in the region perished in the ash-clogged waters. Salmon in all stages of life were destroyed by the eruption and its aftereffects. From 1915 to 1919, southwestern Alaska's salmon-fishing industry was devastated. 1964 earthquake The island was also hit by the 1964 Good Friday earthquake and tsunami, which destroyed much of the waterfront, the business district, and several villages. Climate Snows cling to the mountaintops in summer The weather of Kodiak is temperate by Alaskan standards. December to March is the cold season while June to August is the summer season. It is Dfc bordering on Cfb, Dfb and Cfc in the Koppen classification. Climate data for Kodiak, Alaska Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 54(12) 60(16) 57(14) 70(21) 80(27) 86(30) 82(28) 84(29) 80(27) 74(23) 60(16) 62(17) 86(30) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35(2) 36(2) 38(3) 43(6) 49(9) 55(13) 60(16) 61(16) 56(13) 46(8) 39(4) 36(2) 46(8) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25(−4) 24(−4) 27(−3) 32(0) 38(3) 44(7) 48(9) 49(9) 43(6) 34(1) 29(−2) 25(−4) 35(2) Record low °F (°C) −16(−27) −12(−24) −6(−21) 7(−14) 18(−8) 30(−1) 35(2) 34(1) 26(−3) 7(−14) 0(−18) −9(−23) −16(−27) Average precipitation inches (mm) 8.17(208) 5.72(145) 5.22(133) 5.48(139) 6.31(160) 5.38(137) 4.12(105) 4.48(114) 7.84(199) 8.36(212) 6.63(168) 7.64(194) 75.35(1,914) Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.5(37) 14.7(37) 10.3(26) 7.5(19) 0.2(0.51) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1.4(3.6) 7.3(19) 15.6(40) 71.5(182.11) Source: Education The University of Alaska Anchorage has a 50-acre (20-hectare) campus which opened in 1968, located about 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) northwest of the City of Kodiak. Parks and protected areas Kodiak bear cub, perched on a sign Nearly two-thirds of the island is located within the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and has no road access. Refuge headquarters are located on the Chiniak Highway, right at the access road for the Buskin River State Recreation Site, which has camping, picnic areas, beaches, and fishing for salmon and trout in the Buskin River. The Pasagshak River State Recreation Site is a 25 acres (10 ha) park with a small campground and access to some of the island's best salmon and trout fishing. The island is also home to the Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park. References ^ "Kodiak". Alaska Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ Dunham, Mike (July 31, 2010). "Turns out Kodiak is largest U.S. island, depending on viewpoint". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010. ^ Brown, S.R., 2009, Merchant Kings, New York:St. Martin's Press, ISBN 9780312616113 ^ a b Grinëv, Andrei (2013). "The First Russian Settlers in Alaska". Historian. 75 (3): 443–474. doi:10.1111/hisn.12012. S2CID 143015531. ^ Ben Fitzhugh (2003), The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003 ^ Etnier, Michael A.; Partlow, Megan A.; Foster, Nora R. (February 2016). "Alutiiq Subsistence Economy at Igvak, a Russian-American Artel in the Kodiak Archipelago". Arctic Anthropology. 53 (2): 52–68. doi:10.3368/aa.53.2.52. S2CID 164846300. ^ a b c d e f Margaris, Amy V.; Rusk, Mark A.; Saltonstall, Patrick G.; Odell, Molly (2015). "Cod Fishing in Russian America: The Archaeology of a 19th-Century Alutiiq Work Camp on Alaska's Kodiak Island". Arctic Anthropology. 52 (1): 102–126. doi:10.3368/aa.52.1.102. S2CID 162418622. ^ Danver, Steven L. (2017). "The Orthodox Church in Russian America: Colonization and Missions to Alaska's Native Peoples". Journal of the West. 56 (2): 2–8. ^ a b Bland, Richard L. (2015). "SMALLPOX, ALEUTS, AND KAYAKS: A TRANSLATION EDUARD BLASHKE'S ARTICLE ON HIS TRIP THROUGH THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS IN 1838". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 49 (1): 71–86. ^  This article incorporates public domain material from Jennifer Adleman (Winter 2002). "The Great Eruption of 1912". Alaska Park Science. National Park Service. ^ Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes (2001). "Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00-0489: 59. ^ Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes; Hendley, J. W. II.; Stauffer, P. H. (1998). "Can another great volcanic eruption happen in Alaska?". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0075-98. ^ "1964 Earthquake & Tidal Wave". Explore Kodiak History & Culture. Kodiak Island Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2010-11-25. ^ a b "Intellicast - Kodiak Historic Weather Averages in Alaska (99615)". www.intellicast.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20. ^ Kodiak College ^ The Milepost, 2018 edition, page 578, ISBN 9781892154378 ^ Pasagshak River SRS, Alaska Department of Natural Resources External links Kodiak Island at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsTexts from WikisourceTravel information from Wikivoyage Official Kodiak Island website Reconnaissance Geologic Map of Kodiak Island and Adjacent Islands, Alaska United States Geological Survey Kodiak management area salmon daily and cumulative escapement counts for river systems with fish weirs, 1997-2006, and peak indexed escapement counts, 2006 / by Iris O. Caldentey. vteMunicipalities and communities of Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United StatesBorough seat: KodiakCities Akhiok Kodiak Larsen Bay Old Harbor Ouzinkie Port Lions Kodiak Island Borough mapCDPs Aleneva Chiniak Karluk Kodiak Station Mill Bay Womens Bay Ghost towns Afognak Port Wakefield Three Saints Bay Woody Island Alaska portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alutiiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alutiiq_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Shelikof Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelikof_Strait"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"second largest island in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States_by_area"},{"link_name":"80th largest island in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Seamount"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Trench"},{"link_name":"Kodiak, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island_Borough"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Akhiok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhiok,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Old Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Harbor,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Karluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Larsen Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen_Bay,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Port Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lions,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ouzinkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzinkie,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Spruce Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce_Island_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Base Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Base_Kodiak"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Kodiak"},{"link_name":"Pacific Spaceport Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_bear"},{"link_name":"king crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_crab"},{"link_name":"fishing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry"},{"link_name":"fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"Pacific salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_salmon"},{"link_name":"Pacific halibut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_halibut"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"Karluk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk_River"},{"link_name":"salmon run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_run"},{"link_name":"antenna farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_farm"}],"text":"Island off the coast of Alaska, United StatesKodiak Island (Alutiiq: Qikertaq, Russian: Кадьяк) is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. The largest island in the Kodiak Archipelago, Kodiak Island is the second largest island in the United States and the 80th largest island in the world, with an area of 3,595.09 sq mi (9,311.2 km2),[2] slightly larger than Cyprus. It is 160 km (99 miles) long and in width ranges from 16 to 97 kilometers (10 to 60 mi). Kodiak Island is the namesake for Kodiak Seamount, which lies off the coast at the Aleutian Trench. The largest community on the island is the city of Kodiak, Alaska.Kodiak Island is mountainous and heavily forested in the north and east, but fairly treeless in the south. The island has many deep, ice-free bays that provide sheltered anchorages for boats. The southwestern two-thirds of the island, like much of the Kodiak Archipelago, is part of Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.Kodiak Island is part of the Kodiak Island Borough and Kodiak Archipelago of Alaska. The town of Kodiak is one of seven communities on Kodiak Island and is the island's main city. All commercial transportation between the island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline. Other settlements include the villages of Akhiok, Old Harbor, Karluk, Larsen Bay, Port Lions, and an unorganized community near Cape Chiniak. The village of Ouzinkie on nearby Spruce Island is also part of the island community.Kodiak is also home to the largest U.S. Coast Guard base, which includes Coast Guard Base Kodiak, Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, Communications Station Kodiak, and Aids to Navigation Station Kodiak. The island is also home to the Pacific Spaceport Complex.The Kodiak bear and the king crab are native to the island. The fishing industry is the most important economic activity on the island; fisheries include Pacific salmon, Pacific halibut, and crab. The Karluk River is famous for its salmon run. Logging, ranching, numerous canneries, and some copper mining are also prevalent.An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city of Kodiak provides primary communications to and from the island.","title":"Kodiak Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodiak_Native_Artifacts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodiak,_1805.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operational_Navigation_Chart_D-11,_5th_edition.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sugpiaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugpiaq"},{"link_name":"Alutiiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alutiiq"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Stepan Glotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Glotov"},{"link_name":"Grigory Shelikhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov"},{"link_name":"fur trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trader"},{"link_name":"Russian settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Three Saints Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Saints_Bay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-3"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"fur trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trading"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Shelikhov-Golikov Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelikhov-Golikov_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shelikhov_settlement.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grigory Shelikhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov"},{"link_name":"Russian fur traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promyshlenniki"},{"link_name":"Awa'uq Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa%27uq_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Alutiiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alutiiq_people"},{"link_name":"stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Sitkalidak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitkalidak_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refBenfitzhugh-5"},{"link_name":"Alutiiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alutiiq"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Russian America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_America"},{"link_name":"Catherine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Valaam Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaam_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sea otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Russian America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Russian-American Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-American_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Alaska purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_purchase"}],"text":"Native artifacts from the Kodiak Islands, engraving c. 1805 from a Russian journalLocation of Three Saints Bay and St. Paul on Kodiak in 1805Chart including Kodiak IslandKodiak is the ancestral land of the Sugpiaq, an Alutiiq nation of Native Americans. The original inhabitants subsisted by hunting marine mammals, fishing, and gathering. Kodiak Island was explored in 1763 by Russian fur trader Stepan Glotov.The first outsiders to settle on the island were Russian explorers under Grigory Shelikhov, a fur trader, who founded a Russian settlement on Kodiak Island at Three Saints Bay in 1784; the present-day village of Old Harbor developed near there.[3]: 162–163  In 1792, the settlement was moved to the site of present-day Kodiak and became the center of Russian fur trading with the Alaska Natives.In 1793, Grigory Shelikhov, with the help of the governor-general of Irkutsk, was given twenty craftsmen and ten families of farmers with the obligation of paying government taxes for them, for promoting successful development of Russia-America settlements and the establishment of shipyards and factories.[4] The settlers provided to Shelikhov were not serfs in the full sense of the word. It was not possible to sell, mortgage, or give away the settlers; they were owned by the company for as long as the Shelikhov-Golikov Company existed.[4]The settlement of Grigory Shelikhov on Kodiak Island.In 1784, Shelikhov, along with 130 Russian fur traders, massacred (see Awa'uq Massacre) several hundred Qik’rtarmiut Sugpiat (\"Sugpiaq people of Qik’rtaq/Kodiak\") tribe of Alutiiq men, women and children at Refuge Rock, a tiny stack island off the eastern coast of Sitkalidak Island. In Alutiiq, this sacred place is now known as Awa'uq, \"to become numb\".[5]The Alutiiq were conscripted by the Russian occupants for the purpose of hunting, gathering, and processing food and furs.[6] Native labor was commandeered through hostage taking, physical threat, and punishment.[7] The Alutiiq men were forced to obtain quotas of otter pelts and bird skins which were then stitched into waterproof parkas by the Alutiiq women.[7] The waterproof garments, made by the Alutiiq women, were given to the Alutiiq men as payment for the furs brought to the Russian fur traders.[7]The Orthodox mission in Russian America was authorized by Catherine II in 1793, and then was established on Kodiak Island in 1794 by a group of monks from the Valaam Monastery in Saint Petersburg.[8]The Russian fur traders radically expanded sea otter hunting operations and forced the Alutiiq men to hunt for longer periods of time at increasingly distant areas as the local population of fur-bearing animals was extinguished.[7] The Alutiiq suffered starvation and physical separation of families because of the able-bodied men hunting and trapping furs rather than providing food for the women, young, old, and sick as they had done traditionally.[9]In 1837-1839, a smallpox epidemic swept through all the Russian America territory and destroyed an estimated one-third of the Native population.[7] The remaining Alutiiq on Kodiak Island were then consolidated into seven settlements where they were more readily offered medical, educational, and religious services by the Russian-American Company.[7] The smallpox epidemic was eventually stopped with vaccination of the natives.[9]Following the 1867 Alaska purchase by the United States, the island became part of the United States. Gradually Americans settled there, also engaging in hunting and fishing.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novarupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novarupta"},{"link_name":"ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"sulfur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"Radio communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adleman-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fierstein01-11"},{"link_name":"Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"salmon-fishing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fisheries"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fierstein98-12"}],"sub_title":"1912 Novarupta eruption","text":"Novarupta is a volcano 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Kodiak Island that erupted from June 6 to June 8, 1912: the largest eruption in the 20th century. Life on Kodiak Island was immobilized during the 60-hour eruption. Darkness and suffocating conditions caused by the falling ash and sulfur dioxide gas rendered villagers helpless with sore eyes and respiratory problems. Water became undrinkable. Radio communications were disrupted and visibility was nil. Roofs in the village collapsed under the weight of more than a foot of ash. Buildings were destroyed as avalanches of ash rushed down from nearby hillsides.[10][11]On June 9, Kodiak villagers saw the first clear, ash-free skies in three days, but their environment had changed dramatically. Wildlife on Kodiak Island was devastated by ash and acid rain from the eruption. Bears and other large animals were blinded by thick ash, and many starved to death because large numbers of plants and small animals were smothered in the eruption. Birds blinded and coated by volcanic ash fell to the ground. Even the region's prolific mosquitoes were exterminated. Aquatic organisms in the region perished in the ash-clogged waters. Salmon in all stages of life were destroyed by the eruption and its aftereffects. From 1915 to 1919, southwestern Alaska's salmon-fishing industry was devastated.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Friday earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_earthquake"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"1964 earthquake","text":"The island was also hit by the 1964 Good Friday earthquake and tsunami, which destroyed much of the waterfront, the business district, and several villages.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snows_on_Center_Mountain_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intellicast-14"},{"link_name":"Dfc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Cfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Dfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-summer_humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Cfc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intellicast-14"}],"text":"Snows cling to the mountaintops in summerThe weather of Kodiak is temperate by Alaskan standards. December to March is the cold season while June to August is the summer season.[14] It is Dfc bordering on Cfb, Dfb and Cfc in the Koppen classification.Climate data for Kodiak, Alaska\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n54(12)\n\n60(16)\n\n57(14)\n\n70(21)\n\n80(27)\n\n86(30)\n\n82(28)\n\n84(29)\n\n80(27)\n\n74(23)\n\n60(16)\n\n62(17)\n\n86(30)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n35(2)\n\n36(2)\n\n38(3)\n\n43(6)\n\n49(9)\n\n55(13)\n\n60(16)\n\n61(16)\n\n56(13)\n\n46(8)\n\n39(4)\n\n36(2)\n\n46(8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n25(−4)\n\n24(−4)\n\n27(−3)\n\n32(0)\n\n38(3)\n\n44(7)\n\n48(9)\n\n49(9)\n\n43(6)\n\n34(1)\n\n29(−2)\n\n25(−4)\n\n35(2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−12(−24)\n\n−6(−21)\n\n7(−14)\n\n18(−8)\n\n30(−1)\n\n35(2)\n\n34(1)\n\n26(−3)\n\n7(−14)\n\n0(−18)\n\n−9(−23)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n8.17(208)\n\n5.72(145)\n\n5.22(133)\n\n5.48(139)\n\n6.31(160)\n\n5.38(137)\n\n4.12(105)\n\n4.48(114)\n\n7.84(199)\n\n8.36(212)\n\n6.63(168)\n\n7.64(194)\n\n75.35(1,914)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n14.5(37)\n\n14.7(37)\n\n10.3(26)\n\n7.5(19)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n1.4(3.6)\n\n7.3(19)\n\n15.6(40)\n\n71.5(182.11)\n\n\nSource: [14]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Alaska Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Anchorage"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University-15"}],"text":"The University of Alaska Anchorage has a 50-acre (20-hectare) campus which opened in 1968, located about 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) northwest of the City of Kodiak.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_bear_AK.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kodiak bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_bear"},{"link_name":"Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Abercrombie_State_Historical_Park"}],"text":"Kodiak bear cub, perched on a signNearly two-thirds of the island is located within the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and has no road access. Refuge headquarters are located on the Chiniak Highway, right at the access road for the Buskin River State Recreation Site, which has camping, picnic areas, beaches, and fishing for salmon and trout in the Buskin River.[16]The Pasagshak River State Recreation Site is a 25 acres (10 ha) park with a small campground and access to some of the island's best salmon and trout fishing.[17]\nThe island is also home to the Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park.","title":"Parks and protected areas"}]
[{"image_text":"Native artifacts from the Kodiak Islands, engraving c. 1805 from a Russian journal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kodiak_Native_Artifacts.jpg/220px-Kodiak_Native_Artifacts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of Three Saints Bay and St. Paul on Kodiak in 1805","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kodiak%2C_1805.jpg/220px-Kodiak%2C_1805.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chart including Kodiak Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Operational_Navigation_Chart_D-11%2C_5th_edition.jpg/220px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_D-11%2C_5th_edition.jpg"},{"image_text":"The settlement of Grigory Shelikhov on Kodiak Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shelikhov_settlement.jpg/250px-Shelikhov_settlement.jpg"},{"image_text":"Snows cling to the mountaintops in summer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Snows_on_Center_Mountain_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg/220px-Snows_on_Center_Mountain_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kodiak bear cub, perched on a sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brown_bear_AK.jpg/220px-Brown_bear_AK.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kodiak Island Borough map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Kodiak_Island_Borough.svg/180px-Map_of_Alaska_highlighting_Kodiak_Island_Borough.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kodiak\". Alaska Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://alaskamagazine.com/index.php/2013-08-06-18-51-23/2013-08-07-16-29-05/kodiak","url_text":"\"Kodiak\""}]},{"reference":"Dunham, Mike (July 31, 2010). \"Turns out Kodiak is largest U.S. island, depending on viewpoint\". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100802230249/http://www.adn.com/2010/07/31/1389864/turns-out-kodiak-is-largest-us.html","url_text":"\"Turns out Kodiak is largest U.S. island, depending on viewpoint\""},{"url":"http://www.adn.com/2010/07/31/1389864/turns-out-kodiak-is-largest-us.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grinëv, Andrei (2013). \"The First Russian Settlers in Alaska\". Historian. 75 (3): 443–474. doi:10.1111/hisn.12012. S2CID 143015531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhisn.12012","url_text":"10.1111/hisn.12012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143015531","url_text":"143015531"}]},{"reference":"Etnier, Michael A.; Partlow, Megan A.; Foster, Nora R. (February 2016). \"Alutiiq Subsistence Economy at Igvak, a Russian-American Artel in the Kodiak Archipelago\". Arctic Anthropology. 53 (2): 52–68. doi:10.3368/aa.53.2.52. S2CID 164846300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3368%2Faa.53.2.52","url_text":"10.3368/aa.53.2.52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164846300","url_text":"164846300"}]},{"reference":"Margaris, Amy V.; Rusk, Mark A.; Saltonstall, Patrick G.; Odell, Molly (2015). \"Cod Fishing in Russian America: The Archaeology of a 19th-Century Alutiiq Work Camp on Alaska's Kodiak Island\". Arctic Anthropology. 52 (1): 102–126. doi:10.3368/aa.52.1.102. S2CID 162418622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3368%2Faa.52.1.102","url_text":"10.3368/aa.52.1.102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162418622","url_text":"162418622"}]},{"reference":"Danver, Steven L. (2017). \"The Orthodox Church in Russian America: Colonization and Missions to Alaska's Native Peoples\". Journal of the West. 56 (2): 2–8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bland, Richard L. (2015). \"SMALLPOX, ALEUTS, AND KAYAKS: A TRANSLATION EDUARD BLASHKE'S ARTICLE ON HIS TRIP THROUGH THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS IN 1838\". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 49 (1): 71–86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jennifer Adleman (Winter 2002). \"The Great Eruption of 1912\". Alaska Park Science. National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avo.alaska.edu/volcanoes/volcact.php?volcname=novarupta&page=impact&eruptionid=456","url_text":"\"The Great Eruption of 1912\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes (2001). \"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska\". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00-0489: 59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Fierstein","url_text":"Fierstein, Judy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Hildreth","url_text":"Hildreth, Wes"},{"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr00489","url_text":"\"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska\""}]},{"reference":"Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes; Hendley, J. W. II.; Stauffer, P. H. (1998). \"Can another great volcanic eruption happen in Alaska?\". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0075-98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Fierstein","url_text":"Fierstein, Judy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Hildreth","url_text":"Hildreth, Wes"},{"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs07598","url_text":"\"Can another great volcanic eruption happen in Alaska?\""}]},{"reference":"\"1964 Earthquake & Tidal Wave\". Explore Kodiak History & Culture. Kodiak Island Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2010-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102134931/http://www.kodiak.org/explore-kodiak/history-a-culture/1964-earthquake-a-tidal-wave.html","url_text":"\"1964 Earthquake & Tidal Wave\""},{"url":"http://www.kodiak.org/explore-kodiak/history-a-culture/1964-earthquake-a-tidal-wave.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intellicast - Kodiak Historic Weather Averages in Alaska (99615)\". www.intellicast.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?unit=C&location=USAK0133","url_text":"\"Intellicast - Kodiak Historic Weather Averages in Alaska (99615)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell,_Carinthia
Zell, Carinthia
["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Politics","4 References"]
Coordinates: 46°28′N 14°23′E / 46.467°N 14.383°E / 46.467; 14.383Place in Carinthia, AustriaZell Sele Coat of armsZellLocation within AustriaShow map of KärntenZellZell (Austria)Show map of AustriaCoordinates: 46°28′N 14°23′E / 46.467°N 14.383°E / 46.467; 14.383CountryAustriaStateCarinthiaDistrictKlagenfurt-LandGovernment • MayorEngelbert Wassner (SPÖ)Area • Total75.3 km2 (29.1 sq mi)Elevation948 m (3,110 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total609 • Density8.1/km2 (21/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code9170Area code04227Websitewww.zell-sele.at Zell (Slovene: Sele) is a municipality in the district of Klagenfurt-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia. Geography Zell lies in a side valley on the north of the Karawank on the Slovenian border about 20 km south of Klagenfurt and 6 km south of Ferlach. Population According to the 2001 census, 89.1% of the inhabitants are of Carinthian Slovenian descent, which is the highest percentage of all municipalities in the state of Carinthia. The commune is situated southwest of the town of Ferlach, on the northern slope of the Koschuta Massif within the Karawanks mountain range. The place was first mentioned as Cel in a 1280 deed. It consists of six villages: Village (German) Village (Slovenian) Number of people 1991 Percent of Slovenes 1991 Percent of Slovenes 1951 Zell Freibach Sele Borovnica 187 92.5% 96.9% Zell Homölisch Sele Hmelše 23 47.8% 76.3% Zell Mitterwinkel Sele Srednji Kot 98 98% 95.7% Zell Oberwinkel Sele Zvrhnji Kot 91 96.7% 97.1% Zell Pfarre Sele Fara 235 93.2% 92.1% Zell Schaida Sele Šajda 100 99% 91.7% Politics Seats in the municipal council (2003 elections): SPÖ: 6 Enotna lista: 4 ÖVP: 1 References ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zell (Carinthia). vteMunicipalities in the district of Klagenfurt-Land Ebenthal Feistritz im Rosental Ferlach Grafenstein Keutschach am See Köttmannsdorf Krumpendorf Ludmannsdorf Magdalensberg Maria Rain Maria Saal Maria Wörth Moosburg Poggersdorf Pörtschach am Wörthersee Sankt Margareten im Rosental Schiefling am See Techelsberg Zell Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel This Carinthia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt-Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt-Land"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia_(state)"}],"text":"Place in Carinthia, AustriaZell (Slovene: Sele) is a municipality in the district of Klagenfurt-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia.","title":"Zell, Carinthia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"Ferlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlach"}],"text":"Zell lies in a side valley on the north of the Karawank on the Slovenian border about 20 km south of Klagenfurt and 6 km south of Ferlach.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carinthian Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Ferlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlach"},{"link_name":"Karawanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawanks"}],"text":"According to the 2001 census, 89.1% of the inhabitants are of Carinthian Slovenian descent, which is the highest percentage of all municipalities in the state of Carinthia.The commune is situated southwest of the town of Ferlach, on the northern slope of the Koschuta Massif within the Karawanks mountain range. The place was first mentioned as Cel in a 1280 deed. It consists of six villages:","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SPÖ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP%C3%96"},{"link_name":"Enotna lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enotna_lista"},{"link_name":"ÖVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96VP"}],"text":"Seats in the municipal council (2003 elections):SPÖ: 6\nEnotna lista: 4\nÖVP: 1","title":"Politics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan,_Singapore
Bishan, Singapore
["1 Etymology","2 Geography","2.1 Location","2.2 Subdivisions","3 Demographics","4 History","5 Sports","6 Infrastructure","6.1 Transport","6.2 Commercial areas","6.3 Parks","7 Education","8 Housing","9 Politics","10 References","11 External links"]
Planning Area and HDB Town in Central Region, Singapore Planning Area and HDB Town in Central Region ----, SingaporeBishanPlanning Area and HDB TownOther transcription(s) • Chinese碧山Bìshān (Pinyin)Phek-san (Hokkien POJ)Bīk-sāan (Cantonese Yale) • MalayBishan • Tamilபீஷான்Pīṣāṉ (Transliteration)From top left to right: Aerial panorama of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Aerial view of Bishan Town Centre, Bishan Depot, Guide House of the Girl Guides Singapore, Bishan Stadium, Raffles Institution, Bishan at nightLocation in Central RegionBishanLocation of Bishan within SingaporeCoordinates: 1°21′3″N 103°51′5″E / 1.35083°N 103.85139°E / 1.35083; 103.85139Country SingaporeRegionCentral Region CDC Central Singapore CDC Town council Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council Constituency Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC Marymount SMC Development begins 1983 Town completed 1989 DGP exhibited 1994 PA incorporated 22 January 1999 Government • MayorCentral Singapore CDC Denise Phua  • Members of ParliamentBishan-Toa Payoh GRC Chee Hong TatChong Kee Hiong Marymount SMC Gan Siow Huang Area • Total7.62 km2 (2.94 sq mi) • Rank38th • Residential1.72 km2 (0.66 sq mi)Population (2023) • Total88,120 • Rank22nd • Density12,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)  • Rank15thEthnic groups • Chinese77,220 • Malays3,760 • Indians7,000 • Others2,720Postal district20Dwelling units20,072Projected ultimate34,000 Bishan (/ˈbiːʃɑːn/), also known as Peck San, Bishan New Town or Bishan Town, is a planning area and matured residential town located at the northernmost portion of the Central Region of Singapore. Statistically, the area is ranked the 38th biggest in terms of geographical size and the 22nd most populated planning area in the country. It is located at the most Central point of Singapore, and it comprises Upper Thomson, Marymount, Shunfu, Sin Ming, Bishan North and Bishan East. There are also many private residential properties in Bishan. Bishan is ranked 15th in terms of population density. Apart from its boundary with the Central Water Catchment in the west, Bishan borders three other planning areas: Ang Mo Kio to the north, Toa Payoh to the south, and Serangoon to the east. What is now Bishan today was once land that belonged to Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng, a century old cemetery that mainly served the Cantonese and Hakka communities in Singapore. Following the establishment of the cemetery in 1870, the first human settlements began to appear in the area, forming what eventually became Kampong San Teng. During the Battle of Singapore in 1942, Peck San Theng was the site of a fierce firefight between the invading Japanese forces and the defending British. The subsequent fall of the island to the Japanese that same year eventually made Peck San Theng a place of refuge for most of the Singapore population. In 1973, Peck San Theng ceased accepting burials, and six years later, following a government lease, the land was acquired for development. Graves were then exhumed between 1982 and 1984, paving the way for the construction of Bishan New Town in 1983. Today, Peck San Theng remains in operation, although it has since been converted into a columbarium. Bishan New Town became the first in Singapore to depart from the brutalist design seen in most previous Housing and Development Board (HDB) towns. Instead of slab-like residential blocks that were built in uniformed rows, apartment blocks in Bishan varied in height and were often dislocated. Flats within the town also featured pitched roofs which have since become closely associated with the skyline of Bishan. The town is also home to three of Singapore's most prestigious educational institutions: Catholic High School, Raffles Girls' School, and Raffles Institution. Etymology Bishan derived its name from the Cantonese term for large burial ground, Peck San Theng (Chinese: 碧山亭; pinyin: bìshāntíng), which literally translates as "pavilions on the green". This term reflects the neighbourhood's origins as a burial ground that was established in 1870 by Cantonese and Hakka immigrants. This burial ground has since been redeveloped and the original graves were relocated to the nearby Peck San Theng Temple. Geography Location The Bishan planning area, as demarcated by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), is situated in the Central Region of Singapore, bounded by planning areas of Ang Mo Kio to the north, Toa Payoh to the south and Serangoon to the east. Bishan New Town sits within this planning area. Subdivisions The Bishan planning area is further subdivided into three subzones, which are divided into three roughly vertical areas in the Bishan planning area as follows (from east to west): Subzone Location Notable Places Bishan East Bordered by the Central Expressway (CTE)/Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 to the north and east, Bishan Road to the west and Braddell Road to the south. Bishan MRT stationJunction 8Bishan Community Club Marymount Bordered by Bishan Road to the east and Marymount Road to the west. Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park (east section)Bishan Active Park Upper Thomson Bordered by Marymount Road to the east and the Central Water Catchment to the west. Marymount MRT stationUpper Thomson MRT stationBishan-Ang Mo Kio Park (west section)Windsor Nature ParkThomson Plaza Demographics See also: Demographics of Singapore As of the General Household Survey from SingStat in 2015, Bishan's population consisted of 90,700 people, with 85.1% Chinese, 4.1% Malay, 7.7% Indian and 3.0% Others. The population density was 11,564 residents per square kilometre (29,652.1/mi2), ranking as the 15th planning area in Singapore by population density. Subzone Chinese Malays Indians Others Total Bishan East 24,020 1,460 2,560 790 28,820 Marymount 27,090 1,270 2,300 880 31,540 Upper Thomson 26,100 1,040 2,140 1,060 30,340 Total 77,220 3,760 7,000 2,720 90,700 Based on the 2023 population trends from SingStat, Bishan had a total of 31,600 households, with 63.5% being Housing and Development Board (HDB) housing, 26.2% being condominiums, and 9.8% being landed properties. Subzone HDB Condo Landed Others Total Bishan East 8,290 1,590 0 50 9,930 Marymount 6,860 1,630 760 40 9,290 Upper Thomson 4,920 5,060 2,340 60 12,380 Total 20,070 8,280 3,100 150 31,600 History Peck San Theng cemetery was established in 1870 on the site of present-day Bishan by Cantonese and Hakka immigrants. People began to settle around the cemetery, and Kampong San Theng and Soon Hock Village, which lay within Kampong San Theng grounds, soon grew in size. Singapore Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng, a federation of 16 Cantonese clans in Singapore, managed and ran Kampong San Theng. This settlement grew over time to accommodate nearly 2000 inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century. During World War II, the Peck San Theng cemetery became a battle ground between British and Japanese forces. The 2nd Battalion of the Cambridgeshire Regiment had engaged the Japanese forces on 14 February 1942 over the nearby strategically important MacRitchie Reservoir. The Japanese also bombed Kampong San Teng, which resulted in significant civilian casualties. The battle ended the next day, 15 February, when the British surrendered to the Japanese. At that point, British troops were still holding out along Braddell Road. During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, this area became a refuge for people trying to evade the Japanese because the Japanese occupiers were afraid to enter the cemetery. After the war, the graves of Peck San Theng became a known gangster hideout, and gang-related crimes became rife in the area. In 1973, the government ordered the cemetery to be closed and mandated that no fresh burials were allowed to be done within the cemetery. The government later acquired this cemetery land from the Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng foundation for SGD$$4.95 million in 1979. As compensation, the government gave 3 hectares of the land back to the foundation for the foundation to build a columbarium. The foundation subsequently built a multi-story columbarium complex on this land. In the early 1970s, the Housing Development Board (HDB) built the first housing estate which was located at Sin Ming Road along with clusters of industrial sectors. The first blocks of residential flats were numbered Block 22–26, now known as Sin Ming Ville. In late 2021, it was announced that Block 26 Sin Ming Industrial Estate will be demolished to make way for redevelopment. Sin Ming industrial estate is also known to be a popular destination for matters relating to automotive needs as the estate houses mainly vehicle workshops and establishments specialising in vehicle sales, maintenance, registration as well as inspection. To date, many of the low rise workshops have since been demolished and relocated to the nearby Sin Ming Autocare and Sin Ming Autocity high rise complexes. Plans are underway for the vacated lands to be redeveloped for residential use. In addition to Sin Ming Ville, the development of Lakeview Estate was simultaneously completed somewhere in mid 1977. Lakeview Estate was segregated into two segments with fourteen low rise blocks numbered Blocks 1-14 and three high rise flats numbered Blocks 97A, 97B and 97C. The low rise blocks consisted of shophouses and a wet market with food centre located at Block 9 whereas the high rise flats consist of HUDC apartment units. Later in the late 1990s, the low rise segment of Lakeview Estate was demolished and it remains vacant to date. By the 1980s, HDB had already begun expanding the area into a satellite housing estate to meet the rising demand for housing from Singapore's then-growing population. The residents in Kampong San Teng were resettled and a mass exhumation of the 170,000 graves were carried out in 1980. Redevelopment of the area officially started in 1982. On this land, HDB planned to construct 24,600 residential units distributed across 4 distinct neighbourhoods: Bishan East, Bishan North, Bishan West (subsequently renamed Sin Ming Garden Estate in 1988) and Shunfu Estate, of which Bishan East will be the largest. In 2011, after plans to construct the North–South Corridor (NSC) expressway was announced to ease congestion along Marymount Road and the Central Expressway (CTE), Marymount Terrace was acquired by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and later demolished. In 2018, Shunfu Ville HUDC flats were demolished to make way for the Jadescape Condominium project. The first five blocks of housing units were completed by 1985. There were initial fears of a poor demand for houses in Bishan due to prevailing local superstitions about bad fengshui since they were built on a former cemetery. However, the first batch of houses were all snapped up during their launch to buyers who were attracted by the central location of Bishan. Sports See also: Bishan Sports Hall and Bishan Stadium Gymnastics competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics Bishan Sports Centre, formerly known as Bishan Sports and Recreation Centre, houses sporting facilities such as a sports hall, a stadium, a dance studio and a swimming complex. Managed by Sport Singapore, these sporting facilities cater to both the general public and professional athletes. Several major national and international level sporting events has been held at the Bishan Sports Centre, including the 2009 Asian Youth Games and the 2010 Youth Olympic Games. Bishan Sports Hall, which serves as the primary venue for gymnastics competitions in Singapore, has hosted gymnastic competitions as part of the 2009 Asian Youth Games, 2010 Youth Olympic Games and the 2015 SEA Games. It is also the venue for national-level gymnastics competition in Singapore. Similarly, the 4,200-seat Bishan Stadium has hosted the athletics and football competitions at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games and the 2015 SEA Games respectively. Bishan Stadium is the home of the Lion City Sailors, a professional football club that plays in Singapore Premier League. Opened in 2008, the Bishan Active park also offers sporting facilities to the residents of Bishan. This 24,000 square metres park houses facilities such as a roller blading track, basketball courts and a beach volleyball court, augmenting the facilities found at the Bishan Sports Centre. Infrastructure Transport See also: Bishan MRT station and Bishan Bus Interchange Bishan is connected by road to the rest of Singapore via the Central Expressway (CTE), a major expressway connecting Northern parts of Singapore with its city centre. In addition it has its own Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station, the Bishan MRT station, which is an interchange station on both the North–South Line (NSL) and Circle Line (CCL). Bishan also has a bus interchange that provides bus services to other parts of Singapore (such as Changi and Punggol). There are also feeder bus services that operate within the neighbourhood. The Kallang Park Connector, which begins in Bishan, provides a cycling route between Bishan and the Central Business District along the Kallang River. This 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) route was the first park connector that was constructed in Singapore. Marymount MRT station is a station on the CCL that serves residents living in Shunfu, Thomson, Sin Ming and Jalan Pemimpin. Both Bright Hill station and Upper Thomson station are MRT stations on the Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL) that provide connection between the Sin Ming and Thomson area of Bishan with the northern parts and Central Business District of Singapore. The upcoming Cross Island Line will also have connections with the TEL at Bright Hill station. Commercial areas Bishan currently has 8 commercial areas. The Junction 8 Shopping Centre, run by CapitaLand, is situated at Bishan Central near the Bishan MRT station and Bishan Bus Interchange. The Bishan North Shopping Mall is a non-airconditioned commercial complex consisting of a wet market and a wide range of shops that specialise in the sale of day-to-day products. Contrary to its name, it is not a shopping mall. Thomson Plaza is a shopping centre located at Upper Thomson Road. Thomson V One and Two is a residential and commercial complex that comes with a mall featuring shoebox sized retail units on the ground floor and basement levels. The site used to be a wet market. Thomson Imperial Court and Sin Ming Plaza, are residential complexes with retail outlets on the ground floor and basement levels. Thomson Imperial Court is built on the site of the now demolished Imperial Theatre. Midview City is an industrial and commercial complex located at Sin Ming specialising in a wide range of trades and businesses. Jalan Pemimpin Industrial Area is an industrial and commercial area located near to Marymount specialising in a wide range of trades and businesses. Parks The Kallang River at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park The parks in the area comprise Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park and Bishan Harmony Park. Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park is situated along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1, and covers an area of 63 hectares (160 acres). The Kallang River runs through the middle of the park, and can be crossed via a number of foot bridges and stepping stones. The park also sports ponds and fishing spots. Located at the junction of Bishan Road and Braddell Road, Bishan Harmony Park serves the surrounding neighbourhoods, and comprises a garden maze, two barbecue pits, a fitness corner and a skate park. Built at a cost of S$1 million, the park opened in June 2009. Education In 1936, the Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng foundation established a village school in the former Kampong San Teng to provide free education to the farming families living in the vicinity. The Kwong Wai Shiu Peck San Theng School (广惠肇碧山亭学校) was initially housed on the foundation's temple premises. Starting with 60 students, the school gradually expanded to the point where it started an afternoon session to cater to the demand. The school had to stop classes during the Japanese occupation of Singapore but lessons soon resumed in 1945. In 1957, the school shifted into a new school compound situated at the entrance of a cemetery compound near Upper Thomson. The new school compound had 6 classrooms and could cater to 450 students in two school sessions. The Kwong Wai Shiu Peck San Theng School was also integrated into Singapore's mainstream education system that year. In 1981, due to changes in Singapore's national educational policy, governmental funding to the school was halted and the Kwong Wai Shiu Peck San Theng School soon closed down. In addition, Shin Min Public School (淡申律公立新民学校) was located at Sin Ming Road from 1945 to 1986, closing due to low enrollment. The school's site is currently occupied by the Amtech Building. An aerial view of the Bishan campus of Raffles Institution Since its redevelopment in the 1980s, Bishan has become home to several educational institutions. According to the Ministry of Education, there are four primary schools and seven secondary schools that are located within Bishan. Raffles Institution, one of the oldest educational institutions in Singapore, has been located in Bishan since 1990. This campus houses both of the institution's secondary and high school sections. Raffles Girls' School has also relocated to the area. Other notable schools located in Bishan include Ai Tong School, a primary school founded by Chinese pioneers in 1912, and Catholic High School, a Special Assistance Plan school that names Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong as one of its alumni. The prominent schools of Bishan are namely Guangyang Secondary School, Guangyang Primary School, Kuo Chuan Presbyterian Secondary School and Kuo Chuan Presbyterian Primary School. In addition, at Bishan North, there are Whitley Secondary School of Bishan Street 24, Peirce Secondary School and Bishan Park Secondary School, both of which are located at Sin Ming Walk. Despite bearing the name Peirce Secondary School, the school was actually a subordinate branch of Bishan Park Secondary School when it first started operating off the latter's campus in 1994. The Ministry of Education announced Bishan Park Secondary School as one of the schools to be affected by the merger programme. As a result, it was absorbed by Peirce Secondary School in 2018. The Bishan campus of the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) was established in 1994 as part of the government's plan to revamp Singapore's vocational education system. It provided vocational courses in subjects such as accountancy and business. In 2005, this campus became part of ITE College Central during a major revamp of the ITE system. This campus was subsequently closed in 2012 and relocated to the new ITE College Central mega-campus in Ang Mo Kio. The old facilities of ITE Bishan subsequently became a temporary holding site for schools which are undergoing renovation. It has since been demolished to make way for the new HDB Build-to-order (BTO) project Bishan Ridges. In addition to mainstream schools, a campus of the Ministry of Education Language Centre (MOELC), where students get to learn additional foreign languages such as French and German, is located in Bishan. The Singapore branches of the Girl Guides Association and the Scouts Association are also headquartered in Bishan. It was announced that a new school named Eunoia Junior College is expected to be completed at the site of former Nature Park Golf Driving Range located at Sin Ming Avenue by late 2019. Other than schools ranging from primary to tertiary, there are also nurseries and kindergartens scattered across Bishan estate. Housing Housing estate in Bishan The town is a mixture of three, four and five-room HDB flats. The majority of the flats are four roomed, with a few being three or five. There are some with balconies, and some are penthouse mansionettes. Blocks numbered with "1" as the first digit are generally smaller and more connected with the town center. Blocks numbered with 2 as the first digit are more spread out and generally larger in size. They also tend to be the largest flats in the whole estate, with flat sizes ranging from 1650 square feet to 1700 square feet, some of the largest HDB flats in Singapore. Other numbers tend to be smaller and are usually from 1300 square feet to 1500 square feet. Sin Ming Ville (Block 22-26) is excluded from this category. There are also various condominiums in Bishan including the Sky Habitat, Clover by the Park and Country Grandeur. As is with Serangoon New Town, it was built in an area with a large extent of pre-existing private housing, resulting in a disjointed town layout. The oldest public housing blocks were located around Upper Thomson as housing for the surrounding industrial estate. When the area was designated as a new town, the main housing area was built in the vicinity of Bishan MRT station, with neighbourhoods built in Bishan North and Shunfu. Newer blocks were also built in Upper Thomson, while the old blocks were refurbished. Politics The entirety of the Bishan planning area was originally under the jurisdiction of the four-member (previously five-member) Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representative Constituency (GRC), which was first formed during the 1997 Singaporean general election. Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC remained uncontested under the incumbent People's Action Party (PAP), until the 2011 Singaporean general election where the incumbent team, led by former Deputy Prime Minister Wong Kan Seng, defeated then-Potong Pasir SMC and Singapore People's Party (SPP) secretary-general Chiam See Tong. Ahead of the 2020 Singaporean general election, incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) Josephine Teo's division was carved into the new Marymount Single Member Constituency (SMC) while Teo went on to helm the neighbouring Jalan Besar GRC. Currently, the MPs overseeing the Bishan areas are Chee Hong Tat (overseeing eastern Thomson), Chong Kee Hiong (overseeing most of Thomson, Shun Fu and east Bishan) and Gan Siow Huang (north Bishan, under the Marymount SMC). References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cornelius, Vernon (20 January 2005). "Singapore Infopedia: Bishan". National Library Board, Singapore. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ a b "Singapore Infopedia - Development guide plan". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2016. ^ a b c "City Population - statistics, maps and charts - Bishan". Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ a b "HDB Key Statistics FY 2014/2015". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ a b c d e "Statistics Singapore - Geographic Distribution - Latest Data". Retrieved 17 December 2023. ^ "STATISTICS SINGAPORE - Map of Planning Areas/Subzones in Singapore" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ a b c Singapore Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng. Bishan Heritage Trail (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ a b c Zhuo, Tee (14 June 2015). "Bishan was site of bloody WWII battle". The Straits Times. Singapore. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ a b "Bishan Heritage Trail: History". Bishan Heritage Trail project. Retrieved 20 July 2015. ^ "Govt acquires site for housing scheme to link Toa Payoh, Ang Mo Kio estates". The Straits Times. 30 April 1979. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ a b c "Bishan Heritage Trail: Education". Bishan Heritage Trail project. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ a b c d e "Bishan District Guide". Streetdirectory.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press, ISBN 981-210-205-1 ^ "Master Plan 2019 Subzone Boundary (No Sea) — Data.gov.sg". beta.data.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ "Spanking new Bishan has no identity problem". The Straits Times. Singapore. 13 August 1987. ^ "Police Raid Lair, Seize Weapons". The Straits Times. Singapore. 23 August 1960. ^ "Samsu gang crippled by Customs". New Nation. Singapore. 31 October 1974. ^ "Century old cemetery ordered to close". The Straits Times. Singapore. 14 September 1973. ^ Wee, Paul (30 April 1979). "Govt acquires site for housing scheme to link Toa Payoh, Ang Mo Kio estates". The Straits Times. Singapore. ^ a b "$4.9m compensation". The Straits Times. Singapore. 11 June 1980. ^ Leong Weng Kam (29 April 1985). "'Condo' tor the dead". The Straits Times. Singapore. ^ "HDB prepares for challenges ahead". Singapore Monitor. Singapore. 13 October 1984. ^ a b c d "First few newly-built Bishan blocks snapped up". The Straits Times. Singapore. 28 May 1985. ^ "Bishan West's new name". The Straits Times. Singapore. 17 April 1988. ^ a b "Bishan Sports Centre on Time Out Singapore". Time Out. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ a b "Bishan Sports Centre on Sports Singapore". Sports Singapore. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ "Asian Youth Games". National Library Board, Singapore. 29 September 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ a b "SYOG 2010 Report: Key Statistics" (PDF). Ministry of Social and Family Development. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ a b "Road closures at Bishan Sports Centre and Jalan Besar Stadium during SEA Games". The Straits Times. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ "S'pore national gymnast on gruelling schedule that keeps her in shape". The Straits Times. asiaone. 14 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ "Gymnastics hope for monetary boost". The New Paper. asiaone. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ "Football: Bishan as back-up?". The New Paper. asiaone. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ a b "$1.8 mil sports hub opens in Bishan". The Straits Times. asiaone. 24 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ "$1.7 Million Dollar Sports Venue to Promote Healthy Lifestyle in Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC" (PDF). Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council. 7 January 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. ^ a b "SBS Interchanges and Terminals". 4=SBS Transit Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ "Bishan to CBD on a bicycle?". The Straits Times. asiaone. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "New Thomson MRT line to open in 2019". Asiaone. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park". nparks.gov.sg. National Parks Board. Retrieved 28 May 2022. ^ "$1m park opens in Bishan". The New Paper. Singapore. 15 June 2009. ^ "New Park @ Bishan". today. Singapore. 15 June 2009. ^ "New park to boost harmony". The Straits Times. Singapore. 15 June 2009. ^ a b c d e "Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng: History". Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng Foundation (in Chinese). 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ a b c Wong, Grace (7 January 1981). "Educator recalls old days". The Straits Times. Singapore. ^ "Shin Min Public School in Thomson, circa 1971". NLB. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016. ^ "List of Primary Schools by Planning Area". Ministry of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ "Key Information on Schools" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 2015-06-28. ^ a b "Raffles Institution on Infopedia". National Library Board, Singapore. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "Filiae Melioris Ævi: Meeting the Sons of Singapore". Raffles Press. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015. ^ "Speech by Lui Tuck Yew, Minister of State, Ministry of Education, at Ai Tong School's 95th Anniversary Celebration Dinner". Ministry of Education, Singapore. 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ Wong, Grace (21 August 1985). "Educator recalls old days". The Straits Times. Singapore. ^ "History". MOE. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ "To merge in January 2018". CNA. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ a b "Institute of Technical Education on Infopedia". National Library Board, Singapore. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "Location of ITE Colleges" (PDF). Institute of Technical Education. 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ Ng, Gwendolyn (31 October 2012). "New mega campus set to change public's view of ITE". my paper. Singapore: Asiaone. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ Lee, Pearl (28 May 2015). "MOE mulling over Bishan interim JC site". The Straits Times. Singapore: Asiaone. Retrieved 2 August 2015. ^ "MOE Language Centre to Offer Spanish as a Third Language from January 2014". 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ "New Junior College to be named Eunoia JC". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bishan. Bishan-Toa Payoh Town Council vtePlaces in Singapore by regionListed by planning areas (Subzones in parentheses)Central Bishan Marymount Upper Thomson Bukit Merah Alexandra Hill Alexandra North Bukit Ho Swee Bukit Merah Depot Road Everton Park HarbourFront/Maritime Square Henderson Hill Kampong Tiong Bahru Redhill Singapore General Hospital Telok Blangah Drive Telok Blangah Rise Telok Blangah Way Tiong Bahru Bukit Timah Anak Bukit Coronation Road Farrer Court Hillcrest Holland Road Leedon Park Swiss Club Ulu Pandan Downtown Core Anson Bayfront Subzone Bugis Cecil Central Subzone City Hall Clifford Pier Marina Centre Maxwell Millenia Singapore Nicoll Phillip Raffles Place Tanjong Pagar Geylang Aljunied Geylang East Kallang Way Kampong Ubi MacPherson Kallang Bendemeer Boon Keng Crawford Geylang Bahru Kallang Bahru Kampong Bugis Kampong Java Lavender Tanjong Rhu Marina East Marina South Marine Parade East Coast Katong Marina East Marine Parade Mountbatten Museum Bras Basah Dhoby Ghaut Fort Canning Newton Cairnhill Goodwood Park Istana Negara Monk's Hill Newton Circus Orange Grove Novena Balestier Dunearn Malcolm Moulmein Mount Pleasant Orchard Boulevard Somerset Tanglin Outram China Square Chinatown Pearl's Hill People's Park Queenstown Commonwealth Dover Ghim Moh Kent Ridge Margaret Drive Mei Chin National University of Singapore one-north Pasir Panjang 1 Pasir Panjang 2 Tanglin Halt Queensway River Valley Institution Hill Leonie Hill One Tree Hill Oxley Paterson Rochor Bencoolen Farrer Park Kampong Glam Little India Mackenzie Mount Emily Rochor Canal Selegie Sungei Road Victoria Singapore River Boat Quay Clarke Quay Robertson Quay Southern Islands Kusu Island Lazarus Island Sentosa Sisters' Islands Saint John's Island Straits View Tanglin Chatsworth Nassim Ridout Tyersall Toa Payoh Bidadari Boon Teck Braddell Joo Seng Kim Keat Lorong 8 Toa Payoh Pei Chun Potong Pasir Sennett Toa Payoh Central Toa Payoh West Woodleigh East Bedok Bayshore Bedok North Reservoir Bedok South Frankel Kaki Bukit Kembangan Siglap Changi Airport Changi Point Changi West Changi Bay Pasir Ris Flora Drive Loyang East Loyang West Pasir Ris Central Pasir Ris Drive Pasir Ris Park Pasir Ris Wafer Fab Park Pasir Ris West Paya Lebar Airport Road, Singapore Paya Lebar East Paya Lebar North Paya Lebar West Plab Tampines Simei Tampines East Tampines North Tampines West Xilin North Central Water Catchment Lim Chu Kang Mandai Mandai East Mandai Estate Mandai West Sembawang Admiralty Sembawang Central Sembawang East Sembawang North Sembawang Spring Sembawang Straits Senoko North Senoko South The Wharves Simpang Pulau Seletar Simpang North Simpang South Tanjong Irau Sungei Kadut Gali Batu Kranji Pang Sua Turf Club Reservoir View Woodlands Greenwood Park Midview North Coast Senoko West Woodgrove Woodlands East Woodlands Regional Centre Woodlands South Woodlands West Yishun Khatib Lower Seletar Nee Soon Northland Springleaf Yishun Central Yishun East Yishun South Yishun West North-East Ang Mo Kio Ang Mo Kio Town Centre Cheng San Chong Boon Kebun Baru Sembawang Hills Shangri-la Tagore Townsville, Singapore Yio Chu Kang Yio Chu Kang East Yio Chu Kang North Yio Chu Kang West Hougang Defu Industrial Park Hougang Central Hougang East Hougang West Kangkar Kovan Lorong Ah Soo Lorong Halus Tai Seng Trafalgar North-Eastern Islands Punggol Coney Island Matilda Northshore Punggol Canal Punggol Field Punggol Town Centre Waterway East Seletar Pulau Punggol Barat Pulau Punggol Timor Seletar Aerospace Park Sengkang Anchorvale Compassvale Fernvale Jalan Kayu Lorong Halus North Rivervale Sengkang Town Centre Sengkang West Serangoon Lorong Chuan Seletar Hills Serangoon Central Serangoon Garden Serangoon North Serangoon North Industrial Estate Upper Paya Lebar West Boon Lay Liu Fang Samulun Shipyard Tukang Bukit Batok Bukit Batok Central Bukit Batok East Bukit Batok South Bukit Batok West Brickworks Bukit Gombak Guilin Hillview Hong Kah North Bukit Panjang Bangkit Dairy Farm Fajar Jelebu Nature Reserve Saujana Senja Choa Chu Kang Choa Chu Kang Central Choa Chu Kang North Keat Hong Peng Siang Teck Whye Yew Tee Clementi Clementi Central Clementi North Clementi West Clementi Woods Faber Pandan Sunset Way Toh Tuck West Coast Jurong East International Business Park Jurong Gateway Jurong Port Lakeside Jurong River Penjuru Crescent Teban Gardens Toh Guan Yuhua Jurong West Central Boon Lay Place Chin Bee Hong Kah Kian Teck Safti Taman Jurong Wenya Yunnan Pioneer Benoi Sector Gul Basin Gul Circle Joo Koon Pioneer Sector Tengah Tuas Tengeh Tuas Bay Tuas North Tuas Promenade Tuas View Tuas View Extension Western Islands Jurong Island Bukum Semakau Sudong Western Water Catchment
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈbiːʃɑːn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"planning area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"matured residential town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_towns_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singstat-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citypopulation-3"},{"link_name":"Central Water Catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catchment_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Ang Mo Kio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Mo_Kio"},{"link_name":"Toa Payoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Payoh"},{"link_name":"Serangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangoon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Kwong_Wai_Siew_Peck_San_Theng"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeritageTrailPST-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20150614-8"},{"link_name":"fall of the island to the Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"columbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbarium"},{"link_name":"brutalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Housing and Development Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"pitched roofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_pitch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeritageTrailPST-7"},{"link_name":"Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_High_School,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Raffles Girls' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Girls%27_School"},{"link_name":"Raffles Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Institution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeritageTrailPST-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education-11"}],"text":"Planning Area and HDB Town in Central Region ----, SingaporeBishan (/ˈbiːʃɑːn/), also known as Peck San, Bishan New Town or Bishan Town, is a planning area and matured residential town located at the northernmost portion of the Central Region of Singapore. Statistically, the area is ranked the 38th biggest in terms of geographical size and the 22nd most populated planning area in the country. It is located at the most Central point of Singapore, and it comprises Upper Thomson, Marymount, Shunfu, Sin Ming, Bishan North and Bishan East. There are also many private residential properties in Bishan.[5] Bishan is ranked 15th in terms of population density.[3] Apart from its boundary with the Central Water Catchment in the west, Bishan borders three other planning areas: Ang Mo Kio to the north, Toa Payoh to the south, and Serangoon to the east.[6]What is now Bishan today was once land that belonged to Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng, a century old cemetery that mainly served the Cantonese and Hakka communities in Singapore. Following the establishment of the cemetery in 1870, the first human settlements began to appear in the area, forming what eventually became Kampong San Teng.[1][7] During the Battle of Singapore in 1942, Peck San Theng was the site of a fierce firefight between the invading Japanese forces and the defending British.[1][8] The subsequent fall of the island to the Japanese that same year eventually made Peck San Theng a place of refuge for most of the Singapore population.[9] In 1973, Peck San Theng ceased accepting burials, and six years later, following a government lease, the land was acquired for development.[10] Graves were then exhumed between 1982 and 1984, paving the way for the construction of Bishan New Town in 1983.[1] Today, Peck San Theng remains in operation, although it has since been converted into a columbarium.Bishan New Town became the first in Singapore to depart from the brutalist design seen in most previous Housing and Development Board (HDB) towns. Instead of slab-like residential blocks that were built in uniformed rows, apartment blocks in Bishan varied in height and were often dislocated. Flats within the town also featured pitched roofs which have since become closely associated with the skyline of Bishan.[1][7] The town is also home to three of Singapore's most prestigious educational institutions: Catholic High School, Raffles Girls' School, and Raffles Institution.[7][11]","title":"Bishan, Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_language"},{"link_name":"burial ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_ground"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetdirectory-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"Peck San Theng Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwong_Wai_Siew_Peck_San_Theng"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"}],"text":"Bishan derived its name from the Cantonese term for large burial ground, Peck San Theng (Chinese: 碧山亭; pinyin: bìshāntíng), which literally translates as \"pavilions on the green\".[12][13] This term reflects the neighbourhood's origins as a burial ground that was established in 1870 by Cantonese and Hakka immigrants.[1] This burial ground has since been redeveloped and the original graves were relocated to the nearby Peck San Theng Temple.[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urban Redevelopment Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Ang Mo Kio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Mo_Kio"},{"link_name":"Toa Payoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Payoh"},{"link_name":"Serangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangoon"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"The Bishan planning area, as demarcated by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), is situated in the Central Region of Singapore, bounded by planning areas of Ang Mo Kio to the north, Toa Payoh to the south and Serangoon to the east.Bishan New Town sits within this planning area.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"sub_title":"Subdivisions","text":"The Bishan planning area is further subdivided into three subzones, which are divided into three roughly vertical areas in the Bishan planning area as follows (from east to west):[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demographics of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"SingStat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Department_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singstat-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singstat-5"}],"text":"See also: Demographics of SingaporeAs of the General Household Survey from SingStat in 2015,[5] Bishan's population consisted of 90,700 people, with 85.1% Chinese, 4.1% Malay, 7.7% Indian and 3.0% Others. The population density was 11,564 residents per square kilometre (29,652.1/mi2), ranking as the 15th planning area in Singapore by population density.Based on the 2023 population trends from SingStat,[5] Bishan had a total of 31,600 households, with 63.5% being Housing and Development Board (HDB) housing, 26.2% being condominiums, and 9.8% being landed properties.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetdirectory-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20150614-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"MacRitchie Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macritchie_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"the British surrendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Fall_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20150614-8"},{"link_name":"Japanese Occupation of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestraitstimes19870813-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"SGD$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Dollar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19790430-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19800611-20"},{"link_name":"columbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbarium"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19800611-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19850429-21"},{"link_name":"Housing Development Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singaporemonitor19841013-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19850528-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19880417-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19850528-23"},{"link_name":"North–South Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Corridor,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Central Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Expressway,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"acquired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"Urban Redevelopment Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19850528-23"},{"link_name":"fengshui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshui"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetdirectory-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19850528-23"}],"text":"Peck San Theng cemetery was established in 1870 on the site of present-day Bishan by Cantonese and Hakka immigrants.[1] People began to settle around the cemetery, and Kampong San Theng and Soon Hock Village, which lay within Kampong San Theng grounds,[12] soon grew in size.[1] Singapore Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng, a federation of 16 Cantonese clans in Singapore, managed and ran Kampong San Theng.[1] This settlement grew over time to accommodate nearly 2000 inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century.[8]During World War II, the Peck San Theng cemetery became a battle ground between British and Japanese forces. The 2nd Battalion of the Cambridgeshire Regiment had engaged the Japanese forces on 14 February 1942 over the nearby strategically important MacRitchie Reservoir. The Japanese also bombed Kampong San Teng, which resulted in significant civilian casualties. The battle ended the next day, 15 February, when the British surrendered to the Japanese. At that point, British troops were still holding out along Braddell Road.[8] During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, this area became a refuge for people trying to evade the Japanese because the Japanese occupiers were afraid to enter the cemetery.[9]After the war, the graves of Peck San Theng became a known gangster hideout, and gang-related crimes became rife in the area.[15][16][17] In 1973, the government ordered the cemetery to be closed and mandated that no fresh burials were allowed to be done within the cemetery.[18] The government later acquired this cemetery land from the Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng foundation for SGD$$4.95 million in 1979.[19][20] As compensation, the government gave 3 hectares of the land back to the foundation for the foundation to build a columbarium.[20] The foundation subsequently built a multi-story columbarium complex on this land.[21]In the early 1970s, the Housing Development Board (HDB) built the first housing estate which was located at Sin Ming Road along with clusters of industrial sectors. The first blocks of residential flats were numbered Block 22–26, now known as Sin Ming Ville. In late 2021, it was announced that Block 26 Sin Ming Industrial Estate will be demolished to make way for redevelopment.Sin Ming industrial estate is also known to be a popular destination for matters relating to automotive needs as the estate houses mainly vehicle workshops and establishments specialising in vehicle sales, maintenance, registration as well as inspection. To date, many of the low rise workshops have since been demolished and relocated to the nearby Sin Ming Autocare and Sin Ming Autocity high rise complexes. Plans are underway for the vacated lands to be redeveloped for residential use.In addition to Sin Ming Ville, the development of Lakeview Estate was simultaneously completed somewhere in mid 1977. Lakeview Estate was segregated into two segments with fourteen low rise blocks numbered Blocks 1-14 and three high rise flats numbered Blocks 97A, 97B and 97C. The low rise blocks consisted of shophouses and a wet market with food centre located at Block 9 whereas the high rise flats consist of HUDC apartment units. Later in the late 1990s, the low rise segment of Lakeview Estate was demolished and it remains vacant to date.By the 1980s, HDB had already begun expanding the area into a satellite housing estate to meet the rising demand for housing from Singapore's then-growing population.[22] The residents in Kampong San Teng were resettled and a mass exhumation of the 170,000 graves were carried out in 1980.[23] Redevelopment of the area officially started in 1982.[1] On this land, HDB planned to construct 24,600 residential units distributed across 4 distinct neighbourhoods: Bishan East, Bishan North, Bishan West (subsequently renamed Sin Ming Garden Estate in 1988)[24] and Shunfu Estate, of which Bishan East will be the largest.[23] In 2011, after plans to construct the North–South Corridor (NSC) expressway was announced to ease congestion along Marymount Road and the Central Expressway (CTE), Marymount Terrace was acquired by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and later demolished. In 2018, Shunfu Ville HUDC flats were demolished to make way for the Jadescape Condominium project.The first five blocks of housing units were completed by 1985.[23] There were initial fears of a poor demand for houses in Bishan due to prevailing local superstitions about bad fengshui since they were built on a former cemetery.[12] However, the first batch of houses were all snapped up during their launch to buyers who were attracted by the central location of Bishan.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishan Sports Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Sports_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bishan Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOGArtisticGymnastics-BishanSportsHall-Singapore-20100816-14.JPG"},{"link_name":"2010 Summer Youth Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics"},{"link_name":"sports hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Sports_Hall"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeoutsg-25"},{"link_name":"Sport Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-activesg-26"},{"link_name":"2009 Asian Youth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Asian_Youth_Games"},{"link_name":"2010 Youth Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Youth_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-activesg-26"},{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeoutsg-25"},{"link_name":"2009 Asian Youth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Asian_Youth_Games"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2010 Youth Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Youth_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yog-28"},{"link_name":"2015 SEA Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_SEA_Games"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st20150528-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renamed_from_20141025_on_20150705203415-32"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yog-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st20150528-29"},{"link_name":"Lion City Sailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_City_Sailors_FC"},{"link_name":"Singapore Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20080824-33"},{"link_name":"square metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metres"},{"link_name":"roller blading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_blading"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20080824-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"See also: Bishan Sports Hall and Bishan StadiumGymnastics competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth OlympicsBishan Sports Centre, formerly known as Bishan Sports and Recreation Centre, houses sporting facilities such as a sports hall, a stadium, a dance studio and a swimming complex.[25] Managed by Sport Singapore, these sporting facilities cater to both the general public and professional athletes.[26]Several major national and international level sporting events has been held at the Bishan Sports Centre, including the 2009 Asian Youth Games and the 2010 Youth Olympic Games.[26] Bishan Sports Hall, which serves as the primary venue for gymnastics competitions in Singapore,[25] has hosted gymnastic competitions as part of the 2009 Asian Youth Games,[27] 2010 Youth Olympic Games[28] and the 2015 SEA Games.[29] It is also the venue for national-level gymnastics competition in Singapore.[30][31] Similarly, the 4,200-seat Bishan Stadium[32] has hosted the athletics and football competitions at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games and the 2015 SEA Games respectively.[28][29]Bishan Stadium is the home of the Lion City Sailors, a professional football club that plays in Singapore Premier League.Opened in 2008, the Bishan Active park also offers sporting facilities to the residents of Bishan.[33] This 24,000 square metres park houses facilities such as a roller blading track, basketball courts and a beach volleyball court, augmenting the facilities found at the Bishan Sports Centre.[33][34]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishan MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Bishan Bus Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Bus_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Central Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Expressway,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetdirectory-12"},{"link_name":"Mass Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Bishan MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"North–South Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Circle Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetdirectory-12"},{"link_name":"bus interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Bus_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbs-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbs-35"},{"link_name":"Kallang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallang"},{"link_name":"Kallang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallang_River"},{"link_name":"park connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_connector"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20150701-36"},{"link_name":"Marymount MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Bright Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Hill_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Upper Thomson station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Thomson_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Thomson–East Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Sin Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Ming"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20120829-37"},{"link_name":"Cross Island Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Island_MRT_line"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"See also: Bishan MRT station and Bishan Bus InterchangeBishan is connected by road to the rest of Singapore via the Central Expressway (CTE), a major expressway connecting Northern parts of Singapore with its city centre.[12] In addition it has its own Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station, the Bishan MRT station, which is an interchange station on both the North–South Line (NSL) and Circle Line (CCL).[12] Bishan also has a bus interchange that provides bus services to other parts of Singapore (such as Changi and Punggol).[35] There are also feeder bus services that operate within the neighbourhood.[35]The Kallang Park Connector, which begins in Bishan, provides a cycling route between Bishan and the Central Business District along the Kallang River. This 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) route was the first park connector that was constructed in Singapore.[36]Marymount MRT station is a station on the CCL that serves residents living in Shunfu, Thomson, Sin Ming and Jalan Pemimpin.Both Bright Hill station and Upper Thomson station are MRT stations on the Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL) that provide connection between the Sin Ming and Thomson area of Bishan with the northern parts and Central Business District of Singapore.[37] The upcoming Cross Island Line will also have connections with the TEL at Bright Hill station.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junction 8 Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_8_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"CapitaLand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitaLand"},{"link_name":"Bishan MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Bishan Bus Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Bus_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Thomson Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Upper Thomson Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Thomson_Road"}],"sub_title":"Commercial areas","text":"Bishan currently has 8 commercial areas.The Junction 8 Shopping Centre, run by CapitaLand, is situated at Bishan Central near the Bishan MRT station and Bishan Bus Interchange.\nThe Bishan North Shopping Mall is a non-airconditioned commercial complex consisting of a wet market and a wide range of shops that specialise in the sale of day-to-day products. Contrary to its name, it is not a shopping mall.\nThomson Plaza is a shopping centre located at Upper Thomson Road.\nThomson V One and Two is a residential and commercial complex that comes with a mall featuring shoebox sized retail units on the ground floor and basement levels. The site used to be a wet market.\nThomson Imperial Court and Sin Ming Plaza, are residential complexes with retail outlets on the ground floor and basement levels. Thomson Imperial Court is built on the site of the now demolished Imperial Theatre.\nMidview City is an industrial and commercial complex located at Sin Ming specialising in a wide range of trades and businesses.\nJalan Pemimpin Industrial Area is an industrial and commercial area located near to Marymount specialising in a wide range of trades and businesses.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_Bishan_Park.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan-Ang_Mo_Kio_Park"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Kallang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallang_River"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"The Kallang River at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio ParkThe parks in the area comprise Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park and Bishan Harmony Park. Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park is situated along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1, and covers an area of 63 hectares (160 acres).[38] The Kallang River runs through the middle of the park, and can be crossed via a number of foot bridges and stepping stones. The park also sports ponds and fishing spots.Located at the junction of Bishan Road and Braddell Road, Bishan Harmony Park serves the surrounding neighbourhoods, and comprises a garden maze, two barbecue pits, a fitness corner and a skate park.[39][40] Built at a cost of S$1 million, the park opened in June 2009.[41]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pecksanthenghistory-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19810107-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19810107-43"},{"link_name":"Japanese occupation of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pecksanthenghistory-42"},{"link_name":"Upper Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Thomson"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19810107-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pecksanthenghistory-42"},{"link_name":"Singapore's mainstream education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pecksanthenghistory-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pecksanthenghistory-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shin_Min_Public_School-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Year_1%E2%80%934_campus,_Raffles_Institution_(Secondary),_Singapore_-_20100516.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raffles Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Institution"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_schools"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moe1-45"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moe2-46"},{"link_name":"Raffles Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Institution"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-47"},{"link_name":"Raffles Girls' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Girls%27_School_(Secondary)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Ai Tong School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Tong_School"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moe4-49"},{"link_name":"Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_High_School,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Special Assistance Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Assistance_Plan"},{"link_name":"Lee Hsien Loong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straitstimes19850821-50"},{"link_name":"Guangyang Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangyang_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Kuo Chuan Presbyterian Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuo_Chuan_Presbyterian_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Whitley Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Bishan Park Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Park_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Bishan Park Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Park_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peirce_Secondary_School-51"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Bishan Park Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_Park_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22_secondary_schools_to_merge_over_next_2_years_due_to_falling_demand-52"},{"link_name":"Institute of Technical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Technical_Education"},{"link_name":"vocational education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ite-53"},{"link_name":"accountancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancy"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ITE College Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITE_College_Central"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ite-53"},{"link_name":"Ang Mo Kio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Mo_Kio"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20121031-55"},{"link_name":"Build-to-order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_to_order_(HDB)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiaone20150528-56"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education Language Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_Language_Centre"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education-11"},{"link_name":"Girl Guides Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Scouts Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singapore_Scout_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education-11"},{"link_name":"Eunoia Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunoia_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eunoia_Junior_College-58"}],"text":"In 1936, the Kwong Wai Siew Peck San Theng foundation established a village school in the former Kampong San Teng to provide free education to the farming families living in the vicinity.[42] The Kwong Wai Shiu Peck San Theng School (广惠肇碧山亭学校) was initially housed on the foundation's temple premises.[43] Starting with 60 students, the school gradually expanded to the point where it started an afternoon session to cater to the demand.[43] The school had to stop classes during the Japanese occupation of Singapore but lessons soon resumed in 1945.[42] In 1957, the school shifted into a new school compound situated at the entrance of a cemetery compound near Upper Thomson.[43] The new school compound had 6 classrooms and could cater to 450 students in two school sessions.[42] The Kwong Wai Shiu Peck San Theng School was also integrated into Singapore's mainstream education system that year.[42] In 1981, due to changes in Singapore's national educational policy, governmental funding to the school was halted and the Kwong Wai Shiu Peck San Theng School soon closed down.[42]In addition, Shin Min Public School (淡申律公立新民学校) was located at Sin Ming Road from 1945 to 1986, closing due to low enrollment. The school's site is currently occupied by the Amtech Building.[44]An aerial view of the Bishan campus of Raffles InstitutionSince its redevelopment in the 1980s, Bishan has become home to several educational institutions. According to the Ministry of Education, there are four primary schools[45] and seven secondary schools[46] that are located within Bishan. Raffles Institution, one of the oldest educational institutions in Singapore, has been located in Bishan since 1990.[47] This campus houses both of the institution's secondary and high school sections.[47] Raffles Girls' School has also relocated to the area.[48] Other notable schools located in Bishan include Ai Tong School, a primary school founded by Chinese pioneers in 1912,[49] and Catholic High School, a Special Assistance Plan school that names Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong as one of its alumni.[50]The prominent schools of Bishan are namely Guangyang Secondary School, Guangyang Primary School, Kuo Chuan Presbyterian Secondary School and Kuo Chuan Presbyterian Primary School.In addition, at Bishan North, there are Whitley Secondary School of Bishan Street 24, Peirce Secondary School and Bishan Park Secondary School, both of which are located at Sin Ming Walk. Despite bearing the name Peirce Secondary School, the school was actually a subordinate branch of Bishan Park Secondary School when it first started operating off the latter's campus in 1994.[51] The Ministry of Education announced Bishan Park Secondary School as one of the schools to be affected by the merger programme. As a result, it was absorbed by Peirce Secondary School in 2018.[52]The Bishan campus of the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) was established in 1994 as part of the government's plan to revamp Singapore's vocational education system.[53] It provided vocational courses in subjects such as accountancy and business.[54] In 2005, this campus became part of ITE College Central during a major revamp of the ITE system.[53] This campus was subsequently closed in 2012 and relocated to the new ITE College Central mega-campus in Ang Mo Kio.[55] The old facilities of ITE Bishan subsequently became a temporary holding site for schools which are undergoing renovation. It has since been demolished to make way for the new HDB Build-to-order (BTO) project Bishan Ridges.[56]In addition to mainstream schools, a campus of the Ministry of Education Language Centre (MOELC), where students get to learn additional foreign languages such as French and German,[57] is located in Bishan.[11] The Singapore branches of the Girl Guides Association and the Scouts Association are also headquartered in Bishan.[11]It was announced that a new school named Eunoia Junior College is expected to be completed at the site of former Nature Park Golf Driving Range located at Sin Ming Avenue by late 2019.[58]Other than schools ranging from primary to tertiary, there are also nurseries and kindergartens scattered across Bishan estate.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishan-SG.JPG"},{"link_name":"HDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"Serangoon New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangoon_New_Town"},{"link_name":"Upper Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Bishan MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan_MRT_station"}],"text":"Housing estate in BishanThe town is a mixture of three, four and five-room HDB flats. The majority of the flats are four roomed, with a few being three or five. There are some with balconies, and some are penthouse mansionettes.Blocks numbered with \"1\" as the first digit are generally smaller and more connected with the town center. Blocks numbered with 2 as the first digit are more spread out and generally larger in size. They also tend to be the largest flats in the whole estate, with flat sizes ranging from 1650 square feet to 1700 square feet, some of the largest HDB flats in Singapore. Other numbers tend to be smaller and are usually from 1300 square feet to 1500 square feet. Sin Ming Ville (Block 22-26) is excluded from this category.There are also various condominiums in Bishan including the Sky Habitat, Clover by the Park and Country Grandeur.As is with Serangoon New Town, it was built in an area with a large extent of pre-existing private housing, resulting in a disjointed town layout. The oldest public housing blocks were located around Upper Thomson as housing for the surrounding industrial estate. When the area was designated as a new town, the main housing area was built in the vicinity of Bishan MRT station, with neighbourhoods built in Bishan North and Shunfu. Newer blocks were also built in Upper Thomson, while the old blocks were refurbished.","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representative Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishan-Toa_Payoh_GRC"},{"link_name":"1997 Singaporean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Singaporean_general_election"},{"link_name":"People's Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"2011 Singaporean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Singaporean_general_election"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Wong Kan Seng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kan_Seng"},{"link_name":"Potong Pasir SMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potong_Pasir_SMC"},{"link_name":"Singapore People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Chiam See Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiam_See_Tong"},{"link_name":"2020 Singaporean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Singaporean_general_election"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Singapore_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Josephine Teo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Teo"},{"link_name":"Marymount Single Member Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount_Single_Member_Constituency"},{"link_name":"Jalan Besar GRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Besar_GRC"},{"link_name":"Chee Hong Tat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chee_Hong_Tat"},{"link_name":"Gan Siow Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_Siow_Huang"}],"text":"The entirety of the Bishan planning area was originally under the jurisdiction of the four-member (previously five-member) Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representative Constituency (GRC), which was first formed during the 1997 Singaporean general election. Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC remained uncontested under the incumbent People's Action Party (PAP), until the 2011 Singaporean general election where the incumbent team, led by former Deputy Prime Minister Wong Kan Seng, defeated then-Potong Pasir SMC and Singapore People's Party (SPP) secretary-general Chiam See Tong.Ahead of the 2020 Singaporean general election, incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) Josephine Teo's division was carved into the new Marymount Single Member Constituency (SMC) while Teo went on to helm the neighbouring Jalan Besar GRC. Currently, the MPs overseeing the Bishan areas are Chee Hong Tat (overseeing eastern Thomson), Chong Kee Hiong (overseeing most of Thomson, Shun Fu and east Bishan) and Gan Siow Huang (north Bishan, under the Marymount SMC).","title":"Politics"}]
[{"image_text":"Gymnastics competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/YOGArtisticGymnastics-BishanSportsHall-Singapore-20100816-14.JPG/220px-YOGArtisticGymnastics-BishanSportsHall-Singapore-20100816-14.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Kallang River at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Singapore_Bishan_Park.jpeg/250px-Singapore_Bishan_Park.jpeg"},{"image_text":"An aerial view of the Bishan campus of Raffles Institution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Aerial_view_of_the_Year_1%E2%80%934_campus%2C_Raffles_Institution_%28Secondary%29%2C_Singapore_-_20100516.jpg/250px-Aerial_view_of_the_Year_1%E2%80%934_campus%2C_Raffles_Institution_%28Secondary%29%2C_Singapore_-_20100516.jpg"},{"image_text":"Housing estate in Bishan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bishan-SG.JPG/250px-Bishan-SG.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Cornelius, Vernon (20 January 2005). \"Singapore Infopedia: Bishan\". National Library Board, Singapore. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629080206/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_731_2005-01-20.html?s=bishan","url_text":"\"Singapore Infopedia: Bishan\""},{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_731_2005-01-20.html?s=bishan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore Infopedia - Development guide plan\". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockwood_Gardens,_Oakland,_California
Lockwood Gardens, Oakland, California
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°45′42″N 122°11′48″W / 37.76167°N 122.19667°W / 37.76167; -122.19667Housing project and neighborhood in Oakland, California, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lockwood Gardens, Oakland, California" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 37°45′42″N 122°11′48″W / 37.76167°N 122.19667°W / 37.76167; -122.19667 Lockwood Gardens, is a neighborhood and housing project located in East Oakland, California, on 65th and International Boulevard. The neighborhood lies at an elevation of 25 feet (6 m) and is located less than a mile from the Oakland Coliseum. The housing project, operated by the Oakland Housing Authority, contains 372 apartment and townhome units. Lockwood is also known as the "6-5 Vill" (Village), and is one half of the "Vill." The other half of the "Vill" is the recently torn down 69th San Antonio Villas housing project, where infamous drug kingpin Felix Mitchell is from. The 69th San Antonio Villas have since been remodeled and is now a mixed-income community. The Oakland Housing Authority also remodeled Lockwood Gardens. References ^ "Lockwood Gardens". www.oakha.org. Retrieved 2023-05-19. External links Lockwood Gardens vteNeighborhoods in Oakland, CaliforniaDowntown / Lake Merritt Adams Point Chinatown City Center Civic Center Crocker Highlands Grand Lake Jack London District Jack London Square Lakeside Apartments District Old Oakland Trestle Glen Uptown Cleveland Heights East Oakland Dimond District Eastmont Elmhurst Fruitvale Havenscourt Jingletown Laurel Millsmont Maxwell Park Ridgemont San Antonio Seminary Sobrante Park North Oakland Bushrod Park Golden Gate Koreatown Longfellow Piedmont Avenue Rockridge Santa Fe Temescal West Oakland Acorn Cypress Village Dogtown Ghost Town Lower Bottoms Oakland Point Oakland Hillsand foothills Claremont Glenview Grass Valley Joaquin Miller Park Panoramic Hill Redwood Heights Montclair Mountain View Cemetery Piedmont Pines Oakmore Sequoyah Heights This Alameda County, California building and structure-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonge,_Bolton
Tonge, Bolton
["1 Education","2 Landmarks","3 References"]
Coordinates: 53°34′50″N 2°24′18″W / 53.580563°N 2.405073°W / 53.580563; -2.405073Area of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England Not to be confused with Tonge, Middleton, also in Greater Manchester. Human settlement in EnglandTongeTongeLocation within Greater ManchesterOS grid referenceSD733094Metropolitan boroughBoltonMetropolitan countyGreater ManchesterRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBOLTONPostcode districtBL2Dialling code01204PoliceGreater ManchesterFireGreater ManchesterAmbulanceNorth West UK ParliamentBolton North East List of places UK England Greater Manchester 53°34′50″N 2°24′18″W / 53.580563°N 2.405073°W / 53.580563; -2.405073 Tonge is an outlying area of Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England. The name is supposed to be derived from the Old English "tang" or "twang" meaning a fork in a river. Tonge comprises two areas, namely Tonge Fold and Tonge Moor. Tonge Fold sits upon the River Tonge, a region of whose banks are a geological site of special scientific interest (SSSI). Historically a part of Lancashire, it was once part of the township of Tonge with Haulgh. By the end of the 19th century Tonge was home to a coal mine. Education There are three primary schools in Tonge;- Moorgate Country Primary School, Tonge Moor Academy Primary School Castle Hill Primary School. St Columba's RC Primary School Tonge does not have any secondary schools within its borders, though schools like Canon Slade School, Turton School and Sharples School are popular choices around the area. Landmarks A noteworthy building in Tonge is Hall i' th' Wood, an early 16th-century manor house, and once the home of Samuel Crompton in the 18th century. The building was bought by William Lever (later Lord Leverhulme) in 1899, and after it was restored, he gave it to Bolton Corporation in 1900. The public cemetery, laid out by William Henderson, was opened in 1856, with extant buildings by Charles Holt and John Smalman Smith, 29 acres (12 ha) of land having been purchased from Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie. References ^ A Bolton website ^ "Tonge River Section citation sheet" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 27 October 2006. ^ "Map of River Tonge Section SSSI". Nature on the Map. Retrieved 27 October 2006. ^ a b Farrer, William; Brownbill, J., eds. (1911). "Tonge with Haulgh". A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5. British History Online. pp. 255–260. Retrieved 17 August 2010. ^ 1896 coal mines list, pdmhs.com, archived from the original on 6 October 2007, retrieved 6 December 2009 ^ Moorgate primary school government profile ^ Tonge Moor Primary school government profile ^ Castle Hill primary school government profile ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1001660)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonge, Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonge,_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"River Tonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tonge"},{"link_name":"site of special scientific interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_special_scientific_interest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citation_sheet-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Historically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Tonge with Haulgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonge_with_Haulgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhotwh-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Area of Bolton in Greater Manchester, EnglandNot to be confused with Tonge, Middleton, also in Greater Manchester.Human settlement in EnglandTonge is an outlying area of Bolton, in Greater Manchester, England. The name is supposed to be derived from the Old English \"tang\" or \"twang\" meaning a fork in a river.[1] Tonge comprises two areas, namely Tonge Fold and Tonge Moor. Tonge Fold sits upon the River Tonge, a region of whose banks are a geological site of special scientific interest (SSSI).[2][3]Historically a part of Lancashire, it was once part of the township of Tonge with Haulgh.[4] By the end of the 19th century Tonge was home to a coal mine.[5]","title":"Tonge, Bolton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school#England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Canon Slade School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Slade_School"},{"link_name":"Turton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turton_School"},{"link_name":"Sharples School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharples_School"}],"text":"There are three primary schools in Tonge;-Moorgate Country Primary School,[6]\nTonge Moor Academy Primary School[7]\nCastle Hill Primary School.[8]\nSt Columba's RC Primary SchoolTonge does not have any secondary schools within its borders, though schools like Canon Slade School, Turton School and Sharples School are popular choices around the area.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hall i' th' Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_i%27_th%27_Wood"},{"link_name":"Samuel Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Crompton"},{"link_name":"William Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme"},{"link_name":"Bolton Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Bolton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhotwh-4"},{"link_name":"William Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henderson_(landscape_gardener)"},{"link_name":"Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Gendre_Starkie_(1828%E2%80%931899)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A noteworthy building in Tonge is Hall i' th' Wood, an early 16th-century manor house, and once the home of Samuel Crompton in the 18th century. The building was bought by William Lever (later Lord Leverhulme) in 1899, and after it was restored, he gave it to Bolton Corporation in 1900.[4]The public cemetery, laid out by William Henderson, was opened in 1856, with extant buildings by Charles Holt and John Smalman Smith, 29 acres (12 ha) of land having been purchased from Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie.[9]","title":"Landmarks"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo_State
Oyo, Oyo State
["1 History","2 Education","3 Commerce","4 Local governance and location","5 Popular culture","6 Notable people","7 References","8 Notes"]
Coordinates: 7°51′00″N 3°55′59″E / 7.850°N 3.933°E / 7.850; 3.933 City in Oyo State, NigeriaỌ̀yọ́ Jàbàtá ÒyóỌ̀yọ́ Àtìbà, Òyó AláàfinCityỌ̀yọ́Picture taken of calabash carving in Oyo, Oyo State, of present-day NigeriaMotto: Ajíse Bí'Ọ̀yọ̀ LàáríCountry NigeriaStateOyo StateGovernment • AlaafinVacantArea • Total2,427 km2 (937 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total428,798 • Density180/km2 (460/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)National languageYorùbá Oyo is a city in Oyo State, Nigeria. It was founded as the capital of the remnant of the historic Oyo empire in the 1830s, and is known to its people as 'New Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà) to distinguish it from the former capital to the north, 'Old Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé), which had been deserted as a result of the Yoruba Revolutionary Wars. Its inhabitants are mostly of the Yoruba people, and its ruler is the Alaafin of Oyo. History See also: Oyo Empire Due to the dominant position that the Oyo empire had in medieval West Africa, the members of the Oyo clan of the Yoruba people were commonly thought of as being the tribe's ruling elite. This was true to such an extent, in fact, that the Yoruba historian Samuel Johnson reported that the Egbas - who began as an Oyo offshoot - once determined social rank within their clan by way of whether or not an Egba could trace his or her descent back to Oyo. Education Oyo is home to five higher institutions; these are the Federal College of Education (Special), Ajayi Crowther University, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education (Erelu Campus and Isokun Campus), Surveying Federal School of Surveying (The only school of surveying in Sub-sahara Africa), and Atiba University. It houses numerous public and private secondary schools such as Oke-Olola Community Schools, Olivet Baptist High School, School of Science, Saint Benardine Girls Grammar School, Ladigbolu Grammar School, Oranyan Grammar School, Emmanuel Alayande Model High School, Aatan Baptist Comprehensive High School, Shepherd's Field International College, Golden Valley Academy, Nesto College, SPED International College etc. There are numerous primary schools both private and public with new crop of alleged "mushroom" private schools. Commerce The major markets in the city include the Akesan market, the Ajegunle market, the Owode market, the Saabo market, Oparinde (Oja-Oke) market and the Irepo market. Oyo houses branches of different banks such as GT Bank (Owode), First bank, Zenith Bank, Access Bank, Eco Bank, United Bank for Africa etc and some other microfinance banks and cooperatives. It also has grocery stores and supermarkets such as the Ace Supermarket, Joba Pharmacy and Stores, Labake Stores, Jara Supermarket etc. The city is the home of many hangout spots such as the Old Oyo National Park which contains a museum(holding artifacts from the ancient Òyó Empire) and a few animals. Some hotels in Oyo include Labamba Hotel, Tees resort and bar, Begonia hotel, Adesh Hotel, Gold N Rock Hotel, Galaxy Hotel etc. Local governance and location The city has four LGAs viz: Atiba LGA, headquartered at Offa-Meta; Oyo East LGA, headquartered at Kosobo; Oyo West LGA, headquartered at Ojongbodu and Afijio LGA, headquartered at Jobele. The city is centrally located on the dual carriage A1 expressway from Lagos which links it from Ibadan all the way to Ilorin. Popular culture Death and the King's Horseman, a play by the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka, is based on an incident that happened in Oyo in 1946. The Palace Owner, a praise poem by Basit Ajibade is based on the prowess of Oyo kings. Notable people Chief Fela Sowande (1905–1987), a musician and composer Chief Wande Abimbola (born 1932), an academician, former Vice Chancellor of the University of Ife and former Senate Majority Leader of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Gbenga Oluokun (born 1983), a heavyweight boxer Quadri Aruna (born 1988), a table tennis player Najeem Olukokun (born 1990), a footballer Olaniyi Afonja (born 1974), an actor and comedian Adebayo Faleti, a writer and actor Archbishop Ayo Ladigbolu (born 1938), Clergyman Monsurat Sunmonu (born 1960), Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and former Speaker, Oyo State House of Assembly Babajide David (born 1996), football player References ^ "Ifa, wandeabimbola.com Home". www.wandeabimbola.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017. ^ Johnson 1921. ^ Author's Note Notes Johnson, Samuel (1921). The History of the Yorubas: from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate. Lagos: CMS Bookshops. vteYoruba topicsHistory Ifẹ Oyo Empire Yoruba country Western Nigeria Nigeria Benin Togo Subgroups Ijesha Egba Egun Egbado Igbomina Awori Akoko Okun Ana Ekiti Ilaje Olukumi Yoruboid languages Yoruba Ulukwumi Lucumí Ede Ifè Mokole Itsekiri Igala Politics Rulers of Dassa Rulers of Icha Rulers of Ketu Rulers of Sabe Olota of Ota Ijebu Kingdom Egba Alake Iwo Kingdom Oyo Empire Owu Kingdom Ondo Kingdom Akure Kingdom Oke Ila Ila Yara Ila Kingdom Idoani Confederacy Western Nigeria Nigeria Geography(Yorubaland)Precolonial state: Yoruba country Departments: Ouémé Plateau Collines Borgou Alibori Zou Donga Plateau (Kétou) States: Lagos Oyo Ogun Osun Ondo Ekiti Kwara Kogi Edo Major cities: Lagos Ibadan Ilorin Abẹokuta Ọyọ Ilé-Ifẹ Akure Ogbomosho Owo Osogbo Ado-Ekiti Iwo Ondo City Porto Novo Demographics Yoruba people Saros Sierra Leone United Kingdom United States Canada Cuba Jamaica Brazil Trinidad and Tobago Culture Art Music Highlife Religion Calendar Language Yoruboid Numerals Names Literature Education & Philosophy Medicine Architecture Yoruba Wikipedia Yoruba vteLargest cities in Nigeria Aba Abakaliki Abeokuta Abuja Ado Ekiti Akure Asaba Awka Bauchi Benin City Bida Birnin Kebbi Calabar Dutse Eket Enugu Gombe Gusau Ibadan Ife Ikeja Ikot-Abasi Ikot Ekpene Ikoyi Ilorin Iseyin Iwo Jalingo Jimeta Jos Kaduna Kano Katsina Kontagora Lafia Lavun Lagos Lokoja Maiduguri Makurdi Minna Mokwa Nnewi Nsukka Ogbomosho Okene Onitsha Ondo City Oron Osogbo Owerri Owo Oyo Port Harcourt Potiskum Sokoto Suleja Umuahia Uyo Warri Wukari Yenagoa Yola Zaria Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 7°51′00″N 3°55′59″E / 7.850°N 3.933°E / 7.850; 3.933
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oyo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Oyo empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_empire"},{"link_name":"Old Oyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire#Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Yoruba Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Yoruba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Alaafin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaafin"}],"text":"City in Oyo State, NigeriaOyo[1] is a city in Oyo State, Nigeria. It was founded as the capital of the remnant of the historic Oyo empire in the 1830s, and is known to its people as 'New Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà) to distinguish it from the former capital to the north, 'Old Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé), which had been deserted as a result of the Yoruba Revolutionary Wars. Its inhabitants are mostly of the Yoruba people, and its ruler is the Alaafin of Oyo.","title":"Oyo, Oyo State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yoruba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(Nigerian_historian)"},{"link_name":"Egbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1921-2"}],"text":"See also: Oyo EmpireDue to the dominant position that the Oyo empire had in medieval West Africa, the members of the Oyo clan of the Yoruba people were commonly thought of as being the tribe's ruling elite. This was true to such an extent, in fact, that the Yoruba historian Samuel Johnson reported that the Egbas - who began as an Oyo offshoot - once determined social rank within their clan by way of whether or not an Egba could trace his or her descent back to Oyo.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ajayi Crowther University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajayi_Crowther_University"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Alayande College of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Alayande_College_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Surveying Federal School of Surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fss-oyo.edu.ng/"}],"text":"Oyo is home to five higher institutions; these are the Federal College of Education (Special), Ajayi Crowther University, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education (Erelu Campus and Isokun Campus), Surveying Federal School of Surveying (The only school of surveying in Sub-sahara Africa), and Atiba University.It houses numerous public and private secondary schools such as Oke-Olola Community Schools, Olivet Baptist High School, School of Science, Saint Benardine Girls Grammar School, Ladigbolu Grammar School, Oranyan Grammar School, Emmanuel Alayande Model High School, Aatan Baptist Comprehensive High School, Shepherd's Field International College, Golden Valley Academy, Nesto College, SPED International College etc.There are numerous primary schools both private and public with new crop of alleged \"mushroom\" private schools.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akesan"},{"link_name":"Owode market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owode_market"},{"link_name":"GT Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaranty_Trust_Bank"},{"link_name":"First bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bank_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Zenith Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Bank"},{"link_name":"Access Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Bank_plc"},{"link_name":"United Bank for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Bank_for_Africa"}],"text":"The major markets in the city include the Akesan market, the Ajegunle market, the Owode market, the Saabo market, Oparinde (Oja-Oke) market and the Irepo market.Oyo houses branches of different banks such as GT Bank (Owode), First bank, Zenith Bank, Access Bank, Eco Bank, United Bank for Africa etc and some other microfinance banks and cooperatives. It also has grocery stores and supermarkets such as the Ace Supermarket, Joba Pharmacy and Stores, Labake Stores, Jara Supermarket etc. The city is the home of many hangout spots such as the Old Oyo National Park which contains a museum(holding artifacts from the ancient Òyó Empire) and a few animals. Some hotels in Oyo include Labamba Hotel, Tees resort and bar, Begonia hotel, Adesh Hotel, Gold N Rock Hotel, Galaxy Hotel etc.","title":"Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiba"},{"link_name":"Oyo East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_East"},{"link_name":"Oyo West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_West"},{"link_name":"Afijio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afijio"},{"link_name":"A1 expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_expressway"},{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin"}],"text":"The city has four LGAs viz: Atiba LGA, headquartered at Offa-Meta; Oyo East LGA, headquartered at Kosobo; Oyo West LGA, headquartered at Ojongbodu and Afijio LGA, headquartered at Jobele.The city is centrally located on the dual carriage A1 expressway from Lagos which links it from Ibadan all the way to Ilorin.","title":"Local governance and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Death and the King's Horseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_the_King%27s_Horseman"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureate"},{"link_name":"Wole Soyinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Palace Owner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Palace_Owner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basit Ajibade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basit_AJIBADE&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Death and the King's Horseman, a play by the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka, is based on an incident that happened in Oyo in 1946.[3]\nThe Palace Owner, a praise poem by Basit Ajibade is based on the prowess of Oyo kings.","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fela Sowande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Sowande"},{"link_name":"Wande Abimbola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Abimbola"},{"link_name":"University of Ife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo_University"},{"link_name":"Gbenga Oluokun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbenga_Oluokun"},{"link_name":"Quadri Aruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadri_Aruna"},{"link_name":"Najeem Olukokun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najeem_Olukokun"},{"link_name":"Olaniyi Afonja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaniyi_Afonja"},{"link_name":"Adebayo Faleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo_Faleti"},{"link_name":"Ayo Ladigbolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayo_Ladigbolu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monsurat Sunmonu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsurat_Sunmonu"},{"link_name":"Babajide David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babajide_David"}],"text":"Chief Fela Sowande (1905–1987), a musician and composer\nChief Wande Abimbola (born 1932), an academician, former Vice Chancellor of the University of Ife and former Senate Majority Leader of the Federal Republic of Nigeria\nGbenga Oluokun (born 1983), a heavyweight boxer\nQuadri Aruna (born 1988), a table tennis player\nNajeem Olukokun (born 1990), a footballer\nOlaniyi Afonja (born 1974), an actor and comedian\nAdebayo Faleti, a writer and actor\nArchbishop Ayo Ladigbolu (born 1938), Clergyman\nMonsurat Sunmonu (born 1960), Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and former Speaker, Oyo State House of Assembly\nBabajide David (born 1996), football player","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The History of the Yorubas: from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofyorubas00john"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Yoruba_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Yoruba_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba_topics"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Ifẹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9"},{"link_name":"Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yoruba country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_country"},{"link_name":"Western Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin#Demographics"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo#Ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Egba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"Egun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogu_people"},{"link_name":"Egbado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewa_clan"},{"link_name":"Igbomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbomina"},{"link_name":"Awori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awori_tribe"},{"link_name":"Akoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoko"},{"link_name":"Okun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okun_people"},{"link_name":"Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_people"},{"link_name":"Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_people"},{"link_name":"Ilaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaje"},{"link_name":"Olukumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukumi_people"},{"link_name":"Yoruboid languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruboid_languages"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"Ulukwumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"Lucumí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Ede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ede_language"},{"link_name":"Ifè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A8_language"},{"link_name":"Mokole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)"},{"link_name":"Itsekiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsekiri_language"},{"link_name":"Igala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_language"},{"link_name":"Rulers of Dassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Dassa"},{"link_name":"Rulers of Icha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Icha"},{"link_name":"Rulers of Ketu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Ketu"},{"link_name":"Rulers of Sabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Sabe"},{"link_name":"Olota of Ota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olota_of_Ota"},{"link_name":"Ijebu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Egba Alake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_Alake"},{"link_name":"Iwo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire"},{"link_name":"Owu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ondo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Akure Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Oke Ila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke_Ila"},{"link_name":"Ila Yara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Yara"},{"link_name":"Ila Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Orangun"},{"link_name":"Idoani Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoani_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Western Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Yorubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland"},{"link_name":"Yoruba country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_country"},{"link_name":"Ouémé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department"},{"link_name":"Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_Department"},{"link_name":"Collines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collines_Department"},{"link_name":"Borgou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgou_Department"},{"link_name":"Alibori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibori_Department"},{"link_name":"Zou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_Department"},{"link_name":"Donga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_Department"},{"link_name":"Plateau (Kétou)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_Department"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Oyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_State"},{"link_name":"Ogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State"},{"link_name":"Osun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osun_State"},{"link_name":"Ondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State"},{"link_name":"Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_State"},{"link_name":"Kwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara"},{"link_name":"Kogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_State"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin"},{"link_name":"Abẹokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%E1%BA%B9okuta"},{"link_name":"Ọyọ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo"},{"link_name":"Ilé-Ifẹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife"},{"link_name":"Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure"},{"link_name":"Ogbomosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbomosho"},{"link_name":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Osogbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogbo"},{"link_name":"Ado-Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado-Ekiti"},{"link_name":"Iwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ondo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_City"},{"link_name":"Porto Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Novo"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#Demographics"},{"link_name":"Yoruba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Saros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_British"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_American"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucumi_people"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicans_of_African_ancestry"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Brazilian"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_culture"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_traditional_art"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"},{"link_name":"Highlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"link_name":"Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_calendar"},{"link_name":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"Yoruboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruboid_languages"},{"link_name":"Numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_numerals"},{"link_name":"Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_name"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_literature"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_architecture"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BAew%C3%A9_%C3%80k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Largest cities in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Aba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba,_Abia"},{"link_name":"Abakaliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakaliki"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Ado Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Ekiti"},{"link_name":"Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure"},{"link_name":"Asaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba,_Delta"},{"link_name":"Awka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awka"},{"link_name":"Bauchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi"},{"link_name":"Benin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"},{"link_name":"Bida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida"},{"link_name":"Birnin Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin_Kebbi"},{"link_name":"Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar"},{"link_name":"Dutse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutse"},{"link_name":"Eket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eket"},{"link_name":"Enugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu"},{"link_name":"Gombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Gombe"},{"link_name":"Gusau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusau"},{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Ife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9"},{"link_name":"Ikeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeja"},{"link_name":"Ikot-Abasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikot-Abasi"},{"link_name":"Ikot Ekpene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikot_Ekpene"},{"link_name":"Ikoyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoyi"},{"link_name":"Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin"},{"link_name":"Iseyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseyin"},{"link_name":"Iwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo,_Osun"},{"link_name":"Jalingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalingo"},{"link_name":"Jimeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimeta"},{"link_name":"Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos"},{"link_name":"Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina"},{"link_name":"Kontagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontagora"},{"link_name":"Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia"},{"link_name":"Lavun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavun"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"Makurdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makurdi"},{"link_name":"Minna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna"},{"link_name":"Mokwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokwa"},{"link_name":"Nnewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnewi"},{"link_name":"Nsukka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsukka"},{"link_name":"Ogbomosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbomosho"},{"link_name":"Okene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okene"},{"link_name":"Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha"},{"link_name":"Ondo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_City"},{"link_name":"Oron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oron,_Akwa_Ibom"},{"link_name":"Osogbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogbo"},{"link_name":"Owerri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owerri"},{"link_name":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"link_name":"Oyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo"},{"link_name":"Port Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Potiskum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiskum"},{"link_name":"Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto"},{"link_name":"Suleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja"},{"link_name":"Umuahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuahia"},{"link_name":"Uyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyo"},{"link_name":"Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri"},{"link_name":"Wukari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari"},{"link_name":"Yenagoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenagoa"},{"link_name":"Yola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yola,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1023703#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/134011324"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538067905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no98102737"},{"link_name":"7°51′00″N 3°55′59″E / 7.850°N 3.933°E / 7.850; 3.933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oyo,_Oyo_State&params=7.850_N_3.933_E_source:nlwiki"}],"text":"Johnson, Samuel (1921). The History of the Yorubas: from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate. Lagos: CMS Bookshops.vteYoruba topicsHistory\nIfẹ\nOyo Empire\nYoruba country\nWestern Nigeria\nNigeria\nBenin\nTogo\nSubgroups\nIjesha\nEgba\nEgun\nEgbado\nIgbomina\nAwori\nAkoko\nOkun\nAna\nEkiti\nIlaje\nOlukumi\nYoruboid languages\nYoruba\nUlukwumi\nLucumí\nEde\nIfè\nMokole\nItsekiri\nIgala\nPolitics\nRulers of Dassa\nRulers of Icha\nRulers of Ketu\nRulers of Sabe\nOlota of Ota\nIjebu Kingdom\nEgba Alake\nIwo Kingdom\nOyo Empire\nOwu Kingdom\nOndo Kingdom\nAkure Kingdom\nOke Ila\nIla Yara\nIla Kingdom\nIdoani Confederacy\nWestern Nigeria\nNigeria\nGeography(Yorubaland)Precolonial state:\nYoruba country\nDepartments:\nOuémé\nPlateau\nCollines\nBorgou\nAlibori\nZou\nDonga\nPlateau (Kétou)\nStates:\nLagos\nOyo\nOgun\nOsun\nOndo\nEkiti\nKwara\nKogi\nEdo\nMajor cities:\nLagos\nIbadan\nIlorin\nAbẹokuta\nỌyọ\nIlé-Ifẹ\nAkure\nOgbomosho\nOwo\nOsogbo\nAdo-Ekiti\nIwo\nOndo City\nPorto Novo\nDemographics\nYoruba people\nSaros\nSierra Leone\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nCanada\nCuba\nJamaica\nBrazil\nTrinidad and Tobago\nCulture\nArt\nMusic\nHighlife\nReligion\nCalendar\nLanguage\nYoruboid\nNumerals\nNames\nLiterature\nEducation & Philosophy\nMedicine\nArchitecture\nYoruba Wikipedia\nYorubavteLargest cities in Nigeria\nAba\nAbakaliki\nAbeokuta\nAbuja\nAdo Ekiti\nAkure\nAsaba\nAwka\nBauchi\nBenin City\nBida\nBirnin Kebbi\nCalabar\nDutse\nEket\nEnugu\nGombe\nGusau\nIbadan\nIfe\nIkeja\nIkot-Abasi\nIkot Ekpene\nIkoyi\nIlorin\nIseyin\nIwo\nJalingo\nJimeta\nJos\nKaduna\nKano\nKatsina\nKontagora\nLafia\nLavun\nLagos\nLokoja\nMaiduguri\nMakurdi\nMinna\nMokwa\nNnewi\nNsukka\nOgbomosho\nOkene\nOnitsha\nOndo City\nOron\nOsogbo\nOwerri\nOwo\nOyo\nPort Harcourt\nPotiskum\nSokoto\nSuleja\nUmuahia\nUyo\nWarri\nWukari\nYenagoa\nYola\nZariaAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States7°51′00″N 3°55′59″E / 7.850°N 3.933°E / 7.850; 3.933","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice,_The_Guitar,_The_Songs_Tour
The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour
["1 Tour dates","2 References"]
2014 concert tour by Santana and Rod Stewart The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs TourTour by Santana & Rod StewartStart dateMay 23, 2014 (2014-05-23)End dateAugust 20, 2014 (2014-08-20)Legs2No. of shows18 Santana tour chronology Corazón Tour(2014) The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour(2014) Corazón Tour(2014–2015) Rod Stewart tour chronology Live the Life Tour(2013) The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour(2014) The Hits Tour(2014–2015) The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour was a co-headlining concert tour by Latin rock band Santana and Rod Stewart. The tour began on May 23, 2014, and ended on August 20, 2014, with a time-out for most of the month of June, during which Stewart headlined the Rod Stewart Live tour which played five United Kingdom venues, and for all but the last day of July. The tour had $6,100,000 in sales. Tour dates Date City Country Venue Tickets sold / Available Revenue North America May 23, 2014 Albany United States Times Union Center May 25, 2014 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena May 27, 2014 Pittsburgh Consol Energy Center 13,000 / 13,000 May 31, 2014 Buffalo First Niagara Center June 3, 2014 Louisville KFC Yum! Center June 6, 2014 St. Louis Scottrade Center June 7, 2014 Lincoln Pinnacle Bank Arena July 31, 2014 Eugene Matthew Knight Arena August 2, 2014 Vancouver Canada Rogers Arena 12,191 / 12,191 $1,093,946 August 4, 2014 Calgary Scotiabank Saddledome 10,771 / 10,771 $949,822 August 5, 2014 Edmonton Rexall Place 11,760 / 11,760 $1,040,421 August 8, 2014 Winnipeg MTS Centre 10,621 / 10,621 $916,953 August 10, 2014 Saint Paul United States Xcel Energy Center August 12, 2014 Greenwood Village Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre August 14, 2014 Kansas City Sprint Center August 16, 2014 Rosemont Allstate Arena 11,852 / 11,852 $1,206,697 August 19, 2014 Washington, D.C. Verizon Center 12,155 / 12,155 $977,806 August 20, 2014 Wantagh Nikon at Jones Beach Theater Cancellations and rescheduled shows May 30, 2014 Charlottesville United States John Paul Jones Arena Cancelled References ^ a b "See Santana and Rod Stewart Play Together". Rolling Stone. 9 May 2014. ^ a b "Rod Stewart, Santana unite for summer tour". USA Today. ^ "Rod Stewart Announces June 2014 Stadium Tour and Ticket Details - Stereoboard". ^ "One Direction Returns to No. 1 on Hot Tours". Billboard. 26 September 2014. vteRod StewartDiscographyStudio albums An Old Raincoat Won't Ever Let You Down (1969) Gasoline Alley (1970) Every Picture Tells a Story (1971) Never a Dull Moment (1972) Smiler (1974) Atlantic Crossing (1975) A Night on the Town (1976) Foot Loose & Fancy Free (1977) Blondes Have More Fun (1978) Foolish Behaviour (1980) Tonight I'm Yours (1981) Body Wishes (1983) Camouflage (1984) Every Beat of My Heart (1986) Out of Order (1988) Vagabond Heart (1991) A Spanner in the Works (1995) When We Were the New Boys (1998) Human (2001) It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook (2002) As Time Goes By: The Great American Songbook, Volume II (2003) Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (2004) Thanks for the Memory: The Great American Songbook, Volume IV (2005) Still the Same... Great Rock Classics of Our Time (2006) Soulbook (2009) Fly Me to the Moon... The Great American Songbook Volume V (2010) Merry Christmas, Baby (2012) Time (2013) Another Country (2015) Blood Red Roses (2018) The Tears of Hercules (2021) Live albums Coast to Coast: Overture and Beginners (1974) Absolutely Live (1982) Unplugged...and Seated (1993) Compilation albums Sing It Again Rod (1973) The Best of Rod Stewart (1976) The Best of Rod Stewart Vol. 2 (1976) Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 (1979) Storyteller – The Complete Anthology: 1964–1990 (1989) The Best of Rod Stewart (1989) Downtown Train – Selections from the Storyteller Anthology (1990) Lead Vocalist (1993) If We Fall in Love Tonight (1996) The Story So Far: The Very Best of Rod Stewart (2001) You're in My Heart: Rod Stewart with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2019) Concert tours Blondes 'Ave More Fun Tour (1978–1979) Every Beat of My Heart Tour (1986) Out of Order Tour (1988–1989) Rod Stewart: The Hits (2011–2018) Live the Life Tour (2013) The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour (2014) Hits 2016 From Gasoline Alley to Another Country: Hits 2016 (2016–2017) Family Alana Stewart (first wife) Kimberly Stewart (daughter) Ruby Stewart (daughter) Rachel Hunter (second wife) Penny Lancaster (third wife) Related articles Riva Records Jimmy Powell Steampacket Shotgun Express The Jeff Beck Group Faces Tonight's the Night Category vteSantana Carlos Santana Andy Vargas Benny Rietveld David K Mathews Karl Perazzo Paoli Mejías Ray Greene Tommy Anthony Cindy Blackman Santana Neal Schon Gregg Rolie Michael Carabello Michael Shrieve José "Chepito" Areas Tony Lindsay David Brown Francisco Aguabella Coke Escovedo Tom Coster Doug Rauch Marcus Malone Leon Thomas Leon Patillo Richard Kermode Leon "Ndugu" Chancler Armando Peraza Gaylord Birch Graham Lear Alex Ligertwood Alan Pasqua Orestes Vilató David Sancious Chester Thompson Alphonso Johnson Buddy Miles Walfredo Reyes Jr. Curtis Salgado Horacio "El Negro" Hernández Dennis Chambers Studio albums Santana (1969) Abraxas (1970) Santana III (1971) Caravanserai (1972) Welcome (1973) Borboletta (1974) Amigos (1976) Festival (1977) Moonflower (1977) Inner Secrets (1978) Marathon (1979) Zebop! (1981) Shangó (1982) Beyond Appearances (1985) Freedom (1987) Spirits Dancing in the Flesh (1990) Milagro (1992) Supernatural (1999) Shaman (2002) All That I Am (2005) Guitar Heaven (2010) Shape Shifter (2012) Corazón (2014) Santana IV (2016) Power of Peace (2017) Africa Speaks (2019) Blessings and Miracles (2021) Live albums Lotus (1974) Moonflower (1977) Sacred Fire: Live in South America (1993) Live at the Fillmore 1968 (1997) The Very Best of Santana – Live in 1968 (2007) The Woodstock Experience (2009) Compilations Santana's Greatest Hits (1974) The Very Best of Santana (1981) Viva Santana! (1988) The Best of Santana (1991) The Definitive Collection (1992) Dance of the Rainbow Serpent (1995) The Ultimate Collection (1997) Best Instrumentals Vol. 2 (1999) The Best of Santana Vol. 2 (2000) The Essential Santana (2002) Ceremony: Remixes & Rarities (2003) Love Songs (2004) Ultimate Santana (2007) Multi-Dimensional Warrior (2008) Extended plays In Search of Mona Lisa (2019) Singles "Jin-go-lo-ba" (1969) "Evil Ways" (1969) "Black Magic Woman" (1970) "Oye Como Va" (1971) "No One to Depend On" (1972) "Samba Pa Ti" (1973) "Europa (Earth's Cry Heaven's Smile)" (1976) "She's Not There" (1977) "You Know That I Love You" (1979) "Winning" (1981) "I Love You Much Too Much" (1981) "Hold On" (1982) "Gypsy Woman" (1990) "Smooth" (1999) "Put Your Lights On" (1999) "Maria Maria" (1999) "Corazón Espinado" (2000) "The Game of Love" (2002) "Nothing at All" (2003) "Feels Like Fire" (2003) "Sideways" (2003) "Why Don't You & I" (2003) "I'm Feeling You" (2005) "Just Feel Better" (2005) "Cry Baby Cry" (2005) "No Llores" "Into the Night" (2005) "This Boy's Fire" (2008) "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (2010) "Photograph" (2010) "Fortunate Son" (2010) "Under the Bridge" (2010) "Dance the Night Away" (2010) "Sunshine of Your Love" (2011) Other songs "Soul Sacrifice" (1969) Live performances 1960s–1970s Caravanserai Tour Welcome Tour 1980s Bob Dylan/Santana European Tour 1984 Spirits Dancing in the Flesh Tour A 25–Year Celebration Tour Never Ending Tour 1993 Supernatural Tour All Is One Tour Shaman Tour Latin American Tour 2005 Embrace Your Light Tour The Voice, The Guitar, The Songs Tour Supernatural Now Tour Miraculous 2020 World Tour Miraculous Supernatural Tour Carlos Santanasolo albumsStudio Love Devotion Surrender Illuminations Oneness: Silver Dreams Golden Realities The Swing of Delight Havana Moon Blues for Salvador Santana Brothers Live Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live! Carlos Santana Live Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1988 Related articles Discography Videography Awards and nominations Carlos Santana discography Category This music event–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe,_Count_of_Paris
Prince Philippe, Count of Paris
["1 Early life","2 American Civil War","3 Marriage and issue","4 Restoration of French monarchy","5 Honours","6 Ancestry","7 Bibliography","8 See also","9 References"]
French royal; pretender to the French throne (1848–94). "Louis Philippe II" redirects here. For the duke, see Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Prince PhilippeCount of ParisPrince Philippe, c. 1890Head of the House of OrléansTenure24 February 1848 – 5 August 1894PredecessorLouis Philippe ISuccessorPrince Philippe, Duke of OrléansBorn(1838-08-24)24 August 1838Tuileries PalaceDied8 September 1894(1894-09-08) (aged 56)Stowe House, EnglandBurialChapel of St. Charles Borromeo, Weybridge (1894–1958)Royal Chapel of Dreux (since 1958)Spouse Infanta Maria Isabel of Spain ​ ​(m. 1864)​IssueAmélie, Queen of PortugalPrince Philippe, Duke of OrléansPrincess Hélène, Duchess of AostaPrincess Isabelle, Duchess of GuiseLouise, Infanta Carlos of SpainPrince Ferdinand, Duke of MontpensierNamesLouis Philippe Albert d'OrléansHouseOrléansFatherPrince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of OrléansMotherDuchess Helene of Mecklenburg-SchwerinReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (Louis Philippe Albert; 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894), was disputedly King of the French from 24 to 26 February 1848 as Louis Philippe II, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. He was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French. He was the Count of Paris as Orléanist claimant to the French throne from 1848 until his death. From 1883, when his cousin Henri, Count of Chambord died, he was often referred to by Orléanists as Philippe VII. Early life Prince Philippe became the Prince Royal, heir apparent to the throne, when his father, Prince Ferdinand-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans, died in a carriage accident in 1842. Although there was some effort during the days after the abdication of his grandfather in 1848 to put him on the throne under the name of Louis-Philippe II, with his mother (Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) as Regent, this came to nothing. They fled, and the French Second Republic was proclaimed. American Civil War Philippe d'Orléans (first from right) with staff and dignitaries of General McClellan (center). To his right, his uncle François d'Orléans A historian, journalist and outspoken democrat, Philippe volunteered to serve as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War along with his younger brother, Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres. He was appointed as an assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on 24 September 1861 and served under the name of Philippe d'Orléans, the Count of Paris. He served on the staff of the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General George B. McClellan, for nearly a year. He distinguished himself during the unsuccessful Peninsular Campaign. He resigned from the Union Army, along with his brother, on 15 July 1862. Philippe's History of the Civil War in America is considered a standard reference work on the subject. During their stay in the United States, the princes were accompanied by their uncle, the Prince of Joinville, who painted many watercolours of their stay. On 10 November 1880 Philippe was elected as a companion of the first class (i.e. a veteran officer) of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States – an organization of Union officers who had served during the American Civil War. He was assigned insignia number 2107. His eldest son, Philippe d'Orleans, was elected as a 2nd class member (i.e. an eldest son of a veteran officer) in 1890 and succeeded to first class membership in the Order upon Philippe's death. Marriage and issue On 30 May 1864 at St. Raphael's Church in Kingston upon Thames, England he married his paternal first cousin, Princess Marie Isabelle d'Orléans (1848–1919), Infanta of Spain. She was daughter of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain and Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier (1824–1890), the youngest son of Louis-Philippe of France and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily. They had eight children: Princess Amélie d'Orléans (1865–1951); married Carlos I of Portugal in 1886. Prince Louis Philippe Robert d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926); married Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria, daughter of Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria in 1896, Princess Hélène of Orléans (1871–1951); married Emmanuel Philibert, 2nd Duke of Aosta in 1895. Prince Charles d'Orléans (1875–1875). Princess Isabelle d'Orléans (1878–1961); married Prince Jean D'Orléans, Duke of Guise in 1899. Prince Jacques d'Orléans (1880–1881). Princess Louise d'Orléans (1882–1958); married Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies in 1907. Through her daughter, Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, she was the grandmother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Prince Ferdinand d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (1884–1924); married Marie Isabelle Gonzales de Olañeta y Ibaretta, Marchioness of Valdeterrazo in 1921. Restoration of French monarchy The Orleans family had been in exile in England since the Revolution of 1848 which toppled King Louis Philippe. During their early married life, the Count and Countess of Paris lived at York House, Twickenham. However, in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War and the downfall of Napoleon III, they were allowed to return to France, and many of their properties were restored to them. In 1873, anticipating a restoration of the monarchy by the largely monarchist National Assembly that had been elected following the fall of Napoleon III, the Count of Paris withdrew his claims to the defunct French throne in favour of the legitimist claimant, Henri V, best known as the Comte de Chambord. It was assumed by most that the Count of Paris was Chambord's heir-presumptive, and would thus be able to succeed to the throne upon the childless Chambord's death, reuniting the two claims that had divided French monarchists since 1830. However, Chambord's refusal to recognize the tricolor as the French flag sabotaged hopes of a restoration, and Chambord died in 1883 without ever specifically recognizing his Orléanist rival as his heir-presumptive. Upon the Count of Chambord's death, the Count of Paris was recognized by most monarchists as Philippe VII of France. This succession was disputed by the Carlist descendants of the Bourbon kings of Spain, who argued that being descended directly from Louis XIV their claim was greater than that of the Orléanists'; however, this argument pointedly ignored Philip V of Spain's renunciation of his and his descendants' claim to the French throne pursuant to the Treaty of Utrecht. In 1886 the family was exiled again returning to the United Kingdom, where they first lived at Sheen House, near Richmond, where the young Rosa Lewis was a member of their household. In 1890 they moved to the much grander Stowe House, where he died in 1894. He was succeeded as claimant to the defunct French throne by his son Prince Philippe. Honours  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 24 August 1856  Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 22 October 1885  Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, 22 May 1886 Ancestry Ancestors of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 8. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 4. Louis Philippe I of France 9. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon 2. Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans 10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 5. Princess Marie Amélie of Naples and Sicily 11. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 1. Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 12. Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6. Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 13. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 3. Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 14. Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 7. Princess Caroline Louise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 15. Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt Bibliography Flers, Hyacinthe, marquis de. Le comte de Paris. Paris: Perrin, 1888. Hanson, Edward. "The Wandering Princess: Princess Hélène of France, Duchess of Aosta". Fonthill, 2017. See also American Civil War portal Count of Paris References ^ Hanson, The Wandering Princess, 37, 78. ^ Hanson, The Wandering Princess, 66, 86 ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 15 Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1893) . Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1893 (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark. ^ Flers, Le comte de Paris ^ Stéphane Bern (ed.). Moi Amélie, dernière reine de Portugal (in French). pp. 112–113. Wikisource has original works by or about:Prince Philippe, Count of Paris Prince Philippe, Count of Paris House of OrléansCadet branch of the House of BourbonBorn: 24 August, 1838 Died: 8 September, 1894 Regnal titles Preceded byLouis Philippe I King of the French(disputed) 24 – 26 February 1848 VacantMonarchy abolishedTitle next held byNapoleon III as emperor Titles in pretence Preceded byLouis-Philippe I — TITULAR — King of the French Orléanist pretender24 February 1848 – 5 August 1873 Succeeded byClaim ended Preceded byHenri V — TITULAR — King of France Unionist pretender24 August 1883 – 8 September 1894 Succeeded byPhilippe VIII French royalty Preceded byPrince Ferdinand Philippe Heir to the Throneas Heir apparent 13 July 1842 – 24 February 1848 Succeeded byPrince Robert, Duke of Chartres French nobility Preceded byPrince Ferdinand Philippe Duke of Orléans(Never used) 13 July 1842 – 6 February 1869 Succeeded byPrince Philippe Preceded byTitle created Count of Paris 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894 Succeeded byHenri VI vtePretenders to the French throne since 1792Monarchy in exile (1792–1815) 1792 Louis XVI 1793 Louis XVII 1795 Louis XVIII 1814 1815 Coat of arms of the House of CapetImperial Eagle of the House of BonaparteLegitimist/Unionist pretenders (1830–present) 1830 Charles X 1836 Louis XIX 1844 Henri V 1883 Philippe VII* 1894 Philippe VIII 1926 Jean III 1940 Henri VI 1999 Henri VII 2019 Jean IV present Blancs d'Espagne succession (1883–present) 1883 Jean III 1887 Charles XI 1909 Jacques I 1931 Charles XII 1936 Alphonse I 1941 Jacques II 1975 Alphonse II 1989 Louis XX present Bonapartist pretenders (1814–present) 1814 1815 Napoléon I 1821 Napoléon II 1832 Joseph 1844 Louis 1846 Napoléon III (Emperor 1852–1870) 1873 Napoléon IV 1879 Napoléon V Jérôme 1991 / Napoléon V Victor 1926 Napoléon VI 1997 Napoléon VII Charles / Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe present (disputed) *Orléanist pretender from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II vtePrinces of Orléans1st generation Philippe I, Duke of Orléans^ 2nd generation Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois^ Philippe II, Duke of Orléans^ 3rd generation Louis I, Duke of Orléans^ 4th generation Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans^ 5th generation Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans^ 6th generation Louis Philippe I of the French^ Prince Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier^ Prince Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais^ 7th generation Ferdinand Philippe, Prince Royal of France and Duke of Orléans Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours François, Prince of Joinville Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre^ Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier 8th generation Prince Philippe, Count of Paris Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres Gaston, Prince Imperial Consort of Brazil and Count of Eu Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon Prince Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre Louis, Prince of Condé François, Duke of Guise Prince Antonio, Duke of Galliera 9th generation Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier Prince Henri Prince Jean, Duke of Guise Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme Prince Alfonso, Duke of Galliera Prince Luis Fernando 10th generation Prince Henri, Count of Paris Prince Álvaro, Duke of Galliera Prince Ataúlfo Prince Charles Philippe 11th generation Prince Henri, Count of Paris 12th generation Prince François, Count of Clermont Prince Jean, Count of Paris Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou ^never styled Prince of Orléans Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Chile Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands 2 3 4 5 Poland Portugal Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"King of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"King of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"Count of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Orléanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist"},{"link_name":"Henri, Count of Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord"}],"text":"\"Louis Philippe II\" redirects here. For the duke, see Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans.Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (Louis Philippe Albert; 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894), was disputedly King of the French from 24 to 26 February 1848 as Louis Philippe II, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. He was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French. He was the Count of Paris as Orléanist claimant to the French throne from 1848 until his death. From 1883, when his cousin Henri, Count of Chambord died, he was often referred to by Orléanists as Philippe VII.","title":"Prince Philippe, Count of Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Prince Ferdinand-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"French Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic"}],"text":"Prince Philippe became the Prince Royal, heir apparent to the throne, when his father, Prince Ferdinand-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans, died in a carriage accident in 1842. Although there was some effort during the days after the abdication of his grandfather in 1848 to put him on the throne under the name of Louis-Philippe II, with his mother (Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) as Regent, this came to nothing. They fled, and the French Second Republic was proclaimed.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg"},{"link_name":"General McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_McClellan"},{"link_name":"François d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Robert,_Duke_of_Chartres"},{"link_name":"assistant adjutant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Adjutant_General"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Campaign"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prince of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Philippe d'Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931926)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Philippe d'Orléans (first from right) with staff and dignitaries of General McClellan (center). To his right, his uncle François d'OrléansA historian, journalist and outspoken democrat, Philippe volunteered to serve as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War along with his younger brother, Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres. He was appointed as an assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on 24 September 1861 and served under the name of Philippe d'Orléans, the Count of Paris. He served on the staff of the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General George B. McClellan, for nearly a year. He distinguished himself during the unsuccessful Peninsular Campaign. He resigned from the Union Army, along with his brother, on 15 July 1862. Philippe's History of the Civil War in America is considered a standard reference work on the subject.[citation needed]During their stay in the United States, the princes were accompanied by their uncle, the Prince of Joinville, who painted many watercolours of their stay. On 10 November 1880 Philippe was elected as a companion of the first class (i.e. a veteran officer) of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States – an organization of Union officers who had served during the American Civil War. He was assigned insignia number 2107. His eldest son, Philippe d'Orleans, was elected as a 2nd class member (i.e. an eldest son of a veteran officer) in 1890 and succeeded to first class membership in the Order upon Philippe's death.[citation needed]","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Raphael's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Raphael%27s_Church,_Surbiton"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Isabelle d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Isabelle_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Luisa_Fernanda_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Princess Amélie d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Carlos I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prince Louis Philippe Robert d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931926)"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Karl_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Princess Hélène of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Philibert, 2nd Duke of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta_(1869%E2%80%931931)"},{"link_name":"Princess Isabelle d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabelle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1878%E2%80%931961)"},{"link_name":"Prince Jean D'Orléans, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Guise"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Carlos_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mercedes_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Prince Ferdinand d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Montpensier"}],"text":"On 30 May 1864 at St. Raphael's Church in Kingston upon Thames, England he married his paternal first cousin, Princess Marie Isabelle d'Orléans (1848–1919), Infanta of Spain. She was daughter of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain and Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier (1824–1890), the youngest son of Louis-Philippe of France and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily. They had eight children:Princess Amélie d'Orléans (1865–1951); married Carlos I of Portugal in 1886.\nPrince Louis Philippe Robert d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926); married Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria, daughter of Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria in 1896,\nPrincess Hélène of Orléans (1871–1951); married Emmanuel Philibert, 2nd Duke of Aosta in 1895.\nPrince Charles d'Orléans (1875–1875).\nPrincess Isabelle d'Orléans (1878–1961); married Prince Jean D'Orléans, Duke of Guise in 1899.\nPrince Jacques d'Orléans (1880–1881).\nPrincess Louise d'Orléans (1882–1958); married Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies in 1907. Through her daughter, Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, she was the grandmother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain.\nPrince Ferdinand d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (1884–1924); married Marie Isabelle Gonzales de Olañeta y Ibaretta, Marchioness of Valdeterrazo in 1921.","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"York House, Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_House,_Twickenham"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"legitimist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimists"},{"link_name":"Henri V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_comte_de_Chambord"},{"link_name":"French flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"Orléanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist"},{"link_name":"Carlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philip V of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Rosa Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stowe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prince Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931926)"}],"text":"The Orleans family had been in exile in England since the Revolution of 1848 which toppled King Louis Philippe. During their early married life, the Count and Countess of Paris lived at York House, Twickenham. However, in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War and the downfall of Napoleon III, they were allowed to return to France, and many of their properties were restored to them. In 1873, anticipating a restoration of the monarchy by the largely monarchist National Assembly that had been elected following the fall of Napoleon III, the Count of Paris withdrew his claims to the defunct French throne in favour of the legitimist claimant, Henri V, best known as the Comte de Chambord. It was assumed by most that the Count of Paris was Chambord's heir-presumptive, and would thus be able to succeed to the throne upon the childless Chambord's death, reuniting the two claims that had divided French monarchists since 1830. However, Chambord's refusal to recognize the tricolor as the French flag sabotaged hopes of a restoration, and Chambord died in 1883 without ever specifically recognizing his Orléanist rival as his heir-presumptive.Upon the Count of Chambord's death, the Count of Paris was recognized by most monarchists as Philippe VII of France. This succession was disputed by the Carlist descendants of the Bourbon kings of Spain, who argued that being descended directly from Louis XIV their claim was greater than that of the Orléanists'; however, this argument pointedly ignored Philip V of Spain's renunciation of his and his descendants' claim to the French throne pursuant to the Treaty of Utrecht.In 1886 the family was exiled again returning to the United Kingdom, where they first lived at Sheen House, near Richmond, where the young Rosa Lewis was a member of their household.[1] In 1890 they moved to the much grander Stowe House, where he died in 1894.[2] He was succeeded as claimant to the defunct French throne by his son Prince Philippe.","title":"Restoration of French monarchy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Order of the Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statskalendar-4"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Sash of the Two Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 24 August 1856[3]\n Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 22 October 1885[4]\n Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, 22 May 1886[5][6]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"},{"link_name":"Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Amélie of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Francis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg_(1756%E2%80%931808)"},{"link_name":"Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustus,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Princess Caroline Louise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Caroline_Louise_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_(1757%E2%80%931830)"}],"text":"Ancestors of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 8. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 4. Louis Philippe I of France 9. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon 2. Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans 10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 5. Princess Marie Amélie of Naples and Sicily 11. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 1. Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 12. Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6. Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 13. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 3. Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 14. Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 7. Princess Caroline Louise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 15. Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Flers, Hyacinthe, marquis de. Le comte de Paris. Paris: Perrin, 1888.\nHanson, Edward. \"The Wandering Princess: Princess Hélène of France, Duchess of Aosta\". Fonthill, 2017.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Philippe d'Orléans (first from right) with staff and dignitaries of General McClellan (center). To his right, his uncle François d'Orléans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg/220px-GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the House of Capet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1893) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1893 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1893] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918027.pdf#page=34","url_text":"Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1893"},{"url":"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark","url_text":"da:DIS Danmark"}]},{"reference":"Stéphane Bern (ed.). Moi Amélie, dernière reine de Portugal (in French). pp. 112–113.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodmere,_Ohio
Woodmere, Ohio
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Schools","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°27′33″N 81°28′52″W / 41.45917°N 81.48111°W / 41.45917; -81.48111 Village in Ohio, United StatesWoodmere, OhioVillageHouses on Brainard RoadLocation in Cuyahoga County and the state of OhioCoordinates: 41°27′33″N 81°28′52″W / 41.45917°N 81.48111°W / 41.45917; -81.48111CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyCuyahogaGovernment • TypeMayor-council • MayorBenjamin Holbert, IIIArea • Total0.33 sq mi (0.85 km2) • Land0.33 sq mi (0.85 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,210 ft (0 m)Population (2020) • Total641 • Density1,960.24/sq mi (757.87/km2)Time zoneUTC-4 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Zip code44122Area code216FIPS codeGNIS feature IDWebsitehttp://www.woodmerevillage.com/ Woodmere is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, Woodmere had a population of 641 residents. An eastern suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area. History Woodmere is one of the five municipalities, along with Hunting Valley, Moreland Hills, Orange Village and Pepper Pike, that originally formed Orange Township, the birthplace of President James A. Garfield. While the other four municipalities were established in the 1920s, Woodmere was incorporated as a village in 1944. Today, centered along Chagrin Boulevard, Woodmere serves as the primary commercial district for all parts of the original Orange Township. Geography Woodmere is located at 41°27′33″N 81°28′52″W / 41.45917°N 81.48111°W / 41.45917; -81.48111 (41.459253, -81.481010). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.33 square miles (0.85 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1940277—195041951.3%1960398−5.0%19701,041161.6%1980877−15.8%1990834−4.9%2000828−0.7%20108846.8%2020641−27.5%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 884 people, 446 households, and 225 families living in the village. The population density was 2,678.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,034.3/km2). There were 468 housing units at an average density of 1,418.2 per square mile (547.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 60.5% White, 35.9% African American, 3.7% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population. There were 446 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.0% were married couples living together, 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.6% were non-families. 46.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age in the village was 37.9 years. 23.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 29.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 41.9% male and 58.1% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 828 people, 424 households, and 186 families living in the village. The population density was 2,515.6 inhabitants per square mile (971.3/km2). There were 460 housing units at an average density of 1,397.6 per square mile (539.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 39.73% White, 49.64% African American, 0.12% Native American, 7.73% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population. There were 424 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.6% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 56.1% were non-families. 48.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.91. In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males. The median income for a household in the village was $32,102, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $31,364 versus $28,214 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,703. About 10.8% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over. Schools Woodmere is served by the Orange City School System. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Woodmere village, Ohio". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 23, 2011. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013. External links Village website vteMunicipalities and communities of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: ClevelandCities Bay Village Beachwood Bedford Bedford Heights Berea Brecksville Broadview Heights Brook Park Brooklyn Cleveland Cleveland Heights East Cleveland Euclid Fairview Park Garfield Heights Highland Heights Independence Lakewood Lyndhurst Maple Heights Mayfield Heights Middleburg Heights North Olmsted North Royalton Olmsted Falls Parma Parma Heights Pepper Pike Richmond Heights Rocky River Seven Hills Shaker Heights Solon South Euclid Strongsville University Heights Warrensville Heights Westlake Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga CountyVillages Bentleyville Bratenahl Brooklyn Heights Chagrin Falls Cuyahoga Heights Gates Mills Glenwillow Highland Hills Hunting Valley‡ Linndale Mayfield Moreland Hills Newburgh Heights North Randall Oakwood Orange Valley View Walton Hills Woodmere Townships Chagrin Falls Olmsted Paper townships Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(United_States)#Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland"}],"text":"Village in Ohio, United StatesWoodmere is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, Woodmere had a population of 641 residents. An eastern suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.","title":"Woodmere, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunting Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_Valley,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Moreland Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Orange Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Pepper Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_Pike,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Orange Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defunct_townships_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Presidents"},{"link_name":"James A. Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield"}],"text":"Woodmere is one of the five municipalities, along with Hunting Valley, Moreland Hills, Orange Village and Pepper Pike, that originally formed Orange Township, the birthplace of President James A. Garfield. While the other four municipalities were established in the 1920s, Woodmere was incorporated as a village in 1944. Today, centered along Chagrin Boulevard, Woodmere serves as the primary commercial district for all parts of the original Orange Township.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°27′33″N 81°28′52″W / 41.45917°N 81.48111°W / 41.45917; -81.48111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Woodmere,_Ohio&params=41_27_33_N_81_28_52_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-5"}],"text":"Woodmere is located at 41°27′33″N 81°28′52″W / 41.45917°N 81.48111°W / 41.45917; -81.48111 (41.459253, -81.481010).[4]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.33 square miles (0.85 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 884 people, 446 households, and 225 families living in the village. The population density was 2,678.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,034.3/km2). There were 468 housing units at an average density of 1,418.2 per square mile (547.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 60.5% White, 35.9% African American, 3.7% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population.There were 446 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.0% were married couples living together, 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.6% were non-families. 46.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.84.The median age in the village was 37.9 years. 23.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 29.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 41.9% male and 58.1% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 828 people, 424 households, and 186 families living in the village. The population density was 2,515.6 inhabitants per square mile (971.3/km2). There were 460 housing units at an average density of 1,397.6 per square mile (539.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 39.73% White, 49.64% African American, 0.12% Native American, 7.73% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.There were 424 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.6% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 56.1% were non-families. 48.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.91.In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.The median income for a household in the village was $32,102, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $31,364 versus $28,214 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,703. About 10.8% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange City School System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_High_School_(Ohio)"}],"text":"Woodmere is served by the Orange City School System.","title":"Schools"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks,_open_spaces_and_nature_reserves_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames
Parks, open spaces and nature reserves in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
["1 References","2 External links"]
Isabella Plantation in bloom in May River Crane in Crane Park Ham Common Kew Green North Sheen Recreation Ground View of sports facilities at Old Deer Park Richmond upon Thames in the south west of Greater London has more parks, open spaces and nature reserves than any other London borough. These include: Kew Gardens three Royal Parks – Richmond Park (which includes the Isabella Plantation), Bushy Park (which includes the Upper Lodge Water Gardens) and Hampton Court Park English Heritage's Marble Hill Park in Twickenham Thames Water's Sunnyside Reservoir The WWT London Wetland Centre There are over 100 parks and open spaces within the borough's boundary and 21 miles of river frontage. Many of the open spaces were village greens. The main parks and open spaces managed by Richmond upon Thames Borough Council are: Name Locality Notes Barn Elms Barnes Barnes Common Barnes local nature reserve Barnes Green Barnes village Carlisle Park Hampton Crane Park and Crane Park Island From Twickenham to Hounslow Heath East Sheen Common East Sheen National Trust property, leased to the council Ham Common Ham Ham Lands Ham Kew Green Kew Kneller Gardens Whitton North Sheen Recreation Ground Kew Oak Avenue Local Nature Reserve Hampton Old Deer Park Richmond Crown property, leased to the council Palewell Common East Sheen Petersham Meadows Petersham Pesthouse Common Richmond Radnor Gardens Twickenham Richmond Green Richmond Crown property, leased to the council The Riverside Richmond & Petersham south of the Thames from Richmond Bridge Twickenham Green Twickenham Westerley Ware Kew The Crane Riverside Park, linking the boroughs of Richmond and Hounslow, is one of 11 parks in Greater London selected for renovation funds by a public vote. In 2009 the park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more lighting, refurbished public toilets and new play areas for children. References ^ "London parks get £6m for revamp". BBC News. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2012. External links Alphabetical list of Richmond parks and open spaces Parks and Green Spaces in Richmond vteLondon Borough of Richmond upon ThamesDistricts Barnes East Sheen Fulwell Ham Hampton Hampton Hill Hampton Wick Kew Mortlake Petersham Richmond St Margarets Strawberry Hill Teddington Twickenham Whitton Railway stations Barnes Barnes Bridge Fulwell Hampton Hampton Wick Kew Gardens Mortlake North Sheen Richmond St Margarets Strawberry Hill Teddington Twickenham Whitton Streets and roads A307 road A308 road A316 road Barnes High Street Castelnau, Barnes Church Road, Barnes George Street, Richmond Mill Hill, Barnes Mortlake High Street Old Palace Lane Old Palace Yard The Green, Richmond Kew Green Ringway 2 South Circular Road The Terrace, Barnes The Vineyard, Richmond River Thames bridges, islandsand river services Bridges Benn's Island Corporation Island Eel Pie Island Glover's Island Platt's Eyot Swan Island Tagg's Island Trowlock Island Hammerton's Ferry Hampton Ferry Kew Pier Richmond Lock Teddington Lifeboat Station Teddington Lock former Twickenham Ferry Other rivers and streams Beverley Brook River Crane Duke of Northumberland's River Longford River Sudbrook and Latchmere stream River Thames Sports venues Athletic Ground, Richmond Barn Elms Playing Fields The Championship Course Cricket clubs and grounds Golf clubs and courses Hampton Pool The Lensbury Pools on the Park Royal Tennis Court, Hampton Court Teddington Pools and Fitness Centre Thames Young Mariners Twickenham Stadium Twickenham Stoop former Ranelagh Club former Richmond Ice Rink Events Annual sports events Hampton Court Garden Festival Hampton Court Palace Festival Breweries and pubs Britannia, Richmond The Bull's Head, Barnes The Crown, Twickenham Dysart Arms, Petersham The Fox, Twickenham The George, Twickenham Hare and Hounds, East Sheen Jolly Coopers, Hampton Old Ship, Richmond Park Hotel, Teddington Richmond Brewery Stores Sun Inn, Barnes Twickenham Fine Ales Watney Combe & Reid White Cross, Richmond The White Swan, Twickenham Theatres, cinemas and music venues The Bull's Head Crawdaddy Club The Exchange Olympic Studios Orange Tree Theatre OSO Arts Centre Puppet Theatre Barge Richmond Theatre TwickFolk Wathen Hall former Eel Pie Island Hotel Film and recording studios Astoria The Boathouse, Twickenham Eel Pie Studios Olympic Studios Twickenham Studios former Teddington Studios Media and publishing Richmond and Twickenham Times former Gaydar Radio former Hogarth Press Public art Public art Diana Fountain, Bushy Park The Naked Ladies Pope's Urn The Queen's Beasts Historical royal palaces Hampton Court Palace Hampton Court astronomical clock Hampton Court Maze Kew Palace Richmond Palace Other placesof interest 123 Mortlake High Street 14 The Terrace, Barnes 18 Station Road, Barnes 70 Barnes High Street Asgill House Barnes power station Brinsworth House Bushy House Chapel House Chapel in the Wood Clarence House Doughty House Douglas House Downe House East Sheen Filling Station Fulwell bus garage Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare Garrick's Villa Grove House, Hampton Halford House Ham House Hampton Water Treatment Works Hampton Youth Project Harrods Furniture Depository Hogarth House The Homestead Hotham House Kew Mortuary King's Observatory Kneller Hall Langham House Langham House Close Latchmere House Lichfield Court Marble Hill House Montrose House National Physical Laboratory Normansfield Theatre The Old Court House Old Town Hall, Richmond Ormeley Lodge Parkleys The Pavilion Pembroke Lodge Pope's Grotto Poppy Factory Royal Military School of Music Royal Star and Garter Home St Leonard's Court Strawberry Hill House Stud House Sudbrook House and Park Thatched House Lodge University Boat Race Stones Victoria Working Men's Club West Hall White Lodge The Wick Wick House Yelverton Lodge York House former Admiralty Research Laboratory former Alcott House former Camp Griffiss former Cardigan House former Cross Deep House former The Karsino former Mortlake Tapestry Works former Mount Ararat former Pope's villa former Radnor House former Richmond House former Richmond Lodge former Richmond Theological College former Sheen Priory former Star and Garter Hotel former Twickenham Park Tragedy and disaster Barnes child murder Barnes rail crash Ham bank murder Murder of Amélie Delagrange Murder of Julia Martha Thomas Richmond child murder Towpath murders Other history topics Adana Printing Machines Ashe baronets Cook baronets of Doughty House Darell baronets, of Richmond Hill GHQ Liaison Regiment (Phantom) Hampton Court Conference Kew Letters Petersham Hole Pocock baronets Richmond Flyers Richmond, Petersham and Ham Open Spaces Act 1902 Treaty of Hampton Court (1562) Vandeput baronets Warren-Lambert Wigan baronets Parliamentary constituencies Richmond Park Twickenham former Richmond and Barnes former Richmond (Surrey) Other topics Almshouses Archives, museums and art galleries Cemeteries, crematoria and memorials Churches Synagogue Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Hospitals Local government Local council elections People Schools, colleges and universities Sports clubs Parks, open spaces and nature reserves in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames vteParks and open spaces in LondonRoyal parks Bushy Green Greenwich Hyde Kensington Regent's Richmond St James's Large urban parks Alexandra Arnos Barking Barra Hall Battersea Beckenham Place Park Blackheath Brockwell Burgess Clissold Crystal Palace Dulwich Enfield Town Finsbury Forster Memorial Hampstead Heath Hanworth Holland Mayesbrook Mountsfield Old Deer Parsloes Primrose Hill Pymmes Queen's Park Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Ravenscourt Ruskin Southwark Valentines Victoria Wandsworth Wanstead Waterlow Park West Ham Wimbledon Country parks Bayhurst Wood Bedfont Lakes Belhus Woods Eastbrookend Fairlop Waters Foots Cray Fryent Hainault Forest Havering High Elms Hornchurch Lee Valley South Norwood Stanmore Stockley Trent Commons Barnes Blackheath Bostall Heath Clapham Ealing East Sheen Eel Brook Eltham Hackney Marshes Hainault Forest Ham Hampstead Heath Hayes Keston Mitcham Monken Hadley Peckham Rye Plumstead Stanmore Streatham Sutton Tooting Tylers Wandsworth Wimbledon and Putney Winn's Woolwich Wormwood Scrubs Village greens Camberwell Crooked Billet Islington Kew Newington Parsons Richmond Shepherd's Bush Turnham Twickenham Marshes and wetlands Crayford Erith Hackney Hornchurch Ickenham Ingrebourne Leyton Rainham, Wennington, and Aveley Tottenham Walthamstow Woodberry Wetlands WWT London Wetland Centre Woodland Bostall Braeburn Coldfall Copse Dulwich Epping Forest Grangewood Park Highgate Lesnes Abbey Mad Bess Old Park Oxleas Park Petts Queen's Repository Woods Russia Dock Sydenham Hill House gardens Avenue House Belair Park Boston Manor Park Broomfield House Cannizaro Park Chiswick House Danson Park Grovelands Park Grove Park Gunnersbury Park Hall Place Hampton Court Park Hillingdon Court Kenwood House Lamorbey Park Langtons Manor House Gardens Marble Hill Park Morden Hall Park Morden Park Osterley Park Syon House Valence House Museum Walpole Park Entry-fee charging Kew Gardens London Wetland Centre Community gardens Phoenix Garden vteParks and open spaces by London borough Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth City of Westminster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur,_Maharashtra
Chandrapur
["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","4 Climate","5 Demographics","5.1 Languages","5.2 Religion","6 Transport","7 Economy","7.1 Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station","8 Education","8.1 Professional","9 Administration","10 Important places","11 Notable people","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 19°57′00″N 79°17′49″E / 19.950°N 79.297°E / 19.950; 79.297This article is about the city in Maharashtra, India. For its namesake district, see Chandrapur district. This article is about talukas in Chandrapur district. For other uses, see List of talukas in Chandrapur district. Not to be confused with Chandrapura or Chandrapore. For other uses, see Chandrapur (disambiguation). City in Maharashtra, IndiaChandrapur ChandaCityNickname: Black Gold CityChandrapurLocation in Maharashtra, India##Location in IndiaCoordinates: 19°57′00″N 79°17′49″E / 19.950°N 79.297°E / 19.950; 79.297Country IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictChandrapurFounded byKhandkya Ballal ShahNamed forMahakali TempleGovernment • TypeMahanagar Palika • BodyChandrapur Municipal Corporation • MayorRakhi Kacharlawar • Municipal CommissionerVipin Paliwal, IAS • Chairman, Standing CommitteeRamu TiwaryArea • Total76 km2 (29 sq mi) • RankEast Vidarbha: 2nd District: 1stElevation188 m (617 ft)Population (2011) • Total355,739 Chandrapur Urban Area • RankVidarbha: 4thDemonymChandrapurkarLanguage • OfficialMarathiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN442401,442402,442403,442404Telephone code(+91), 7172Vehicle registrationMH-34WebsiteOfficial website Chandrapur (earlier known as Chanda, the official name until 1964) is a city and a municipal corporation in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra state, India. It is the district headquarters of Chandrapur district. Chandrapur is a fort city founded by Khandkya Ballal Shah, a Gond king of the 13th century. The city sits at the confluence of the Erai river and Zarpat river. The area around the city is rich in coal seams.. Hence, Chandrapur is also known as the "Black Gold City". Etymology The local people relate the name "Chandrapur" to the words Chandra (the moon) and pur (a settlement) after a legend. Scholars see the name as a derivative of "Indupur" (city of the moon) which stood near the Jharpat in the Treta Yuga. History There are many Stone Age sites in Chandrapur District. Suresh Chopane, a renowned researcher, found many stone-age tools in the district, which has been displayed in his Rock Museum. Archeological finds, such as signs of pottery making, suggest inhabitation of the Chandrapur area in Neolithic times. From ancient times, Chandrapur has fallen under the control of many different rulers. Between 322 BCE and 187 BCE, much of India, including Maharashtra, was part of the Maurya Empire. From 187 BCE to 78 BCE, Chandrapur was part of the Shunga Empire which controlled much of central and eastern India. The Satavahana Empire controlled Chandrapur from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The Vakataka dynasty ruled from the area from the mid 3rd century CE to 550 CE. The Kalachuri dynasty ruled in the area in the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The Rashtrakuta dynasty followed, controlling the Chandrapur region between the 7th and 10th centuries. The Chalukya dynasty ruled in the region to the 12th century CE. The Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri ruled a kingdom, including the Chandrapur area, in approximately 850 CE and continued until 1334 CE. The Gond people are part of the Adivasi (indigenous people) of India. In ancient times, the Gond diaspora spread throughout central India. After the passage of many kings, who were largely subservient to other rulers, the Gond king, Khandkya Ballal (1470 – 1495) came to the throne. He founded Chandrapur. As per legends, Khandkya, who resided in Sirpur, was covered in tumours. His wise and beautiful wife nursed him. She asked him to leave Sirpur and move to the north bank of the Wardha River. There, the king built a fort he named "Ballalpur" and thus founded the city of Ballarpur. In the year of 1262, one day while hunting northwest of Ballalpur, the king became thirsty and rode up to the dry bed of the Jharpat river in search of water. He discovered water trickling from a hole, and after drinking, washed his face, hands and feet. That night, he slept soundly for the first time in his life. On his return, the queen was delighted to see that many of the tumours on her husband's body had disappeared. The king said it was the water that had cured him and took his wife to see the water hole. On clearing the grass and sand, they found five footprints of a cow in the solid rock, each filled with water. The water source at the spot was inexhaustible and considered holy. The place was called "Tirtha of Acalesvar of the Treta Yuga". When the king bathed in the water, all the tumours on his body vanished. That night at the water hole, Acalesvar appeared to the king in a dream and spoke comforting words. A temple was built over the water hole. One morning, at the water hole, the king saw a hare darting out of a bush and chasing his dog. Eventually, the dog killed the hare. The king found a white spot on the forehead of the hare. The queen said it was a good omen and a fortified city should be built with its layout based on the chase of the dog and hare. She said the place where the hare was killed would be unlucky for the city. The king's officers, the "Tel Thakurs" built the fortified city. The city became Chandrapur. Chandrapur was taken over by Nagpur Bhonsles in 1751 during the Maratha empire period. The last ruler of the Maratha dynasty, Raghuji Bhonsle III died in 1853 without issue. In 1853, Chandrapur was annexed to British India. During the British colonial period, the area of Chandrapur was called "Chanda". By 1871, Anglican and Scottish Episcopal missionaries had arrived in the city. In 1874, three tehsils were created: Viz Mul, Warora and Bramhpuri. The upper Godavai district of Madras was abolished and four tehsils were added to Chandrapur to form one tehsil with Sironcha, approximately 150 km to the south, as its centre of governance. In 1895, the headquarters was transferred to Chandrapur. In 1905, a new tehsil with headquarters at Gadchiroli was created through the transfer of zamindari estates from Bramhpuri and Chandrapur tehsil. In 1907, a small area of land was transferred from Chandrapur to the newer districts and another area of about 1560 km2, comprising three divisions of the lower Sironcha tehsil (Cherla, Albak and Nugir) were transferred to Madras State. Between 1911 and 1955, no major changes occurred in the boundaries of the district or its tehsils. In 1956, with the reorganization of Indian states, Chandrapur district was transferred from Madhya Pradesh to Bombay state. In 1959, part of Adilabad district of Hyderabad state, was transferred to Chandrapur district. In May 1960, Chandrapur district became part of the Maharashtra state. In 1964, the city was renamed to Chandrapur. Following the 1981 Census of India, Chandrapur district was divided into Chandrapur district and Gadchiroli district. Geography Chandrapur is located in central India in the eastern part of Maharashtra state at 19.57°N latitude and 79.18°E longitude. Chandrapur is situated at 189.90 meters above the mean sea level. The area of the city is about 162.41 km2. The north–south length of the city is about 15.90 km, while the east–west length is about 10.90 km. The city slopes from the north to the south. Chandrapur lies at the confluence of the Erai and Zarpat rivers. The Erai river has a history of flooding. Flood marks are seen on the walls of the city. In the north of the city, a dam is constructed on the river Erai, having the capacity of 207 million cubic meters. The Gaontideo Nala originates from the uplands of the Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station. The Macchhi Nala originates from uplands of Central Forest Rangers College. Chandrapur lies on terrain rich in coal. Chandrapur is called a "geological museum" as there is a large variety of rocks as well as commercially valuable minerals and fossils. Samples of such rocks are collected at the Suresh Chopane Rock Museum. Climate Chandrapur has a hot and dry climate. December is the coldest month, with a minimum average temperature of 9 °C and a maximum average temperature of 23.2 °C. May is the hottest month with a mean maximum temperature of 43 °C and a mean minimum temperature of 28.2 °C. On 2 June 2007, there was the highest recorded temperature of 49 °C. , there was the lowest recorded temperature of 2.8 °C. The monsoon season comes between June and September. Chandrapur's average annual rainfall is 1249.4 mm. The average number of rainy days is 59.2. Climate data for Chandrapur (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 35.8(96.4) 40.0(104.0) 44.4(111.9) 46.4(115.5) 48.3(118.9) 49.0(120.2) 40.6(105.1) 37.2(99.0) 38.4(101.1) 40.1(104.2) 36.1(97.0) 38.7(101.7) 49.0(120.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.5(86.9) 33.4(92.1) 37.6(99.7) 41.3(106.3) 42.9(109.2) 38.0(100.4) 32.0(89.6) 30.8(87.4) 32.4(90.3) 32.7(90.9) 31.1(88.0) 29.9(85.8) 34.4(93.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.8(58.6) 16.9(62.4) 21.1(70.0) 25.2(77.4) 28.0(82.4) 26.6(79.9) 24.4(75.9) 24.0(75.2) 24.0(75.2) 21.5(70.7) 16.8(62.2) 13.4(56.1) 21.4(70.5) Record low °C (°F) 2.8(37.0) 3.9(39.0) 7.2(45.0) 11.7(53.1) 18.9(66.0) 20.0(68.0) 17.8(64.0) 18.3(64.9) 18.3(64.9) 10.9(51.6) 6.2(43.2) 3.5(38.3) 2.8(37.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.2(0.36) 12.8(0.50) 15.4(0.61) 17.1(0.67) 21.2(0.83) 202.8(7.98) 358.1(14.10) 363.7(14.32) 158.3(6.23) 73.1(2.88) 10.2(0.40) 6.2(0.24) 1,248.2(49.14) Average rainy days 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.5 1.8 8.7 15.2 14.6 8.5 3.6 0.7 0.5 58.1 Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 44 34 27 22 23 48 70 75 68 60 53 48 48 Source: India Meteorological Department Demographics Per the 2011 census of India, Chandrapur's population was 375,000. Languages Marathi is spoken by majority of the people in Chandrapur. The native Gondi is spoken by most of the Gonds in Chandrapur. People can also speak Hindi and English. Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, the conference on Marathi literature, has been held twice in Chandrapur, in 1979 (Chair Vaman Krushna Chorghade) and in 2012 (Chair Vasant Aabaji Dahake). In 2016, the inaugural All India Gondi Religious Convention was convened by the Central Provinces and Berar Gondwana Samaj Sewa Samiti in Warora, 30 km north west of Chandrapur. The Chair was Raja Virshah Krushnashah Atram, a descendant of Khandkya Ballal Sah and current titular Gond king of Chandrapur. Religion According to the 2011 India census, total population was 3,20,379. Year Male Female Total Population Change 2001 151202 138248 289450 - 2011 164085 156294 320379 0.107 Religion in Chandrapur City (2011) Religion Percent Hinduism   71.84% Buddhism   15.64% Islam   10.07% Others   2.44% Transport Chandrapur lies on major state highways MH MSH 6, MH MSH 9 and state highways MH SH 233, MH SH 243 and MH SH 264. Chandrapur is connected to many cities in Maharashtra by the Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation bus service. Bus services are offered to Pune, Nagpur, Amravati, Yavatmal, Hyderabad, and Raipur. A proposed Chandrapur Pune expressway, via Yavatmal Beed, is in the planning stages. Chandrapur railway station is managed by the Nagpur CR railway division of the Central Railway. It lies on the New Delhi–Chennai main line. The Chanda Fort railway station is managed by the Nagpur SEC railway division of the South East Central Railway. It lies on the Balharshah–Gondia line. Other railway stations within city limits are Vivekanand Nagar railway station, Babupeth railway station and Choti Padoli railway station. Chandrapur Airport, operated by the Maharashtra Airport Development Company, is situated near Morwa on MH SH 264, about 12 km from the city. The airstrip is 950 m in length. Development of the airport is limited by surrounding obstructions, particularly the thermal power plant. Hence, the MADC is building a greenfield airport at Vihirgaon, 40 kilometres from Chandrapur. The nearest airport with scheduled flights is the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur. Economy Chandrapur is a centre for coal mining. In 2012, there were 27 coal mines around Chandrapur. Other industries include cement making, paper manufacturing, and ferro alloy manufacturing. Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station The Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, a 3,340 MW power station complex which is owned by the Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited, occupies an area of 12,212 hectares (122.12 km2) about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city. It employs approximately 3,460 people and supplies more than 25 percent of the state's electricity. A masonry dam on the Erai river, 15 km from the station provides water to the station and to Chandrapur. On 16 January 1977, the station's foundation stone was laid by the Central Energy Minister, K. C. Pant. Education The Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar High School (previously known as the Zilha Parishad Jubilee High School) was established in 1906. The Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The Chanda Sikshan Prasarak Mandal is a large educational institution with a number of campuses in Chandrapur. Professional Chandrapur has a government medical college and a government engineering college. The city's colleges (apart from the medical college) are affiliated with Gondwana University. Administration On 20 October 2011, Chandrapur municipal council was elevated to a D-grade municipal corporation. Important places Chandrapur Fort The Chandrapur Fort (earlier known as Chanda Fort) (today called "old city") is a fort located at confluence of Erai and Zarpat rivers. The fort was built by Gond king, Khandkya Ballal Sah. The fort has four gates: Jatpura Gate to the north, Anchaleshwar Gate to the east, Pathanpura Gate to the south and Binba Gate to the west. The fort also has Five small gates, called khidkis (windows): Bagad Khidki to the northeast, Hanuman Khidki to the southeast, Vithhal Khidki to the southwest and Chor Khidki to the northwest and Masan Kidki. The fort has strong walls 15–20 feet high. Gates and Windows of Chandrapur Fort Jatpura gate of Chandrapur Fort Anchaleshwar gate of Chandrapur Fort Pathanpura gate of Chandrapur Fort Mahakali Mandir Mahakali Mandir Mahakali Mandir (temple) is an often frequented temple in Chandrapur. The ancient temple was built by Dhundya Ram Sah, of Gond Dynasty around the 16th century. Tuesdays are a particularly significant day to visit. Within the mandir there is a small Ganesh temple and a Hanuman temple. At the two temple entrances, there are small shops for puja (worship) supplies such as coconut, flowers and cloth. Items for home décor and puja décor are sold near the temple. Near the rear entrance there is a Shani temple. Within the temple are two murtis (idols). One associated with Shiv Ling is a standing idol decorated with red, yellow and orange cloths. The other is in a reclining position below the ground level, and devotees must walk in a tunnel to reach it. Inside the temple, a priest is present to assist visitors with puja and offerings. A trust administers the temple. Dharmashalas provide accommodation for pilgrims. The annual yatra (fair) takes place in April, entertaining the followers of Mahakali and the citizens of Chandrapur. Anchaleshwar Mandir Anchaleshwar Mandir The Anchaleshwar Mandir celebrates a form of the Lord Siva. It is situated adjoining Anchaleshwar Gate of Chandrapur fort on the banks of the Zarpat river. The official samadhi (mausoleum) of the Gond kings is located within the temple complex. Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve Tiger at Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is located approximately 30 km north of Chandrapur near the Erai dam. This park was included in the project tiger since 1973. The total area of the reserve is 625.40 km2. In 2014 the tiger population in Tadoba was 66, that number has gone up to 86. Tadoba is now a home to 86 Tigers despite years of lynching, poaching & other threats. There are many hotels and resorts near Moharli gate, Zari gate and Navegaon gate of the reserve, available for the tourists. The guided tours inside the park are available during early morning and evening time only. Notable people Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar, second Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Mohan Bhagwat, chief of the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh. Hansraj Ahir, former Deputy Home Minister Of India (MOS Home affairs) and also Union minister of Chemical and Fetilizers (MOS) Govt. of India. Shantaram Potdukhe, former Minister of State (Finance) of India. Barrister Rajabhau Khobragade, Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, leader of the Republican Party of India (Khobragade) and follower of B. R. Ambedkar. Balasaheb Deshmukh, a follower of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It was due to his efforts that Tilak visited Chandrapur and laid the foundation of Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya. Abdul Shafee, a politician of the Indian National Congress Party, MLC, 5th Loksabha. Sudhir Mungantiwar, former Minister of Finance & Planning and Forests Govt.of Maharastra, former Guardian Minister of Wardha and Chandrapur. Swagat Thorat, a wildlife photographer, playwright, painter, editor, and director. Known as the Braille Man of India. See also Make In Maharashtra Urjanagar References ^ Deogaonkar, Shashishekhar (2007). The Gonds of Vidarbha. Concept Publishing Company, 2007. p. 37. ISBN 978-8180694745. ^ EARTHCARE LABS PVT. LTD (March 2017). PRE FEASIBILITY REPORT Of Stone Quarry (PDF). Nagpur: EARTHCARE LABS PVT. LTD. p. 2(iv). Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Miksic, John (2003). Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium. NUS Press. ISBN 9971692716. ^ Meyer, William (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and his times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120804050. ^ Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India. Los Angeles: University of California press. p. 2010. ISBN 9780520242258. ^ Dutt, Sukumar (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 123. ISBN 9788120804982. ^ Majumdar R.C. Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass 1986. p. 123 ^ Mirashi, V. V.; Navlekar, N. R. (1969). Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works. Popular Prakashan. p. 22. ISBN 9788171544684. ^ Ramesh, K. V. (1984). Chalukyas of Vatapi. Agam Kala Prakashan. ^ Sen, S. N. (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilisation. New Age International. p. 403. ISBN 9788122411980. ^ "Kingdoms of South Asia". The History Files. Retrieved 12 December 2017. ^ Strong, Rowan (2002). Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780199249220. ^ Hussain. Geography of India for Civil Ser Exam. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780070667723. ^ "Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall upto 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2013. ^ "Station: Chandrapur (Chanda) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 179–180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020. ^ Marathi literary congregation concludes in Chandrapur. ^ a b Census India 2011. ^ Census India 2001. ^ "Chandrapur Population 2011". census2011. ^ "MADC projects". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012. ^ "Decks cleared for new airport in Chandrapur". The Times of India. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Age of Aspiration: Power, Wealth, and Conflict in Globalizing India. New Press. p. 182. ISBN 9781620971413. ^ The Times of India (26 January 2012). "EC to declare reservation of CMC wards". No. Nagpur. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ a b Government of Maharashtra. "Places of Interest". www.chanda.nic.in. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "State tiger count may be up by 40 in 2014 to 230 now | Nagpur News - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "Maharashtra Forest Department". Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018. ^ PTI (26 December 2014). "Guardian Ministers appointed in Maharashtra". Bennett, Coleman & Co. The Economic Times. Retrieved 12 December 2019. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chandrapur. Official website of Chandrapur district vteChandrapur district topicsHistory Nagpur kingdom Geography Painganga River Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve Wainganga River Wardha River Cities and towns Ballarpur Bhadravati Bramhapuri Chandrapur Chimur Ghugus Rajura Warora Lok Sabha constituencies Chandrapur Gadchiroli–Chimur Vidhan Sabha constituencies Rajura Warora vte VidarbhaLargest city: Nagpur Second largest: AmravatiDistricts of Vidarbha Akola Amravati Bhandara Buldhana Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gondia Nagpur Wardha Washim Yavatmal Cities withmunicipal corporations Akola Amravati Chandrapur Nagpur Portal:India vte State of Maharashtra Capital: Mumbai Second capital: Nagpur Topics History Geography Economy Tourism Highest point Marathi language Culture Marathi people Marathi literature Marathi cinema Maharashtrian cuisine Sports Regions Desh Khandesh Konkan Mumbai Metropolitan Region Marathwada Vidarbha North Maharashtra Divisions and DistrictsAmravati division Akola Amravati Buldhana Washim Yavatmal Konkan division Mumbai Mumbai Suburban Palghar Raigad Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Thane Aurangabad division Beed Aurangabad Osmanabad Hingoli Jalna Latur Nanded Parbhani Nagpur division Bhandara Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gondia Nagpur Wardha Nashik division Ahmednagar Dhule Jalgaon Nandurbar Nashik Pune division Kolhapur Pune Sangli Satara Solapur Million-plus cities in Maharashtra Mumbai Pune Nagpur Thane Pimpri-Chinchwad Nashik Kalyan-Dombivli Vasai-Virar Aurangabad Navi Mumbai Other cities with municipal corporations Ahmednagar Akola Amravati Bhiwandi Chandrapur Dhule Jalgaon Kolhapur Latur Malegaon Mira-Bhayandar Nanded Panvel Parbhani Sangli Solapur Ulhasnagar Portal:India Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel Geographic MusicBrainz place
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandrapur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_district"},{"link_name":"List of talukas in Chandrapur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_talukas_in_Chandrapur_district"},{"link_name":"Chandrapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapura"},{"link_name":"Chandrapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapore"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"municipal corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur district, Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_district,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_district"},{"link_name":"Gond king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gond_kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-2"}],"text":"This article is about the city in Maharashtra, India. For its namesake district, see Chandrapur district.This article is about talukas in Chandrapur district. For other uses, see List of talukas in Chandrapur district.Not to be confused with Chandrapura or Chandrapore.For other uses, see Chandrapur (disambiguation).City in Maharashtra, IndiaChandrapur (earlier known as Chanda, the official name until 1964) is a city and a municipal corporation in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra state, India. It is the district headquarters of Chandrapur district. Chandrapur is a fort city founded by Khandkya Ballal Shah, a Gond king of the 13th century.[1] The city sits at the confluence of the Erai river and Zarpat river. The area around the city is rich in coal seams.[citation needed]. Hence, Chandrapur is also known as the \"Black Gold City\".[2]","title":"Chandrapur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra"}],"text":"The local people relate the name \"Chandrapur\" to the words Chandra (the moon) and pur (a settlement) after a legend. Scholars see the name as a derivative of \"Indupur\" (city of the moon) which stood near the Jharpat in the Treta Yuga.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maurya Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shunga Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Satavahana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vakataka dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kalachuri dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachuri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakuta dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chalukya dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Seuna (Yadava) dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Adivasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sirpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirpur_(T)"},{"link_name":"Wardha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardha_River"},{"link_name":"Ballarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarpur"},{"link_name":"Maratha empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_empire"},{"link_name":"Raghuji Bhonsle III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuji_Bhonsle_III"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"tehsils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Sironcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sironcha"},{"link_name":"Gadchiroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadchiroli"},{"link_name":"zamindari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bombay state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_state"},{"link_name":"Adilabad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adilabad_district"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_state"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_state"},{"link_name":"Gadchiroli district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadchiroli_district"}],"text":"There are many Stone Age sites in Chandrapur District. Suresh Chopane, a renowned researcher, found many stone-age tools in the district, which has been displayed in his Rock Museum. Archeological finds, such as signs of pottery making, suggest inhabitation of the Chandrapur area in Neolithic times.[3]From ancient times, Chandrapur has fallen under the control of many different rulers. Between 322 BCE and 187 BCE, much of India, including Maharashtra, was part of the Maurya Empire.[4] From 187 BCE to 78 BCE, Chandrapur was part of the Shunga Empire which controlled much of central and eastern India.[5] The Satavahana Empire controlled Chandrapur from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[6] The Vakataka dynasty ruled from the area from the mid 3rd century CE to 550 CE.[7] The Kalachuri dynasty ruled in the area in the 6th and 7th centuries CE.[8] The Rashtrakuta dynasty followed, controlling the Chandrapur region between the 7th and 10th centuries. The Chalukya dynasty ruled in the region to the 12th century CE.[9] The Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri ruled a kingdom, including the Chandrapur area, in approximately 850 CE and continued until 1334 CE.[10]The Gond people are part of the Adivasi (indigenous people) of India. In ancient times, the Gond diaspora spread throughout central India. After the passage of many kings, who were largely subservient to other rulers, the Gond king, Khandkya Ballal (1470 – 1495) came to the throne. He founded Chandrapur.[11]As per legends, Khandkya, who resided in Sirpur, was covered in tumours. His wise and beautiful wife nursed him. She asked him to leave Sirpur and move to the north bank of the Wardha River. There, the king built a fort he named \"Ballalpur\" and thus founded the city of Ballarpur. In the year of 1262, one day while hunting northwest of Ballalpur, the king became thirsty and rode up to the dry bed of the Jharpat river in search of water. He discovered water trickling from a hole, and after drinking, washed his face, hands and feet. That night, he slept soundly for the first time in his life.On his return, the queen was delighted to see that many of the tumours on her husband's body had disappeared. The king said it was the water that had cured him and took his wife to see the water hole. On clearing the grass and sand, they found five footprints of a cow in the solid rock, each filled with water. The water source at the spot was inexhaustible and considered holy. The place was called \"Tirtha of Acalesvar of the Treta Yuga\". When the king bathed in the water, all the tumours on his body vanished. That night at the water hole, Acalesvar appeared to the king in a dream and spoke comforting words. A temple was built over the water hole.One morning, at the water hole, the king saw a hare darting out of a bush and chasing his dog. Eventually, the dog killed the hare. The king found a white spot on the forehead of the hare. The queen said it was a good omen and a fortified city should be built with its layout based on the chase of the dog and hare. She said the place where the hare was killed would be unlucky for the city. The king's officers, the \"Tel Thakurs\" built the fortified city. The city became Chandrapur.Chandrapur was taken over by Nagpur Bhonsles in 1751 during the Maratha empire period. The last ruler of the Maratha dynasty, Raghuji Bhonsle III died in 1853 without issue. In 1853, Chandrapur was annexed to British India. During the British colonial period, the area of Chandrapur was called \"Chanda\". By 1871, Anglican and Scottish Episcopal missionaries had arrived in the city.[12] In 1874, three tehsils were created: Viz Mul, Warora and Bramhpuri. The upper Godavai district of Madras was abolished and four tehsils were added to Chandrapur to form one tehsil with Sironcha, approximately 150 km to the south, as its centre of governance. In 1895, the headquarters was transferred to Chandrapur. In 1905, a new tehsil with headquarters at Gadchiroli was created through the transfer of zamindari estates from Bramhpuri and Chandrapur tehsil. In 1907, a small area of land was transferred from Chandrapur to the newer districts and another area of about 1560 km2, comprising three divisions of the lower Sironcha tehsil (Cherla, Albak and Nugir) were transferred to Madras State. Between 1911 and 1955, no major changes occurred in the boundaries of the district or its tehsils.In 1956, with the reorganization of Indian states, Chandrapur district was transferred from Madhya Pradesh to Bombay state. In 1959, part of Adilabad district of Hyderabad state, was transferred to Chandrapur district. In May 1960, Chandrapur district became part of the Maharashtra state. In 1964, the city was renamed to Chandrapur. Following the 1981 Census of India, Chandrapur district was divided into Chandrapur district and Gadchiroli district.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_Super_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Chandrapur is located in central India in the eastern part of Maharashtra state at 19.57°N latitude and 79.18°E longitude. Chandrapur is situated at 189.90 meters above the mean sea level. The area of the city is about 162.41 km2. The north–south length of the city is about 15.90 km, while the east–west length is about 10.90 km. The city slopes from the north to the south.Chandrapur lies at the confluence of the Erai and Zarpat rivers. The Erai river has a history of flooding. Flood marks are seen on the walls of the city. In the north of the city, a dam is constructed on the river Erai, having the capacity of 207 million cubic meters. The Gaontideo Nala originates from the uplands of the Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station. The Macchhi Nala originates from uplands of Central Forest Rangers College.Chandrapur lies on terrain rich in coal. Chandrapur is called a \"geological museum\" as there is a large variety of rocks as well as commercially valuable minerals and fossils. Samples of such rocks are collected at the Suresh Chopane Rock Museum.[13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histext2010-14"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"India Meteorological Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDnormals-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDextremes-16"}],"text":"Chandrapur has a hot and dry climate. December is the coldest month, with a minimum average temperature of 9 °C and a maximum average temperature of 23.2 °C. May is the hottest month with a mean maximum temperature of 43 °C and a mean minimum temperature of 28.2 °C. On 2 June 2007, there was the highest recorded temperature of 49 °C.[In January 1899 & 2021] , there was the lowest recorded temperature of 2.8 °C.The monsoon season comes between June and September. Chandrapur's average annual rainfall is 1249.4 mm. The average number of rainy days is 59.2.[14]Climate data for Chandrapur (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n44.4(111.9)\n\n46.4(115.5)\n\n48.3(118.9)\n\n49.0(120.2)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n38.4(101.1)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n38.7(101.7)\n\n49.0(120.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n41.3(106.3)\n\n42.9(109.2)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n34.4(93.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n9.2(0.36)\n\n12.8(0.50)\n\n15.4(0.61)\n\n17.1(0.67)\n\n21.2(0.83)\n\n202.8(7.98)\n\n358.1(14.10)\n\n363.7(14.32)\n\n158.3(6.23)\n\n73.1(2.88)\n\n10.2(0.40)\n\n6.2(0.24)\n\n1,248.2(49.14)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n0.8\n\n0.8\n\n1.4\n\n1.5\n\n1.8\n\n8.7\n\n15.2\n\n14.6\n\n8.5\n\n3.6\n\n0.7\n\n0.5\n\n58.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)\n\n44\n\n34\n\n27\n\n22\n\n23\n\n48\n\n70\n\n75\n\n68\n\n60\n\n53\n\n48\n\n48\n\n\nSource: India Meteorological Department[15][16]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Per the 2011 census of India, Chandrapur's population was 375,000.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Gondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_language"},{"link_name":"Gonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonds"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Marathi_Sahitya_Sammelan"},{"link_name":"Marathi literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_literature"},{"link_name":"Vaman Krushna Chorghade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaman_Krushna_Chorghade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Marathi is spoken by majority of the people in Chandrapur. The native Gondi is spoken by most of the Gonds in Chandrapur. People can also speak Hindi and English.Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, the conference on Marathi literature, has been held twice in Chandrapur, in 1979 (Chair Vaman Krushna Chorghade) and in 2012 (Chair Vasant Aabaji Dahake).[17]In 2016, the inaugural All India Gondi Religious Convention was convened by the Central Provinces and Berar Gondwana Samaj Sewa Samiti in Warora, 30 km north west of Chandrapur. The Chair was Raja Virshah Krushnashah Atram, a descendant of Khandkya Ballal Sah and current titular Gond king of Chandrapur.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cens2011-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"According to the 2011 India census, total population was 3,20,379.[18]Religion in Chandrapur City (2011)[20]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n71.84%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n15.64%\n\n\nIslam\n \n10.07%\n\n\nOthers\n \n2.44%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"major state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Maharashtra#Major_state_highways"},{"link_name":"state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Maharashtra#State_highways"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Road_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nagpur CR railway division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_CR_railway_division"},{"link_name":"Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railway_(India)"},{"link_name":"New Delhi–Chennai main line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi%E2%80%93Chennai_main_line"},{"link_name":"Chanda Fort railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanda_Fort_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nagpur SEC railway division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_SEC_railway_division"},{"link_name":"South East Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Central_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"Vivekanand Nagar railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivekanand_Nagar_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Babupeth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babupeth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Choti Padoli railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choti_Padoli_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chandrapur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_Airport"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra Airport Development Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_Airport_Development_Company"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI1-22"},{"link_name":"Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_International_Airport"}],"text":"Chandrapur lies on major state highways MH MSH 6, MH MSH 9 and state highways MH SH 233, MH SH 243 and MH SH 264. Chandrapur is connected to many cities in Maharashtra by the Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation bus service. Bus services are offered to Pune, Nagpur, Amravati, Yavatmal, Hyderabad, and Raipur. A proposed Chandrapur Pune expressway, via Yavatmal Beed, is in the planning stages.Chandrapur railway station is managed by the Nagpur CR railway division of the Central Railway. It lies on the New Delhi–Chennai main line. The Chanda Fort railway station is managed by the Nagpur SEC railway division of the South East Central Railway. It lies on the Balharshah–Gondia line. Other railway stations within city limits are Vivekanand Nagar railway station, Babupeth railway station and Choti Padoli railway station.Chandrapur Airport, operated by the Maharashtra Airport Development Company, is situated near Morwa on MH SH 264, about 12 km from the city. The airstrip is 950 m in length. Development of the airport is limited by surrounding obstructions, particularly the thermal power plant.[21] Hence, the MADC is building a greenfield airport at Vihirgaon, 40 kilometres from Chandrapur.[22] The nearest airport with scheduled flights is the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Chandrapur is a centre for coal mining. In 2012, there were 27 coal mines around Chandrapur.[23]Other industries include cement making, paper manufacturing, and ferro alloy manufacturing.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur_Super_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_State_Power_Generation_Company_Limited"},{"link_name":"masonry dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry_dam"}],"sub_title":"Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station","text":"The Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, a 3,340 MW power station complex which is owned by the Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited, occupies an area of 12,212 hectares (122.12 km2) about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city. It employs approximately 3,460 people and supplies more than 25 percent of the state's electricity. A masonry dam on the Erai river, 15 km from the station provides water to the station and to Chandrapur. On 16 January 1977, the station's foundation stone was laid by the Central Energy Minister, K. C. Pant.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marotrao_Kannamwar"},{"link_name":"Bal Gangadhar Tilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak"}],"text":"The Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar High School (previously known as the Zilha Parishad Jubilee High School) was established in 1906. The Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The Chanda Sikshan Prasarak Mandal is a large educational institution with a number of campuses in Chandrapur.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government medical college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Medical_College,_Chandrapur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"government engineering college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_of_Engineering,_Chandrapur"},{"link_name":"Gondwana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_University"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"Chandrapur has a government medical college and a government engineering college. The city's colleges (apart from the medical college) are affiliated with Gondwana University.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-24"}],"text":"On 20 October 2011, Chandrapur municipal council was elevated to a D-grade municipal corporation.[24]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandrapur Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrapur_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chanda-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jatpura_Gate_Chandrapur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chandrapur_fort.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pathanpura_gate_and_fort_wall_Chandrapur_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahakali_temple.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandir"},{"link_name":"Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"Shani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani"},{"link_name":"murtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"Shiv Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam"},{"link_name":"yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anchaleshwar_temple.JPG"},{"link_name":"samadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matkasur_the_male_tiger_at_Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Reserve.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chanda-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Chandrapur FortThe Chandrapur Fort (earlier known as Chanda Fort) (today called \"old city\") is a fort located at confluence of Erai and Zarpat rivers. The fort was built by Gond king, Khandkya Ballal Sah. The fort has four gates: Jatpura Gate to the north, Anchaleshwar Gate to the east, Pathanpura Gate to the south and Binba Gate to the west. The fort also has Five small gates, called khidkis (windows): Bagad Khidki to the northeast, Hanuman Khidki to the southeast, Vithhal Khidki to the southwest and Chor Khidki to the northwest and Masan Kidki. The fort has strong walls 15–20 feet high.[25]Gates and Windows of Chandrapur Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJatpura gate of Chandrapur Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnchaleshwar gate of Chandrapur Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPathanpura gate of Chandrapur FortMahakali MandirMahakali MandirMahakali Mandir (temple) is an often frequented temple in Chandrapur. The ancient temple was built by Dhundya Ram Sah, of Gond Dynasty around the 16th century. Tuesdays are a particularly significant day to visit. Within the mandir there is a small Ganesh temple and a Hanuman temple. At the two temple entrances, there are small shops for puja (worship) supplies such as coconut, flowers and cloth. Items for home décor and puja décor are sold near the temple. Near the rear entrance there is a Shani temple.Within the temple are two murtis (idols). One associated with Shiv Ling is a standing idol decorated with red, yellow and orange cloths. The other is in a reclining position below the ground level, and devotees must walk in a tunnel to reach it. Inside the temple, a priest is present to assist visitors with puja and offerings. A trust administers the temple. Dharmashalas provide accommodation for pilgrims. The annual yatra (fair) takes place in April, entertaining the followers of Mahakali and the citizens of Chandrapur.Anchaleshwar MandirAnchaleshwar MandirThe Anchaleshwar Mandir celebrates a form of the Lord Siva. It is situated adjoining Anchaleshwar Gate of Chandrapur fort on the banks of the Zarpat river. The official samadhi (mausoleum) of the Gond kings is located within the temple complex.Tadoba Andhari Tiger ReserveTiger at Tadoba Andhari Tiger ReserveThe Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is located approximately 30 km north of Chandrapur near the Erai dam. This park was included in the project tiger since 1973. The total area of the reserve is 625.40 km2. In 2014 the tiger population in Tadoba was 66, that number has gone up to 86. Tadoba is now a home to 86 Tigers despite years of lynching, poaching & other threats.[26] There are many hotels and resorts near Moharli gate, Zari gate and Navegaon gate of the reserve, available for the tourists. The guided tours inside the park are available during early morning and evening time only.[25][27]","title":"Important places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marotrao_Kannamwar"},{"link_name":"Mohan Bhagwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsewak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"Hansraj Ahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansraj_Ahir"},{"link_name":"Shantaram Potdukhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantaram_Potdukhe"},{"link_name":"Barrister Rajabhau Khobragade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.D._Khobragade"},{"link_name":"Republican Party of India (Khobragade)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Khobragade)"},{"link_name":"B. R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"Balasaheb Deshmukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokagrani_Adv._Balwantrao_Raga_alias_Balasaheb_Deshmukh"},{"link_name":"Bal Gangadhar Tilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak"},{"link_name":"Abdul Shafee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Shafee"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"MLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Sudhir Mungantiwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_Mungantiwar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-28"},{"link_name":"Swagat Thorat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swagat_Thorat"},{"link_name":"Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille"}],"text":"Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar, second Chief Minister of Maharashtra.\nMohan Bhagwat, chief of the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh.\nHansraj Ahir, former Deputy Home Minister Of India (MOS Home affairs) and also Union minister of Chemical and Fetilizers (MOS) Govt. of India.\nShantaram Potdukhe, former Minister of State (Finance) of India.\nBarrister Rajabhau Khobragade, Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, leader of the Republican Party of India (Khobragade) and follower of B. R. Ambedkar.\nBalasaheb Deshmukh, a follower of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It was due to his efforts that Tilak visited Chandrapur and laid the foundation of Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya.\nAbdul Shafee, a politician of the Indian National Congress Party, MLC, 5th Loksabha.\nSudhir Mungantiwar, former Minister of Finance & Planning and Forests Govt.of Maharastra, former Guardian Minister of Wardha and Chandrapur.[28]\nSwagat Thorat, a wildlife photographer, playwright, painter, editor, and director. Known as the Braille Man of India.","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Mahakali Mandir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mahakali_temple.JPG/220px-Mahakali_temple.JPG"},{"image_text":"Anchaleshwar Mandir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Anchaleshwar_temple.JPG/220px-Anchaleshwar_temple.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tiger at Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Matkasur_the_male_tiger_at_Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Reserve.jpg/220px-Matkasur_the_male_tiger_at_Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Reserve.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Make In Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_In_Maharashtra"},{"title":"Urjanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urjanagar"}]
[{"reference":"Deogaonkar, Shashishekhar (2007). The Gonds of Vidarbha. Concept Publishing Company, 2007. p. 37. ISBN 978-8180694745.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&q=King+Surja+gond+king&pg=PA37","url_text":"The Gonds of Vidarbha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8180694745","url_text":"978-8180694745"}]},{"reference":"EARTHCARE LABS PVT. LTD (March 2017). PRE FEASIBILITY REPORT Of Stone Quarry (PDF). Nagpur: EARTHCARE LABS PVT. LTD. p. 2(iv). Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/District/pfr/18032017NSF72A1BAnnexurePreFeasibilityReport.pdf","url_text":"PRE FEASIBILITY REPORT Of Stone Quarry"}]},{"reference":"Miksic, John (2003). Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium. NUS Press. ISBN 9971692716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Miksic","url_text":"Miksic, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971692716","url_text":"9971692716"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, William (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and his times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120804050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804050","url_text":"9788120804050"}]},{"reference":"Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India. Los Angeles: University of California press. p. 2010. ISBN 9780520242258.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/2010","url_text":"Early India"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/2010","url_text":"2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520242258","url_text":"9780520242258"}]},{"reference":"Dutt, Sukumar (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 123. ISBN 9788120804982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804982","url_text":"9788120804982"}]},{"reference":"Mirashi, V. V.; Navlekar, N. R. (1969). Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works. Popular Prakashan. p. 22. ISBN 9788171544684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171544684","url_text":"9788171544684"}]},{"reference":"Ramesh, K. V. (1984). Chalukyas of Vatapi. Agam Kala Prakashan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sen, S. N. (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilisation. New Age International. p. 403. ISBN 9788122411980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980","url_text":"9788122411980"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingdoms of South Asia\". The History Files. Retrieved 12 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaGondwana.htm","url_text":"\"Kingdoms of South Asia\""}]},{"reference":"Strong, Rowan (2002). Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780199249220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199249220","url_text":"9780199249220"}]},{"reference":"Hussain. Geography of India for Civil Ser Exam. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780070667723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070667723","url_text":"9780070667723"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall upto 2010\" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall upto 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Chandrapur (Chanda) Climatological Table 1981–2010\" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 179–180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Chandrapur (Chanda) Climatological Table 1981–2010\""},{"url":"https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)\" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf","url_text":"\"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)\""},{"url":"https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chandrapur Population 2011\". census2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/355-chandrapur.html","url_text":"\"Chandrapur Population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"MADC projects\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226054653/http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html","url_text":"\"MADC projects\""},{"url":"http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Decks cleared for new airport in Chandrapur\". The Times of India. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/decks-cleared-for-new-airport-in-chandrapur/articleshow/63945715.cms","url_text":"\"Decks cleared for new airport in Chandrapur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Age of Aspiration: Power, Wealth, and Conflict in Globalizing India. New Press. p. 182. ISBN 9781620971413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620971413","url_text":"9781620971413"}]},{"reference":"The Times of India (26 January 2012). \"EC to declare reservation of CMC wards\". No. Nagpur. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 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Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190121081706/http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/project_tiger_detail.php?lang_eng_mar=Mar&sat_id=14","url_text":"\"Maharashtra Forest Department\""},{"url":"http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/project_tiger_detail.php?lang_eng_mar=Mar&sat_id=14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"PTI (26 December 2014). \"Guardian Ministers appointed in Maharashtra\". Bennett, Coleman & Co. The Economic Times. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/guardian-ministers-appointed-in-maharashtra/articleshow/45651646.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Guardian Ministers appointed in Maharashtra\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer,_Second_Flotilla
Flag Officer, Second Flotilla
["1 History","2 Flag Officers, Second Flotilla","3 Notes","4 References"]
Second FlotillaEnsign of the Royal NavyActive1971 – 1992Country United KingdomBranch Royal NavySizeFlotillaPart ofCommander-in-Chief FleetGarrison/HQHMNB DevonportCommandersFirstRear-Admiral David WilliamsLastRear-Admiral John R. BrigstockeMilitary unit The Flag Officer, Second Flotilla was a senior British Royal Navy appointment from 1971 to 1992. History After the creation of the single Commander-in-Chief Fleet post in 1971, its subordinate commands were reorganised. Three major sub-commands were created; the First Flotilla, Second Flotilla and Carriers and Amphibious Ships each commanded by a rear admiral. The Flotilla included (Watson & Smith 2015): 4th Frigate Squadron (1976-1981) 5th Frigate Squadron (1972-1976) 6th Frigate Squadron (1972-1976) 7th Frigate Squadron (1972-1980) 8th Frigate Squadron (1972-1980) 5th Destroyer Squadron (1980-1992) In 1990 the First Flotilla was re-designated Surface Flotilla. Rear Admiral Brigstocke, the incumbent Flag Officer Second Flotilla, commanded the HMS Ark Royal (R07) task group off Libya during the Gulf War. In April 1992, the system was changed when the Third Flotilla was abolished and the remaining two flotilla commanders became Flag Officer, Surface Flotilla - responsible for operational readiness and training; and Second Flotilla became Flag Officer, UK Task Group, who would command any deployed task group. Flag Officers, Second Flotilla Included: Rear-Admiral David Williams: November 1971-March 1972 Rear-Admiral Andrew J. Miller: March 1972-March 1973 Rear-Admiral Richard P. Clayton: March 1973-December 1974 Rear-Admiral John D.E. Fieldhouse: December 1974-October 1976 Rear-Admiral William D.M. Staveley: October 1976-March 1977 Rear-Admiral Martin La T. Wemyss: March 1977-December 1978 Rear-Admiral Peter M. Stanford: December 1978-October 1980 Rear-Admiral Nicholas J.S. Hunt: October 1980-November 1981 Rear-Admiral Robert W. F. Gerken: November 1981-October 1983 Rear-Admiral D. Benjamin Bathurst: October 1983-April 1985 Rear-Admiral W. Richard S. Thomas: April 1985-December 1986 Rear-Admiral Guy F. Liardet: December 1986-March 1988 Rear-Admiral A. Peter Woodhead: March 1988-August 1989 Rear-Admiral Peter C. Abbott: August 1989-January 1991 Rear-Admiral John R. Brigstocke: January 1991-April 1992 Notes ^ Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9781848320437. ^ Iain Ballantyre, Strike from the Sea, 101-102. ^ Watson, Graham; Smith, Gordon (12 July 2015). "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013". www.naval-history.net. G. Smith. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ Mackie, Colin (August 2018). "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865". gulabin.com. C. Mackie. p. 217. Retrieved 6 August 2018. References Mackie, Colin. (2018) "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie. Scotland, UK. Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848320437. Watson, Graham; Smith, Gordon (12 July 2015). "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013". www.naval-history.net. G. Smith. Retrieved 6 August 2018. vteNavy Department (Ministry of Defence)political headministers Office of the Minister of Defence for the Royal Navy (1964-1967) Office of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence for the Royal Navy (1967-1981) Deputy Under-Secretary of State (Navy) (1967-1981) Office of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Armed Forces (1981-1990) Office of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence (1991-1997) governance Defence Council Defence Board Admiralty Board Navy Board military head First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff office of thefirst sea lord Office of the Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff Office of the Deputy-Chief of the Naval Staff Office of the Naval Secretary-flag officer appointments - Naval Assistant to Naval Secretary-captains appointments Director of Naval Officer Appointments Director of Naval Officer Appointments (Engineer Officers) Director of Naval Officer Appointments (Seaman Officers) Director of Naval Officer 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Department (Naval) Director-General Weapons (Naval) Director Weapons Coordination and Acceptance (Naval) Co-Ordination Directorate Compass Directorate Director Naval Ordnance Services Director Naval Weapons Contracts B Director Underwater Weapons Projects (Naval) Director Weapons Surface Projects (Naval) Director Surface Electronic Projects (Naval) Department of the Director-General Aircraft (Naval) Naval Ordnance Inspection Directorate Production Directorate Director Weapons Production (Naval) Surface Weapons Research and Development Directorate Under Water Weapons Research and Development Directorate Weapons Equipment Surface Directorate Ship Department Deputy Director-General Ships- Director of Contracts (Ships) Director Engineering (Ships) Director of Electrical Engineering Director of Naval Construction Director of Naval Equipment Director of Project Team Submarines/Polaris Director of Resources and Programmes (Ships) Director Warship Design Directorate of Naval Construction Marine Engineering Directorate Naval Equipment Division Naval Equipment Directorate Naval Electrical Engineering Directorate Naval Ship Production Directorate Principal Director of Navy Contracts naval supplies and transportfleet support hqnaval support command Office of the Chief of Naval Supplies and Transport Office of the Chief of Fleet Support undernaval supplies and transportfleet support hqnaval support command Assistant Chief of Fleet Support Director of Naval Administrative Planning Director of Fleet Supply Duties Director of Fleet Maintenance Director of Marine Services Head of Aircraft Department (Naval) HQ Director of Quartering (Navy) Civil Catering Department Contract and Purchase Department (Naval) Department of Fuel Movements and Transport (Naval) Department of Dockyards and Fleet Maintenance Dockyard Division Fleet Maintenance Division Marine Services Division Office of the Chief Executive Royal Dockyards- Director of Dockyard Manpower and Productivity Director of 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Naval Physical Research Department of Research and Development Services (Naval) Department of Material Research (Naval) Director-General Establishments, Resources and Programmes A Admiralty Engineering Laboratory Admiralty Experiment Works Admiralty Marine Engineering Establishment Admiralty Oil Laboratory Admiralty Research Laboratory Admiralty Research Establishment Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment Naval Construction Research Establishment Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory Royal Radar Establishment Signals Research and Development Establishment Director-General Research Electronics Services Electronics Research Laboratory naval home command Naval Home Command Shore unitsunder Naval Home Command Admiral-Superintendent, Devonport Admiral-superintendent, Portsmouth Admiral Commanding, Reserves Commodore, Clyde Submarine Base Chief Executive Officer Marine Services Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Yachts Flag Officer, Medway Flag Officer, Plymouth Port Admiral, Devonport Flag Officer, Portsmouth and Admiral-superintendent, Portsmouth Flag Officer Spithead and Port Admiral Portsmouth Flag Officer, Training and Recruitment Senior Naval Officer, Northern Ireland Fleets Home Fleet Far East Fleet Mediterranean Fleet Western Fleet Commander-in-Chief Fleet underc-in-c, fleet Chief of Staff Fleet Chief of Staff, (Warfare) Fleet Chief of Staff (Capability) Fleet Chief of Staff (Personnel) Fleet Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations Assistant Chief of Staff, Plans Assistant Chief of Staff, Warfare Command Secretary, Fleet Commandant General Royal Marines Commander British Forces Gibraltar Commander Operations Commander UK Amphibious Forces Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces Flag Officer, Carriers and Amphibious Ships Flag Officer First Flotilla Flag Officer, Second Flotilla Flag Officer, Third Flotilla Flag Officer, Surface Flotilla Flag Officer Gibraltar and Gibraltar Naval Base Commander Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland Flag Officer Scotland and Northern Ireland Flag Officer Plymouth Flag Officer Sea Training Flag Officer Submarines Flag Officer Naval Air Command Flag Officer, Flying Training Flag Officer, Naval Flying Training under c-in-c home fleet, far east fleetmediterranean fleet, western fleet Flag Officer Second-in-Command Far East Fleet Chief of Staff, Far East Fleet Commodore, Amphibious Forces, Far East Fleet Commodore-in-Charge, Hong Kong Mediterranean Fleet Chief of Staff Mediterranean Fleet Flag Officer, Gibraltar Commodore (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers Rear-Admiral (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers Vice-Admiral (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers Western Fleet Chief of Staff, Western Fleet civil administrationnavy department Office of the Second Permanent Under-Secretary of State (Royal Navy) Office of the Second Permanent Under-Secretary of State (Administration) undercivil administration Department of the 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"}],"text":"Military unitThe Flag Officer, Second Flotilla was a senior British Royal Navy appointment from 1971 to 1992.","title":"Flag Officer, Second Flotilla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_Fleet"},{"link_name":"First Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Second Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Carriers and Amphibious Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer,_Carriers_and_Amphibious_Ships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"4th Frigate Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Frigate_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"5th Frigate Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Frigate_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"6th Frigate Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Frigate_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"7th Frigate Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Frigate_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"8th Frigate Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Frigate_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"5th Destroyer Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Destroyer_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"First Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"HMS Ark Royal (R07)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Third Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After the creation of the single Commander-in-Chief Fleet post in 1971, its subordinate commands were reorganised. Three major sub-commands were created; the First Flotilla, Second Flotilla and Carriers and Amphibious Ships each commanded by a rear admiral.[1] \nThe Flotilla included (Watson & Smith 2015):4th Frigate Squadron (1976-1981)\n5th Frigate Squadron (1972-1976)\n6th Frigate Squadron (1972-1976)\n7th Frigate Squadron (1972-1980)\n8th Frigate Squadron (1972-1980)\n5th Destroyer Squadron (1980-1992)In 1990 the First Flotilla was re-designated Surface Flotilla. Rear Admiral Brigstocke, the incumbent Flag Officer Second Flotilla, commanded the HMS Ark Royal (R07) task group off Libya during the Gulf War.[2]In April 1992, the system was changed when the Third Flotilla was abolished and the remaining two flotilla commanders became Flag Officer, Surface Flotilla - responsible for operational readiness and training; and Second Flotilla became Flag Officer, UK Task Group, who would command any deployed task group.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"David Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Williams_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Andrew J. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Miller_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"John D.E. Fieldhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fieldhouse,_Baron_Fieldhouse"},{"link_name":"William D.M. Staveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Staveley_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Martin La T. Wemyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_La_T._Wemyss"},{"link_name":"Peter M. Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stanford_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas J.S. Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Robert W. F. Gerken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gerken"},{"link_name":"D. Benjamin Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bathurst_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"W. Richard S. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thomas_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Guy F. Liardet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_F._Liardet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A. Peter Woodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Woodhead"},{"link_name":"Peter C. Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abbott"},{"link_name":"John R. Brigstocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brigstocke"}],"text":"Included:[4]Rear-Admiral David Williams: November 1971-March 1972\nRear-Admiral Andrew J. Miller: March 1972-March 1973\nRear-Admiral Richard P. Clayton: March 1973-December 1974\nRear-Admiral John D.E. Fieldhouse: December 1974-October 1976\nRear-Admiral William D.M. Staveley: October 1976-March 1977\nRear-Admiral Martin La T. Wemyss: March 1977-December 1978\nRear-Admiral Peter M. Stanford: December 1978-October 1980\nRear-Admiral Nicholas J.S. Hunt: October 1980-November 1981\nRear-Admiral Robert W. F. Gerken: November 1981-October 1983\nRear-Admiral D. Benjamin Bathurst: October 1983-April 1985\nRear-Admiral W. Richard S. Thomas: April 1985-December 1986\nRear-Admiral Guy F. Liardet: December 1986-March 1988\nRear-Admiral A. Peter Woodhead: March 1988-August 1989\nRear-Admiral Peter C. Abbott: August 1989-January 1991\nRear-Admiral John R. Brigstocke: January 1991-April 1992","title":"Flag Officers, Second Flotilla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jNbZAwAAQBAJ&dq=First+Flotilla%2C++1971&pg=PT88"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781848320437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848320437"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1947-2013.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gulabin.com/"}],"text":"^ Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9781848320437.\n\n^ Iain Ballantyre, Strike from the Sea, 101-102.\n\n^ Watson, Graham; Smith, Gordon (12 July 2015). \"Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013\". www.naval-history.net. G. Smith. Retrieved 6 August 2018.\n\n^ Mackie, Colin (August 2018). \"Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865\". gulabin.com. C. Mackie. p. 217. Retrieved 6 August 2018.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_St_John,_2nd_Viscount_Bolingbroke
Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke
["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Children","4 Quotes","5 Titles","6 References"]
British Viscount and landowner Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke, 3rd Viscount St John Arms of St John: Argent, on a chief gules two mullets or "Turf, with Jockey up, at Newmarket", painting c.1766 by George Stubbs of one of Bolingbroke's famous racehorses. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke, 3rd Viscount St John (21 December 1732 – 5 May 1787), was a British Viscount and landowner. His father was John St John, 2nd Viscount St John, half-brother of Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751). His mother was Anne Furnese and his younger brother General the Hon. Henry St John (1738–1818). Biography This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bolingbroke was educated at Eton College, Berkshire. He succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron St John of Battersea on 19 June 1748. He succeeded to the title of 3rd Viscount St John on 26 November 1748. "Bully," as he was called by his contemporaries, is best known for his extravagant lifestyle and the racehorses he bred. On 8 September 1757 he married Lady Diana Spencer, elder daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, after making a joking proposal to her in one of London's pleasure gardens. Bolingbroke's insistence on maintaining a bachelor's lifestyle (which included lavish spending, a string of mistresses, heavy drinking and gambling) after their marriage, coupled with verbal and, possibly, physical spousal abuse, led to a bitter separation between Bully and the popular and artistic Lady Diana. Bolingbroke brought divorce proceedings against his wife for her criminal conversation with Topham Beauclerk, with whom she bore a child. Things worsened for Viscount Bolingbroke after his divorce. The damages he won from Beauclerk were paltry compared to the mountain of debt he acquired. Rather than economize he chose to sell his prized racehorse. Even before his divorce his tight finances led to his sponsoring changes in law that allowed inheritors to sell off family properties. Once the law was passed he set about selling property that had been in his family for centuries. In 1763, he sold the estate of Battersea, Surrey to Viscount Spencer. Eventually, he begged for and received a post as Lord of the Bedchamber in the court of King George III—a post he'd previously held while still married to Lady Diana, but given up due to a combination of disinterest and indolence. In the meantime he never stopped searching for an heiress old enough or unattractive enough (and therefore desperate to marry) to wed a man of questionable finances and reputation. Viscount Bolingbroke found himself overshadowed by his wife even after their marriage ended. Bolingbroke was not especially popular outside of a certain set while Lady Diana's circle included the eccentric and intelligent Dr Samuel Johnson and the fashionable political hostess, Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Death He died on 5 May 1787, aged 54. Children Sir George Richard St. John, 3rd Viscount Bolingbroke (5 March 1761 – 11 December 1824) Lady Henriette St. John (1 August 1762 – April 1834) – married Henry Towcester in 1792 General Hon. Frederick St. John (20 December 1765 – 19 November 1844) Quotes Lord Chesterfield said: "(he was) ... by his talents no way unworthy to bear his uncle's name, (and had) "true and solid good sense, real taste and knowing a great deal." Cokayne and Gibbs said, "for the last six years of his life he was out of his mind." Titles 1748 Baron St. John of Battersea 1748 Viscount St. John of Battersea 1751 Baronet St. John, of Lidiard Tregoze References ^ "Turf, with Jockey up, at Newmarket - YCBA Collections Search". ^ "Stepneyrobarts.co.uk". ^ a b c d e f g G. E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, pp. 207, 208. Peerage of Great Britain Preceded byHenry St John Viscount Bolingbroke 1751–1787 Succeeded byGeorge St John Preceded byJohn St John Viscount St John 1749–1787 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick-st-john.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._John_arms.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Stubbs_-_Turf,_with_Jockey_up,_at_Newmarket_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Stubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John St John, 2nd Viscount St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_St_John,_2nd_Viscount_St_John"},{"link_name":"Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"},{"link_name":"Henry St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_St_John_(British_Army_officer)"}],"text":"Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke, 3rd Viscount St JohnArms of St John: Argent, on a chief gules two mullets or\"Turf, with Jockey up, at Newmarket\", painting c.1766 by George Stubbs of one of Bolingbroke's famous racehorses. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection[1]Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke, 3rd Viscount St John (21 December 1732 – 5 May 1787), was a British Viscount and landowner. His father was John St John, 2nd Viscount St John, half-brother of Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751).[2][3] His mother was Anne Furnese[3] and his younger brother General the Hon. Henry St John (1738–1818).","title":"Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"},{"link_name":"Viscount St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_St_John"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"},{"link_name":"racehorses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Lady Diana Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Diana_Beauclerk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"pleasure gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_gardens"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"criminal conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"Topham Beauclerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topham_Beauclerk"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Bedchamber"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire"}],"text":"Bolingbroke was educated at Eton College, Berkshire.[3] He succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron St John of Battersea on 19 June 1748. He succeeded to the title of 3rd Viscount St John on 26 November 1748.[3]\"Bully,\" as he was called by his contemporaries, is best known for his extravagant lifestyle and the racehorses he bred. On 8 September 1757 he married Lady Diana Spencer,[3] elder daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, after making a joking proposal to her in one of London's pleasure gardens. Bolingbroke's insistence on maintaining a bachelor's lifestyle (which included lavish spending, a string of mistresses, heavy drinking and gambling) after their marriage, coupled with verbal and, possibly, physical spousal abuse, led to a bitter separation between Bully and the popular and artistic Lady Diana. Bolingbroke brought divorce proceedings against his wife for her criminal conversation with Topham Beauclerk, with whom she bore a child.Things worsened for Viscount Bolingbroke after his divorce. The damages he won from Beauclerk were paltry compared to the mountain of debt he acquired. Rather than economize he chose to sell his prized racehorse. Even before his divorce his tight finances led to his sponsoring changes in law that allowed inheritors to sell off family properties. Once the law was passed he set about selling property that had been in his family for centuries.In 1763, he sold the estate of Battersea, Surrey to Viscount Spencer. Eventually, he begged for and received a post as Lord of the Bedchamber in the court of King George III—a post he'd previously held while still married to Lady Diana, but given up due to a combination of disinterest and indolence. In the meantime he never stopped searching for an heiress old enough or unattractive enough (and therefore desperate to marry) to wed a man of questionable finances and reputation.Viscount Bolingbroke found himself overshadowed by his wife even after their marriage ended. Bolingbroke was not especially popular outside of a certain set while Lady Diana's circle included the eccentric and intelligent Dr Samuel Johnson and the fashionable political hostess, Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He died on 5 May 1787, aged 54.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir George Richard St. John, 3rd Viscount Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_St_John,_3rd_Viscount_Bolingbroke"},{"link_name":"Frederick St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_St_John_(British_Army_officer)"}],"text":"Sir George Richard St. John, 3rd Viscount Bolingbroke (5 March 1761 – 11 December 1824)\nLady Henriette St. John (1 August 1762 – April 1834) – married Henry Towcester in 1792\nGeneral Hon. Frederick St. John (20 December 1765 – 19 November 1844)","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cokayne-3"}],"text":"Lord Chesterfield said:\"(he was) ... by his talents no way unworthy to bear his uncle's name, (and had) \"true and solid good sense, real taste and knowing a great deal.\"[3]Cokayne and Gibbs said,\"for the last six years of his life he was out of his mind.\"[3]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1748 Baron St. John of Battersea\n1748 Viscount St. John of Battersea\n1751 Baronet St. John, of Lidiard Tregoze","title":"Titles"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covelo,_Pontevedra
Covelo, Pontevedra
["1 Twin towns - Sister cities","2 References"]
Coordinates: 42°13′54″N 8°21′48″W / 42.23167°N 8.36333°W / 42.23167; -8.36333Municipality in Galicia, Spain MunicipalityConcello de Covelomunicipality SealLocation of Covelo within GaliciaCoordinates: 42°13′54″N 8°21′48″W / 42.23167°N 8.36333°W / 42.23167; -8.36333Population (2018) • Total2,417 (INE)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CET) Covelo is a municipality in Galicia, Spain, in the province of Pontevedra. It is part of the Galician comarca of A Paradanta. Twin towns - Sister cities Geneston is twinned with: Geneston, Loire-Atlantique, France References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. ^ "Histoire" (in French). Commune of Geneston. Retrieved 2023-11-14. vteMunicipalities in the province of Pontevedra Agolada Arbo Baiona Barro Bueu Caldas de Reis Cambados Campo Lameiro Cangas A Cañiza Catoira Cerdedo-Cotobade Covelo Crecente Cuntis Dozón A Estrada Forcarei Fornelos de Montes Gondomar O Grove A Guarda A Illa de Arousa Lalín A Lama Marín Meaño Meis Moaña Mondariz Mondariz – Balneario Moraña Mos As Neves Nigrán Oia Pazos de Borbén Poio Ponte Caldelas Ponteareas Pontecesures Pontevedra O Porriño Portas Redondela Ribadumia Rodeiro O Rosal Salceda de Caselas Salvaterra de Miño Sanxenxo Silleda Soutomaior Tomiño Tui Valga Vigo Vila de Cruces Vilaboa Vilagarcía de Arousa Vilanova de Arousa Authority control databases VIAF This article about a location in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra_(province)"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarcas_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"A Paradanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Paradanta"}],"text":"Municipality in Galicia, SpainMunicipalityCovelo is a municipality in Galicia, Spain, in the province of Pontevedra. It is part of the Galician comarca of A Paradanta.","title":"Covelo, Pontevedra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Geneston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Geneston is twinned with:Geneston, Loire-Atlantique, France[2]","title":"Twin towns - Sister cities"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Histoire\" (in French). Commune of Geneston. Retrieved 2023-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://geneston.fr/decouvrir-geneston/en-quelques-mots/histoire/","url_text":"\"Histoire\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Meadow,_Oxford
Port Meadow, Oxford
["1 Overview","2 History","3 Development","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°46′12″N 1°17′02″W / 51.770°N 1.284°W / 51.770; -1.284Meadow in Oxford Human settlement in EnglandPort MeadowSunset over Port MeadowPort MeadowShow map of OxfordPort MeadowLocation within OxfordshireShow map of OxfordshireOS grid referenceSP495085Civil parishunparishedDistrictOxfordShire countyOxfordshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townOxfordPostcode districtOX2Dialling code01865PoliceThames ValleyFireOxfordshireAmbulanceSouth Central UK ParliamentOxford West and AbingdonWebsiteOxford City Council List of places UK England Oxfordshire 51°46′12″N 1°17′02″W / 51.770°N 1.284°W / 51.770; -1.284 Port Meadow is a large meadow of open common land beside the River Thames to the north and west of Oxford, England. Overview The meadow is an ancient area of grazing land, still used for horses and cattle, and according to legend has never been ploughed, at least for around 4,000 years. It is said that in return for helping to defend the kingdom against the marauding Danes, the Freemen of Oxford were given the 300 acres (120 ha) of pasture next to the River Thames by Alfred the Great who, legend has it, founded the city in the 10th century (although Alfred actually died in the 9th century). The Freemen's collective right to graze their animals free of charge is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and has been exercised ever since. The name may come from Portman, an earlier term for Freeman. Swimmers at Port Meadow, bathing at the confluence of the River Thames and the Castle Mill Stream. The meadow runs from Jericho to Wolvercote (where north of the Shiplake Ditch it becomes Wolvercote Common) along the east (left) bank of the River Thames, with the Cotswold Line railway, the Oxford Canal and the suburb of North Oxford further to the east, and the village of Binsey to the west. Access to Port Meadow is via Walton Well Road or Aristotle Lane in the south (or from the south via Roger Dudman Way or the Thames Path) or from Godstow Road, Wolvercote via Wolvercote Common in the north. It is a typical English flood-meadow and is a favourite area for walking, with easy access from the city of Oxford. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest. At the southern end of the meadow is Fiddler's Island in the River Thames. In the winter the meadow sometimes floods; if frozen it forms a huge and relatively safe area for skating. In late spring vast areas are carpeted with buttercups. Horses, cattle and geese graze the meadow and many birds can often be seen. At the eastern edge of Port Meadow, just north of the entrance from Aristotle Lane, is Burgess Field, a reclaimed landfill site and home to a nature reserve, managed by Oxford City Council. It covers an area of about 35 hectares (86 acres); a circular path around the edge passes through some small copses. Port Meadow is one of the most popular locations in Oxford for recreation activities such as walking, running, cycling and swimming in the adjacent River Thames. During days of fair weather the banks of the River Thames in the Meadow are often lined with people enjoying the natural environs. The meadow is also popular with photographers and bird-watchers. History Horses in the mist on Port Meadow The River Thames (known as the Isis in this area) flows past this large grazing meadow. This is where the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed up the river on 4 July 1862 with three young girls — Lorina, Alice, and Edith Liddell. While journeying slowly from Folly Bridge to near Godstow, Dodgson began at their request to make up a story that later was expanded into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Because the meadow appears never to have been ploughed, it contains well-preserved archaeological remains, some of which survive as residual earthworks. Of particular note are several Bronze Age round barrows, an area of Iron Age settlement, and the foundations of 17th-century fortifications from the Parliamentary siege of Oxford during the English Civil War. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the meadow was used for horse racing, and low stone bridges laid over washes and ditches for this purpose still survive. During the First World War part of Port Meadow was used to train the Royal Flying Corps and turned into a military aerodrome. Fifteen air crew and pilots were killed flying from Port Meadow or close by. In 1940, during the Second World War, a camp was set up on the meadow for military personnel evacuated from Dunkirk. In the 1980s and 1990s, the meadow was known as a location for free festivals and raves. Just across the Thames is Bossoms Boatyard, with a small marina and Medley Footbridge across the Thames. The Medley Sailing Club, the furthest upstream sailing club on the River Thames, is on the western bank. To the south is the start of the Castle Mill Stream and Cripley Meadow, largely consisting of allotments. Development Panoramic view looking south from Port Meadow of new Oxford University Castle Mill graduate housing St Barnabas Church campanile obscured by new Oxford University Castle Mill graduate accommodation buildings, at the southern end of Port Meadow Main article: Castle Mill From 2012, the Oxford University Estates Directorate, with the help of Longcross, have been developing the 2½ acre (one-hectare) Castle Mill site between the Cripley Meadow Allotments and the railway tracks, close to the southern end of Port Meadow, as extensive student accommodation. The development was controversial, since the four to five storey blocks overlook Port Meadow. Campaigners warned of damage to views of Oxford. There has been an online petition and a "Save Port Meadow" campaign was established in December 2012. Concerns were raised by the Oxford Preservation Trust and the Green Party. The Oxford Times reported that "senior university members" were angry about the development, and that the impact had taken time to be realised. The development was likened to building a "skyscraper beside Stonehenge". In February 2013, Oxford City Council entered negotiations with Oxford University to reduce the height of the buildings by two storeys. On 7 May 2013, the Campaign to Protect Rural England applied to the High Court for judicial review of the decision to grant planning permission on the grounds that requirements for a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) were not met. In 2016, Oxford University proposed an array of mitigating techniques, including cladding and horizontal beams to "break up the vertical façade". Later, changes were made to the buildings in an attempt to reduce their visual impact. See also Port Meadow Halt, a former railway station on the Varsity Line Burgess Field Nature Park, to the east Cripley Meadow, to the south Trap Ground Allotments, to the east Wolvercote Common, to the north Binsey Poplars, an 1879 poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889), written after the felling of a row of poplar trees on the River Thames overlooking Port Meadow References ^ Hibbert, Christopher, ed. (1988). "Port Meadow". The Encyclopaedia of Oxford. Macmillan. pp. 331–332. ISBN 0-333-39917-X. ^ "Countryside and nature reserves – Burgess Field Nature Park". UK: Oxford City Council. Retrieved 6 January 2020. ^ Historic Port Meadow to get revamp, The Oxford Times, 8 July 1998. ^ "Port Meadow Aerodrome, Oxfordshire: Challenges of Training with the Royal Flying Corps, World War One At Home". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ Oxford Free Festival 1986, UK Rock Festivals, July 2012. ^ UK Police Halt Rave Party Archived 31 January 2013 at archive.today, Party Vibe, 11 August 1998. ^ May Morning Tips, Road & Travel Magazine. ^ "Longcross at the University of Oxford, Castle Mill Phase 2 ∙ Innovation in action". www.longcross.co.uk. Longcross. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2012. ^ "Longcross Secures Student Accommodation Project at Oxford University". www.longcross.co.uk. Longcross. July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2012. ^ "City 'has to pay a price' to preserve Green Belt". The Oxford Times. 1 November 2012. pp. 1, 3. ^ Little, Reg (2 November 2012). "Save our famous views for hideous developments". The Oxford Times. Retrieved 4 November 2012. ^ Little, Reg (2 November 2012). "Save our famous views for hideous developments". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 4 November 2012. ^ Dhall, Sushila (2012), "Port Meadow, Oxford. Damaged views", www.thepetitionsite.com/850/008/830/port-meadow-oxford-damaged-views/, Care2petitionsite ^ "Save Port Meadow". WordPress. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Little, Reg (1 November 2012). "Planning: Controversy over student flats at Roger Rudman Way —The battle of Port Meadow". The Oxford Times. p. 10. ^ "Tall storey". The Oxford Times. 1 November 2012. p. 32. Retrieved 4 November 2012. ^ Little, Reg (7 February 2013). "Historian takes university to task over 'visual disaster' of Port Meadow flats". The Oxford Times. p. 3. ^ Hughes, Pete (14 February 2013). "U-turn over meadow flats". The Oxford Times. p. 3. ^ "Designs to reduce visual harm of controversial flats "making the best of a bad job"". External links Media related to Port Meadow, Oxford at Wikimedia Commons vteThe City of Oxford Oxfordshire County Council elections City Council elections Oxford East Borough Constituency Oxford West and Abingdon County Constituency Wards, suburbs,neighbourhoodsand districts Barton Binsey Cowley Florence Park Temple Cowley Cutteslowe Donnington Godstow Grandpont Headington Headington Hill New Headington Old Headington Holywell Iffley Jericho New Botley New Hinksey New Marston Norham Manor North Oxford Central North Oxford Park Town Northway Osney Port Meadow St Clement's St. Ebbes St John Street area St. Thomas' Oxpens Science Area Summertown Sunnymead Walton Manor Wolvercote Waterways Civil parishes Blackbird Leys Greater Leys Littlemore Rose Hill Old Marston Risinghurst and Sandhills Risinghurst Sandhills Barton Headington Quarry Wood Farm Former districtand borough County Borough of Oxford Headington Rural District Formerconstituencies Oxford Borough Constituency Oxfordshire County Constituency Oxford University Constituency Coat of arms List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire List of places in Oxfordshire List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hibbert-1"}],"text":"Meadow in OxfordHuman settlement in EnglandPort Meadow is a large meadow of open common land beside the River Thames to the north and west of Oxford, England.[1]","title":"Port Meadow, Oxford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Freemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portman_(burgess)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swimmers_in_the_River_Thames_at_Port_Meadow,_Oxford,_UK.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Wolvercote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolvercote"},{"link_name":"Wolvercote Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolvercote_Common"},{"link_name":"Cotswold Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswold_Line"},{"link_name":"Oxford Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Canal"},{"link_name":"North Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Binsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binsey,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Walton Well Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Well_Road"},{"link_name":"Aristotle Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_Lane"},{"link_name":"flood-meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood-meadow"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Fiddler's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating"},{"link_name":"buttercups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttercup"},{"link_name":"Burgess Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Field"},{"link_name":"nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"Oxford City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-occ-2"}],"text":"The meadow is an ancient area of grazing land, still used for horses and cattle, and according to legend has never been ploughed, at least for around 4,000 years. It is said that in return for helping to defend the kingdom against the marauding Danes, the Freemen of Oxford were given the 300 acres (120 ha) of pasture next to the River Thames by Alfred the Great who, legend has it, founded the city in the 10th century (although Alfred actually died in the 9th century). The Freemen's collective right to graze their animals free of charge is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and has been exercised ever since. The name may come from Portman, an earlier term for Freeman.Swimmers at Port Meadow, bathing at the confluence of the River Thames and the Castle Mill Stream.The meadow runs from Jericho to Wolvercote (where north of the Shiplake Ditch it becomes Wolvercote Common) along the east (left) bank of the River Thames, with the Cotswold Line railway, the Oxford Canal and the suburb of North Oxford further to the east, and the village of Binsey to the west. Access to Port Meadow is via Walton Well Road or Aristotle Lane in the south (or from the south via Roger Dudman Way or the Thames Path) or from Godstow Road, Wolvercote via Wolvercote Common in the north. It is a typical English flood-meadow and is a favourite area for walking, with easy access from the city of Oxford. It is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest. At the southern end of the meadow is Fiddler's Island in the River Thames. In the winter the meadow sometimes floods; if frozen it forms a huge and relatively safe area for skating. In late spring vast areas are carpeted with buttercups. Horses, cattle and geese graze the meadow and many birds can often be seen.At the eastern edge of Port Meadow, just north of the entrance from Aristotle Lane, is Burgess Field, a reclaimed landfill site and home to a nature reserve, managed by Oxford City Council. It covers an area of about 35 hectares (86 acres); a circular path around the edge passes through some small copses.[2]Port Meadow is one of the most popular locations in Oxford for recreation activities such as walking, running, cycling and swimming in the adjacent River Thames. During days of fair weather the banks of the River Thames in the Meadow are often lined with people enjoying the natural environs. The meadow is also popular with photographers and bird-watchers.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Meadow_horses_in_mist.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(river)"},{"link_name":"Charles Lutwidge Dodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Robinson Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Duckworth"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Folly Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Godstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstow"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"round barrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"siege of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"evacuated from Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation"},{"link_name":"free festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_festival"},{"link_name":"raves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bossoms Boatyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossoms_Boatyard"},{"link_name":"Medley Footbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_Footbridge"},{"link_name":"Medley Sailing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_Sailing_Club"},{"link_name":"Castle Mill Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Mill_Stream"},{"link_name":"Cripley Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripley_Meadow"},{"link_name":"allotments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripley_Meadow#Allotments"}],"text":"Horses in the mist on Port MeadowThe River Thames (known as the Isis in this area) flows past this large grazing meadow. This is where the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed up the river on 4 July 1862 with three young girls — Lorina, Alice, and Edith Liddell. While journeying slowly from Folly Bridge to near Godstow, Dodgson began at their request to make up a story that later was expanded into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.Because the meadow appears never to have been ploughed, it contains well-preserved archaeological remains, some of which survive as residual earthworks. Of particular note are several Bronze Age round barrows, an area of Iron Age settlement, and the foundations of 17th-century fortifications from the Parliamentary siege of Oxford during the English Civil War.In the 17th and 18th centuries, the meadow was used for horse racing, and low stone bridges laid over washes and ditches for this purpose still survive.[3]During the First World War part of Port Meadow was used to train the Royal Flying Corps and turned into a military aerodrome. Fifteen air crew and pilots were killed flying from Port Meadow or close by.[4] In 1940, during the Second World War, a camp was set up on the meadow for military personnel evacuated from Dunkirk.In the 1980s and 1990s, the meadow was known as a location for free festivals and raves.[5][6][7]Just across the Thames is Bossoms Boatyard, with a small marina and Medley Footbridge across the Thames. The Medley Sailing Club, the furthest upstream sailing club on the River Thames, is on the western bank. To the south is the start of the Castle Mill Stream and Cripley Meadow, largely consisting of allotments.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_of_graduate_housing_from_Port_Meadow,_Oxford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Castle Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Mill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obscured_view_of_St_Barnabas_campanile_from_Port_Meadow,_Oxford.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Barnabas Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Barnabas_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Longcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longcross_(company)"},{"link_name":"Castle Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Mill"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Oxford Preservation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Preservation_Trust"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Times"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Panoramic view looking south from Port Meadow of new Oxford University Castle Mill graduate housingSt Barnabas Church campanile obscured by new Oxford University Castle Mill graduate accommodation buildings, at the southern end of Port MeadowFrom 2012, the Oxford University Estates Directorate, with the help of Longcross, have been developing the 2½ acre (one-hectare) Castle Mill site between the Cripley Meadow Allotments and the railway tracks, close to the southern end of Port Meadow, as extensive student accommodation.[8][9]\nThe development was controversial, since the four to five storey blocks overlook Port Meadow.[10] Campaigners warned of damage to views of Oxford.[11][12] There has been an online petition[13] and a \"Save Port Meadow\" campaign was established in December 2012.[14] Concerns were raised by the Oxford Preservation Trust and the Green Party.[15] The Oxford Times reported that \"senior university members\" were angry about the development, and that the impact had taken time to be realised.[16] The development was likened to building a \"skyscraper beside Stonehenge\".[17] In February 2013, Oxford City Council entered negotiations with Oxford University to reduce the height of the buildings by two storeys.[18] On 7 May 2013, the Campaign to Protect Rural England applied to the High Court for judicial review of the decision to grant planning permission on the grounds that requirements for a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) were not met.In 2016, Oxford University proposed an array of mitigating techniques, including cladding and horizontal beams to \"break up the vertical façade\".[19] Later, changes were made to the buildings in an attempt to reduce their visual impact.","title":"Development"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickman_County,_Kentucky
Hickman County, Kentucky
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent counties","3 Demographics","4 Communities","4.1 Cities","4.2 Unincorporated communities","5 Notable people","6 Politics","7 See also","8 References"]
Coordinates: 36°41′N 88°59′W / 36.68°N 88.98°W / 36.68; -88.98County in Kentucky, United States Not to be confused with Hickman, Kentucky. County in KentuckyHickman CountyCountyHickman County Courthouse in ClintonLocation within the U.S. state of KentuckyKentucky's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 36°41′N 88°59′W / 36.68°N 88.98°W / 36.68; -88.98Country United StatesState KentuckyFounded1821Named forPaschal HickmanSeatClintonLargest cityClintonArea • Total253 sq mi (660 km2) • Land242 sq mi (630 km2) • Water11 sq mi (30 km2)  4.3%Population (2020) • Total4,521 • Estimate (2022)4,422  • Density18/sq mi (6.9/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Congressional district1stWebsitehickmancounty.ky.gov Hickman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,521, making it the third-least populous county in Kentucky. Its county seat is Clinton. The county was formed in 1821. It is the least densely populated county in the state and is a prohibition or dry county. History Founded in 1821, Hickman County was the seventy-first in order of formation. It was named for Captain Paschal Hickman of the 1st Rifle Regiment, Kentucky Militia. A resident of Franklin County, Kentucky, Hickman was wounded and captured at the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813 and was killed by Indians in the Massacre of the River Raisin. Columbus, Kentucky, in the northwest of the county and located on the Mississippi River, was the original county seat. A log structure built in 1823 served as the courthouse. In 1830, the county seat was moved to the more centrally located Clinton. Since 1845 when Fulton County, Kentucky was partitioned, Hickman County has maintained its current borders. In 1861, early in the American Civil War, the Confederate Army established Fort de Russey on the strategically located bluffs at Columbus across the river from Belmont, Missouri. Confederate General Leonidas Polk knew it was important to control the river, and wanted to extend a massive chain across the Mississippi to block Union forces from going downstream. (This was never achieved.) The fort was garrisoned with several thousand troops and a six-gun battery was installed; a smaller force was based at a Confederate camp in Belmont. Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant moved troops from his base at Cairo, Illinois, and attacked Belmont in November 1861, his first battle of the war. He was ultimately defeated by Confederate troops sent from Columbus across the river to reinforce the Confederate defense; they were led by Polk. The former site of the Confederate fortifications near Columbus, Kentucky is now the Columbus-Belmont State Park, commemorating all the actions of the day that led to Union defeat here. Geography The Mississippi River, viewed from Columbus-Belmont State Park According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 253 square miles (660 km2), of which 242 square miles (630 km2) is land and 11 square miles (28 km2) (4.3%) is water. The elevation in the county ranges from 276 to 510 feet (84 to 155 m) above sea level. The county's western border is formed by the Mississippi River, nearly a mile wide here, with the state of Missouri on the other side. Some portions of the county are landlocked to Missouri west of the Mississippi. Adjacent counties Carlisle County (north) Graves County (east) Weakley County, Tennessee (southeast) Obion County, Tennessee (south) Fulton County (south) Mississippi County, Missouri (west) Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18305,198—18408,96872.5%18504,791−46.6%18607,00846.3%18708,45320.6%188010,65126.0%189011,6379.3%190011,7450.9%191011,7500.0%192010,244−12.8%19308,725−14.8%19409,1424.8%19507,778−14.9%19606,747−13.3%19706,264−7.2%19806,065−3.2%19905,566−8.2%20005,262−5.5%20104,902−6.8%20204,521−7.8%2022 (est.)4,422−2.2%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2021 As of the census of 2000, there were 5,262 people, 2,188 households, and 1,542 families residing in the county. The population density was 22 per square mile (8.5/km2). There were 2,436 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (3.9/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 88.35% White, 9.90% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. 1.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 2,188 households, out of which 28.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.50% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.50% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.82. In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.10% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 25.90% from 45 to 64, and 18.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 91.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.90 males. The median income for a household in the county was $31,615, and the median income for a family was $37,049. Males had a median income of $28,438 versus $18,506 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,279. About 14.20% of families and 17.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.70% of those under age 18 and 13.80% of those age 65 or over. Communities Cities Clinton (county seat) Columbus Unincorporated communities Bugg Hailwell Moscow New Cypress Oakton Notable people Robert Burns Smith, third Governor of Montana Politics United States presidential election results for Hickman County, Kentucky Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 1,714 77.94% 458 20.83% 27 1.23% 2016 1,657 76.82% 449 20.82% 51 2.36% 2012 1,431 66.90% 686 32.07% 22 1.03% 2008 1,406 62.49% 812 36.09% 32 1.42% 2004 1,395 59.56% 926 39.54% 21 0.90% 2000 1,151 54.19% 940 44.26% 33 1.55% 1996 695 31.98% 1,220 56.14% 258 11.87% 1992 861 35.04% 1,296 52.75% 300 12.21% 1988 1,142 49.33% 1,158 50.02% 15 0.65% 1984 1,380 56.63% 1,049 43.04% 8 0.33% 1980 1,143 42.84% 1,456 54.57% 69 2.59% 1976 585 21.54% 2,035 74.93% 96 3.53% 1972 1,430 56.66% 976 38.67% 118 4.68% 1968 623 23.19% 880 32.76% 1,183 44.04% 1964 613 22.10% 2,149 77.47% 12 0.43% 1960 968 30.79% 2,176 69.21% 0 0.00% 1956 785 24.82% 2,367 74.83% 11 0.35% 1952 871 30.40% 1,988 69.39% 6 0.21% 1948 326 12.26% 2,143 80.59% 190 7.15% 1944 588 22.60% 2,005 77.06% 9 0.35% 1940 490 15.05% 2,758 84.73% 7 0.22% 1936 385 13.04% 2,548 86.31% 19 0.64% 1932 446 11.77% 3,327 87.81% 16 0.42% 1928 767 26.12% 2,163 73.67% 6 0.20% 1924 618 21.27% 2,270 78.14% 17 0.59% 1920 866 22.01% 3,045 77.40% 23 0.58% 1916 539 21.05% 1,982 77.42% 39 1.52% 1912 365 17.66% 1,540 74.50% 162 7.84% 1908 658 25.44% 1,890 73.09% 38 1.47% 1904 702 28.68% 1,680 68.63% 66 2.70% 1900 862 30.98% 1,876 67.43% 44 1.58% 1896 727 26.53% 1,928 70.36% 85 3.10% 1892 460 24.31% 1,155 61.05% 277 14.64% 1888 383 25.31% 1,053 69.60% 77 5.09% 1884 489 28.36% 1,204 69.84% 31 1.80% 1880 386 26.01% 1,069 72.04% 29 1.95% 1876 381 22.44% 1,317 77.56% 0 0.00% 1872 401 34.04% 777 65.96% 0 0.00% 1868 41 3.99% 987 96.01% 0 0.00% 1864 289 56.45% 223 43.55% 0 0.00% 1860 1 0.10% 66 6.81% 902 93.09% 1856 0 0.00% 631 72.11% 244 27.89% 1852 155 29.03% 379 70.97% 0 0.00% 1848 169 32.38% 353 67.62% 0 0.00% 1844 304 29.12% 740 70.88% 0 0.00% 1840 393 36.49% 684 63.51% 0 0.00% 1836 198 27.54% 521 72.46% 0 0.00% See also United States portal Murphy's Pond Dry counties National Register of Historic Places listings in Hickman County, Kentucky References ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Hickman County, Kentucky". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Hickman County". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. 2000. Retrieved August 22, 2014. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 156. ^ The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903. pp. 35. ^ Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs, The Battle of Belmont: Grant Strikes South (Univ of North Carolina Press, 1991), p. 184. ^ McGhee, James E. "The Neophyte General: U.S. Grant and the Belmont Campaign" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Civil War in St. Louis ^ The Kentucky Encyclopedia. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2023. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2014. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Montana Governor Robert Burns Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved October 10, 2012. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 2, 2018. vteMunicipalities and communities of Hickman County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: ClintonCities Clinton Columbus Location of Hickman County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities Bugg Hailwell Moscow Kentucky portal United States portal vteCommonwealth of KentuckyFrankfort (capital)Topics Index Cuisine Environment climate change Geography History History of education Music Mass media newspapers radio TV People Religion Symbols seal flag Theater Tourism tourist attractions Transportation Category Index Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau The Bluegrass Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Highland Rim The Knobs Mississippi Plain Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau The Purchase Ridge-and-Valley Tennessee Valley Western Coal Fields 25 largest cities Louisville Lexington Bowling Green Owensboro Covington Richmond Georgetown Florence Hopkinsville Nicholasville Elizabethtown Independence Henderson Frankfort Jeffersontown Paducah Radcliff Ashland Murray Erlanger Winchester Madisonville Mount Washington St. Matthews Danville Metropolitanareas Ashland Bowling Green Clarksville, TN Elizabethtown Evansville, IN Lexington–Fayette Louisville/Jefferson County Northern Kentucky Owensboro Counties Adair Allen Anderson Ballard Barren Bath Bell Boone Bourbon Boyd Boyle Bracken Breathitt Breckinridge Bullitt Butler Caldwell Calloway Campbell Carlisle Carroll Carter Casey Christian Clark Clay Clinton Crittenden Cumberland Daviess Edmonson Elliott Estill Fayette Fleming Floyd Franklin Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Grayson Green Greenup Hancock Hardin Harlan Harrison Hart Henderson Henry Hickman Hopkins Jackson Jefferson Jessamine Johnson Kenton Knott Knox LaRue Laurel Lawrence Lee Leslie Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston Logan Lyon Madison Magoffin Marion Marshall Martin Mason McCracken McCreary McLean Meade Menifee Mercer Metcalfe Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muhlenberg Nelson Nicholas Ohio Oldham Owen Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike Powell Pulaski Robertson Rockcastle Rowan Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg Trimble Union Warren Washington Wayne Webster Whitley Wolfe Woodford  Kentucky portal 36°41′N 88°59′W / 36.68°N 88.98°W / 36.68; -88.98 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Other NARA
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As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,521,[1] making it the third-least populous county in Kentucky. Its county seat is Clinton.[2] The county was formed in 1821.[3] It is the least densely populated county in the state and is a prohibition or dry county.","title":"Hickman County, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paschal Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Hickman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Franklin County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Battle of Frenchtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown"},{"link_name":"Massacre of the River Raisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_River_Raisin"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Fulton County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"},{"link_name":"Fort de Russey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_de_Russey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Polk"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Cairo, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Columbus-Belmont State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus-Belmont_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Founded in 1821, Hickman County was the seventy-first in order of formation. It was named for Captain Paschal Hickman of the 1st Rifle Regiment, Kentucky Militia.[4][5] A resident of Franklin County, Kentucky, Hickman was wounded and captured at the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813 and was killed by Indians in the Massacre of the River Raisin.Columbus, Kentucky, in the northwest of the county and located on the Mississippi River, was the original county seat. A log structure built in 1823 served as the courthouse. In 1830, the county seat was moved to the more centrally located Clinton. Since 1845 when Fulton County, Kentucky was partitioned, Hickman County has maintained its current borders.In 1861, early in the American Civil War, the Confederate Army established Fort de Russey on the strategically located bluffs at Columbus across the river from Belmont, Missouri. Confederate General Leonidas Polk knew it was important to control the river, and wanted to extend a massive chain across the Mississippi to block Union forces from going downstream. (This was never achieved.) The fort was garrisoned with several thousand troops and a six-gun battery was installed; a smaller force was based at a Confederate camp in Belmont.Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant moved troops from his base at Cairo, Illinois, and attacked Belmont in November 1861, his first battle of the war. He was ultimately defeated by Confederate troops sent from Columbus across the river to reinforce the Confederate defense; they were led by Polk.[6][7] The former site of the Confederate fortifications near Columbus, Kentucky is now the Columbus-Belmont State Park, commemorating all the actions of the day that led to Union defeat here.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbus-Belmont-Mississippi-River-south-ky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Columbus-Belmont State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus-Belmont_State_Park"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-9"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"}],"text":"The Mississippi River, viewed from Columbus-Belmont State ParkAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 253 square miles (660 km2), of which 242 square miles (630 km2) is land and 11 square miles (28 km2) (4.3%) is water.[9] The elevation in the county ranges from 276 to 510 feet (84 to 155 m) above sea level. The county's western border is formed by the Mississippi River, nearly a mile wide here, with the state of Missouri on the other side. Some portions of the county are landlocked to Missouri west of the Mississippi.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlisle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Graves County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Weakley County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakley_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Obion County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obion_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Fulton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mississippi County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Carlisle County (north)\nGraves County (east)\nWeakley County, Tennessee (southeast)\nObion County, Tennessee (south)\nFulton County (south)\nMississippi County, Missouri (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-16"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[16] of 2000, there were 5,262 people, 2,188 households, and 1,542 families residing in the county. The population density was 22 per square mile (8.5/km2). There were 2,436 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (3.9/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 88.35% White, 9.90% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. 1.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 2,188 households, out of which 28.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.50% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.50% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.82.In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.10% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 25.90% from 45 to 64, and 18.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 91.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.90 males.The median income for a household in the county was $31,615, and the median income for a family was $37,049. Males had a median income of $28,438 versus $18,506 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,279. About 14.20% of families and 17.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.70% of those under age 18 and 13.80% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kentucky"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Clinton (county seat)\nColumbus","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugg,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hailwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailwell,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Kentucky"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Bugg\nHailwell\nMoscow\nNew Cypress\nOakton","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Burns Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Smith"},{"link_name":"third Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Robert Burns Smith, third Governor of Montana[17]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"}]
[{"image_text":"The Mississippi River, viewed from Columbus-Belmont State Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Columbus-Belmont-Mississippi-River-south-ky.jpg/210px-Columbus-Belmont-Mississippi-River-south-ky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of Hickman County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Hickman_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Hickman_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Murphy's Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_Pond"},{"title":"Dry counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_counties"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hickman County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hickman_County,_Kentucky"}]
[{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Hickman County, Kentucky\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Hickman_County,_Kentucky?g=0500000US21105","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Hickman County, Kentucky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hickman County\". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. 2000. Retrieved August 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyenc.org/entry/h/HICKM03.html","url_text":"\"Hickman County\""}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n155","url_text":"156"}]},{"reference":"The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903. pp. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ/page/n116","url_text":"35"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210847/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_21.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_21.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop-21.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ky190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102352/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/21/21105.html","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/21/21105.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Montana Governor Robert Burns Smith\". National Governors Association. Retrieved October 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_montana/col2-content/main-content-list/title_smith_robert.html","url_text":"\"Montana Governor Robert Burns Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Marsupial_Comun
Gastrotheca ovifera
["1 References"]
Species of frog Gastrotheca ovifera Gastrotheca ovifera in Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Hemiphractidae Genus: Gastrotheca Species: G. ovifera Binomial name Gastrotheca ovifera(Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854) Synonyms Notodelphys ovifera Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854 Notodelphis dorsigera Schlegel, 1858 Hyla vogli Müller, 1938 Gastrotheca ovifera (vernacular names: pouched frog and giant marsupial frog; Spanish: rana marsupial comun or rana marsupial) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to northern Venezuela and is known from the Venezuelan Coastal Range, including Sierra de Aroa. Gastrotheca ovifera occurs in cloud forests at elevations of 800–1,800 m (2,600–5,900 ft) above sea level. It is associated with bromeliads where it hides, especially during dry periods. The eggs are carried on the female's back and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). This species can be locally abundant, but it has declined in many places where it used to be common. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. However, it has also declined in protected areas such as the Henri Pittier National Park, for reasons that are unclear. References ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Gastrotheca ovifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T55350A109535299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55350A109535299.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Gastrotheca ovifera (Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 165. Taxon identifiersGastrotheca ovifera Wikidata: Q1593978 Wikispecies: Gastrotheca ovifera ADW: Gastrotheca_ovifera AmphibiaWeb: 1392 ARKive: gastrotheca-ovifera ASW: Gastrotheca-ovifera CoL: 6K9WG EoL: 330751 GBIF: 5218172 iNaturalist: 24133 IRMNG: 11218969 ITIS: 207370 IUCN: 55350 NCBI: 394460 Open Tree of Life: 168051 uBio: 27091 This Hemiphractidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Hemiphractidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiphractidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-2"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan Coastal Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Coastal_Range"},{"link_name":"Sierra de Aroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_de_Aroa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-2"},{"link_name":"cloud forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_sea_level"},{"link_name":"bromeliads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"},{"link_name":"Henri Pittier National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pittier_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Gastrotheca ovifera (vernacular names: pouched frog and giant marsupial frog; Spanish: rana marsupial comun or rana marsupial) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae.[1][2] It is endemic to northern Venezuela and is known from the Venezuelan Coastal Range, including Sierra de Aroa.[2]Gastrotheca ovifera occurs in cloud forests at elevations of 800–1,800 m (2,600–5,900 ft) above sea level. It is associated with bromeliads where it hides, especially during dry periods. The eggs are carried on the female's back and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage[3]).[1]This species can be locally abundant, but it has declined in many places where it used to be common. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. However, it has also declined in protected areas such as the Henri Pittier National Park, for reasons that are unclear.[1]","title":"Gastrotheca ovifera"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). \"Gastrotheca ovifera\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T55350A109535299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55350A109535299.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55350/109535299","url_text":"\"Gastrotheca ovifera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55350A109535299.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55350A109535299.en"}]},{"reference":"Frost, Darrel R. (2019). \"Gastrotheca ovifera (Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854)\". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Hemiphractinae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-ovifera","url_text":"\"Gastrotheca ovifera (Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854)\""}]},{"reference":"Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 165.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55350/109535299","external_links_name":"\"Gastrotheca ovifera\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55350A109535299.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55350A109535299.en"},{"Link":"http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Hemiphractinae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-ovifera","external_links_name":"\"Gastrotheca ovifera (Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854)\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gastrotheca_ovifera/","external_links_name":"Gastrotheca_ovifera"},{"Link":"https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1392","external_links_name":"1392"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/gastrotheca-ovifera/","external_links_name":"gastrotheca-ovifera"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Hemiphractinae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-ovifera","external_links_name":"Gastrotheca-ovifera"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6K9WG","external_links_name":"6K9WG"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/330751","external_links_name":"330751"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5218172","external_links_name":"5218172"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/24133","external_links_name":"24133"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11218969","external_links_name":"11218969"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=207370","external_links_name":"207370"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/55350","external_links_name":"55350"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=394460","external_links_name":"394460"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=168051","external_links_name":"168051"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=27091","external_links_name":"27091"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrotheca_ovifera&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Tower_(Freiburg_im_Breisgau)
Bismarck Tower (Freiburg im Breisgau)
["1 History","2 Design","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°59′37.9″N 7°51′33.58″E / 47.993861°N 7.8593278°E / 47.993861; 7.8593278This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Historic site in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyBismarck TowerFreiburg im BreisgauLocationSchlossbergFreiburg im Breisgau,Baden-Württemberg, GermanyCoordinates47°59′37.9″N 7°51′33.58″E / 47.993861°N 7.8593278°E / 47.993861; 7.8593278Height12.6m (41ft)Year of Construction1899ArchitectOscar GeigesLocation in FreiburgShow map of FreiburgBismarck Tower (Freiburg im Breisgau) (Baden-Württemberg)Show map of Baden-Württemberg The Bismarck tower in Freiburg im Breisgau belongs to a series of towers that were built in honor of Otto von Bismarck, the first German chancellor. It is located on the Schlossberg. It is 12.6 m (41 ft) tall and has a square base (5.8x5.8 m or 19x19 ft). The top of the tower can only be reached by climbing a ladder. Because of this it can not be used as an observation deck. History Back in February 1899 first plans about the construction of a memorial were made. The Prorector of the University of Freiburg Gustav Steinmann as well as the studentry and the city administration were involved. The city council decided to support the plan but not granted any financial help. The aim of the city administration was to create a monument as well as an attractive lookout for citizens and tourists. The initial plan to build the memorial at Ludwigshöhe was denied by the city administration and today's location was chosen as a trade-off. The construction started on 28 February 1899. The building cost of 16,500 Mark was financed with donations by the Students and the Zaringia choir as well as a loan by the student service. Architect Oscar Geiges' design was chosen over more than 30 other designs that were submitted. The tower was inaugurated on July 28, 1900. Since then it is property of the University of Freiburg. Design Original concept art for the Götterdämmerung design by Wilhelm Kreis Oscar Geiges blueprint was based on the popular design concept Götterdämmerung by Wilhelm Kreis. This concept also included the plan to kindle a bonfire on top of all Bismarck towers on special occasions such as the 1st of April, Bismarcks birthday. A staircase to the tower was not implemented. An iron ladder is the only way to access the top of the tower or the fire pits. For this reason the originally planned use as a view point for tourists had to be abstained from. A relief of the Reichsadler by Anton Viesel and the crest of the House of Bismarck can be found on the city facing side of the tower. On the mountain facing side exists aside from the entrance also a memorial plaque. Bibliography Scherb, Ute. "Wir Bekommen Die Denkmäler, Die Wir Verdienen": Freiburger Monumente Im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert. Stadtarchiv Freiburg, 2005. Seele, Sieglinde. Lexikon Der Bismarck-Denkmäler: Türme, Standbilder, Büsten, Gedenksteine Und Andere Ehrungen; Eine Bestandaufnahme in Wort Und Bild; Michael Imhof Publishing, 2005. References External links Media related to Bismarckturm (Freiburg im Breisgau) at Wikimedia Commons The Bismarckturm on the St.-Peter-Rock (German)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bismarck tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_tower"},{"link_name":"Freiburg im Breisgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Schlossberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlossberg_(Freiburg)"}],"text":"Historic site in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyThe Bismarck tower in Freiburg im Breisgau belongs to a series of towers that were built in honor of Otto von Bismarck, the first German chancellor. It is located on the Schlossberg. It is 12.6 m (41 ft) tall and has a square base (5.8x5.8 m or 19x19 ft). The top of the tower can only be reached by climbing a ladder. Because of this it can not be used as an observation deck.","title":"Bismarck Tower (Freiburg im Breisgau)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prorector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorector"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"Gustav Steinmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Steinmann"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark"}],"text":"Back in February 1899 first plans about the construction of a memorial were made. The Prorector of the University of Freiburg Gustav Steinmann as well as the studentry and the city administration were involved. The city council decided to support the plan but not granted any financial help. The aim of the city administration was to create a monument as well as an attractive lookout for citizens and tourists. \nThe initial plan to build the memorial at Ludwigshöhe was denied by the city administration and today's location was chosen as a trade-off. The construction started on 28 February 1899. The building cost of 16,500 Mark was financed with donations by the Students and the Zaringia choir as well as a loan by the student service. Architect Oscar Geiges' design was chosen over more than 30 other designs that were submitted. The tower was inaugurated on July 28, 1900. Since then it is property of the University of Freiburg.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%A4mmerung_f%C3%BCr_die_G%C3%B6tter_(Wilkinus).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Kreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kreis"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Kreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kreis"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"Reichsadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler"},{"link_name":"House of Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bismarck"}],"text":"Original concept art for the Götterdämmerung design by Wilhelm KreisOscar Geiges blueprint was based on the popular design concept Götterdämmerung by Wilhelm Kreis. This concept also included the plan to kindle a bonfire on top of all Bismarck towers on special occasions such as the 1st of April, Bismarcks birthday. A staircase to the tower was not implemented. An iron ladder is the only way to access the top of the tower or the fire pits. For this reason the originally planned use as a view point for tourists had to be abstained from. A relief of the Reichsadler by Anton Viesel and the crest of the House of Bismarck can be found on the city facing side of the tower. On the mountain facing side exists aside from the entrance also a memorial plaque.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scherb, Ute. \"Wir Bekommen Die Denkmäler, Die Wir Verdienen\": Freiburger Monumente Im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert. Stadtarchiv Freiburg, 2005.Seele, Sieglinde. Lexikon Der Bismarck-Denkmäler: Türme, Standbilder, Büsten, Gedenksteine Und Andere Ehrungen; Eine Bestandaufnahme in Wort Und Bild; Michael Imhof Publishing, 2005.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Original concept art for the Götterdämmerung design by Wilhelm Kreis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D%C3%A4mmerung_f%C3%BCr_die_G%C3%B6tter_%28Wilkinus%29.jpg/220px-D%C3%A4mmerung_f%C3%BCr_die_G%C3%B6tter_%28Wilkinus%29.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Howell
Luke Howell
["1 Career","1.1 Gillingham","1.2 Milton Keynes Dons","1.3 Lincoln City","1.4 Dagenham & Redbridge","1.5 Boreham Wood","1.6 Return to Dagenham","1.7 Aldershot Town","1.8 Hemel Hempstead Town","1.9 St Ives Town","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]
English footballer Luke Howell Howell playing for Dagenham & Redbridge in 2014Personal informationFull name Luke Alexander HowellDate of birth (1987-01-05) 5 January 1987 (age 37)Place of birth Heathfield, EnglandHeight 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s) Midfielder / DefenderTeam informationCurrent team St Ives TownYouth career2003–2005 GillinghamSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2005–2007 Gillingham 1 (0)2005–2006 → Welling United (loan) 7 (0)2006–2007 → Folkestone Invicta (loan) 12 (3)2007–2011 Milton Keynes Dons 53 (1)2010–2011 → Lincoln City (loan) 8 (0)2011 Lincoln City 17 (1)2011–2015 Dagenham & Redbridge 127 (18)2015–2016 Boreham Wood 37 (6)2016–2018 Dagenham & Redbridge 49 (4)2018–2019 Aldershot Town 33 (1)2019–2020 Hemel Hempstead Town 21 (0)2020– St Ives Town 3 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:00, 16 November 2020 (UTC) Luke Alexander Howell (born 5 January 1987) is an English footballer who plays for Southern League Premier Division Central side St Ives Town, where he plays as a midfielder. Career Gillingham Educated at Tunbridge Wells Grammar School for Boys, he signed a two-year scholarship deal with Gillingham commencing from the 2003–04 season. On 3 August 2004 he missed out on a substitute appearance in a friendly against Thamesmead Town after being stung by a wasp as he retrieved the ball from a tree. In May 2005 his scholarship was extended into a third year and on 22 November 2005 he joined Welling United on a one-month loan deal. In May 2006 he signed his first professional contract, agreeing to a one-year deal with the club. He made his debut as a second-half substitute for Ian Cox in the 1–0 home defeat to Nottingham Forest on 14 October 2006 and got his first start in the Football League Trophy first leg home defeat to Nottingham Forest. It was announced on 3 November 2006 that he had joined Folkestone Invicta on a month's loan. He was released by Gillingham in May 2007. Milton Keynes Dons After being released by Gillingham, He signed for the Milton Keynes Dons on a one-year deal, just two days after the opening day of the 2007–08 season. Two days after signing for the club, Howell made his debut for the club, in a League Cup match, as MK Dons drew 3–3 and won on penalties against Ipswich Town. Two months since signing for the club, Howell made his league debut for the club, in a 2–1 win over Mansfield Town. After the match, Howell told Milton Keynes Citizen that his side prove the opposition team wrong Despite eleven appearances in the season, which the club was promoted to League One, Howell signed one-year contract extensions with MK Dons. The next season, Howell starts his season as he suffered a knocks and continued to be in and out of the first team through injury and just made 18 appearances, mainly in the second half of the season. He scored his first goal for MK Dons against Hereford United in the 1–0 victory on the final game of the season. He also played twice in the 2009 League One Playoff semi-finals against Scunthorpe United, where he was taken off in the second leg with concussion and was replaced by Alan Navarro in the 17th minute. In the end of the second leg League One Playoff semi-finals, MK Dons would lose 7–6 on penalties after playing 120 minutes and Scunthorpe United went on to win the play-offs, promoted to the Championship. At the end of the season, Howell, once again, signed a new contract with the club. Howells playing time increased under Paul Ince and then Karl Robinson in the 2009–10 season, where he made 35 appearances. Lincoln City Having stayed for the club about two months until on 26 October 2010, he took part in an open training session, while under the supervision of Steve Tilson and Paul Brush at Lincoln City. He is subsequently signed on a one-month loan with the Imps after failing to break into the MK Dons first team. He made his debut, in a 2–2 draw against Wycombe Wanderers. In a match against Morecambe, he suffered a horror tackle from Scott Brown, which he lucky to escape from having a serious injury, which ended his loan spell at Lincoln City. Instead, he was out for four weeks A week later, Howell extended his loan spell until the New Year. Having made eight appearances, and on 28 January 2011, he had his contract with MK Dons terminated by mutual consent and joined Lincoln until the end of the season. The next day, Howell's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis, played when he provided assist for Ashley Grimes, in a 1–0 win over Port Vale. Several weeks later, Howell scored his first goal in a 4–2 loss against Barnet However, a week scoring his first goal, he suffered a hamstring injury, ruling him out for four weeks during a match against Port Vale when he fell awkwardly. Manager Tilson says he doesn't fear Howell's injury as serious. Upon recovering from injury, Howell says the team feared relegation. In May 2011 he was one of just three squad players to be offered a new contract after a mass clear out of players following relegation from the Football League. During his negotiations, he desire refused to rule out to stay at Lincoln City, despite interest from clubs in League One and Two. Dagenham & Redbridge On 1 August 2011, Howell signed a deal with Dagenham & Redbridge. Howell previously went on trial with Dagenham & Redbridge, insisting he enjoyed his time in the pre-season friendly. He made his debut, on the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 win over Macclesfield Town. Having played six games, Howell soon suffered a knee injury against Hereford United, which kept him out for a long time. In March 2012, Howell made his return from injury in a 1–0 loss against Northampton Town and revealed his spend 12 weeks in leg brace. During his time spent on the sidelines, the club started a losing, which placed the club into the relegation zone. The next season, his season changed, having improved dramatically, when he scored nine goals, including a brace against Rotherham United. In January 2013, Howell signed a new contract with the club, which will keep him until 2015. Boreham Wood After leaving Dagenham & Redbridge it was confirmed by ex-manager Wayne Burnett that Howell had started training with League Two rivals Leyton Orient. The trial spell ended with one pre-season appearance for the O's against Braintree Town in early July. On 15 July, Howell was announced as a Boreham Wood player. He is part of a trio of signings announced by the club including highly rated former Chelsea youngster Billy Clifford and vastly experienced Football League striker Charlie Macdonald. Return to Dagenham In May 2016, he re-signed for Dagenham & Redbridge after their relegation to the National League along with Scott Doe on a free transfer, re-uniting with former manager John Still. On 25 May 2018 it was announced that he would leave the club at the end of the season due to the expiration of his contract. Aldershot Town On 2 July 2018, Howell agreed to join fellow National League side Aldershot Town, following his release from Dagenham. Hemel Hempstead Town Howell agreed to signed for National League South side Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. on 12 June 2019. St Ives Town Howell signed for Southern League Premier Division Central side St Ives Town on 15 October 2020. Career statistics As of match played 16 November 2020 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Gillingham 2005–06 League One 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2006–07 League One 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 Total 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 Welling United (loan) 2005–06 Conference South 7 0 — — — 7 0 Folkestone Invicta (loan) 2006–07 IL Premier Division 12 3 — — — 12 3 Milton Keynes Dons 2007–08 League Two 8 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 11 0 2008–09 League One 15 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 18 1 2009–10 League One 29 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 35 0 2010–11 League One 1 0 — 1 0 1 0 3 0 Total 53 1 2 0 4 0 8 0 67 1 Lincoln City 2010–11 League Two 25 1 2 0 — — 27 1 Dagenham & Redbridge 2011–12 League Two 10 0 — 1 0 0 0 11 0 2012–13 League Two 46 9 1 0 1 0 2 0 50 9 2013–14 League Two 40 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 43 4 2014–15 League Two 31 5 2 0 1 0 0 0 34 5 Total 127 18 4 0 4 0 3 0 138 18 Boreham Wood 2015–16 National League 37 6 0 0 — 1 0 38 6 Dagenham & Redbridge 2016–17 National League 18 1 1 0 — 2 0 21 1 2017–18 National League 31 3 1 0 — 1 0 33 3 Total 49 4 2 0 — 3 0 54 4 Aldershot Town 2018–19 National League 33 1 3 1 — 0 0 36 2 Career totals 344 34 13 1 8 0 16 0 381 35 ^ a b c d e f Appearances in Football League Trophy ^ Appearances in Football League One play-offs ^ a b Appearance in FA Trophy ^ Appearances in National League play-offs References ^ a b c Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2008). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2008–09. Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-84596-324-8. ^ "List of former Kent Schools' F.A. players". Kent Schools' F.A. Official Website. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Thamesmead 0, Gillingham 3". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 3 August 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Trio offered pro deals". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 16 May 2005. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Howell joins Welling". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 22 November 2005. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Three sign new deals". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 27 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Luke out on loan". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 3 November 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Five players released". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010. ^ "Dons sign Abbey, Navarro & Howell". BBC Sport. 12 August 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Debutant admits to Dons complacency". Milton Keynes Citizen. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Dons duo sign contract extensions". BBC Sport. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Dons striker still in limbo". Milton Keynes Citizen. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Hereford 0–1 MK Dons". BBC Sport. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Six players shown Dons exit door". BBC Sport. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Lincoln City sign MK Dons midfielder Luke Howell". BBC Sport. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Wait: Lincoln midfielder Luke Howell's injury could have been much, much worse". This is Lincolnshire. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Three loan deals extended by Lincoln City miss out on defender Josh Gowling (VIDEO)". This is Lincolnshire. 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Luke Howell signs permanent Lincoln City deal". BBC Sport. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Luke Howell: Barnet defeat will act as a wake-up call to Lincoln City". This is Lincolnshire. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Lincoln City's Luke Howell ruled out for four weeks". BBC Sport. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Lincoln City boss Tilson hopeful over Hone injury". BBC Sport. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Lincoln City players affected by fear – Luke Howell". BBC Sport. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Lincoln offer new deals to just three players as mass exodus begins". This is Lincolnshire. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Luke Howell refuses to rule out shock return to Lincoln City". This is Lincolnshire. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Steve Tilson clears out Lincoln City squad". BBC Sport. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ "Dagenham & Redbridge sign unattached quartet". BBC Sport. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Howell enjoys tough pre-season". Sky Sports. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Midfielder's Daggers return ends in defeat". Barking and Dagenham Post. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Still delight in injury respite". Sky Sports. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Luke Howell signs new Dagenham & Redbridge contract". BBC Sport. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013. ^ "Howell training with Orient". Barking and Dagenham Post. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "Allinson gets his man". Boreham Wood FC Official Website. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "Dagenham & Redbridge boss John Still makes first transfers of the summer to re-sign sign Scott Doe and Luke Howell from Boreham Wood". Ilford Recorder. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ "First Team Squad News". Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018. ^ "Shots Sign Daggers' Howell". Aldershot Town Official Site. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018. ^ "THE LATEST PERSON TO JOIN THE TUDORS REVOLUTION IS". hemelfc.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ "Luke Howell joins the Ives". StIvesTownFC.co.uk. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ a b "Welling 2005/2006 player appearances". SoccerFactsUK. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Gillingham 2006/2007 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Folkestone 2005/2006 player appearances". SoccerFactsUK. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "MK Dons 2007/2008 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "MK Dons 2008/2009 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "MK Dons 2009/2010 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "MK Dons 2010/2011 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Lincoln 2010/2011 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Dag & Red 2011/2012 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Dag & Red 2012/2013 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Dag & Red 2013/2014 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013. ^ "Dag & Red 2014/2015 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 11 August 2014. ^ "L. Howell". Soccerway. Global Sports Media. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ "Dag & Red 2016/2017 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 11 August 2014. ^ "Dag & Red 2017/2018 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 29 August 2017. ^ "Aldershot 2018/2019 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 22 August 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luke Howell. Luke Howell at Soccerbase Luke Howell at Soccerway Luke Howell permanent signing at redimps.co.uk
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"St Ives Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"}],"text":"Luke Alexander Howell (born 5 January 1987) is an English footballer who plays for Southern League Premier Division Central side St Ives Town, where he plays as a midfielder.","title":"Luke Howell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells Grammar School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_Grammar_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thamesmead Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesmead_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Welling United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welling_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Cox"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Folkestone Invicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone_Invicta_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Gillingham","text":"Educated at Tunbridge Wells Grammar School for Boys,[2] he signed a two-year scholarship deal with Gillingham commencing from the 2003–04 season. On 3 August 2004 he missed out on a substitute appearance in a friendly against Thamesmead Town after being stung by a wasp as he retrieved the ball from a tree.[3] In May 2005 his scholarship was extended into a third year[4] and on 22 November 2005 he joined Welling United on a one-month loan deal.[5]In May 2006 he signed his first professional contract, agreeing to a one-year deal with the club.[6] He made his debut as a second-half substitute for Ian Cox in the 1–0 home defeat to Nottingham Forest on 14 October 2006 and got his first start in the Football League Trophy first leg home defeat to Nottingham Forest. It was announced on 3 November 2006 that he had joined Folkestone Invicta on a month's loan.[7] He was released by Gillingham in May 2007.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Citizen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alan Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Navarro"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Milton Keynes Dons","text":"After being released by Gillingham, He signed for the Milton Keynes Dons on a one-year deal,[9] just two days after the opening day of the 2007–08 season. Two days after signing for the club, Howell made his debut for the club, in a League Cup match, as MK Dons drew 3–3 and won on penalties against Ipswich Town. Two months since signing for the club, Howell made his league debut for the club, in a 2–1 win over Mansfield Town. After the match, Howell told Milton Keynes Citizen that his side prove the opposition team wrong[10] Despite eleven appearances in the season, which the club was promoted to League One, Howell signed one-year contract extensions with MK Dons.[11]The next season, Howell starts his season as he suffered a knocks[12] and continued to be in and out of the first team through injury and just made 18 appearances, mainly in the second half of the season. He scored his first goal for MK Dons against Hereford United in the 1–0 victory on the final game of the season.[13] He also played twice in the 2009 League One Playoff semi-finals against Scunthorpe United, where he was taken off in the second leg with concussion and was replaced by Alan Navarro in the 17th minute. In the end of the second leg League One Playoff semi-finals, MK Dons would lose 7–6 on penalties after playing 120 minutes and Scunthorpe United went on to win the play-offs, promoted to the Championship. At the end of the season, Howell, once again, signed a new contract with the club.[14]Howells playing time increased under Paul Ince and then Karl Robinson in the 2009–10 season, where he made 35 appearances.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Tilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Tilson"},{"link_name":"Paul Brush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brush"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wycombe Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scott Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_May_1985)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ashley Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Grimes_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Lincoln City","text":"Having stayed for the club about two months until on 26 October 2010, he took part in an open training session, while under the supervision of Steve Tilson and Paul Brush at Lincoln City. He is subsequently signed on a one-month loan with the Imps after failing to break into the MK Dons first team.[15] He made his debut, in a 2–2 draw against Wycombe Wanderers. In a match against Morecambe, he suffered a horror tackle from Scott Brown, which he lucky to escape from having a serious injury, which ended his loan spell at Lincoln City. Instead, he was out for four weeks[16] A week later, Howell extended his loan spell until the New Year.[17]Having made eight appearances, and on 28 January 2011, he had his contract with MK Dons terminated by mutual consent and joined Lincoln until the end of the season.[18] The next day, Howell's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis, played when he provided assist for Ashley Grimes, in a 1–0 win over Port Vale. Several weeks later, Howell scored his first goal in a 4–2 loss against Barnet[19] However, a week scoring his first goal, he suffered a hamstring injury, ruling him out for four weeks during a match against Port Vale when he fell awkwardly.[20] Manager Tilson says he doesn't fear Howell's injury as serious.[21] Upon recovering from injury, Howell says the team feared relegation.[22]In May 2011 he was one of just three squad players to be offered a new contract after a mass clear out of players following relegation from the Football League.[23] During his negotiations, he desire refused to rule out to stay at Lincoln City, despite interest from clubs in League One and Two.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dagenham & Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc9483263-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Macclesfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northampton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Dagenham & Redbridge","text":"On 1 August 2011, Howell signed a deal with Dagenham & Redbridge.[25][26] Howell previously went on trial with Dagenham & Redbridge, insisting he enjoyed his time in the pre-season friendly.[27] He made his debut, on the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 win over Macclesfield Town. Having played six games, Howell soon suffered a knee injury against Hereford United, which kept him out for a long time. In March 2012, Howell made his return from injury in a 1–0 loss against Northampton Town and revealed his spend 12 weeks in leg brace.[28] During his time spent on the sidelines, the club started a losing, which placed the club into the relegation zone.[29]The next season, his season changed, having improved dramatically, when he scored nine goals, including a brace against Rotherham United. In January 2013, Howell signed a new contract with the club, which will keep him until 2015.[30]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Boreham Wood","text":"After leaving Dagenham & Redbridge it was confirmed by ex-manager Wayne Burnett that Howell had started training with League Two rivals Leyton Orient. The trial spell ended with one pre-season appearance for the O's against Braintree Town in early July.[31]On 15 July, Howell was announced as a Boreham Wood player.[32] He is part of a trio of signings announced by the club including highly rated former Chelsea youngster Billy Clifford and vastly experienced Football League striker Charlie Macdonald.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Doe"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dagenham_&_Redbridge_boss_John_Still_makes_first_transfers_of_the_summer_to_re-sign_sign_Scott_Doe_and_Luke_Howell_from_Boreham_Wood-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Return to Dagenham","text":"In May 2016, he re-signed for Dagenham & Redbridge after their relegation to the National League along with Scott Doe on a free transfer, re-uniting with former manager John Still.[33] On 25 May 2018 it was announced that he would leave the club at the end of the season due to the expiration of his contract.[34]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldershot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Aldershot Town","text":"On 2 July 2018, Howell agreed to join fellow National League side Aldershot Town, following his release from Dagenham.[35]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"Hemel Hempstead Town F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Hemel Hempstead Town","text":"Howell agreed to signed for National League South side Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. on 12 June 2019.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"St Ives Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"St Ives Town","text":"Howell signed for Southern League Premier Division Central side St Ives Town on 15 October 2020.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_40-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_40-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_40-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_40-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLT_40-5"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLP_44-0"},{"link_name":"Football League One play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One_play-offs"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_53-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_53-1"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"}],"text":"As of match played 16 November 2020^ a b c d e f Appearances in Football League Trophy\n\n^ Appearances in Football League One play-offs\n\n^ a b Appearance in FA Trophy\n\n^ Appearances in National League play-offs","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2008). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2008–09. Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-84596-324-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-324-8","url_text":"978-1-84596-324-8"}]},{"reference":"\"List of former Kent Schools' F.A. players\". Kent Schools' F.A. Official Website. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313033652/http://www.kentschoolsfa.org.uk/08-09%20Pages/PastPlayers/PastPlayers.htm","url_text":"\"List of former Kent Schools' F.A. players\""},{"url":"http://www.kentschoolsfa.org.uk/08-09%20Pages/PastPlayers/PastPlayers.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thamesmead 0, Gillingham 3\". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 3 August 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614040805/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~547684,00.html","url_text":"\"Thamesmead 0, Gillingham 3\""},{"url":"http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~547684,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trio offered pro deals\". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 16 May 2005. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614040830/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~665726,00.html","url_text":"\"Trio offered pro deals\""},{"url":"http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~665726,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Howell joins Welling\". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 22 November 2005. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614040845/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~744546,00.html","url_text":"\"Howell joins Welling\""},{"url":"http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~744546,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Three sign new deals\". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 27 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614040908/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~830173,00.html","url_text":"\"Three sign new deals\""},{"url":"http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~830173,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luke out on loan\". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 3 November 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614041117/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~922457,00.html","url_text":"\"Luke out on loan\""},{"url":"http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~922457,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Five players released\". Gillingham F.C. Official Website. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614041206/http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~1022725,00.html","url_text":"\"Five players released\""},{"url":"http://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10416~1022725,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dons sign Abbey, Navarro & Howell\". BBC Sport. 12 August 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wimbledon/6943296.stm","url_text":"\"Dons sign Abbey, Navarro & Howell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debutant admits to Dons complacency\". Milton Keynes Citizen. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/debutant-admits-to-dons-complacency-1-865311","url_text":"\"Debutant admits to Dons complacency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dons duo sign contract extensions\". BBC Sport. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/milton_keynes_dons/7495729.stm","url_text":"\"Dons duo sign contract extensions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dons striker still in limbo\". Milton Keynes Citizen. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/dons-striker-still-in-limbo-1-866862","url_text":"\"Dons striker still in limbo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hereford 0–1 MK Dons\". BBC Sport. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/8014928.stm","url_text":"\"Hereford 0–1 MK Dons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six players shown Dons exit door\". BBC Sport. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/milton_keynes_dons/8057929.stm","url_text":"\"Six players shown Dons exit door\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln City sign MK Dons midfielder Luke Howell\". BBC Sport. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/9135438.stm","url_text":"\"Lincoln City sign MK Dons midfielder Luke Howell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wait: Lincoln midfielder Luke Howell's injury could have been much, much worse\". This is Lincolnshire. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505065207/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Wait-Lincoln-midfielder-Luke-Howell-s-injury-worse/story-11195457-detail/story.html%23ixzz2NY2nNQ5U","url_text":"\"Wait: Lincoln midfielder Luke Howell's injury could have been much, much worse\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Wait-Lincoln-midfielder-Luke-Howell-s-injury-worse/story-11195457-detail/story.html#ixzz2NY2nNQ5U","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Three loan deals extended by Lincoln City miss out on defender Josh Gowling (VIDEO)\". This is Lincolnshire. 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505140319/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/loan-deals-extended-Lincoln-City-miss-defender-Josh-Gowling/story-11225262-detail/story.html%23ixzz2NY6vxo00","url_text":"\"Three loan deals extended by Lincoln City miss out on defender Josh Gowling (VIDEO)\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/loan-deals-extended-Lincoln-City-miss-defender-Josh-Gowling/story-11225262-detail/story.html#ixzz2NY6vxo00","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Howell signs permanent Lincoln City deal\". BBC Sport. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/9379537.stm","url_text":"\"Luke Howell signs permanent Lincoln City deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Howell: Barnet defeat will act as a wake-up call to Lincoln City\". This is Lincolnshire. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505085622/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Luke-Howell-Barnet-defeat-act-wake-Lincoln-City/story-11220077-detail/story.html%23ixzz2NY99bJWP","url_text":"\"Luke Howell: Barnet defeat will act as a wake-up call to Lincoln City\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Luke-Howell-Barnet-defeat-act-wake-Lincoln-City/story-11220077-detail/story.html#ixzz2NY99bJWP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln City's Luke Howell ruled out for four weeks\". BBC Sport. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/9431974.stm","url_text":"\"Lincoln City's Luke Howell ruled out for four weeks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln City boss Tilson hopeful over Hone injury\". BBC Sport. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/9440941.stm","url_text":"\"Lincoln City boss Tilson hopeful over Hone injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln City players affected by fear – Luke Howell\". BBC Sport. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/9468417.stm","url_text":"\"Lincoln City players affected by fear – Luke Howell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln offer new deals to just three players as mass exodus begins\". This is Lincolnshire. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505064015/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Lincoln-offer-new-deals-just-players-mass-exodus-begins/story-11221093-detail/story.html%23ixzz2NYCMXf00","url_text":"\"Lincoln offer new deals to just three players as mass exodus begins\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Lincoln-offer-new-deals-just-players-mass-exodus-begins/story-11221093-detail/story.html#ixzz2NYCMXf00","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Howell refuses to rule out shock return to Lincoln City\". This is Lincolnshire. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505075500/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Luke-Howell-refuses-rule-shock-return-Lincoln/story-12746301-detail/story.html%23ixzz2NYDye9yh","url_text":"\"Luke Howell refuses to rule out shock return to Lincoln City\""},{"url":"http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/Luke-Howell-refuses-rule-shock-return-Lincoln/story-12746301-detail/story.html#ixzz2NYDye9yh","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Tilson clears out Lincoln City squad\". BBC Sport. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/lincoln_city/9483263.stm","url_text":"\"Steve Tilson clears out Lincoln City squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dagenham & Redbridge sign unattached quartet\". BBC Sport. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/14362688","url_text":"\"Dagenham & Redbridge sign unattached quartet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howell enjoys tough pre-season\". Sky Sports. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11750/7077613/","url_text":"\"Howell enjoys tough pre-season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midfielder's Daggers return ends in defeat\". Barking and Dagenham Post. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bdpost.co.uk/sport/midfielder_s_daggers_return_ends_in_defeat_1_1238296","url_text":"\"Midfielder's Daggers return ends in defeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Still delight in injury respite\". Sky Sports. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/7387169/","url_text":"\"Still delight in injury respite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Howell signs new Dagenham & Redbridge contract\". BBC Sport. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21169695","url_text":"\"Luke Howell signs new Dagenham & Redbridge contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howell training with Orient\". Barking and Dagenham Post. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barkinganddagenhampost.co.uk/sport/football/dagenham-and-redbridge/howell_training_with_orient_1_4149028","url_text":"\"Howell training with Orient\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allinson gets his man\". Boreham Wood FC Official Website. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150716033501/http://www.borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk/allinson-gets-his-man/","url_text":"\"Allinson gets his man\""},{"url":"http://www.borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk/allinson-gets-his-man/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dagenham & Redbridge boss John Still makes first transfers of the summer to re-sign sign Scott Doe and Luke Howell from Boreham Wood\". Ilford Recorder. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/sport/football/dagenham-redbridge/dagenham_redbridge_boss_john_still_makes_first_transfers_of_the_summer_to_re_sign_sign_scott_doe_and_luke_howell_from_boreham_wood_1_4553621","url_text":"\"Dagenham & Redbridge boss John Still makes first transfers of the summer to re-sign sign Scott Doe and Luke Howell from Boreham Wood\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Team Squad News\". Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. 25 May 2018. 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Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2005/player_details.php?playerid=7860","url_text":"\"Welling 2005/2006 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gillingham 2006/2007 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=1098&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Gillingham 2006/2007 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Folkestone 2005/2006 player appearances\". SoccerFactsUK. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2006/player_details.php?playerid=9257&surname=Howell&forename=Luke","url_text":"\"Folkestone 2005/2006 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"MK Dons 2007/2008 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2812&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"MK Dons 2007/2008 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"MK Dons 2008/2009 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2812&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"MK Dons 2008/2009 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"MK Dons 2009/2010 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2812&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"MK Dons 2009/2010 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"MK Dons 2010/2011 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2812&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"MK Dons 2010/2011 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln 2010/2011 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=1559&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Lincoln 2010/2011 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dag & Red 2011/2012 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=760&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Dag & Red 2011/2012 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dag & Red 2012/2013 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=760&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Dag & Red 2012/2013 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dag & Red 2013/2014 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=760&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Dag & Red 2013/2014 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dag & Red 2014/2015 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 11 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=760&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Dag & Red 2014/2015 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"L. Howell\". Soccerway. Global Sports Media. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(poker)
Out (poker)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Poker cardThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Out" poker – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In a poker game with more than one betting round, an out is any unseen card that, if drawn, will improve a player's hand to one that is likely to win. Knowing the number of outs a player has is an important part of poker strategy. For example, in draw poker, a hand with four diamonds has nine outs to make a flush: there are 13 diamonds in the deck, and four of them have been seen. If a player has two small pairs, and he believes that it will be necessary for him to make a full house to win, then he has four outs: the two remaining cards of each rank that he holds. One's number of outs is often used to describe a drawing hand: "I had a two-outer" meaning you had a hand that only two cards in the deck could improve to a winner, for example. In draw poker, one also hears the terms "12-way" or "16-way" straight draw for hands such as 6♥ 7♥ 8♠ (Joker), in which any of sixteen cards (4 fours, 4 fives, 4 nines, 4 tens) can fill a straight. The number of outs can be converted to the probability of making the hand on the next card by dividing the number of outs by the number of unseen cards. For example, say a Texas Holdem player holds two spades, and two more appear in the flop. He has seen five cards (regardless of the number of players, as there are no upcards in Holdem except the board), of which four are spades. He thus has 9 outs for a flush out of 47 cards yet to be drawn, giving him a 9/47 chance to fill his flush on the turn. If he fails on the turn, he then has a 9/46 chance to fill on the river. Calculating the combined odds of filling on either the turn or river is more complicated: it is (1 - ((38/47) * (37/46))), or about 35%. A common approximation used is to double the number of outs and add one for the percentage to hit on the next card, or to multiply outs by four for the either-of-two case. This approximation works out to within a 1% error margin for up to 14 outs. Note that the hidden cards of a player's opponents may affect the calculation of outs. For example, assume that a Texas hold 'em board looks like this after the third round: 5♠ K♦ 7♦ J♠, and that a player is holding A♦ 10♦. The player's current hand is just a high ace, which is not likely to win unimproved, so the player has a drawing hand. He has a minimum of nine outs for certain, called nut outs, because they will make his hand the best possible: those are the 2♦, 3♦, 4♦, 6♦, 8♦, 9♦, and Q♦ (which will give him an ace-high flush with no possible better hand on the board) and the Q♣ and Q♥, which will give him an ace-high straight with no higher hand possible. The 5♦ and J♦ will also make him an ace-high flush, so those are possible outs since they give him a hand that is likely to win, but they also make it possible for an opponent to have a full house (if the opponent has something like K♠ K♣, for example). Likewise, the Q♠ will fill his ace-high straight, but will also make it possible for an opponent to have a spade flush. It is possible that an opponent could have as little as something like 7♣ 9♣ (making a pair of sevens); in this case even catching any of the three remaining aces or tens will give the player a pair to beat the opponent's, so those are even more potential outs. In sum, the player has 9 guaranteed outs, and possibly as many as 18, depending on what cards he expects his opponents to have. See also Poker strategy Drawing Poker probability (Texas hold 'em) References ^ "Poker Odds - Calculating Odds in Texas Hold'em Poker".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"full house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_house_(poker)"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"Texas Holdem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Holdem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_hand"}],"text":"In a poker game with more than one betting round, an out is any unseen card that, if drawn, will improve a player's hand to one that is likely to win. Knowing the number of outs a player has is an important part of poker strategy. For example, in draw poker, a hand with four diamonds has nine outs to make a flush: there are 13 diamonds in the deck, and four of them have been seen. If a player has two small pairs, and he believes that it will be necessary for him to make a full house to win, then he has four outs: the two remaining cards of each rank that he holds.One's number of outs is often used to describe a drawing hand: \"I had a two-outer\" meaning you had a hand that only two cards in the deck could improve to a winner, for example. In draw poker, one also hears the terms \"12-way\" or \"16-way\" straight draw for hands such as 6♥ 7♥ 8♠ (Joker), in which any of sixteen cards (4 fours, 4 fives, 4 nines, 4 tens) can fill a straight.The number of outs can be converted to the probability of making the hand on the next card by dividing the number of outs by the number of unseen cards. For example, say a Texas Holdem player holds two spades, and two more appear in the flop. He has seen five cards (regardless of the number of players, as there are no upcards in Holdem except the board), of which four are spades. He thus has 9 outs for a flush out of 47 cards yet to be drawn, giving him a 9/47 chance to fill his flush on the turn. If he fails on the turn, he then has a 9/46 chance to fill on the river. Calculating the combined odds of filling on either the turn or river is more complicated: it is (1 - ((38/47) * (37/46))), or about 35%. A common approximation used is to double the number of outs and add one for the percentage to hit on the next card, or to multiply outs by four for the either-of-two case. This approximation works out to within a 1% error margin for up to 14 outs.[1]Note that the hidden cards of a player's opponents may affect the calculation of outs. For example, assume that a Texas hold 'em board looks like this after the third round: 5♠ K♦ 7♦ J♠, and that a player is holding A♦ 10♦. The player's current hand is just a high ace, which is not likely to win unimproved, so the player has a drawing hand. He has a minimum of nine outs for certain, called nut outs, because they will make his hand the best possible: those are the 2♦, 3♦, 4♦, 6♦, 8♦, 9♦, and Q♦ (which will give him an ace-high flush with no possible better hand on the board) and the Q♣ and Q♥, which will give him an ace-high straight with no higher hand possible. The 5♦ and J♦ will also make him an ace-high flush, so those are possible outs since they give him a hand that is likely to win, but they also make it possible for an opponent to have a full house (if the opponent has something like K♠ K♣, for example). Likewise, the Q♠ will fill his ace-high straight, but will also make it possible for an opponent to have a spade flush. It is possible that an opponent could have as little as something like 7♣ 9♣ (making a pair of sevens); in this case even catching any of the three remaining aces or tens will give the player a pair to beat the opponent's, so those are even more potential outs. In sum, the player has 9 guaranteed outs, and possibly as many as 18, depending on what cards he expects his opponents to have.","title":"Out (poker)"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Terentilius_Harsa
Gaius Terentilius Harsa
["1 Treason","2 Life","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
5th-century BC Roman tribune of the plebs and jurist Gaius Terentilius Harsa or Caius Terentilius Arsa was a Tribune of the Plebs of the Roman Republic in 462 BC. In 467 BC, Gaius agitated the plebeians to limit the power of consuls. Treason Thinking that the absence of the consuls afforded a good opportunity for tribunitian agitation, he spent several days in haranguing the plebeians on the overbearing arrogance of the patricians. In particular, he inveighed against the authority of the consuls as excessive and intolerable in a free commonwealth, for whilst in the name it was less invidious, in reality, it was almost more harsh and oppressive than that of the kings had been, for now, he said, they had two masters instead of one, with uncontrolled, unlimited powers, who, with nothing to curb their licence, directed all the threats and penalties of the laws against the plebeians. To prevent this unfettered tyranny from lasting forever, he said he would propose an enactment that a commission of five should be appointed to draw up in writing the laws which regulated the power of the consuls. Whatever jurisdiction over themselves the people gave the consul, that and that only was he to exercise; he was not to regard his own licence and caprice as law. When this measure was promulgated, the patricians were apprehensive lest in the absence of the consuls they might have to accept the yoke. A meeting of the senate was convened by Q. Fabius, the prefect of the city. He made such a violent attack upon the proposed law and its author, that the threats and intimidation could not have been greater even if the two consuls had been standing by the tribune, threatening his life. He accused him of plotting treason, of seizing a favourable moment for compassing the ruin of the commonwealth. Terentilius demanded a written constitution to define and limit the powers of the consul. Terentilius claimed that consuls abused their powers and acted with more freedom than kings. Life Terentilius agitated for a formal code of laws in the early days of the Roman Republic. He took advantage of the fact that the consuls were away on a campaign against the Volsci to pressure the Roman Senate, controlled by patricians, for the code. The patricians made a show of making peace with Terentilius, but in fact had no intention of codifying the laws at his request. The later Florentine writer Niccolò Machiavelli commented that this was similar to the Florentine 'Ten of War' that was eventually reinstated once the people realized it was the excessive abuse of authority that was despised, not the title or function of the office itself. The story of Terentilius comes to us from one source, Book III of Livy's History. See also Conflict of the Orders Twelve Tables Terentilia gens Notes ^ His name appears as Terentius in Dionysius. References Citations ^ Arnold, Thomas (1838), History of Rome, p. 227. ^ Livy. 3.9. ^ Livy. "The History of Rome, Book 3 Chapter 9". Persus. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Machiavelli, The Discourses, translated by Walker and Richardson, 209. Bibliography Machiavelli, Niccolo (1531). The Discourses. Translated by Leslie J. Walker, S.J, revisions by Brian Richardson (2003). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044428-9 External links Ab Urbe Condita, book III, chapter 9 (Latin and English)
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._S._Senior_Secondary_School
P. S. Senior Secondary School
["1 History","2 Description","3 Olympiads and competitive examinations","4 Sports achievements","5 Cultural Achievements","6 Notable alumni","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°01′52″N 80°15′55″E / 13.031177°N 80.265357°E / 13.031177; 80.265357This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "P. S. Senior Secondary School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Co-educational school in IndiaP S Senior Secondary SchoolLocation33 Alarmelmangapuram, Mylapore, ChennaiIndiaCoordinates13°01′52″N 80°15′55″E / 13.031177°N 80.265357°E / 13.031177; 80.265357InformationTypeCo-educationalMotto"Shilene Shobitha Vidya" (Sanskrit)Established1976School districtChennaiPrincipalDr. Revathy ParameswaramSenior Vice PrincipalMr. SivakumarVice PrincipalMrs. N. Padmasri NirmalkumarStaff300+GradesPre-KG to class XIINumber of students3000Campus sizeMediumCampus typeModernAffiliationCentral Board of Secondary Education, IndiaStudents calledPSitans/PSitesWebsitehttps://pssenior.edu.in P.S. Senior Secondary School is situated in the Mylapore area of Chennai, India. Most students graduating enter higher education institutions especially engineering institutions like NIT Tiruchi and Anna University. It is rated among the Bottom five schools in Chennai city. History The school was founded by Mr. Pennathur Subramania Iyer. The emphasis of the Tamil Nadu state Government on Tamil being used as the medium of instruction was causing a fall in Tamil Nadu's share of employment in all-India and central services and in the national science and technology establishments. In 1973 P.S. Charities promoted the establishment of English medium schools. The P.S. Educational Society started, on 9 June 1976, P.S. Senior Secondary School, starting with standards I-VII from 1976. P.S.Senior Secondary School (affiliated with the CBSE), was started to help the public and very importantly, the employees of the central government and in the matter of the educational affairs of their children. The school is located in a spacious campus with well-equipped science laboratories and libraries. The school has a playground which spans over 10,000 square metres and a lot of importance is given to sports. The school also houses an art center, which focuses on identifying and nurturing talent. This decision was passed in the court case at the Madras High Court, labelled Dr. S. Anandalakshmy versus Government of India CBSE. Description The school is situated on a 3.2-acre (13,000 m2) campus with a playground as its center, divided into four blocks: Administration: consists of the principal's office, the computer science laboratory, the electrical gadgets lab, the seminar and examination halls, the audio visual room and the mathematics laboratory. Science: houses the classrooms for middle and senior school students, the Science and Typewriting labs and the library. Yoga: extracurricular activities such as music and dance and indoor sports. Primary, Middle, Secondary and Senior Secondary blocks are there with its separate staff rooms. There is a kindergarten block with a small playground. The main school playground has a badminton court, three volleyball-cum-throwball courts, a basketball court, a football court, and two cricket nets. Olympiads and competitive examinations Wins at the International and National Olympiads from 1995 to 2010: Mathematics Olympiad 1995–1996, Silver Medal (Toronto, Canada) 1999–2000, Silver Medal (Bucharest, Romania) Biology Olympiad 1999–2000 Silver Medal (Antalya, Turkey) 2001–2002 Bronze Medal (Jurmala, Latvia) 2002–2003 Bronze Medal (Minsk, Belarus) 2004–2005 Gold Medal (Beijing, China) 2007–2008 Silver Medal (Mumbai, India) Chemistry Olympiad 2001–2002 Bronze Medal (Groningen, Netherlands) 2002–2003 Gold Medal (Athens, Greece) 2002–2003 Silver Medal (Athens, Greece) 2005 Silver Medal (Taipei, Taiwan) 2004 Gold Medal - National Level Olympiad 2004 Gold Medal - National Level Olympiad 2009 Top 10 Medal at National Level Olympiad International Olympiad for Informatics 2006 Bronze Medal (Merida, Mexico) 2009 Silver Medal (Bulgaria) Sports achievements CBSE Under 19 National Girls Football Championship 2013-2014 - Bronze Medal Commonwealth Chess Championship (2008) Boys Under-14 – Gold Medal World Youth Chess Championship 2009 Table Tennis State Champion in Junior Girls Category Women State Ranking No. 2 TNCA U16 boys cricket tournament Winners CBSE Under 19 National Girls Football Championship- Winner The school has two of its students who have qualified for the finals of the World Scholars Cup to be held at Yale University USA. The school has four of its students in the under-16 boys cricket team. Cultural Achievements PS Senior is one of the top schools in Chennai in culturals. PS has secured first place in 6 of 8 cultural fests it participated in the year 2017–present. PS Senior also hosts a cultural fest named Scintilation. Notable alumni S. Sowmya Haricharan Savitha Sastry Aditi Balan Samanth Subramanian Arvind Swamy Rita Thyagarajan References ^ "Best Schools in Chennai, Chennai Schools, Best Chennai School, Chennai School Education in India, Education in Chennai, School Information in Chennai, Chennai School Education". Coachingindians.com. Retrieved 4 April 2011. ^ "P.S. Senior Secondary School; brief history". ^ http://cbsegames.in/Results_18/CBSE%20National%20Football-Girls%202019.pdf External links Official school website vteEducation in Tamil NaduInstitutes of National Importance Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha IIIT Tiruchirappalli IITD&M, Kancheepuram IIM Tiruchirappalli IIT Madras Kalakshetra Foundation NIT Tiruchirappalli Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Central universities Central University of Tamil Nadu Indian Maritime University State universities Alagappa University Anna University Annamalai University Bharathiar University Bharathidasan University Madurai Kamaraj University Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Mother Teresa Women's University Periyar University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Tamil Nadu National Law University Tamil Nadu Open University Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Tamil University The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University Thiruvalluvar University University of Madras Deemed to be universities AMET University Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research Chennai Mathematical Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education Karpagam Academy of Higher Education Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology Ponnaiyah Ramajayam Institute of Science and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research The Gandhigram Rural Institute Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation State private universities Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University Jeppiaar University Sai University Shiv Nadar University List of educationalinstitutions by district Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Erode Kanyakumari Krishnagiri Madurai Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukkottai Salem Sivagangai Thanjavur Thoothukudi Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruvarur Vellore Viluppuram Virudhunagar India portal
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Senior Secondary School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennathur Subramania Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennathur_Subramania_Iyer"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"P.S. Charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.S._Charities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The school was founded by Mr. Pennathur Subramania Iyer. The emphasis of the Tamil Nadu state Government on Tamil being used as the medium of instruction was causing a fall in Tamil Nadu's share of employment in all-India and central services and in the national science and technology establishments. In 1973 P.S. Charities promoted the establishment of English medium schools. The P.S. Educational Society started, on 9 June 1976, P.S. Senior Secondary School, starting with standards I-VII from 1976.P.S.Senior Secondary School (affiliated with the CBSE), was started to help the public and very importantly, the employees of the central government and in the matter of the educational affairs of their children. The school is located in a spacious campus with well-equipped science laboratories and libraries. The school has a playground which spans over 10,000 square metres and a lot of importance is given to sports. The school also houses an art center, which focuses on identifying and nurturing talent.[2]This decision was passed in the court case at the Madras High Court, labelled Dr. S. Anandalakshmy versus Government of India CBSE.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"classrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"senior school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_school"},{"link_name":"Typewriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"throwball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"The school is situated on a 3.2-acre (13,000 m2) campus with a playground as its center, divided into four blocks:Administration: consists of the principal's office, the computer science laboratory, the electrical gadgets lab, the seminar and examination halls, the audio visual room and the mathematics laboratory.\nScience: houses the classrooms for middle and senior school students, the Science and Typewriting labs and the library.\nYoga: extracurricular activities such as music and dance and indoor sports.\nPrimary, Middle, Secondary and Senior Secondary blocks are there with its separate staff rooms.There is a kindergarten block with a small playground.The main school playground has a badminton court, three volleyball-cum-throwball courts, a basketball court, a football court, and two cricket nets.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wins at the International and National Olympiads from 1995 to 2010:Mathematics Olympiad1995–1996, Silver Medal (Toronto, Canada)\n1999–2000, Silver Medal (Bucharest, Romania)Biology Olympiad1999–2000 Silver Medal (Antalya, Turkey)\n2001–2002 Bronze Medal (Jurmala, Latvia)\n2002–2003 Bronze Medal (Minsk, Belarus)\n2004–2005 Gold Medal (Beijing, China)\n2007–2008 Silver Medal (Mumbai, India)Chemistry Olympiad2001–2002 Bronze Medal (Groningen, Netherlands)\n2002–2003 Gold Medal (Athens, Greece)\n2002–2003 Silver Medal (Athens, Greece)\n2005 Silver Medal (Taipei, Taiwan)\n2004 Gold Medal - National Level Olympiad\n2004 Gold Medal - National Level Olympiad\n2009 Top 10 Medal at National Level OlympiadInternational Olympiad for Informatics2006 Bronze Medal (Merida, Mexico)\n2009 Silver Medal (Bulgaria)","title":"Olympiads and competitive examinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Scholars Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scholars_Cup"}],"text":"CBSE Under 19 National Girls Football Championship 2013-2014 - Bronze Medal\nCommonwealth Chess Championship (2008) Boys Under-14 – Gold Medal\nWorld Youth Chess Championship 2009\nTable Tennis State Champion in Junior Girls Category\nWomen State Ranking No. 2\nTNCA U16 boys cricket tournament Winners\nCBSE Under 19 National Girls Football Championship- Winner[3]The school has two of its students who have qualified for the finals of the World Scholars Cup to be held at Yale University USA.\nThe school has four of its students in the under-16 boys cricket team.","title":"Sports achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"PS Senior is one of the top schools in Chennai in culturals.PS has secured first place in 6 of 8 cultural fests it participated in the year 2017–present.\nPS Senior also hosts a cultural fest named Scintilation.","title":"Cultural Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. Sowmya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Sowmya"},{"link_name":"Haricharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haricharan"},{"link_name":"Savitha Sastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitha_Sastry"},{"link_name":"Aditi Balan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditi_Balan"},{"link_name":"Samanth Subramanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanth_Subramanian"},{"link_name":"Arvind Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Swamy"},{"link_name":"Rita Thyagarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Thyagarajan"}],"text":"S. Sowmya\nHaricharan\nSavitha Sastry\nAditi Balan\nSamanth Subramanian\nArvind Swamy\nRita Thyagarajan","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryaa_(newspaper)
Suryaa (newspaper)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Newspaper in Hyderabad, India This article is about the newspaper. For the 2008 film, see Suryaa (film). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Suryaa" newspaper – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SuryaaTypeDaily newspaperOwner(s)Nukarapu Surya Prakash RaoFounder(s)Nukarapu Surya Prakash RaoPublisherSPR Private Publications Ltd.EditorNukarapu PadmajaFounded2007Political alignmentCentre-LeftLanguageTelugu, EnglishHeadquartersHyderabad, IndiaWebsitesuryaa.com Suryaa is a Telugu-language newspaper headquartered in Hyderabad. This newspaper is promoted by Nukarapu Surya Prakash Rao. It is published from seventeen cities in India. References External links http://www.suryaa.com/ http://news.oneindia.in/2007/10/21/new-telugu-daily-surya-launched-1193203586.html vteNewspapers of IndiaAngami Capi Kewhira Dielie (defunct) Assamese Amar Asom Aaji Asomiya Khabar Asomiya Pratidin Dainik Agradoot Dainik Asam Dainik Gana Adhikar Dainik Janambhumi Janasadharan Niyomiya Barta Bengali Aajkaal Anandabazar Patrika Bartaman Daily Desher Katha Dainik Prantajyoti Dainik Sambad Dainik Statesman Dainik Jugasankha Ebela Ei Samay Sangbadpatra Ekdin Ganadabi Ganashakti Jago Bangla Kalantar Puber Kalom Manush Patrika Sangbad Lahari Sangbad Pratidin Syandan Patrika Tripura Bani Uttarbanga Sambad English The Asian Age The Assam Tribune Balaknama Bangalore Mirror Business Standard Central Chronicle Daily Excelsior Deccan Chronicle Deccan Herald Eastern Mirror The Economic Times Financial Chronicle The Financial Express The Free Press Journal Free Press Kashmir Frontline Greater Kashmir The Hans India The Hindu The Hindu Business Line Hindustan Times Imphal Free Press The Indian Express Kashmir Reader Kashmir Times Mail Today Metro India Mid-Day The Milli Gazette Mint The Mizoram Post The Morung Express Mumbai Mirror National Herald Nagaland Page Nagaland Post The North East Times The New Indian Express Organiser Orissa Post The Pioneer ThePrint The Sentinel The Siasat Daily Star of Mysore The Sunday Guardian The Statesman Swarajya Telangana Today The Telegraph The Times of India The Tribune Ura Mail (defunct) Young India (defunct) India Mid-Day Gujarati Mumbai Samachar Divya Bhaskar Gujarat Samachar Gujarat Mitra Gujarat Today Janmabhoomi Jai Hind Jagat Darpan Kutchmitra Mid-Day NavGujarat Samay Nobat Phulchhab Sambhaav Sandesh Hindi Aj Amar Ujala Balaknama Business Standard Hindi Dainik Bhaskar Dainik Jagran Dainik Navajyoti Dainik Tribune Deshbandhu Divya Himachal Economic Times Hindi Hari Bhoomi Herald Young Leader Hindustan Jansatta Nava Bharat Navbharat Times Prabhat Khabar Punjab Kesari Rajasthan Patrika Sudarshan News Tehelka Hindi Kannada Hosa Digantha Hai Bangalore Kannada Prabha Karavali Ale Lankesh Patrike Mangaluru Samachara Mysooru Mithra Prajavani Samyukta Karnataka Sanjevani Suddi Sangaati Udayavani Usha Kirana Varthabharathi Vijaya Karnataka Vijayavani Vishwavani News Kokborok Hachukni Kok Konkani Sunaparant Malayalam Chandrika Deepika Deshabhimani General Janayugom Janmabhumi Kerala Kaumudi Madhyamam Malayala Manorama Mangalam Mathrubhumi Siraj Daily Suprabhaatham Thejas Marathi Deshdoot Kesari Lokmat Loksatta Maharashtra Times Nava Kaal Navshakti Prahaar Pudhari Sakal Saamana Sanchar Tarun Bharat Meitei Hueiyen Lanpao Marup Naharolgi Thoudang Poknapham Sanaleibak The Sangai Express Mizo Vanglaini Zalen Odia The Samaya The Samaja Sambad Dharitri Pragativadi Prameya Sakala Punjabi Ajit Punjabi Tribune Jag Bani Rozana Spokesman Sanskrit Sudharma Tamil Daily Thanthi Dinaboomi Dinakaran Dinamalar Dinamani Dinasudar Hindu Tamil Thisai Kannagi (defunct) Maalai Malar Maalai Murasu Madras Musings Makkal Kural Namadhu Amma Nakkheeran Nellai Maalai Murasu Swadesamitran (defunct) Theekkathir Thuglak Theekkathir Telugu Andhra Bhoomi Andhra Jyothi Andhra Prabha Eenadu Janam Sakshi Mana Telangana Namasthe Telangana Nava Telangana Prajasakti Sakshi Suryaa Vaartha Visalaandhra Zamin Ryot Urdu Avadhnama Etemaad Daily Hind Samachar Taasir The Munsif Daily The Siasat Daily Full list Newspapers by circulation Newspapers by readership Registrar Media of India
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_County
Sangamon County, Illinois
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate and weather","2.2 Major highways","2.3 Transit","2.4 Adjacent counties","2.5 National protected areas","2.6 State protected areas","3 Demographics","4 Government","4.1 Politics","5 Communities","5.1 Cities","5.2 Villages","5.3 Unincorporated communities","5.4 Townships","6 Education","6.1 Forts","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°46′N 89°40′W / 39.76°N 89.66°W / 39.76; -89.66County in Illinois, United States "Sangamon" redirects here. For other uses, see Sangamon (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Sangamon, Illinois. County in IllinoisSangamon CountyCountySangamon County Courthouse in 2017 FlagSealLocation within the U.S. state of IllinoisIllinois's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 39°46′N 89°40′W / 39.76°N 89.66°W / 39.76; -89.66Country United StatesState IllinoisFounded1821Named forSangamon RiverSeatSpringfieldLargest citySpringfieldArea • Total877 sq mi (2,270 km2) • Land868 sq mi (2,250 km2) • Water8.7 sq mi (23 km2)  1.0%Population (2020) • Total196,343 • Density220/sq mi (86/km2)Congressional districts13th, 15thWebsitewww.co.sangamon.il.us Sangamon County is a county located near the center of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 196,343. Its county seat and largest city is Springfield, the state capital. Sangamon County is included in the Springfield, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. History Lincoln Tomb Sangamon County was formed in 1821 out of Madison and Bond counties. The county was named for the Sangamon River, which runs through it. The origin of the name of the river is unknown; among several explanations is the theory that it comes from the Pottawatomie word Sain-guee-mon (pronounced "sang gä mun"), meaning "where there is plenty to eat." Published histories of neighboring Menard County (formed from Sangamon County) suggest that the name was first given to the river by the French explorers of the late 17th century as they passed through the region. The river was named to honor "St. Gamo", or Saint Gamo, an 8th-century French Benedictine monk. The French pronunciation "San-Gamo" is the legacy. Prior to being elected President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln represented Sangamon County in the Illinois Legislature. Lincoln, along with several other legislators, was instrumental in securing Springfield, the Sangamon County seat, as the state's capital. Sangamon County was also within the congressional district represented by Lincoln when he served in the US House of Representatives. Another legislator who represented Sangamon County was Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor, also known as "Father of the Greenback". The prominent financiers and industrialists Jacob Bunn and John Whitfield Bunn were based in Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois, as well as in Chicago, during the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. The careers of these men and the people with whom they collaborated helped to shape much of the history and development of Sangamon County, Illinois. Sangamon County from the time of its creation to 1823 Sangamon County between 1823 and 1825 Sangamon County between 1825 and 1839 Sangamon in 1839, when the creation of Logan and Menard Counties reduced it to its present borders Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 877 square miles (2,270 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 8.7 square miles (23 km2) (1.0%) is water. Climate and weather Springfield, Illinois Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.6     33 17     1.8     39 22     3.2     51 32     3.4     63 42     4.1     74 53     3.8     83 62     3.5     87 66     3.4     85 64     2.8     79 55     2.6     67 44     2.9     51 34     2.5     38 23 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inchesSource: The Weather Channel Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     41     1 −8     46     4 −6     80     11 0     85     17 6     103     23 12     96     28 17     90     31 19     87     29 18     72     26 13     67     19 7     73     11 1     65     3 −5 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Springfield have ranged from a low of 17 °F (−8 °C) in January to a high of 87 °F (31 °C) in July, although a record low of −24 °F (−31 °C) was recorded in February 1905 and a record high of 112 °F (44 °C) was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.62 inches (41 mm) in January to 4.06 inches (103 mm) in May. Major highways Interstate 55 Interstate 55 Business Loop Interstate 72 U.S. Route 36 Illinois Route 4 Illinois Route 29 Illinois Route 54 Illinois Route 97 Illinois Route 104 Illinois Route 124 Illinois Route 123 Illinois Route 125 Transit Sangamon Mass Transit District Springfield station List of intercity bus stops in Illinois Adjacent counties Menard County – north Logan County – northeast Macon County – east Christian County – southeast Montgomery County – south Macoupin County – south Morgan County – west Cass County – northwest National protected areas Lincoln Home National Historic Site State protected areas Sangchris Lake State Recreation Area Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 183012,960—184014,71613.5%185019,22830.7%186032,27467.8%187046,35243.6%188052,89414.1%189061,19515.7%190071,59317.0%191091,02427.1%1920100,26210.1%1930111,73311.4%1940117,9125.5%1950131,48411.5%1960146,53911.5%1970161,33510.1%1980176,0899.1%1990178,3861.3%2000188,9515.9%2010197,4654.5%2020196,343−0.6%2023 (est.)193,491−1.5%U.S. Decennial Census1790–1960 1900–19901990–2000 2010 As of the 2010 census, there were 197,465 people, 82,986 households, and 51,376 families residing in the county. The population density was 227.4 inhabitants per square mile (87.8/km2). There were 89,901 housing units at an average density of 103.5 per square mile (40.0/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 83.6% white, 11.8% black or African American, 1.6% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 29.4% were German, 14.8% were Irish, 12.1% were English, 9.5% were American, and 6.3% were Italian. Of the 82,986 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.1% were non-families, and 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 39.2 years. The median income for a household in the county was $52,232 and the median income for a family was $66,917. Males had a median income of $48,324 versus $36,691 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,394. About 9.9% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. Government Sangamon County is governed by a 29-member board. Each member of the board is elected from a separate district. Other elected officials include: Office Representative Party Residence Took Office Auditor Andy Goleman Republican Divernon 2015 (appointed) Clerk of the Circuit Court Paul Palazzolo Republican Springfield 2015 (appointed) Coroner James Allmon Republican Springfield 2020 (appointed) County Clerk Don Gray Republican Springfield 2015 (appointed) Recorder Josh Langfelder Democratic Springfield 2008 (elected) Regional Superintendent of Schools Shannon Fehrholz Republican Springfield 2010 (appointed) Sheriff Jack Campbell Republican Illiopolis 2018 (elected) State's Attorney John Milhiser Republican Springfield 2023 (appointed) Treasurer Joe Aiello Republican Springfield 2018 (elected) Politics Like much of Central Illinois, Sangamon County tilts Republican. It is rather conservative for a county with an urban state capital, but is not nearly as conservative as the surrounding counties. Only six Democrats have carried it since 1896. It is slowly moving towards the Democratic camp, having shifted 8.7 points to the left since 2000 (as of 2020). United States presidential election results for Sangamon County, Illinois Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 53,485 50.87% 48,917 46.52% 2,740 2.61% 2016 49,944 50.77% 40,907 41.58% 7,522 7.65% 2012 50,225 53.26% 42,107 44.65% 1,965 2.08% 2008 46,945 46.90% 51,300 51.25% 1,861 1.86% 2004 55,904 58.61% 38,630 40.50% 841 0.88% 2000 50,374 55.06% 38,414 41.99% 2,697 2.95% 1996 42,174 47.87% 38,902 44.15% 7,029 7.98% 1992 39,641 40.93% 40,052 41.35% 17,167 17.72% 1988 50,175 56.76% 37,729 42.68% 499 0.56% 1984 54,086 61.10% 34,059 38.47% 378 0.43% 1980 49,372 57.95% 29,354 34.45% 6,474 7.60% 1976 43,309 52.24% 38,017 45.85% 1,584 1.91% 1972 50,458 65.47% 25,720 33.37% 897 1.16% 1968 36,510 50.02% 29,542 40.47% 6,944 9.51% 1964 33,077 43.43% 43,073 56.55% 16 0.02% 1960 41,483 53.64% 35,793 46.28% 59 0.08% 1956 42,951 59.71% 28,949 40.24% 35 0.05% 1952 39,392 53.99% 33,526 45.95% 50 0.07% 1948 33,714 53.28% 29,196 46.14% 363 0.57% 1944 32,871 53.24% 28,713 46.50% 161 0.26% 1940 35,464 52.44% 31,943 47.23% 221 0.33% 1936 29,562 46.43% 32,281 50.70% 1,827 2.87% 1932 26,856 44.29% 32,745 54.00% 1,042 1.72% 1928 31,957 59.99% 21,026 39.47% 288 0.54% 1924 23,443 51.58% 12,640 27.81% 9,363 20.60% 1920 21,820 59.42% 11,000 29.95% 3,903 10.63% 1916 20,900 51.65% 17,958 44.38% 1,606 3.97% 1912 6,196 31.14% 8,406 42.25% 5,295 26.61% 1908 10,422 49.79% 9,351 44.67% 1,161 5.55% 1904 10,638 53.44% 7,571 38.03% 1,697 8.53% 1900 9,769 49.61% 9,499 48.24% 422 2.14% 1896 8,998 50.17% 8,582 47.85% 354 1.97% 1892 6,009 41.06% 7,665 52.38% 960 6.56% Communities Cities Auburn Leland Grove Springfield (county seat and largest municipality) Virden Villages Berlin Buffalo Cantrall Chatham Clear Lake Curran Dawson Divernon Grandview Illiopolis Jerome Loami Mechanicsburg New Berlin Pawnee Pleasant Plains Riverton Rochester Sherman Southern View Spaulding Thayer Williamsville Unincorporated communities Andrew Archer Barclay Barr Bates Berry Bissell Bradfordton Breckenridge Buckhart Buffalo Hart Cimic Clayville Farmingdale Glenarm Island Grove Lowder New City Riddle Hill Salisbury Toronto Zenobia Townships Sangamon County is divided into these townships: Auburn Ball Buffalo Hart Capital Cartwright Chatham Clear Lake Cooper Cotton Hill Curran Divernon Fancy Creek Gardner Illiopolis Island Grove Lanesville Loami Maxwell Mechanicsburg New Berlin Pawnee Rochester Salisbury (former, now defunct) Springfield Talkington Williams Woodside Education Here is a listing of school districts (all are full K–12) with any territory in this county, no matter how small, even if the administrative headquarters and/or schools are in other counties: A-C Central Community Unit School District 262 Community Unit School District 16 Athens Community Unit School District 213 Auburn Community Unit School District 10 Ball-Chatham Community Unit School District 5 Edinburg Community Unit School District 4 Mount Pulaski Community Unit District 23 North Mac Community Unit School District 34 Pawnee Community Unit School District 11 Porta Community Unit School District 202 Pleasant Plains Community Unit School District 8 Riverton Community Unit School District 14 Rochester Community Unit School District 3A Sangamon Valley Community Unit School District 9 Springfield School District 186 Tri-City Community Unit School District 1 Waverly Community Unit School District 6 Williamsville Community Unit School District 15 Forts Camp Butler See also Illinois portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Sangamon County, Illinois References ^ "Sangamon County, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 10, 2023. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ Callary, Edward. 2009. Place Names of Illinois. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, p. 310. ^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015. ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Springfield, Illinois". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2024. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 8, 2014. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2014. ^ a b c "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015. ^ "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015. ^ "History and Overview". Springfield, Illinois: County of Sangamon, Illinois. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011. ^ "Elected Officials - Sangamon County Clerk - Don Gray - Sangamon County, Illinois". www.sangamoncountyclerk.com. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sangamon County, IL" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2022. Text list External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sangamon County, Illinois. County of Sangamon Places adjacent to Sangamon County, Illinois Menard County and Logan County Morgan County and Cass County Sangamon County, Illinois Macon County Montgomery County and Macoupin County Christian County vteMunicipalities and communities of Sangamon County, Illinois, United StatesCounty seat: SpringfieldCities Auburn Leland Grove Springfield Virden‡ Map of Illinois highlighting Sangamon CountyVillages Berlin Buffalo Cantrall Chatham Curran Dawson Divernon Grandview Illiopolis Jerome Loami Mechanicsburg New Berlin Pawnee Pleasant Plains Riverton Rochester Sherman Southern View Spaulding Thayer Williamsville Townships Auburn Ball Buffalo Hart Capital Cartwright Chatham Clear Lake Cooper Cotton Hill Curran Divernon Fancy Creek Gardner Illiopolis Island Grove Lanesville Loami Maxwell Mechanicsburg New Berlin Pawnee Rochester Salisbury Springfield Talkington Williams Woodside Unincorporatedcommunities Andrew Archer Barclay Barr Bates Bissell Bradfordton Breckenridge Buckhart Buffalo Hart Cimic Clayville Clear Lake Farmingdale Glenarm Island Grove Laketown Lowder New City Old Berlin Riddle Hill Salisbury Toronto Zenobia‡ Footnotes‡This city also has portions in adjacent county or counties Illinois portal United States portal vteState of IllinoisSpringfield (capital)Topics Index Abortion African Americans Buildings and structures Census areas Climate change Crime Communications Culture Delegations Earthquakes Economy Education Energy Environment Geography Government Health History Homelessness Languages Law Military Music People Politics Portal Protected areas Science and technology Sister cities Society Sports Symbols Tourism Transportation Windmills Regions American Bottom Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area Central Illinois Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Collar counties Corn Belt Driftless Area Forgottonia Fox Valley Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area Metro East Metro Lakeland Mississippi Alluvial Plain North Shore Northern Illinois Northwestern Illinois Peoria metropolitan area Quad Cities River Bend Rockford metropolitan area Southern Illinois Wabash Valley Municipalities Alton/Granite City/Edwardsville Arlington Heights/Palatine Aurora/Naperville/Oswego/Plainfield Bartlett/Hanover Park/Streamwood Belleville/East St. Louis/Collinsville/O'Fallon Berwyn/Cicero Bloomington/Normal Bolingbrook/Romeoville Buffalo Grove/Wheeling Calumet City Canton Carbondale Carol Stream/Glendale Heights Centralia Champaign/Urbana Charleston/Mattoon Chicago Chicago Heights Crystal Lake/Algonquin Danville Decatur DeKalb/Sycamore Des Plaines/Mount Prospect/Park Ridge Dixon Downers Grove/Woodridge Effingham Elgin/Carpentersville Elmhurst/Lombard/Addison Evanston/Skokie Freeport Galesburg Glenview/Northbrook Harrisburg Jacksonville Joliet Kankakee/Bradley/Bourbonnais Lincoln Macomb Marion/Herrin Moline/East Moline/Rock Island Mount Vernon Mundelein Oak Lawn Oak Park Orland Park/Tinley Park Ottawa/Streator/LaSalle/Peru Peoria/Pekin/East Peoria/Morton/Washington Pontiac Quincy Rochelle Rockford/Belvidere/Machesney Park/Loves Park St. Charles Schaumburg/Hoffman Estates/Elk Grove Village Springfield Sterling/Rock Falls Taylorville Waukegan/North Chicago/Gurnee Wheaton Counties Adams Alexander Bond Boone Brown Bureau Calhoun Carroll Cass Champaign Christian Clark Clay Clinton Coles Cook Crawford Cumberland DeKalb DeWitt Douglas DuPage Edgar Edwards Effingham Fayette Ford Franklin Fulton Gallatin Greene Grundy Hamilton Hancock Hardin Henderson Henry Iroquois Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jersey Jo Daviess Johnson Kane Kankakee Kendall Knox Lake LaSalle Lawrence Lee Livingston Logan Macon Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Mason Massac McDonough McHenry McLean Menard Mercer Monroe Montgomery Morgan Moultrie Ogle Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph Richland Rock Island Saline Sangamon Schuyler Scott Shelby St. Clair Stark Stephenson Tazewell Union Vermilion Wabash Warren Washington Wayne White Whiteside Will Williamson Winnebago Woodford Illinois portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other NARA 39°46′N 89°40′W / 39.76°N 89.66°W / 39.76; -89.66
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangamon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sangamon, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-2"},{"link_name":"state capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois"}],"text":"County in Illinois, United States\"Sangamon\" redirects here. For other uses, see Sangamon (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Sangamon, Illinois.County in IllinoisSangamon County is a county located near the center of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 196,343.[1] Its county seat and largest city is Springfield,[2] the state capital.Sangamon County is included in the Springfield, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Sangamon County, Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_Tomb_Springfield_Illiois.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Sangamon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_River"},{"link_name":"Pottawatomie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottawatomie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Illinois Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Edmund Dick Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Dick_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jacob Bunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bunn"},{"link_name":"John Whitfield Bunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitfield_Bunn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangamon_County_Illinois_1821.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangamon_County_Illinois_1823.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangamon_County_Illinois_1825.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangamon_County_Illinois_1839.png"}],"text":"Lincoln TombSangamon County was formed in 1821 out of Madison and Bond counties. The county was named for the Sangamon River, which runs through it. The origin of the name of the river is unknown; among several explanations is the theory that it comes from the Pottawatomie word Sain-guee-mon (pronounced \"sang gä mun\"), meaning \"where there is plenty to eat.\"[3] Published histories of neighboring Menard County (formed from Sangamon County) suggest that the name was first given to the river by the French explorers of the late 17th century as they passed through the region. The river was named to honor \"St. Gamo\", or Saint Gamo, an 8th-century French Benedictine monk. The French pronunciation \"San-Gamo\" is the legacy.Prior to being elected President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln represented Sangamon County in the Illinois Legislature. Lincoln, along with several other legislators, was instrumental in securing Springfield, the Sangamon County seat, as the state's capital. Sangamon County was also within the congressional district represented by Lincoln when he served in the US House of Representatives. Another legislator who represented Sangamon County was Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor, also known as \"Father of the Greenback\". The prominent financiers and industrialists Jacob Bunn and John Whitfield Bunn were based in Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois, as well as in Chicago, during the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. The careers of these men and the people with whom they collaborated helped to shape much of the history and development of Sangamon County, Illinois.Sangamon County from the time of its creation to 1823\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSangamon County between 1823 and 1825\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSangamon County between 1825 and 1839\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSangamon in 1839, when the creation of Logan and Menard Counties reduced it to its present borders","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-density-4"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 877 square miles (2,270 km2), of which 868 square miles (2,250 km2) is land and 8.7 square miles (23 km2) (1.0%) is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-5"}],"sub_title":"Climate and weather","text":"In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Springfield have ranged from a low of 17 °F (−8 °C) in January to a high of 87 °F (31 °C) in July, although a record low of −24 °F (−31 °C) was recorded in February 1905 and a record high of 112 °F (44 °C) was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.62 inches (41 mm) in January to 4.06 inches (103 mm) in May.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-55.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Business_Loop_55.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55 Business Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_Business_(Springfield,_Illinois)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-72.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_36.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36_in_Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_4.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_29.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_54.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_97.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_104.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_124.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_123.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_125.svg"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_125"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Interstate 55\n Interstate 55 Business Loop\n Interstate 72\n U.S. Route 36\n Illinois Route 4\n Illinois Route 29\n Illinois Route 54\n Illinois Route 97\n Illinois Route 104\n Illinois Route 124\n Illinois Route 123\n Illinois Route 125","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangamon Mass Transit District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_Mass_Transit_District"},{"link_name":"Springfield station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_station_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"List of intercity bus stops in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intercity_bus_stops_in_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Transit","text":"Sangamon Mass Transit District\nSpringfield station\nList of intercity bus stops in Illinois","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menard_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Logan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Macon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Christian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Macoupin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macoupin_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Morgan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Menard County – north\nLogan County – northeast\nMacon County – east\nChristian County – southeast\nMontgomery County – south\nMacoupin County – south\nMorgan County – west\nCass County – northwest","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln Home National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site"}],"sub_title":"National protected areas","text":"Lincoln Home National Historic Site","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangchris Lake State Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangchris_Lake_State_Recreation_Area"}],"sub_title":"State protected areas","text":"Sangchris Lake State Recreation Area","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-dp1-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-density-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-dp1-12"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-dp2-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-dp1-12"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-dp3-14"}],"text":"As of the 2010 census, there were 197,465 people, 82,986 households, and 51,376 families residing in the county.[12] The population density was 227.4 inhabitants per square mile (87.8/km2). There were 89,901 housing units at an average density of 103.5 per square mile (40.0/km2).[4] The racial makeup of the county was 83.6% white, 11.8% black or African American, 1.6% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.8% of the population.[12] In terms of ancestry, 29.4% were German, 14.8% were Irish, 12.1% were English, 9.5% were American, and 6.3% were Italian.[13]Of the 82,986 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.1% were non-families, and 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 39.2 years.[12]The median income for a household in the county was $52,232 and the median income for a family was $66,917. Males had a median income of $48,324 versus $36,691 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,394. About 9.9% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sangamon_County_Illinois_-_History_and_Overview-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Sangamon County is governed by a 29-member board. Each member of the board is elected from a separate district.[15]Other elected officials include:[16]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Like much of Central Illinois, Sangamon County tilts Republican. It is rather conservative for a county with an urban state capital, but is not nearly as conservative as the surrounding counties. Only six Democrats have carried it since 1896. It is slowly moving towards the Democratic camp, having shifted 8.7 points to the left since 2000 (as of 2020).","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Leland Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Grove,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Virden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virden,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Auburn\nLeland Grove\nSpringfield (county seat and largest municipality)\nVirden","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cantrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantrall,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Clear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curran,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Divernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divernon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Grandview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandview,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiopolis,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Loami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loami,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Mechanicsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"New Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Berlin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Pawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Plains,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Riverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Southern View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_View,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Spaulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaulding,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Thayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thayer,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Williamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Villages","text":"Berlin\nBuffalo\nCantrall\nChatham\nClear Lake\nCurran\nDawson\nDivernon\nGrandview\nIlliopolis\nJerome\nLoami\nMechanicsburg\nNew Berlin\nPawnee\nPleasant Plains\nRiverton\nRochester\nSherman\nSouthern View\nSpaulding\nThayer\nWilliamsville","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclay,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissell,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bradfordton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradfordton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenridge,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Buckhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhart,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Hart,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cimic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimic,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Clayville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Farmingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Glenarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenarm,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Island Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Grove,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowder,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"New City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_City,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Riddle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_Hill,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Zenobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Andrew\nArcher\nBarclay\nBarr\nBates\nBerry\nBissell\nBradfordton\nBreckenridge\nBuckhart\nBuffalo Hart\nCimic\nClayville\nFarmingdale\nGlenarm\nIsland Grove\nLowder\nNew City\nRiddle Hill\nSalisbury\nToronto\nZenobia","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Hart_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartwright_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Clear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cotton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Hill_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curran_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Divernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divernon_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Fancy Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Creek_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiopolis_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Island Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Grove_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lanesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanesville_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Loami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loami_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Mechanicsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsburg_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"New Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Berlin_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Pawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Talkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkington_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside_Township,_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Townships","text":"Sangamon County is divided into these townships:Auburn\nBall\nBuffalo Hart\nCapital\nCartwright\nChatham\nClear Lake\nCooper\nCotton Hill\nCurran\nDivernon\nFancy Creek\nGardner\nIlliopolis\nIsland Grove\nLanesville\nLoami\nMaxwell\nMechanicsburg\nNew Berlin\nPawnee\nRochester\nSalisbury (former, now defunct)\nSpringfield\nTalkington\nWilliams\nWoodside","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"A-C Central Community Unit School District 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-C_Central_Community_Unit_School_District_262"},{"link_name":"Community Unit School District 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Unit_School_District_16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athens Community Unit School District 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens_Community_Unit_School_District_213&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auburn Community Unit School District 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auburn_Community_Unit_School_District_10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ball-Chatham Community Unit School District 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ball-Chatham_Community_Unit_School_District_5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edinburg Community Unit School District 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edinburg_Community_Unit_School_District_4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Pulaski Community Unit District 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Pulaski_Community_Unit_District_23&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Mac Community Unit School District 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Mac_Community_Unit_School_District_34&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pawnee Community Unit School District 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawnee_Community_Unit_School_District_11&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porta Community Unit School District 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porta_Community_Unit_School_District_202&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Plains Community Unit School District 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleasant_Plains_Community_Unit_School_District_8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riverton Community Unit School District 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverton_Community_Unit_School_District_14&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rochester Community Unit School District 3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rochester_Community_Unit_School_District_3A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sangamon Valley Community Unit School District 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangamon_Valley_Community_Unit_School_District_9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Springfield School District 186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_School_District_186"},{"link_name":"Tri-City Community Unit School District 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-City_Community_Unit_School_District_1"},{"link_name":"Waverly Community Unit School District 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly_Community_Unit_School_District_6"},{"link_name":"Williamsville Community Unit School District 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williamsville_Community_Unit_School_District_15&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Here is a listing of school districts (all are full K–12) with any territory in this county, no matter how small, even if the administrative headquarters and/or schools are in other counties:[18]A-C Central Community Unit School District 262\nCommunity Unit School District 16\nAthens Community Unit School District 213\nAuburn Community Unit School District 10\nBall-Chatham Community Unit School District 5\nEdinburg Community Unit School District 4\nMount Pulaski Community Unit District 23\nNorth Mac Community Unit School District 34\nPawnee Community Unit School District 11\nPorta Community Unit School District 202\nPleasant Plains Community Unit School District 8\nRiverton Community Unit School District 14\nRochester Community Unit School District 3A\nSangamon Valley Community Unit School District 9\nSpringfield School District 186\nTri-City Community Unit School District 1\nWaverly Community Unit School District 6\nWilliamsville Community Unit School District 15","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Butler_National_Cemetery"}],"sub_title":"Forts","text":"Camp Butler","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Lincoln Tomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Abraham_Lincoln_Tomb_Springfield_Illiois.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_Tomb_Springfield_Illiois.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Illinois highlighting Sangamon County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Sangamon_County.svg/42px-Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Sangamon_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Illinois portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Illinois"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Sangamon County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sangamon_County,_Illinois"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sangamon County, Illinois\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Sangamon_County,_Illinois?g=050XX00US17167","url_text":"\"Sangamon County, Illinois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212203612/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US17167","url_text":"\"Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US17167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Averages for Springfield, Illinois\". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIL1114","url_text":"\"Monthly Averages for Springfield, Illinois\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/il190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133209/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/17101.html","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"url":"https://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/17101.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213011955/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US17167","url_text":"\"DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US17167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213020656/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US17167","url_text":"\"DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US17167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213030828/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US17167","url_text":"\"DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US17167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History and Overview\". Springfield, Illinois: County of Sangamon, Illinois. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205120113/http://www.co.sangamon.il.us/History/default.asp","url_text":"\"History and Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.co.sangamon.il.us/History/default.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elected Officials - Sangamon County Clerk - Don Gray - Sangamon County, Illinois\". www.sangamoncountyclerk.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sangamoncountyclerk.com/Elected-Officials/County.aspx","url_text":"\"Elected Officials - Sangamon County Clerk - Don Gray - Sangamon County, Illinois\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sangamon County, IL\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st17_il/schooldistrict_maps/c17167_sangamon/DC20SD_C17167.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sangamon County, IL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterism
Manchester Liberalism
["1 Manchester background","2 Anti-Corn Law League","3 Terminology","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 Further reading"]
School of economic thought This article is part of a series onLiberalismin the United Kingdom Schools Classical Gladstonian Libertarian Manchester Whiggist Conservative Muscular Economic Green Neo Radical Social Principles Civil and political rights Due process Economic freedom Economic progressivism Environmentalism Equality before the law Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Laissez-faire Rule of law Social justice Welfare state History English Civil War Glorious Revolution Anti-Corn Law League Victorian era Chartism People Acton Arnold Asquith Bentham Berlin Beveridge Bright Burke Cobden Collingwood Fawcett Gladstone Green Hayek Hobhouse Hunt Jenkins Keynes Locke Lloyd George Macaulay Mill Naoroji Paine Priestley Ricardo Smith Spencer Taylor Mill Wollstonecraft Parties Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats Liberal Party Peelite Radicals Scottish Liberal Democrats Social Democratic Party Whigs Media The Economist Financial Times The Guardian The Independent The Sunday Times The Times Related topics Centrism Centre-left Centre-right Conservatism in the United Kingdom Liberal conservatism Politics of the United Kingdom Socialism in the United Kingdom Liberal socialism Liberalism portal United Kingdom portalvte Part of a series onCapitalism (For and against) Concepts Austerity Business Business cycle Businessperson Capital Capital accumulation Capital markets Company Corporation Competitive markets Economic interventionism Economic liberalism Economic surplus Entrepreneurship Fictitious capital Financial market Free price system Free market Goods and services Investor Invisible hand Visible hand Liberalization Marginalism Money Private property Privatization Profit Rent seeking Supply and demand Surplus value Value Wage labour Economic systems Anglo-Saxon Authoritarian Corporate Dirigist Free-market Humanistic Laissez-faire Liberal Libertarian Market Mercantilist Mixed Monopoly National Neoliberal Nordic Private Raw Regulated market Regulatory Rhine Social State State-sponsored Welfare Economic theories American Austrian Chartalism MMT Chicago Classical Institutional Keynesian Neo- New Post- Market monetarism Critique of political economy Critique of work Marxist Monetarist Neoclassical New institutional Supply-side Origins Age of Enlightenment Capitalism and Islam Commercial Revolution Feudalism Industrial Revolution Mercantilism Primitive accumulation Physiocracy Simple commodity production Development Advanced Consumer Community Corporate Crony Finance Global Illiberal Late Marxist Merchant Progressive Rentier State monopoly Technological Intellectuals Smith Mill (James) Mill (John Stuart) Ricardo Malthus Say Marx Friedman Hayek Keynes Marshall Pareto Walras von Mises Rand Rothbard Schumpeter Veblen Weaver Weber Coase Related topics Anti-capitalism Capitalist propaganda Capitalist realism Capitalist state Consumerism Crisis theory Criticism of capitalism Critique of political economy Critique of work Cronyism Culture of capitalism Evergreening Exploitation of labour Globalization History History of theory Market economy Periodizations of capitalism Perspectives on capitalism Post-capitalism Speculation Spontaneous order Venture philanthropy Wage slavery Ideologies Anarcho Authoritarian Classical liberalism Democratic Dirigisme Eco Humanistic Inclusive Liberal Liberalism Libertarian Neo Neoliberalism Objectivism Ordoliberalism Privatism Right-libertarianism Third Way Capitalism portal Business portalvte Manchester Liberalism (also called the Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism and Manchesterism) comprises the political, economic and social movements of the 19th century that originated in Manchester, England. Led by Richard Cobden and John Bright, it won a wide hearing for its argument that free trade would lead to a more equitable society, making essential products available to all. Its most famous activity was the Anti-Corn Law League that called for repeal of the Corn Laws that kept food prices high. It expounded the social and economic implications of free trade and laissez-faire capitalism. The Manchester School took the theories of economic liberalism advocated by classical economists such as Adam Smith and made them the basis for government policy. It also promoted pacifism, anti-slavery, freedom of the press and separation of church and state. Manchester background Manchester was the hub of the world's textile manufacturing industry and had a large population of factory workers who were disadvantaged by the Corn Laws, the protectionist policy that imposed tariffs on imported wheat and therefore increased the price of food. The Corn Laws were supported by the land-owning aristocracy because they reduced foreign competition and allowed landowners to keep grain prices high. That increased the profits from agriculture as the population expanded. However, the operation of the Corn Laws meant that factory workers in the textile mills of northern England were faced with increasing food prices. In turn, mill owners had to pay higher wages, which meant that the price of finished goods was higher, and the foreign trade competitiveness of their products was reduced. Anti-Corn Law League Mercantilism holds that a country’s prosperity is dependent on large exports, but limited imports of goods. At the beginning of the 19th century, trade in Britain was still subject to import quotas, price ceilings and other state interventions. That led to shortages of certain goods in British markets, in particular corn (grains usually requiring grinding, most often, but not always wheat). Manchester became the headquarters of the Anti-Corn Law League from 1839. The League campaigned against the Corn Laws, which it said would reduce food prices and increase the competitiveness of manufactured goods abroad. Manchester Liberalism grew out of that movement. That has led to the situation seen in modern Britain, where the country benefits from less expensive food, imported from trading partners, and those partners in turn benefit from less expensive goods imported from Britain, in a system of globalised cooperation in production. Manchester Liberalism has a theoretical basis in the writings of Adam Smith, David Hume and Jean-Baptiste Say. The great champions of the Manchester School were Richard Cobden and John Bright. As well as being advocates of free trade, they were radical opponents of war and imperialism, and proponents of peaceful relations between peoples. The "Little Englander" movement saw little benefit in paying taxes to defend colonies such as Canada, which contributed little trade to Manchester manufacturers and could not supply their main raw material of cotton. Terminology In January 1848, Conservative Benjamin Disraeli first used the term "the Manchester School". According to historian Ralph Raico and as indicated by the German liberal Julius Faucher in 1870, the term "Manchesterism" was invented by Ferdinand Lassalle (the founder of German socialism) and was meant as an abusive term. See also Greater Manchester portalEconomics portal Birmingham School, other contemporary school associated with British industrial capitalism British Whig Party Michel Chevalier Thomas Thomasson Notes and references ^ Wallace (1960) ^ Palen, Marc-William (9 February 2020). "Marx and Manchester: The Evolution of the Socialist Internationalist Free-Trade Tradition, c.1846-1946". The International History Review. 43 (2): 381–398. doi:10.1080/07075332.2020.1723677. hdl:10871/40832. ISSN 0707-5332. S2CID 213110700. ^ Smith, Andrew (2008). British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 24–27. ISBN 9780773575004. ^ M.G. Wiebe (ed.) Benjamin Disraeli Letters: Volume Five 1848-1851, p. 131, Letter to Prince Metternich. ^ Raico, Ralph (2004) Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS Further reading Bresiger, Gregory. "Laissez Faire and Little Englanderism: The Rise, Fall, Rise, and Fall of the Manchester School," Journal of Libertarian Studies (1997) 13#1 pp 45–79. online William Dyer Grampp, The Manchester School of Economics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960), the standard scholarly history Wallace, Elisabeth. "The Political Ideas of the Manchester School," University of Toronto Quarterly (1960) 29#2 pp 122–138 vteLiberalismIdeas Consent of the governed Due process Democracy Economic liberalism Economic globalization Equality Gender Legal Federalism Freedom Economic Market Trade Press Religion Speech Harm principle Internationalism Invisible hand Labor theory of property Laissez-faire Liberty Negative Positive Limited government Market economy Natural monopoly Open society Permissive society Popular sovereignty Property Private Public Rights Civil and political Natural and legal To own property To bear arms Rule of law Secularism Secular humanism Separation of church and state Separation of powers Social contract Social justice Social services Welfare state State of natureSchoolsClassical Economic Fiscal Neo Equity feminism Georgist Radical Anti-clerical Civic nationalism Republican Utilitarian Whig Physiocratic Encyclopaedist Conservative Democratic Liberal conservatism National Ordo Social 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Richard Cobden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden"},{"link_name":"John Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright"},{"link_name":"Anti-Corn Law League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League"},{"link_name":"Corn Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws"},{"link_name":"food prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_prices"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"classical economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_economics"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"pacifism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"anti-slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Manchester Liberalism (also called the Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism and Manchesterism) comprises the political, economic and social movements of the 19th century that originated in Manchester, England. Led by Richard Cobden and John Bright, it won a wide hearing for its argument that free trade would lead to a more equitable society, making essential products available to all. Its most famous activity was the Anti-Corn Law League that called for repeal of the Corn Laws that kept food prices high. It expounded the social and economic implications of free trade and laissez-faire capitalism. The Manchester School took the theories of economic liberalism advocated by classical economists such as Adam Smith and made them the basis for government policy. It also promoted pacifism, anti-slavery, freedom of the press and separation of church and state.[1]","title":"Manchester Liberalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"protectionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism"},{"link_name":"tariffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"textile mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"}],"text":"Manchester was the hub of the world's textile manufacturing industry and had a large population of factory workers who were disadvantaged by the Corn Laws, the protectionist policy that imposed tariffs on imported wheat and therefore increased the price of food. The Corn Laws were supported by the land-owning aristocracy because they reduced foreign competition and allowed landowners to keep grain prices high. That increased the profits from agriculture as the population expanded. However, the operation of the Corn Laws meant that factory workers in the textile mills of northern England were faced with increasing food prices. In turn, mill owners had to pay higher wages, which meant that the price of finished goods was higher, and the foreign trade competitiveness of their products was reduced.","title":"Manchester background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercantilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism"},{"link_name":"import quotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_quota"},{"link_name":"price ceilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_ceiling"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say"},{"link_name":"Richard Cobden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden"},{"link_name":"John Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Little Englander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Englander"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mercantilism holds that a country’s prosperity is dependent on large exports, but limited imports of goods. At the beginning of the 19th century, trade in Britain was still subject to import quotas, price ceilings and other state interventions. That led to shortages of certain goods in British markets, in particular corn (grains usually requiring grinding, most often, but not always wheat).Manchester became the headquarters of the Anti-Corn Law League from 1839. The League campaigned against the Corn Laws, which it said would reduce food prices and increase the competitiveness of manufactured goods abroad. Manchester Liberalism grew out of that movement. That has led to the situation seen in modern Britain, where the country benefits from less expensive food, imported from trading partners, and those partners in turn benefit from less expensive goods imported from Britain, in a system of globalised cooperation in production.Manchester Liberalism has a theoretical basis in the writings of Adam Smith, David Hume and Jean-Baptiste Say.The great champions of the Manchester School were Richard Cobden and John Bright. As well as being advocates of free trade,[2] they were radical opponents of war and imperialism, and proponents of peaceful relations between peoples. The \"Little Englander\" movement saw little benefit in paying taxes to defend colonies such as Canada, which contributed little trade to Manchester manufacturers and could not supply their main raw material of cotton.[3]","title":"Anti-Corn Law League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ralph Raico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Raico"},{"link_name":"Julius Faucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Faucher"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Lassalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In January 1848, Conservative Benjamin Disraeli first used the term \"the Manchester School\".[4] According to historian Ralph Raico and as indicated by the German liberal Julius Faucher in 1870, the term \"Manchesterism\" was invented by Ferdinand Lassalle (the founder of German socialism) and was meant as an abusive term.[5]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/07075332.2020.1723677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2020.1723677"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10871/40832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10871%2F40832"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0707-5332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"213110700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213110700"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nzumalaEe40C&pg=PA24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780773575004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773575004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mises.org/story/1787"}],"text":"^ Wallace (1960)\n\n^ Palen, Marc-William (9 February 2020). \"Marx and Manchester: The Evolution of the Socialist Internationalist Free-Trade Tradition, c.1846-1946\". The International History Review. 43 (2): 381–398. doi:10.1080/07075332.2020.1723677. hdl:10871/40832. ISSN 0707-5332. S2CID 213110700.\n\n^ Smith, Andrew (2008). British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 24–27. ISBN 9780773575004.\n\n^ M.G. Wiebe (ed.) Benjamin Disraeli Letters: Volume Five 1848-1851, p. 131, Letter to Prince Metternich.\n\n^ Raico, Ralph (2004) Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mises.org/journals/jls/13_1/13_1_3.pdf"},{"link_name":"William Dyer Grampp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Grampp"},{"link_name":"The Manchester School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=2128"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Liberalism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Consent of the governed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed"},{"link_name":"Due process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process"},{"link_name":"Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"Economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"Economic globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_globalization"},{"link_name":"Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity"},{"link_name":"Gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law"},{"link_name":"Federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom"},{"link_name":"Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"Harm principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle"},{"link_name":"Internationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Invisible hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_hand"},{"link_name":"Labor theory of property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property"},{"link_name":"Laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty"},{"link_name":"Negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_liberty"},{"link_name":"Positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_liberty"},{"link_name":"Limited government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_government"},{"link_name":"Market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"},{"link_name":"Natural monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly"},{"link_name":"Open 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historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Malthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianism"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Marginalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginalism"},{"link_name":"Marxist economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"Marxian critique of political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_School"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_economics"},{"link_name":"Behavioral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_economics"},{"link_name":"Capability approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_approach"},{"link_name":"Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_School"},{"link_name":"Chartalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartalism"},{"link_name":"Modern Monetary Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics"},{"link_name":"Cracovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Disequilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics"},{"link_name":"Feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_economics"},{"link_name":"Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_school"},{"link_name":"Institutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"Keynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Neo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis"},{"link_name":"New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Post-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Circuitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory"},{"link_name":"Keynes–Marx synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism#Heterodoxy_and_Keynes%E2%80%93Marx_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Monetarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism"},{"link_name":"Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_monetarism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Malthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Marxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"Neo-Ricardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Schumpeterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics"},{"link_name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"New classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Rational expectations theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_expectations"},{"link_name":"Real business-cycle theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory"},{"link_name":"New institutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"New neoclassical synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Organizational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_economics"},{"link_name":"Public choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_choice"},{"link_name":"Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_school"},{"link_name":"Saltwater/freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Structuralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralist_economics"},{"link_name":"Supply-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics"},{"link_name":"Thermoeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoeconomics"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_school_of_political_economy"},{"link_name":"Social credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_credit"},{"link_name":"Critique of political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy"},{"link_name":"History of economic thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"History of macroeconomic thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"Mainstream economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_economics"},{"link_name":"Heterodox economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodox_economics"},{"link_name":"Post-autistic economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-autistic_economics"},{"link_name":"Degrowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth"},{"link_name":"World-systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Economic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system"}],"text":"Bresiger, Gregory. \"Laissez Faire and Little Englanderism: The Rise, Fall, Rise, and Fall of the Manchester School,\" Journal of Libertarian Studies (1997) 13#1 pp 45–79. online\nWilliam Dyer Grampp, The Manchester School of Economics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960), the standard scholarly history\nWallace, Elisabeth. \"The Political Ideas of the Manchester School,\" University of Toronto Quarterly (1960) 29#2 pp 122–138vteLiberalismIdeas\nConsent of the governed\nDue process\nDemocracy\nEconomic liberalism\nEconomic globalization\nEquality\nGender\nLegal\nFederalism\nFreedom\nEconomic\nMarket\nTrade\nPress\nReligion\nSpeech\nHarm principle\nInternationalism\nInvisible hand\nLabor theory of property\nLaissez-faire\nLiberty\nNegative\nPositive\nLimited government\nMarket economy\nNatural monopoly\nOpen society\nPermissive society\nPopular sovereignty\nProperty\nPrivate\nPublic\nRights\nCivil and political\nNatural and legal\nTo own property\nTo bear arms\nRule of law\nSecularism\nSecular humanism\nSeparation of church and state\nSeparation of powers\nSocial contract\nSocial justice\nSocial services\nWelfare state\nState of natureSchoolsClassical\nEconomic\nFiscal\nNeo\nEquity feminism\nGeorgist\nRadical\nAnti-clerical\nCivic nationalism\nRepublican\nUtilitarian\nWhig\nPhysiocratic\nEncyclopaedist\nConservative\nDemocratic\nLiberal conservatism\nNational\nOrdo\nSocial\nGreen\nLiberal feminism\nEcofeminism\nLiberal socialism\nSocial democracy\nProgressivism\nThird Way\nOther\nConstitutional\nConstitutional patriotism\nCultural\nCorporate\nInternational\nLibertarianism\nLeft-libertarianism\nGeolibertarianism\nNeoclassical liberalism\nPaleolibertarianism\nRight-libertarianism\nRadical centrism\nReligious\nChristian\nIslamic\nSecular\nTechno\nBy regionAfrica\nEgypt\nNigeria\nSenegal\nSouth Africa\nTunisia\nZimbabwe\nAsia\nChina\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIran\nIsrael\nJapan\nSouth Korea\nAnti-Chinilpa\nCentrist reformist\nProgressive\nPhilippines\nTurkey\nEurope\nAlbania\nArmenia\nAustria\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzech lands\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nOrléanist\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nItaly\nBerlusconism\nLiberism\nLatvia\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMacedonia\nMoldova\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorway\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nGladstonian\nLibertarian\nManchester\nMuscular\nRadical\nWhiggist\nLatin America andthe Caribbean\nBolivia\nBrazil\nLulism\nChile\nColombia\nCuba\nEcuador\nHonduras\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nParaguay\nPeru\nUruguay\nNorth America\nCanada\nUnited States\nJacksonian\nJeffersonian\nLibertarian\nModern\nProgressive\nOceania\nAustralia\nSmall-l\nNew Zealand\nPhilosophers\nMilton\nLocke\nSpinoza\nMontesquieu\nVoltaire\nRousseau\nSmith\nKant\nTurgot\nBurke\nPriestley\nPaine\nBeccaria\nCondorcet\nBentham\nKorais\nDe Gouges\nWollstonecraft\nStaël\nSay\nHumboldt\nConstant\nRicardo\nGuizot\nList\nBastiat\nMartineau\nEmerson\nTocqueville\nMill\nSpencer\nArnold\nActon\nWeber\nHobhouse\nCroce\nCassirer\nMises\nOrtega\nKeynes\nCollingwood\nČapek\nHu\nHayek\nPopper\nAron\nBerlin\nFriedman\nRawls\nSen\nNozick\nKymlicka\nBadawiPoliticians\nJefferson\nKołłątaj\nMadison\nArtigas\nBolívar\nBroglie\nLamartine\nMacaulay\nKossuth\nDeák\nCobden\nMazzini\nJuárez\nLincoln\nGladstone\nCavour\nSarmiento\nMommsen\nNaoroji\nItagaki\nLevski\nKemal\nDeakin\nMilyukov\nLloyd George\nVenizelos\nStåhlberg\nGokhale\nRathenau\nMadero\nEinaudi\nKing\nRoosevelt\nPearson\nOhlin\nKennedy\nJenkins\nBalcerowicz\nVerhofstadt\nMacronOrganisations\nAfrica Liberal Network\nAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe\nAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party\nArab Liberal Federation\nCouncil of Asian Liberals and Democrats\nEuropean Democratic Party\nEuropean Liberal Youth\nInternational Alliance of Libertarian Parties\nInternational Federation of Liberal Youth\nLiberal International\nLiberal Network for Latin America\nLiberal parties\nLiberal South East European Network\nRelated topics\nAnti-authoritarianism\nAnti-communism\nBias in American academia\nBias in the media\nCapitalism\nDemocratic\nCentrism\nRadical centrism\nEconomic freedom\nEgalitarianism\nEmpiricism\nHumanism\nIndividualism\nAnarchist\nLand value tax\nLibertarianism\nLeft\nRight\nPirate Party\nSexually liberal feminism\nUtilitarianism\nLiberalism PortalvteSchools of economic thoughtPre-modern\nAncient schools\nMedieval Islamic\nScholasticism\nModern eraEarly modern\nCameralism\nMercantilism\nPhysiocrats\nSchool of Salamanca\nLate modern\nAmerican (National)\nAnarchist\nMutualism\nAustrian\nBirmingham\nClassical\nRicardian\nDistributist\nEnglish historical\nFrench Liberal\nGeorgism\nGerman historical\nMalthusian\nManchester\nMarginalism\nMarxist economics\nMarxian critique of political economy\nNeoclassical\nLausanne\nSocialist\nContemporary(20th and21st centuries)\nBehavioral\nBuddhist\nCapability approach\nCarnegie\nChartalism\nModern Monetary Theory\nChicago\nConstitutional\nCracovian\nDisequilibrium\nEcological\nEvolutionary\nFeminist\nFreiburg\nInstitutional\nKeynesian\nNeo-\nNeoclassical–Keynesian synthesis\nNew\nPost-\nCircuitism\nKeynes–Marx synthesis\nMonetarism\nMarket\nNeo-Malthusian\nNeo-Marxian\nNeo-Ricardian\nNeo-Schumpeterian\nNeoliberalism\nNew classical\nRational expectations theory\nReal business-cycle theory\nNew institutional\nNew neoclassical synthesis\nOrganizational\nPublic choice\nRegulation\nSaltwater/freshwater\nStockholm\nStructuralist\nSupply-side\nThermoeconomics\nVirginia\nSocial credit\nRelated\nCritique of political economy\nHistory of economic thought\nHistory of macroeconomic thought\nEconomics\nPolitical economy\nMainstream economics\nHeterodox economics\nPost-autistic economics\nDegrowth\nWorld-systems theory\nEconomic systems","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Palen, Marc-William (9 February 2020). \"Marx and Manchester: The Evolution of the Socialist Internationalist Free-Trade Tradition, c.1846-1946\". The International History Review. 43 (2): 381–398. doi:10.1080/07075332.2020.1723677. hdl:10871/40832. ISSN 0707-5332. S2CID 213110700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2020.1723677","url_text":"10.1080/07075332.2020.1723677"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F40832","url_text":"10871/40832"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332","url_text":"0707-5332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213110700","url_text":"213110700"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew (2008). British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 24–27. ISBN 9780773575004.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nzumalaEe40C&pg=PA24","url_text":"British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773575004","url_text":"9780773575004"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Tales_of_Dark_Mansion
Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion
["1 Publication history","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]
Forbidden Tales of Dark MansionForbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #5 (June 1972), the first issue under the new title. Cover art by Nick Cardy.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleBimonthlyFormatOngoing seriesGenre Horror, romance Publication dateSeptember 1971 – March 1974No. of issues15Main character(s)CharityEditor(s)Dorothy Woolfolk, Ethan Mordden, Joe Orlando, E. Nelson Bridwell, Denny O'Neil Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was a horror-suspense-romance anthology comic book series published by DC Comics from 1971 to 1974, a companion to Secrets of Sinister House. Both series were originally inspired by the successful ABC soap opera, Dark Shadows, which ran from 1966 to 1971. Publication history After four issues as The Dark Mansion Of Forbidden Love, the romance angle was abandoned and the title changed to Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion. Very much in the same vein as House of Mystery and House of Secrets, Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was "hosted" by Charity (the character debuted in issue #7). Originally edited by Dorothy Woolfolk, the title was later overseen by a succession of editors, including Ethan Mordden, Joe Orlando, E. Nelson Bridwell, and Denny O'Neil. Contributors to the title included Jack Oleck, E. Nelson Bridwell, Jack Kirby, Michael William Kaluta, Alfredo Alcala, Jack Sparling, Bill Draut, and Alex Niño. Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was canceled after publishing fifteen issues in three years. The character of Charity later became part of the supporting cast in the Starman series and at some point after the last issue married the policeman Mason O'Dare and is pregnant with his child. See also Haunted Love Notes ^ Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-1605490564. ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6. ^ Orlando, Joe; Harper, Steve; and Kaluta, Michael William. "Welcome", Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #7 (October 1972). ^ Starman #81 (March 2010). References The Dark Mansion of Forbidden Love at the Grand Comics Database The Dark Mansion of Forbidden Love at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion at the Grand Comics Database Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) vteDC Comics Mystery TitlesTitles House of Mystery House of Secrets Tales of the Unexpected The Unexpected The Witching Hour Ghosts Secrets of Sinister House Secrets of Haunted House Tales of Ghost Castle Weird Mystery Tales Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion Sensation Mystery Related titles Weird War Tales Weird Western Tales Plop! Doorway to Nightmare Strange Adventures Characters Swamp Thing Cain and Abel Eve I…Vampire Mister E Doctor Thirteen Madame Xanadu Phantom Stranger Eclipso Mark Merlin/Prince Ra-Man Enchantress Deadman Editors Joe Orlando Len Wein E. Nelson Bridwell Karen Berger
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_comics"},{"link_name":"romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_comics_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_anthology"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Secrets of Sinister House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_Sinister_House"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Dark Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Shadows"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was a horror-suspense-romance anthology comic book series published by DC Comics from 1971 to 1974, a companion to Secrets of Sinister House. Both series were originally inspired by the successful ABC soap opera, Dark Shadows, which ran from 1966 to 1971.[1]","title":"Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"House of Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mystery"},{"link_name":"House of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Secrets_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Woolfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Woolfolk"},{"link_name":"Ethan Mordden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Mordden"},{"link_name":"Joe Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Orlando"},{"link_name":"E. Nelson Bridwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Nelson_Bridwell"},{"link_name":"Denny O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Jack Oleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Oleck"},{"link_name":"E. Nelson Bridwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Nelson_Bridwell"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Michael William Kaluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_William_Kaluta"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Alcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Alcala"},{"link_name":"Jack Sparling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sparling"},{"link_name":"Bill Draut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Draut"},{"link_name":"Alex Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Starman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starman_(Jack_Knight)"},{"link_name":"Mason O'Dare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Starman_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After four issues as The Dark Mansion Of Forbidden Love,[2] the romance angle was abandoned and the title changed to Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion. Very much in the same vein as House of Mystery and House of Secrets, Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was \"hosted\" by Charity (the character debuted in issue #7).[3]Originally edited by Dorothy Woolfolk, the title was later overseen by a succession of editors, including Ethan Mordden, Joe Orlando, E. Nelson Bridwell, and Denny O'Neil. Contributors to the title included Jack Oleck, E. Nelson Bridwell, Jack Kirby, Michael William Kaluta, Alfredo Alcala, Jack Sparling, Bill Draut, and Alex Niño.Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was canceled after publishing fifteen issues in three years.The character of Charity later became part of the supporting cast in the Starman series and at some point after the last issue married the policeman Mason O'Dare and is pregnant with his child.[4]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1605490564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605490564"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4654-8578-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-8578-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-1605490564.\n\n^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6.\n\n^ Orlando, Joe; Harper, Steve; and Kaluta, Michael William. \"Welcome\", Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #7 (October 1972).\n\n^ Starman #81 (March 2010).","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Haunted Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_Love"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_Raid
St. Albans Raid
["1 Background","2 Lead-up and planning","3 Raid","4 Aftermath","5 Film","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°48′37″N 73°09′08″W / 44.81028°N 73.15222°W / 44.81028; -73.15222Raid during the American Civil War St. Albans RaidPart of the American Civil WarSt. Albans bank tellers being forced to pledge allegiance to the Confederacy, Unknown authorDateOctober 19, 1864 (1864-10-19)LocationSt. Albans, Vermont44°48′37″N 73°09′08″W / 44.81028°N 73.15222°W / 44.81028; -73.15222Result Confederate victoryBelligerents Confederate States United StatesCommanders and leaders Bennett H. YoungStrength 21 Local police officers Vermont militiaCasualties and losses 1 wounded 1 killed 2 woundedvteNorthern Theater of the American Civil War Detroit Race Riot Battle of Portland Harbor New York City draft riots Philo Parsons Affair St. Albans Raid 1864 New York City arson attacks Plaque in St. Albans memorializing the St. Albans Raid The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War. Taking place in St. Albans, Vermont, on October 19, 1864, it was a raid conducted out of the Province of Canada by 21 Confederate soldiers who had recently failed in engagements with the Union Army and evaded subsequent capture in the United States. The mission of the raid was to rob banks to raise money, and to trick the Union Army into diverting troops to defend their northern border against further raids. The Confederates obtained the money, killed a local, and escaped back to Canada. Background In this wartime incident, Kentuckian Bennett H. Young led the Confederate forces. Young had been captured after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan's Raid the year before. He managed to escape to Canada, which was not then a unified nation. After meeting with Confederate agents there, he returned to the Confederacy, where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canada–US border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to divert troops from the South. Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada, where he recruited other escaped Confederates for a raid on St. Albans, Vermont, a quiet city just 15 miles (24 km) from the Canada–U.S. border. Lead-up and planning The first two raiders arrived in Philipsburg, Canada East, on the morning of October 11, where they stayed at the Lafayette Hotel. More people reached the hotel throughout the day; the city served as an ideal starting-point because it was within 1 mile (1.6 km) of the Canada–United States border. Young was planning for a series of raids beginning with St. Albans, which was chosen first because it was close to the border and well-connected through roads, railways, and waterways. It also had three banks in close proximity and was a "prosperous market town". Young was the first of the raiders to arrive at St. Albans, on October 12. Upon arrival he began to inspect the city, particularly the three banks. The twenty-two young raiders planned to rob three banks—the First National, St. Albans, and Franklin County Banks—and then set fire to the town using Greek fire. They reached the town in pairs after Young, posing as part of a hunting and fishing club. Young was forced to postpone the raid, initially set for October 18, because the town would have been too busy, instead settling on October 19, a Wednesday, as it would be "the dullest of the week." Raid The engagement began on Wednesday afternoon as Young set a gun off. Most townspeople "believed it was a joke or a prank", but one of the raiders soon announced "we are Confederate soldiers and you are my prisoners" they robbed St. Albans Bank, the first of the three. They took cash from several people who came in to pay deposits as well as cash in the bank, but left uncut bank notes and coins behind. The prisoners were forced to swear allegiance to the Confederate States of America before being locked in the bank. After twelve minutes, the robbers had moved on. Nine raiders were delegated to take the town as the robberies were ongoing, moving inhabitants onto the village green. Soon, resistance emerged in the form of Captain George Conger, a member of the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment on leave, who began alerting the rest of the town and raised a group to fight back. In the face of resistance, Young and his group retreated, attempting to fire the town as they went. Elinus J. Morrison was shot, dying two days later from his wounds, while Collins H. Huntington was wounded, both civilians. A raider, Charles Higby, was wounded by gunfire as armed citizenry arrived on the scene, but escaped with the rest of the Confederates. They reached Canada around 9:00 P.M., after crossing the Missisquoi River. While they planned to return to Montreal, the Canadian police captured or otherwise held thirteen of the men in captivity. Young soon resolved to give himself up. He took board in a house near Philipsburg. The home's owner alerted Conger, who had pursued the raiders into Canada. Conger's group took Young prisoner. He attempted to escape, but was recaptured quickly by the mob, who began attacking him. The fight was broken up by a British officer who saw that Conger's entourage returned to Vermont and that Young and seven other captured raiders were soon brought to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, where "they were treated as heroes". The raiders escaped to Canada, despite a delayed pursuit. In response to US demands, the Canadian authorities arrested the raiders, recovering US$88,000 (equivalent to $1,714,315 in 2023). However, a Canadian court ruled that because they were soldiers under military orders, officially neutral Canada could not extradite them. Canada freed the raiders but returned to St. Albans the money found. Aftermath The release of the raiders angered American opinion. As U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward informed his counterparts in London, "it is impossible to consider those proceedings as either legal, just or friendly towards the United States." In Europe, news of the raid and subsequent speculation of war between Britain and the U.S. increased the price of Confederate gold bonds. As an unintended consequence, the raid served to turn many Canadians against the Confederacy since they felt that Canada was being drawn into the conflict without its consent. The Confederate agents in Canada realized that and so no further raids were made. None of the three banks still stand as of 2020. Other sites surviving are Taylor Park and the American House, where some of the raiders stayed. Film The 1954 film The Raid was loosely based on this incident. See also American Civil War portal Canada in the American Civil War Military history of Vermont Ann Eliza Smith La Paz incident and Battle of Stanwix Station, considered the westernmost actions of the war References ^ Wilson, Dennis K. (1992), Justice under Pressure: The Saint Albans Raid and Its Aftermath, University Press of America, p. 203, ISBN 0819185094 ^ a b Mayers 2003, p. 106–107. ^ Mayers 2003, p. 108. ^ a b Mayers 2003, p. 109. ^ a b Norwood, K. (17 October 2014). "150 YEARS AGO: THE ST. ALBANS RAID AS RECOUNTED IN THE NEWS". Vermont Digital Newspaper Project. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ a b c d "The Raid". St. Albans Raid. St. Albans Historical Museum. 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ Mayers 2003, pp. 110–111. ^ "Saint Albans Raid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 2, 2014. ^ Congressional series of United States public documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1870. p. 71. ^ Weidenmier, M. D.; Oosterlinck, K. (November 2007). "Victory or Repudiation? The Probability of the Southern Confederacy Winning the Civil War". NBER Working Paper Series (13567). doi:10.3386/w13567. ^ Campi, James (2007). Civil War Sites, 2nd: The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail. Globe Pequot. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7627-4435-0 – via Google Books. ^ "The Raid (1954)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved May 2, 2014. Bibliography Mayers, Adam (2003). Dixie and the Dominion Canada, the Confederacy, and the war for the Union. Internet Archive. Toronto ; Tonawanda, NY : Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-468-5. Further reading Kazar, John D. (1964). "The Canadian View of the Confederate Raid on Saint Albans". Vermont History (1): 255–273. Stouffer, Allen P. (1977). "Canadian-American Relations in the Shadow of the Civil War". Dalhousie Review. 57 (2): 332–346. Rush, Daniel S.; Pewitt, E. Gale (2008). Riedel, Leonard W. (ed.). The St. Albans Raiders. Saline, Michigan: McNaughton and Gunn. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Albans Raid. The St. Albans raid, virtualvermont.com History of the raid and surrounding events, stalbansraid.com St. Albans Raid: Spies, Raiders and Partisans, wtv-zone.com Newspaper article providing an eyewitness account of the St. Albans Raid at newsinhistory.com Raise The Flag & Sound The Cannon, a historical novel based on the St. Albans Raid by Donald Davison Waiting on a Dream, a musical comedy about the St. Albans Raid, based on Raise the Flag & Sound The Cannon vteAmerican Civil WarOriginsOrigins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas-Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Origins of the American Civil War Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. 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YoungStrength\n21\nLocal police officers Vermont militiaCasualties and losses\n1 wounded\n1 killed 2 woundedvteNorthern Theater of the American Civil War\nDetroit Race Riot\nBattle of Portland Harbor\nNew York City draft riots\nPhilo Parsons Affair\nSt. Albans Raid\n1864 New York City arson attacksPlaque in St. Albans memorializing the St. Albans RaidThe St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War. Taking place in St. Albans, Vermont, on October 19, 1864, it was a raid conducted out of the Province of Canada by 21 Confederate soldiers who had recently failed in engagements with the Union Army and evaded subsequent capture in the United States. The mission of the raid was to rob banks to raise money, and to trick the Union Army into diverting troops to defend their northern border against further raids. The Confederates obtained the money, killed a local, and escaped back to Canada.[1]","title":"St. Albans Raid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bennett H. Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_H._Young"},{"link_name":"Battle of Salineville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salineville"},{"link_name":"Morgan's Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"which was not then a unified nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"Canada–US border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"St. Albans, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_(town),_Vermont"}],"text":"In this wartime incident, Kentuckian Bennett H. Young led the Confederate forces. Young had been captured after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan's Raid the year before. He managed to escape to Canada, which was not then a unified nation. After meeting with Confederate agents there, he returned to the Confederacy, where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canada–US border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to divert troops from the South. Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada, where he recruited other escaped Confederates for a raid on St. Albans, Vermont, a quiet city just 15 miles (24 km) from the Canada–U.S. border.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philipsburg, Canada East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipsburg,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayers2003106–107-2"},{"link_name":"Greek fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayers2003106–107-2"}],"text":"The first two raiders arrived in Philipsburg, Canada East, on the morning of October 11, where they stayed at the Lafayette Hotel. More people reached the hotel throughout the day; the city served as an ideal starting-point because it was within 1 mile (1.6 km) of the Canada–United States border. Young was planning for a series of raids beginning with St. Albans, which was chosen first because it was close to the border and well-connected through roads, railways, and waterways. It also had three banks in close proximity and was a \"prosperous market town\". Young was the first of the raiders to arrive at St. Albans, on October 12. Upon arrival he began to inspect the city, particularly the three banks.[2]The twenty-two young raiders planned to rob three banks—the First National, St. Albans, and Franklin County Banks—and then set fire to the town using Greek fire. They reached the town in pairs after Young, posing as part of a hunting and fishing club. Young was forced to postpone the raid, initially set for October 18, because the town would have been too busy, instead settling on October 19, a Wednesday, as it would be \"the dullest [day] of the week.\"[2]","title":"Lead-up and planning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bank notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_notes"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayers2003108-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayers2003109-4"},{"link_name":"village green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_green"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"1st Vermont Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Vermont_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_(military)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwood2014-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmuseum2023-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwood2014-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmuseum2023-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmuseum2023-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmuseum2023-6"},{"link_name":"Missisquoi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisquoi_River"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Canadian police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayers2003109-4"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayers2003110%E2%80%93111-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The engagement began on Wednesday afternoon as Young set a gun off. Most townspeople \"believed it was a joke or a prank\", but one of the raiders soon announced \"we are Confederate soldiers and you are my prisoners\" they robbed St. Albans Bank, the first of the three. They took cash from several people who came in to pay deposits as well as cash in the bank, but left uncut bank notes and coins behind. The prisoners were forced to swear allegiance to the Confederate States of America before being locked in the bank.[3] After twelve minutes, the robbers had moved on.[4]Nine raiders were delegated to take the town as the robberies were ongoing, moving inhabitants onto the village green. Soon, resistance emerged in the form of Captain George Conger, a member of the 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment on leave, who began alerting the rest of the town and raised a group to fight back. In the face of resistance, Young and his group retreated, attempting to fire the town as they went. Elinus J. Morrison was shot,[5] dying two days later from his wounds,[6] while Collins H. Huntington was wounded,[5][6] both civilians.[6] A raider, Charles Higby, was wounded by gunfire as armed citizenry arrived on the scene, but escaped with the rest of the Confederates.[6] They reached Canada around 9:00 P.M., after crossing the Missisquoi River. While they planned to return to Montreal, the Canadian police captured or otherwise held thirteen of the men in captivity. Young soon resolved to give himself up.[4]He took board in a house near Philipsburg. The home's owner alerted Conger, who had pursued the raiders into Canada. Conger's group took Young prisoner. He attempted to escape, but was recaptured quickly by the mob, who began attacking him. The fight was broken up by a British officer who saw that Conger's entourage returned to Vermont and that Young and seven other captured raiders were soon brought to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, where \"they were treated as heroes\".[7]The raiders escaped to Canada, despite a delayed pursuit. In response to US demands, the Canadian authorities arrested the raiders, recovering US$88,000 (equivalent to $1,714,315 in 2023). However, a Canadian court ruled that because they were soldiers under military orders, officially neutral Canada could not extradite them. Canada freed the raiders but returned to St. Albans the money found.[8]","title":"Raid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Confederate gold bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_war_finance#Debt_finance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weidenmier2007-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campi-11"}],"text":"The release of the raiders angered American opinion. As U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward informed his counterparts in London, \"it is impossible to consider those proceedings as either legal, just or friendly towards the United States.\"[9] In Europe, news of the raid and subsequent speculation of war between Britain and the U.S. increased the price of Confederate gold bonds.[10]As an unintended consequence, the raid served to turn many Canadians against the Confederacy since they felt that Canada was being drawn into the conflict without its consent. The Confederate agents in Canada realized that and so no further raids were made.None of the three banks still stand as of 2020. Other sites surviving are Taylor Park and the American House, where some of the raiders stayed.[11]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raid_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The 1954 film The Raid was loosely based on this incident.[12]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dixie and the Dominion Canada, the Confederacy, and the war for the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dixiedominion0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55002-468-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-468-5"}],"text":"Mayers, Adam (2003). Dixie and the Dominion Canada, the Confederacy, and the war for the Union. Internet Archive. Toronto ; Tonawanda, NY : Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-468-5.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalhousie Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_Review"}],"text":"Kazar, John D. (1964). \"The Canadian View of the Confederate Raid on Saint Albans\". Vermont History (1): 255–273.\nStouffer, Allen P. (1977). \"Canadian-American Relations in the Shadow of the Civil War\". Dalhousie Review. 57 (2): 332–346.\nRush, Daniel S.; Pewitt, E. Gale (2008). Riedel, Leonard W. (ed.). The St. Albans Raiders. Saline, Michigan: McNaughton and Gunn.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Wilson, Dennis K. (1992), Justice under Pressure: The Saint Albans Raid and Its Aftermath, University Press of America, p. 203, ISBN 0819185094","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819185094","url_text":"0819185094"}]},{"reference":"Norwood, K. (17 October 2014). \"150 YEARS AGO: THE ST. ALBANS RAID AS RECOUNTED IN THE NEWS\". Vermont Digital Newspaper Project. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.uvm.edu/vtnp/?p=2264","url_text":"\"150 YEARS AGO: THE ST. ALBANS RAID AS RECOUNTED IN THE NEWS\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Raid\". St. Albans Raid. St. Albans Historical Museum. 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stalbansraid.com/history/the-raid/","url_text":"\"The Raid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Albans Raid\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516711/Saint-Albans-Raid","url_text":"\"Saint Albans Raid\""}]},{"reference":"Congressional series of United States public documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1870. p. 71.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Congressional series of United States public documents"}]},{"reference":"Weidenmier, M. D.; Oosterlinck, K. (November 2007). \"Victory or Repudiation? The Probability of the Southern Confederacy Winning the Civil War\". NBER Working Paper Series (13567). doi:10.3386/w13567.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw13567","url_text":"\"Victory or Repudiation? The Probability of the Southern Confederacy Winning the Civil War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw13567","url_text":"10.3386/w13567"}]},{"reference":"Campi, James (2007). Civil War Sites, 2nd: The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail. Globe Pequot. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7627-4435-0 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iLYhJ7ZOh8sC&pg=PA11","url_text":"Civil War Sites, 2nd: The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4435-0","url_text":"978-0-7627-4435-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The Raid (1954)\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved May 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87590/The-Raid/","url_text":"\"The Raid (1954)\""}]},{"reference":"Mayers, Adam (2003). Dixie and the Dominion Canada, the Confederacy, and the war for the Union. Internet Archive. Toronto ; Tonawanda, NY : Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-468-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dixiedominion0000unse","url_text":"Dixie and the Dominion Canada, the Confederacy, and the war for the Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-468-5","url_text":"978-1-55002-468-5"}]},{"reference":"Kazar, John D. (1964). \"The Canadian View of the Confederate Raid on Saint Albans\". Vermont History (1): 255–273.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stouffer, Allen P. (1977). \"Canadian-American Relations in the Shadow of the Civil War\". Dalhousie Review. 57 (2): 332–346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_Review","url_text":"Dalhousie Review"}]},{"reference":"Rush, Daniel S.; Pewitt, E. Gale (2008). Riedel, Leonard W. (ed.). The St. Albans Raiders. Saline, Michigan: McNaughton and Gunn.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(British_game_show)
The Price Is Right (British game show)
["1 Crowther era (The Price is Right)","1.1 Pricing Games","1.2 Announcer","1.3 Models","2 Warman era (The New Price is Right)","2.1 Pricing Games","2.2 Announcers","2.3 Models","3 Forsyth era (Bruce's Price is Right)","3.1 Pricing Games","3.2 Announcer","3.3 Models","4 Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)","4.1 Announcer","4.2 Games played","4.3 Other results","5 Pasquale era (The Price is Right)","5.1 Pricing Games","5.2 Announcers","5.3 Models","5.4 Merchandise","5.5 Cancellation","6 Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)","6.1 Contestants","6.2 Announcer","7 Carr era (The Price is Right)","7.1 Announcer","7.2 Models","8 Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (The Price is Right)","8.1 Announcer","8.2 Models","8.3 Epic Showcase","9 Transmissions","9.1 Crowther era (The Price is Right)","9.2 Warman era (The New Price Is Right)","9.3 Forsyth era (Bruce's Price Is Right)","9.4 Pasquale era (The Price is Right)","9.5 Carr era (The Price is Right)","10 References","11 External links"]
British television quiz show The Price Is RightAlso known asThe New Price Is RightBruce's Price Is RightGenreGame showCreated byBob StewartPresented byBruce ForsythLeslie CrowtherBob WarmanJoe PasqualeAlan CarrVoices ofSimon PrebbleBobby BraggAl SherwinPeter DicksonMike HurleyTony HirstJohn SachsCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series5 (Leslie Crowther)1 (Bob Warman)7 (Bruce Forsyth)1 (Joe Pasquale)No. of episodes100 (Leslie Crowther)350+ (Bob Warman)116 (3 unaired) (Bruce Forsyth)124 (Joe Pasquale)1 (Alan Carr)ProductionProduction locations Television House (1984–88) The Leeds Studios (1995–2001) Granada Studios (2006–07) Dock10 (2017) Running time60 minutes (inc. adverts) (1984–88, 2006–07, 2017)30 minutes (inc. adverts) (1989–90, 1995–2001, 2006)Production companies Central in association with Mark Goodson Productions and Talbot Television (1984–88) Talbot Telegame and Mark Goodson Productions (1989–90) Yorkshire Television and Talbot Television in association with Mark Goodson Productions (1995–96) Yorkshire Television and Fremantle (UK) Productions (Grundy) (1996–2001) Talkback Thames (2006–07) Thames (2017) Original releaseNetworkITVRelease24 March 1984 (1984-03-24) –8 April 1988 (1988-04-08)NetworkSky OneRelease4 September 1989 (1989-09-04) –31 August 1990 (1990-08-31)NetworkITVRelease4 September 1995 (1995-09-04) –16 December 2001 (2001-12-16)Release8 May 2006 (2006-05-08) –12 January 2007 (2007-01-12)NetworkChannel 4Release30 December 2017 (2017-12-30)RelatedThe Price Is Right The Price Is Right is a British television game show based on the US version of the same name. It originally aired on ITV from 24 March 1984 to 8 April 1988 and was hosted by Leslie Crowther. The show later briefly moved to Sky One for one series as The New Price is Right from 4 September 1989 to 31 August 1990 with Bob Warman as the host. The show returned to ITV, as Bruce's Price is Right, from 4 September 1995 to 16 December 2001, with Bruce Forsyth hosting for seven series consisting of 116 episodes. Another series aired from 8 May 2006 until 12 January 2007, this time hosted by Joe Pasquale. Two one-off specials aired as part of ITV's Gameshow Marathon in September 2005 and April 2007. On 30 December 2017, it was revived for a one-off pilot hosted by Alan Carr on Channel 4. In June 2019, it was announced that The Price Is Right had been chosen as one of the country's five all-time favourite game shows to be "supersized and rebooted" in new series Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow commissioned by ITV. A seven-episode series was filmed at dock10 studios and broadcast in May 2020. Crowther era (The Price is Right) Logo from Leslie Crowther-era. Leslie Crowther hosted the original UK version, having beaten Joe Brown to the role of host after both recorded pilot episodes. It was also notable for being produced by William G. Stewart (of later Fifteen to One fame), who made the occasional cameo appearance. The Crowther version is popular with fans of the show for its near-campiness, frenetic pace, glamour, and the endearing presentation skills of its host, not for its cheaper prizes (which were forced on it by the Independent Broadcasting Authority's prize limits). Its format was nearly identical to that of CBS's daytime show in the United States. It initially used the Big Wheel to decide who would go through to the Range Finder (Scoring 100 won £500 and a bonus spin which awarded an additional £1,000 for spinning 100 or £250 for landing on an adjacent section), but the IBA forced Central to abandon this because of the lack of pricing skill involved. While the show had to go off air for a while during its first season due to an electricians' strike, the format was adapted to fit into a much more tightly regulated UK broadcasting environment. After this ruling was made, the show replaced the Big Wheel rounds with a game called "Supermarket", a game loosely based on the American version's "Grocery Game" pricing game. The three contestants were shown an assortment of small retail items, such as groceries or hardware, and had 15 seconds to select up to four apiece. Duplicates of each item were provided to allow multiple contestants to select the same one if desired; however, contestants could take no more than one of any item. The prices of the chosen items were revealed and added up, and the contestant who came the closest to £20 (high or low) advanced to the Showcase. Series two saw the Big Wheel return for a spin-off to see who would have the option of bidding or passing on the first showcase; each contestant had to take two spins. If a person scored 100, £400 would be donated to charity on their behalf, and Leslie would ask the person a consumer-related question to win £100 for him/herself. The winner was the contestant who came closer to 100 in either direction. The Crowther version later replaced Supermarket and the Big Wheel called with the "Showcase Showdown", where all six on-stage contestants played a series of estimated-guess questions and the person farthest away from the actual prize was eliminated. This was done until the last two contestants were left, and they then advanced to the Range Finder (by now simply called the "Showcase Final".) The final round, the Range Finder, was played largely the same way as on the Showcase finale on the American version. In the first season, the winner would not win the largest prize in their showcase if their winning guess was not within 10% of the showcase total. In subsequent seasons, the game was played with 1972–74 United States rules (no Double Showcase rule), while it did use the rule for a double overbid. Pricing Games Any Number (used numbers 1–9 with all values having three digits each) Bargain Bar ("Barker's Bargain Bar" in the U.S.) Blank Cheque (Now known as "Check Game" in the U.S.) Bonus Game (The) Card Game Check-Out Cliffhanger ("Cliff Hangers" in the U.S.) (The) Clock Game Danger Price Dice Game Escalator ("Walk of Fame" in the U.S., except only one prize could be won; the player had to choose whether to keep the last item won or try for the next one) Five Price Tags Give or Keep Hi Lo (played with small prizes instead of grocery items.) Hole in One Lucky 7 (played with seven £1 coins for a prize with a three-digit price.) Master Key Matchmaker (not based on any U.S. game; a pricing game in name only, as it actually involved memory, with six prizes available.) Money Game (played for a vehicle with a three-digit price.) Most Expensive (an original game later introduced in the US as "Easy as 1, 2, 3"; not the U.S.'s "Most Expensive"; contestants only won the most expensive prize.) One Away Partners (loosely based on The Phone Home Game.) The Penny Drops ("Penny Ante" in the U.S.) Permutation (not based on any U.S. game; played much like Balance Game II.) Pick-a-Pair (played with small prizes instead of grocery items.) Punch a Bunch (contestant won the chance to win cash prizes from a collection of hidden IOU's behind a screen, if they chose an IOU of zero value, the game ended) Race Game (contestant had to match the prices of four prizes to cards given by Crowther against the clock in 60 seconds) Range Game Safecracker ("Safe Crackers" in the U.S.) Secret X (contestant has three chances to win up to two X's in addition to the one given at the outset.) Side by Side (not based on any US game; not related to the U.S.'s Side by Side in any way.) Squeeze Play (played for a three-digit prize; players remove two numbers instead of one from a set of five digits or one number from a set of four.) Switcheroo (played for four two-digit prizes and one three-digit prize.) Take Two Temptation Ten Chances (played for two two-digit prizes and one three-digit prize.) 3 in a Row (not based on any U.S. game; played for a three-digit prize, using a grid of nine two-digit prizes.) 3 Strikes Tic~Tac~Toe (functionally a variation on Joker with the pricing portion of On the Nose.) Time-Play (a variation on Clock Game; played for three three-digit prizes in ascending order of price.) Trade Up ("Trader Bob" in the U.S.) Announcer Simon Prebble (1984–1988) Models Marie-Elise Grepne (1984–1985) Jacqueline Bucknell (1984–1986) Julia Roberts (1984–1986) Denise Kelly (1984–1988) Sandra Easby (1985) Cindy Day (1986–1988) Carol Greenwood (1986–1988) Gillian de Terville (1986–1988) Elsa O'Toole (1986) Judy Bailey (1986–1988) Laura Calland (1987–1988) Sarah Wynter (1988) Warman era (The New Price is Right) Logo from Bob Warman-era. The second version hosted by Bob Warman is considered to be a precursor to the third version hosted by Bruce Forsyth, as it was a half-hour and used the Showcase range game. Having premiered shortly after Leslie Crowther's version went off the air, it retained many elements from the set and props, but was somewhat "Americanized". The show was hence called "The New Price is Right" and had a red, yellow and green pound sign. The Warman version also had slightly better and more expensive prizes than the Crowther version due to the program's shorter length, in-show sponsorship, and lighter government regulation of satellite television channels. The show also had a light border in the opening (mimicking the American version), used US music (including the opening theme, the Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour theme and Concentration car cues, to name a few), and had more colour on the set. The Showcase round was played considerably differently: After three games and a single Showcase Showdown at the Big Wheel (in which spinning 100 earned a bonus spin worth a bonus prize), the Showdown winner selected a range at random from £250 to £1,000; if the bid was within the selected range of the price of the presented showcase without going over, they won the Showcase. Pricing Games Bargain Bar Cliffhanger Danger Price Five Price Tags (played with grocery items, and players are given a free pick at the start.) Hi Lo Lucky 7 (played with seven tokens.) Money Game (played for a car, as in America.) Pick-a-Pair (played with grocery items.) Race Game Side by Side (not based on any American pricing game, including "Side by Side".) Switcheroo Ten Chances Announcers Bobby Bragg Al Sherwin Models Suzie Marlowe Tracie Williams Katrina Maltby Julie Broster Peitra Caston Brian Tattersall Forsyth era (Bruce's Price is Right) Logo for the Bruce Forsyth-era. When it started in 1995, Bruce's Price is Right was one of the first shows to fully take advantage of the Independent Television Commission's lifting of the prize limits and the general deregulation of the UK broadcasting environment. The Showcase Showdown was played on the Big Wheel (objections to lack of skill no longer being a factor), with the highest-scoring contestant on one spin or a combination of two spins going through to the Range Finder, and any contestant who scored 100 on one spin or a combination of two spins would win £1,000. The ranges for the Range Finder in this version went from £1,000 to £5,000. (Unlike the other three versions, this version did not involve any bonus spin.) Although, it was only in a half-hour format with three pricing games per show (the Crowther show had been an hour long with six games), it still gave away more valuable prizes each week than the previous ITV version had done (for example, it was possible for a contestant to win two cars, one in a pricing game and one in the showcase, which would have been utterly unthinkable on British TV in the 1980s). Cars offered were usually superminis, from makers like Daihatsu and Daewoo, or models like a Ford Ka or Mazda Demio, but small sports cars like a Hyundai Accent or Vauxhall Tigra were offered on occasion. On the Forsyth version, the game Plinko was played to very different rules from the US version; considerably less money could be won, and contestants could risk their cash winnings on one final Plinko chip in hopes of adding a car or other large prize to their winnings (the cash spaces on the board were replaced with alternating "WIN" and "LOSE" tags). Landing on "LOSE" would lose all the money accumulated, while landing on "WIN" won the car or other large prize plus the money. (Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon used these rules for their playing of Plinko, with an extra choice of a pound sign in addition to "WIN" and "LOSE", so that landing in the pound sign slot would double the winnings. Vernon Kay's extra chip, however, landed in a "WIN" slot.) Many European versions of the show that debuted after the Forsyth version based their games and sound cues on that show. The main theme, an update of the US theme, and the "come on down" music are from the short-lived 1994 US syndicated version. Forsyth initially opened this version with a modified version of his trademark line of "Nice to see you, to see you...NICE!" (where the audience yells the word "nice" at the end) adding "...and it's nice to meet the stars of our show, whoever you are!" In later series the original line was used, followed by "Let's meet the stars of our show, whoever you are!" The Forsyth incarnation was a co-production between Yorkshire Television and Fremantle (UK) Productions (formerly Talbot Television), and not made by Central like its predecessor. Pricing Games Introduced Series 1 (1995) Cliffhanger ("Cliff Hangers" in the US; contestants were told that the prices increased as the game progressed.) Clock Game (rules modified after Series 1 so that all prizes ended in either '0' or '5'.) Danger Price (contestant could not win the prize that cost the danger price.) Double Price Tags ("Double Prices" in the US.) Hole in One (played with four small prizes instead of six grocery products, uses two-putt rule.) Master Key Money Game Most Expensive (contestant only won the most expensive prize.) One Right Price (regularly played for two cars, though the contestant could only choose one.) Pathfinder Pick-a-Pair (played with the prizes themselves instead of with grocery products.) Plinko Race Game (played with a 30-second timer.) Secret "X" (except on earliest playings, contestants had three chances to win the two additional Xs.) Swap ("Switch?" in the US; contestant could only win one prize they would choose.) Switcheroo (a non-car game) Introduced Series 2 (1996) Check-Out Lucky Seven (modified so that no numbers appeared in the price more than once.) Make Your Move Pick-a-Number Introduced Series 3 (1997) Credit Card (contestant won the three prizes they picked, and only one prize can create a loss and may still win the game; rules modified later on so that they also kept the remaining money on the card) Most Expensive (replaced original "Most Expensive" from Series 1; now a renamed version of "Easy as 1, 2, 3".) Split Decision (used the game's timed format.) Three Strikes ('one strike in the bag' rule implemented from Series 5 onward.) Introduced Series 4 (1998) Any Number Bruce's Bargain Bar ("Barker's Bargain Bar" in the US, contestant only won one of the prizes.) Hi Lo (played for two prizes, contestants chose one prize if game was won.) Introduced Series 5 (1999) Joker Side by Side Price Tags ("Barker's Markers"/"Make Your Mark" in the US) Introduced Series 6 (2000) Clearance Sale Let 'em Roll (except on earliest playings, the number of rolls was determined using a grocery product and three price choices.) Push Over (the blocks went "to Australia" according to Bruce.) Introduced Series 7 (2001) No new games were introduced. Announcer Peter Dickson (1995–2001) Models Kimberley Cowell (1995–2001) Emma Noble (1995–1998) Emma Steadman (1995–2001) Brian Tattersall (1995–1998) Simon Peat (1998–2001) Lea Kristensen (1998–2001) Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right) On 17 September 2005, as part of a celebration of the 50th birthday of ITV, Ant & Dec hosted a one-off revival of The Price is Right as part of Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon; they also hosted revivals of several other game shows that were once popular on the ITV network. The original titles were from the Central version, however the Yorkshire Television logo was used instead. Announcer Peter Dickson (2005) Games played Cliffhanger (Carol Vorderman); game won Plinko (Vernon Kay); gamble taken and extra prize (car) won Race Game (Ruby Wax); one prize out of four won Other results Carol Vorderman won the Showcase Showdown and proceeded to win her showcase. Pasquale era (The Price is Right) Logo from Joe Pasquale-era. Talkback Thames debuted a revival on ITV on 8 May 2006, this time with former I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! winner Joe Pasquale as host. It followed the same gameplay format as Bob Warman and Bruce Forsyth's versions, with Range Finder ranges going from £500 to £3000 (sometimes £4000), and the Showcase Showdown adapted the bonus spin from the Warman version, with a car at stake; later replaced by the £1000 bonus. It had a very "panto" feel to it, and it relies on nostalgia of the Crowther version, which was known for its cheap prizes because of the regulations of the time. Joe's tour manager, Ray Tizzard, made appearances as his "twin" in various pricing games. The show expanded to an hour from 3 July 2006. This involved three games being played, a Showcase Showdown, three more games, another Showcase Showdown, and then, the winners from both showdowns take part in the 'Pasquale Finale', a spin-off on the wheel to see who will go through to the Range Finder. In addition, prior to this, the maximum range in the Range Finder increased to £4000, as the budget increased. After the first three games and Showcase Showdown, Contestants' Row was cleared of people, and a new set of four contestants was called down. (This differs from the US version, which keeps all contestants in Contestants' Row who do not go on stage.) In all versions of the programme, a perfect bid in Contestants' Row resulted in a £100 bonus in either cash or, in the Warman version, gift certificates. Pricing Games Any Number Cliffhanger ("Cliff Hangers" in the US.) Danger Price Deck of Cards ("Card Game" in the US; introduced when the show went hour-long.) Easy as 1, 2, 3 Find the Lady ("Shell Game" in the US, played here with playing cards, including a Queen.) Half & Half ("Money Game" in the US.) Hi Lo Hole in One Joe's Bargain Bar ("Barker's Bargain Bar" in the US.) Joe's Lucky Bag ("3 Strikes" in the US.) Joe Ker (introduced when the show went hour-long; known as "Joker" in the US.) Lucky 7 ("Lucky Seven" in the US; introduced when the show went hour-long; follows the same rules as Bruce Forsyth's version, although not always played for a car.) On the Nose One Right Price (not the US' 1 Right Price; actually more similar to the US' Double Prices, with three choices, so you could call it "Triple Prices".) One Wrong Price Pick a Number Pick-a-Pair (played with only four items.) Plinko Price Tags ("Five Price Tags" in the US; introduced when the show went hour-long.) Push Over Safecracker ("Safe Crackers" in the US.) Side by Side Swap ("Switch?" in the US; like Bruce Forsyth's version, contestants can only win one prize, and they select the one they want.) Take 2 Walk the Line (the grocery portion of Let 'em Roll with five items; based on the high-low game on Play Your Cards Right with prices of grocery items instead of playing cards; to win, a contestant must correctly run the board with no mistakes.) Announcers Peter Dickson (2006–2007) Mike Hurley (2006–2007) (occasional cover for Peter Dickson) Models Natalie Denning (2006–2007) Amanda Robbins (2006–2007) Richard Kyte (2006–2007) Natalie Pike (2006–2007) Merchandise A DVD game based on this version of the show was released by Circle Studio in November 2006. Cancellation ITV chiefs cancelled The Price is Right at the end of its latest run on 12 January 2007, citing the fact that while The Paul O'Grady Show on Channel 4 regularly attracted over 2.5 million viewers, Pasquale only managed to pull in 800,000. Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right) After the success of Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon in 2005, ITV brought the show back, this time hosted by Vernon Kay, a contestant in the first series. Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon began on 7 April 2007 with The Price is Right. Contestants Michael Le Vell (Coronation Street actor) Jamelia (Singer) Graeme Le Saux (Footballer) Wendy Richard (Former EastEnders actress) Ben Shephard (TV presenter) Andrea Catherwood (The Sunday Edition presenter) The winner of the show was Graeme Le Saux, who as a result advanced to the quarter-final of the show. The five remaining contestants returned in the next week's show, Blockbusters, to battle for the second spot in the quarter-final round. Announcer Peter Dickson (2007) Carr era (The Price is Right) On 30 December 2017, the revival was a one-off pilot filmed at Dock10 studios that aired as a Christmas special on Channel 4 hosted by Alan Carr and was announced by Tony Hirst. According to a press release by FremantleMedia, Carr said "I'm so excited to be the new host of The Price is Right. It's proper bucket list territory for me as I loved it when I was growing up and now for me to be at the helm of such a legendary show is a dream come true. It just leaves me with one thing to say … COME ON DOWN!". Viewers had praised Carr's hosting ability as they took it to Twitter by demanding it to become a full series. However, it has been declined since then. After five pricing games (Cliffhangers, Pay the Rent, Plinko, Bonkers and Clock Game), those five players spun the wheel with the Showcase Showdown winner going through to the Showcase Final which was played exactly the same way as on Bruce’s Price Is Right. Scoring exactly 100 on the wheel won £100. A tie would be broken via spin-off with no bonus for spinning 100. Announcer Tony Hirst Models Nichola Dixon Dorretta Maynard Zoe Nicholas Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (The Price is Right) On 30 May 2019, ITV ordered a series called Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (also known as Epic Gameshow) hosted by Alan Carr and filmed at dock10 studios, who had previously hosted a reboot of The Price is Right on Channel 4 in 2017 where like Gameshow Marathon, it would see five classic game shows being supersized and brought back such as Play Your Cards Right, The Price is Right, Take Your Pick, Strike it Lucky and Bullseye. However, unlike GSM this would feature only civilian contestants hoping to win either a big cash reward or top of the range prizes instead of celebrities playing for their favourite charities along with a viewer at home (except the first episode which was Play Your Cards Right). According to the press release, Carr said "It is such a privilege for me to be involved in these truly iconic shows that have brought so much joy to my childhood. A little bit nostalgia but a whole load of fun. Big shoes to fill I know, these shows should be back on telly for a whole new generation to sit down and enjoy with their family just like I did all those years ago!" It was originally set to air in April 2020 but as of 15 May 2020, it has not aired. However, on 29 May 2020, it was later announced that it will start airing on 6 June 2020. Additionally, there were also announcements that a celebrity edition of Play Your Cards Right and another Christmas special of The Price is Right were also in the works. Just like the regular editions from the 80s, 90s and the early 2000s, the episode featured regular civilians as contestants with an exact bid in contestant's row earning that contestant £200. The five pricing games that were played in the episode were: Cliffhangers Hole in One Any Number Plinko Push Over (NOTE: In Cliffhangers, the face of the mountain climber is supposed to resemble its host Alan Carr, it also never revealed the actual price of the Popcorn Maker after the contestant's win when it was in fact £50) Announcer John Sachs (2020) Models Matt Peacock (2020) Rachel Trevaskis (2020) Kimberley Williams (2020) The three players closest to each item up for bids got to spin the big wheel in which 100 won only £1000. The winner then played the showcase final with a static range of £3000. The ply goes to a brand new bonus round called the "Epic Showcase". Epic Showcase Similar to the Warman era, the biggest difference here is that there were no random range choice of any kind as the range was a flat £3000 but still coming within the range without going over won the showcase. Transmissions Crowther era (The Price is Right) Series Start date End date Episodes 1 24 March 1984 16 June 1984 9 2 29 December 1984 15 June 1985 25 3 18 January 1986 21 June 1986 23 4 22 November 1986 23 May 1987 25 5 27 November 1987 8 April 1988 18 Warman era (The New Price Is Right) Series Start date End date Episodes 1 4 September 1989 31 August 1990 250+ Forsyth era (Bruce's Price Is Right) Series Start date End date Episodes 1 4 September 1995 1 January 1996 17 2 2 September 1996 23 December 1996 17 3 29 August 1997 9 January 1998 17 4 4 September 1998 15 January 1999 17 5 10 September 1999 4 September 2000 17 6 8 September 2000 16 December 2000 17 7 23 June 2001 16 December 2001 14 Pasquale era (The Price is Right) Series Start date End date Episodes 1 8 May 2006 12 January 2007 124 Carr era (The Price is Right) Series Start date End date Episodes 1 30 December 2017 1 References ^ "Ex-ITV Regional Studios". TV Studio History. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ a b "Recent ITV Studios". TV Studio History. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Audiences 'Come on Down' as The Price is Right is filmed at dock10". Dock10. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ "ITV orders reboot of five classic gameshows from Talkback". Televisual. 13 June 2019. ^ "The Price is Right - UKGameshows". ukgameshows.com. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ Houghton, Rianne (9 June 2017). "Updated: Alan Carr is bringing back Bruce Forsyth game show The Price Is Right on Channel 4". Digital Spy. ^ Lazarus, Susanna (30 December 2017). "Alan Carr on why the time is right to bring back The Price Is Right". RadioTimes. ^ Percival, Ash (31 December 2017). "'The Price is Right' Viewers Demand Full Series After Alan Carr's Festive Special" – via HuffPost. ^ ITV commissions epic reboot of five of the nations favourite, hosted by Alan Carr ^ Memory Lane with Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow ^ "31 Aug 1990, 29". Retrieved 1 April 2014. External links The Price is Right (1984–1988) at IMDb . Bruce's Price is Right at IMDb . The Price is Right (2006–2007) at IMDb . The Price is Right (1984–1988) at BFI. Bruce's Price is Right at BFI. The Price is Right (2006–2007) at BFI. The Price is Right (2017) at Channel 4. The Price Is Right at UKGameshows.com. vteThe Price is RightUnited StatesVersions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right (1956–65) The New Price Is Right (1994–95) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models Hosts Bob Barker Drew Carey International Australia United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy In popular culture "Divided We Sail" (The Flintstones season 2) "Showdown" (How I Met Your Mother season 2) Posthumus Zone (theme for special episodes since 2010) vteSky One, Sky Comedy and Sky Max original programming1980s debuts The DJ Kat Show Fun Factory The New Price Is Right Sale of the Century 1990s debuts Blockbusters CI5: The New Professionals Diana: Her True Story Dream Team Games World Guilty! Jeopardy! Police Stop! Prickly Heat Space Island One Space Precinct Spellbound Springhill Through the Keyhole Uncovered The Villa The Wanderer 2000s debuts All-Star Cup Angela and Friends Are You Smarter than a 10 Year Old? Baddiel's Syndrome Badger or Bust Big Ron Manager The Bombmaker Brainiac: History Abuse Brainiac: Science Abuse Brainiac's Test Tube Baby Britain's Hardest Cirque de Celebrité Dirty Money Don't Forget the Lyrics! Ed vs. Spencer Entertainment Tonight UK Fear Factor Fight School Football Icon Gamezville Gladiators Grease: The School Musical Guinness World Records Smashed Hairspray: The School Musical Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show Hex Is Harry on the Boat? Kirsty's Home Videos Little Monsters The Match Mile High Noel's Christmas Presents Noel's HQ Nothing but the Truth Oops TV The Pop Years Porno Valley Project Catwalk The Race Road Raja Road Wars Ross Kemp: Behind the Story Ross Kemp in Afghanistan Ross Kemp in Search of Pirates Ross Kemp on Gangs Sell Me the Answer Shock Treatment Skellig The Strangerers Street Wars The Stretch The Sun Military Awards The Take Taste Terry Pratchett's Hogfather Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic There's Something About Miriam Time Gentleman, Please! UK Border Force Vroom! Vroom! Wayne Rooney's Street Striker 2010s debuts After Hours Agatha Raisin Ashley Banjo's Secret Street Crew The Angel The Big Spell Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza Bliss Bounty Hunters Brassic Bring the Noise Bulletproof The Café Carters Get Rich Chickens Chris & Wes: Let's Do This Cop Squad Critical Curfew David Attenborough's Conquest of the Skies 3D Delicious A Discovery of Witches Don't Stop Me Now! Duck Quacks Don't Echo Emergency with Angela Griffin Fat Families Football's Next Star The Five Frayed Gadget Geeks Got to Dance Harrow: A Very British School Hooten & the Lady An Idiot Abroad Inside Gatwick In the Long Run Jamestown King of the Nerds The Kumars A League of Their Own Little Crackers Living the Dream Liza & Huey's Pet Nation Louie Spence's Showbusiness Mad Dogs The Moaning of Life Moominvalley Moonfleet Moone Boy Mount Pleasant Must Be the Music Obese: A Year to Save My Life One Hundred and Eighty Parents Pineapple Dance Studios Prison: First & Last 24 Hours The Reluctant Landlord Rob & Romesh Vs Ross Kemp: Battle for the Amazon Ross Kemp: Extreme World Rovers The Runaway The Russell Howard Hour Safebreakers Showboaters Sick of It Sick Note Sinbad Sing: Ultimate A Cappella The Smoke Spy Stan Lee's Lucky Man Starlings Stella Stop Search Seize Strike Back Temple Terry Pratchett's Going Postal Thorne A Touch of Cloth Treasure Island The Trip Trollied Wall of Fame Wild Things Yonderland You, Me and the Apocalypse 2020s debuts Amadeus Avenue 5 Bloods Breeders COBRA Code 404 Fantasy Football League Funny Woman Intelligence Intergalactic The Lazarus Project The Midwich Cuckoos Never Mind the Buzzcocks The Rising Romantic Getaway Rosie Molloy Gives Up Everything Smothered Then You Run A Town Called Malice Two Weeks to Live Upright Wolfe
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"US version of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Crowther"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_1"},{"link_name":"Bob Warman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Warman"},{"link_name":"Bruce Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Joe Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pasquale"},{"link_name":"Gameshow Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameshow_Marathon_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr%27s_Epic_Gameshow"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"dock10 studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Price Is Right is a British television game show based on the US version of the same name. It originally aired on ITV from 24 March 1984 to 8 April 1988 and was hosted by Leslie Crowther. The show later briefly moved to Sky One for one series as The New Price is Right from 4 September 1989 to 31 August 1990 with Bob Warman as the host.The show returned to ITV, as Bruce's Price is Right, from 4 September 1995 to 16 December 2001, with Bruce Forsyth hosting for seven series consisting of 116 episodes. Another series aired from 8 May 2006 until 12 January 2007, this time hosted by Joe Pasquale. Two one-off specials aired as part of ITV's Gameshow Marathon in September 2005 and April 2007. On 30 December 2017, it was revived for a one-off pilot hosted by Alan Carr on Channel 4.In June 2019, it was announced that The Price Is Right had been chosen as one of the country's five all-time favourite game shows to be \"supersized and rebooted\" in new series Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow commissioned by ITV. A seven-episode series was filmed at dock10 studios and broadcast in May 2020.[4]","title":"The Price Is Right (British game show)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_TPIR_1984.png"},{"link_name":"Leslie Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Crowther"},{"link_name":"Joe Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Brown_(singer)"},{"link_name":"William G. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Fifteen to One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteen_to_One"},{"link_name":"Independent Broadcasting Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority"}],"text":"Logo from Leslie Crowther-era.Leslie Crowther hosted the original UK version, having beaten Joe Brown to the role of host after both recorded pilot episodes. It was also notable for being produced by William G. Stewart (of later Fifteen to One fame), who made the occasional cameo appearance. The Crowther version is popular with fans of the show for its near-campiness, frenetic pace, glamour, and the endearing presentation skills of its host, not for its cheaper prizes (which were forced on it by the Independent Broadcasting Authority's prize limits). Its format was nearly identical to that of CBS's daytime show in the United States. It initially used the Big Wheel to decide who would go through to the Range Finder (Scoring 100 won £500 and a bonus spin which awarded an additional £1,000 for spinning 100 or £250 for landing on an adjacent section), but the IBA forced Central to abandon this because of the lack of pricing skill involved. While the show had to go off air for a while during its first season due to an electricians' strike, the format was adapted to fit into a much more tightly regulated UK broadcasting environment.After this ruling was made, the show replaced the Big Wheel rounds with a game called \"Supermarket\", a game loosely based on the American version's \"Grocery Game\" pricing game. The three contestants were shown an assortment of small retail items, such as groceries or hardware, and had 15 seconds to select up to four apiece. Duplicates of each item were provided to allow multiple contestants to select the same one if desired; however, contestants could take no more than one of any item. The prices of the chosen items were revealed and added up, and the contestant who came the closest to £20 (high or low) advanced to the Showcase.Series two saw the Big Wheel return for a spin-off to see who would have the option of bidding or passing on the first showcase; each contestant had to take two spins. If a person scored 100, £400 would be donated to charity on their behalf, and Leslie would ask the person a consumer-related question to win £100 for him/herself. The winner was the contestant who came closer to 100 in either direction.The Crowther version later replaced Supermarket and the Big Wheel called with the \"Showcase Showdown\", where all six on-stage contestants played a series of estimated-guess questions and the person farthest away from the actual prize was eliminated. This was done until the last two contestants were left, and they then advanced to the Range Finder (by now simply called the \"Showcase Final\".)The final round, the Range Finder, was played largely the same way as on the Showcase finale on the American version. In the first season, the winner would not win the largest prize in their showcase if their winning guess was not within 10% of the showcase total. In subsequent seasons, the game was played with 1972–74 United States rules (no Double Showcase rule), while it did use the rule for a double overbid.","title":"Crowther era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pricing Games","text":"Any Number (used numbers 1–9 with all values having three digits each)\nBargain Bar (\"Barker's Bargain Bar\" in the U.S.)\nBlank Cheque (Now known as \"Check Game\" in the U.S.)\nBonus Game\n(The) Card Game\nCheck-Out\nCliffhanger (\"Cliff Hangers\" in the U.S.)\n(The) Clock Game\nDanger Price\nDice Game\nEscalator (\"Walk of Fame\" in the U.S., except only one prize could be won; the player had to choose whether to keep the last item won or try for the next one)\nFive Price Tags\nGive or Keep\nHi Lo (played with small prizes instead of grocery items.)\nHole in One\nLucky 7 (played with seven £1 coins for a prize with a three-digit price.)\nMaster Key\nMatchmaker (not based on any U.S. game; a pricing game in name only, as it actually involved memory, with six prizes available.)\nMoney Game (played for a vehicle with a three-digit price.)\nMost Expensive (an original game later introduced in the US as \"Easy as 1, 2, 3\"; not the U.S.'s \"Most Expensive\"; contestants only won the most expensive prize.)\nOne Away\nPartners (loosely based on The Phone Home Game.)\nThe Penny Drops (\"Penny Ante\" in the U.S.)\nPermutation (not based on any U.S. game; played much like Balance Game II.)\nPick-a-Pair (played with small prizes instead of grocery items.)\nPunch a Bunch (contestant won the chance to win cash prizes from a collection of hidden IOU's behind a screen, if they chose an IOU of zero value, the game ended)\nRace Game (contestant had to match the prices of four prizes to cards given by Crowther against the clock in 60 seconds)\nRange Game\nSafecracker (\"Safe Crackers\" in the U.S.)\nSecret X (contestant has three chances to win up to two X's in addition to the one given at the outset.)\nSide by Side (not based on any US game; not related to the U.S.'s Side by Side in any way.)\nSqueeze Play (played for a three-digit prize; players remove two numbers instead of one from a set of five digits or one number from a set of four.)\nSwitcheroo (played for four two-digit prizes and one three-digit prize.)\nTake Two\nTemptation\nTen Chances (played for two two-digit prizes and one three-digit prize.)\n3 in a Row (not based on any U.S. game; played for a three-digit prize, using a grid of nine two-digit prizes.)\n3 Strikes\nTic~Tac~Toe (functionally a variation on Joker with the pricing portion of On the Nose.)\nTime-Play (a variation on Clock Game; played for three three-digit prizes in ascending order of price.)\nTrade Up (\"Trader Bob\" in the U.S.)","title":"Crowther era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Prebble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Prebble"}],"sub_title":"Announcer","text":"Simon Prebble (1984–1988)","title":"Crowther era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Roberts_(QVC_presenter)"}],"sub_title":"Models","text":"Marie-Elise Grepne (1984–1985)\nJacqueline Bucknell (1984–1986)\nJulia Roberts (1984–1986)\nDenise Kelly (1984–1988)\nSandra Easby (1985)\nCindy Day (1986–1988)\nCarol Greenwood (1986–1988)\nGillian de Terville (1986–1988)\nElsa O'Toole (1986)\nJudy Bailey (1986–1988)\nLaura Calland (1987–1988)\nSarah Wynter (1988)","title":"Crowther era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheNewPriceIsRight.png"},{"link_name":"Bob Warman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Warman"},{"link_name":"Bruce Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_Game-Hollywood_Squares_Hour"},{"link_name":"Concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_(game_show)"}],"text":"Logo from Bob Warman-era.The second version hosted by Bob Warman is considered to be a precursor to the third version hosted by Bruce Forsyth, as it was a half-hour and used the Showcase range game. Having premiered shortly after Leslie Crowther's version went off the air, it retained many elements from the set and props, but was somewhat \"Americanized\". The show was hence called \"The New Price is Right\" and had a red, yellow and green pound sign. The Warman version also had slightly better and more expensive prizes than the Crowther version due to the program's shorter length, in-show sponsorship, and lighter government regulation of satellite television channels. The show also had a light border in the opening (mimicking the American version), used US music (including the opening theme, the Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour theme and Concentration car cues, to name a few), and had more colour on the set.The Showcase round was played considerably differently: After three games and a single Showcase Showdown at the Big Wheel (in which spinning 100 earned a bonus spin worth a bonus prize), the Showdown winner selected a range at random from £250 to £1,000; if the bid was within the selected range of the price of the presented showcase without going over, they won the Showcase.","title":"Warman era (The New Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pricing Games","text":"Bargain Bar\nCliffhanger\nDanger Price\nFive Price Tags (played with grocery items, and players are given a free pick at the start.)\nHi Lo\nLucky 7 (played with seven tokens.)\nMoney Game (played for a car, as in America.)\nPick-a-Pair (played with grocery items.)\nRace Game\nSide by Side (not based on any American pricing game, including \"Side by Side\".)\nSwitcheroo\nTen Chances","title":"Warman era (The New Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Announcers","text":"Bobby Bragg\nAl Sherwin","title":"Warman era (The New Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Models","text":"Suzie Marlowe\nTracie Williams\nKatrina Maltby\nJulie Broster\nPeitra Caston\nBrian Tattersall","title":"Warman era (The New Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruce%27s_Price_Is_Right.png"},{"link_name":"Independent Television Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission"},{"link_name":"superminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermini"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu"},{"link_name":"Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo"},{"link_name":"Ford Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Ka"},{"link_name":"Mazda Demio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Demio"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Accent"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Tigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Tigra"},{"link_name":"Plinko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinko"},{"link_name":"Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_and_Dec%27s_Gameshow_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Vernon Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Kay"},{"link_name":"1994 US syndicated version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Price_Is_Right_(1994_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Television"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Logo for the Bruce Forsyth-era.When it started in 1995, Bruce's Price is Right was one of the first shows to fully take advantage of the Independent Television Commission's lifting of the prize limits and the general deregulation of the UK broadcasting environment. The Showcase Showdown was played on the Big Wheel (objections to lack of skill no longer being a factor), with the highest-scoring contestant on one spin or a combination of two spins going through to the Range Finder, and any contestant who scored 100 on one spin or a combination of two spins would win £1,000. The ranges for the Range Finder in this version went from £1,000 to £5,000. (Unlike the other three versions, this version did not involve any bonus spin.)Although, it was only in a half-hour format with three pricing games per show (the Crowther show had been an hour long with six games), it still gave away more valuable prizes each week than the previous ITV version had done (for example, it was possible for a contestant to win two cars, one in a pricing game and one in the showcase, which would have been utterly unthinkable on British TV in the 1980s). Cars offered were usually superminis, from makers like Daihatsu and Daewoo, or models like a Ford Ka or Mazda Demio, but small sports cars like a Hyundai Accent or Vauxhall Tigra were offered on occasion.On the Forsyth version, the game Plinko was played to very different rules from the US version; considerably less money could be won, and contestants could risk their cash winnings on one final Plinko chip in hopes of adding a car or other large prize to their winnings (the cash spaces on the board were replaced with alternating \"WIN\" and \"LOSE\" tags). Landing on \"LOSE\" would lose all the money accumulated, while landing on \"WIN\" won the car or other large prize plus the money. (Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon used these rules for their playing of Plinko, with an extra choice of a pound sign in addition to \"WIN\" and \"LOSE\", so that landing in the pound sign slot would double the winnings. Vernon Kay's extra chip, however, landed in a \"WIN\" slot.)Many European versions of the show that debuted after the Forsyth version based their games and sound cues on that show. The main theme, an update of the US theme, and the \"come on down\" music are from the short-lived 1994 US syndicated version.Forsyth initially opened this version with a modified version of his trademark line of \"Nice to see you, to see you...NICE!\" (where the audience yells the word \"nice\" at the end) adding \"...and it's nice to meet the stars of our show, whoever you are!\" In later series the original line was used, followed by \"Let's meet the stars of our show, whoever you are!\"The Forsyth incarnation was a co-production between Yorkshire Television and Fremantle (UK) Productions (formerly Talbot Television), and not made by Central like its predecessor.[5]","title":"Forsyth era (Bruce's Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pricing Games","text":"Introduced Series 1 (1995)Cliffhanger (\"Cliff Hangers\" in the US; contestants were told that the prices increased as the game progressed.)\nClock Game (rules modified after Series 1 so that all prizes ended in either '0' or '5'.)\nDanger Price (contestant could not win the prize that cost the danger price.)\nDouble Price Tags (\"Double Prices\" in the US.)\nHole in One (played with four small prizes instead of six grocery products, uses two-putt rule.)\nMaster Key\nMoney Game\nMost Expensive (contestant only won the most expensive prize.)\nOne Right Price (regularly played for two cars, though the contestant could only choose one.)\nPathfinder\nPick-a-Pair (played with the prizes themselves instead of with grocery products.)\nPlinko\nRace Game (played with a 30-second timer.)\nSecret \"X\" (except on earliest playings, contestants had three chances to win the two additional Xs.)\nSwap (\"Switch?\" in the US; contestant could only win one prize they would choose.)\nSwitcheroo (a non-car game)Introduced Series 2 (1996)Check-Out\nLucky Seven (modified so that no numbers appeared in the price more than once.)\nMake Your Move\nPick-a-NumberIntroduced Series 3 (1997)Credit Card (contestant won the three prizes they picked, and only one prize can create a loss and may still win the game; rules modified later on so that they also kept the remaining money on the card)\nMost Expensive (replaced original \"Most Expensive\" from Series 1; now a renamed version of \"Easy as 1, 2, 3\".)\nSplit Decision (used the game's timed format.)\nThree Strikes ('one strike in the bag' rule implemented from Series 5 onward.)Introduced Series 4 (1998)Any Number\nBruce's Bargain Bar (\"Barker's Bargain Bar\" in the US, contestant only won one of the prizes.)\nHi Lo (played for two prizes, contestants chose one prize if game was won.)Introduced Series 5 (1999)Joker\nSide by Side\nPrice Tags (\"Barker's Markers\"/\"Make Your Mark\" in the US)Introduced Series 6 (2000)Clearance Sale\nLet 'em Roll (except on earliest playings, the number of rolls was determined using a grocery product and three price choices.)\nPush Over (the blocks went \"to Australia\" according to Bruce.)Introduced Series 7 (2001)No new games were introduced.","title":"Forsyth era (Bruce's Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dickson_(announcer)"}],"sub_title":"Announcer","text":"Peter Dickson (1995–2001)","title":"Forsyth era (Bruce's Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Noble"}],"sub_title":"Models","text":"Kimberley Cowell (1995–2001)\nEmma Noble (1995–1998)\nEmma Steadman (1995–2001)\nBrian Tattersall (1995–1998)\nSimon Peat (1998–2001)\nLea Kristensen (1998–2001)","title":"Forsyth era (Bruce's Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Ant & Dec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_%26_Dec"},{"link_name":"Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameshow_Marathon_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Television"}],"text":"On 17 September 2005, as part of a celebration of the 50th birthday of ITV, Ant & Dec hosted a one-off revival of The Price is Right as part of Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon; they also hosted revivals of several other game shows that were once popular on the ITV network. The original titles were from the Central version, however the Yorkshire Television logo was used instead.","title":"Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Announcer","text":"Peter Dickson (2005)","title":"Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carol Vorderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Vorderman"},{"link_name":"Vernon Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Kay"},{"link_name":"Ruby Wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Wax"}],"sub_title":"Games played","text":"Cliffhanger (Carol Vorderman); game won\nPlinko (Vernon Kay); gamble taken and extra prize (car) won\nRace Game (Ruby Wax); one prize out of four won","title":"Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other results","text":"Carol Vorderman won the Showcase Showdown and proceeded to win her showcase.","title":"Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe%27s_Price_Is_Right.png"},{"link_name":"Talkback Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkback_Thames"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_series_4)"},{"link_name":"Joe Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pasquale"},{"link_name":"panto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"}],"text":"Logo from Joe Pasquale-era.Talkback Thames debuted a revival on ITV on 8 May 2006, this time with former I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! winner Joe Pasquale as host. It followed the same gameplay format as Bob Warman and Bruce Forsyth's versions, with Range Finder ranges going from £500 to £3000 (sometimes £4000), and the Showcase Showdown adapted the bonus spin from the Warman version, with a car at stake; later replaced by the £1000 bonus. It had a very \"panto\" feel to it, and it relies on nostalgia of the Crowther version, which was known for its cheap prizes because of the regulations of the time. Joe's tour manager, Ray Tizzard, made appearances as his \"twin\" in various pricing games.The show expanded to an hour from 3 July 2006. This involved three games being played, a Showcase Showdown, three more games, another Showcase Showdown, and then, the winners from both showdowns take part in the 'Pasquale Finale', a spin-off on the wheel to see who will go through to the Range Finder. In addition, prior to this, the maximum range in the Range Finder increased to £4000, as the budget increased.After the first three games and Showcase Showdown, Contestants' Row was cleared of people, and a new set of four contestants was called down. (This differs from the US version, which keeps all contestants in Contestants' Row who do not go on stage.)In all versions of the programme, a perfect bid in Contestants' Row resulted in a £100 bonus in either cash or, in the Warman version, gift certificates.","title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Play Your Cards Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Your_Cards_Right"}],"sub_title":"Pricing Games","text":"Any Number\nCliffhanger (\"Cliff Hangers\" in the US.)\nDanger Price\nDeck of Cards (\"Card Game\" in the US; introduced when the show went hour-long.)\nEasy as 1, 2, 3\nFind the Lady (\"Shell Game\" in the US, played here with playing cards, including a Queen.)\nHalf & Half (\"Money Game\" in the US.)\nHi Lo\nHole in One\nJoe's Bargain Bar (\"Barker's Bargain Bar\" in the US.)\nJoe's Lucky Bag (\"3 Strikes\" in the US.)\nJoe Ker (introduced when the show went hour-long; known as \"Joker\" in the US.)\nLucky 7 (\"Lucky Seven\" in the US; introduced when the show went hour-long; follows the same rules as Bruce Forsyth's version, although not always played for a car.)\nOn the Nose\nOne Right Price (not the US' 1 Right Price; actually more similar to the US' Double Prices, with three choices, so you could call it \"Triple Prices\".)\nOne Wrong Price\nPick a Number\nPick-a-Pair (played with only four items.)\nPlinko\nPrice Tags (\"Five Price Tags\" in the US; introduced when the show went hour-long.)\nPush Over\nSafecracker (\"Safe Crackers\" in the US.)\nSide by Side\nSwap (\"Switch?\" in the US; like Bruce Forsyth's version, contestants can only win one prize, and they select the one they want.)\nTake 2\nWalk the Line (the grocery portion of Let 'em Roll with five items; based on the high-low game on Play Your Cards Right with prices of grocery items instead of playing cards; to win, a contestant must correctly run the board with no mistakes.)","title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Announcers","text":"Peter Dickson (2006–2007)\nMike Hurley (2006–2007) (occasional cover for Peter Dickson)","title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natalie Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Pike"}],"sub_title":"Models","text":"Natalie Denning (2006–2007)\nAmanda Robbins (2006–2007)\nRichard Kyte (2006–2007)\nNatalie Pike (2006–2007)","title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circle Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Studio"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"A DVD game based on this version of the show was released by Circle Studio in November 2006.","title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Paul O'Grady Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paul_O%27Grady_Show"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"}],"sub_title":"Cancellation","text":"ITV chiefs cancelled The Price is Right at the end of its latest run on 12 January 2007, citing the fact that while The Paul O'Grady Show on Channel 4 regularly attracted over 2.5 million viewers, Pasquale only managed to pull in 800,000.","title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameshow_Marathon_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameshow_Marathon_(British_game_show)"}],"text":"After the success of Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon in 2005, ITV brought the show back, this time hosted by Vernon Kay, a contestant in the first series. Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon began on 7 April 2007 with The Price is Right.","title":"Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Le Vell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Le_Vell"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"Jamelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamelia"},{"link_name":"Graeme Le Saux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Le_Saux"},{"link_name":"Wendy Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Richard"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Ben Shephard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shephard"},{"link_name":"Andrea Catherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Catherwood"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Edition"},{"link_name":"Graeme Le Saux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Le_Saux"},{"link_name":"Blockbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbusters_(British_game_show)"}],"sub_title":"Contestants","text":"Michael Le Vell (Coronation Street actor)\nJamelia (Singer)\nGraeme Le Saux (Footballer)\nWendy Richard (Former EastEnders actress)\nBen Shephard (TV presenter)\nAndrea Catherwood (The Sunday Edition presenter)The winner of the show was Graeme Le Saux, who as a result advanced to the quarter-final of the show. The five remaining contestants returned in the next week's show, Blockbusters, to battle for the second spot in the quarter-final round.","title":"Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Announcer","text":"Peter Dickson (2007)","title":"Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dock10 studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tony Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hirst"},{"link_name":"FremantleMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FremantleMedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"}],"text":"On 30 December 2017, the revival was a one-off pilot filmed at Dock10 studios that aired as a Christmas special on Channel 4 hosted by Alan Carr[6][7] and was announced by Tony Hirst. According to a press release by FremantleMedia, Carr said \"I'm so excited to be the new host of The Price is Right. It's proper bucket list territory for me as I loved it when I was growing up and now for me to be at the helm of such a legendary show is a dream come true. It just leaves me with one thing to say … COME ON DOWN!\". Viewers had praised Carr's hosting ability[8] as they took it to Twitter by demanding it to become a full series. However, it has been declined since then.After five pricing games (Cliffhangers, Pay the Rent, Plinko, Bonkers and Clock Game), those five players spun the wheel with the Showcase Showdown winner going through to the Showcase Final which was played exactly the same way as on Bruce’s Price Is Right. Scoring exactly 100 on the wheel won £100. A tie would be broken via spin-off with no bonus for spinning 100.","title":"Carr era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Announcer","text":"Tony Hirst","title":"Carr era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Models","text":"Nichola Dixon\nDorretta Maynard\nZoe Nicholas","title":"Carr era (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr%27s_Epic_Gameshow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr"},{"link_name":"dock10 studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Gameshow Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameshow_Marathon_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Play Your Cards Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Your_Cards_Right"},{"link_name":"Take Your Pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Your_Pick"},{"link_name":"Strike it Lucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_It_Lucky"},{"link_name":"Bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Play Your Cards Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Your_Cards_Right"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr"}],"text":"On 30 May 2019, ITV ordered a series called Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (also known as Epic Gameshow)[9] hosted by Alan Carr and filmed at dock10 studios, who had previously hosted a reboot of The Price is Right on Channel 4 in 2017 where like Gameshow Marathon, it would see five classic game shows being supersized and brought back such as Play Your Cards Right, The Price is Right, Take Your Pick, Strike it Lucky and Bullseye. However, unlike GSM this would feature only civilian contestants hoping to win either a big cash reward or top of the range prizes instead of celebrities playing for their favourite charities along with a viewer at home (except the first episode which was Play Your Cards Right).According to the press release, Carr said \"It is such a privilege for me to be involved in these truly iconic shows that have brought so much joy to my childhood. A little bit nostalgia but a whole load of fun. Big shoes to fill I know, these shows should be back on telly for a whole new generation to sit down and enjoy with their family just like I did all those years ago!\"It was originally set to air in April 2020 but as of 15 May 2020, it has not aired. However, on 29 May 2020,[10] it was later announced that it will start airing on 6 June 2020. Additionally, there were also announcements that a celebrity edition of Play Your Cards Right and another Christmas special of The Price is Right were also in the works. Just like the regular editions from the 80s, 90s and the early 2000s, the episode featured regular civilians as contestants with an exact bid in contestant's row earning that contestant £200. The five pricing games that were played in the episode were:Cliffhangers\nHole in One\nAny Number\nPlinko\nPush Over(NOTE: In Cliffhangers, the face of the mountain climber is supposed to resemble its host Alan Carr, it also never revealed the actual price of the Popcorn Maker after the contestant's win when it was in fact £50)","title":"Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Announcer","text":"John Sachs (2020)","title":"Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Models","text":"Matt Peacock (2020)\nRachel Trevaskis (2020)\nKimberley Williams (2020)The three players closest to each item up for bids got to spin the big wheel in which 100 won only £1000. The winner then played the showcase final with a static range of £3000. The ply goes to a brand new bonus round called the \"Epic Showcase\".","title":"Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Epic Showcase","text":"Similar to the Warman era, the biggest difference here is that there were no random range choice of any kind as the range was a flat £3000 but still coming within the range without going over won the showcase.","title":"Alan Carr's Epic Gameshow (The Price is Right)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crowther era (The Price is Right)","title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Warman era (The New Price Is Right)","title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Forsyth era (Bruce's Price Is Right)","title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pasquale era (The Price is Right)","title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Carr era (The Price is Right)","title":"Transmissions"}]
[{"image_text":"Logo from Leslie Crowther-era.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/UK_TPIR_1984.png/220px-UK_TPIR_1984.png"},{"image_text":"Logo from Bob Warman-era.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/TheNewPriceIsRight.png/220px-TheNewPriceIsRight.png"},{"image_text":"Logo for the Bruce Forsyth-era.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Bruce%27s_Price_Is_Right.png/220px-Bruce%27s_Price_Is_Right.png"},{"image_text":"Logo from Joe Pasquale-era.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Joe%27s_Price_Is_Right.png/220px-Joe%27s_Price_Is_Right.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ex-ITV Regional Studios\". TV Studio History. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/the-rest-of-the-uk-today/ex-itv-regional-studios/","url_text":"\"Ex-ITV Regional Studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recent ITV Studios\". TV Studio History. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/the-rest-of-the-uk-today/recent-itv-studios/","url_text":"\"Recent ITV Studios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audiences 'Come on Down' as The Price is Right is filmed at dock10\". Dock10. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dock10.co.uk/about/news/audiences-come-on-down-as-the-price-is-right-is-filmed-at-dock10/","url_text":"\"Audiences 'Come on Down' as The Price is Right is filmed at dock10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)","url_text":"Dock10"}]},{"reference":"\"ITV orders reboot of five classic gameshows from Talkback\". Televisual. 13 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.televisual.com/news-detail/ITV-orders-reboot-of-five-classic-gameshows-from-Talkback_nid-7958.html","url_text":"\"ITV orders reboot of five classic gameshows from Talkback\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Price is Right - UKGameshows\". ukgameshows.com. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukgameshows.com/ukgs/The_Price_is_Right","url_text":"\"The Price is Right - UKGameshows\""}]},{"reference":"Houghton, Rianne (9 June 2017). \"Updated: Alan Carr is bringing back Bruce Forsyth game show The Price Is Right on Channel 4\". Digital Spy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/news/a830359/alan-carr-the-price-is-right-remake-bruce-forsyth-game-show/","url_text":"\"Updated: Alan Carr is bringing back Bruce Forsyth game show The Price Is Right on Channel 4\""}]},{"reference":"Lazarus, Susanna (30 December 2017). \"Alan Carr on why the time is right to bring back The Price Is Right\". RadioTimes.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-12-30/alan-carr-on-why-the-time-is-right-to-bring-back-the-price-is-right/","url_text":"\"Alan Carr on why the time is right to bring back The Price Is Right\""}]},{"reference":"Percival, Ash (31 December 2017). \"'The Price is Right' Viewers Demand Full Series After Alan Carr's Festive Special\" – via HuffPost.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/alan-carr-the-price-is-right-channel-4-twitter-reaction-full-series_uk_5a48a72ce4b025f99e1c1ad5","url_text":"\"'The Price is Right' Viewers Demand Full Series After Alan Carr's Festive Special\""}]},{"reference":"\"31 Aug 1990, 29\". Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/260345489/","url_text":"\"31 Aug 1990, 29\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha
Mahmud Shevket Pasha
["1 Early life and career","2 31 March Incident","3 War Minister","4 Premiership and assassination","5 Legacy","6 Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army","7 Works","8 Gallery","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"]
Ottoman generalissimo and statesman (1856–1913) For the other Ottoman general Shevket Turgut Pasha, see Shevket Turgut Pasha. In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mahmud Shevket, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name. Mahmud ShevketPashaGrand Vizier of the Ottoman EmpireIn office23 January 1913 – 11 June 1913MonarchMehmed VPreceded byKâmil PashaSucceeded bySaid Halim PashaMinister of WarIn office23 January 1913 – 11 June 1913MonarchMehmed VGrand VizierHimselfPreceded byNazım PashaSucceeded byAhmet İzzet PashaIn office12 January 1910 – 9 July 1912MonarchMehmed VGrand Vizierİbrahim Hakkı PashaMehmed Said PashaPreceded bySalih Hulusi PashaSucceeded byHurşid Pasha Personal detailsBorn1856Baghdad, Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman EmpireDied11 June 1913 (aged 56 or 57)Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireManner of deathAssassinationResting placeMonument of Liberty, IstanbulRelationsKhaled Sulayman Faiq (brother), Hikmet Sulayman (brother)Alma materMekteb-i HarbiyeMilitary serviceAllegiance Ottoman EmpireBranch/service Ottoman ArmyRankField MarshalCommandsThird Army Action ArmyBattles/warsMacedonian Struggle31 March IncidentAlbanian Revolt of 1910Yemeni RevoltFirst Balkan War Mahmud Shevket Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: محمود شوكت پاشا, 1856 – 11 June 1913) was an Ottoman generalissimo and statesman, who was an important political figure during the Second Constitutional Era. During the 31 March Incident, Shevket Pasha and the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew Abdul Hamid II after an anti-Constitutionalist uprising in Constantinople. He played the role of a power broker after the crisis, balancing the various factions of the Young Turks and the army. As War Minister he played a leading role in military reform and the establishment of Air Divisions. Shevket Pasha became Grand Vizier during the First Balkan War in the aftermath of the 1913 coup d'état, from 23 January 1913 until his death by assassination. Early life and career Mahmud Shevket was born in Baghdad in 1856. His grandfather, Hacı Talib Ağa had moved from Tbilisi to Baghdad. His father was Basra governor Kethüdazade Süleyman Faik Bey. He had four brothers, Numan, Murad, Khaled, and the much younger Hikmat, the latter two would become important statesmen of post Ottoman rule Iraq. Raised as an Ottoman, most sources claim that he had Georgian, Chechen, or Iraqi Arab ancestry. However, according to Celal Bayar and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, the relatives of the pasha told them that they were of Georgian origin. In addition to Turkish and Arabic, he spoke French and German. He finished his primary and secondary education in Baghdad before going to Alliance Israélite Universelle of Constantinople (now Istanbul). After completing his education in the Mekteb-i Harbiye in 1882 he served in Crete as a lieutenant before returning as a faculty member the next year. Shevket rose through the ranks, eventually serving on the general staff and achieving the rank of Miralay (Colonel) in 1891. He joined an arms purchasing commission sent to Germany to supervise the manufacture of war matériel for the Ottoman army, during which he worked as an assistant to Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz. There he wrote extensively on the Mauser rifle as it entered into operation in the Ottoman Army. Upon his return in 1899, he was promoted to brigadier general and appointed deputy chairman of the Tophane-i Amire's Inspection Commission. In 1901, he was promoted to Ferik (Lieutenant General) and was soon assigned to the Hejaz railway to oversee construction of the Mecca–Medina telegraph line. He perceived this assignment as an exile, which likely tainted his opinion of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's regime. During this period he also spent some time in France studying military technology. In 1905 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was appointed governor of the Kosovo Vilayet during the height of the Macedonian Conflict, where he gained respect from the army for his effectiveness. He made contact with the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and turned a blind eye to their anti-regime activism. Thus began his complex and tenuous relationship with the "Sacred Committee". When the CUP prevailed in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which forced Sultan Abdul Hamid to reinstate the Ottoman constitution and call for elections, Shevket was placed in command of the Selanik (Thessaloniki) based Third Army. In 1902 he published Ottoman Organization and Military Uniforms from the Establishment of the Ottoman State to the Present (Turkish: Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi) which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive studies written on the history of the Ottoman army and its uniforms. 31 March Incident Main article: 31 March Incident A year later saw the 31 March Incident, when counter-revolutionary reactionaries rose up in support of Abdulhamid's absolutist rule and the Constitution was once again repealed. The CUP appealed to Shevket Pasha to restore the status quo, and he organized the Action Army, an ad hoc formation made up of his Third Army and elements of the First and Second Armies to suppress the uprising. His chief of staff during the crisis was the first president of the Republic of Turkey, captain Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). The Action Army entered Constantinople on 24 April, and after a series of negotiations, Abdulhamid II was deposed, Mehmed V Reshad ascended to the throne, the Constitution was reinstated for the third and last time, and the CUP was allowed to form a government. War Minister Mahmud Shevket Pasha After the incident, he became an important power holder in Ottoman politics: Shevket Pasha was made martial law Commander of Constantinople, inspector of the First, Second, and Third Armies, and Minister of War. Though Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha came back to form a government, his premiership was widely seen as being under Shevket Pasha's control. His War Ministry worked to keep officers away from politics, especially the CUP. His tenourship as War Minister saw the suppression of the 1910 Albanian Revolt. He also used troops from Tripolitania to suppress Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din's revolt in Yemen, which exposed Tripolitania to foreign invasion from Italy in 1911. Hilmi's resignation saw Ibrahim Hakki elevated to the Grand Vezierate, and Shevket was also included in cabinet as War Minister. Shevket Pasha is credited for the creation of Ottoman Air Divisions in 1911. He gave much importance to a military aviation program and as a result the Ottoman Empire held some of the pioneering aviation institutions in the world. In a interview with The New York Times, he pushed for Christians to make up 25% of the Ottoman army, and for good relations with the United States. Though he saved the CUP in the 31 March Incident, Shevket also played a pivotal role in the 1912 coup which caused the fall of the CUP government. His resignation as War Minister was an effective endorsement to the Savior Officers, who were able to maneuver around the Unionist parliament and shuttered it, driving them underground. Thereafter he served as a senator. Premiership and assassination See also: Shevket Pasha cabinetMahmud Shevket Pasha, 1900 portrait During the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire lost all of its Balkan possessions except the outskirts of Constantinople. The CUP overthrew Kâmil Pasha's Savior Officer backed government in January 1913 in a coup known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, because he entered negotiations with the Balkan League. Shevket Pasha was made Grand Vizier, War Minister, Foreign Minister and Field Marshal in a national unity government that included the CUP, and resumed fighting in the war. However the change in government did not change the reality that the war and most of Rumelia was lost. The Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War, though Shevket Pasha's government never signed the treaty. The Ottoman Empire would recover Eastern Thrace and Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but by then Shevket Pasha would be dead. On 11 June 1913 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was assassinated in his car in Beyazit Square in a revenge attack by a relative of the assassinated War Minister Nazım Pasha, who was killed during the 1913 coup. He was buried in the Monument of Liberty, dedicated to soldiers of the Action Army who were killed in the 31 March Incident. The car he was in, the uniform he was wearing, the clothes of his murdered aides, and the weapons used in the assassination are on display at the Istanbul Military Museum. On the day of his assassination, a deputy of the Freedom and Accord Party, Lütfi Fikri stated "In the full sense of the word, Mahmud Şevket Pasha has committed suicide, and this was decided on the day he accepted the grand vezierate over the corpse of Nâzım Pasha. I am sure that this man did not like, for instance, Talaat Bey and his friends. How could it be that he became, to such a degree, a toy in their hands and died for this reason?" Legacy Mahmut Shavket Pasha's grave in the Monument of Liberty Mahmud Shevket Pasha represented the last independent personality in the Empire's politics; the successor of the premiership, Said Halim Pasha, would be a puppet of the CUP's radical faction, headed by the triumvirate of Talat, Enver, and Cemal, all of whom would finally enter the cabinet following his death. Enver took Shevket Pasha's old post of Minister of War by 1914, and Talat in addition to returning to the interior ministry after his assassination, himself became Grand Vizier in 1917. Shevket Pasha's assassination allowed the CUP, primarily Talat Pasha, to establish a radical nationalist dictatorship that would last until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I in 1918. This dictatorship would see the empire retake Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but also join and lose World War I while committing genocide against its Christian minorities. Shevket Pasha was the last Ottoman Grand Vizier to die in office. A town in Beykoz, Istanbul is named after him. The name of the town Tirilye was changed to Mahmutşevketpaşa in his memory after his assassination, but would rename itself to Zeytinbağı in 1963. Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army In a 2012 interview with Habertürk, Murat Bardakçı publicized what he claimed was the first ever sound recording made in the Ottoman Empire, which was Mahmud Shevket Pasha's rallying speech to the troops of the Action Army, urging them to march on Istanbul and overthrow the sultan. While a YouTube video recording of the speech has gone viral, its veracity has been controversial. A study by the historian Derya Tulga concluded that it is impossible for an original audio recording of Shevket Pasha's 1909 speech to exist, and even assuming it is Mahmud Shevket Pasha's voice, the recording was ultimately a reenactment produced two years after the 31 March Incident, which he would have done for propaganda purposes. She goes further to state that the voice in the recording is most likely not even Shevket Pasha's but instead the Turkish representative of Favorite Platten Record Company Ahmet Şükrü Bey. Mehmet Çalışkan came to a similar conclusion, adding that the words of the speech itself can't be verified to be Shevket Pasha's, and points out that Ahmet Şükrü promoted the voice recording on a 15 August 1911 issue of the CUP mouthpiece Tanin. Works Shevket Pasha wrote several books in addition to his memoirs. He also translated Alphonse Karr's Sous les Tilleuls. Logaritma Cedâvili Risalesi (from Jean Dupuis, H. 1301) Fenn-i Esliha (H. 1301) Usûl-i Hendese I-II (H. 1302-1304) Asâkir-i Şahanenin Piyade Sınıfına Mahsus 87 Modeli Mükerrer Ateşli Mavzer üzer Tüfeği (H. 1303) Mükerrer Ateşli Tüfekler (H.1308) Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfekleri Risâlesi (H. 1311) Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfeklerine Mahsus Atlas  (H.1311) Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi (I-III, H. 1320) Gallery Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahmud Shevket Pasha. The pistols carried by Mahmud Shevket Pasha's assassins. The first automobile in Constantinople. Mahmud Shevket Pasha just before his murder, Istanbul Military Museum. Shevket Pasha's funeral Sketch of events of Shevket Pasha's assassination in the report written by the police chief of Istanbul Mahmud Shevket Pasha in a car, 1911 Mahmud Shevket Pasha and Enver Pasha References ^ a b David Kenneth Fieldhouse: Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958. Oxford University Press, 2006 p.17 ^ Urazov, Fatikh. Generalissimusy mira XVI-XX vekov . p. 58. ISBN 5-295-01270-0. ^ Finkel, Caroline. (2007). Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6. OCLC 756484323. ^ Şakir, Ziya (1944). Mahmut Şevket paşa. F. Gücüyener Anadolu Türk Kitap Deposu. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Resmi sicillere nazaran bu aileyi kuran zat, aslen (Gürcü) olup (Bağdat kölemenleri)ndendir. Amca, Hasan (1958). Dogmayan hürriyet. M. Sıralar Matbaası. p. 77. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Seyrek, Ahmet Murat (2002). ATATÜRK SÖZLÜĞÜ. Yediveren Yayinlari. p. 159. ISBN 9786052692387. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Yöntem, Ali Canib (2005). Prof. Ali Cânip Yöntem'in yeni Türk edebiyatı üzerine makaleleri. Tablet. p. 166. ISBN 9789756346143. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın soyu Gürcü'dür. Publications de la Société d'histoire turque: VIII. sér. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1952. p. 323. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet (1983). Türk inkılâbı tarihi, 2. cilt,4. sayı. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 323. ISBN 9789756346143. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Kendisi aslen Gürcü idi , ancak ailesi çoktandır Irak'a yerleşmişti ve Araplaşmıştı Belleten, 8. cilt. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. 1944. p. 92. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Süleyman Bey Bağdad'daki kölmenlere mensub ve Aslen Gürcü olup merhum Sadr-ı âzam ve Harbiye Nazırı Mahmud Şevket Paşanın babasıdır. "The New York Times, May 17, 1909" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 May 1909. Hasan Kayali (1997). Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 20. Hasan Kayali (1962). Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Press. p. 282. ^ Nâzım Tektaş, Sadrazamlar: Osmanlı'da ikinci adam saltanatı, Çatı Kitapları, 2002, p. . ^ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 101. (in Turkish) ^ Finkel, Caroline. (2007). Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6. OCLC 756484323. ^ Mango, Andrew. (1999). Atatürk. London: John Murray. p. 549. ISBN 0-7195-5612-0. OCLC 41547097. ^ Ali Bilgenoğlu, Osmanlı Devleti'nde Arap milliyetçi cemiyetler, Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2007, p. 87.] ^ Bayar, Celal (1967). Ben de yazdim. Vol. IV. Baha Matbaasi. p. 1228. Retrieved 19 December 2022. Bana, Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın yakınları, babasının Gürcü, annesinin Arap olduğunu söylemişlerdir ^ Tevfik, Rıza (2008). Biraz da ben konuşayım. İletişim. p. 179. ISBN 9789750505638. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Kendisi, umumi kanaat ve zan hilâfına, Arap değil Bağdat'ta yerleşmiş bir Gürcü ailesinin evlâdıdır. Nitekim ben Bağdat'ta iken merhumun hâlâ orada yaşayan hısım ve akrabası ile görüştüm. ^ "Haskala'nın Yahudi Eğitimine Etkisi: Alliance Israelite Universelle ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm "İstanbul AIU Okulları Örneği ile"". inanç, kültür ve mitoloji araştırmaları dergisi. Vol. 6, no. 3. May–August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. ^ Türkiye'nin devlet yaşamında Yahudiler. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ Soner Yalçın, Efendi 2 – Beyaz Müslümanların Büyük Sırrı, Doğan Kitap, 1. Baskı, Istanbul 2006, sayfa 114. ^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930... ^ "Mahmud Şevket Paşa". Britannica. ^ Türkmen, Zekeriya. "Mahmud Şevket Paşa". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 167. ^ Zürcher 2017, p. 202. ^ Shaw, Stanford (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Reform, Revolution, and Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 283. 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ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5. Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2018). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15762-7. (Google Books) Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (27 May 1977), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. II, Cambridge University Press (published 1975), ISBN 0-521-29166-6 Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017). "31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.). The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781786720214. External links Newspaper clippings about Mahmud Shevket Pasha in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Alleged recording of Mahmud Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army Preceded byKibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha Grand Vizier 1913 Succeeded bySaid Halim Pasha vte Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453) Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331) Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348) Hacı Pasha (1348–1349) Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364) Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364–1387) Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (1387–1406) Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413) Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421) Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429) Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439) Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550) Zagan Pasha (1453–1456) Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466) Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469) Ishak Pasha (1469–1472) Veli Mahmud Pasha (1472–1474) Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477) Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481) Ishak Pasha (1481–1482) Koca Davud Pasha (1482–1497) Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498) Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499) Yakub Pasha (1499–1501) Mesih Pasha (1501) Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503) Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1503–1506) Hadim Ali Pasha (1509–1511) Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512) Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515) Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1515–1516) Hadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517) Yunus Pasha (1517) Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523) Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536) Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539) Lütfi Pasha (1539–1541) Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544) Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700) Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555) Rüstem Pasha (1555–1561) Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565) Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579) Semiz Ahmed Pasha (1579–1580) Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580) Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582) Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584) Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585) Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586) Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1586–1589) Koca Sinan Pasha (1589–1591) Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592) Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1592–1593) Koca Sinan Pasha (1593–1595) Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1595) Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595) Koca Sinan Pasha (1595–1596) Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596) Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596) Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597) Hadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598) Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599) Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1599–1601) Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603) Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604) Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606) Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1606) Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611) Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614) Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616) Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619) Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1619–1619) Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621) Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621) Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622) Kara Davud Pasha (1622) Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622) Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622) Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623) Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1623) Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624) Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625) Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626) Damat Halil Pasha (1626–1628) Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631) Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632) Topal Recep Pasha (1632) Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637) Bayram Pasha (1637–1638) Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638) Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644) Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645) Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647) Kara Musa Pasha (1647) Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648) Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649) Kara Murat Pasha (1649–1650) Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651) Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652) Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653) Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654) Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655) Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655) Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655) Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656) Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1656) Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656) Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661) Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676) Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683) Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685) Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687) Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688) Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688) Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689) Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691) Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692) Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693) Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694) Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695) Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697) Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789) Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703) Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703) Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703) Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704) Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704) Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706) Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710) Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710) Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1710–1711) Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712) Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713) Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713) Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716) Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717) Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718) Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730) Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731) Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731) Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732) Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735) Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736) Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737) Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737) Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739) Ivaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740) Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742) Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1742–1743) Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746) Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747) Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750) Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752) Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755) Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755) Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755) Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755) Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756) Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1756–1757) Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763) Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763) Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1763–1765) Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768) Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768) Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769) Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769) Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770) Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771) Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1771–1774) Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775) Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777) Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778) Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779) Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781) Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1781–1782) Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782) Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785) Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786) Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789) Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789) vteGrand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922) Hassan Pasha of Algiers (1789–1790) Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791) Koca Yusuf Pasha (1791–1792) Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794) Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798) Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805) Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806) Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807) Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808) Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808) Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809) Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1809–1811) Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812) Hurshid Pasha (1812–1815) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818) Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820) Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821) Benderli Ali Pasha (1821) Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822) Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823) Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823) Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824) Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828) Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829) Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1833–1839) Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1840–1841) Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1841–1842) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1842–1846) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848) Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1848–1852) Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1852) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1852) Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853) Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854) Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1854–1855) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1855–1856) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1856–1857) Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857) Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1857–1858) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1858–1859) Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1859) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860) Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1861) Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866) Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863) Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1863–1866) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867) Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1866–1871) Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872) Midhat Pasha (1872) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1872–1873) Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873) Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874) Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875) Ahmed Esad Pasha (1875) Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1875–1876) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1876–1876) Midhat Pasha (1876–1877) Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878) Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878) Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878) Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878) Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878) Saffet Pasha (1878) Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879) Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879) Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880) Kadri Pasha (1880) Mehmed Said Pasha (1880–1882) Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882) Mehmed Said Pasha (1882) Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1882) Mehmed Said Pasha (1882–1885) Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891) Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895) Mehmed Said Pasha (1895) Kâmil Pasha (1895) Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901) Mehmed Said Pasha (1901–1903) Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908) Mehmed Said Pasha (1908) Kâmil Pasha (1908–1909) Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909) Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1909) Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910) Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911) Mehmed Said Pasha (1911–1912) Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912) Kâmil Pasha (1912–1913) Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913) Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917) Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918) Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918) Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919) Damat Ferid Pasha (1919) Ali Rıza Pasha (1919–1920) Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920) Damat Ferid Pasha (1920) Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1920–1922) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shevket Turgut Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevket_Turgut_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DKF-1"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Second Constitutional Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era"},{"link_name":"31 March Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_March_Incident"},{"link_name":"Committee of Union and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"Constitutionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Young Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"War Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Air Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"1913 coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"}],"text":"For the other Ottoman general Shevket Turgut Pasha, see Shevket Turgut Pasha.In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mahmud Shevket, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.Mahmud Shevket Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: محمود شوكت پاشا, 1856 – 11 June 1913)[1] was an Ottoman generalissimo[2] and statesman, who was an important political figure during the Second Constitutional Era. During the 31 March Incident, Shevket Pasha and the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew Abdul Hamid II after an anti-Constitutionalist uprising in Constantinople. He played the role of a power broker after the crisis, balancing the various factions of the Young Turks and the army. As War Minister he played a leading role in military reform and the establishment of Air Divisions. Shevket Pasha became Grand Vizier during the First Balkan War in the aftermath of the 1913 coup d'état, from 23 January 1913 until his death by assassination.","title":"Mahmud Shevket Pasha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"Kethüdazade Süleyman Faik Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82"},{"link_name":"Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82"},{"link_name":"Hikmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmat_Sulayman"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erkan101-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Celal Bayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celal_Bayar"},{"link_name":"Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Tevfik_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Alliance Israélite Universelle of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mekteb-i Harbiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekteb-i_Harbiye"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"general staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_staff"},{"link_name":"Miralay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miralay"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz"},{"link_name":"Mauser rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser_rifle"},{"link_name":"Tophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophane"},{"link_name":"Ferik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferik_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Hejaz railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz_railway"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle"},{"link_name":"Committee of Union and Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress"},{"link_name":"Young Turk Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ottoman constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876"},{"link_name":"call for elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Mahmud Shevket was born in Baghdad in 1856. His grandfather, Hacı Talib Ağa had moved from Tbilisi to Baghdad.[3] His father was Basra governor Kethüdazade Süleyman Faik Bey. He had four brothers, Numan, Murad, Khaled, and the much younger Hikmat, the latter two would become important statesmen of post Ottoman rule Iraq. Raised as an Ottoman, most sources claim that he had Georgian,[4] Chechen,[5][6][7][8] or Iraqi Arab[9] ancestry. However, according to Celal Bayar and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, the relatives of the pasha told them that they were of Georgian origin.[10][11] In addition to Turkish and Arabic, he spoke French and German.He finished his primary and secondary education in Baghdad before going to Alliance Israélite Universelle of Constantinople (now Istanbul).[12][13][14] After completing his education in the Mekteb-i Harbiye in 1882 he served in Crete as a lieutenant before returning as a faculty member the next year.[15] Shevket rose through the ranks, eventually serving on the general staff and achieving the rank of Miralay (Colonel) in 1891. He joined an arms purchasing commission sent to Germany to supervise the manufacture of war matériel for the Ottoman army, during which he worked as an assistant to Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz. There he wrote extensively on the Mauser rifle as it entered into operation in the Ottoman Army. Upon his return in 1899, he was promoted to brigadier general and appointed deputy chairman of the Tophane-i Amire's Inspection Commission. In 1901, he was promoted to Ferik (Lieutenant General) and was soon assigned to the Hejaz railway to oversee construction of the Mecca–Medina telegraph line. He perceived this assignment as an exile, which likely tainted his opinion of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's regime. During this period he also spent some time in France studying military technology.[16]In 1905 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was appointed governor of the Kosovo Vilayet during the height of the Macedonian Conflict, where he gained respect from the army for his effectiveness. He made contact with the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and turned a blind eye to their anti-regime activism. Thus began his complex and tenuous relationship with the \"Sacred Committee\". When the CUP prevailed in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which forced Sultan Abdul Hamid to reinstate the Ottoman constitution and call for elections, Shevket was placed in command of the Selanik (Thessaloniki) based Third Army.In 1902 he published Ottoman Organization and Military Uniforms from the Establishment of the Ottoman State to the Present (Turkish: Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi) which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive studies written on the history of the Ottoman army and its uniforms.[17]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31 March Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_March_Incident"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Action Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Army"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Second Armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006167-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zurcher202-19"},{"link_name":"Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Mehmed V Reshad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_V"}],"text":"A year later saw the 31 March Incident, when counter-revolutionary reactionaries rose up in support of Abdulhamid's absolutist rule and the Constitution was once again repealed. The CUP appealed to Shevket Pasha to restore the status quo, and he organized the Action Army, an ad hoc formation made up of his Third Army and elements of the First and Second Armies to suppress the uprising.[18][19] His chief of staff during the crisis was the first president of the Republic of Turkey, captain Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). The Action Army entered Constantinople on 24 April, and after a series of negotiations, Abdulhamid II was deposed, Mehmed V Reshad ascended to the throne, the Constitution was reinstated for the third and last time, and the CUP was allowed to form a government.","title":"31 March Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmut_shevket-p.jpg"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"Minister of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1910 Albanian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din"},{"link_name":"foreign invasion from Italy in 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Hakki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Hakki_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Air Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Ottoman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"1912 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Savior Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawShaw1977291-24"},{"link_name":"senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"Mahmud Shevket PashaAfter the incident, he became an important power holder in Ottoman politics: Shevket Pasha was made martial law Commander of Constantinople, inspector of the First, Second, and Third Armies, and Minister of War. Though Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha came back to form a government, his premiership was widely seen as being under Shevket Pasha's control. His War Ministry worked to keep officers away from politics, especially the CUP.[20] His tenourship as War Minister saw the suppression of the 1910 Albanian Revolt. He also used troops from Tripolitania to suppress Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din's revolt in Yemen, which exposed Tripolitania to foreign invasion from Italy in 1911. Hilmi's resignation saw Ibrahim Hakki elevated to the Grand Vezierate, and Shevket was also included in cabinet as War Minister.Shevket Pasha is credited for the creation of Ottoman Air Divisions in 1911. He gave much importance to a military aviation program and as a result the Ottoman Empire held some of the pioneering aviation institutions in the world.[21][22]In a interview with The New York Times, he pushed for Christians to make up 25% of the Ottoman army, and for good relations with the United States.[23]Though he saved the CUP in the 31 March Incident, Shevket also played a pivotal role in the 1912 coup which caused the fall of the CUP government. His resignation as War Minister was an effective endorsement to the Savior Officers, who were able to maneuver around the Unionist parliament and shuttered it, driving them underground.[24] Thereafter he served as a senator.","title":"War Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shevket Pasha cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevket_Pasha_cabinet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmut_Schevket_Pascha.jpg"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Balkan possessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia"},{"link_name":"Kâmil Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Raid on the Sublime Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Balkan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_League"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers"},{"link_name":"Foreign Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal"},{"link_name":"national unity government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_unity_government"},{"link_name":"Rumelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Eastern Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Beyazit Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Square"},{"link_name":"Nazım Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DKF-1"},{"link_name":"Monument of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_of_Liberty,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Military_Museum"},{"link_name":"Freedom and Accord Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party"},{"link_name":"Lütfi Fikri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_Fikri_Bey"},{"link_name":"Nâzım Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Talaat Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018140-26"}],"text":"See also: Shevket Pasha cabinetMahmud Shevket Pasha, 1900 portraitDuring the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire lost all of its Balkan possessions except the outskirts of Constantinople. The CUP overthrew Kâmil Pasha's Savior Officer backed government in January 1913 in a coup known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, because he entered negotiations with the Balkan League. Shevket Pasha was made Grand Vizier, War Minister, Foreign Minister and Field Marshal in a national unity government that included the CUP, and resumed fighting in the war. However the change in government did not change the reality that the war and most of Rumelia was lost. The Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War, though Shevket Pasha's government never signed the treaty.[25] The Ottoman Empire would recover Eastern Thrace and Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but by then Shevket Pasha would be dead.On 11 June 1913 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was assassinated in his car in Beyazit Square in a revenge attack by a relative of the assassinated War Minister Nazım Pasha, who was killed during the 1913 coup.[1] He was buried in the Monument of Liberty, dedicated to soldiers of the Action Army who were killed in the 31 March Incident. The car he was in, the uniform he was wearing, the clothes of his murdered aides, and the weapons used in the assassination are on display at the Istanbul Military Museum.On the day of his assassination, a deputy of the Freedom and Accord Party, Lütfi Fikri stated \"In the full sense of the word, Mahmud Şevket Pasha has committed suicide, and this was decided on the day he accepted the grand vezierate over the corpse of Nâzım Pasha. I am sure that this man did not like, for instance, Talaat Bey and his friends. How could it be that he became, to such a degree, a toy in their hands and died for this reason?\"[26]","title":"Premiership and assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmut_Sevket_Pasa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monument of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_of_Liberty,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Said Halim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha"},{"link_name":"the triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pashas"},{"link_name":"Talat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Enver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Cemal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djemal_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Minister of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"interior ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"genocide against its Christian minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Beykoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beykoz"},{"link_name":"Tirilye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirilye"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Mahmut Shavket Pasha's grave in the Monument of LibertyMahmud Shevket Pasha represented the last independent personality in the Empire's politics; the successor of the premiership, Said Halim Pasha, would be a puppet of the CUP's radical faction, headed by the triumvirate of Talat, Enver, and Cemal, all of whom would finally enter the cabinet following his death. Enver took Shevket Pasha's old post of Minister of War by 1914, and Talat in addition to returning to the interior ministry after his assassination, himself became Grand Vizier in 1917. Shevket Pasha's assassination allowed the CUP, primarily Talat Pasha, to establish a radical nationalist dictatorship that would last until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I in 1918. This dictatorship would see the empire retake Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but also join and lose World War I while committing genocide against its Christian minorities.Shevket Pasha was the last Ottoman Grand Vizier to die in office.A town in Beykoz, Istanbul is named after him. The name of the town Tirilye was changed to Mahmutşevketpaşa in his memory after his assassination, but would rename itself to Zeytinbağı in 1963.[27]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Habertürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habert%C3%BCrk_TV"},{"link_name":"Murat Bardakçı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Bardak%C3%A7%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In a 2012 interview with Habertürk, Murat Bardakçı publicized what he claimed was the first ever sound recording made in the Ottoman Empire, which was Mahmud Shevket Pasha's rallying speech to the troops of the Action Army, urging them to march on Istanbul and overthrow the sultan.[28] While a YouTube video recording of the speech has gone viral, its veracity has been controversial. A study by the historian Derya Tulga concluded that it is impossible for an original audio recording of Shevket Pasha's 1909 speech to exist, and even assuming it is Mahmud Shevket Pasha's voice, the recording was ultimately a reenactment produced two years after the 31 March Incident, which he would have done for propaganda purposes. She goes further to state that the voice in the recording is most likely not even Shevket Pasha's but instead the Turkish representative of Favorite Platten Record Company Ahmet Şükrü Bey. Mehmet Çalışkan came to a similar conclusion, adding that the words of the speech itself can't be verified to be Shevket Pasha's, and points out that Ahmet Şükrü promoted the voice recording on a 15 August 1911 issue of the CUP mouthpiece Tanin.[29]","title":"Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphonse Karr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Alphonse_Karr"},{"link_name":"Jean Dupuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dupuis"},{"link_name":"H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Hegirae"}],"text":"Shevket Pasha wrote several books in addition to his memoirs. He also translated Alphonse Karr's Sous les Tilleuls.Logaritma Cedâvili Risalesi (from Jean Dupuis, H. 1301)\nFenn-i Esliha (H. 1301)\nUsûl-i Hendese I-II (H. 1302-1304)\nAsâkir-i Şahanenin Piyade Sınıfına Mahsus 87 Modeli Mükerrer Ateşli Mavzer üzer Tüfeği (H. 1303)\nMükerrer Ateşli Tüfekler (H.1308)\nKüçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfekleri Risâlesi (H. 1311)\nKüçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfeklerine Mahsus Atlas  (H.1311)\nDevlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi (I-III, H. 1320)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahmud Shevket Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmut1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automobile_blind%C3%A9_%26_Etat_major_de_Chefket_Pacha.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_Military_museum_6567.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MahmutSevketPasa_Cenaze_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmud_%C5%9Eevket_Pa%C5%9Fa_suikast%C4%B1_raporu_(page_3_crop).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1327_05_26_Serveti_Funun_Mahmut_Sevket_Pasa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M.%C5%9Eevket_pa%C5%9Fa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enver Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahmud Shevket Pasha.The pistols carried by Mahmud Shevket Pasha's assassins.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe first automobile in Constantinople.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahmud Shevket Pasha just before his murder, Istanbul Military Museum.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShevket Pasha's funeral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSketch of events of Shevket Pasha's assassination in the report written by the police chief of Istanbul\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahmud Shevket Pasha in a car, 1911\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahmud Shevket Pasha and Enver Pasha","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84511-287-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5"},{"link_name":"Kieser, Hans-Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser"},{"link_name":"Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Pasha:_Father_of_Modern_Turkey,_Architect_of_Genocide"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-15762-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hhtEDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-29166-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29166-6"},{"link_name":"The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&q=Ismail+Kemal+Bey+%28Vlora%29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781786720214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786720214"}],"text":"Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5.\nKieser, Hans-Lukas (2018). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15762-7. (Google Books)\nShaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (27 May 1977), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. II, Cambridge University Press (published 1975), ISBN 0-521-29166-6\nZürcher, Erik Jan (2017). \"31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?\". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.). The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781786720214.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Mahmud Shevket Pasha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mahmut_shevket-p.jpg/220px-Mahmut_shevket-p.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mahmud Shevket Pasha, 1900 portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mahmut_Schevket_Pascha.jpg/220px-Mahmut_Schevket_Pascha.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mahmut Shavket Pasha's grave in the Monument of Liberty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mahmut_Sevket_Pasa.jpg/220px-Mahmut_Sevket_Pasa.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Urazov, Fatikh. Generalissimusy mira XVI-XX vekov [Istoricheskiye portrety]. p. 58. ISBN 5-295-01270-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=656533&p=58","url_text":"Generalissimusy mira XVI-XX vekov [Istoricheskiye portrety]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-295-01270-0","url_text":"5-295-01270-0"}]},{"reference":"Finkel, Caroline. (2007). Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6. OCLC 756484323.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756484323","url_text":"Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00850-6","url_text":"978-0-465-00850-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756484323","url_text":"756484323"}]},{"reference":"Şakir, Ziya (1944). Mahmut Şevket paşa. F. Gücüyener Anadolu Türk Kitap Deposu. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Resmi sicillere nazaran bu aileyi kuran zat, aslen (Gürcü) olup (Bağdat kölemenleri)ndendir. [According to the official records, the person who founded this family was originally Georgian and was one of the Baghdad slaves.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XO8bAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Mahmut Şevket paşa"}]},{"reference":"Amca, Hasan (1958). Dogmayan hürriyet. M. Sıralar Matbaası. p. 77. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9_AbAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Dogmayan hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"Seyrek, Ahmet Murat (2002). ATATÜRK SÖZLÜĞÜ. Yediveren Yayinlari. p. 159. ISBN 9786052692387. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gTpcEAAAQBAJ&dq=mahmud+%C5%9Fevket+pa%C5%9Fa+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC&pg=PA159","url_text":"ATATÜRK SÖZLÜĞÜ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786052692387","url_text":"9786052692387"}]},{"reference":"Yöntem, Ali Canib (2005). Prof. Ali Cânip Yöntem'in yeni Türk edebiyatı üzerine makaleleri. Tablet. p. 166. ISBN 9789756346143. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın soyu Gürcü'dür. [Mahmut Şevket Pasha's ancestry is Georgian.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqUZAQAAIAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Prof. Ali Cânip Yöntem'in yeni Türk edebiyatı üzerine makaleleri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789756346143","url_text":"9789756346143"}]},{"reference":"Publications de la Société d'histoire turque: VIII. sér. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1952. p. 323. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7DkNAQAAIAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Publications de la Société d'histoire turque: VIII. sér"}]},{"reference":"Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet (1983). Türk inkılâbı tarihi, 2. cilt,4. sayı. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 323. ISBN 9789756346143. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Kendisi aslen Gürcü idi , ancak ailesi çoktandır Irak'a yerleşmişti ve Araplaşmıştı [He was originally Georgian, but his family had long since settled in Iraq and was Arabized.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqUZAQAAIAAJ&q=g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Türk inkılâbı tarihi, 2. cilt,4. sayı"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789756346143","url_text":"9789756346143"}]},{"reference":"Belleten, 8. cilt. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. 1944. p. 92. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Süleyman Bey Bağdad'daki kölmenlere mensub ve Aslen Gürcü olup merhum Sadr-ı âzam ve Harbiye Nazırı Mahmud Şevket Paşanın babasıdır. [Süleyman Bey, a member of the slaves in Baghdad and originally Georgian, is the father of the late grand vizier and Minister of War Mahmud Şevket Pasha.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kXAFAAAAIAAJ&q=aslen+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Belleten, 8. cilt"}]},{"reference":"\"The New York Times, May 17, 1909\" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 May 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/05/17/101881418.pdf","url_text":"\"The New York Times, May 17, 1909\""}]},{"reference":"Hasan Kayali (1997). Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hasan Kayali (1962). Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Press. p. 282.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Finkel, Caroline. (2007). Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6. OCLC 756484323.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756484323","url_text":"Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00850-6","url_text":"978-0-465-00850-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756484323","url_text":"756484323"}]},{"reference":"Mango, Andrew. (1999). Atatürk. London: John Murray. p. 549. ISBN 0-7195-5612-0. OCLC 41547097.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41547097","url_text":"Atatürk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5612-0","url_text":"0-7195-5612-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41547097","url_text":"41547097"}]},{"reference":"Bayar, Celal (1967). Ben de yazdim. Vol. IV. Baha Matbaasi. p. 1228. Retrieved 19 December 2022. Bana, Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın yakınları, babasının Gürcü, annesinin Arap olduğunu söylemişlerdir [Relatives of Mahmut Şevket Pasha told me that his father was Georgian and his mother was Arab.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lVFadXhSGewC&q=mahmut+%C5%9Fevket+pa%C5%9Fa+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC","url_text":"Ben de yazdim"}]},{"reference":"Tevfik, Rıza (2008). Biraz da ben konuşayım. İletişim. p. 179. ISBN 9789750505638. Retrieved 17 May 2022. Kendisi, umumi kanaat ve zan hilâfına, Arap değil Bağdat'ta yerleşmiş bir Gürcü ailesinin evlâdıdır. Nitekim ben Bağdat'ta iken merhumun hâlâ orada yaşayan hısım ve akrabası ile görüştüm. [Contrary to public opinion, he is the son of a Georgian family settled in Baghdad, not an Arab. As a matter of fact, while I was in Baghdad, I talked to the deceased's relatives and relatives who still live there.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MvdFAQAAIAAJ&q=+g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC+ailesinin+evlad%C4%B1d%C4%B1r","url_text":"Biraz da ben konuşayım"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789750505638","url_text":"9789750505638"}]},{"reference":"\"Haskala'nın Yahudi Eğitimine Etkisi: Alliance Israelite Universelle ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm \"İstanbul AIU Okulları Örneği ile\"\". inanç, kültür ve mitoloji araştırmaları dergisi. Vol. 6, no. 3. May–August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417000151/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/109555","url_text":"\"Haskala'nın Yahudi Eğitimine Etkisi: Alliance Israelite Universelle ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm \"İstanbul AIU Okulları Örneği ile\"\""},{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/109555","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Türkiye'nin devlet yaşamında Yahudiler. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-8YlAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Türkiye'nin devlet yaşamında Yahudiler"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417000149/https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/T%C3%BCrkiye_nin_devlet_ya%C5%9Fam%C4%B1nda_Yahudile.html?id=-8YlAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Soner Yalçın, Efendi 2 – Beyaz Müslümanların Büyük Sırrı, Doğan Kitap, 1. Baskı, Istanbul 2006, sayfa 114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mahmud Şevket Paşa\". Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahmud-Sevket-Pasa","url_text":"\"Mahmud Şevket Paşa\""}]},{"reference":"Türkmen, Zekeriya. \"Mahmud Şevket Paşa\". İslâm Ansiklopedisi.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-sevket-pasa","url_text":"\"Mahmud Şevket Paşa\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Stanford (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Reform, Revolution, and Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 283. ISBN 0521291666.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521291666","url_text":"0521291666"}]},{"reference":"\"Founding - Turkish Air Force\". Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007104345/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=19","url_text":"\"Founding - Turkish Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=19","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commentary - History of the Turkish Air Force\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031410/http://www.incirlik.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123032165","url_text":"\"Commentary - History of the Turkish Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.incirlik.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123032165","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The New York Times, May 17, 1909\" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 May 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/05/17/101881418.pdf","url_text":"\"The New York Times, May 17, 1909\""}]},{"reference":"Feroz Ahmad (2014). 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YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIRUC8p0t7M","url_text":"\"Mahmud Şevket Paşa'nın 31 Mart Olayı Sırasındaki Ses Kaydı\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Aladağ, Alaaddin (15 December 2021). \"Mahmut Şevket Paşa'ya ait olduğu iddia edilen ses kaydı\". Doğruluğu Ne?.","urls":[{"url":"https://dogrulugune.org/mahmut-sevket-pasaya-ait-oldugu-iddia-edilen-ses-kaydi/","url_text":"\"Mahmut Şevket Paşa'ya ait olduğu iddia edilen ses kaydı\""}]},{"reference":"Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5","url_text":"978-1-84511-287-5"}]},{"reference":"Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2018). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15762-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser","url_text":"Kieser, Hans-Lukas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Pasha:_Father_of_Modern_Turkey,_Architect_of_Genocide","url_text":"Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7","url_text":"978-0-691-15762-7"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (27 May 1977), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. II, Cambridge University Press (published 1975), ISBN 0-521-29166-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29166-6","url_text":"0-521-29166-6"}]},{"reference":"Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017). \"31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?\". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.). The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781786720214.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&q=Ismail+Kemal+Bey+%28Vlora%29","url_text":"The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786720214","url_text":"9781786720214"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxmal
Uxmal
["1 Toponymy","2 Maya legend","3 Description of the site","4 Modern history of the ruins","5 Microbial degradation","6 See also","7 References"]
Coordinates: 20°21′34″N 89°46′17″W / 20.35944°N 89.77139°W / 20.35944; -89.77139This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ancient Maya city UxmalPyramid of the MagicianLocation within MesoamericaAlternative nameÓoxmáalLocationYucatán, MexicoRegionYucatánCoordinates20°21′34″N 89°46′17″W / 20.35944°N 89.77139°W / 20.35944; -89.77139HistoryFounded700 ADPeriodsLate Classic to Terminal Classic.CulturesMaya civilizationSite notes UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial namePre-Hispanic Town of UxmalCriteriaCultural: i, ii, iiiReference791Inscription1996 (20th Session) Uxmal (Yucatec Maya: Óoxmáal ) is an ancient Maya city of the classical period located in present-day Mexico. It is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Maya culture, along with Palenque, Chichen Itza and Calakmul in Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in Belize, and Tikal in Guatemala. It is located in the Puuc region of the western Yucatán Peninsula, and is considered one of the Maya cities most representative of the region's dominant architectural style. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its significance. Uxmal is located 62 km south of Mérida, capital of Yucatán state in Mexico. Its buildings are noted for their size and decoration. Ancient roads called sacbes connect the buildings, and also were built to other cities in the area such as Chichén Itzá in modern-day Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in modern-day Belize, and Tikal in modern-day Guatemala. Its buildings are typical of the Puuc style, with smooth low walls that open on ornate friezes based on representations of typical Maya huts. These are represented by columns (representing the reeds used for the walls of the huts) and trapezoidal shapes (representing the thatched roofs). Entwined snakes and, in many cases two-headed snakes are used for masks of the rain god, Chaac; its big noses represent the rays of the storms. Feathered serpents with open fangs are shown leaving from the same human beings. Also seen in some cities are the influences of the Nahua peoples, who followed the cult of Quetzalcoatl and Tlaloc. These were integrated with the original elements of the Puuc tradition. The buildings take advantage of the terrain to gain height and acquire important volumes, including the Pyramid of the Magician, with five levels, and the Governor's Palace, which covers an area of more than 1,200 m2 (12,917 sq ft). Toponymy The present name seems to derive from Oxmal, meaning "three times built." This seems to refer to the site's antiquity and the times it had to rebuild. The etymology is disputed; another possibility is Uchmal which means "what is to come, the future." By tradition, this was supposed to be an "invisible city," built in one night by the magic of the dwarf king. Maya legend Map of a central portion of Uxmal The Maya legend The Dwarf-Wizard of Uxmal is set in Uxmal. Description of the site Governor's Palace Some of the more noteworthy buildings include: The Governor's Palace, a long low building atop a huge platform, with the longest façades in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. With an approximate azimuth of 118°, the building is oriented to the main pyramid of Cehtzuc, a small site located nearly 5 km to the southeast. Observing from there, Venus as evening star, when reaching its maximum northerly extremes, would have set behind the northern edge of the Governor's Palace. Since these events occur every eight years, always in late April or early May, heralding the onset of the rainy season, it is significant that the decoration of the building's facade contains almost 400 Venus glyphs placed in the masks of the rain god Chac, and that there are eight bicephalic serpents above the main entrance; additionally, numerals 8 in bar-and-dot notation appear on two Chac masks at the northern corners of the palace. Governor's Palace details Governor's Palace rear view and details Governor's Palace rear view Governor's Palace side view Throne of the Jaguar Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician Traditional Mayan symbols Maya images of people and animals Snake and traditional Mayan lattice Sculptural image on the corner of the building View of the pyramid and the surrounding jungle The Adivino (a.k.a. the Pyramid of the Magician or the Pyramid of the Dwarf), is a stepped pyramid structure, unusual among Maya structures in that its layers' outlines are oval or elliptical in shape, instead of the more common rectilinear plan. It was a common practice in Mesoamerica to build new temple pyramids atop older ones, but here a newer pyramid was built centered slightly to the east of the older pyramid, so that on the west side the temple atop the old pyramid is preserved, with the newer temple above it. The structure is featured in one of the best-known tales of Yucatec Maya folklore, "el enano del Uxmal" (the dwarf of Uxmal), which is also the basis for the structure's common name. Multiple versions of this tale are recorded. It was popularised after one of these was recounted by John Lloyd Stephens in his influential 1841 book, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatán. According to Stephens' version, the pyramid was magically built overnight during a series of challenges issued to a dwarf by the gobernador (ruler or king) of Uxmal. The dwarf's mother (a bruja, or witch) arranged the trial of strength and magic to compete against the king. The Nunnery Quadrangle was built from 900-1000, and the name related with nuns was assigned in the 16th century because it resembled a convent. The quadrangle consists of four palaces placed on different levels that surround a courtyard. Of the different buildings that make up this palatial complex, several vault tops have been recovered, they are painted and represent partial calendrical dates from 906 to 907 AD, which is consistent with the Chan Chahk’ahk Nalajaw period of government. The formal entrance, the hierarchy of the structures through the different elevations, and the absence of domestic elements suggest that this space corresponds to a royal palace with administrative and non-residential functions, where the ruling group must have had meetings to collect the tribute, make decisions, and dictate sentences among other activities. These set of buildings are the finest of Uxmal's several fine quadrangles of long buildings. It has elaborately carved façades on both the inside and outside faces. A large Ballcourt for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. Its inscription says that it was dedicated in 901 by the ruler Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw, also known as Lord Chac (before the decipherment of his corresponding name glyphs). The ball court's condition is very deteriorated, and it’s made of two constructions of medium dimensions that make up the sides of the court with the rings by which the ball was to be introduced. The originally carved stone rings were removed to protect them from the elements and were replaced by reproductions. This game has always been related to mythical and cosmic aspects. The ball symbolized the movements of the stars in the sky and the players, in repeated occasions, symbolically staged the fight of the day against the night or the struggle of the deities of the underworld against the gods of heaven. Detail of the "House of the Turtles" Modern history of the ruins Lights and Sound nightly show on Nunnery Quadrangle. Sylvanus G. Morley made a map of the site in 1909 which included some previously overlooked buildings. The Mexican government's first project to protect some of the structures from risk of collapse or further decay came in 1927. In 1930 Frans Blom led a Tulane University expedition to the site. They made plaster casts of the façades of the "Nunnery Quadrangle"; using these casts, a replica of the Quadrangle was constructed and displayed at the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois. The plaster replicas of the architecture were destroyed following the fair, but some of the plaster casts of Uxmal's monuments are still kept at Tulane's Middle American Research Institute. In 1936 a Mexican government repair and consolidation program was begun under José Erosa Peniche. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited on 27 February 1975 for the inauguration of the site's sound & light show. When the presentation reached the point where the sound system played the Maya prayer to Chaac (the Maya rain deity), a sudden torrential downpour occurred. Microbial degradation Microbial biofilms have been found degrading stone buildings at Uxmal and Kabah. Phototrophs such as Xenococcus are found more often on interior walls. Stone degrading Gloeocapsa and Synechocystis were also present in large numbers. Aureobasidium and Fusarium fungi species are present at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. Cyanobacteria were prevalent in the interiors of rooms with low light levels. See also List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country List of Mesoamerican pyramids References ^ Rebecca L. Thomas (1996). Connecting Cultures: A Guide to Multicultural Literature for Children. Connecting Cultures (annotated ed.). Libraries Unlimited. p. 390. ISBN 9780835237604. ^ Jesús, Galindo (27 November 2009). Arqueoastronomía Ámerica Antigua. Equipo Sirius. ISBN 9788492509560. ^ Šprajc, Ivan (1993). "The Venus-Rain-Maize Complex in the Mesoamerican World View: Part I". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 24 (1–2): 17–70. Bibcode:1993JHA....24...17S. doi:10.1177/002182869302400102. S2CID 118585661. ^ Šprajc, Ivan (2015). Ruggles, Clive L. N. (ed.). Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. Springer. pp. 773–781. ISBN 9781461461425. ^ Stephens, John L. (1841). Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. Vol. 2. Illustrated by Frederick Catherwood. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 423–425. OCLC 863468. ^ "The Nunnery Quadrangle in Uxmal". mayanpeninsula.com. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2021-05-12. ^ "The Mayan Ball Court in Uxmal". mayanpeninsula.com. 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2021-05-12. ^ SÁNCHEZ, LUIS CARLOS (2014-09-01). "Pelean por los derechos de Uxmal" (in Spanish). excelsior.com.mx. Retrieved 2021-05-12. ^ Ortega-Morales O; Guezennec J; Hernández-Duque G; Gaylarde CC; Gaylarde PM (2000). "Phototrophic biofilms on ancient Mayan buildings in Yucatán, Mexico". Current Microbiology. 40 (2): 81–5. doi:10.1007/s002849910015. PMID 10594218. S2CID 25345460. ^ Gómez-Pompa, Arturo (2003). "Chapter 9 / Interaction of Microorganisms with Maya Archaeological". The Lowland Maya area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. CRC Press. pp. 175–192. ISBN 9781560229711. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uxmal. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Uxmal. vteMaya sitesBelize Actun Tunichil Muknal Altun Ha Baking Pot Barton Creek Cave Cahal Pech Caracol Cerros Chaa Creek Colha Cuello El Pilar KaʼKabish Kʼaxob La Milpa Lamanai Louisville Lower Dover Lubaantun Marco Gonzalez Minanha Nim Li Punit Nohmul Nohoch Cheʼen Pacbitun Pusilha San Estevan Santa Rita Tipu Uxbenka Xnaheb Xunantunich Guatemala Aguateca Altar de Sacrificios Arroyo de Piedra Balberta Bejucal Cancuén Cerro Quiac Chama Chitinamit Chocolá Chutixtiox Cotzumalhuapa Dos Pilas El Baúl El Chal El Mirador El Perú El Porvenir El Temblor El Tintal El Zotz Guaytán Holmul Holtun Itzan Iximche Ixkun Ixlu Ixtonton Ixtutz Kaminaljuyu Kinal Kʼatepan La Amelia La Blanca La Corona La Joyanca La Muerta Machaquila Mixco Viejo Montana Motul de San José Naachtun Nakbe Nakum Naranjo Pajaral Piedras Negras Punta de Chimino Quiriguá Qʼumarkaj Río Azul Sacul San Bartolo San Clemente Seibal Takalik Abaj Tamarindito Tayasal Tikal Topoxte Tres Islas Uaxactun Ucanal Wajxaklajun Witzna Xultun Yaxha Zacpeten Zaculeu Zapote Bobal Honduras Copán El Puente Mexico Acanceh Aguada Fénix Aké Balamku Balankanche Becan Bonampak Calakmul Chacchoben Chactún Chicanná Chinkultic Chichen Itza Chunchucmil Chunhuhub Chunlimón Coba Comalcalco Dzibanche Dzibilchaltun Edzna Ekʼ Balam Hormiguero Izamal Izapa Jaina Joljaʼ Kabah Kiuic Kohunlich Komchen Labna La Mar Mayapan Maní Moral Reforma Muyil Ocomtún Oxkintok Palenque Plan de Ayutla Pomona Punta Sur Río Bec San Gervasio Sayil Toniná Tortuguero Tulum Uxmal Uxul Xcaret Xelha Xlapak Xpuhil Xtampak Yaxchilan Yaxuná Yula Yoʼokop (for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico) El Salvador Cara Sucia Casa Blanca Cihuatán Joya de Cerén San Andrés Tazumal See also: Pre-Columbian era vteWorld Heritage Sites in MexicoNorth West Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California1 Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino North Central Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro Historic Centre of Zacatecas Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Protected town of San Miguel de Allende and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco West Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila Revillagigedo Archipelago Historic Centre of Morelia Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California1 Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve1 East Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl1 Pre-Hispanic City of El Tajín Historic Centre of Puebla Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan South West Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque South Central Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System Central University City Campus of the UNAM Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl1 Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco Luis Barragán House and Studio Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve1 Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán South East Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Historic Fortified Town of Campeche Pre-Hispanic City of Chichén Itzá Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal 1 Shared by more one region 20°21′34″N 89°46′17″W / 20.35944°N 89.77139°W / 20.35944; -89.77139 Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yucatec Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatec_Maya"},{"link_name":"[óˑʃmáˑl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Palenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palenque"},{"link_name":"Chichen Itza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza"},{"link_name":"Calakmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calakmul"},{"link_name":"Caracol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracol"},{"link_name":"Xunantunich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunantunich"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Tikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikal"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Puuc region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuc"},{"link_name":"Yucatán Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"sacbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacbe"},{"link_name":"Puuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuc"},{"link_name":"Chaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaac"},{"link_name":"Nahua peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_peoples"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl"},{"link_name":"Tlaloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaloc"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of the Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician"}],"text":"Ancient Maya cityUxmal (Yucatec Maya: Óoxmáal [óˑʃmáˑl]) is an ancient Maya city of the classical period located in present-day Mexico. It is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Maya culture, along with Palenque, Chichen Itza and Calakmul in Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in Belize, and Tikal in Guatemala. It is located in the Puuc region of the western Yucatán Peninsula, and is considered one of the Maya cities most representative of the region's dominant architectural style. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its significance.Uxmal is located 62 km south of Mérida, capital of Yucatán state in Mexico. Its buildings are noted for their size and decoration. Ancient roads called sacbes connect the buildings, and also were built to other cities in the area such as Chichén Itzá in modern-day Mexico, Caracol and Xunantunich in modern-day Belize, and Tikal in modern-day Guatemala.Its buildings are typical of the Puuc style, with smooth low walls that open on ornate friezes based on representations of typical Maya huts. These are represented by columns (representing the reeds used for the walls of the huts) and trapezoidal shapes (representing the thatched roofs). Entwined snakes and, in many cases two-headed snakes are used for masks of the rain god, Chaac; its big noses represent the rays of the storms. Feathered serpents with open fangs are shown leaving from the same human beings. Also seen in some cities are the influences of the Nahua peoples, who followed the cult of Quetzalcoatl and Tlaloc. These were integrated with the original elements of the Puuc tradition.The buildings take advantage of the terrain to gain height and acquire important volumes, including the Pyramid of the Magician, with five levels, and the Governor's Palace, which covers an area of more than 1,200 m2 (12,917 sq ft).","title":"Uxmal"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The present name seems to derive from Oxmal, meaning \"three times built.\" This seems to refer to the site's antiquity and the times it had to rebuild. The etymology is disputed; another possibility is Uchmal which means \"what is to come, the future.\" By tradition, this was supposed to be an \"invisible city,\" built in one night by the magic of the dwarf king.","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uxmal_Plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Map of a central portion of UxmalThe Maya legend The Dwarf-Wizard of Uxmal is set in Uxmal.[1]","title":"Maya legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexico-6362_-_Governor%27s_Palace_(4690921713).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_details,_Uxmal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view_and_details,_Uxmal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_rear_view,_Uxmal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor%27s_Palace_side_view,_Uxmal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexico-6366_-_Throne_of_the_Jaguar_(4691171977).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_Mayan_symbols.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya_images_of_people_and_animals.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snake_and_traditional_Mayan_lattice.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculptural_image_on_the_corner_of_the_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006-08-01_uxmal_pyramide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of the Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician"},{"link_name":"stepped pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramid"},{"link_name":"John Lloyd Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens"},{"link_name":"bruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruja"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican ballgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame"},{"link_name":"Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Chak_K%27ak%27nal_Ajaw"},{"link_name":"glyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_House_of_the_Turtles_-_Uxmal_by_archer10_(Dennis)_SLOW_-_001.jpg"}],"text":"Governor's PalaceSome of the more noteworthy buildings include:The Governor's Palace, a long low building atop a huge platform, with the longest façades in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.With an approximate azimuth of 118°, the building is oriented to the main pyramid of Cehtzuc, a small site located nearly 5 km to the southeast. Observing from there, Venus as evening star, when reaching its maximum northerly extremes, would have set behind the northern edge of the Governor's Palace.[2] Since these events occur every eight years, always in late April or early May, heralding the onset of the rainy season,[3] it is significant that the decoration of the building's facade contains almost 400 Venus glyphs placed in the masks of the rain god Chac, and that there are eight bicephalic serpents above the main entrance; additionally, numerals 8 in bar-and-dot notation appear on two Chac masks at the northern corners of the palace.[4]Governor's Palace details\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor's Palace rear view and details\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor's Palace rear view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor's Palace side view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThrone of the Jaguar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTraditional Mayan symbols\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaya images of people and animals\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSnake and traditional Mayan lattice\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSculptural image on the corner of the building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the pyramid and the surrounding jungleThe Adivino (a.k.a. the Pyramid of the Magician or the Pyramid of the Dwarf), is a stepped pyramid structure, unusual among Maya structures in that its layers' outlines are oval or elliptical in shape, instead of the more common rectilinear plan. It was a common practice in Mesoamerica to build new temple pyramids atop older ones, but here a newer pyramid was built centered slightly to the east of the older pyramid, so that on the west side the temple atop the old pyramid is preserved, with the newer temple above it.The structure is featured in one of the best-known tales of Yucatec Maya folklore, \"el enano del Uxmal\" (the dwarf of Uxmal), which is also the basis for the structure's common name. Multiple versions of this tale are recorded. It was popularised after one of these was recounted by John Lloyd Stephens in his influential 1841 book, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatán. According to Stephens' version, the pyramid was magically built overnight during a series of challenges issued to a dwarf by the gobernador (ruler or king) of Uxmal. The dwarf's mother (a bruja, or witch) arranged the trial of strength and magic to compete against the king.[5]The Nunnery Quadrangle was built from 900-1000, and the name related with nuns was assigned in the 16th century because it resembled a convent. The quadrangle consists of four palaces placed on different levels that surround a courtyard. Of the different buildings that make up this palatial complex, several vault tops have been recovered, they are painted and represent partial calendrical dates from 906 to 907 AD, which is consistent with the Chan Chahk’ahk Nalajaw period of government. The formal entrance, the hierarchy of the structures through the different elevations, and the absence of domestic elements suggest that this space corresponds to a royal palace with administrative and non-residential functions, where the ruling group must have had meetings to collect the tribute, make decisions, and dictate sentences among other activities.[6] These set of buildings are the finest of Uxmal's several fine quadrangles of long buildings. It has elaborately carved façades on both the inside and outside faces.\nA large Ballcourt for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame. Its inscription says that it was dedicated in 901 by the ruler Chan Chak K'ak'nal Ajaw, also known as Lord Chac (before the decipherment of his corresponding name glyphs). The ball court's condition is very deteriorated, and it’s made of two constructions of medium dimensions that make up the sides of the court with the rings by which the ball was to be introduced. The originally carved stone rings were removed to protect them from the elements and were replaced by reproductions. This game has always been related to mythical and cosmic aspects. The ball symbolized the movements of the stars in the sky and the players, in repeated occasions, symbolically staged the fight of the day against the night or the struggle of the deities of the underworld against the gods of heaven.[7]Detail of the \"House of the Turtles\"","title":"Description of the site"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uxmal_-_Luz_y_sonido.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sylvanus G. Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanus_G._Morley"},{"link_name":"Frans Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Blom"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"1933 World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaac"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Lights and Sound nightly show on Nunnery Quadrangle.Sylvanus G. Morley made a map of the site in 1909 which included some previously overlooked buildings. The Mexican government's first project to protect some of the structures from risk of collapse or further decay came in 1927. In 1930 Frans Blom led a Tulane University expedition to the site. They made plaster casts of the façades of the \"Nunnery Quadrangle\"; using these casts, a replica of the Quadrangle was constructed and displayed at the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois. The plaster replicas of the architecture were destroyed following the fair, but some of the plaster casts of Uxmal's monuments are still kept at Tulane's Middle American Research Institute. In 1936 a Mexican government repair and consolidation program was begun under José Erosa Peniche.Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited on 27 February 1975 for the inauguration of the site's sound & light show. When the presentation reached the point where the sound system played the Maya prayer to Chaac (the Maya rain deity), a sudden torrential downpour occurred.[8]","title":"Modern history of the ruins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biofilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm"},{"link_name":"Phototrophs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototrophs"},{"link_name":"Xenococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenococcus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloeocapsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloeocapsa"},{"link_name":"Synechocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechocystis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Aureobasidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureobasidium"},{"link_name":"Fusarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium"},{"link_name":"Cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Microbial biofilms have been found degrading stone buildings at Uxmal and Kabah. Phototrophs such as Xenococcus are found more often on interior walls. Stone degrading Gloeocapsa and Synechocystis were also present in large numbers.[9]\nAureobasidium and Fusarium fungi species are present at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. Cyanobacteria were prevalent in the interiors of rooms with low light levels.[10]","title":"Microbial degradation"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Keroularios
Michael I Cerularius
["1 Background","2 Schism","3 Byzantine politics","4 References","5 Sources"]
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 "Patriarch Michael I" redirects here. For other uses, see Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria and Patriarch Michael I of Antioch. Michael I CerulariusEcumenical Patriarch of ConstantinopleThe enthronement of Michael I Cerularius, from the Madrid SkylitzesSeeConstantinopleInstalled1043Term ended21 January 1059PredecessorAlexius I StuditesSuccessorConstantine III LichoudasPersonal detailsBornMichael Keroulariosc. 1000Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireDied21 January 1059Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireNationalityByzantineDenominationEastern OrthodoxyResidenceConstantinople Lead seal of Michael Cerularius as Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius or Keroularios (Greek: Μιχαὴλ Κηρουλάριος; c. 1000 – 21 January 1059 AD) was the patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD. His disputes with Pope Leo IX over church practices in the 11th century played a role in the events that led to the Great Schism in 1054. Background Michael Cerularius was born in Constantinople around 1000 AD and joined the Church at a young age. Schism Michael quarreled with Pope Leo IX over church practices in which the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, particularly the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Dissenting opinions were also exchanged over other theological and cultural issues, ranging from the issue of papal supremacy in the Church to the filioque clause and other disagreements between the patriarchates. In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent a letter to Michael, citing a large portion of the Donation of Constantine believing it genuine. "The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon it, was Leo IX; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, he cites the "Donatio" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood." Some scholars say that this letter of September 1053, the text of which is available in Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 143, coll. 744-769, was never actually despatched, but was set aside, and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter Scripta tuae of January 1054. Leo IX assured Michael that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable or old wives' tale, arguing that only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed primacy in the Church. This letter of Pope Leo IX, addressed both to Patriarch Michael I and Archbishop Leo of Ohrid, was in response to a letter sent by Archbishop Leo to Bishop John of Trani that categorically attacked the customs of the Latin Church that differed from those of the Greeks. Especially criticized were the Roman traditions of fasting on the Saturday Sabbath and consecration of unleavened bread. Leo IX in his letter accused Constantinople of historically being a center of heresies and claimed in emphatic terms the primacy of the bishop of Rome over the patriarch of Constantinople. Cerularius would have none of it. It can be argued that in 1054, Michael's letter to Leo IX initiated the events which followed, because it claimed the title "ecumenical patriarch" and addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father." Pope Leo IX sent an official delegation on a legatine mission to meet with Michael. Members of the papal delegation were Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, papal secretary Frederick of Lorraine, and Archbishop Peter of Amalfi. Soon after their arrival in Constantinople, news was received that Pope Leo had died on 19 April. Since the official position and authority of papal legates was dependent upon the pope who authorized them to represent him, the news of Leo's death placed his envoys in an awkward position. In spite of this, they decided to proceed with their mission, but even before any religious discussions were held, problems arose regarding some basic formalities and ceremonies. During the initial audience, Cerularius refused to meet with papal envoys in their official capacity and left them waiting with no further audience for months. During that time, from April to July 1054, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues continued with their activities in Constantinople, taking part in informal religious discussions on various issues. This was seen as inappropriate by Patriarch Michael. Despite the fact that their legatine authority officially ceased after the pope's death, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues decided to engage in open dispute with the patriarch. On Saturday, 16 July 1054, they produced a charter of excommunication (lat. charta excommunicationis), directed against Patriarch Michael, Archbishop Leo, and all of their followers. On the same day, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues entered the church of the Hagia Sophia during the divine liturgy and placed the charter on the altar. Soon after that, the patriarch decided to react. On 20 July 1054, a synod of 21 metropolitans and bishops was held in Constantinople, presided over by Cerularius. The council decided to excommunicate Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues. Only the three men were anathematized, and a general reference was made to all who support them - there was no explicit excommunication of the entire Western Christianity, or of the Church of Rome. On Sunday 24 July the conciliar anathema was officially proclaimed in the Hagia Sophia Church. The events of 1054 caused the East-West Schism and led to the end of the alliance between the Byzantine emperors and the popes. Later popes allied with the Normans against the Byzantine Empire. Patriarch Michael closed the Latin churches in his area, which exacerbated the schism. In 1965, those excommunications were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras following their 1964 meeting in Jerusalem. Although the excommunication delivered by Cardinal Humbert was invalid, the 1965 gesture represented a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. Byzantine politics The short reign of the Empress Theodora then saw Michael intriguing against the throne. Michael Psellus notes that while their initial relations had been cordial, once Theodora took the throne, they entered into open conflict, as Michael "was vexed because the Roman Empire was being governed by a woman", and on this topic "he spoke his mind freely". The historian suggests that Theodora would have deposed Michael for his open effrontery and sedition, had she lived longer. Cerularius had a hand in negotiating the abdication of Theodora's successor, Michael VI Stratiotikos, convincing him to step down on 31 August 1057, in favour of the rebellious general Isaac I Komnenos, for whom the army declared on 8 June. The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. Having had a role in bringing him to the throne, Cerularius soon quarrelled with Isaac over confiscation of church property. Michael went so far as to take the highly symbolic step of donning the purple shoes ceremonially reserved for the emperor. Michael apparently planned a rebellion, intending to overthrow Isaac and claim the throne for himself or for his relative Constantine Doukas. Isaac exiled Michael to Proconnesus in 1058 and, as Michael refused to step down, had Psellus drew up accusations of heresy and treason against him. Cerularius died before coming to trial. References ^ Charanis 1969, p. 209-212. ^ Michael Cærularius – Catholic Encyclopedia article ^ Migne's Patrologia Latina, Vol. 143 (cxliii), Col. 744-769. Also Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio, Vol. 19 (xix) Col. 635-656. ^ Charanis 1969, p. 209-210. ^ a b Charanis 1969, p. 210. ^ Mansi 1774, p. 676-679. ^ Mansi 1774, p. 811-822. ^ Charanis 1969, p. 211. ^ Cairns, Earle E. (13 September 2009) . Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church (3 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Academic (published 2009). p. 499. ISBN 9780310829300. Retrieved 13 June 2022. Pope Paul VI met with the Eastern patriarch Athenagoras in Jerusalem in 1964. On December 7, 1965, Paul in Rome and Athenagoras in Constantinople revoked the mutual excommunication of each church by the other in 1054. ^ Psellus, p. 269. ^ Norwich, pg. 332 ^ Psellus, p. 315. Editor's n. I. See also Skylitzes, p. 464, note 56. Sources Charanis, Peter (1969) . "The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century". A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 177–219. ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1. Migne's Patrologia Latina, Vol. 143 (cxliii), Leo IX Epistolae Et Decreta .pdf – 1.9 Mb. See Col. 744B-769D (pgs. 76–89) for Leo IX's letter. Mansi, Joannes Dominicus, ed. (1774). Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Vol. 19. Venetia: Antonius Zatta. Michael Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers (The Chronographia), E.R.A. Sewter, trans. New York: Penguin, 1966. Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5. Skylitzes, John (John Wortley, trans. and J-C. Cheynet, notes). Cambridge: University Press, 2010. Eastern Orthodox Church titles Preceded byAlexios Stoudites Patriarch of Constantinople 1043–1058 Succeeded byConstantine III Leichoudes vteBishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of ConstantinopleBishops of Byzantium(Roman period, 38–330 AD) Andrew Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius Felix Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I Titus Dometius Rufinus Probus Metrophanes Alexander Archbishops of Constantinople(Roman period, 330–451 AD) Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius Patriarchs of Constantinople(Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD) Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV† Theodore II† Maximus II† Μanuel I† Germanus II† Methodius II† Manuel II† Arsenius† Nicephorus II† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II Patriarchs of Constantinople(Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD) Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV Patriarchs of Constantinople(Turkish period, since 1923 AD) Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew † in exile at Nicaea Christianity portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Greece Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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For other uses, see Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria and Patriarch Michael I of Antioch.Lead seal of Michael Cerularius as Patriarch of ConstantinopleMichael I Cerularius or Keroularios (Greek: Μιχαὴλ Κηρουλάριος; c. 1000 – 21 January 1059 AD) was the patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD. His disputes with Pope Leo IX over church practices in the 11th century played a role in the events that led to the Great Schism in 1054.[1]","title":"Michael I Cerularius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"}],"text":"Michael Cerularius was born in Constantinople around 1000 AD and joined the Church at a young age.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Leo IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"papal supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_supremacy"},{"link_name":"filioque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque"},{"link_name":"Donation of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 143, coll. 744-769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/patrologiaecurs86unkngoog#page/n375/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharanis1969209-210-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leo of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Trani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trani,_Apulia"},{"link_name":"primacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_primacy"},{"link_name":"bishop of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Humbert of Silva Candida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_of_Lorraine_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharanis1969210-5"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"excommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansi1774676-679-6"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharanis1969210-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansi1774811-822-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharanis1969211-8"},{"link_name":"anathematized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathematized"},{"link_name":"East-West Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Schism"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popes"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Athenagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Athenagoras"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_communion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Michael quarreled with Pope Leo IX over church practices in which the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, particularly the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.[2] Dissenting opinions were also exchanged over other theological and cultural issues, ranging from the issue of papal supremacy in the Church to the filioque clause and other disagreements between the patriarchates.In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent a letter to Michael, citing a large portion of the Donation of Constantine believing it genuine.[3]\"The first pope who used it [the Donation] in an official act and relied upon it, was Leo IX; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, he cites the \"Donatio\" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood.\"Some scholars say that this letter of September 1053, the text of which is available in Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 143, coll. 744-769, was never actually despatched, but was set aside, and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter Scripta tuae of January 1054.[4]Leo IX assured Michael that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable or old wives' tale,[citation needed] arguing that only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed primacy in the Church.This letter of Pope Leo IX, addressed both to Patriarch Michael I and Archbishop Leo of Ohrid, was in response to a letter sent by Archbishop Leo to Bishop John of Trani that categorically attacked the customs of the Latin Church that differed from those of the Greeks. Especially criticized were the Roman traditions of fasting on the Saturday Sabbath and consecration of unleavened bread. Leo IX in his letter accused Constantinople of historically being a center of heresies and claimed in emphatic terms the primacy of the bishop of Rome over the patriarch of Constantinople. Cerularius would have none of it. It can be argued that in 1054, Michael's letter to Leo IX initiated the events which followed, because it claimed the title \"ecumenical patriarch\" and addressed Pope Leo as \"brother\" rather than \"father.\"Pope Leo IX sent an official delegation on a legatine mission to meet with Michael. Members of the papal delegation were Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, papal secretary Frederick of Lorraine, and Archbishop Peter of Amalfi. Soon after their arrival in Constantinople, news was received that Pope Leo had died on 19 April. Since the official position and authority of papal legates was dependent upon the pope who authorized them to represent him, the news of Leo's death placed his envoys in an awkward position.[5] In spite of this, they decided to proceed with their mission, but even before any religious discussions were held, problems arose regarding some basic formalities and ceremonies. During the initial audience, Cerularius refused to meet with papal envoys in their official capacity and left them waiting with no further audience for months.During that time, from April to July 1054, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues continued with their activities in Constantinople, taking part in informal religious discussions on various issues. This was seen as inappropriate by Patriarch Michael. Despite the fact that their legatine authority officially ceased after the pope's death, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues decided to engage in open dispute with the patriarch. On Saturday, 16 July 1054, they produced a charter of excommunication (lat. charta excommunicationis),[6] directed against Patriarch Michael, Archbishop Leo, and all of their followers. On the same day, Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues entered the church of the Hagia Sophia during the divine liturgy and placed the charter on the altar.[5]Soon after that, the patriarch decided to react. On 20 July 1054, a synod of 21 metropolitans and bishops was held in Constantinople, presided over by Cerularius. The council decided to excommunicate Cardinal Humbert and his colleagues.[7][8] Only the three men were anathematized, and a general reference was made to all who support them - there was no explicit excommunication of the entire Western Christianity, or of the Church of Rome. On Sunday 24 July the conciliar anathema was officially proclaimed in the Hagia Sophia Church.The events of 1054 caused the East-West Schism and led to the end of the alliance between the Byzantine emperors and the popes. Later popes allied with the Normans against the Byzantine Empire. Patriarch Michael closed the Latin churches in his area, which exacerbated the schism. In 1965, those excommunications were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras following their 1964 meeting in Jerusalem.[9]\nAlthough the excommunication delivered by Cardinal Humbert was invalid, the 1965 gesture represented a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople.[citation needed]","title":"Schism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)"},{"link_name":"Michael Psellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Psellus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Michael VI Stratiotikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VI_Stratiotikos"},{"link_name":"Isaac I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich,_pg._332-11"},{"link_name":"Constantine Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Doukas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The short reign of the Empress Theodora then saw Michael intriguing against the throne. Michael Psellus notes that while their initial relations had been cordial, once Theodora took the throne, they entered into open conflict, as Michael \"was vexed because the Roman Empire was being governed by a woman\", and on this topic \"he spoke his mind freely\".[10] The historian suggests that Theodora would have deposed Michael for his open effrontery and sedition, had she lived longer.Cerularius had a hand in negotiating the abdication of Theodora's successor, Michael VI Stratiotikos, convincing him to step down on 31 August 1057, in favour of the rebellious general Isaac I Komnenos, for whom the army declared on 8 June.[11] The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. Having had a role in bringing him to the throne, Cerularius soon quarrelled with Isaac over confiscation of church property. Michael went so far as to take the highly symbolic step of donning the purple shoes ceremonially reserved for the emperor. Michael apparently planned a rebellion, intending to overthrow Isaac and claim the throne for himself or for his relative Constantine Doukas. Isaac exiled Michael to Proconnesus in 1058 and, as Michael refused to step down, had Psellus drew up accusations of heresy and treason against him.[12] Cerularius died before coming to trial.","title":"Byzantine politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charanis, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Charanis"},{"link_name":"A History of the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-299-04834-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04834-1"},{"link_name":"Patrologia Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/1815-1875,_Migne,_Patrologia_Latina_01._Rerum_Conspectus_Pro_Tomis_Ordinatus,_MLT.html"},{"link_name":"Epistolae Et Decreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_1049-1054__SS_Leo_IX__Epistolae_Et_Decreta__MLT.pdf.html"},{"link_name":"Mansi, Joannes Dominicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Mansi"},{"link_name":"Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1e7quamex9kC"},{"link_name":"The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-537204-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537204-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Stachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Onesimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesimus"},{"link_name":"Polycarpus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarpus_I_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Sedecion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedecion_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Eleutherius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherius_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Polycarpus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarpus_II_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Athenodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenodorus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Euzois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzois_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Alypius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alypius_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Pertinax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertinax_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Olympianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympianus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Marcus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_I_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Philadelphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Cyriacus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyriacus_I_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Castinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castinus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Eugenius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenius_I_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Dometius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dometius_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Rufinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufinus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Metrophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrophanes_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia"},{"link_name":"Macedonius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonius_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eudoxius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Evagrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Demophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demophilus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Maximus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Gregory I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"Nectarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John I Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"Arsacius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacius_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Atticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Sisinnius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisinnius_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nestorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorius"},{"link_name":"Maximianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximianus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Flavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Anatolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anatolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Gennadius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Acacius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Fravitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fravitta_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Euphemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Macedonius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonius_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Timothy I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Epiphanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Anthimus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthimus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Menas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menas_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eutychius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutychius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scholasticus"},{"link_name":"John IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cyriacus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyriacus_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Thomas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Sergius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Thomas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theodore I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Callinicus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinicus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyros_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Germanus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Anastasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Constantine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicetas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicetas_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_IV_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Tarasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theodotus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodotus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Antony I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VII_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Methodius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ignatios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Photios I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Stephen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Antony II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mystikos"},{"link_name":"Εuthymius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymius_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Stephen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Tryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryphon_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theophylact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylact_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Polyeuctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyeuctus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Βasil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Αntony III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Sisinnius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisinnius_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Sergius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eustathius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustathius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Alexius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Michael I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Leichoudes"},{"link_name":"John VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cosmas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eustratius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustratius_Garidas"},{"link_name":"Nicholas III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IX_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Michael II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cosmas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicholas IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_IV_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theodotus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodotus_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Neophytus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophytus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Constantine IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IV_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Chrysoberges"},{"link_name":"Michael III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Chariton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariton_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicetas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicetas_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Leontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Dositheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dositheus_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_X_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Michael IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theodore II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Maximus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Μanuel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Germanus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanus_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Methodius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodius_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Manuel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Arsenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenios_Autoreianos"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicephorus_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Germanus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanus_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"John 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photius_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Maximus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_V_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Athenagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenagoras_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68482#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1834626/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000048049875"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/12174202"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/4035167807312318130001"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/9396151965310600470009"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/529159234438803371748"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgH4T6kKwpm7cP4qMXVC"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1325770"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/100953840"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007383047105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92038634"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record45484"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070995117"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/59673"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100953840.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/08593335X"}],"text":"Charanis, Peter (1969) [1955]. \"The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century\". A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 177–219. ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1.\nMigne's Patrologia Latina, Vol. 143 (cxliii), Leo IX Epistolae Et Decreta .pdf – 1.9 Mb. See Col. 744B-769D (pgs. 76–89) for Leo IX's letter.\nMansi, Joannes Dominicus, ed. (1774). Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Vol. 19. Venetia: Antonius Zatta.\nMichael Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers (The Chronographia), E.R.A. Sewter, trans. New York: Penguin, 1966.\nSiecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5.\nSkylitzes, John (John Wortley, trans. and J-C. Cheynet, notes). Cambridge: University Press, 2010.vteBishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of ConstantinopleBishops of Byzantium(Roman period, 38–330 AD)\nAndrew\nStachys\nOnesimus\nPolycarpus I\nPlutarch\nSedecion\nDiogenes\nEleutherius\nFelix\nPolycarpus II\nAthenodorus\nEuzois\nLaurence\nAlypius\nPertinax\nOlympianus\nMarcus I\nPhiladelphus\nCyriacus I\nCastinus\nEugenius I\nTitus\nDometius\nRufinus\nProbus\nMetrophanes\nAlexander\nArchbishops of Constantinople(Roman period, 330–451 AD)\nAlexander\nPaul I\nEusebius\nMacedonius I\nEudoxius\nEvagrius\nDemophilus\nMaximus I\nGregory I\nNectarius\nJohn I Chrysostom\nArsacius\nAtticus\nSisinnius I\nNestorius\nMaximianus\nProclus\nFlavian\nAnatolius\nPatriarchs of Constantinople(Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)\nAnatolius\nGennadius I\nAcacius\nFravitta\nEuphemius\nMacedonius II\nTimothy I\nJohn II\nEpiphanius\nAnthimus I\nMenas\nEutychius\nJohn III\nJohn IV\nCyriacus II\nThomas I\nSergius I\nPyrrhus\nPaul II\nPeter\nThomas II\nJohn V\nConstantine I\nTheodore I\nGeorge I\nPaul III\nCallinicus I\nCyrus\nJohn VI\nGermanus I\nAnastasius\nConstantine II\nNicetas I\nPaul IV\nTarasius\nNicephorus I\nTheodotus I\nAntony I\nJohn VII\nMethodius I\nIgnatios\nPhotios I\nStephen I\nAntony II\nNicholas I\nΕuthymius I\nStephen II\nTryphon\nTheophylact\nPolyeuctus\nΒasil I\nΑntony III\nNicholas II\nSisinnius II\nSergius II\nEustathius\nAlexius\nMichael I\nConstantine III\nJohn VIII\nCosmas I\nEustratius\nNicholas III\nJohn IX\nLeo\nMichael II\nCosmas II\nNicholas IV\nTheodotus II\nNeophytus I\nConstantine IV\nLuke\nMichael III\nChariton\nTheodosius I\nBasil II\nNicetas II\nLeontius\nDositheus\nGeorge II\nJohn X\nMichael IV†\nTheodore II†\nMaximus II†\nΜanuel I†\nGermanus II†\nMethodius II†\nManuel II†\nArsenius†\nNicephorus II†\nGermanus III\nJoseph I\nJohn XI\nGregory II\nAthanasius I\nJohn XII\nNephon I\nJohn XIII\nGerasimus I\nIsaias\nJohn XIV\nIsidore I\nCallistus I\nPhilotheus\nMacarius\nNilus\nAntony IV\nCallistus II\nMatthew I\nEuthymius II\nJoseph II\nMetrophanes II\nGregory III\nAthanasius II\nPatriarchs of Constantinople(Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)\nGennadius II\nIsidore II\nJoasaph I\nSophronius I\nMark II\nSymeon I\nDionysius I\nRaphael I\nMaximus III\nNephon II\nMaximus IV\nJoachim I\nPachomius I\nTheoleptus I\nJeremias I\nJoannicius I\nDionysius II\nJoasaph II\nMetrophanes III\nJeremias II\nPachomius II\nTheoleptus II\nMatthew II\nGabriel I\nTheophanes I\nMeletius I\nNeophytus II\nRaphael II\nCyril I\nTimothy II\nGregory IV\nAnthimus II\nCyril II\nAthanasius III\nNeophytus III\nParthenius I\nParthenius II\nJoannicius II\nCyril III\nPaisius I\nParthenius III\nGabriel II\nParthenius IV\nDionysius III\nClement\nMethodius III\nDionysius IV\nGerasimus II\nAthanasius IV\nJames\nCallinicus II\nNeophytus IV\nGabriel III\nNeophytus V\nCyprianus\nAthanasius V\nCyril IV\nCosmas III\nJeremias III\n(Callinicus III)\nPaisius II\nSeraphim I\nNeophytus VI\nCyril V\nCallinicus IV (III)\nSeraphim II\nJoannicius III\nSamuel\nMeletius II\nTheodosius II\nSophronius II\nGabriel IV\nProcopius\nNeophytus VII\nGerasimus III\nGregory V\nCallinicus V (IV)\nJeremias IV\nCyril VI\nEugenius II\nAnthimus III\nChrysanthus\nAgathangelus\nConstantius I\nConstantius II\nGregory VI\nAnthimus IV\nAnthimus V\nGermanus IV\nMeletius III\nAnthimus VI\nCyril VII\nJoachim II\nSophronius III\nJoachim III\nJoachim IV\nDionysius V\nNeophytus VIII\nAnthimus VII\nConstantine V\nGermanus V\nMeletius IV\nPatriarchs of Constantinople(Turkish period, since 1923 AD)\nGregory VII\nConstantine VI\nBasil III\nPhotius II\nBenjamin\nMaximus V\nAthenagoras\nDemetrius\nBartholomew\n\n† in exile at Nicaea\n Christianity portalAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\n3\n4\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nGreece\nNetherlands\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Lead seal of Michael Cerularius as Patriarch of Constantinople","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lead_seal_of_Michael_Keroularios.jpg/260px-Lead_seal_of_Michael_Keroularios.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Cairns, Earle E. (13 September 2009) [1954]. Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church (3 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Academic (published 2009). p. 499. ISBN 9780310829300. Retrieved 13 June 2022. Pope Paul VI met with the Eastern patriarch Athenagoras in Jerusalem in 1964. On December 7, 1965, Paul in Rome and Athenagoras in Constantinople revoked the mutual excommunication of each church by the other in 1054.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=86cbqi7GpS4C","url_text":"Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310829300","url_text":"9780310829300"}]},{"reference":"Charanis, Peter (1969) [1955]. \"The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century\". A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 177–219. ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Charanis","url_text":"Charanis, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC","url_text":"A History of the Crusades"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04834-1","url_text":"978-0-299-04834-1"}]},{"reference":"Mansi, Joannes Dominicus, ed. (1774). Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Vol. 19. Venetia: Antonius Zatta.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Mansi","url_text":"Mansi, Joannes Dominicus"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1e7quamex9kC","url_text":"Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio"}]},{"reference":"Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C","url_text":"The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537204-5","url_text":"978-0-19-537204-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylecodon_aurusbergensis
Tylecodon aurusbergensis
["1 References"]
Species of succulent Tylecodon aurusbergensis Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Saxifragales Family: Crassulaceae Genus: Tylecodon Species: T. aurusbergensis Binomial name Tylecodon aurusbergensisG.Will. & Van Jaarsv. Tylecodon aurusbergensis is a species of plant in the family Crassulaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss. References ^ Loots, S.; Craven, P. (2004). "Tylecodon aurusbergensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T46840A11085219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T46840A11085219.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021. Taxon identifiersTylecodon aurusbergensis Wikidata: Q5437330 CoL: 59SV7 GBIF: 4201354 iNaturalist: 444532 IPNI: 972555-1 IUCN: 46840 NCBI: 1713669 Open Tree of Life: 6043840 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:972555-1 WFO: wfo-0000408899 This Crassulaceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleographs
Chromolithography
["1 Process","2 Origins","3 Arrival in the United States","4 Opposition to chromolithography","5 Notable printers","5.1 Louis Prang","5.2 Lothar Meggendorfer","5.3 August Hoen","5.4 Rufus Bliss","5.5 M. & N. Hanhart","6 Uses","7 Bibliography","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Method for making multi-colour prints This article is about the print-making method. For the Felipe Alfau novel, see Felipe Alfau. "Love or Duty", a chromolithograph by Gabriele Castagnola, 1873. The nineteen colours of ink used can be seen on the right hand side. Part of a series on theHistory of printing TechniquesWoodblock printing200Movable type1040Intaglio (printmaking)1430Printing pressc. 1440Etchingc. 1515Mezzotint1642Relief printing1690Aquatint1772Lithography1796Chromolithography1837Rotary press1843Hectograph1860Offset printing1875Hot metal typesetting1884Mimeograph1885Daisy wheel printing1889Photostat and rectigraph1907Screen printing1911Spirit duplicator1923Dot matrix printing1925Xerography1938Spark printing1940Phototypesetting1949Inkjet printing1950Dye-sublimation1957Laser printing1969Thermal printingc. 1972Solid ink printing1972Thermal-transfer printing19813D printing1986Digital printing1991 vte Chromolithography is a method for making multi-colour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography, and includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour. When chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithography is a method of printing on flat surfaces using a flat printing plate instead of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques. Chromolithography became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed by the 19th century. Other methods were developed by printers such as Jacob Christoph Le Blon, George Baxter and Edmund Evans, and mostly relied on using several woodblocks with different colours. Hand-colouring also remained important. For example, elements of the official British Ordnance Survey maps were coloured by hand by boys until 1875. The initial chromolithographic technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each colour, and was still extremely expensive when done for the best quality results. Depending on the number of colours present, a chromolithograph could take even very skilled workers months to produce. However much cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying the number of colours used, and reducing the detail in the image. Cheaper images, like advertisements, relied heavily on an initial black print (not always a lithograph), on which colours were then overprinted. To make an expensive reproduction print, once referred to as a "chromo", a lithographer, with a finished painting in front of him, gradually created and corrected the many stones using proofs to look as much as possible like the painting, sometimes using dozens of layers. Oleograph is sometimes used as a synonym for a chromolithograph, but more properly refers to a chromolithograph that has then been treated to imitate the variable surface of an oil painting, either by brushing with varnish, or some form of embossing or stamping. The print is usually glued to canvas to further the imitation. Process Chromolithography is a chemical process based on the rejection of water by grease. The image is applied to stone, grained zinc or aluminium surfaces, with a grease-based crayon or ink. Limestone and zinc are two commonly used materials in the production of chromolithographs, as aluminium production was limited before the invention of the Hall-Heroult process. After the image is drawn onto one of these surfaces, the image is gummed-up with a gum arabic solution and weak nitric acid to protect the remaining surface before inking up the image with oil based transfer or printing ink. Before final printing, the image is proof printed and any errors corrected. In the direct form of printing, the inked image is transferred under pressure onto a sheet of paper using a flat-bed press. The offset indirect method uses a rubber-covered cylinder that transfers the image from the printing surface to the paper. Colours may be overprinted by using additional stones or plates to achieve a closer reproduction of the original. Accurate registration for multi-coloured work is achieved by the use of a key outline image and registration bars which are applied to each stone or plate before drawing the solid or tone image. Ben-Day medium uses a raised gelatin stipple image to give tone gradation. An air-brush sprays ink to give soft edges. These are just two methods used to achieve gradations of tone. The use of twelve overprinted colours would not be considered unusual. Each sheet of paper will therefore pass through the printing press as many times as there are colours in the final print. In order that each colour is placed in the right position, each stone or plate must be precisely 'registered,' or lined up, on the paper using a system of register marks. Chromolithographs are considered to be reproductions that are smaller than double demi, and are of finer quality than lithographic drawings which are concerned with large posters. Autolithographs are prints where the artist draws and perhaps prints his own limited number of reproductions. This is the true lithographic art form. Origins Uncle Sam Supplying the World with Berry Brothers Hard Oil Finish, c. 1880. This cheaply produced chromolithographic advertisement employs a technique called stippling, with heavy reliance on the initial black line print. Alois Senefelder, the inventor of lithography, introduced the subject of coloured lithography in his 1818 Vollstaendiges Lehrbuch der Steindruckerey (A Complete Course of Lithography), where he told of his plans to print using colour and explained the colours he wished to be able to print someday. Although Senefelder recorded plans for chromolithography, printers in other countries, such as France and England, were also trying to find a new way to print in colour. Godefroy Engelmann of Mulhouse in France was awarded a patent on chromolithography in July 1837, but there are disputes over whether chromolithography was already in use before this date, as some sources say, pointing to areas of printing such as the production of playing cards. Arrival in the United States 1872 chromolithograph of roadside inn, published in Maryland The first American chromolithograph—a portrait of Reverend F. W. P. Greenwood—was created by William Sharp in 1840. Many of the chromolithographs were created and purchased in urban areas. The paintings were initially used as decoration in American parlours as well as for decoration within middle-class homes. They were prominent after the Civil War because of their low production costs and ability to be mass-produced, and because the methods allowed pictures to look more like hand-painted oil paintings. Production costs were only low if the chromolithographs were cheaply produced, but top-quality chromos were costly to produce because of the necessary months of work and the thousands of dollars worth of equipment that had to be used. Although chromos could be mass-produced, it took about three months to draw colours onto the stones and another five months to print a thousand copies. Chromolithographs became so popular in American culture that the era has been labeled as "chromo civilization". Over time, during the Victorian era, chromolithographs populated children's and fine arts publications, as well as advertising art, in trade cards, labels, and posters. They were also once used for advertisements, popular prints, and medical or scientific books. Opposition to chromolithography Even though chromolithographs served many uses within society at the time, many were opposed to the idea of them because of their perceived lack of authenticity. The new forms of art were sometimes tagged as "bad art" because of their deceptive qualities. Some also felt that it could not serve as a form of art at all since it was too mechanical, and that the true spirit of a painter could never be captured in a printed version of a work. Over time, many chromos came to be made so cheaply that they could no longer be confused with original paintings. Since production costs were low, the fabrication of cheap chromolithographs became more a business than the creation of art, in contrast with the high quality chromolithographs targeted primarily at art-oriented audiences. Notable printers Louis Prang Main article: Louis Prang A famous lithographer and publisher who strongly supported the production of chromolithographs was Louis Prang. Prang was a German-born entrepreneur who printed the first American Christmas card. He felt that chromolithographs could look just as good as, if not better than, real paintings, and he published well-known chromolithographs based on popular paintings, including one by Eastman Johnson entitled The Barefoot Boy. The reason Prang decided to take on the challenge of producing chromolithographs, despite criticisms, was because he felt quality art should not be limited to the elite. Prang and others who continued to produce chromolithographs were sometimes looked down upon because of the fear that chromolithographs could undermine human abilities. With the Industrial Revolution already under way, this fear was not something new to Americans at the time. Many artists themselves anticipated the lack of desire for original artwork since many became accustomed to chromolithographs. As a way to make more sales, some artists had a few paintings made into chromolithographs so that people in society would at least be familiar with the painter. Once people in society were familiar with the artist, they were more likely to want to pay for an original work. Lothar Meggendorfer German chromolithographers, largely based in Bavaria, came to dominate the trade with their low-cost high-volume productions. Of these printers, Lothar Meggendorfer garnered international fame for his children's educational books and games. Owing to political unrest in mid-19th century Germany, many Bavarian printers emigrated to the United Kingdom and the United States, and Germany's monopoly on chromolithographic printing dissipated. August Hoen A. Hoen & Co., led by German immigrant August Hoen, were a prominent lithography house now known primarily for its stunning E.T. Paull sheet music covers. They also made advertisements, maps, and cigar box art. Hoen and his brothers Henry and Ernest took over the E. Weber Company in the mid-1850s upon Edward Weber's death. August Hoen's son Alfred ran the firm from 1886 throughout the early 20th century. Rufus Bliss Rufus Bliss founded R. Bliss Mfg. Co., which was located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island from 1832 to 1914. The Bliss company is best known for their highly sought after paper litho on wood dollhouses. They also made many other lithoed toys, including boats, trains, and building blocks. M. & N. Hanhart Established in Mulhouse in 1830 by Michael Hanhart who initially worked with Godefroy Engelmann in London. The firm, established at Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, was named after his two sons Michael and Nicholas. Artists like Joseph Wolf, Joseph Smit, J G Keulemans and others worked for him to produce natural history illustrations that were used in the Ibis (1859–1874), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1848–1900) and a range of books. The company wound up in 1902 after the death of Nicholas Hanhart and the rise of new printing techniques. Uses Folding Card, The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe, 6 April 1883. Chromolithographs are mainly used today as fine art instead of advertisements, and they are hard to find because of poor preservation and the cheaper forms of printing that replaced them. Many chromolithographs have deteriorated because of the acidic frames surrounding them. As stated earlier, production costs of chromolithographs were low, but efforts were still being made to find a cheaper and faster way to mass-produce coloured prints. Although purchasing a chromolithograph may have been cheaper than purchasing a painting, it was still expensive in comparison to other colour printing methods which were later developed. Offset printing replaced chromolithography in the late 1930s. To find or purchase a lithograph, some suggest searching for examples with the original frame as well as the publisher's stamp. Both European and American chromolithographs can still be found, and can range in cost from hundreds to thousands of dollars. The least expensive chromos tend to be European or produced by publishers who are less well-known compared to Prang. Bibliography Twyman, Michael. A History of Chromolithography: Printed Colour for All. The British Library/Oak Knoll Press, 2013. Friedman, Joan M. Colour Printing in England, 1486-1859. Yale Center for British Art, 1978. Henker, Michael. Von Senefelder zu Daumier: Die Anfange der Lithograpischen Kunst. K.G. Saur, 1988. Jay, Robert. The Trade Card in Nineteenth-Century America. University of Missouri Press, 1987. Last, Jay T. The Colour Explosion: Nineteenth-Century American Lithography. Hillcrest Press, 2005. Marzio, Peter C. The Democratic Art : Pictures for a 19th-century America : Chromolithography, 1840-1900. D. R. Godine, 1979. See also Planography Photochrom Color printing Zincography History of graphic design Lithography William Griggs, 19th-century inventor of "photo-chromo-lithography" References ^ "Planographic Printing." Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine Seeing is Believing. 2001. The New York Public Library. 11 April 2007. ^ a b "Chromolithography and the Posters of World War I." The War on the Walls. Temple University. 11 April 2007. "Chromolithography and the Posters of World War I". Archived from the original on 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2006-02-18.. ^ Clapper, Michael. "'I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!': Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo." American Art 16(2002): 16–39. ^ "Oleograph | printing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-30. ^ Gascoigne, Bamber. How to Identify Prints: A Complete Guide to Manual and Mechanical Processes from Woodcut to Inkjet, p. 59d, 1986 (2nd Edition, 2004), Thames & Hudson, ISBN 050023454X; "Oleographs: what are they, and can they be restored?", Fine Art Restoration Co., 16th March 2018 ^ "Chromolithography." Beautiful Birds Exhibit.1999. Cornell University Library. 11 April 2007. ^ a b c Ferry, Kathryn. "Printing the Alhambra: Owen Jones and Chromolithography." Architectural History 46(2003): 175–188. ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 147 ISBN 0-471-29198-6 ^ Gaffney, Dennis. "Chromolithography: Bringing Color to the Masses." Antiques Roadshow. 2006. WGBH. 11 April 2007. ^ a b c d e f Clapper, Michael. "'I Was Once a Barefoot Boy!': Cultural Tensions in a Popular Chromo." American Art 16(2002): 16-39. ^ Glanz, Dawn. "The Democratic Art: Pictures for a Nineteenth-Century America, Chromolithography 1840-1900 (Review)." Winterthur Portfolio 16(1981): 96-97. ^ "Planographic Printing." Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine Seeing is Believing.2001. The New York Public Library. 11 April 2007. ^ a b Stankiewicz, Mary Ann. "A Picture Age: Reproductions in Picture Study." Studies in Art Education 26(1985): 86-92. ^ "A. Hoen & Company". Perfessorbill.com. 1956-05-01. Retrieved 2011-10-12. ^ "Bliss Fire House & Pumper, ca. 1900 | Roadshow Archive". PBS. Retrieved 2011-10-12. ^ Jackson, CE (1999). "M. & N. Hanhart: printers of natural history plates, 1830-1903". Archives of Natural History. 26 (2): 287–292. doi:10.3366/anh.1999.26.2.287. PMID 19350742. ^ Peters, Connie and Greg Peters. "True and Company: I Can See You Papa." The Art of Print. True and Company. 11 April 2007. ^ a b Antiques Roadshow: "Chromolithography: Bringing Color to the Masses", Gaffney, Dennis. 2006. WGBH. 11 April 2007. Further reading Friedman, Joan M. Colour Printing in England, 1486-1870: an Exhibition, Yale Center for British Art. New Haven: The Center, 1978. Hunter, Mel. The New Lithography: A Complete Guide for Artists and Printers in the Use of Modern Translucent Materials for the Creation of Hand-Drawn Original Fine-Art Lithographic Prints. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. Marzio, Peter C. "Lithography as Democratic Art: A Reappraisal." Leonardo 3(1971):37-48. External links Look up chromolithography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromolithographs. The Chromolithograph: A Journal of Arts, Literature, Decoration and the Accomplishments Examples of the Liebig's Company trade cards Commercial website New York Public Library page on printing Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, includes an example Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine in which 38 progressive proof prints are made with 19 stones to produce the final print. Temple University Libraries discussion and World War I poster examples. University of South Florida Tampa Library Special Collections maintains the Noel Wisdom Collection of Chromolithographic Prints. Chromolithography: The Art of Color Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine from The Philadelphia Print Shop Collection of Chromolithographic Prints of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1897 Archived 2017-12-29 at the Wayback Machine George Washington Chromolithograph Authority control databases: National Israel United States Czech Republic
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For the Felipe Alfau novel, see Felipe Alfau.\"Love or Duty\", a chromolithograph by Gabriele Castagnola, 1873. The nineteen colours of ink used can be seen on the right hand side.Chromolithography is a method for making multi-colour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography,[1] and includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour.[citation needed] When chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithography is a method of printing on flat surfaces using a flat printing plate instead of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques.[2]Chromolithography became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed by the 19th century. Other methods were developed by printers such as Jacob Christoph Le Blon, George Baxter and Edmund Evans, and mostly relied on using several woodblocks with different colours. Hand-colouring also remained important. For example, elements of the official British Ordnance Survey maps were coloured by hand by boys until 1875. The initial chromolithographic technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each colour, and was still extremely expensive when done for the best quality results. Depending on the number of colours present, a chromolithograph could take even very skilled workers months to produce.However much cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying the number of colours used, and reducing the detail in the image. Cheaper images, like advertisements, relied heavily on an initial black print (not always a lithograph), on which colours were then overprinted. To make an expensive reproduction print, once referred to as a \"chromo\", a lithographer, with a finished painting in front of him, gradually created and corrected the many stones using proofs to look as much as possible like the painting, sometimes using dozens of layers.[3]Oleograph is sometimes used as a synonym for a chromolithograph,[4] but more properly refers to a chromolithograph that has then been treated to imitate the variable surface of an oil painting, either by brushing with varnish, or some form of embossing or stamping. The print is usually glued to canvas to further the imitation.[5]","title":"Chromolithography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Hall-Heroult process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-Heroult_process"},{"link_name":"gum arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic"},{"link_name":"offset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_printing"},{"link_name":"Ben-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Day_process"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-temple2007-2"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Chromolithography is a chemical process based on the rejection of water by grease. The image is applied to stone, grained zinc or aluminium surfaces, with a grease-based crayon or ink. Limestone and zinc are two commonly used materials in the production of chromolithographs, as aluminium production was limited before the invention of the Hall-Heroult process. After the image is drawn onto one of these surfaces, the image is gummed-up with a gum arabic solution and weak nitric acid to protect the remaining surface before inking up the image with oil based transfer or printing ink. Before final printing, the image is proof printed and any errors corrected. In the direct form of printing, the inked image is transferred under pressure onto a sheet of paper using a flat-bed press. The offset indirect method uses a rubber-covered cylinder that transfers the image from the printing surface to the paper. Colours may be overprinted by using additional stones or plates to achieve a closer reproduction of the original. Accurate registration for multi-coloured work is achieved by the use of a key outline image and registration bars which are applied to each stone or plate before drawing the solid or tone image. Ben-Day medium uses a raised gelatin stipple image to give tone gradation. An air-brush sprays ink to give soft edges. These are just two methods used to achieve gradations of tone. The use of twelve overprinted colours would not be considered unusual. Each sheet of paper will therefore pass through the printing press as many times as there are colours in the final print. In order that each colour is placed in the right position, each stone or plate must be precisely 'registered,' or lined up, on the paper using a system of register marks.[2]Chromolithographs are considered to be reproductions that are smaller than double demi[clarification needed], and are of finer quality than lithographic drawings which are concerned with large posters. Autolithographs are prints where the artist draws and perhaps prints his own limited number of reproductions. This is the true lithographic art form.[6]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_Supplying_the_World_with_Berry_Brothers_Hard_Oil_Finish.jpg"},{"link_name":"stippling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stippling"},{"link_name":"Alois Senefelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Senefelder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferry_chromo-7"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Godefroy Engelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godefroy_Engelmann"},{"link_name":"Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferry_chromo-7"},{"link_name":"playing cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferry_chromo-7"}],"text":"Uncle Sam Supplying the World with Berry Brothers Hard Oil Finish, c. 1880. This cheaply produced chromolithographic advertisement employs a technique called stippling, with heavy reliance on the initial black line print.Alois Senefelder, the inventor of lithography, introduced the subject of coloured lithography in his 1818 Vollstaendiges Lehrbuch der Steindruckerey (A Complete Course of Lithography), where he told of his plans to print using colour and explained the colours he wished to be able to print someday.[7] Although Senefelder recorded plans for chromolithography, printers in other countries, such as France and England, were also trying to find a new way to print in colour. Godefroy Engelmann of Mulhouse in France was awarded a patent on chromolithography in July 1837,[7] but there are disputes over whether chromolithography was already in use before this date, as some sources say, pointing to areas of printing such as the production of playing cards.[7]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadside-inn-American-scenery.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Reverend F. W. P. Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.W.P._Greenwood"},{"link_name":"William Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sharp_(lithographer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meggspage147-8"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"mass-produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"oil paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clapper,_Michael_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label"},{"link_name":"posters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"1872 chromolithograph of roadside inn, published in MarylandThe first American chromolithograph—a portrait of Reverend F. W. P. Greenwood—was created by William Sharp in 1840.[8] Many of the chromolithographs were created and purchased in urban areas. The paintings were initially used as decoration in American parlours as well as for decoration within middle-class homes. They were prominent after the Civil War because of their low production costs and ability to be mass-produced, and because the methods allowed pictures to look more like hand-painted oil paintings.[9] Production costs were only low if the chromolithographs were cheaply produced, but top-quality chromos were costly to produce because of the necessary months of work and the thousands of dollars worth of equipment that had to be used.[10] Although chromos could be mass-produced, it took about three months to draw colours onto the stones and another five months to print a thousand copies. Chromolithographs became so popular in American culture that the era has been labeled as \"chromo civilization\".[11] Over time, during the Victorian era, chromolithographs populated children's and fine arts publications, as well as advertising art, in trade cards, labels, and posters. They were also once used for advertisements, popular prints, and medical or scientific books.[12]","title":"Arrival in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clapper,_Michael_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clapper,_Michael_2002-10"}],"text":"Even though chromolithographs served many uses within society at the time, many were opposed to the idea of them because of their perceived lack of authenticity. The new forms of art were sometimes tagged as \"bad art\" because of their deceptive qualities.[10] Some also felt that it could not serve as a form of art at all since it was too mechanical, and that the true spirit of a painter could never be captured in a printed version of a work.[10] Over time, many chromos came to be made so cheaply that they could no longer be confused with original paintings. Since production costs were low, the fabrication of cheap chromolithographs became more a business than the creation of art, in contrast with the high quality chromolithographs targeted primarily at art-oriented audiences.","title":"Opposition to chromolithography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable printers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Prang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Prang"},{"link_name":"Christmas card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_card"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stankiewicz,_Mary_Ann_1985-13"},{"link_name":"Eastman Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clapper,_Michael_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stankiewicz,_Mary_Ann_1985-13"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clapper,_Michael_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clapper,_Michael_2002-10"}],"sub_title":"Louis Prang","text":"A famous lithographer and publisher who strongly supported the production of chromolithographs was Louis Prang. Prang was a German-born entrepreneur who printed the first American Christmas card.[13] He felt that chromolithographs could look just as good as, if not better than, real paintings, and he published well-known chromolithographs based on popular paintings, including one by Eastman Johnson entitled The Barefoot Boy.[10] The reason Prang decided to take on the challenge of producing chromolithographs, despite criticisms, was because he felt quality art should not be limited to the elite.[13] Prang and others who continued to produce chromolithographs were sometimes looked down upon because of the fear that chromolithographs could undermine human abilities. With the Industrial Revolution already under way, this fear was not something new to Americans at the time. Many artists themselves anticipated the lack of desire for original artwork since many became accustomed to chromolithographs.[10] As a way to make more sales, some artists had a few paintings made into chromolithographs so that people in society would at least be familiar with the painter. Once people in society were familiar with the artist, they were more likely to want to pay for an original work.[10]","title":"Notable printers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Lothar Meggendorfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Meggendorfer"}],"sub_title":"Lothar Meggendorfer","text":"German chromolithographers, largely based in Bavaria, came to dominate the trade with their low-cost high-volume productions. Of these printers, Lothar Meggendorfer garnered international fame for his children's educational books and games. Owing to political unrest in mid-19th century Germany, many Bavarian printers emigrated to the United Kingdom and the United States, and Germany's monopoly on chromolithographic printing dissipated.","title":"Notable printers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. Hoen & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Hoen_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"E.T. Paull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._Paull"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"August Hoen","text":"A. Hoen & Co., led by German immigrant August Hoen, were a prominent lithography house now known primarily for its stunning E.T. Paull sheet music covers. They also made advertisements, maps, and cigar box art. Hoen and his brothers Henry and Ernest took over the E. Weber Company in the mid-1850s upon Edward Weber's death. August Hoen's son Alfred ran the firm from 1886 throughout the early 20th century.[14]","title":"Notable printers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dollhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollhouses"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Rufus Bliss","text":"Rufus Bliss founded R. Bliss Mfg. Co., which was located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island from 1832 to 1914.\nThe Bliss company is best known for their highly sought after paper litho on wood dollhouses. They also made many other lithoed toys, including boats, trains, and building blocks.[15]","title":"Notable printers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"M. & N. Hanhart","text":"Established in Mulhouse in 1830 by Michael Hanhart who initially worked with Godefroy Engelmann in London. The firm, established at Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, was named after his two sons Michael and Nicholas. Artists like Joseph Wolf, Joseph Smit, J G Keulemans and others worked for him to produce natural history illustrations that were used in the Ibis (1859–1874), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1848–1900) and a range of books. The company wound up in 1902 after the death of Nicholas Hanhart and the rise of new printing techniques.[16]","title":"Notable printers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OldWomanWho-Open.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_was_an_Old_Woman_Who_Lived_in_a_Shoe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Offset printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_printing"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadshow-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadshow-18"}],"text":"Folding Card, The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe, 6 April 1883.Chromolithographs are mainly used today as fine art instead of advertisements, and they are hard to find because of poor preservation and the cheaper forms of printing that replaced them. Many chromolithographs have deteriorated because of the acidic frames surrounding them.[17] As stated earlier, production costs of chromolithographs were low, but efforts were still being made to find a cheaper and faster way to mass-produce coloured prints. Although purchasing a chromolithograph may have been cheaper than purchasing a painting, it was still expensive in comparison to other colour printing methods which were later developed. Offset printing replaced chromolithography in the late 1930s.To find or purchase a lithograph, some suggest searching for examples with the original frame as well as the publisher's stamp.[18] Both European and American chromolithographs can still be found, and can range in cost from hundreds to thousands of dollars. The least expensive chromos tend to be European or produced by publishers who are less well-known compared to Prang.[18]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Twyman, Michael. A History of Chromolithography: Printed Colour for All. The British Library/Oak Knoll Press, 2013.\nFriedman, Joan M. Colour Printing in England, 1486-1859. Yale Center for British Art, 1978.\nHenker, Michael. Von Senefelder zu Daumier: Die Anfange der Lithograpischen Kunst. K.G. Saur, 1988.\nJay, Robert. The Trade Card in Nineteenth-Century America. University of Missouri Press, 1987.\nLast, Jay T. The Colour Explosion: Nineteenth-Century American Lithography. Hillcrest Press, 2005.\nMarzio, Peter C. The Democratic Art : Pictures for a 19th-century America : Chromolithography, 1840-1900. D. R. Godine, 1979.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Friedman, Joan M. Colour Printing in England, 1486-1870: an Exhibition, Yale Center for British Art. New Haven: The Center, 1978.\nHunter, Mel. The New Lithography: A Complete Guide for Artists and Printers in the Use of Modern Translucent Materials for the Creation of Hand-Drawn Original Fine-Art Lithographic Prints. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984.\nMarzio, Peter C. \"Lithography as Democratic Art: A Reappraisal.\" Leonardo 3(1971):37-48.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Love or Duty\", a chromolithograph by Gabriele Castagnola, 1873. The nineteen colours of ink used can be seen on the right hand side.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gabriel%C3%A9_Castagnola_-_Love_or_Duty.jpg/290px-Gabriel%C3%A9_Castagnola_-_Love_or_Duty.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uncle Sam Supplying the World with Berry Brothers Hard Oil Finish, c. 1880. This cheaply produced chromolithographic advertisement employs a technique called stippling, with heavy reliance on the initial black line print.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Uncle_Sam_Supplying_the_World_with_Berry_Brothers_Hard_Oil_Finish.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam_Supplying_the_World_with_Berry_Brothers_Hard_Oil_Finish.jpg"},{"image_text":"1872 chromolithograph of roadside inn, published in Maryland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Roadside-inn-American-scenery.jpeg/220px-Roadside-inn-American-scenery.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Folding Card, The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe, 6 April 1883.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/OldWomanWho-Open.JPG/200px-OldWomanWho-Open.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Planography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planography"},{"title":"Photochrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochrom"},{"title":"Color printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_printing"},{"title":"Zincography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincography"},{"title":"History of graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_graphic_design"},{"title":"Lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography"},{"title":"William Griggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Griggs_(inventor)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Chromolithography and the Posters of World War I\". Archived from the original on 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2006-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060721170122/http://exhibitions.library.temple.edu/ww1/chromo_essay.htm","url_text":"\"Chromolithography and the Posters of World War I\""},{"url":"http://exhibitions.library.temple.edu/ww1/chromo_essay.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oleograph | printing\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/technology/oleograph","url_text":"\"Oleograph | printing\""}]},{"reference":"\"A. Hoen & Company\". Perfessorbill.com. 1956-05-01. Retrieved 2011-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.perfessorbill.com/artists/ahoen.shtml","url_text":"\"A. Hoen & Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bliss Fire House & Pumper, ca. 1900 | Roadshow Archive\". PBS. Retrieved 2011-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/archive/200702A11.html","url_text":"\"Bliss Fire House & Pumper, ca. 1900 | Roadshow Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, CE (1999). \"M. & N. Hanhart: printers of natural history plates, 1830-1903\". Archives of Natural History. 26 (2): 287–292. doi:10.3366/anh.1999.26.2.287. PMID 19350742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fanh.1999.26.2.287","url_text":"10.3366/anh.1999.26.2.287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19350742","url_text":"19350742"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_Voo
Voo Voo
["1 Group history","2 Band members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Video albums","4 References","5 External links"]
Polish rock bandVoo VooBackground informationOriginPolandGenresPop, rockLabelsZic Zac, Agencja Artystyczna MTJ, Polskie Nagrania Muza, Pomaton, Pomaton EMI, Digiton, Polton, EMI Music Poland, Agora SA, Sony Music Entertainment PolandMembersWojciech WaglewskiMateusz PospieszalskiKarim MartusewiczMichał BryndalPast membersAndrzej NowickiWojciech MorawskiMilo KurtisMarek CzapelskiJan PospieszalskiAndrzej RyszkaPiotr ŻyżelewiczWebsitevoovoo.pl (in Polish) Voo Voo is a Polish music band that was established in 1985. The group's musical style is highly diverse, predominantly characterized by a fusion of rock and folk elements from various cultures, intertwined with a notable emphasis on improvisation. In more recent times, their creative repertoire has also embraced contemporary music genres like drum and bass, hip-hop, and nu jazz. The band's name derives from the initials of its founder and frontman, Wojciech Waglewski, with "W. W." being rendered according to English phonetic conventions. Voo Voo maintains an active association with a fan club known as "Wannolot." This fan club releases albums that cater to enthusiasts of the band, featuring live recordings, interviews, and tracks by the band that are not officially released through standard channels. Group history Voo Voo was established in 1985, emerging from the core members of the Morawski Waglewski Nowicki Hołdys ensemble. Initially, Voo Voo comprised Wojciech Waglewski, Andrzej Nowicki (bass guitar), Wojciech Morawski (drums), and Milo Kurtis (percussion and trumpet). In the inaugural performances of 1985, Morawski was later succeeded by Marek Czapelski. With this lineup, the band made its debut at the Jarocin festival. Subsequently, Nowicki, Kurtis, and Czapelski departed from the band. The Pospieszalski brothers then took their place: Jan Pospieszalski on bass guitar and double bass, Mateusz Pospieszalski on saxophone, and Andrzej Ryszka (formerly of Tie Break, ex-Krzak) joined. During the early 90s, Piotr "Stopa" Żyżelewicz assumed the role of drummer, succeeding Andrzej Ryszka, who remained the drummer of Voo Voo until his passing on May 12, 2011. In 1997, the group participated in the electoral campaign of AWS. Subsequently, in 1998, Jan Pospieszalski departed from the band to concentrate on media endeavors. Karim Martusewicz stepped in to take his place. Band members Wojciech Waglewski – guitar, main vocals, and lyrics. Founder and leader of the band; its name comes from his initials (the English pronunciation of "Voo Voo" sounds like Polish pronunciation of "W.W."). Father of Bartosz Waglewski and Piotr Waglewski, better known as Fisz and Emade. He also plays with the bands "Osjan" and "Gaia". Mateusz Pospieszalski – saxophone, flute, bass clarinet, keyboard instruments, accordion, vocals. He also played with the band "Maanam". Currently playing with the bands "Tie Break" and "GRAAL", also Stanisław Sojka. Piotr "Stopa" Żyżelewicz (died 12 May 2011) – drums. He cooperated with the bands Armia and Izrael and 2Tm2,3. Karim Martusewicz – double bass, bass guitar, has played with Voo Voo since February 1998. Mamadou Diouf from Senegal – vocals. He has been cooperating with Voo Voo since 1994. Discography Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications POL Voo Voo Released: October 6, 1986 Label: Pronit — Sno-powiązałka Released: May 4, 1987 Label: Pronit — Małe Wu Wu Released: August 8, 1988 Label: Polskie Nagrania Muza — Z środy na czwartek Released: October 16, 1989 Label: Polskie Nagrania Muza — Zespół gitar elektrycznych Released: June 6, 1991 Label: Digiton — Tam tam i tu Released: 1991 Label: Zic Zac — Łobi jabi Released: October 4, 1993 Label: Tonpress — Zapłacono Released: November 14, 1994 Label: Polton — Rapatapa-to-ja Released: December 4, 1995 Label: Polton — Flota zjednoczonych sił Released: May 5, 1997 Label: Polton — Oov Oov Released: September 7, 1998 Label: Music Corner Records — Kalejdoskop Released: November 8, 1999 Label: Music Corner Records — Płyta z muzyką Released: February 12, 2001 Label: Sony Music 1 Płyta Released: February 18, 2002 Label: Sony Music 5 Voo Voo z kobietami Released: October 13, 2003 Label: Sony Music 8 XX Cz.1 Released: March 17, 2005 Label: Sony BMG 15 21 Released: March 17, 2006 Label: Pomaton EMI 6 Tischner Released: March 12, 2007 Label: Agora SA — POL: 15,000+ POL: Gold Małe Wu Wu śpiewawiersze ks. Jana Twardowskiego Released: December 12, 2007 Label: Agora SA — Samo Voo Voo Released: October 10, 2008 Label: EMI Music Poland 12 Voo Voo i Haydamaky Released: June 4, 2009 Label: Agora SA — POL: 15,000+ POL: Gold Wszyscy muzycy to wojownicy Released: November 16, 2010 Label: EMI Music Poland 20 Nowa płyta Released: October 18, 2012 Label: Agora SA — Dobry wieczór Released: October 24, 2014 Label: Agora SA 13 7 Released March 7, 2017 Label: Agora SA 4 "—" pozycja nie była notowana. Video albums Title Video details Przystanek Woodstock 2004–2009 Released: 2010 Label: Złoty Melon Formats: DVD Najmniejszy koncert świata with Haydamaky Released: October 22, 2010 Label: Agora SA Formats: DVD References ^ "VooVoo". europopmusic.eu. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "Piotr Zyzelewicz Has Died". poland.pl. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Voo Voo - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Sno-powiązałka - Voo Voo - Muzyka". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Male Wu Wu - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Z Srody... Na Czwartek - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Zespol Gitar Elektrycznych - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Lobi jabi - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Zaplacono - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Rapatapa To Ja - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Flota zjednoczonych sil - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oov Oov - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Kalejdoskop - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Plyta z muzyka - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Plyta - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Voo Voo z kobietami - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "XX Cz.1 - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "21 - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ a b "ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia - Wyróżnienia - Regulamin". bestsellery.zpav.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia - Wyróżnienia - Złote płyty CD - Archiwum". bestsellery.zpav.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Samo Voo Voo - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia - Wyróżnienia - Złote płyty CD - Archiwum". bestsellery.zpav.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Wszyscy muzycy to wojownicy - Voo Voo - Muzyka - WP.PL". muzyka.wp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ www.onyx.pl, Onyx Sp. z o.o., tel. +48 22 3377222. "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLIS - Official Retail Sales Chart". olis.onyx.pl. Retrieved 2018-09-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Najmniejszy koncert świata - za 18,99 zł | Muzyka empik.com". empik.com. Retrieved 16 May 2016. External links Media related to Voo Voo at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"nu jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_jazz"}],"text":"Voo Voo is a Polish music band that was established in 1985.[1] The group's musical style is highly diverse, predominantly characterized by a fusion of rock and folk elements from various cultures, intertwined with a notable emphasis on improvisation. In more recent times, their creative repertoire has also embraced contemporary music genres like drum and bass, hip-hop, and nu jazz.The band's name derives from the initials of its founder and frontman, Wojciech Waglewski, with \"W. W.\" being rendered according to English phonetic conventions.Voo Voo maintains an active association with a fan club known as \"Wannolot.\" This fan club releases albums that cater to enthusiasts of the band, featuring live recordings, interviews, and tracks by the band that are not officially released through standard channels.","title":"Voo Voo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action"}],"text":"Voo Voo was established in 1985, emerging from the core members of the Morawski Waglewski Nowicki Hołdys ensemble. Initially, Voo Voo comprised Wojciech Waglewski, Andrzej Nowicki (bass guitar), Wojciech Morawski (drums), and Milo Kurtis (percussion and trumpet). In the inaugural performances of 1985, Morawski was later succeeded by Marek Czapelski. With this lineup, the band made its debut at the Jarocin festival.Subsequently, Nowicki, Kurtis, and Czapelski departed from the band. The Pospieszalski brothers then took their place: Jan Pospieszalski on bass guitar and double bass, Mateusz Pospieszalski on saxophone, and Andrzej Ryszka (formerly of Tie Break, ex-Krzak) joined. During the early 90s, Piotr \"Stopa\" Żyżelewicz assumed the role of drummer, succeeding Andrzej Ryszka, who remained the drummer of Voo Voo until his passing on May 12, 2011.In 1997, the group participated in the electoral campaign of AWS. Subsequently, in 1998, Jan Pospieszalski departed from the band to concentrate on media endeavors. Karim Martusewicz stepped in to take his place.","title":"Group history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wojciech Waglewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Waglewski"},{"link_name":"Fisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisz"},{"link_name":"Emade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emade"},{"link_name":"Maanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanam"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Sojka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sojka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Armia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia"},{"link_name":"Izrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mamadou Diouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Diouf_(musician)"}],"text":"Wojciech Waglewski – guitar, main vocals, and lyrics. Founder and leader of the band; its name comes from his initials (the English pronunciation of \"Voo Voo\" sounds like Polish pronunciation of \"W.W.\"). Father of Bartosz Waglewski and Piotr Waglewski, better known as Fisz and Emade. He also plays with the bands \"Osjan\" and \"Gaia\".\nMateusz Pospieszalski – saxophone, flute, bass clarinet, keyboard instruments, accordion, vocals. He also played with the band \"Maanam\". Currently playing with the bands \"Tie Break\" and \"GRAAL\", also Stanisław Sojka.\nPiotr \"Stopa\" Żyżelewicz (died 12 May 2011)[2] – drums. He cooperated with the bands Armia and Izrael and 2Tm2,3.\nKarim Martusewicz – double bass, bass guitar, has played with Voo Voo since February 1998.\nMamadou Diouf from Senegal – vocals. He has been cooperating with Voo Voo since 1994.","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video albums","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_analysis
Musical analysis
["1 Analyses","2 Techniques","2.1 Discretization","2.2 Composition","3 Analytical situations","3.1 Compositional analysis","3.2 Perceptual analysis","3.3 Analyses of the immanent level","3.4 Nonformalized analyses","3.5 Formalized analyses","3.6 Intermediary analyses","4 Divergent analyses","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
This article is about the process or academic discipline of music analysis. For the academic journal by that name, see Music Analysis (journal). Approaches or techniques to musical analysis. Assumption and advocating could be considered missing. Musical analysis is the study of musical structure in either compositions or performances. According to music theorist Ian Bent, music analysis "is the means of answering directly the question 'How does it work?'". The method employed to answer this question, and indeed exactly what is meant by the question, differs from analyst to analyst, and according to the purpose of the analysis. According to Bent, "its emergence as an approach and method can be traced back to the 1750s. However it existed as a scholarly tool, albeit an auxiliary one, from the Middle Ages onwards." The principle of analysis has been variously criticized, especially by composers, such as Edgard Varèse's claim that, "to explain by means of is to decompose, to mutilate the spirit of a work". Analyses Some analysts, such as Donald Tovey (whose Essays in Musical Analysis are among the most accessible musical analyses) have presented their analyses in prose. Others, such as Hans Keller (who devised a technique he called Functional Analysis) used no prose commentary at all in some of their work. There have been many notable analysts other than Tovey and Keller. One of the best known and most influential was Heinrich Schenker, who developed Schenkerian analysis, a method that seeks to describe all tonal classical works as elaborations ("prolongations") of a simple contrapuntal sequence. Ernst Kurth coined the term of "developmental motif" . Rudolph Réti is notable for tracing the development of small melodic motifs through a work, while Nicolas Ruwet's analysis amounts to a kind of musical semiology. Musicologists associated with the new musicology often use musical analysis (traditional or not) along with or to support their examinations of the performance practice and social situations in which music is produced and that produce music, and vice versa. Insights from the social considerations may then yield insight into analysis methods. Edward T. Cone argues that musical analysis lies in between description and prescription. Description consists of simple non-analytical activities such as labeling chords with Roman numerals or tone-rows with integers or row-form, while the other extreme, prescription, consists of "the insistence upon the validity of relationships not supported by the text." Analysis must, rather, provide insight into listening without forcing a description of a piece that cannot be heard. Techniques Many techniques are used to analyze music. Metaphor and figurative description may be a part of analysis, and a metaphor used to describe pieces, "reifies their features and relations in a particularly pungent and insightful way: it makes sense of them in ways not formerly possible." Even absolute music may be viewed as a "metaphor for the universe" or nature as "perfect form". Discretization The process of analysis often involves breaking the piece down into relatively simpler and smaller parts. Often, the way these parts fit together and interact with each other is then examined. This process of discretization or segmentation is often considered, as by Jean-Jacques Nattiez, necessary for music to become accessible to analysis. Fred Lerdahl argues that discretization is necessary even for perception by learned listeners, thus making it a basis of his analyses, and finds pieces such as Artikulation by György Ligeti inaccessible. while Rainer Wehinger created a "Hörpartitur" or "score for listening" for the piece, representing different sonorous effects with specific graphic symbols much like a transcription. Composition Analysis often displays a compositional impulse while compositions often "display an analytical impulse" but "though intertextual analyses often succeed through simple verbal description there are good reasons to literally compose the proposed connections. We actually hear how these songs resonate with one another, comment upon and affect one another ... in a way, the music speaks for itself". This analytic bent is obvious in recent trends in popular music including the mash-ups of various songs. Analytical situations This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Analysis is an activity most often engaged in by musicologists and most often applied to western classical music, although music of non-western cultures and of unnotated oral traditions is also often analysed. An analysis can be conducted on a single piece of music, on a portion or element of a piece or on a collection of pieces. A musicologist's stance is his or her analytical situation. This includes the physical dimension or corpus being studied, the level of stylistic relevance studied, and whether the description provided by the analysis is of its immanent structure, compositional (or poietic) processes, perceptual (or esthesic) processes, all three, or a mixture. Stylistic levels may be hierarchized as an inverted triangle: universals of music system (style) of reference style of a genre or an epoch style of composer X style of a period in the life of a composer work Nattiez outlines six analytical situations, preferring the sixth:: Poieticprocesses Immanent structures of the work Esthesicprocesses 1 ♦ Immanent analysis 2 ♦ ← ♦ Inductive poietics 3 ♦ → ♦ External poietics 4 ♦ → ♦ Inductive esthesics 5 ♦ ← ♦ External esthesics 6 ♦ ←→ ♦ ←→ ♦ Communication between the three levels Examples: "...tackles only the immanent configuration of the work." Allen Forte's musical set theory "...proceed from an analysis of the neutral level to drawing conclusions about the poietic" – Reti analysis of Debussy's La cathédrale engloutie The reverse of the previous, taking "a poietic document—letters, plans, sketches— ... and analyzes the work in the light of this information." Paul Mie, "stylistic analysis of Beethoven in terms of the sketches" The most common, grounded in "perceptive introspection, or in a certain number of general ideas concerning musical perception ... a musicologist ... describes what they think is the listener's perception of the passage",, analysis of measures 9–11 of Bach's C minor fugue in Book I of the Well-Tempered Clavier "Begins with information collected from listeners to attempt to understand how the work has been perceived ... obviously how experimental psychologists would work" "The case in which an immanent analysis is equally relevant to the poietic as to the esthesic." Schenkerian analysis, which, based on the sketches of Beethoven (external poietics) eventually show through analysis how the works must be played and perceived (inductive esthesics) Compositional analysis Jacques Chailley views analysis entirely from a compositional viewpoint, arguing that, "since analysis consists of 'putting oneself in the composer's shoes,' and explaining what he was experiencing as he was writing, it is obvious that we should not think of studying a work in terms of criteria foreign to the author's own preoccupations, no more in tonal analysis than in harmonic analysis." Perceptual analysis On the other hand, Fay argues that, "analytic discussions of music are often concerned with processes that are not immediately perceivable. It may be that the analyst is concerned merely with applying a collection of rules concerning practice, or with the description of the compositional process. But whatever he aims, he often fails—most notably in twentieth-century music—to illuminate our immediate musical experience," and thus views analysis entirely from a perceptual viewpoint, as does Edward T. Cone, "true analysis works through and for the ear. The greatest analysts are those with the keenest ears; their insights reveal how a piece of music should be heard, which in turn implies how it should be played. An analysis is a direction for performance," and Thomson: "It seems only reasonable to believe that a healthy analytical point of view is that which is so nearly isomorphic with the perceptual act." Analyses of the immanent level Analyses of the immanent level include analyses by Alder, Heinrich Schenker, and the "ontological structuralism" of the analyses of Pierre Boulez, who says in his analysis of The Rite of Spring, "must I repeat here that I have not pretended to discover a creative process, but concern myself with the result, whose only tangibles are mathematical relationships? If I have been able to find all these structural characteristics, it is because they are there, and I don't care whether they were put there consciously or unconsciously, or with what degree of acuteness they informed understanding of his conception; I care very little for all such interaction between the work and 'genius'." Again, Nattiez argues that the above three approaches, by themselves, are necessarily incomplete and that an analysis of all three levels is required. Jean Molino shows that musical analysis shifted from an emphasis upon the poietic vantage point to an esthesic one at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Nonformalized analyses Nattiez distinguishes between nonformalized and formalized analyses. Nonformalized analyses, apart from musical and analytical terms, do not use resources or techniques other than language. He further distinguishes nonformalized analyses between impressionistic, paraphrases, or hermeneutic readings of the text (explications de texte). Impressionistic analyses are in "a more or less high-literary style, proceeding from an initial selection of elements deemed characteristic," such as the following description of the opening of Claude Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun: "The alternation of binary and ternary divisions of the eighth notes, the sly feints made by the three pauses, soften the phrase so much, render it so fluid, that it escapes all arithmetical rigors. It floats between heaven and earth like a Gregorian chant; it glides over signposts marking traditional divisions; it slips so furtively between various keys that it frees itself effortlessly from their grasp, and one must await the first appearance of a harmonic underpinning before the melody takes graceful leave of this causal atonality". Paraphrases are a "respeaking" in plain words of the events of the text with little interpretation or addition, such as the following description of the "Bourée" of Bach's Third Suite: "An anacrusis, an initial phrase in D major. The figure marked (a) is immediately repeated, descending through a third, and it is employed throughout the piece. This phrase is immediately elided into its consequent, which modulates from D to A major. This figure (a) is used again two times, higher each time; this section is repeated." "Hermeneutic reading of a musical text is based on a description, a 'naming' of the melody's elements, but adds to it a hermeneutic and phenomenological depth that, in the hands of a talented writer, can result in genuine interpretive masterworks.... All the illustrations in Abraham's and Dahlhaus's Melodielehre (1972) are historical in character; Rosen's essays in The Classical Style (1971) seek to grasp the essence of an epoch's style; Meyer's analysis of Beethoven's Farewell Sonata penetrates melody from the vantage point of perceived structures." He gives as a last example the following description of Franz Schubert's Unfinished Symphony: "The transition from first to second subject is always a difficult piece of musical draughtsmanship; and in the rare cases where Schubert accomplishes it with smoothness, the effort otherwise exhausts him to the verge of dullness (as in the slow movement of the otherwise great A minor Quartet). Hence, in his most inspired works the transition is accomplished by an abrupt coup de théâtre; and of all such coups, no doubt the crudest is that in the Unfinished Symphony. Very well then; here is a new thing in the history of the symphony, not more new, not more simple than the new things which turned up in each of Beethoven's nine. Never mind its historic origin, take it on its merits. Is it not a most impressive moment?". Formalized analyses Formalized analyses propose models for melodic functions or simulate music. Meyer distinguishes between global models, which "provide an image of the whole corpus being studied, by listing characteristics, classifying phenomena, or both; they furnish statistical evaluation," and linear models which "do not try to reconstitute the whole melody in order of real time succession of melodic events. Linear models ... describe a corpus by means of a system of rules encompassing not only the hierarchical organization of the melody, but also the distribution, environment, and context of events, examples including the explanation of 'succession of pitches in New Guinean chants in terms of distributional constraints governing each melodic interval' by Chenoweth the transformational analysis by Herndon, and the 'grammar for the soprano part in Bach's chorales when tested by computer ... allows us to generate melodies in Bach's style' by Baroni and Jacoboni. Global models are further distinguished as analysis by traits, which "identify the presence or absence of a particular variable, and makes a collective image of the song, genre, or style being considered by means of a table, or classificatory analysis, which sorts phenomena into classes," one example being "trait listing" by Helen Roberts, and classificatory analysis, which "sorts phenomena into classes," examples being the universal system for classifying melodic contours by Kolinski. Classificatory analyses often call themselves taxonomical. "Making the basis for the analysis explicit is a fundamental criterion in this approach, so delimiting units is always accompanied by carefully defining units in terms of their constituent variables." Intermediary analyses Nattiez lastly proposes intermediary models "between reductive formal precision, and impressionist laxity." These include Schenker, Meyer (classification of melodic structure), Narmour, and Lerdahl-Jackendoff's "use of graphics without appealing to a system of formalized rules," complementing and not replacing the verbal analyses. These are in contrast to the formalized models of Milton Babbitt and Boretz. According to Nattiez, Boretz "seems to be confusing his own formal, logical model with an immanent essence he then ascribes to music," and Babbitt "defines a musical theory as a hypothetical-deductive system ... but if we look closely at what he says, we quickly realize that the theory also seeks to legitimize a music yet to come; that is, that it is also normative ... transforming the value of the theory into an aesthetic norm ... from an anthropological standpoint, that is a risk that is difficult to countenance." Similarly, "Boretz enthusiastically embraces logical formalism, while evading the question of knowing how the data—whose formalization he proposes—have been obtained". Divergent analyses This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Typically a given work is analyzed by more than one person and different or divergent analyses are created. For instance, the first two bars of the prelude to Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande: Debussy Pelléas et Mélisande prelude opening are analyzed differently by Leibowitz Laloy, van Appledorn, and Christ. Leibowitz analyses this succession harmonically as D minor:I–VII–V, ignoring melodic motion, Laloy analyses the succession as D:I–V, seeing the G in the second measure as an ornament, and both van Appledorn and Christ analyses the succession as D:I–VII. Nattiez argues that this divergence is due to the analysts' respective analytic situations, and to what he calls transcendent principles (1997b: 853, what George Holton might call "themata"), the "philosophical project", "underlying principles", or a prioris of analyses, one example being Nattiez's use of the tripartitional definition of sign, and what, after epistemological historian Paul Veyne, he calls plots. Van Appledorn sees the succession as D:I–VII so as to allow the interpretation of the first chord in measure five, which Laloy sees as a dominant seventh on D (V/IV) with a diminished fifth (despite that the IV doesn't arrive till measure twelve), while van Appledorn sees it as a French sixth on D, D–F♯–A♭– in the usual second inversion. This means that D is the second degree and the required reference to the first degree, C, being established by the D:VII or C major chord. "The need to explain the chord in measure five establishes that C–E–G is 'equally important' as the D–(F)–A of measure one." Leibowitz gives only the bass for chord, E indicating the progression I–II an "unreal" progression in keeping with his "dialectic between the real and the unreal" used in the analysis, while Christ explains the chord as an augmented eleventh with a bass of B♭, interpreting it as a traditional tertian extended chord. Debussy's Pélleas et Mélisande prelude, measures 5–6 Not only does an analyst select particular traits, they arrange them according to a plot .... Our sense of the component parts of a musical work, like our sense of historical 'facts,' is mediated by lived experience." (176) While John Blacking, among others, holds that "there is ultimately only one explanation and ... this could be discovered by a context-sensitive analysis of the music in culture," according to Nattiez and others, "there is never only one valid musical analysis for any given work." Blacking gives as example: "everyone disagrees hotly and stakes his academic reputation on what Mozart really meant in this or that bar of his symphonies, concertos, or quartets. If we knew exactly what went on inside Mozart's mind when he wrote them, there could be only one explanation". (93) However, Nattiez points out that even if we could determine "what Mozart was thinking" we would still be lacking an analysis of the neutral and esthesic levels. Roger Scruton, in a review of Nattiez's Fondements, says one may, "describe it as you like so long as you hear it correctly ... certain descriptions suggest wrong ways of hearing it ... what is obvious to hear is the contrast in mood and atmosphere between the 'modal' passage and the bars which follow it." Nattiez counters that if compositional intent were identical to perception, "historians of musical language could take a permanent nap.... Scruton sets himself up as a universal, absolute conscience for the 'right' perception of the Pélleas et Mélisande. But hearing is an active symbolic process (which must be explained): nothing in perception is self-evident." Thus Nattiez suggests that analyses, especially those intending "a semiological orientation, should ... at least include a comparative critique of already-written analyses, when they exist, so as to explain why the work has taken on this or that image constructed by this or that writer: all analysis is a representation; an explanation of the analytical criteria used in the new analysis, so that any critique of this new analysis could be situated in relation to that analysis's own objectives and methods. As Jean-Claude Gardin so rightly remarks, 'no physicist, no biologist is surprised when asked to indicate, in the context of a new theory, the physical data and the mental operations that led to its formulation'. Making one's procedures explicit would help to create a cumulative progress in knowledge." (177) See also List of music software § Music analysis software References ^ DeVoto 2003. ^ Bent 1987, 5. ^ Bent 1987, 6. ^ Quoted in Bernard 1981, 1 ^ a b Cone 1960, p. 41. ^ Sessions 1951, 7. ^ Guck 1994, 71. ^ Dahlhaus 1989, 8, 29 cited in Bauer 2004, 131 ^ Nattiez 1990. ^ Lerdahl 1992, 112–113. ^ Lerdahl 1992, 235. ^ Wehinger 1970. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWehinger1970 (help) ^ a b BaileyShea 2007, . ^ BaileyShea 2007, . ^ Nattiez 1990, 135–136. ^ Nattiez 1990, 136, who also points to Nettl 1964, 177 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNettl1964 (help), Boretz 1972, 146, and Meyer harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMeyer (help) ^ Nattiez 1990, 140. ^ Reti 1951, 194–206. ^ Mie 1929. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMie1929 (help) ^ Meyer 1956, 48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeyer1956 (help) ^ Chailley 1951, 104. ^ Fay 1971, 112. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFay1971 (help) ^ Thomson 1970, 196. sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomson1970 (help) ^ Boulez 1966, 142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoulez1966 (help) ^ Nattiez 1990, 138–39. ^ Molino 1975a, 50–51. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMolino1975a (help) ^ Nattiez 1990, 137. ^ Vuillermoz 1957, 64. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVuillermoz1957 (help) ^ Warburton 1952, 151. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWarburton1952 (help) ^ Rosen 1971. ^ Meyer 1973, 242–268. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeyer1973 (help) ^ Tovey 1978, p. 213, vol. 1. ^ Chenoweth 1972, 1979. ^ Herndon 1974, 1975. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHerndon1974 (help) ^ Baroni and Jacoboni 1976, . sfn error: no target: CITEREFBaroni_and_Jacoboni1976 (help) ^ Roberts 1955, 222. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoberts1955 (help) ^ Kolinski 1956. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKolinski1956 (help) ^ Nattiez 1990, 164. ^ Meyer 1973, chapter 7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeyer1973 (help) ^ Babbitt 1972. ^ Boretz 1969. ^ Nattiez 1990, 167. ^ Leibowitz 1971. ^ Laloy 1902. ^ van Appeldorn 1966. ^ Christ 1966. ^ Christ 1966, . ^ Nattiez 1990, 173. ^ Leibowitz 1971, . ^ Blacking 1973, 17–18. ^ Nattiez 1990, 168. ^ Scruton 1978, 175–176. ^ Gardin 1974, 69. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGardin1974 (help) Sources Babbitt, Milton. 1972. "Contemporary Music Composition and Music Theory as Contemporary Intellectual History". In Perspectives in Musicology: The Inaugural Lectures of the Ph. D. Program in Music at the City University of New York, edited by Barry S. Brook, Edward Downes, and Sherman Van Solkema, 270–307. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02142-4. Reprinted, New York: Pendragon Press, 1985. ISBN 0-918728-50-9. BaileyShea, Matt. 2007. "Filleted Mignon: A New Recipe for Analysis and Recomposition". Music Theory Online 13, no. 4 (December). Bauer, Amy. 2004. "'Tone-Color, Movement, Changing Harmonic Planes': Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology, edited by Arved Ashby, 121–152. Eastman Studies in Music 29. Rochester: University of Rochester Press; Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, Ltd. ISBN 1-58046-143-3. Bent, Ian. 1987. Analysis. London: MacMillan Press. ISBN 0-333-41732-1. Bernard, Jonathan. 1981. "Pitch/Register in the Music of Edgar Varèse." Music Theory Spectrum 3:1–25. Blacking, John (1973). How Musical Is Man?. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Cited in Nattiez 1990. Boretz, Benjamin. 1969. "Meta-Variations: Studies in the Foundationbs of Musical Thought (I)". Perspectives of New Music 8, no. 1 (Fall–Winter): 1–74. Boretz, Benjamin. 1972. "Meta-Variations, Part IV: Analytic Fallout (I)". Perspectives of New Music 11, no. 1 (Fall–Winter): 146–223. Chailley, Jacques. 1951. La musique médiévale, with a preface by Gustave Cohen. Les grands musiciens 1. Paris: Coudrier. Chenoweth, Vida. 1972. Melodic Perception and Analysis. : Summer Institute of Linguistics. Christ, William (1966), Materials and Structure of Music (1st ed.), Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-560342-0, OCLC 412237 LCC MT6 M347 1966. Cited in Nattiez 1990. Cone, Edward T. (1960). "Analysis Today". In Morgan, Robert P. (ed.). Music: A View from Delft. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 1989). pp. 39–54. ISBN 978-0-226-11469-9. LCCN 88-20659. OCLC 18290659. Dahlhaus, Carl. 1989. The Idea of Absolute Music, translated by Roger Lustig. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. DeVoto, Mark. 2003. "Analysis". The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth editions, edited by Don Michael Randel. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01163-5. Guck, Marion A. (1994). "Rehabilitating the incorrigible", Theory, Analysis and Meaning in Music, ed. Anthony Pople. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 57–74. Laloy, L. 1902. "Sur deux accords", Revue musicale. Reprinted in La musique retrouvée. Paris: Plon, 1928, pp. 115–118. Cited in Nattiez 1990. Fred Lerdahl Leibowitz, René. 1971. "Pelléas et Mélisande ou les fantômes de la réalité", Les Temps Modernes, no. 305:891–922. Cited in Nattiez (1990). Nattiez, Jean-Jacques 1990. Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, translated by Caroline Abbate. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02714-5. French original: Musicologie générale et sémiologue, Paris: , 1987. Reti, Rudolph. 1951. The Thematic Process in Music. London: Faber & Faber. Rosen, Charles. 1971. The Classical Style. New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 9780670225101. Satyendra, Ramon. "Analyzing the Unity within Contrast: Chick Corea's 'Starlight'". Cited in Stein 2005. Scruton, Roger. 1978. . Sessions, Roger 1951. Harmonic Practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace. LCCN 51-8476. Stein, Deborah. 2005. Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5. Tovey, Donald Francis. 1978 . Essays in Musical Analysis, 6 vols. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 912417. van Appeldorn, M.-J. 1966. "Stylistic Study of Claude Debussy's Opera Pelléas et Mélisande". Ph.D. diss., Rochester: Eastman School of Music. Cited in Nattiez (1990). Further reading Cook, Nicholas. 1992. A Guide to Musical Analysis. ISBN 0-393-96255-5. Hoek, D. J. (2007). Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940–2000. ISBN 0-8108-5887-8. Kresky, Jeffrey. 1977. Tonal Music: Twelve Analytic Studies. ISBN 0-253-37011-6. Poirier, Lucien, ed. 1983. Répertoire bibliographique de textes de presentation generale et d'analyse d'oeuvres musicales canadienne, 1900–1980 = Canadian Musical Works, 1900–1980: a Bibliography of General and Analytical Sources. ISBN 0-9690583-2-2 External links "Chapter 8 – Example musical analyses", from Syntactic Structures in Music, Harmony.org.uk Benoit Meudic, IRCAM, Musical Pattern Extraction: from Repetition to Musical Structure vteMusical analysis Essays in Musical Analysis Functional analysis Chord letters Music Analysis Roman numeral analysis Reduction Schenkerian analysis Sonata theory Transcription vteMusic theory Aesthetics Analysis Aspects Composition Definition Mathematics Musicology Philosophy Psychology Set theory Tuning List of music theorists Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Analysis (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Analysis_(journal)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musical_analysis_shape.png"},{"link_name":"musical structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_form"},{"link_name":"compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"performances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVoto2003-1"},{"link_name":"Ian Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBent19875-2"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBent19876-3"},{"link_name":"Edgard Varèse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the process or academic discipline of music analysis. For the academic journal by that name, see Music Analysis (journal).Approaches or techniques to musical analysis. Assumption and advocating could be considered missing.Musical analysis is the study of musical structure in either compositions or performances.[1] According to music theorist Ian Bent, music analysis \"is the means of answering directly the question 'How does it work?'\".[2] The method employed to answer this question, and indeed exactly what is meant by the question, differs from analyst to analyst, and according to the purpose of the analysis. According to Bent, \"its emergence as an approach and method can be traced back to the 1750s. However it existed as a scholarly tool, albeit an auxiliary one, from the Middle Ages onwards.\"[3]The principle of analysis has been variously criticized, especially by composers, such as Edgard Varèse's claim that, \"to explain by means of [analysis] is to decompose, to mutilate the spirit of a work\".[4]","title":"Musical analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Tovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey"},{"link_name":"Essays in Musical Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_in_Musical_Analysis"},{"link_name":"prose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose"},{"link_name":"Hans Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Keller"},{"link_name":"Functional Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordless_functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schenker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker"},{"link_name":"Schenkerian analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality"},{"link_name":"contrapuntal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kurth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kurth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Réti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_R%C3%A9ti"},{"link_name":"motifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(music)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Ruwet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Ruwet"},{"link_name":"semiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"new musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_musicology"},{"link_name":"performance practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_informed_performance"},{"link_name":"Edward T. Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_T._Cone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECone196041-5"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral_analysis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions19517-6"},{"link_name":"tone-rows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone-row"}],"text":"Some analysts, such as Donald Tovey (whose Essays in Musical Analysis are among the most accessible musical analyses) have presented their analyses in prose. Others, such as Hans Keller (who devised a technique he called Functional Analysis) used no prose commentary at all in some of their work.[citation needed]There have been many notable analysts other than Tovey and Keller. One of the best known and most influential was Heinrich Schenker, who developed Schenkerian analysis, a method that seeks to describe all tonal classical works as elaborations (\"prolongations\") of a simple contrapuntal sequence. Ernst Kurth coined the term of \"developmental motif\" [citation needed]. Rudolph Réti is notable for tracing the development of small melodic motifs through a work,[citation needed] while Nicolas Ruwet's analysis amounts to a kind of musical semiology.[citation needed]Musicologists associated with the new musicology often use musical analysis (traditional or not) along with or to support their examinations of the performance practice and social situations in which music is produced and that produce music, and vice versa. Insights from the social considerations may then yield insight into analysis methods.Edward T. Cone[5] argues that musical analysis lies in between description and prescription. Description consists of simple non-analytical activities such as labeling chords with Roman numerals[6] or tone-rows with integers or row-form, while the other extreme, prescription, consists of \"the insistence upon the validity of relationships not supported by the text.\" Analysis must, rather, provide insight into listening without forcing a description of a piece that cannot be heard.","title":"Analyses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuck199471-7"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"absolute music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Many techniques are used to analyze music. Metaphor and figurative description may be a part of analysis, and a metaphor used to describe pieces, \"reifies their features and relations in a particularly pungent and insightful way: it makes sense of them in ways not formerly possible.\"[7][failed verification] Even absolute music may be viewed as a \"metaphor for the universe\" or nature as \"perfect form\".[8]","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discretization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretization"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Nattiez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990-9"},{"link_name":"Fred Lerdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerdahl1992112%E2%80%93113-10"},{"link_name":"Artikulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikulation_(Ligeti)"},{"link_name":"György Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerdahl1992235-11"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehinger1970-12"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(music)"}],"sub_title":"Discretization","text":"The process of analysis often involves breaking the piece down into relatively simpler and smaller parts. Often, the way these parts fit together and interact with each other is then examined. This process of discretization or segmentation is often considered, as by Jean-Jacques Nattiez,[9] necessary for music to become accessible to analysis. Fred Lerdahl[10] argues that discretization is necessary even for perception by learned listeners, thus making it a basis of his analyses, and finds pieces such as Artikulation by György Ligeti inaccessible.[11][verification needed] while Rainer Wehinger[12][incomplete short citation] created a \"Hörpartitur\" or \"score for listening\" for the piece, representing different sonorous effects with specific graphic symbols much like a transcription.","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyShea2007[8]-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyShea2007[7]-14"},{"link_name":"mash-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(music)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyShea2007[8]-13"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Analysis often displays a compositional impulse while compositions often \"display an analytical impulse\"[13] but \"though intertextual analyses often succeed through simple verbal description there are good reasons to literally compose the proposed connections. We actually hear how these songs [different musical settings of Goethe's \"Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt\"] resonate with one another, comment upon and affect one another ... in a way, the music speaks for itself\".[14] This analytic bent is obvious in recent trends in popular music including the mash-ups of various songs.[13]","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musicologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music"},{"link_name":"oral traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"immanent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanence"},{"link_name":"poietic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poietic"},{"link_name":"esthesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthesic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990135%E2%80%93136-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990140-17"},{"link_name":"Allen Forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Forte"},{"link_name":"musical set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory_(music)"},{"link_name":"La cathédrale engloutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReti1951194%E2%80%93206-18"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMie1929-19"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer195648-20"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Well-Tempered Clavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Tempered_Clavier"},{"link_name":"Schenkerian analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis"}],"text":"Analysis is an activity most often engaged in by musicologists and most often applied to western classical music, although music of non-western cultures and of unnotated oral traditions is also often analysed. An analysis can be conducted on a single piece of music, on a portion or element of a piece or on a collection of pieces. A musicologist's stance is his or her analytical situation. This includes the physical dimension or corpus being studied, the level of stylistic relevance studied, and whether the description provided by the analysis is of its immanent structure, compositional (or poietic) processes, perceptual (or esthesic) processes,[15] all three, or a mixture.Stylistic levels may be hierarchized as an inverted triangle:[16]universals of music\nsystem (style) of reference\nstyle of a genre or an epoch\nstyle of composer X\nstyle of a period in the life of a composer\nworkNattiez outlines six analytical situations, preferring the sixth::[17]Examples:\"...tackles only the immanent configuration of the work.\" Allen Forte's musical set theory\n\"...proceed[s] from an analysis of the neutral level to drawing conclusions about the poietic\" – Reti analysis of Debussy's La cathédrale engloutie[18]\nThe reverse of the previous, taking \"a poietic document—letters, plans, sketches— ... and analyzes the work in the light of this information.\" Paul Mie, \"stylistic analysis of Beethoven in terms of the sketches\"[19][incomplete short citation]\nThe most common, grounded in \"perceptive introspection, or in a certain number of general ideas concerning musical perception ... a musicologist ... describes what they think is the listener's perception of the passage\",[20][incomplete short citation], analysis of measures 9–11 of Bach's C minor fugue in Book I of the Well-Tempered Clavier\n\"Begins with information collected from listeners to attempt to understand how the work has been perceived ... obviously how experimental psychologists would work\"\n\"The case in which an immanent analysis is equally relevant to the poietic as to the esthesic.\" Schenkerian analysis, which, based on the sketches of Beethoven (external poietics) eventually show through analysis how the works must be played and perceived (inductive esthesics)","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmonic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis_(music)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChailley1951104-21"}],"sub_title":"Compositional analysis","text":"Jacques Chailley views analysis entirely from a compositional viewpoint, arguing that, \"since analysis consists of 'putting oneself in the composer's shoes,' and explaining what he was experiencing as he was writing, it is obvious that we should not think of studying a work in terms of criteria foreign to the author's own preoccupations, no more in tonal analysis than in harmonic analysis.\"[21]","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1971112-22"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"Edward T. Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_T._Cone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECone196041-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1970196-23"}],"sub_title":"Perceptual analysis","text":"On the other hand, Fay argues that, \"analytic discussions of music are often concerned with processes that are not immediately perceivable. It may be that the analyst is concerned merely with applying a collection of rules concerning practice, or with the description of the compositional process. But whatever he [or she] aims, he often fails—most notably in twentieth-century music—to illuminate our immediate musical experience,\"[22][incomplete short citation] and thus views analysis entirely from a perceptual viewpoint, as does Edward T. Cone, \"true analysis works through and for the ear. The greatest analysts are those with the keenest ears; their insights reveal how a piece of music should be heard, which in turn implies how it should be played. An analysis is a direction for performance,\"[5] and Thomson: \"It seems only reasonable to believe that a healthy analytical point of view is that which is so nearly isomorphic with the perceptual act.\"[23]","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schenker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"The Rite of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulez1966142-24"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990138%E2%80%9339-25"},{"link_name":"Jean Molino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Molino"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolino1975a50%E2%80%9351-26"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990137-27"}],"sub_title":"Analyses of the immanent level","text":"Analyses of the immanent level include analyses by Alder[citation needed], Heinrich Schenker, and the \"ontological structuralism\" of the analyses of Pierre Boulez, who says in his analysis of The Rite of Spring,[24][incomplete short citation] \"must I repeat here that I have not pretended to discover a creative process, but concern myself with the result, whose only tangibles are mathematical relationships? If I have been able to find all these structural characteristics, it is because they are there, and I don't care whether they were put there consciously or unconsciously, or with what degree of acuteness they informed [the composer's] understanding of his conception; I care very little for all such interaction between the work and 'genius'.\"Again, Nattiez argues that the above three approaches, by themselves, are necessarily incomplete and that an analysis of all three levels is required.[25] Jean Molino[26][incomplete short citation] shows that musical analysis shifted from an emphasis upon the poietic vantage point to an esthesic one at the beginning of the eighteenth century.[27]","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hermeneutic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutic"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Gregorian chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant"},{"link_name":"keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_key"},{"link_name":"atonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonality"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuillermoz195764-28"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"anacrusis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacrusis"},{"link_name":"figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_(music)"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarburton1952151-29"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"phenomenological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen"},{"link_name":"The Classical Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Style"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1971-30"},{"link_name":"Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_(music)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1973242%E2%80%93268-31"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"coup de théâtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coup_de_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETovey1978213vol._1-32"}],"sub_title":"Nonformalized analyses","text":"Nattiez distinguishes between nonformalized and formalized analyses. Nonformalized analyses, apart from musical and analytical terms, do not use resources or techniques other than language. He further distinguishes nonformalized analyses between impressionistic, paraphrases, or hermeneutic readings of the text (explications de texte). Impressionistic analyses are in \"a more or less high-literary style, proceeding from an initial selection of elements deemed characteristic,\" such as the following description of the opening of Claude Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun: \"The alternation of binary and ternary divisions of the eighth notes, the sly feints made by the three pauses, soften the phrase so much, render it so fluid, that it escapes all arithmetical rigors. It floats between heaven and earth like a Gregorian chant; it glides over signposts marking traditional divisions; it slips so furtively between various keys that it frees itself effortlessly from their grasp, and one must await the first appearance of a harmonic underpinning before the melody takes graceful leave of this causal atonality\".[28][incomplete short citation]Paraphrases are a \"respeaking\" in plain words of the events of the text with little interpretation or addition, such as the following description of the \"Bourée\" of Bach's Third Suite: \"An anacrusis, an initial phrase in D major. The figure marked (a) is immediately repeated, descending through a third, and it is employed throughout the piece. This phrase is immediately elided into its consequent, which modulates from D to A major. This figure (a) is used again two times, higher each time; this section is repeated.\"[29][incomplete short citation]\"Hermeneutic reading of a musical text is based on a description, a 'naming' of the melody's elements, but adds to it a hermeneutic and phenomenological depth that, in the hands of a talented writer, can result in genuine interpretive masterworks.... All the illustrations in Abraham's and Dahlhaus's Melodielehre (1972) are historical in character; Rosen's essays in The Classical Style (1971)[30] seek to grasp the essence of an epoch's style; Meyer's analysis of Beethoven's Farewell Sonata[31][incomplete short citation] penetrates melody from the vantage point of perceived structures.\" He gives as a last example the following description of Franz Schubert's Unfinished Symphony: \"The transition from first to second subject is always a difficult piece of musical draughtsmanship; and in the rare cases where Schubert accomplishes it with smoothness, the effort otherwise exhausts him to the verge of dullness (as in the slow movement of the otherwise great A minor Quartet). Hence, in his most inspired works the transition is accomplished by an abrupt coup de théâtre; and of all such coups, no doubt the crudest is that in the Unfinished Symphony. Very well then; here is a new thing in the history of the symphony, not more new, not more simple than the new things which turned up in each of Beethoven's nine. Never mind its historic origin, take it on its merits. Is it not a most impressive moment?\".[32]","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenoweth19721979-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerndon19741975-34"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"chorales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorale"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni_and_Jacoboni1976[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2015]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2015)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-35"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1955222-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolinski1956-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990164-38"}],"sub_title":"Formalized analyses","text":"Formalized analyses propose models for melodic functions or simulate music. Meyer distinguishes between global models, which \"provide an image of the whole corpus being studied, by listing characteristics, classifying phenomena, or both; they furnish statistical evaluation,\" and linear models which \"do not try to reconstitute the whole melody in order of real time succession of melodic events. Linear models ... describe a corpus by means of a system of rules encompassing not only the hierarchical organization of the melody, but also the distribution, environment, and context of events, examples including the explanation of 'succession of pitches in New Guinean chants in terms of distributional constraints governing each melodic interval' by Chenoweth[33] the transformational analysis by Herndon,[34] and the 'grammar for the soprano part in Bach's chorales [which,] when tested by computer ... allows us to generate melodies in Bach's style' by Baroni and Jacoboni.[35][This quote needs a citation]Global models are further distinguished as analysis by traits, which \"identify the presence or absence of a particular variable, and makes a collective image of the song, genre, or style being considered by means of a table, or classificatory analysis, which sorts phenomena into classes,\" one example being \"trait listing\" by Helen Roberts,[36] and classificatory analysis, which \"sorts phenomena into classes,\" examples being the universal system for classifying melodic contours by Kolinski.[37] Classificatory analyses often call themselves taxonomical. \"Making the basis for the analysis explicit is a fundamental criterion in this approach, so delimiting units is always accompanied by carefully defining units in terms of their constituent variables.\"[38]","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1973chapter_7-39"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"Milton Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabbitt1972-40"},{"link_name":"Boretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Boretz"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoretz1969-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990167-42"}],"sub_title":"Intermediary analyses","text":"Nattiez lastly proposes intermediary models \"between reductive formal precision, and impressionist laxity.\" These include Schenker, Meyer (classification of melodic structure),[39][incomplete short citation] Narmour, and Lerdahl-Jackendoff's \"use of graphics without appealing to a system of formalized rules,\" complementing and not replacing the verbal analyses. These are in contrast to the formalized models of Milton Babbitt[40] and Boretz.[41] According to Nattiez, Boretz \"seems to be confusing his own formal, logical model with an immanent essence he then ascribes to music,\" and Babbitt \"defines a musical theory as a hypothetical-deductive system ... but if we look closely at what he says, we quickly realize that the theory also seeks to legitimize a music yet to come; that is, that it is also normative ... transforming the value of the theory into an aesthetic norm ... from an anthropological standpoint, that is a risk that is difficult to countenance.\" Similarly, \"Boretz enthusiastically embraces logical formalism, while evading the question of knowing how the data—whose formalization he proposes—have been obtained\".[42]","title":"Analytical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Pelléas et Mélisande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debussy_Pelleas_et_Melisande_prelude_opening.PNG"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibowitz1971-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaloy1902-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Appeldorn1966-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist1966-46"},{"link_name":"ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ornamentation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist1966[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2015]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2015)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990173-48"},{"link_name":"sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological"},{"link_name":"measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(music)"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibowitz1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2015]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2015)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-49"},{"link_name":"dialectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"},{"link_name":"extended chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_chord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debussy_Pelleas_et_Melisande_prelude_5-6.PNG"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlacking197317%E2%80%9318-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1990168-51"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony"},{"link_name":"concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto"},{"link_name":"quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet"},{"link_name":"Roger Scruton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScruton1978175%E2%80%93176-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardin197469-53"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"}],"text":"Typically a given work is analyzed by more than one person and different or divergent analyses are created. For instance, the first two bars of the prelude to Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande:Debussy Pelléas et Mélisande prelude openingare analyzed differently by Leibowitz[43] Laloy,[44] van Appledorn,[45] and Christ.[46] Leibowitz analyses this succession harmonically as D minor:I–VII–V, ignoring melodic motion, Laloy analyses the succession as D:I–V, seeing the G in the second measure as an ornament, and both van Appledorn and Christ[47] analyses the succession as D:I–VII.Nattiez[48] argues that this divergence is due to the analysts' respective analytic situations, and to what he calls transcendent principles (1997b: 853, what George Holton might call \"themata\"), the \"philosophical project[s]\", \"underlying principles\", or a prioris of analyses, one example being Nattiez's use of the tripartitional definition of sign, and what, after epistemological historian Paul Veyne, he calls plots.Van Appledorn sees the succession as D:I–VII so as to allow the interpretation of the first chord in measure five, which Laloy sees as a dominant seventh on D (V/IV) with a diminished fifth (despite that the IV doesn't arrive till measure twelve), while van Appledorn sees it as a French sixth on D, D–F♯–A♭–[C] in the usual second inversion. This means that D is the second degree and the required reference to the first degree, C, being established by the D:VII or C major chord. \"The need to explain the chord in measure five establishes that C–E–G is 'equally important' as the D–(F)–A of measure one.\" Leibowitz[49] gives only the bass for chord, E indicating the progression I–II an \"unreal\" progression in keeping with his \"dialectic between the real and the unreal\" used in the analysis, while Christ explains the chord as an augmented eleventh with a bass of B♭, interpreting it as a traditional tertian extended chord.Debussy's Pélleas et Mélisande prelude, measures 5–6Not only does an analyst select particular traits, they arrange them according to a plot [intrigue].... Our sense of the component parts of a musical work, like our sense of historical 'facts,' is mediated by lived experience.\" (176)While John Blacking,[50] among others, holds that \"there is ultimately only one explanation and ... this could be discovered by a context-sensitive analysis of the music in culture,\" according to Nattiez[51] and others, \"there is never only one valid musical analysis for any given work.\" Blacking gives as example: \"everyone disagrees hotly and stakes his [or her] academic reputation on what Mozart really meant in this or that bar of his symphonies, concertos, or quartets. If we knew exactly what went on inside Mozart's mind when he wrote them, there could be only one explanation\". (93) However, Nattiez points out that even if we could determine \"what Mozart was thinking\" we would still be lacking an analysis of the neutral and esthesic levels.Roger Scruton,[52] in a review of Nattiez's Fondements, says one may, \"describe it as you like so long as you hear it correctly ... certain descriptions suggest wrong ways of hearing it ... what is obvious to hear [in Pélleas et Mélisande] is the contrast in mood and atmosphere between the 'modal' passage and the bars which follow it.\" Nattiez counters that if compositional intent were identical to perception, \"historians of musical language could take a permanent nap.... Scruton sets himself up as a universal, absolute conscience for the 'right' perception of the Pélleas et Mélisande. But hearing is an active symbolic process (which must be explained): nothing in perception is self-evident.\"Thus Nattiez suggests that analyses, especially those intending \"a semiological orientation, should ... at least include a comparative critique of already-written analyses, when they exist, so as to explain why the work has taken on this or that image constructed by this or that writer: all analysis is a representation; [and] an explanation of the analytical criteria used in the new analysis, so that any critique of this new analysis could be situated in relation to that analysis's own objectives and methods. As Jean-Claude Gardin so rightly remarks, 'no physicist, no biologist is surprised when asked to indicate, in the context of a new theory, the physical data and the mental operations that led to its formulation'.[53][incomplete short citation] Making one's procedures explicit would help to create a cumulative progress in knowledge.\" (177)[incomplete short citation]","title":"Divergent analyses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cook, Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Cook"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-96255-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96255-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8108-5887-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5887-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-37011-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-37011-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9690583-2-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690583-2-2"}],"text":"Cook, Nicholas. 1992. A Guide to Musical Analysis. ISBN 0-393-96255-5.\nHoek, D. J. (2007). Analyses of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music, 1940–2000. ISBN 0-8108-5887-8.\nKresky, Jeffrey. 1977. Tonal Music: Twelve Analytic Studies. ISBN 0-253-37011-6.\nPoirier, Lucien, ed. 1983. Répertoire bibliographique de textes de presentation generale et d'analyse d'oeuvres musicales canadienne, 1900–1980 = Canadian Musical Works, 1900–1980: a Bibliography of General and Analytical Sources. ISBN 0-9690583-2-2","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Approaches or techniques to musical analysis. Assumption and advocating could be considered missing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Musical_analysis_shape.png/175px-Musical_analysis_shape.png"},{"image_text":"Debussy Pelléas et Mélisande prelude opening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Debussy_Pelleas_et_Melisande_prelude_opening.PNG/400px-Debussy_Pelleas_et_Melisande_prelude_opening.PNG"},{"image_text":"Debussy's Pélleas et Mélisande prelude, measures 5–6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Debussy_Pelleas_et_Melisande_prelude_5-6.PNG/400px-Debussy_Pelleas_et_Melisande_prelude_5-6.PNG"}]
[{"title":"List of music software § Music analysis software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_software#Music_analysis_software"}]
[{"reference":"Babbitt, Milton. 1972. \"Contemporary Music Composition and Music Theory as Contemporary Intellectual History\". In Perspectives in Musicology: The Inaugural Lectures of the Ph. D. Program in Music at the City University of New York, edited by Barry S. Brook, Edward Downes, and Sherman Van Solkema, 270–307. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02142-4. Reprinted, New York: Pendragon Press, 1985. ISBN 0-918728-50-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Babbitt","url_text":"Babbitt, Milton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02142-4","url_text":"0-393-02142-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918728-50-9","url_text":"0-918728-50-9"}]},{"reference":"BaileyShea, Matt. 2007. \"Filleted Mignon: A New Recipe for Analysis and Recomposition\". Music Theory Online 13, no. 4 (December).","urls":[{"url":"http://mto.societymusictheory.org/issues/mto.07.13.4/mto.07.13.4.baileyshea.html#FN3REF","url_text":"Filleted Mignon: A New Recipe for Analysis and Recomposition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Theory_Online","url_text":"Music Theory Online"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Amy. 2004. \"'Tone-Color, Movement, Changing Harmonic Planes': Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music\", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology, edited by Arved Ashby, 121–152. Eastman Studies in Music 29. Rochester: University of Rochester Press; Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, Ltd. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-143-3","url_text":"1-58046-143-3"}]},{"reference":"Bent, Ian. 1987. Analysis. London: MacMillan Press. ISBN 0-333-41732-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bent","url_text":"Bent, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-41732-1","url_text":"0-333-41732-1"}]},{"reference":"Bernard, Jonathan. 1981. \"Pitch/Register in the Music of Edgar Varèse.\" Music Theory Spectrum 3:1–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Theory_Spectrum","url_text":"Music Theory Spectrum"}]},{"reference":"Blacking, John (1973). How Musical Is Man?. Seattle: University of Washington Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boretz, Benjamin. 1969. \"Meta-Variations: Studies in the Foundationbs of Musical Thought (I)\". Perspectives of New Music 8, no. 1 (Fall–Winter): 1–74.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Boretz","url_text":"Boretz, Benjamin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music","url_text":"Perspectives of New Music"}]},{"reference":"Boretz, Benjamin. 1972. \"Meta-Variations, Part IV: Analytic Fallout (I)\". Perspectives of New Music 11, no. 1 (Fall–Winter): 146–223.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chailley, Jacques. 1951. La musique médiévale, with a preface by Gustave Cohen. Les grands musiciens 1. Paris: Coudrier.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chailley","url_text":"Chailley, Jacques"}]},{"reference":"Chenoweth, Vida. 1972. Melodic Perception and Analysis. [Ukarumpa, E.H.D., Papua New Guinea]: Summer Institute of Linguistics.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christ, William (1966), Materials and Structure of Music (1st ed.), Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-560342-0, OCLC 412237","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-560342-0","url_text":"0-13-560342-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/412237","url_text":"412237"}]},{"reference":"Cone, Edward T. (1960). \"Analysis Today\". In Morgan, Robert P. (ed.). Music: A View from Delft. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 1989). pp. 39–54. ISBN 978-0-226-11469-9. LCCN 88-20659. OCLC 18290659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cone","url_text":"Cone, Edward T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11469-9","url_text":"978-0-226-11469-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88-20659","url_text":"88-20659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18290659","url_text":"18290659"}]},{"reference":"Cone, Edward T. (1960). \"Analysis Today\". In Morgan, Robert P. (ed.). Music: A View from Delft. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 1989). pp. 39–54. ISBN 978-0-226-11469-9. LCCN 88-20659. OCLC 18290659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cone","url_text":"Cone, Edward T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11469-9","url_text":"978-0-226-11469-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88-20659","url_text":"88-20659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18290659","url_text":"18290659"}]},{"reference":"Dahlhaus, Carl. 1989. The Idea of Absolute Music, translated by Roger Lustig. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus","url_text":"Dahlhaus, Carl"}]},{"reference":"DeVoto, Mark. 2003. \"Analysis\". The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth editions, edited by Don Michael Randel. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01163-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel","url_text":"Don Michael Randel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01163-5","url_text":"0-674-01163-5"}]},{"reference":"Guck, Marion A. (1994). \"Rehabilitating the incorrigible\", Theory, Analysis and Meaning in Music, ed. Anthony Pople. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 57–74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Laloy, L. 1902. \"Sur deux accords\", Revue musicale. Reprinted in La musique retrouvée. Paris: Plon, 1928, pp. 115–118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fred Lerdahl","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leibowitz, René. 1971. \"Pelléas et Mélisande ou les fantômes de la réalité\", Les Temps Modernes, no. 305:891–922.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nattiez, Jean-Jacques 1990. Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, translated by Caroline Abbate. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02714-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez","url_text":"Nattiez, Jean-Jacques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02714-5","url_text":"0-691-02714-5"}]},{"reference":"Reti, Rudolph. 1951. The Thematic Process in Music. London: Faber & Faber.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Reti","url_text":"Reti, Rudolph"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Charles. 1971. The Classical Style. New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 9780670225101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen","url_text":"Rosen, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classical_Style","url_text":"The Classical Style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670225101","url_text":"9780670225101"}]},{"reference":"Satyendra, Ramon. \"Analyzing the Unity within Contrast: Chick Corea's 'Starlight'\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scruton, Roger. 1978. [full citation needed].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton","url_text":"Scruton, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include","url_text":"full citation needed"}]},{"reference":"Sessions, Roger 1951. Harmonic Practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace. LCCN 51-8476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sessions","url_text":"Sessions, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number","url_text":"LCCN"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Deborah. 2005. Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517010-5","url_text":"0-19-517010-5"}]},{"reference":"Tovey, Donald Francis. 1978 [1935–1939]. Essays in Musical Analysis, 6 vols. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 912417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey","url_text":"Tovey, Donald Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/912417","url_text":"912417"}]},{"reference":"van Appeldorn, M.-J. 1966. \"Stylistic Study of Claude Debussy's Opera Pelléas et Mélisande\". Ph.D. diss., Rochester: Eastman School of Music. Cited in Nattiez (1990).","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder
Porcelain gallbladder
["1 Symptoms and signs","1.1 Association with cancer","2 Diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 References","5 External links"]
Medical conditionPorcelain gallbladderOther namesCalcified gallbladderPorcelain gallbladder on X-raySpecialtyGastroenterology, hepatology  Porcelain gallbladder is a calcification of the gallbladder believed to be brought on by excessive gallstones, although the exact cause is not clear. As with gallstone disease in general, this condition occurs mostly in overweight female patients of middle age. It is a morphological variant of chronic cholecystitis. Inflammatory scarring of the wall, combined with dystrophic calcification within the wall transforms the gallbladder into a porcelain-like vessel. Removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) is the recommended treatment. Symptoms and signs Symptoms are similar to gallstones and can include abdominal pain (especially after eating), jaundice, and vomiting. Porcelain gallbladder can also be asymptomatic and discovered on imaging obtained for a different reason. Association with cancer The assertion that porcelain gallbladder increases the incidence of gallbladder cancer is widely taught in medical schools but is based on studies from 1931 and 1962. A prominent study aid for surgical residents even states that the risk of cancer in a porcelain gallbladder is 15%. The precise nature of the association between gallbladder cancer and porcelain gallbladder is uncertain. Two articles published in 2001 examined the association between cancer of the gallbladder and calcified gallbladder. The first study reviewed 10,741 cholecystectomies and found that the 88 patients with gallbladder cancer did not have calcified gallbladders while the 15 patients with porcelain gallbladders did not have gallbladder cancer. The second study reviewed 25,900 gallbladder specimens and found 150 patients with cancer and 44 patients with calcified gallbladders of two types (intramural calcification and selective mucosal calcification). The selective mucosal calcification group showed a 7% incidence of cancer with a significant odds ratio of 13.89. An article published in 2013 reviewed 111 studies and found 340 patients with gallbladder wall calcification showed a 21% overall rate of gallbladder malignancy; however, when studies with obvious selection bias were excluded the rate of gallbladder malignancy fell to 6%. Comparatively, a matched cohort without gallbladder calcification showed a 1% rate of gallbladder malignancy. Diagnosis Abdominal radiography (X-ray), abdominal ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment Due to the increased risk for gallbladder cancer, the recommended treatment is cholecystectomy which usually includes pre-operative or intra-operative imaging of the biliary tree. Cholecystectomy may be performed via an open incision or via laparoscopic methods, but gallbladder anatomy and consistency may complicate the operation. Based on evidence in the current literature, a prophylactic cholecystectomy is not routinely recommended for all patients with porcelain gallbladder and should be restricted to those with conventional indications, such as young patients References ^ a b Towfigh, S; McFadden, DW; Cortina, GR; Thompson Jr, JE; Tompkins, RK; Chandler, C; Hines, OJ (2001). "Porcelain gallbladder is not associated with gallbladder carcinoma". The American Surgeon. 67 (1): 7–10. PMID 11206901. ^ Fiser, Steven (2013). The ABSITE Review (4th ed.). LWW. ISBN 978-1451186901. ^ a b Stephen, Antonia E.; Berger, David L. (2001). "Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder: A relationship revisited". Surgery. 129 (6): 699–703. doi:10.1067/msy.2001.113888. PMID 11391368. ^ Schnelldorfer, Thomas (June 2013). "Porcelain Gallbladder: A Benign Process or Concern for Malignancy?". Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 17 (6): 1161–1168. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2170-0. PMID 23423431. ^ Tomioka, T.; Tajima, Y.; Inoue, K.; Onizuka, S.; Ikematsu, Y.; Kanematsu, T. (March 1997). "Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Is a Safe Procedure for the Treatment of Porcelain Gallbladder". Endoscopy. 29 (3): 225. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1004172. PMID 9201480. ^ Machado, Norman O. (November 2016). "Porcelain Gallbladder". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 16 (4): e416–e421. doi:10.18295/squmj.2016.16.04.003. ISSN 2075-051X. PMC 5135451. PMID 28003886. External links ClassificationDICD-10: K82.8ICD-9-CM: 575.8External resourceseMedicine: radio/569 eMedicine.com – Porcelain Gallbladder by Ali Nawaz Khan and Margaret Aird vteDiseases of the human digestive systemUpper GI tractEsophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory–Weiss syndrome Zenker's diverticulum Barrett's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Esophageal stricture Inlet patch Megaesophagus Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis Acute esophageal necrosis Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic (gastric) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy's lesion Dyspepsia Functional dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Buried bumper syndrome Gastrinoma Zollinger–Ellison syndrome Lower GI tract EnteropathySmall intestine (Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic (duodenal) ulcer Curling's ulcer Malabsorption: Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Whipple's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine (Appendix/Colon) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Dysentery Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis/SCAD Large and/or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn's disease Vascular: Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction: Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Functional Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome Anal canal Anal fissure/Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding Blood in stool Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia AccessoryLiver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver MASLD Vascular Budd–Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstone / Cholelithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct/ Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula OtherHernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit's Grynfeltt–Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Williams_(iron-master)
Edward Williams (iron-master)
["1 Early life","2 London and meeting John Vaughan","3 In Middlesbrough","4 Later years","5 Family","6 References"]
Welsh iron-master (1826-1886) Edward Williams (10 February 1826 – 9 June 1886) was a Welsh teacher, industrialist and iron-master. Born in Merthyr Tydfil, he was part of a migration of Welsh iron-workers who moved to Middlesbrough, England, in the 1860s. Williams was the eldest son of Taliesin Williams and the grandson of Iolo Morganwg. Early life Edward's father, Taliesin was a notable poet and author, who had moved to Merthyr Tydfil in 1816 to open a school. It was at this school that the young Edward was educated and began a career in teaching, becoming assistant master. In 1842 Williams left his teaching role for the relatively junior position of office clerk at the Dowlais Ironworks. However, Williams was soon noted within the local iron industry as a knowledgeable and energetic figure, taking an active part in the founding of the South Wales Institute of Engineers, and acting as the institute's secretary from its inception in 1857 until his move to London. London and meeting John Vaughan Williams worked at Dowlais until 1864, when he was appointed as manager of the Dowlais Company's London house. In London, Williams came into close contact with the leading iron-masters of the country. His knowledge of the industry impressed John Vaughan, an iron-master who had worked his way up through the Dowlais works, and had established his own ironworks at Middlesbrough. Vaughan asked Williams to preside over the floatation of his company, Bolckow Vaughan in 1864, and become the new companies' general manager the following year. Williams would oversee the companies transition from private partnership to the largest registered company ever formed. In Middlesbrough After just a year in London, Williams had moved to Middlesbrough with Bolckow Vaughan. Williams extended the scope of the companies operations, acquiring more collieries in Durham and iron-mining rights in Spain. In 1868 he was elected president of the North of England Iron-Masters’ Association, and was one of the founders (and presidents) of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, receiving the institute's Bessemer medal in May 1886. Williams became a respected figure in Middlesbrough, playing a prominent part in the town's public life. He was made a justice of the peace and a member of the town council, and a member of the School Board from its formation. He was also the prime advocate in developing Middlesbrough's dock area. He served as alderman and magistrate before being elected just the second Mayor of Middlesbrough in 1872. Following his financial successes in the town, Williams purchased the Linthorpe iron-works in 1879, becoming an iron-master in his own right. Later years Williams maintained an active interest in Wales and the South Wales iron industry, returning to the South Wales Institute of Engineers as president from 1881 until 1883. When the iron industry began to give way to steel, The industry sought to benefit from Williams' knowledge and guidance in an economically turbulent period, and Williams assisted in planning the long and costly rebuild of Cyfarthfa Ironworks, in 1884. Family Williams was the grandson of the famous Iolo Morganwg and the son of Taliesin Williams. Edward's three sons Illtyd, Aneurin Williams and Penry Williams were also prominent figures in the North East of England, and the Welsh communities on Teesside. Penry Williams won the seats of Middlesbrough for the Liberal Party and Aneurin also won the Consett seat in 1918. Through Aneurin, he is the grandfather of Ursula Williams and Iolo Aneurin Williams. Iolo's son, also named Edward was a composer and electronic music pioneer. References ^ Walter Thomas Morgan (1959). "Williams, Edward (1826-1886), iron-master". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 28 November 2021. ^ Charles Wilkins (of Merthyr-Tydfil.) (1903). The history of the iron, steel, tinplate and ... other trades of Wales: with descriptive sketches of the land and the people during the great industrial era under review. Joseph Williams. Retrieved 15 October 2012. ^ a b "JOHN, EDWARD THOMAS (1857 - 1931), industrialist and politician". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ Institution of Civil Engineers, Obituary, 1869. ^ Durham Mining Museum: Bolckow, Vaughan & Co. Ltd. This shows that the date in the Dictionary of National Biography (Bölckow, Henry William Ferdinand) is inaccurate. ^ "Steel Making at Cyfarthfa". The Western Mail. 17 May 1884. p. 2. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ Richard Lewis and David Ward (1994–95). "Culture, Politics and Assimilation: The Welsh on Teesside, c.1850-1940". Welsh History Review. 17 (1–4): 551–570.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Taliesin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin_Williams"},{"link_name":"Iolo Morganwg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg"}],"text":"Edward Williams (10 February 1826 – 9 June 1886)[1] was a Welsh teacher, industrialist and iron-master. Born in Merthyr Tydfil, he was part of a migration of Welsh iron-workers who moved to Middlesbrough, England, in the 1860s. Williams was the eldest son of Taliesin Williams and the grandson of Iolo Morganwg.","title":"Edward Williams (iron-master)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taliesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merthyr-Tydfil.)1903-2"},{"link_name":"Dowlais Ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlais_Ironworks"}],"text":"Edward's father, Taliesin was a notable poet and author, who had moved to Merthyr Tydfil in 1816 to open a school. It was at this school that the young Edward was educated and began a career in teaching, becoming assistant master.[2]In 1842 Williams left his teaching role for the relatively junior position of office clerk at the Dowlais Ironworks. However, Williams was soon noted within the local iron industry as a knowledgeable and energetic figure, taking an active part in the founding of the South Wales Institute of Engineers, and acting as the institute's secretary from its inception in 1857 until his move to London.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-3"},{"link_name":"John Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vaughan_(ironmaster)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICE-4"},{"link_name":"Bolckow Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolckow_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Williams worked at Dowlais until 1864, when he was appointed as manager of the Dowlais Company's London house.[3] In London, Williams came into close contact with the leading iron-masters of the country. His knowledge of the industry impressed John Vaughan, an iron-master who had worked his way up through the Dowlais works, and had established his own ironworks at Middlesbrough.[4]Vaughan asked Williams to preside over the floatation of his company, Bolckow Vaughan in 1864, and become the new companies' general manager the following year. Williams would oversee the companies transition from private partnership to the largest registered company ever formed.[5]","title":"London and meeting John Vaughan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Bolckow Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolckow_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWB-3"}],"text":"After just a year in London, Williams had moved to Middlesbrough with Bolckow Vaughan. Williams extended the scope of the companies operations, acquiring more collieries in Durham and iron-mining rights in Spain. In 1868 he was elected president of the North of England Iron-Masters’ Association, and was one of the founders (and presidents) of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, receiving the institute's Bessemer medal in May 1886.Williams became a respected figure in Middlesbrough, playing a prominent part in the town's public life. He was made a justice of the peace and a member of the town council, and a member of the School Board from its formation. He was also the prime advocate in developing Middlesbrough's dock area. He served as alderman and magistrate before being elected just the second Mayor of Middlesbrough in 1872. Following his financial successes in the town, Williams purchased the Linthorpe iron-works in 1879, becoming an iron-master in his own right.[3]","title":"In Middlesbrough"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyfarthfa Ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Williams maintained an active interest in Wales and the South Wales iron industry, returning to the South Wales Institute of Engineers as president from 1881 until 1883. When the iron industry began to give way to steel, The industry sought to benefit from Williams' knowledge and guidance in an economically turbulent period, and Williams assisted in planning the long and costly rebuild of Cyfarthfa Ironworks, in 1884.[6]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iolo Morganwg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg"},{"link_name":"Taliesin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin_Williams"},{"link_name":"Aneurin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurin_Williams"},{"link_name":"Penry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penry_Williams"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Consett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consett_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ursula Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Williams"},{"link_name":"Iolo Aneurin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolo_Aneurin_Williams"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Williams_(composer)"}],"text":"Williams was the grandson of the famous Iolo Morganwg and the son of Taliesin Williams. Edward's three sons Illtyd, Aneurin Williams and Penry Williams were also prominent figures in the North East of England, and the Welsh communities on Teesside. Penry Williams won the seats of Middlesbrough for the Liberal Party and Aneurin also won the Consett seat in 1918.[7]Through Aneurin, he is the grandfather of Ursula Williams and Iolo Aneurin Williams. Iolo's son, also named Edward was a composer and electronic music pioneer.","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbridge_Lion
Corbridge Lion
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°58′41″N 2°01′48″W / 54.978°N 2.030°W / 54.978; -2.030Ancient Roman sandstone sculpture The Corbridge Lion in the Roman Corbridge Museum The Corbridge Lion, Northumberland, England, is an ancient Roman free-standing sandstone sculpture of a male lion standing on a prone animal (possibly a deer) on a semi-cylindrical coping stone base. Measuring 0.95m in length by 0.36m in width and 0.87m high, it was originally a piece of decorative funerary ornamentation from a tomb. It was subsequently re-used as a fountainhead by passing a water pipe through its mouth. It was found in a water tank in 1907 in excavations led by Leonard Woolley on Site II (a corridor building with tesselated floors, hypocausts, and painted wallplaster that has been suggested as a mansio or posting station) on the Roman site at Corbridge. It is believed to date to the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD. Woolley noted that it was found whilst he was at the bank in Corbridge collecting the workers' wages, and that when they revealed their discovery to him upon his return, the man who excavated it commented "when I first saw that there lion he had a blooming orange in 'is mouth!". At least four other stone lions have been found at Corbridge: two were excavated in association with the enclosure wall around a 2nd-century mausoleum at Shorden Brae, in the cemetery just west of the Roman town, one was found built into a wall in the village, and another (now lost) was in a private museum owned by Bartholomew Lumley during the early 19th century. The Corbridge Lion is now on display in the Corbridge Roman site museum run by English Heritage. References ^ a b Phillips, E.J. (1977). Corpus Signorum Imperium Romani I,i Corbridge, Hadrian's Wall East of the North Tyne. Oxford. ^ Woolley, L. (1953). Spadework: Adventures in Archaeology. Lutterworth Press. p. 16. ^ Gillam, J.P.; Daniels, C.M. (1961). ""The Roman mausoleum on Shorden Brae, Beaufront, Corbridge, Northumberland"". Archaeologia Aeliana (39): 37–62. ^ Dickinson, Gillian (2000). Corbridge; The Last Two Thousand Years. London: The Spredden Press. External links Corbridge Roman site Corbridge: A Tale of Two Lions 54°58′41″N 2°01′48″W / 54.978°N 2.030°W / 54.978; -2.030
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[{"image_text":"The Corbridge Lion in the Roman Corbridge Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Corbridge_Lion.jpg/290px-Corbridge_Lion.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedei
Tedei
["1 Country","2 People","3 Social organisation","4 Alternative names","5 Notes","5.1 Citations","6 Sources"]
Indigenous Western Australian people The Tedei, otherwise known as the Thirrily, are an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Australia. They are a branch of the Yingkarta. Country Tedei land consisted of some 3,100 square miles (8,000 km2) extending from the east coast of Shark Bay through to the Wooramel River valley's headwaters as far as Pimbie, Carey Downs and the vicinity of Towrana. It included the coastal area north of Yaringa. inland to the headwaters, north only to Pimbie. Their limits were defined as a day's walk from either bank of the Wooramel. People The Tedei were once classified as an autonomous tribe. The work of linguist Peter Austin points to the conclusion that they, the Tedei/Thirrily, were actually a dialect division of the Yingkarta, together with the Mandi tribe. Social organisation The Tedei did not practice circumcision or Pazam. Alternative names Tjoki Choekie Chockie Notes Citations ^ a b c Tindale 1974, p. 257. ^ Austin 1988. Sources "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS. "Tindale Tribal Boundaries" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016. Austin, Peter (1988). Aboriginal languages of the Gascoyne-Ashburton region. Vol. 1. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics. pp. 43–63. Oldfield, Augustus (1865). "On the aborigines of Australia". Transactions of the Ethnological Society. 3. London: 215–298. doi:10.2307/3014165. JSTOR 3014165. Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Tedei (WA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. vteAboriginal peoples of Western AustraliaPeoples Amangu Arnga Bardi Badimaya Bailgu Baiyungu Ballardong Binigura Bunuba Buruna Djaru Duulngari Dyiwali Gija Gooniyandi Gugadja Ildawongga Inawongga Inggarda Jaburara Jabirr Jabirr Jadira Jawi Jukun Kalaako Kalamaia Kambure Kaneang Karajarri Kariera Kartudjara Keiadjara Koara Koreng Kurajarra Kurrama Madoitja Maduwongga Maia Malgana Malgaru Malngin Mandara Mandi Mandjildjara Mandjindja Mangala Mantjintjarra Ngalia Mardudunera Martu Mineng Miriwung Mirning Miwa Murunitja Nakako Nanda Nangatadjara Nangatara Ngaanyatjarra Ngaatjatjarra Ngadjunmaia Ngalia Ngarinjin Ngarla Ngarlawangga Ngarluma Ngolibardu Ngombal Ngurlu Ngurrara Niabali Nimanburu Ninanu Njakinjaki Njunga Nokaan Noongar Nyamal Nyangumarta Nyigina Nyulnyul Panyjima Perrakee? Pibelmen Pindiini Pindjarup Pini Pintupi Pitjantjatjara Putidjara Spinifex Tedei Tenma Thalandji Tharrkari Tjalkadjara Tjeraridjal Tjurabalan Tjuroro Umiida Unggarranggu Unggumi Waljen Walmadjari Wardal Wariangga Warrwa Watjarri Wangai Wanman Wenamba Whadjuk Widi Wiilman Wilawila Wirdinya Wirngir Worrorra Wudjari Wunambal Wurla Yamatji Yawijibaya Yawuru Yeidji Yindjibarndi Yingkarta Yinikutira Yued History Flying Foam massacre Forrest River massacre Pinjarra massacre By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yingkarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingkarta"}],"text":"The Tedei, otherwise known as the Thirrily, are an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Australia. They are a branch of the Yingkarta.","title":"Tedei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wooramel River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooramel_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974257-1"}],"text":"Tedei land consisted of some 3,100 square miles (8,000 km2) extending from the east coast of Shark Bay through to the Wooramel River valley's headwaters as far as Pimbie, Carey Downs and the vicinity of Towrana. It included the coastal area north of Yaringa. inland to the headwaters, north only to Pimbie. Their limits were defined as a day's walk from either bank of the Wooramel.[1]","title":"Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandi tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_tribe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1988-2"}],"text":"The Tedei were once classified as an autonomous tribe. The work of linguist Peter Austin points to the conclusion that they, the Tedei/Thirrily, were actually a dialect division of the Yingkarta, together with the Mandi tribe.[2]","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974257-1"}],"text":"The Tedei did not practice circumcision or Pazam.[1]","title":"Social organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974257-1"}],"text":"Tjoki\nChoekie\nChockie[1]","title":"Alternative names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974257_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974257_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974257_1-2"},{"link_name":"Tindale 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTindale1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1988_2-0"},{"link_name":"Austin 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAustin1988"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b c Tindale 1974, p. 257.\n\n^ Austin 1988.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia"},{"link_name":"AIATSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS"},{"link_name":"\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.daa.wa.gov.au/globalassets/pdf-files/maps/state/tindale_daa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Aboriginal_Affairs_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Austin, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Austin_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal languages of the Gascoyne-Ashburton region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/13269838"},{"link_name":"\"On the aborigines of Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/jstor-3014165"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3014165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3014165"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3014165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3014165"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Norman Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"\"Tedei (WA)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/tedei.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-708-10741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_groupings_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Amangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amangu"},{"link_name":"Arnga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnga"},{"link_name":"Bardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi_people"},{"link_name":"Badimaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badimaya"},{"link_name":"Bailgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailgu"},{"link_name":"Baiyungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyungu"},{"link_name":"Ballardong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballardong"},{"link_name":"Binigura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binigura"},{"link_name":"Bunuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunuba"},{"link_name":"Buruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruna"},{"link_name":"Djaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djaru_people"},{"link_name":"Duulngari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duulngari"},{"link_name":"Dyiwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyiwali"},{"link_name":"Gija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gija_people"},{"link_name":"Gooniyandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooniyandi"},{"link_name":"Gugadja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugadja"},{"link_name":"Ildawongga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildawongga"},{"link_name":"Inawongga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inawongga"},{"link_name":"Inggarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingkarta"},{"link_name":"Jaburara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaburara"},{"link_name":"Jabirr Jabirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabirr_Jabirr"},{"link_name":"Jadira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadira"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_people"},{"link_name":"Jukun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Kalaako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaako"},{"link_name":"Kalamaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamaia"},{"link_name":"Kambure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambure"},{"link_name":"Kaneang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaneang"},{"link_name":"Karajarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajarri"},{"link_name":"Kariera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariera_people"},{"link_name":"Kartudjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartudjara"},{"link_name":"Keiadjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiadjara"},{"link_name":"Koara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koara"},{"link_name":"Koreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreng"},{"link_name":"Kurajarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurajarra"},{"link_name":"Kurrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrama_people"},{"link_name":"Madoitja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoitja"},{"link_name":"Maduwongga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduwongga"},{"link_name":"Maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_people"},{"link_name":"Malgana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgana_people"},{"link_name":"Malgaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgaru"},{"link_name":"Malngin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malngin"},{"link_name":"Mandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_people_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_tribe"},{"link_name":"Mandjildjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandjildjara"},{"link_name":"Mandjindja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandjindja"},{"link_name":"Mangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangala_people"},{"link_name":"Mantjintjarra Ngalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantjintjarra_Ngalia"},{"link_name":"Mardudunera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardudunera_people"},{"link_name":"Martu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martu_people"},{"link_name":"Mineng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineng"},{"link_name":"Miriwung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriwung_people"},{"link_name":"Mirning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirning"},{"link_name":"Miwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwa_people"},{"link_name":"Murunitja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murunitja"},{"link_name":"Nakako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakako"},{"link_name":"Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_tribe"},{"link_name":"Nangatadjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangatadjara"},{"link_name":"Nangatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangatara"},{"link_name":"Ngaanyatjarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra"},{"link_name":"Ngaatjatjarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_people"},{"link_name":"Ngadjunmaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngadjunmaia"},{"link_name":"Ngalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)"},{"link_name":"Ngarinjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarinjin"},{"link_name":"Ngarla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarla"},{"link_name":"Ngarlawangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarlawangga"},{"link_name":"Ngarluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarluma"},{"link_name":"Ngolibardu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolibardu"},{"link_name":"Ngombal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngombal"},{"link_name":"Ngurlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurlu"},{"link_name":"Ngurrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurrara"},{"link_name":"Niabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niabali"},{"link_name":"Nimanburu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimanburu"},{"link_name":"Ninanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninanu"},{"link_name":"Njakinjaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njakinjaki"},{"link_name":"Njunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njunga"},{"link_name":"Nokaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokaan"},{"link_name":"Noongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar"},{"link_name":"Nyamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamal"},{"link_name":"Nyangumarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyangumarta_people"},{"link_name":"Nyigina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyigina"},{"link_name":"Nyulnyul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyulnyul_people"},{"link_name":"Panyjima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyjima_people"},{"link_name":"Perrakee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrakee"},{"link_name":"Pibelmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pibelmen"},{"link_name":"Pindiini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindiini"},{"link_name":"Pindjarup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindjarup"},{"link_name":"Pini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pini_people"},{"link_name":"Pintupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintupi"},{"link_name":"Pitjantjatjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitjantjatjara"},{"link_name":"Putidjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putidjara"},{"link_name":"Spinifex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinifex_people"},{"link_name":"Tedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tenma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenma_people"},{"link_name":"Thalandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalandji"},{"link_name":"Tharrkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharrkari"},{"link_name":"Tjalkadjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjalkadjara"},{"link_name":"Tjeraridjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeraridjal"},{"link_name":"Tjurabalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurabalan"},{"link_name":"Tjuroro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjuroro_people"},{"link_name":"Umiida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiida"},{"link_name":"Unggarranggu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unggarranggu"},{"link_name":"Unggumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unggumi"},{"link_name":"Waljen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waljen"},{"link_name":"Walmadjari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmadjari"},{"link_name":"Wardal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardal"},{"link_name":"Wariangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariangga"},{"link_name":"Warrwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrwa"},{"link_name":"Watjarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watjarri"},{"link_name":"Wangai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangai"},{"link_name":"Wanman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanman_people"},{"link_name":"Wenamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenamba"},{"link_name":"Whadjuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whadjuk"},{"link_name":"Widi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widi_tribe"},{"link_name":"Wiilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiilman"},{"link_name":"Wilawila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilawila"},{"link_name":"Wirdinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirdinya"},{"link_name":"Wirngir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirngir"},{"link_name":"Worrorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worrorra"},{"link_name":"Wudjari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudjari"},{"link_name":"Wunambal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunambal"},{"link_name":"Wurla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurla"},{"link_name":"Yamatji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamatji"},{"link_name":"Yawijibaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawijibaya"},{"link_name":"Yawuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawuru"},{"link_name":"Yeidji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeidji"},{"link_name":"Yindjibarndi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindjibarndi_people"},{"link_name":"Yingkarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingkarta"},{"link_name":"Yinikutira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinikutira"},{"link_name":"Yued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yued"},{"link_name":"Flying Foam massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foam_massacre"},{"link_name":"Forrest River massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_River_massacre"},{"link_name":"Pinjarra massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.\n\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016.\nAustin, Peter (1988). Aboriginal languages of the Gascoyne-Ashburton region. Vol. 1. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics. pp. 43–63.\nOldfield, Augustus (1865). \"On the aborigines of Australia\". Transactions of the Ethnological Society. 3. London: 215–298. doi:10.2307/3014165. JSTOR 3014165.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Tedei (WA)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.vteAboriginal peoples of Western AustraliaPeoples\nAmangu\nArnga\nBardi\nBadimaya\nBailgu\nBaiyungu\nBallardong\nBinigura\nBunuba\nBuruna\nDjaru\nDuulngari\nDyiwali\nGija\nGooniyandi\nGugadja\nIldawongga\nInawongga\nInggarda\nJaburara\nJabirr Jabirr\nJadira\nJawi\nJukun\nKalaako\nKalamaia\nKambure\nKaneang\nKarajarri\nKariera\nKartudjara\nKeiadjara\nKoara\nKoreng\nKurajarra\nKurrama\nMadoitja\nMaduwongga\nMaia\nMalgana\nMalgaru\nMalngin\nMandara\nMandi\nMandjildjara\nMandjindja\nMangala\nMantjintjarra Ngalia\nMardudunera\nMartu\nMineng\nMiriwung\nMirning\nMiwa\nMurunitja\nNakako\nNanda\nNangatadjara\nNangatara\nNgaanyatjarra\nNgaatjatjarra\nNgadjunmaia\nNgalia\nNgarinjin\nNgarla\nNgarlawangga\nNgarluma\nNgolibardu\nNgombal\nNgurlu\nNgurrara\nNiabali\nNimanburu\nNinanu\nNjakinjaki\nNjunga\nNokaan\nNoongar\nNyamal\nNyangumarta\nNyigina\nNyulnyul\nPanyjima\nPerrakee?\nPibelmen\nPindiini\nPindjarup\nPini\nPintupi\nPitjantjatjara\nPutidjara\nSpinifex\nTedei\nTenma\nThalandji\nTharrkari\nTjalkadjara\nTjeraridjal\nTjurabalan\nTjuroro\nUmiida\nUnggarranggu\nUnggumi\nWaljen\nWalmadjari\nWardal\nWariangga\nWarrwa\nWatjarri\nWangai\nWanman\nWenamba\nWhadjuk\nWidi\nWiilman\nWilawila\nWirdinya\nWirngir\nWorrorra\nWudjari\nWunambal\nWurla\nYamatji\nYawijibaya\nYawuru\nYeidji\nYindjibarndi\nYingkarta\nYinikutira\nYued\nHistory\nFlying Foam massacre\nForrest River massacre\nPinjarra massacre\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia","url_text":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS","url_text":"AIATSIS"}]},{"reference":"\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daa.wa.gov.au/globalassets/pdf-files/maps/state/tindale_daa.pdf","url_text":"\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Aboriginal_Affairs_(Western_Australia)","url_text":"Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia"}]},{"reference":"Austin, Peter (1988). Aboriginal languages of the Gascoyne-Ashburton region. Vol. 1. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics. pp. 43–63.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Austin_(linguist)","url_text":"Austin, Peter"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/13269838","url_text":"Aboriginal languages of the Gascoyne-Ashburton region"}]},{"reference":"Oldfield, Augustus (1865). \"On the aborigines of Australia\". Transactions of the Ethnological Society. 3. London: 215–298. doi:10.2307/3014165. JSTOR 3014165.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jstor-3014165","url_text":"\"On the aborigines of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3014165","url_text":"10.2307/3014165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014165","url_text":"3014165"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Tedei (WA)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/tedei.htm","url_text":"\"Tedei (WA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6","url_text":"978-0-708-10741-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Posmysz
Zofia Posmysz
["1 Early life","2 Postwar life","2.1 Work and legacy","3 Works","4 Awards","5 References"]
Polish journalist and writer (1923–2022) Zofia PosmyszZofia Posmysz as inmate No 7566 at the Auschwitz concentration camp, 1942. Credited to Wilhelm BrasseBorn(1923-08-23)23 August 1923Kraków, Second Polish RepublicDied8 August 2022(2022-08-08) (aged 98)Oświęcim, PolandAlma materUniversity of WarsawEmployerPolskie RadioKnown forPassengerAwards Order of Polonia Restituta Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Zofia Posmysz in KL Auschwitz. SS administration mug shot Zofia Posmysz-Piasecka (née Posmysz; 23 August 1923 – 8 August 2022) was a Polish journalist, novelist, and author. She was a resistance fighter in World War II and survived imprisonment at the Auschwitz and Ravensbrück concentration camps. Her autobiographical account of the Holocaust in occupied Poland, Passenger from Cabin 45, became the basis for her 1962 novel Passenger, subsequently translated into 15 languages. The original radio drama was adapted for an award-winning feature film, while the novel was adapted into an opera of the same name with music by Mieczysław Weinberg. Early life Posmysz was born in Kraków and lived there until the invasion of Poland in 1939. During the occupation she attended clandestine courses and worked at a cable factory. She was arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, at age 19, charged with distributing anti-Nazi leaflets. She was kept for six weeks at the Montelupich Prison in Kraków. After prolonged interrogation she was moved under escort to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Relegated to arduous work at a penal company in Budy, she was saved twice by the camp doctor, Janusz Mąkowski. On 18 January 1945 Posmysz (prisoner number 7566) was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp and from there to the Neustadt-Glewe satellite camp, where she was liberated on 2 May 1945 by the US Army. Postwar life After World War II, she studied at the University of Warsaw, and worked for the broadcaster Polskie Radio in the culture section. In 1959, she wrote a radio drama, Pasażerka z kabiny 45 (Passenger from Cabin 45), based on her memories from the time spent in Nazi concentration camps. The play was produced in the same year by the Polish Radio featuring Aleksandra Śląska and Jan Świderski. It was adapted for television by Posmysz in 1960. The show was directed by Andrzej Munk and featured Ryszarda Hanin, Zofia Mrozowska, and Edward Dziewoński in the leading roles. The Passenger from Cabin 45 was innovative and unusual in the genre of Holocaust literature, because it depicted a loyal SS Aufseherin, Annelise Franz, in charge of Posmysz's work detail at Auschwitz, who nevertheless exhibited basic human behaviour towards prisoners. The screenplay for the film was written by both Posmysz and Munk in 1961. Munk died in a car crash soon thereafter. Posmysz did not participate in the making of the film, which was released in 1963. Instead, she focused on writing a novel derived from her autobiographical memory. The book was published in 1962 as Pasażerka. The events in the book take place on an ocean liner, 16 years after the war ended. The former SS Aufseherin, Lisa Kretschmer, travels with her husband in search of a new life. Among the many passengers, she spots Marta, her former inmate, whom she used to feed and protect from dangerous labour. While at Auschwitz, Lisa was assigned to a new post of duty, and offered Marta to take her from the camp to detention in a less dangerous place, but to no avail. In the end of the novel, she learns that Marta recognized her also. Notably, in the original radio drama, the titular 'Cabin 45' was Posmysz's compartment number on a train to Auschwitz; an ocean-travel served as literary device of story within a story. No English translation of The Passenger novel exists. When Pope Benedict XVI visited the memorial for Auschwitz in 2006, she was among the surviving inmates greeting him. In 2015, Posmysz was among 19 Auschwitz survivors reporting for a documentary by Der Spiegel titled The Last Witnesses (Die letzten Zeugen). Posmysz died in Oświęcim on 8 August 2022, at the age of 98. Work and legacy Posmysz went on writing continuously for over 30 years and wrote her last published book at the age of 73. She is best known for her 1959 autobiography Passenger in Cabin 45 (Pasażerka z kabiny 45) which led to a television play and film The Passenger by Andrzej Munk, who was one of the most influential artists of the post-Stalinist Poland. The director died during the screening in 1961, but the film was completed by his assistants, directors Andrzej Brzozowski and Witold Lesiewicz, and first released in 1963. The novel by Posmysz became the basis of the libretto by Alexander Medvedev for Mieczysław Weinberg's 1968 opera The Passenger, Op. 97. Suppressed for more than 40 years, it was first staged at Bregenz Festival on 21 July 2010, followed by the same production at the Grand Theatre in Warsaw. The opera by Weinberg premièred at the Lyric Opera of Chicago on 24 February 2015, with soprano Amanda Majeski as Marta. Die Passagierin was staged by the Frankfurt Opera in March 2015 with Leo Hussain conducting. The novel Pasażerka was translated into 15 languages, including German as Die Passagierin by Peter Ball, published in 1969 by Verlag Neues Leben  and as Book on demand (third ed.) in 2010. Zofia Posmysz speaking at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum Conference on the anniversary of the camp's liberation, 27 January 2014 Works A selection of works by Posmysz, published in Polish, includes: I know the executioners from Belsen... (Znam katów z Belsen…; 1945) Passenger from cabin 45 (Pasażerka z kabiny 45; 1959) Passenger (Pasażerka, novel, 1962) A stop in the forest (Przystanek w lesie; stories, 1965) The sick hawthorn (Cierpkie głogi; screenplay, 1966) Little (Mały; screenplay, 1970) Holiday on the Adriatic (Wakacje nad Adriatykiem; 1970) Microclimate (Mikroklimat; 1975) A Tree Similar to Another Tree (Drzewo do drzewa podobne; 1977) Price (Cena; 1978) The Same Doctor M (Ten sam doktor M; 1981) Widows and lovers (Wdowa i kochankowie; 1988) To freedom, to death, to life (Do wolności, do śmierci, do życia; 1996) Awards 1964: Knight of the Order of Polonia Restituta 1970: Officer of the Order of Polonia Restituta 1976: Prize of the Polish Radio and Television Committee for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Radio Drama 2007: Witold Hulewicz Prize 2008: Prize of Poland's Minister of Culture for Outstanding Achievements in the Cultural Heritage Field 2012: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 2015: DIALOG Prize of the Deutsch-Polnische Gesellschaft Bundesverband 2020: Order of the White Eagle (Poland) References ^ a b Mazierska, Ewa (2007). "Passenger: A film by Andrzej Munk". SecondRunDVD.com. shooting extra episodes in Auschwitz. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c d e f g Kaczyński, Andrzej (May 2010), "Zofia Posmysz", Culture.pl (in Polish), Adam Mickiewicz Institute, The Author (Twórca). ^ a b c d e Kaczyński, Andrzej (25 May 2010), "The Passenger by Zofia Posmysz" , Culture.pl (in Polish), Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Artykuł. ^ a b c d e f g "Polish Auschwitz survivor, novelist Zofia Posmysz dies at 98". The Independent. AP. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ a b Gajdowski, Piotr (2017), "In a passenger carriage to Auschwitz" , Newsweek.pl, book-length interview with Zofia Posmysz by Michał Wójcik: "Królestwo za mgłą" (Kingdom in Mistiness), Znak Publishing Also in: Kowalczyk, Janusz R., Michał Wójcik, Zofia Posmysz (2017), "Królestwo za mgłą", Culture.pl. ^ a b "Literary Images of the Holocaust: The Passenger by Zofia Posmysz – MOCAK". en.mocak.pl. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ Press release (27 January 2017), "Literary depictions of the Holocaust. 'Passenger' by Zofia Posmysz" , Mocak.pl, Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Krakowie, Maria Anna Potocka (2016), Aufseherin Franz documentary film interview with Zofia Posmysz, screening at the Museum of Modern Art in Kraków. ^ Press release (2017), "Zofia Posmysz", News O.pl, Wystawa 'Literackie obrazy Zagłady' (Literary depictions of the Holocaust Exhibition), Kraków ^ Kaszuba, Dominika (2 August 2011). "The short and beautiful crazy life" . Film: Andrzej Munk (in Polish). Onet.pl. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 – via Internet Archive, 8 October 2011. ^ a b Ross, Alex (29 August 2011), "Memories of Music at Auschwitz", The New Yorker ^ Zofia Posmysz (2015), "Am Morgen sang der Rabbi ein Kaddisch, ein Gebet für die Toten", Der Spiegel, 5 March, no. 5, pp. 50–69 ^ "Odeszła Zofia Posmysz". Fakty Oświęcim. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ "Polish Auschwitz survivor, novelist Zofia Posmysz dies at 98". HuffPost. AP. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ Grimes, William (9 July 2014). "Haunted by History, but Gifted in Sharing It". The New York Times. ^ Reich, Howard (25 February 2015). "Survivor's Auschwitz memories reborn in 'The Passenger'". Chicago Tribune. ^ Operatic trailer, Weinberg's THE PASSENGER at Lyric Opera of Chicago on YouTube 24 February – 15 March 2015. ^ Lyric Opera of Chicago. "The Passenger. Premiere". February 24 – March 15, 2015. Approximate running time: 2hrs, 50 min. Synopsis. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 – via Internet Archive, 15 February 2015. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (2 June 2010). Die Passagierin (German) Posmysz, Zofia ( Author ) Jun-02-2010 Paperback. Books on Demand. ^ Oper Frankfurt (1 March 2015). "The Passenger. Premiere". Director: Anselm Weber; with Jessica Strong as Marta, and Katharina Magiera as Lisa. Approximate running time: 3hrs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018. Official trailer of Die Passagierin von Mieczysław Weinberg Premiere by the Frankfurt Opera: 6:34 min, with excerpts from interview with Zofia Posmysz on YouTube ^ Literature by and about Zofia Posmysz in the German National Library catalogue ^ "Zmarła Zofia Posmysz – pisarka i scenarzystka, więźniarka obozów koncentracyjnych". Wyborcza (in Polish). 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ a b c "Zofia Posmysz, die Autorin von "Die Passagierin", in Oświęcim gestorben – neue musikzeitung". nmz (in German). 11 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022. ^ Grimes, William (9 July 2014). "Haunted by History, but Gifted in Sharing It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ Posmysz, Zofia; Wydawnictwo Axis Mundi (2019). Pasażerka (in Polish). : Axis Mundi. ISBN 978-83-64980-95-4. OCLC 1126635181. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1965). Przystanek w lesie (in Polish). OCLC 832815419. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b "Zofia Posmysz nie żyje". AICT Polska (in Polish). 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1923– ). (2017). Wakacje nad Adriatykiem. Znak Litera Nova. ISBN 978-83-240-3804-6. OCLC 979125346.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1975). Mikroklimat (in Polish). OCLC 641918575. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1977). Drzewo do drzewa podobne (in Polish). OCLC 642137110. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1978). Cena (in Polish). OCLC 641606834. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1981). Ten sam doktor M (in German). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo. ISBN 83-207-0370-0. OCLC 9812826. ^ Posmysz, Zofia (1988). Wdowa i kochankowie (in Polish). Warszawa: Czytelnik. ISBN 83-07-01078-0. OCLC 19712703. ^ Posmysz, Zofia; Bryll, Ernest; Wieczorek Literacki (2020). Do wolności, do śmierci, do życia (in Polish). Warszawa: Wieczorek Literacki. ISBN 978-83-954017-1-8. OCLC 1242220392. ^ a b c d e Zarząd Główny (2018). "Zofia POSMYSZ, or Zofia Posmysz-Piasecka". Nagrody i odznaczenia (Awards and Medals). Polish Writers' Association (Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich). Warsaw Branch (Oddział Warszawa). ^ International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz (2 August 2012). "Bundesverdienstkreuz" (in German). ^ "DIALOG-PREIS 2015 für Zofia Posmysz und die Redaktion der Zeitschrift OSTEUROPA". Deutsch-Polnische Gesellschaft Bundesverband e.V. (in German). Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ "Polish Auschwitz, Ravensbruck prisoner awarded Order of White Eagle". TVP World. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2022. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zofia_Posmysz_KL_Auschwitz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondrun-1"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust in occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"Passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_(Posmysz_novel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"},{"link_name":"an award-winning feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"an opera of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passenger_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl2-3"}],"text":"Zofia Posmysz in KL Auschwitz. SS administration mug shotZofia Posmysz-Piasecka[1] (née Posmysz; 23 August 1923 – 8 August 2022) was a Polish journalist, novelist, and author. She was a resistance fighter in World War II and survived imprisonment at the Auschwitz and Ravensbrück concentration camps. Her autobiographical account of the Holocaust in occupied Poland, Passenger from Cabin 45, became the basis for her 1962 novel Passenger, subsequently translated into 15 languages.[2] The original radio drama was adapted for an award-winning feature film, while the novel was adapted into an opera of the same name with music by Mieczysław Weinberg.[3]","title":"Zofia Posmysz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"attended clandestine courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"Montelupich Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montelupich_Prison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gajdowski-5"},{"link_name":"Budy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Neustadt-Glewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt-Glewe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"}],"text":"Posmysz was born in Kraków[4] and lived there until the invasion of Poland in 1939.[2] During the occupation she attended clandestine courses and worked at a cable factory. She was arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, at age 19,[4] charged with distributing anti-Nazi leaflets. She was kept for six weeks at the Montelupich Prison in Kraków.[2] After prolonged interrogation she was moved under escort to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.[5] Relegated to arduous work at a penal company in Budy, she was saved twice by the camp doctor, Janusz Mąkowski. On 18 January 1945 Posmysz (prisoner number 7566) was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp and from there to the Neustadt-Glewe satellite camp, where she was liberated on 2 May 1945 by the US Army.[4][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"University of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Polskie Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskie_Radio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"radio drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_drama"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Aleksandra Śląska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Munk"},{"link_name":"Zofia Mrozowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Mrozowska"},{"link_name":"Edward Dziewoński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dziewo%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"SS Aufseherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps#Supervision_levels_and_ranks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mocak-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.o-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"},{"link_name":"screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl2-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onet-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"Pasażerka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_(Posmysz_novel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gajdowski-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross-10"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-11"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP-13"}],"text":"After World War II, she studied at the University of Warsaw, and worked for the broadcaster Polskie Radio in the culture section.[citation needed] In 1959, she wrote a radio drama, Pasażerka z kabiny 45 (Passenger from Cabin 45), based on her memories from the time spent in Nazi concentration camps.[4] The play was produced in the same year by the Polish Radio[6] featuring Aleksandra Śląska and Jan Świderski. It was adapted for television by Posmysz in 1960. The show was directed by Andrzej Munk and featured Ryszarda Hanin, Zofia Mrozowska, and Edward Dziewoński in the leading roles. The Passenger from Cabin 45 was innovative and unusual in the genre of Holocaust literature, because it depicted a loyal SS Aufseherin, Annelise Franz, in charge of Posmysz's work detail at Auschwitz,[7][8] who nevertheless exhibited basic human behaviour towards prisoners.[2]The screenplay for the film was written by both Posmysz and Munk in 1961.[3] Munk died in a car crash soon thereafter.[9] Posmysz did not participate in the making of the film, which was released in 1963.[3] Instead, she focused on writing a novel derived from her autobiographical memory.[4] The book was published in 1962 as Pasażerka.[2] The events in the book take place on an ocean liner, 16 years after the war ended. The former SS Aufseherin, Lisa Kretschmer, travels with her husband in search of a new life. Among the many passengers, she spots Marta, her former inmate, whom she used to feed and protect from dangerous labour. While at Auschwitz, Lisa was assigned to a new post of duty, and offered Marta to take her from the camp to detention in a less dangerous place, but to no avail. In the end of the novel, she learns that Marta recognized her also.[3] Notably, in the original radio drama, the titular 'Cabin 45' was Posmysz's compartment number on a train to Auschwitz; an ocean-travel served as literary device of story within a story.[5] No English translation of The Passenger novel exists.[10]When Pope Benedict XVI visited the memorial for Auschwitz in 2006, she was among the surviving inmates greeting him.[4] In 2015, Posmysz was among 19 Auschwitz survivors reporting for a documentary by Der Spiegel titled The Last Witnesses (Die letzten Zeugen).[11]Posmysz died in Oświęcim on 8 August 2022, at the age of 98.[4][12][13]","title":"Postwar life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrzej Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Munk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Witold Lesiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Lesiewicz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondrun-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl2-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"The Passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passenger_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Bregenz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregenz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Grand Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lyric Opera of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youTube-16"},{"link_name":"Amanda Majeski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Majeski"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOoC-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Opera"},{"link_name":"Leo Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Hussain"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture.pl-2"},{"link_name":"Verlag Neues Leben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verlag_Neues_Leben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_Neues_Leben"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zofia_Posmysz_(12676018083).jpg"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_Memorial_and_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Work and legacy","text":"Posmysz went on writing continuously for over 30 years and wrote her last published book at the age of 73. She is best known for her 1959 autobiography Passenger in Cabin 45 (Pasażerka z kabiny 45) which led to a television play and film The Passenger by Andrzej Munk, who was one of the most influential artists of the post-Stalinist Poland.[6] The director died during the screening in 1961, but the film was completed by his assistants, directors Andrzej Brzozowski and Witold Lesiewicz,[1] and first released in 1963.[3] The novel by Posmysz became the basis of the libretto by Alexander Medvedev for Mieczysław Weinberg's 1968 opera The Passenger, Op. 97. Suppressed for more than 40 years, it was first staged at Bregenz Festival on 21 July 2010, followed by the same production at the Grand Theatre in Warsaw.[14][15] The opera by Weinberg premièred at the Lyric Opera of Chicago on 24 February 2015,[16] with soprano Amanda Majeski as Marta.[17] Die Passagierin [18] was staged by the Frankfurt Opera in March 2015 with Leo Hussain conducting.[19]The novel Pasażerka was translated into 15 languages,[2] including German as Die Passagierin by Peter Ball, published in 1969 by Verlag Neues Leben [de] and as Book on demand (third ed.) in 2010.[10][20]Zofia Posmysz speaking at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum Conference on the anniversary of the camp's liberation, 27 January 2014","title":"Postwar life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmz-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmz-22"},{"link_name":"Passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_(Posmysz_novel)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_Wydawnictwo_Axis_Mundi_p.-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmz-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_1975_p.-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_1977_p.-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_1978_p.-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_p._2-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_p.-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Posmysz_Bryll_Wieczorek_Literacki_p.-33"}],"text":"A selection of works by Posmysz, published in Polish, includes:I know the executioners from Belsen... (Znam katów z Belsen…; 1945)[21][22]\nPassenger from cabin 45 (Pasażerka z kabiny 45; 1959)[23][22]\nPassenger (Pasażerka, novel, 1962)[24][22]\nA stop in the forest (Przystanek w lesie; stories, 1965)[25]\nThe sick hawthorn (Cierpkie głogi; screenplay, 1966)[26]\nLittle (Mały; screenplay, 1970)[26]\nHoliday on the Adriatic (Wakacje nad Adriatykiem; 1970)[27]\nMicroclimate (Mikroklimat; 1975)[28]\nA Tree Similar to Another Tree (Drzewo do drzewa podobne; 1977)[29]\nPrice (Cena; 1978)[30]\nThe Same Doctor M (Ten sam doktor M; 1981)[31]\nWidows and lovers (Wdowa i kochankowie; 1988)[32]\nTo freedom, to death, to life (Do wolności, do śmierci, do życia; 1996)[33]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Polonia Restituta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPPbio-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPPbio-34"},{"link_name":"Polish Radio and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Radio_and_Television"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPPbio-34"},{"link_name":"Witold Hulewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Hulewicz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPPbio-34"},{"link_name":"Poland's Minister of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Heritage_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPPbio-34"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Deutsch-Polnische Gesellschaft Bundesverband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-Polnische_Gesellschaft_Bundesverband"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsch-Polnische_Gesellschaft_Bundesverband_e.V.-36"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S.A_2021-37"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"1964: Knight of the Order of Polonia Restituta[34]\n1970: Officer of the Order of Polonia Restituta[34]\n1976: Prize of the Polish Radio and Television Committee for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Radio Drama[34]\n2007: Witold Hulewicz Prize[34]\n2008: Prize of Poland's Minister of Culture for Outstanding Achievements in the Cultural Heritage Field[34]\n2012: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[35]\n2015: DIALOG Prize of the Deutsch-Polnische Gesellschaft Bundesverband[36]\n2020: Order of the White Eagle (Poland)[37][citation needed]","title":"Awards"}]
[{"image_text":"Zofia Posmysz in KL Auschwitz. SS administration mug shot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zofia_Posmysz_KL_Auschwitz.jpg/300px-Zofia_Posmysz_KL_Auschwitz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zofia Posmysz speaking at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum Conference on the anniversary of the camp's liberation, 27 January 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Zofia_Posmysz_%2812676018083%29.jpg/220px-Zofia_Posmysz_%2812676018083%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Mazierska, Ewa (2007). \"Passenger: A film by Andrzej Munk\". SecondRunDVD.com. shooting extra episodes in Auschwitz. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.secondrundvd.com/release_more_p.html","url_text":"\"Passenger: A film by Andrzej Munk\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716032026/http://www.secondrundvd.com/release_more_p.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaczyński, Andrzej (May 2010), \"Zofia Posmysz\", Culture.pl (in Polish), Adam Mickiewicz Institute, The Author (Twórca)","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.pl/pl/tworca/zofia-posmysz","url_text":"\"Zofia Posmysz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute","url_text":"Adam Mickiewicz Institute"}]},{"reference":"Kaczyński, Andrzej (25 May 2010), \"The Passenger by Zofia Posmysz\" [\"Pasażerka\" Zofii Posmysz], Culture.pl (in Polish), Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Artykuł","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.pl/pl/artykul/pasazerka-zofii-posmysz","url_text":"\"The Passenger by Zofia Posmysz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute","url_text":"Adam Mickiewicz Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Polish Auschwitz survivor, novelist Zofia Posmysz dies at 98\". The Independent. AP. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-polish-auschwitz-warsaw-benedict-xvi-b2140868.html","url_text":"\"Polish Auschwitz survivor, novelist Zofia Posmysz dies at 98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"Gajdowski, Piotr (2017), \"In a passenger carriage to Auschwitz\" [Pasażerskim do Auschwitz], Newsweek.pl, book-length interview with Zofia Posmysz by Michał Wójcik: \"Królestwo za mgłą\" (Kingdom in Mistiness), Znak Publishing","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.pl/plus/kultura/zofia-posmysz-michal-wojcik-krolestwo-za-mgla-recenzja-ksiazki,artykuly,404646,1,z.html","url_text":"\"In a passenger carriage to Auschwitz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znak_(publisher)","url_text":"Znak Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Kowalczyk, Janusz R., Michał Wójcik, Zofia Posmysz (2017), \"Królestwo za mgłą\", Culture.pl","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.pl/pl/dzielo/zofia-posmysz-michal-wojcik-krolestwo-za-mgla","url_text":"Michał Wójcik, Zofia Posmysz (2017), \"Królestwo za mgłą\""}]},{"reference":"\"Literary Images of the Holocaust: The Passenger by Zofia Posmysz – MOCAK\". en.mocak.pl. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.mocak.pl/literary-images-of-the-holocaust-the-passenger-by-zofia-posmysz","url_text":"\"Literary Images of the Holocaust: The Passenger by Zofia Posmysz – MOCAK\""}]},{"reference":"Press release (27 January 2017), \"Literary depictions of the Holocaust. 'Passenger' by Zofia Posmysz\" [Literackie obrazy Zagłady. Pasażerka Zofii Posmysz], Mocak.pl, Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Krakowie, Maria Anna Potocka (2016), Aufseherin Franz documentary film interview with Zofia Posmysz, screening at the Museum of Modern Art in Kraków","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mocak.pl/literackie-obrazy-zaglady-pasazerka-zofii-posmysz","url_text":"\"Literary depictions of the Holocaust. 'Passenger' by Zofia Posmysz\""}]},{"reference":"Press release (2017), \"Zofia Posmysz\", News O.pl, Wystawa 'Literackie obrazy Zagłady' (Literary depictions of the Holocaust Exhibition), Kraków","urls":[{"url":"http://news.o.pl/2017/01/28/zofia-posmysz-mocak-krakow/#/","url_text":"\"Zofia Posmysz\""}]},{"reference":"Kaszuba, Dominika (2 August 2011). \"The short and beautiful crazy life\" [Szalone, krótkie życie]. Film: Andrzej Munk (in Polish). Onet.pl. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 – via Internet Archive, 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008131420/http://film.onet.pl/wiadomosci/publikacje/artykuly/szalone-krotkie-zycie,1,4810656,wiadomosc.html","url_text":"\"The short and beautiful crazy life\""},{"url":"http://film.onet.pl/wiadomosci/publikacje/artykuly/szalone-krotkie-zycie,1,4810656,wiadomosc.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Alex (29 August 2011), \"Memories of Music at Auschwitz\", The New Yorker","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/memories-of-music-at-auschwitz","url_text":"\"Memories of Music at Auschwitz\""}]},{"reference":"Zofia Posmysz (2015), \"Am Morgen sang der Rabbi ein Kaddisch, ein Gebet für die Toten\", Der Spiegel, 5 March, no. 5, pp. 50–69","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-131463459.html","url_text":"\"Am Morgen sang der Rabbi ein Kaddisch, ein Gebet für die Toten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Odeszła Zofia Posmysz\". Fakty Oświęcim. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://faktyoswiecim.pl/fakty/odeszla-zofia-posmysz/","url_text":"\"Odeszła Zofia Posmysz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polish Auschwitz survivor, novelist Zofia Posmysz dies at 98\". HuffPost. AP. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/polish-auschwitz-survivor-novelist-zofia-posmysz-dies_n_62f131b0e4b00f4cf23c71f2","url_text":"\"Polish Auschwitz survivor, novelist Zofia Posmysz dies at 98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (9 July 2014). \"Haunted by History, but Gifted in Sharing It\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/10/arts/music/zofia-posmyszs-personal-pain-is-behind-the-passenger.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Haunted by History, but Gifted in Sharing It\""}]},{"reference":"Reich, Howard (25 February 2015). \"Survivor's Auschwitz memories reborn in 'The Passenger'\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/reich/ct-passenger-zofia-posmysz-20150225-column.html#page=1","url_text":"\"Survivor's Auschwitz memories reborn in 'The Passenger'\""}]},{"reference":"Lyric Opera of Chicago. \"The Passenger. Premiere\". February 24 – March 15, 2015. Approximate running time: 2hrs, 50 min. Synopsis. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 – via Internet Archive, 15 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206062917/https://www.lyricopera.org/passenger","url_text":"\"The Passenger. Premiere\""},{"url":"https://www.lyricopera.org/passenger","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (2 June 2010). Die Passagierin (German) Posmysz, Zofia ( Author ) Jun-02-2010 Paperback. Books on Demand.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Passagierin-German-Posmysz-Jun-02-2010-Paperback/dp/B00AACBU84/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1586005755&refinements=p_27:Zofia+Posmysz&s=books&sr=1-1","url_text":"Die Passagierin (German) Posmysz, Zofia ( Author ) Jun-02-2010 Paperback"}]},{"reference":"Oper Frankfurt (1 March 2015). \"The Passenger. Premiere\". Director: Anselm Weber; with Jessica Strong as Marta, and Katharina Magiera as Lisa. Approximate running time: 3hrs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180401013748/http://www.oper-frankfurt.de/en/season-calendar/die-passagierin/","url_text":"\"The Passenger. Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Magiera","url_text":"Katharina Magiera"},{"url":"http://www.oper-frankfurt.de/en/season-calendar/die-passagierin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zmarła Zofia Posmysz – pisarka i scenarzystka, więźniarka obozów koncentracyjnych\". Wyborcza (in Polish). 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,28768760,zmarla-zofia-posmysz-pisarka-i-scenarzystka-wiezniarka-obozow.html?disableRedirects=true","url_text":"\"Zmarła Zofia Posmysz – pisarka i scenarzystka, więźniarka obozów koncentracyjnych\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zofia Posmysz, die Autorin von \"Die Passagierin\", in Oświęcim gestorben – neue musikzeitung\". nmz (in German). 11 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmz.de/online/zofia-posmysz-die-autorin-von-die-passagierin-in-oswiecim-gestorben","url_text":"\"Zofia Posmysz, die Autorin von \"Die Passagierin\", in Oświęcim gestorben – neue musikzeitung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmz","url_text":"nmz"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (9 July 2014). \"Haunted by History, but Gifted in Sharing It\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/10/arts/music/zofia-posmyszs-personal-pain-is-behind-the-passenger.html","url_text":"\"Haunted by History, but Gifted in Sharing It\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia; Wydawnictwo Axis Mundi (2019). Pasażerka (in Polish). [Warszawa]: Axis Mundi. ISBN 978-83-64980-95-4. OCLC 1126635181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-64980-95-4","url_text":"978-83-64980-95-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1126635181","url_text":"1126635181"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1965). Przystanek w lesie (in Polish). OCLC 832815419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/832815419","url_text":"832815419"}]},{"reference":"\"Zofia Posmysz nie żyje\". AICT Polska (in Polish). 8 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aict.art.pl/2022/08/08/zofia-posmysz-nie-zyje/","url_text":"\"Zofia Posmysz nie żyje\""}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1923– ). (2017). Wakacje nad Adriatykiem. Znak Litera Nova. ISBN 978-83-240-3804-6. OCLC 979125346.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/979125346","url_text":"Wakacje nad Adriatykiem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-240-3804-6","url_text":"978-83-240-3804-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/979125346","url_text":"979125346"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1975). Mikroklimat (in Polish). OCLC 641918575.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/641918575","url_text":"641918575"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1977). Drzewo do drzewa podobne (in Polish). OCLC 642137110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/642137110","url_text":"642137110"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1978). Cena (in Polish). OCLC 641606834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/641606834","url_text":"641606834"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1981). Ten sam doktor M (in German). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo. ISBN 83-207-0370-0. OCLC 9812826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-207-0370-0","url_text":"83-207-0370-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9812826","url_text":"9812826"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia (1988). Wdowa i kochankowie (in Polish). Warszawa: Czytelnik. ISBN 83-07-01078-0. OCLC 19712703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-07-01078-0","url_text":"83-07-01078-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19712703","url_text":"19712703"}]},{"reference":"Posmysz, Zofia; Bryll, Ernest; Wieczorek Literacki (2020). Do wolności, do śmierci, do życia (in Polish). Warszawa: Wieczorek Literacki. ISBN 978-83-954017-1-8. OCLC 1242220392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-954017-1-8","url_text":"978-83-954017-1-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1242220392","url_text":"1242220392"}]},{"reference":"Zarząd Główny (2018). \"Zofia POSMYSZ, or Zofia Posmysz-Piasecka\". Nagrody i odznaczenia (Awards and Medals). Polish Writers' Association (Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich). Warsaw Branch (Oddział Warszawa).","urls":[{"url":"http://sppwarszawa.pl/czlonkowie/zofia-posmysz/","url_text":"\"Zofia POSMYSZ, or Zofia Posmysz-Piasecka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowarzyszenie_Pisarzy_Polskich","url_text":"Polish Writers' Association"}]},{"reference":"International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz (2 August 2012). \"Bundesverdienstkreuz\" (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz","url_text":"International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz"},{"url":"http://www.mdsm.pl/de/aktuelles/371-bundesverdienstkreuz-am-bande","url_text":"\"Bundesverdienstkreuz\""}]},{"reference":"\"DIALOG-PREIS 2015 für Zofia Posmysz und die Redaktion der Zeitschrift OSTEUROPA\". Deutsch-Polnische Gesellschaft Bundesverband e.V. (in German). Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185230/https://www.dpg-bundesverband.de/deutsch-polnische-termine/dialog-preis-2015-fuer-zofia-posmysz-und-die-redaktion-der-zeitschrift-osteuropa.html","url_text":"\"DIALOG-PREIS 2015 für Zofia Posmysz und die Redaktion der Zeitschrift OSTEUROPA\""},{"url":"https://www.dpg-bundesverband.de/deutsch-polnische-termine/dialog-preis-2015-fuer-zofia-posmysz-und-die-redaktion-der-zeitschrift-osteuropa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polish Auschwitz, Ravensbruck prisoner awarded Order of White Eagle\". TVP World. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvpworld.com/46346025/polish-auschwitz-ravensbruck-prisoner-awarded-order-of-white-eagle","url_text":"\"Polish Auschwitz, Ravensbruck prisoner awarded Order of White Eagle\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Bachauer
Gina Bachauer
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 References","5 Works cited","6 External links"]
Greek pianistGina BachauerΤζίνα ΜπαχάουερBorn(1913-05-21)May 21, 1913Athens, GreeceDiedAugust 22, 1976(1976-08-22) (aged 63)Athens, GreeceNationalityGreekEducationAthens ConservatoryOccupationClassical pianist Gina Bachauer (Greek: Τζίνα Μπαχάουερ; May 21, 1913, Athens – August 22, 1976, Athens) was a Greek classical pianist who toured extensively in the United States and Europe. Interested in piano at a young age, Bachauer graduated from the Athens Conservatory and studied under Alfred Cortot and Sergei Rachmaninoff. She is best known for playing Romantic piano concertos. She played hundreds of concerts for the Allied troops in the Middle East during World War II while she lived in Egypt. She spent a lot of time touring the United States and Europe, giving over 100 concerts each year. Bachauer also recorded extensively, both as a soloist and with orchestras. She received an honorary doctorate from the University of Utah. During her career she was called the "queen of pianists". The Gina Bachauer International Piano Foundation was named in honor of her contributions to the musical world. In her personal life, Bachauer married music conductor Alec Sherman, who became her manager. She died at the age of 63 at the Athens Festival. Biography Gina Bachauer was born in Athens, Greece in a Jewish family. She was interested in the piano from a young age; she gave her first recital as a child in her hometown of Athens. She graduated from the Athens Conservatory in 1929. She gained further piano instruction from Alfred Cortot and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Her studies under Rachmaninoff involved trailing him around the world, requesting lessons even as he toured. Her debut performance with an orchestra was in 1932. She had three "debuts" before her career truly took off. Her first debut was interrupted by her father's financial problems; she returned to Greece to work for her family. Her next debut was interrupted by World War II, but she continued playing, practicing, and looking for opportunities. She gave hundreds of concerts all over the world by the end of her career. Bachauer played a wide range of music but was most known for her performances of Romantic piano concertos. She married Alec Sherman after playing with the New London Orchestra under his direction. Sherman left his conducting career to become Bachauer's manager. She died in 1976 of a heart attack at the Athens Festival, on the day she was to appear as a soloist with the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, D.C. Career External audio You may hear Gina Bachauer with Stanislaw Skrowaczewski and the London Symphony Orchestra playing Johannes Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 2 in B flat major, Op. 83 in 1962 Here on archive.org Bachauer toured the American and European continents throughout her career, giving over 100 concerts each year. She would travel and perform eleven months out of the year. In 1965, she had done 14 coast-to-coast tours of the United States. She performed solo recitals in addition to her performances with orchestras. She received critical acclaim for her work and was called the "queen of pianists" during her busy career. After her studies under Cortot and Rachmaninoff, she toured Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Egypt, but the outbreak of World War II stranded her in Cairo. There, she gave concerts to troops in the area, expanding her repertoire beyond classical music for a time because it bored the troops. She considered her 1935 performance with the Athens Symphony Orchestra as her true debut, as it launched her career more than any of her previous performances. In 1955, she performed in the Herodes Atticus Theatre before King Paul and Queen Frederika. She was the first solo pianist to do so. She debuted in the United States in 1950 and, despite a low turnout, received positive reviews. Recording music was also a significant part of Bachauer's career. She recorded for the HMV (His Master's Voice), RCA Victor, and Mercury labels. She did recordings with orchestras and released her own solo albums. During her three decades as the "queen of pianists", Bachauer took time to support young pianists by listening to them perform and offering her advice. In 1973, she took a short break from touring to judge the American Music Scholarship Association's piano competition and worked with the students who competed. Bachauer was also the piano teacher of Princess Irene and gave piano lessons to King Paul. Princess Irene performed with Bachauer on some of her tours in the United States, including concerts in Salt Lake City, Seattle, Cincinnati, and Dallas. The Dallas Symphony Orchestra reached out to Bachauer in 1971 when they were experiencing financial difficulty. In response, Bachauer brought Princess Irene to perform a two-piano concerto with her as part of a Dallas Symphony Orchestra program. The novelty of a Greek princess combined with the popularity of Bachauer brought in a huge audience, as well as $100,000 for the struggling orchestra. Bachauer was a close friend of Maurice Abravanel and often appeared with the Utah Symphony Orchestra. She was considered an honorary citizen of Utah and held an honorary doctorate of music from the University of Utah. The Gina Bachauer International Piano foundation is based in Salt Lake City. She also frequently played with the London Philharmonic and the BBC Orchestra. Legacy The Gina Bachauer International Piano Foundation's programs include educational outreach and prestigious competitions. The Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition was established in 1976 in her honor. It attracts young pianists worldwide to Salt Lake City each year. As of 1997, the house in which Bachauer lived in Halandri stood empty, though it was still taken care of, along with the stray cats that Bachauer fed when she was alive, by friends and neighbors. In 1981, the Greek Post issued a stamp in Bachauer's honor. She is considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century. References ^ a b "Gina Bachauer". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved Dec 18, 2019. ^ a b "Antenna: News in English (AM), 97-09-24". www.hri.org. Retrieved Dec 18, 2019. ^ Biography of Gina Bachauer Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine on the website of the GINA BACHAUER International Piano Foundation ^ a b "Bachauer, Gina | BYU Library - Special Collections". archives.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-04. ^ a b Quill, Gynter C. (1952-12-14). "New-Found Star of Piano World Will Be Heard by Civic Music Audience". The Waco Times-Herald. p. 58. Retrieved 2022-08-16. ^ Campbell, Mary (1965-11-25). "Fate Disrupted Career Twice, Pianist Triumphed Third Time". Denton Record-Chronicle. p. 28. Retrieved 2022-08-16. ^ Jean-Pierre Thiollet, 88 notes pour piano solo, "Solo nec plus ultra", Neva Editions, 2015, p.50.ISBN 978 2 3505 5192 0. ^ Allred 1999, p. 181. ^ Allred 1999, p. 2. ^ "Gina Bachauer (Piano) - Short Biography". www.bach-cantatas.com. Retrieved Dec 18, 2019. ^ Allred 1999, p. 22. ^ a b Wade 1999, p. 172. ^ a b Wade 1999, p. 93. ^ Allred 1999, p. 1. ^ Allred 1999, p. 13. ^ Allred 1999, p. 12. ^ Allred 1999, p. 17. ^ Wade 1999, p. 96. ^ Allred 1999, p. 31. ^ Sawye, Lauralee (August 1973). "The young pianists". Cincinnati Magazine: 74–79, 140 – via Google Books. ^ "Collection: Gina Bachauer papers | BYU Library - Special Collections". archives.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-04. ^ Springer, Barbara (1969-02-05). "Princess, Gina Bachauer Arrive for S.L. Concert". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. 15. Retrieved 2022-08-16. ^ "Dallas Concert To Feature Princess". San Antonio Express. 1971-02-19. p. 30. Retrieved 2022-08-16. ^ Wade 1999, p. 212. ^ Wade 1999, p. 252. ^ a b "About - Gina Bachauer". Bachauer. 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2022-08-15. ^ Haag, John (1999). "Bachauer, Gina". Women in World History, Vol. 2: Ba-Brec. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-7876-4061-1. ^ Wade 1999, p. 1. Works cited Wade, Graham (1999). Gina Bachauer - A Pianist's Odyssey. Yorkshire: GRM Publications. ISBN 1901148033. Allred, Nancy Carol (1999). Gina Bachauer: Her Performance Career, A Study of Her Repertoire in Concert and Recording. Kansas City, Missouri. ISBN 9780599299979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Gina Bachauer International Music Association - Official Site Gina Bachauer International Piano Foundation - Official Site Gina Bachauer papers, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Gina Bachauer / Historic Piano Masterclass / Student - Yefim Bronfman / Jerusalem Music Centre, Jerusalem Music Centre, YouTube Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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She died at the age of 63 at the Athens Festival.","title":"Gina Bachauer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Athens Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred1999181-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred19992-9"},{"link_name":"National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Gina Bachauer was born in Athens, Greece in a Jewish family.[1] She was interested in the piano from a young age; she gave her first recital as a child in her hometown of Athens.[2] She graduated from the Athens Conservatory in 1929.[3] She gained further piano instruction from Alfred Cortot and Sergei Rachmaninoff.[4] Her studies under Rachmaninoff involved trailing him around the world, requesting lessons even as he toured.[5] Her debut performance with an orchestra was in 1932. She had three \"debuts\" before her career truly took off. Her first debut was interrupted by her father's financial problems; she returned to Greece to work for her family. Her next debut was interrupted by World War II, but she continued playing, practicing, and looking for opportunities.[6] She gave hundreds of concerts all over the world by the end of her career.[7] Bachauer played a wide range of music but was most known for her performances of Romantic piano concertos.[8]She married Alec Sherman after playing with the New London Orchestra under his direction.[1] Sherman left his conducting career to become Bachauer's manager.[9] She died in 1976 of a heart attack at the Athens Festival, on the day she was to appear as a soloist with the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, D.C.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred199922-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1999172-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1999172-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade199993-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred19991-14"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred199913-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred199912-16"},{"link_name":"Herodes Atticus Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_of_Herodes_Atticus"},{"link_name":"King Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Queen Frederika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade199993-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred199917-17"},{"link_name":"HMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade199996-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllred199931-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Princess Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_Greece_and_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dallas Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1999212-24"},{"link_name":"Maurice Abravanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Abravanel"},{"link_name":"Utah Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Symphony"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1999252-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"London Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"BBC Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Orchestras_and_Singers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"Bachauer toured the American and European continents throughout her career, giving over 100 concerts each year. She would travel and perform eleven months out of the year.[11] In 1965, she had done 14 coast-to-coast tours of the United States.[12] She performed solo recitals in addition to her performances with orchestras.[12] She received critical acclaim for her work and was called the \"queen of pianists\" during her busy career.[13][14] After her studies under Cortot and Rachmaninoff, she toured Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Egypt, but the outbreak of World War II stranded her in Cairo. There, she gave concerts to troops in the area, expanding her repertoire beyond classical music for a time because it bored the troops.[15] She considered her 1935 performance with the Athens Symphony Orchestra as her true debut, as it launched her career more than any of her previous performances.[16] In 1955, she performed in the Herodes Atticus Theatre before King Paul and Queen Frederika. She was the first solo pianist to do so.[13] She debuted in the United States in 1950 and, despite a low turnout, received positive reviews.[17]Recording music was also a significant part of Bachauer's career. She recorded for the HMV (His Master's Voice), RCA Victor, and Mercury labels. She did recordings with orchestras and released her own solo albums.[18]During her three decades as the \"queen of pianists\", Bachauer took time to support young pianists by listening to them perform and offering her advice.[19] In 1973, she took a short break from touring to judge the American Music Scholarship Association's piano competition and worked with the students who competed.[20]Bachauer was also the piano teacher of Princess Irene and gave piano lessons to King Paul.[21] Princess Irene performed with Bachauer on some of her tours in the United States, including concerts in Salt Lake City, Seattle, Cincinnati, and Dallas.[22][23] The Dallas Symphony Orchestra reached out to Bachauer in 1971 when they were experiencing financial difficulty. In response, Bachauer brought Princess Irene to perform a two-piano concerto with her as part of a Dallas Symphony Orchestra program. The novelty of a Greek princess combined with the popularity of Bachauer brought in a huge audience, as well as $100,000 for the struggling orchestra.[24]Bachauer was a close friend of Maurice Abravanel and often appeared with the Utah Symphony Orchestra.[4] She was considered an honorary citizen of Utah and held an honorary doctorate of music from the University of Utah.[25] The Gina Bachauer International Piano foundation is based in Salt Lake City.[26] She also frequently played with the London Philharmonic and the BBC Orchestra.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Bachauer_International_Piano_Competition"},{"link_name":"Halandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halandri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Greek Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Post"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade19991-28"}],"text":"The Gina Bachauer International Piano Foundation's programs include educational outreach and prestigious competitions.[26] The Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition was established in 1976 in her honor. It attracts young pianists worldwide to Salt Lake City each year. As of 1997, the house in which Bachauer lived in Halandri stood empty, though it was still taken care of, along with the stray cats that Bachauer fed when she was alive, by friends and neighbors.[2]In 1981, the Greek Post issued a stamp in Bachauer's honor.[27] She is considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century.[28]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1901148033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1901148033"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780599299979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780599299979"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Wade, Graham (1999). Gina Bachauer - A Pianist's Odyssey. Yorkshire: GRM Publications. ISBN 1901148033.\nAllred, Nancy Carol (1999). Gina Bachauer: Her Performance Career, A Study of Her Repertoire in Concert and Recording. Kansas City, Missouri. ISBN 9780599299979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Works cited"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gina Bachauer\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved Dec 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/gina-bachauer","url_text":"\"Gina Bachauer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antenna: News in English (AM), 97-09-24\". www.hri.org. Retrieved Dec 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hri.org/news/greek/ant1en/1997/97-09-24.ant1en.html","url_text":"\"Antenna: News in English (AM), 97-09-24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bachauer, Gina | BYU Library - Special Collections\". archives.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/people/10860","url_text":"\"Bachauer, Gina | BYU Library - Special Collections\""}]},{"reference":"Quill, Gynter C. (1952-12-14). \"New-Found Star of Piano World Will Be Heard by Civic Music Audience\". The Waco Times-Herald. p. 58. Retrieved 2022-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107710550/gina-bachauer/","url_text":"\"New-Found Star of Piano World Will Be Heard by Civic Music Audience\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Mary (1965-11-25). \"Fate Disrupted Career Twice, Pianist Triumphed Third Time\". Denton Record-Chronicle. p. 28. Retrieved 2022-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107714277/bachauers-story/","url_text":"\"Fate Disrupted Career Twice, Pianist Triumphed Third Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gina Bachauer (Piano) - Short Biography\". www.bach-cantatas.com. Retrieved Dec 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Bachauer-Gina.htm","url_text":"\"Gina Bachauer (Piano) - Short Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Sawye, Lauralee (August 1973). \"The young pianists\". Cincinnati Magazine: 74–79, 140 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CesCAAAAMBAJ&dq=gina+bachauer&pg=PA75","url_text":"\"The young pianists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection: Gina Bachauer papers | BYU Library - Special Collections\". archives.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/ltpsc/resources/upb_mss7920","url_text":"\"Collection: Gina Bachauer papers | BYU Library - Special Collections\""}]},{"reference":"Springer, Barbara (1969-02-05). \"Princess, Gina Bachauer Arrive for S.L. Concert\". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. 15. Retrieved 2022-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107711125/bachauer-with-princess-irene/","url_text":"\"Princess, Gina Bachauer Arrive for S.L. Concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Concert To Feature Princess\". San Antonio Express. 1971-02-19. p. 30. Retrieved 2022-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107712311/bachauer-in-dallas/","url_text":"\"Dallas Concert To Feature Princess\""}]},{"reference":"\"About - Gina Bachauer\". Bachauer. 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://bachauer.com/about/","url_text":"\"About - Gina Bachauer\""}]},{"reference":"Haag, John (1999). \"Bachauer, Gina\". Women in World History, Vol. 2: Ba-Brec. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-7876-4061-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_World_History","url_text":"Women in World History, Vol. 2: Ba-Brec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4061-1","url_text":"0-7876-4061-1"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Graham (1999). Gina Bachauer - A Pianist's Odyssey. Yorkshire: GRM Publications. ISBN 1901148033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1901148033","url_text":"1901148033"}]},{"reference":"Allred, Nancy Carol (1999). Gina Bachauer: Her Performance Career, A Study of Her Repertoire in Concert and Recording. Kansas City, Missouri. ISBN 9780599299979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780599299979","url_text":"9780599299979"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties
Military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties
["1 Organization","1.1 South","1.2 North","1.3 Fubing","2 Equipment","3 Northern Wei (386–535)","3.1 End of the Sixteen Kingdoms","3.2 Tao's tyranny","3.3 Sinicization","3.4 Collapse","4 Western and Eastern Wei","5 Northern Qi (550–577)","6 Northern Zhou (557–581)","7 Sui dynasty","8 Southern dynasties","8.1 Liu Song (420–479)","8.2 Southern Qi (479–502)","8.3 Liang (502–557)","8.4 Chen dynasty (557–589)","9 References","10 Bibliography"]
See also: Timeline of the Northern and Southern dynasties Cavalry of Northern Qi The military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties encompasses the period of Chinese military activity from 420 to 589. Officially starting with Liu Yu's usurpation of the Jin throne and creation of his Liu Song dynasty in 420, it ended in 589 with the Sui dynasty's conquest of Chen dynasty and reunification of China proper. The first of the Northern dynasties did not however begin in 420, but in 386 with the creation of Northern Wei. Thus there is some unofficial overlap with the era of the Sixteen Kingdoms. Organization Northern dynasties soldier Northern dynasties shieldbearer South During the Eastern Jin period, the army relied on a system of hereditary military households for recruitment. However, having lost the resources of the north, the Eastern Jin army attempted to bolster the number of military families in the south by incorporating convicts, vagrants, and aboriginals. This resulted in a general decline of social status and morale in the military. By the end of the dynasty, military men were regarded little better than government slaves. Terms of service were exceedingly harsh. One in three men from a military family was called upon for a term of service lasting from the age of 15 to their 60s. Essentially their entire life. Those who suffered debilitating injuries had to find a replacement from their family to procure release. Desertion was rampant and exit from the military household system a much sought after reward. By the sixth century the system of hereditary military households had collapsed. During the Liu Song dynasty, voluntary recruits began to supplant the defunct military caste system. Many of these soldiers were former members of the previous system who had been freed, and had chosen to re-enlist for better terms, or because they could find no better employment. In practice, many of the military communities which had sprung up during the era of hereditary troops stayed together, and provided the basis for recruitment for the next dynasty. By the Liang and Chen dynasties, voluntary recruits had become the dominant component of the military. Commoners were sometimes called up during times of special need, however their service was generally relegated to labor or logistical duties. Military commanders of the time had little faith in their fighting ability. North After Northern Wei shifted its capital to Luoyang, the lower class Xianbei were registered as "garrison households". These functioned similarly to the southern hereditary military households and were used for frontier garrison posts. They were excluded from the formal ranking system. After the collapse of Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei regime absorbed the greater portion of North Asian warriors and preferred to deploy them over the Han Chinese. The Western regime lacked the manpower to forego Han Chinese recruits and made significant use of them in their campaigns. Fubing Main article: Fubing system In 550, Western Wei created the Twenty-four Armies, the predecessor of the fubing system, which formed the basis of military recruitment in the Sui dynasty and early Tang dynasty. The primary significance of the Twenty-four Armies was that Yuwen Tai had managed to bolster his forces to a size far beyond what he originally started with. From 50,000 men in 550, the Twenty-four Armies had doubled in size by 570. It's not certain how this happened and the specifics are still a source of contention. The general view is that to create the Twenty-four Armies, the Western Wei government implemented a system of mass recruitment. However, unlike the conscription of the Han dynasty, this time the government provided new incentives by removing the names of recruits from the household registers. This meant that they were effectively free from normal tax and labor obligations. It was said that "after this half the Chinese became soldiers". The utilization of Chinese troops eventually led to the triumph of Northern Zhou over Northern Qi. Despite having a larger population base, the eastern Xianbei elite hailed from the northern garrisons which opposed sinicizing policies at the capital. They treated the Chinese with disdain and distrust, refusing to incorporate them into their military structure. The Chinese population reciprocated this sentiment and did little to help their overlords in times of need. In the west, the Xianbei had no choice but to rely upon not just the Chinese, but also the Qiang, for they lacked the numbers to stand up to their eastern counterpart. The result was a new hybridized northwestern aristocracy of Xianbei, Chinese, and Qiang descent that gave birth to the Sui and Tang dynasties. Equipment During the Northern and Southern dynasties period (420-589), a style of armour called "cord and plaque" became popular, as did shields and long swords. "Cord and plaque" armour consisted of double breast plates in the front and back held in position by two shoulder straps and waist cords, in conjunction with the usual lamellar armour. "Cord and plaque" wearing figurines are also often depicted holding an oval or rectangular shield and a long sword. Types of armour had also apparently become distinct enough for there to be separate categories for light and heavy armour. In the 6th century, Qimu Huaiwen introduced to Northern Qi the process of 'co-fusion' steelmaking, which used metals of different carbon contents to create steel. Apparently sabers made using this method were capable of penetrating 30 armour lamellae. It's not clear if the armour was of iron or leather. Huaiwen made sabres of 'overnight iron' . His method was to anneal powdered cast iron with layers of soft blanks . After several days the result is steel . Soft iron was used for the spine of the sabre, He washed it in the urine of the Five Sacrificial Animals and quench-hardened it in the fat of the Five Sacrificial Animals: could penetrate thirty armour lamellae . The 'overnight soft blanks' cast today by the metallurgists of Xiangguo (襄國) represent a vestige of technique. The sabres which they make are still extremely sharp, but they cannot penetrate thirty lamellae. The Northern Wei employed the "iron-clad" Erzhu tribe who fought as armoured cavalry. Soldiers of the Northern dynasties Soldiers of the Northern dynasties Northern dynasties shieldbearer A soldier of the Northern dynasties Northern Qi soldier Northern Qi soldier Northern Wei cavalry Northern Wei (386–535) 460 Northern Wei in 464 Uprisings of Northern Wei End of the Sixteen Kingdoms Northern Wei, a successor state of Dai, was the first of the Northern and Southern dynasties. It was founded by Tuoba Gui, posthumously Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, in 386. From 388–9, he established dominion over the Kumoxi, Jieru, and Tutulin in the east. From 390–1, he defeated the Gaoju, Yuange, Helan, Gexi, Getulin, Chinu, and Chufu north of the Yellow River. From 391–2, he defeated the Xiongnu south of the Yellow River. In the summer of 395, the heir apparent of Later Yan, Murong Bao, attacked Northern Wei. Tuoba Gui chose not to confront him head on and fled west across the Yellow River, leaving the east undefended. When Murong Bao reached the east bank of the Yellow River, a series of protracted skirmished occurred, lasting until winter. At that point Murong Bao started to retreat, but Tuoba Gui overtook him with a column of cavalry at Shenhe Slope, northwest of modern Horinger. The entire Yan army was taken by surprise and routed on 8 December 395. Murong Chui led a new invasion into Later Yan territory in 396 and defeated an army near Pingcheng, but the offensive came to an abrupt halt when he grew ill and died. The momentum reversed and Yan armies captured Bing Province in the fall, Zhongshan in 397, and Ye city in 398. Tuoba Gui died in 409 and was succeeded by his son, Tuoba Si, posthumously Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei. Tuoba Si was heavily involved in Chinese poetry and literature and lacked the martial drive of his predecessor. Under his reign, there were two campaigns against the Rouran to the north. Tuoba Si died in 423 and was succeeded by his son Tuoba Tao, posthumously Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei. Tuoba Tao was the polar opposite of his father. According to Sima Guang, the heir of Tuoba Si was courageous and stalwart, often leading the charge in assaulting heavily defended cities, and acted indifferently towards the sight of death. In 426 he attacked the kingdom of Xia, taking Chang'an and Tongwancheng in 427. However Chang'an was retaken the next year. In 430 Northern Wei took Luoyang from the Liu Song dynasty, conquered Northern Yan in 436, and Northern Liang in 439. Thus ended the Sixteen Kingdoms. Tao's tyranny After conquering Northern Liang, Tuoba Tao crushed the rebellion of Ge Wu in Guanzhong and at the suggestion of Cui Hao, instigated proscription campaigns against Buddhism. In 449, he crushed the Rouran in battle and retaliated against a Liu Song invasion with his punitive expedition, reaching as far as Guabu (southeast of Luhe, Jiangsu). He was killed in 452 by a eunuch, Zong Ai, who was killed by Lu Li and others. They installed Tuoba Jun, posthumously Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei. Sinicization See also: Change of Xianbei names to Han names In 465, Tuoba Jun died and was succeeded by Tuoba Hong, posthumously Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei. Under his reign, Northern Wei invaded the Liu Song dynasty and Qingzhou and Jizhou (冀州) (north Jiangsu). In 471, Tuoba Hong abdicated in favor of Yuan Hong, posthumously Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei. Hong's reign saw increasing sinicization at the court. In 494, Hong secretly moved the court to Luoyang under the disguise of a campaign. In 495, he banned the Xianbei language at court. Non-Chinese languages were forbidden for all officials under the age of 30 and Xianbei surnames were replaced with Chinese names: Tuoba became Yuan. Xianbei clothing was also forbidden. Xianbei ranks were subsumed under the Chinese ones, and all Xianbei families were ranked using the new system. In 496, Xianbei nobles and generals rebelled in the north but were defeated. Even Hong's own son opposed the new policies, for which he was forced to commit suicide. In 499, Tuoba Hong died and was succeeded by Yuan Ke, posthumously Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei. Under Yuan Ke, Northern Wei invaded the Liang dynasty and conquered Yiyangin 504 and Chouchi in 506. They were however defeated at Zhongli (northeast of Fengyang, Anhui). A Liang counterattack saw the loss of Qushan (southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu) in 512. in 515, Yuan Ke died and was succeeded by Yuan Xu, posthumously Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei. Collapse In 523, drought and famine afflicted the northern frontier. Garrison commanders refused to distribute rations, causing the Six Frontier Towns to rebel under Poliuhan Baling. He was soon defeated with the aid of the Rouran khan Yujiulü Anagui, but northern refugees entered Hubei and also rebelled under Du Luozhou and Ge Rong. In 528, Yuan Xu was poisoned by her mother and died. Erzhu Rong, a Jie general, took control of the capital and killed the empress and her son, Yuan Zhao. He enthroned Yuan Ziyou, posthumously Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei. Then with only 7,000 cavalry, Erzhu defeated Ge Rong's rebels. He enlisted the surrendered into his army, becoming the de facto ruler of Northern Wei. His victory was short lived, and Yuan Ziyou killed him in an ambush in 530. Erzhu Rong's heir, Erzhu Zhao, retaliated by sacking the capital and killing the emperor, replacing him with Yuan Ye. Erzhu Zhao failed to command his predecessor's former troops and they defected to Gao Huan. In 531, Gao Huan established an independent regime in Hebei. Being a Chinese raised in the Xianbei culture, he commanded not only the loyalty of Xianbei frontiersmen, but also that of the Han Chinese. With his supporters, Gao decisively defeated Erzhu Zhao in late spring of 532. He enthroned Yuan Xiu, posthumously Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei. In 534, Yuan Xiu fled to Chang'an under the regime of Yuwen Tai. In response, Gao Huan evicted Luoyang of its entire population and moved them to Ye city. Yuan Shanjian, posthumously Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, was enthroned under the eastern regime. In 535, Yuan Xiu was killed by Yuwen Tai, who replaced him with Yuan Baoju, posthumously Emperor Wen of Western Wei. Thus ended the Northern Wei. Northern Wei cavalry Northern Wei cavalry Northern Wei cavalry Northern Wei cavalry Northern Wei cavalry Northern Wei cavalry Western Wei horse rider (possibly flag bearer or messenger) Western and Eastern Wei Western Wei cavalry Eastern Wei shieldbearers Western Wei cavalry Mural of mounted archers, Northern Qi In 537, Gao Huan launched a three pronged attacked on Western Wei. When one column was crushed by a concentration of 6,000 cavalry under Yuwen Tai, Gao retreated. Gao made a second attempt with a force of 100,000. The resulting Battle of Shayuan on 19 November saw Gao's entire force defeated in a surprise ambush by 7,000 heavy cavalry. The eastern army lost more than half its men. In 538, Western Wei attacked Luoyang but was defeated. In 542, Gao Huan tried to take the fortress of Yubi, which blocked his way into Guanzhong. After a nine day siege, he withdrew due to a snowstorm. In 543, Yuwent Tai tried to take Luoyang again and failed. In 546, Gao Huan tried to take Yubi again. He failed and died a few weeks later. Gao’s men began by building an earthen mound to overlook the south wall of the fortress, but the defenders were able to counter by adding to the height of their towers. The attackers then tried tunnelling, but the defenders intercepted the tunnels by digging a deep trench inside and parallel to the south wall. When the attackers tried to weaken the wall with a sort of battering ram, the defenders lowered a cloth screen from the top of the wall to soften its impact. Gao Huan’s men eventually succeeded in undermining the wall and causing a small section to collapse, but the Western Wei defenders quickly filled the gap with a makeshift palisade. After spending thousands of lives to no avail, Gao abandoned the siege and withdrew to Taiyuan. He died only a few weeks later.— David Graff In 550, Gao Yang replaced the Eastern Wei with his own dynasty, Northern Qi. Western Wei invaded the Liang dynasty in 553 and conquered the Sichuan region. They killed Emperor Yuan of Liang the next year. In 556, Yuwen Tai died. In 557, Yuwen Hu replaced Western Wei with Northern Zhou. Tuoba / Yuan clan, Wei emperors family tree Legend:   – Northern Wei emperors   – Western Wei emperors   – Eastern Wei emperors   – Northern Wei throne pretenders See Tuoba clanDai statefamily tree Tuoba GuiDaowu371–386–409 Tuoba Xi399–421Tuoba SiMingyuan392–409–423 Tuoba Ta416–488Tuoba TaoTaiwu408–423–452 Yuan ZhongkuiTuoba Huang428–451Tuoba Yu452 Yuan Faseng453–536Tuoba JunWencheng440–452–465Tuoba Zhen447–496 Tuoba HongXianwen454–465–471–476Yuan YiYuan Bin464–499 Tuoba HongXiaowen467–471–499Yuan Yu470–501Yuan Yongd. 528Yuan Xiang476–504Yuan Xied. 508Yuan Ye530–531;d. 532Yuan Rong481–526 Yuan KeXuanwu483–499–515Yuan Xun483–497Yuan Yu488–508Yuan Yi487–520Yuan Huai488–517Yuan Yue494–532Yuan XinYuan GongJiemin498–531–532Yuan Yud. 555Yuan Haod. 529Yuan Shaod. 528Yuan ZiyouXiaozhuang507–528–531 Yuan Lang513–531–532 Yuan XuXiaoming510–515–528Yuan BaohuiYuan BaojuWen 507–535–551Yuan Dand. 537Yuan Ti506–528Yuan XiuXiaowu 510–532–535YuanHuangtou daughterb./r. 528Yuan Zhao526–528Yuan QinFei551–554Yuan KuoGong537–554–556–557Yuan ShanjianXiaojing524–534–550–552 Yuan Zan Northern Qi (550–577) Northern Qi tomb mural Northern Qi was founded in 550 by Gao Yang, posthumously Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi. In 553, the Rouran submitted to Northern Qi after being defeated by the Göktürks. In 556, Northern Qi attacked Jiankang but was repelled. In 559, Gao Yang died and was succeeded by Gao Yin, posthumously Emperor Fei of Northern Qi. In 560, Gao Yin was deposed by Gao Yan, posthumously Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi. In 561, Gao Yan died and was succeeded by Gao Zhan, posthumously Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi. In 565, Northern Qi invaded Northern Zhou but was repelled. Gao Zhan abdicated to Gao Wei. In 573, the Chen dynasty invaded and conquered the Huai River valley. In 575, Northern Zhou mobilized 170,000 men for an attack on Luoyang. After initial success, their emperor fell ill and were forced to retreat. On 10 November 576, Northern Zhou struck at Pingyang with an army of 145,000. With 60,000, the emperor took the city. As Gao Wei approached Pingyang, the enemies retreated with only 10,000 remaining in the city. On 10 January, 577, Northern Zhou returned with 80,000 men deployed in battle formation covering a wide perimeter. Gao Wei decided to engage the enemy army. When his left wing showed signs of collapsing, he fled, demoralizing his army and causing it to collapse. The Zhou army continued to advance, reaching Taiyuan on 17 January. On the 20th, 40,000 troops sallied out and were defeated. While they were retreating back into the city, the Zhou army scaled the walls. A Qi counterattack that night pushed back the invaders. On 21 January, the Zhou army breached the eastern gate and took the city. On 22 February 577, Ye city fell the Zhou. Gao Wei was captured and killed in 578. Northern Qi emperors Gao Huan 高欢 (496–547) Gao Cheng 高澄 (521–549)Gao Yang 高洋 (526–559)Wenxuan (r. 550–559)Empress Gao高皇后Gao Yan 高演 (535–561)Xiaozhao (r. 560–561)Gao Zhan 高湛 (537–569)Wucheng (r. 561–565)Gao Jie 高湝(?–577) Gao Changgong 高长恭 d. 573Prince of Lanling 蘭陵王Gao Yanzong 高延宗 (?–578; r. 576)Gao Yin 高殷 (545–561)Fei (r. 559–560)Gao Shaoyi 高紹義 (b. 546; r. 578–580)Gao Bainian 高百年 556–564Gao Wei 高緯 (557–577)Houzhu (r. 565–577)Gao Yan 高儼 (558–571) Gao Heng 高恆 (570–577)Youzhu (r. 577) Northern Qi hunting scene Northern Qi hunting scene Northern Zhou (557–581) Northern Wei cavalry Iron helmet, Northern and Southern dynasties Northern Zhou was founded by Yuwen Hu in 557. However Yuwen Hu never became emperor, instead placing Yuwen Jue on the throne, posthumously Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou. Yuwen Jue tried to size power from Yuwen Hu, so Yuwen Hu had him killed and replaced with Yuwen Yu, posthumously Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou. In 560, Yuwen Hu killed Yuwen Yu and replaced him with Yuwen Yong, posthumously Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. In 561, the Chen dynasty invaded, seizing North Hubei. In 565, an attack on Northern Qi was repelled. In 572, Yuwen Yong killed Yuwen Hu and seized complete power over the dynasty. On 10 November 576, Northern Zhou struck at Pingyang with an army 145,000. With 60,000, the emperor took the city. As Gao Wei approached Pingyang, the enemies retreated with only 10,000 remaining in the city. On 10 January, 577, Northern Zhou returned with 80,000 men deployed in battle formation covering a wide perimeter. Gao Wei decided to engage the enemy army. When his left wing showed signs of collapsing, he fled, demoralizing his army and causing it to collapse. The Zhou army continued to advance, reaching Taiyuan on 17 January. On the 20th, 40,000 troops sallied out and were defeated. While they were retreating back into the city, the Zhou army scaled the walls. A Qi counterattack that night pushed back the invaders. On 21 January, the Zhou army breached the eastern gate and took the city. On 22 February 577, Ye city fell the Zhou. Gao Wei was captured and killed in 578. In 578, Yuwen Yong died as he was preparing to lead an expedition against the Göktürks. He was succeeded by Yuwen Yun, posthumously Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou. In 579, Yuwen Yun abdicated to Yuwen Chan, posthumously Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou. He was only six years old at the time and real power resided in Yang Jian. In 580, Northern Zhou seized territory north of the Changjiang. Yuchi Jiong and Wang Qian rebelled but were defeated. On 4 March 581, Yang Jian deposed Yuwen Chan, and declared himself Emperor of the Sui dynasty. Northern Zhou emperors family tree Yuwen Gong 宇文肱 (d.526)Yuan Huai 元怀 （488–517） Yuwen Hao 宇文顥 (d. 524)Princess Fengyi (d. 541)Yuwen Tai宇文泰 (507–556)Emp. Xiaowuof Northern Weir. 532–535Dugu Xin 獨孤信504–557 Yuwen Hu 宇文護 (513–572)Yuwen Jue 宇文覺 (542–557)Xiaomin (r. 557)1Yuwen Xian 宇文憲 545–578Yuwen Yong 宇文邕 (543–578) Wu (r. 560–578)3Yuwen Yu 宇文毓 (534–560)Ming (r. 557–560)2EmpressDugu 獨孤王后d.558Dugu Qieluo 獨孤伽羅 544–602Emperor Wen of Suir. 581–604DuchessDugu Yuwen Yun 宇文贇 (559–580)Xuan (r. 578–579)4Yang Lihua 楊麗華 561–609Sui dynastyEmperorGaozu of Tangr. 618–626 Yuwen Yan 宇文衍 (573–581)Jing (r. 579–581)5Tang dynasty Sui dynasty In 587, the Sui dynasty annexed Western Liang and invaded the Chen dynasty with 518,000 men the following year. The Sui army took Jiankang in 589, annexing Chen and ending the era of Northern and Southern dynasties. Southern dynasties Southern dynasties cavalry Southern soldiers Liu Song (420–479) In 420, Liu Yu, posthumously Emperor Wu of Liu Song, usurped the Jin throne and replaced it with his own Liu Song dynasty. Liu Yu was originally the son of a low ranking official and his family was described as "poor". During the waning years of the Jin dynasty, Liu Yu proved himself to be an exceptionally capable commander, gifted in the use of the glaive, and worked his way up the military hierarchy. By the year 420, Liu Yu had become the dominant military power in the empire. In 422, Liu Yu died and was succeeded by his son Liu Yifu, posthumously Emperor Shao of Liu Song. In 424, Liu Yifu was deposed and succeeded by Liu Yilong, posthumously Emperor Wen of Liu Song. In 430, Northern Wei took Luoyang from Song. In 434, Song retook Hanzhong from Chouchi. In 442, Xiao Daocheng attacked the Nanman north of the Han River. In 449, Shen Qingzhi attacked the Nanman north of the Han River, taking 28,000 prisoners. In 450, Song invaded Northern Wei but was defeated. In 453, Liu Yilong was murdered by Liu Shao, who was then killed by Liu Jun, posthumously Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song. Liu Jun spent his reign killing his brothers and checking the power of his kin. In 464, Liu Jun died, sparking a civil war. In 466, Liu Yu, posthumously Emperor Ming of Liu Song, defeated the contenders and ended the civil war. In 467, Northern Wei invaded, taking territory north and west of the Huai River. In 469, Northern Wei took Qingzhou and Jizhou (冀州) (north Jiangsu) In 472, Liu Yu died and was succeeded by Liu Yu, posthumously Emperor Houfei of Liu Song. The former emperor's brother rebelled but was defeated by the general Xiao Daocheng. In 477, Liu Yu was killed by Xiao Daocheng and was succeeded by Liu Zhun, posthumously Emperor Shun of Liu Song. Xiao Daocheng went to war with provincial governor Shen Youzhi, eventually winning the next year. In 479, Xiao Daocheng deposed the last emperor of Liu Song and took the title for himself, as Emperor of Southern Qi, posthumously Emperor Gao of Southern Qi. Liu Song Liu Yu 刘裕 (363–422)Wudi (r. 420–422)1 Liu Yifu 刘义符 (406–424) Shao (r. 423–424)2 Liu Yilong 刘义隆 (407–453)Wen (r. 424–453)3 Liu Yikang劉義康 (409–451) Liu Shao 刘劭426–453; r. 4534Liu Jun (430–464)Xiaowu (r. 453–464)5Liu Jun 劉濬 (429–453)Prince ShixingLiu Yu 刘彧 (439–472)Ming (r. 465–472)7Liu Xiufan 刘休范 (448–474) Liu Ziye 刘子业 (449–466)Qianfei (r. 464–466)6 Liu Zixun (劉子勛) (456–466; r. 466)Liu Yu (劉昱) (463–477)Houfei (r. 472–477)8Liu Zhun (劉準) (469–479) Shun (r. 477–479)9 Southern Qi (479–502) 497 The Southern Qi dynasty founded by Xiao Daocheng in 479 lasted a mere 22 years. Xiao Daocheng died in 482 and was succeeded by Xiao Ze, posthumously Emperor Wu of Southern Qi. Xiao Ze died in 482 and was succeeded by Xiao Zhaoye. Xiao Luan assassinated him in 494 and became emperor, posthumously Emperor Ming of Southern Qi. When Xiao Luan died in 498 and Xiao Baojuan came to the throne, a series of plots and revolts by regional governors occurred. In 500, an imperial cousin named Xiao Yan raised 30,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry in revolt. Northern Wei also invaded at this point and took territory south of the Huai River. In 501, Xiao Baojuan's subordinates killed him and surrendered Jiankang to Xiao Yan. In 502, Xiao Yan proclaimed himself Emperor of the Liang dynasty, posthumously Emperor Wu of Liang. Southern Qi Xiao Chengzhi 萧承之 (384–447) Xiao Daosheng 萧道生Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成 (427–482)Gao (r. 479–482)1 Xiao Luan 蕭鸞 (452–498) Ming (r. 494–498)5Xiao Ni 蕭嶷 444–492Wenxian of YuzhangXiao Ze 蕭賾 (440–493)Wu (r. 482–493)2 Xiao Baojuan 蕭寶卷 (483–501; r. 498–501)6 Xiao Baoyin 蕭寶寅 (487–530; r. 527)Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融 (488–502) He (r. 501–502)7Xiao Zhangmao 蕭長懋 (458–493) Wen 文皇帝 Xiao Zhaoye 蕭昭業 473–494; r. 493–4943Xiao Zhaowen 蕭昭文 480–494; r. 4944 Liang (502–557) 541 The Liang dynasty founded by Xiao Yan in 502 survived for 55 years, with the founder ruling for 48 of those years. To fund the state treasury, the emperor donated himself to a Buddhist monastery on three occasions and forced his ministers to pay a ransom for him each time. In 504, Northern Wei conquered Yiyang. In 507, a Northern Wei army was defeated at Zhongli (northeast of Fengyang, Anhui). In 518, Liang retook Qushan (southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu). In 528, Liang briefly occupied Luoyang before being expelled. In 541, Lý Bôn rebelled and attacked Liang officials. In 544, Lý Bôn established the Early Lý dynasty and became Lý Nam Đế (Southern Emperor). In 545, Chen Baxian drove Lý Nam Đế into the mountains, where he is eventually killed, but resistance continued under Lý Thiên Bảo. In 548, the frontier general Hou Jing rebelled, took Jiankang, and proclaimed himself emperor in 551. In 549, Hou Jing seized Taicheng. Eastern Wei took territory south of the Huai River. Xiao Yan died and was succeeded by Xiao Gang, posthumously Emperor Jianwen of Liang. In 551, Hou Jing killed Xiao Gang and declared himself emperor. In 552, Wang Sengbian and Chen Baxian retook Jiankang while Hou Jing was killed. Xiao Ji declared himself emperor in Jiangling but was killed the next year. Xiao Yi became emperor, posthumously Emperor Yuan of Liang. In 553, Western Wei conquered Sichuan. In 554, Xiao Yi was captured by Western Wei and killed. In 555, Wang Sengbian set up Xiao Yuanming as emperor but Chen Baxian killed Sengbian and set up Xiao Fangzhi, posthumously Emperor Jing of Liang. In 556, Northern Qi attacked Jiankang but was repelled. In 557, Chen Baxian replaced the Liang dynasty with his own Chen dynasty Liang dynasty and Western Liang   – Liang emperors   – Western Liang emperors   – Liang throne pretenders Xiao Shunzhi 萧顺之 Xiao Yi 萧懿 (d. 500)Xiao Yan 蕭衍Wu (464–502–549)Xiao Xiu 蕭秀 475–518Xiao Hong 蕭宏 473–526 Xiao Yuanming蕭淵明 d. 556; r. 555Xiao Tong 萧统 (501–531)Xiao Gang 蕭綱Jianwen503–549–551Xiao Yi 蕭繹Yuan508–552–554–555Xiao Ji 蕭紀 508–552–553Xiao Zhengde 蕭正德d. 549; r. 548–549 Xiao Huan 萧欢Xiao Cha 蕭詧Xuan 519–555–562Xiao Daqi 蕭大器524–551Xiao Fangdeng 蕭方等 (528–549)Xiao Fangzhi 蕭方智Jing 543–555–557 Xiao Dong 萧栋 d. 552; r. 551Xiao Kui 蕭巋Ming542–562–585Xiao Yan 蕭巖Xiao Zhuang 蕭莊 548–557–560–577? Empress Xiao蕭皇后 566?–648Xiao Yu 蕭瑀574–647 Xiao Cong 蕭琮Jingr. 585–587Xiao Xuan 萧璿 Xiao Xian 萧铣583–621; r. 617–621 Chen dynasty (557–589) 562 The Chen dynasty was founded by Chen Baxian, posthumously Emperor Wen of Chen, in 557. It was immediately invaded in 558 by Western Liang, which took Changsha and Wuling The next year, Chen Baxian died and was succeeded by Chen Qian, posthumously Emperor Wen of Chen. In 561, Chen attacked Northern Zhou and conquered Hubei. In 566, Chen Qian died and was succeeded by Chen Bozong, posthumously Emperor Fei of Chen. In 568, Chen Bozong was deposed and succeeded by Chen Xu, posthumously Emperor Xuan of Chen. In 573, Chen invaded Northern Qi, conquering the Huai River valley and taking territory north of the Changjiang. In 575, a Northern Qi army was defeated at Lüliang. In 578, a Chen invasion of Northern Qi was defeated at Pengcheng. In 580, Northern Zhou seized territory north of the Changjiang. In 582, Chen Xu died and was succeeded by Chen Shubao. In 588, the Sui dynasty invaded and annexed the Chen dynasty the following year. Chen dynasty emperors family tree Chen Wenzan 陈文赞 Chen Daotan 陈道谭Chen Baxian 陳霸先 (503–559)Wu (r. 557–559) Chen Qian 陳蒨 (522–566)Wen (r. 559–566)Chen Xu 陈顼 (530–582)Xuan (r. 569–582) Chen Chang 陳昌 (537–560) Chen Bozong 陳伯宗 (554?–570)Fei (r. 566–568)Chen Shubao 陈叔宝 553–604; r. 582–589Chen Shuda陳叔達 d. 635 Ningyuan寧遠公主 577–605Emperor Wen of Sui Chen Yin 陳胤 b.573Chen Shen 陳深 b.575 References ^ a b Graff 2001, p. 83. ^ a b c Graff 2001, p. 84. ^ Graff 2001, p. 99. ^ Graff 2001, p. 108. ^ Graff 2001, p. 109. ^ Graff 110. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraff110 (help) ^ Graff 2001, p. 115. ^ a b Peers 2006, p. 94. ^ Peers 2006, p. 99. ^ Wagner 2008, p. 256. ^ Xiong 2009, p. xcvii. ^ Graff 2001, p. 69-70. ^ Graff 2001, p. 71. ^ a b Graff 2001, p. 72. ^ a b c d e f Xiong 2009, p. c. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 542. ^ Graff 2001, p. 98. ^ a b c d e f Xiong 2009, p. ci. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 414. ^ a b c Xiong 2009, p. cii. ^ Graff 2001, p. 101. ^ Graff 2001, p. 102. ^ Graff 2001, p. 103. ^ a b c d e f g Xiong 2009, p. ciii. ^ a b c Graff 2001, p. 105. ^ Graff 2001, p. 106. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Xiong 2009, p. civ. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Xiong 2009, p. cv. ^ a b Graff 2001, p. 113. ^ a b c d Xiong 2009, p. cvi. ^ Graff 2001, p. 78. ^ Graff 2001, p. 90. ^ a b c Graff 2001, p. 87. ^ a b Xiong 2009, p. xcix. ^ Graff 2001, p. 91. ^ a b c d e f Graff 2001, p. 88. ^ Graff 2001, p. 125. ^ a b c Taylor 2013. 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(2013), A History of the Vietnamese, Cambridge University Press Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537 Wagner, Donald B. (2008), Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy, Cambridge University Press vteAncient and dynastic Chinese military historyArmies Warring States Han Three Kingdoms Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms Northern & Southern Sui Tang Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms Liao Song Jurchen Jin Yuan Ming Qing Navy Ming treasure voyages treasure ships Late Qing Navy EquipmentTraditional Chariot Armour Swords Polearms Elephant Crossbow Repeating crossbow Siege equipment Stirrup War cart Gunpowder Fire arrow Flamethrower Petroleum Song gunpowder weapons Thunder crash bomb Fire lance Hand cannon Huochong Hu dun pao Huolongchushui Ming gunpowder weapons Huo Che San yan chong Breechloading musket Xun Lei Chong Hongyipao Self Strengthening Movement vteNorthern and Southern dynasties (420–589)Northern dynastiesNorthern Wei → (Western Wei | Eastern Wei → Northern Qi) → Northern ZhouSouthern dynastiesLiu Song → Southern Qi → Liang (Western Liang) → Chen
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of the Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinastia_qi_del_nord,_guerriero_a_cavallo_da_un_corredo_funebre,_550-577_ca..JPG"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Liu Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Liu Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Northern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_China%27s_Northern_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of the Northern and Southern dynastiesCavalry of Northern QiThe military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties encompasses the period of Chinese military activity from 420 to 589. Officially starting with Liu Yu's usurpation of the Jin throne and creation of his Liu Song dynasty in 420, it ended in 589 with the Sui dynasty's conquest of Chen dynasty and reunification of China proper. The first of the Northern dynasties did not however begin in 420, but in 386 with the creation of Northern Wei. Thus there is some unofficial overlap with the era of the Sixteen Kingdoms.","title":"Military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_124.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordynasty_soldier.jpg"}],"text":"Northern dynasties soldierNorthern dynasties shieldbearer","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200183-1"},{"link_name":"Liu Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200184-2"},{"link_name":"Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200184-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200184-2"}],"sub_title":"South","text":"During the Eastern Jin period, the army relied on a system of hereditary military households for recruitment. However, having lost the resources of the north, the Eastern Jin army attempted to bolster the number of military families in the south by incorporating convicts, vagrants, and aboriginals. This resulted in a general decline of social status and morale in the military. By the end of the dynasty, military men were regarded little better than government slaves. Terms of service were exceedingly harsh. One in three men from a military family was called upon for a term of service lasting from the age of 15 to their 60s. Essentially their entire life. Those who suffered debilitating injuries had to find a replacement from their family to procure release. Desertion was rampant and exit from the military household system a much sought after reward. By the sixth century the system of hereditary military households had collapsed.[1]During the Liu Song dynasty, voluntary recruits began to supplant the defunct military caste system. Many of these soldiers were former members of the previous system who had been freed, and had chosen to re-enlist for better terms, or because they could find no better employment. In practice, many of the military communities which had sprung up during the era of hereditary troops stayed together, and provided the basis for recruitment for the next dynasty.[2] By the Liang and Chen dynasties, voluntary recruits had become the dominant component of the military.[2]Commoners were sometimes called up during times of special need, however their service was generally relegated to labor or logistical duties. Military commanders of the time had little faith in their fighting ability.[2]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200199-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001108-4"}],"sub_title":"North","text":"After Northern Wei shifted its capital to Luoyang, the lower class Xianbei were registered as \"garrison households\". These functioned similarly to the southern hereditary military households and were used for frontier garrison posts. They were excluded from the formal ranking system.[3] After the collapse of Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei regime absorbed the greater portion of North Asian warriors and preferred to deploy them over the Han Chinese. The Western regime lacked the manpower to forego Han Chinese recruits and made significant use of them in their campaigns.[4]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"fubing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubing_system"},{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001109-5"},{"link_name":"Yuwen Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwen_Tai"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff110-6"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Qiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)"},{"link_name":"Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001115-7"}],"sub_title":"Fubing","text":"In 550, Western Wei created the Twenty-four Armies, the predecessor of the fubing system, which formed the basis of military recruitment in the Sui dynasty and early Tang dynasty.[5]The primary significance of the Twenty-four Armies was that Yuwen Tai had managed to bolster his forces to a size far beyond what he originally started with. From 50,000 men in 550, the Twenty-four Armies had doubled in size by 570. It's not certain how this happened and the specifics are still a source of contention. The general view is that to create the Twenty-four Armies, the Western Wei government implemented a system of mass recruitment. However, unlike the conscription of the Han dynasty, this time the government provided new incentives by removing the names of recruits from the household registers. This meant that they were effectively free from normal tax and labor obligations. It was said that \"after this half the Chinese became soldiers\".[6]The utilization of Chinese troops eventually led to the triumph of Northern Zhou over Northern Qi. Despite having a larger population base, the eastern Xianbei elite hailed from the northern garrisons which opposed sinicizing policies at the capital. They treated the Chinese with disdain and distrust, refusing to incorporate them into their military structure. The Chinese population reciprocated this sentiment and did little to help their overlords in times of need. In the west, the Xianbei had no choice but to rely upon not just the Chinese, but also the Qiang, for they lacked the numbers to stand up to their eastern counterpart. The result was a new hybridized northwestern aristocracy of Xianbei, Chinese, and Qiang descent that gave birth to the Sui and Tang dynasties.[7]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200694-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200699-9"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2008256-10"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200694-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_dynasties_soldiers_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_and_South_dynasty_soldiers_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Dynasties_Pottery_Figure_(10129458724).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_dynasties_soldier_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norqi_guardian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norqi_soldier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MET_45381.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"}],"text":"During the Northern and Southern dynasties period (420-589), a style of armour called \"cord and plaque\" became popular, as did shields and long swords. \"Cord and plaque\" armour consisted of double breast plates in the front and back held in position by two shoulder straps and waist cords, in conjunction with the usual lamellar armour. \"Cord and plaque\" wearing figurines are also often depicted holding an oval or rectangular shield and a long sword.[8] Types of armour had also apparently become distinct enough for there to be separate categories for light and heavy armour.[9]In the 6th century, Qimu Huaiwen introduced to Northern Qi the process of 'co-fusion' steelmaking, which used metals of different carbon contents to create steel. Apparently sabers made using this method were capable of penetrating 30 armour lamellae. It's not clear if the armour was of iron or leather.Huaiwen made sabres [dao 刀] of 'overnight iron' [su tie 宿鐵]. His method was to anneal [shao 燒] powdered cast iron [sheng tie jing 生鐵精] with layers of soft [iron] blanks [ding 鋌, presumably thin plates]. After several days the result is steel [gang 剛]. Soft iron was used for the spine of the sabre, He washed it in the urine of the Five Sacrificial Animals and quench-hardened it in the fat of the Five Sacrificial Animals: [Such a sabre] could penetrate thirty armour lamellae [zha 札]. The 'overnight soft blanks' [Su rou ting 宿柔鋌] cast today [in the Sui period?] by the metallurgists of Xiangguo (襄國) represent a vestige of [Qiwu Huaiwen's] technique. The sabres which they make are still extremely sharp, but they cannot penetrate thirty lamellae.[10]The Northern Wei employed the \"iron-clad\" Erzhu tribe who fought as armoured cavalry.[8]Soldiers of the Northern dynasties\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoldiers of the Northern dynasties\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern dynasties shieldbearer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA soldier of the Northern dynasties\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Qi soldier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Qi soldier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Wei cavalry","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Wei_464.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uprisings_of_Northern_Wei.jpg"}],"text":"460Northern Wei in 464Uprisings of Northern Wei","title":"Northern Wei (386–535)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Gui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Gui"},{"link_name":"Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcvii-11"},{"link_name":"Kumoxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumoxi"},{"link_name":"Chinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinu"},{"link_name":"Chufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chufu"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200169-70-12"},{"link_name":"Later Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Yan"},{"link_name":"Murong Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong_Bao"},{"link_name":"Horinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horinger"},{"link_name":"Pingcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingcheng"},{"link_name":"Bing Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Province"},{"link_name":"Zhongshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200171-13"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Si"},{"link_name":"Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Mingyuan_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Rouran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200172-14"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Tao"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Sima Guang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Guang"},{"link_name":"Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"Tongwancheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongwancheng"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"Liu Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Northern Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Yan"},{"link_name":"Northern Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Liang"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200172-14"}],"sub_title":"End of the Sixteen Kingdoms","text":"Northern Wei, a successor state of Dai, was the first of the Northern and Southern dynasties. It was founded by Tuoba Gui, posthumously Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, in 386.[11]From 388–9, he established dominion over the Kumoxi, Jieru, and Tutulin in the east. From 390–1, he defeated the Gaoju, Yuange, Helan, Gexi, Getulin, Chinu, and Chufu north of the Yellow River. From 391–2, he defeated the Xiongnu south of the Yellow River.[12]In the summer of 395, the heir apparent of Later Yan, Murong Bao, attacked Northern Wei. Tuoba Gui chose not to confront him head on and fled west across the Yellow River, leaving the east undefended. When Murong Bao reached the east bank of the Yellow River, a series of protracted skirmished occurred, lasting until winter. At that point Murong Bao started to retreat, but Tuoba Gui overtook him with a column of cavalry at Shenhe Slope, northwest of modern Horinger. The entire Yan army was taken by surprise and routed on 8 December 395. Murong Chui led a new invasion into Later Yan territory in 396 and defeated an army near Pingcheng, but the offensive came to an abrupt halt when he grew ill and died. The momentum reversed and Yan armies captured Bing Province in the fall, Zhongshan in 397, and Ye city in 398.[13]Tuoba Gui died in 409 and was succeeded by his son, Tuoba Si, posthumously Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei. Tuoba Si was heavily involved in Chinese poetry and literature and lacked the martial drive of his predecessor. Under his reign, there were two campaigns against the Rouran to the north.[14]Tuoba Si died in 423 and was succeeded by his son Tuoba Tao, posthumously Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei. Tuoba Tao was the polar opposite of his father. According to Sima Guang, the heir of Tuoba Si was courageous and stalwart, often leading the charge in assaulting heavily defended cities, and acted indifferently towards the sight of death. In 426 he attacked the kingdom of Xia, taking Chang'an and Tongwancheng in 427. However Chang'an was retaken the next year. In 430 Northern Wei took Luoyang from the Liu Song dynasty, conquered Northern Yan in 436, and Northern Liang in 439. Thus ended the Sixteen Kingdoms.[14]","title":"Northern Wei (386–535)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guanzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanzhong"},{"link_name":"Cui Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Hao"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Rouran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran"},{"link_name":"Guabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guabu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhe_District"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009c-15"},{"link_name":"Zong Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zong_Ai"},{"link_name":"Lu Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Li"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Jun"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wencheng_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009542-16"}],"sub_title":"Tao's tyranny","text":"After conquering Northern Liang, Tuoba Tao crushed the rebellion of Ge Wu in Guanzhong and at the suggestion of Cui Hao, instigated proscription campaigns against Buddhism. In 449, he crushed the Rouran in battle and retaliated against a Liu Song invasion with his punitive expedition, reaching as far as Guabu (southeast of Luhe, Jiangsu).[15] He was killed in 452 by a eunuch, Zong Ai, who was killed by Lu Li and others. They installed Tuoba Jun, posthumously Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei.[16]","title":"Northern Wei (386–535)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Change of Xianbei names to Han names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_Xianbei_names_to_Han_names"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Jun"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xianwen_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Liu Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhou"},{"link_name":"Jizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Province"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009c-15"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009c-15"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200198-17"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuanwu_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ci-18"},{"link_name":"Liang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yiyangin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyang"},{"link_name":"Chouchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouchi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ci-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009414-19"},{"link_name":"Fengyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengyang"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ci-18"},{"link_name":"Qushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qushan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lianyungang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cii-20"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaoming_of_Northern_Wei"}],"sub_title":"Sinicization","text":"See also: Change of Xianbei names to Han namesIn 465, Tuoba Jun died and was succeeded by Tuoba Hong, posthumously Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei. Under his reign, Northern Wei invaded the Liu Song dynasty and Qingzhou and Jizhou (冀州) (north Jiangsu).[15]In 471, Tuoba Hong abdicated in favor of Yuan Hong, posthumously Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.[15] Hong's reign saw increasing sinicization at the court. In 494, Hong secretly moved the court to Luoyang under the disguise of a campaign. In 495, he banned the Xianbei language at court. Non-Chinese languages were forbidden for all officials under the age of 30 and Xianbei surnames were replaced with Chinese names: Tuoba became Yuan. Xianbei clothing was also forbidden. Xianbei ranks were subsumed under the Chinese ones, and all Xianbei families were ranked using the new system. In 496, Xianbei nobles and generals rebelled in the north but were defeated. Even Hong's own son opposed the new policies, for which he was forced to commit suicide.[17]In 499, Tuoba Hong died and was succeeded by Yuan Ke, posthumously Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei.[18] Under Yuan Ke, Northern Wei invaded the Liang dynasty and conquered Yiyangin 504 and Chouchi in 506.[18][19] They were however defeated at Zhongli (northeast of Fengyang, Anhui).[18] A Liang counterattack saw the loss of Qushan (southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu) in 512.[20]in 515, Yuan Ke died and was succeeded by Yuan Xu, posthumously Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei.","title":"Northern Wei (386–535)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Frontier Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Frontier_Towns"},{"link_name":"Poliuhan Baling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poliuhan_Baling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rouran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran"},{"link_name":"Yujiulü Anagui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Anagui"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Du Luozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du_Luozhou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ge Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ge_Rong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cii-20"},{"link_name":"her mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Hu_(Northern_Wei)"},{"link_name":"Erzhu Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzhu_Rong"},{"link_name":"Jie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jie_people"},{"link_name":"Yuan Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhuang_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Erzhu Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzhu_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Yuan Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Ye_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Gao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Huan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001101-21"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001102-22"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"Yuwen Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwen_Tai"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shanjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shanjian"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaojing_of_Eastern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001103-23"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen of Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_127.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cavalryman_on_armoured_horse,_China,_Northern_Wei_dynasty,_c._500-534,_earthenware_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04074.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Wei_cav.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Wei_Cavalry_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLA_brooklynmuseum_Horse_and_Rider_385-535_CE_ceramic.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Collapse","text":"In 523, drought and famine afflicted the northern frontier. Garrison commanders refused to distribute rations, causing the Six Frontier Towns to rebel under Poliuhan Baling. He was soon defeated with the aid of the Rouran khan Yujiulü Anagui, but northern refugees entered Hubei and also rebelled under Du Luozhou and Ge Rong.[20]In 528, Yuan Xu was poisoned by her mother and died. Erzhu Rong, a Jie general, took control of the capital and killed the empress and her son, Yuan Zhao. He enthroned Yuan Ziyou, posthumously Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei. Then with only 7,000 cavalry, Erzhu defeated Ge Rong's rebels. He enlisted the surrendered into his army, becoming the de facto ruler of Northern Wei. His victory was short lived, and Yuan Ziyou killed him in an ambush in 530. Erzhu Rong's heir, Erzhu Zhao, retaliated by sacking the capital and killing the emperor, replacing him with Yuan Ye. Erzhu Zhao failed to command his predecessor's former troops and they defected to Gao Huan.[21]In 531, Gao Huan established an independent regime in Hebei. Being a Chinese raised in the Xianbei culture, he commanded not only the loyalty of Xianbei frontiersmen, but also that of the Han Chinese. With his supporters, Gao decisively defeated Erzhu Zhao in late spring of 532. He enthroned Yuan Xiu, posthumously Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei.[22]In 534, Yuan Xiu fled to Chang'an under the regime of Yuwen Tai. In response, Gao Huan evicted Luoyang of its entire population and moved them to Ye city. Yuan Shanjian, posthumously Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, was enthroned under the eastern regime.[23]In 535, Yuan Xiu was killed by Yuwen Tai, who replaced him with Yuan Baoju, posthumously Emperor Wen of Western Wei. Thus ended the Northern Wei.[24]Northern Wei cavalry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Wei cavalry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Wei cavalry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Wei cavalry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Wei cavalry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Wei cavalry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWestern Wei horse rider (possibly flag bearer or messenger)","title":"Northern Wei (386–535)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_(535%E2%80%93557_CE),_Mogao_Cave_285,_Dunhuang,_China,_pt_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armored_warriors,_China,_Eastern_Wei_dynasty,_534-550_AD,_ceramic_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart,_Germany_-_DSC03593.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eastern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Wei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_(535%E2%80%93557_CE),_Mogao_Cave_285,_Dunhuang,_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riders_on_Horseback,_Northern_Qi_Dynasty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Gao Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Huan"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Yuwen Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwen_Tai"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shayuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shayuan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001105-25"},{"link_name":"Guanzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanzhong"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001105-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001105-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001106-26"},{"link_name":"Gao Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wenxuan_of_Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"link_name":"Liang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"Emperor Yuan of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Yuwen Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwen_Hu"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"}],"text":"Western Wei cavalryEastern Wei shieldbearersWestern Wei cavalryMural of mounted archers, Northern QiIn 537, Gao Huan launched a three pronged attacked on Western Wei. When one column was crushed by a concentration of 6,000 cavalry under Yuwen Tai, Gao retreated. Gao made a second attempt with a force of 100,000. The resulting Battle of Shayuan on 19 November saw Gao's entire force defeated in a surprise ambush by 7,000 heavy cavalry. The eastern army lost more than half its men.[24]In 538, Western Wei attacked Luoyang but was defeated.[25]In 542, Gao Huan tried to take the fortress of Yubi, which blocked his way into Guanzhong. After a nine day siege, he withdrew due to a snowstorm.[25]In 543, Yuwent Tai tried to take Luoyang again and failed.[25]In 546, Gao Huan tried to take Yubi again. He failed and died a few weeks later.Gao’s men began by building an earthen mound to overlook the south wall of the fortress, but the defenders were able to counter by adding to the height of their towers. The attackers then tried tunnelling, but the defenders intercepted the tunnels by digging a deep trench inside and parallel to the south wall. When the attackers tried to weaken the wall with a sort of battering ram, the defenders lowered a cloth screen from the top of the\nwall to soften its impact. Gao Huan’s men eventually succeeded in undermining the wall and causing a small section to collapse, but the Western Wei defenders quickly filled the gap with a makeshift palisade. After spending thousands of lives to no avail, Gao abandoned the siege and withdrew to Taiyuan. He died only a few weeks later.[26]— David GraffIn 550, Gao Yang replaced the Eastern Wei with his own dynasty, Northern Qi.[24]Western Wei invaded the Liang dynasty in 553 and conquered the Sichuan region. They killed Emperor Yuan of Liang the next year.[27]In 556, Yuwen Tai died.[27]In 557, Yuwen Hu replaced Western Wei with Northern Zhou.[27]","title":"Western and Eastern Wei"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wenxuan_of_Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"link_name":"Rouran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran"},{"link_name":"Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Emperor Fei of Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhao_of_Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wucheng_of_Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Gao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Wei"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Huai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Pingyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfen"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001113-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_01_large.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_01_large.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_02_large.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Northern_Qi_Dynasty_in_Jiuyuangang,_Xinzhou,_Mural_02_large.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"}],"text":"Northern Qi tomb muralNorthern Qi was founded in 550 by Gao Yang, posthumously Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi.[24]In 553, the Rouran submitted to Northern Qi after being defeated by the Göktürks.[27]In 556, Northern Qi attacked Jiankang but was repelled.[27]In 559, Gao Yang died and was succeeded by Gao Yin, posthumously Emperor Fei of Northern Qi.[27]In 560, Gao Yin was deposed by Gao Yan, posthumously Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi.[27]In 561, Gao Yan died and was succeeded by Gao Zhan, posthumously Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi.[27]In 565, Northern Qi invaded Northern Zhou but was repelled. Gao Zhan abdicated to Gao Wei.[27]In 573, the Chen dynasty invaded and conquered the Huai River valley.[28]In 575, Northern Zhou mobilized 170,000 men for an attack on Luoyang. After initial success, their emperor fell ill and were forced to retreat.[28]On 10 November 576, Northern Zhou struck at Pingyang with an army of 145,000. With 60,000, the emperor took the city. As Gao Wei approached Pingyang, the enemies retreated with only 10,000 remaining in the city. On 10 January, 577, Northern Zhou returned with 80,000 men deployed in battle formation covering a wide perimeter. Gao Wei decided to engage the enemy army. When his left wing showed signs of collapsing, he fled, demoralizing his army and causing it to collapse. The Zhou army continued to advance, reaching Taiyuan on 17 January. On the 20th, 40,000 troops sallied out and were defeated. While they were retreating back into the city, the Zhou army scaled the walls. A Qi counterattack that night pushed back the invaders. On 21 January, the Zhou army breached the eastern gate and took the city. On 22 February 577, Ye city fell the Zhou. Gao Wei was captured and killed in 578.[29]Northern Qi hunting sceneNorthern Qi hunting scene","title":"Northern Qi (550–577)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_figurines,_China,_Northern_Wei,_early_500s_AD,_earthenware_with_pigment_-_Princeton_University_Art_Museum_-_DSC07088.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_%26_Northern_Dynasties_Iron_Helmet_(Copy)_(14157543334).jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Yuwen Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuwen_Hu"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaomin_of_Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Pingyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfen"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001113-29"},{"link_name":"Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Yang Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Changjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changjiang"},{"link_name":"Yuchi Jiong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuchi_Jiong"},{"link_name":"Wang Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qian"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cvi-30"}],"text":"Northern Wei cavalryIron helmet, Northern and Southern dynastiesNorthern Zhou was founded by Yuwen Hu in 557. However Yuwen Hu never became emperor, instead placing Yuwen Jue on the throne, posthumously Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou. Yuwen Jue tried to size power from Yuwen Hu, so Yuwen Hu had him killed and replaced with Yuwen Yu, posthumously Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou.[27]In 560, Yuwen Hu killed Yuwen Yu and replaced him with Yuwen Yong, posthumously Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou.[27]In 561, the Chen dynasty invaded, seizing North Hubei.[27]In 565, an attack on Northern Qi was repelled.[28]In 572, Yuwen Yong killed Yuwen Hu and seized complete power over the dynasty.[28]On 10 November 576, Northern Zhou struck at Pingyang with an army 145,000. With 60,000, the emperor took the city. As Gao Wei approached Pingyang, the enemies retreated with only 10,000 remaining in the city. On 10 January, 577, Northern Zhou returned with 80,000 men deployed in battle formation covering a wide perimeter. Gao Wei decided to engage the enemy army. When his left wing showed signs of collapsing, he fled, demoralizing his army and causing it to collapse. The Zhou army continued to advance, reaching Taiyuan on 17 January. On the 20th, 40,000 troops sallied out and were defeated. While they were retreating back into the city, the Zhou army scaled the walls. A Qi counterattack that night pushed back the invaders. On 21 January, the Zhou army breached the eastern gate and took the city. On 22 February 577, Ye city fell the Zhou. Gao Wei was captured and killed in 578.[29]In 578, Yuwen Yong died as he was preparing to lead an expedition against the Göktürks. He was succeeded by Yuwen Yun, posthumously Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou.[28]In 579, Yuwen Yun abdicated to Yuwen Chan, posthumously Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou. He was only six years old at the time and real power resided in Yang Jian.[28]In 580, Northern Zhou seized territory north of the Changjiang. Yuchi Jiong and Wang Qian rebelled but were defeated.[28]On 4 March 581, Yang Jian deposed Yuwen Chan, and declared himself Emperor of the Sui dynasty.[30]","title":"Northern Zhou (557–581)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Liang_(555%E2%80%93587)"},{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cvi-30"}],"text":"In 587, the Sui dynasty annexed Western Liang and invaded the Chen dynasty with 518,000 men the following year. The Sui army took Jiankang in 589, annexing Chen and ending the era of Northern and Southern dynasties.[30]","title":"Sui dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_21.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_20.jpg"}],"text":"Southern dynasties cavalrySouthern soldiers","title":"Southern dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"Liu Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200178-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200190-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200187-33"},{"link_name":"Emperor Shao of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shao_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200187-33"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200187-33"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcix-34"},{"link_name":"Hanzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzhong"},{"link_name":"Chouchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouchi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009xcix-34"},{"link_name":"Xiao Daocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Daocheng"},{"link_name":"Nanman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanman"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Guangdong)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200191-35"},{"link_name":"Shen Qingzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Qingzhi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nanman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanman"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Guangdong)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200183-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009c-15"},{"link_name":"Liu Shao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shao_(Liu_Song)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200188-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200188-36"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ming of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200188-36"},{"link_name":"Huai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009c-15"},{"link_name":"Qingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhou"},{"link_name":"Jizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Province"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009c-15"},{"link_name":"Emperor Houfei of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Houfei_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"Xiao Daocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Daocheng"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200188-36"},{"link_name":"Emperor Shun of Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"Shen Youzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Youzhi"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200188-36"},{"link_name":"Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Gao of Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gao_of_Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ci-18"}],"sub_title":"Liu Song (420–479)","text":"In 420, Liu Yu, posthumously Emperor Wu of Liu Song, usurped the Jin throne and replaced it with his own Liu Song dynasty.[31] Liu Yu was originally the son of a low ranking official and his family was described as \"poor\".[32] During the waning years of the Jin dynasty, Liu Yu proved himself to be an exceptionally capable commander, gifted in the use of the glaive, and worked his way up the military hierarchy. By the year 420, Liu Yu had become the dominant military power in the empire.[33]In 422, Liu Yu died and was succeeded by his son Liu Yifu, posthumously Emperor Shao of Liu Song.[33]In 424, Liu Yifu was deposed and succeeded by Liu Yilong, posthumously Emperor Wen of Liu Song.[33]In 430, Northern Wei took Luoyang from Song.[34]In 434, Song retook Hanzhong from Chouchi.[34]In 442, Xiao Daocheng attacked the Nanman north of the Han River.[35]In 449, Shen Qingzhi attacked the Nanman north of the Han River, taking 28,000 prisoners.[1]In 450, Song invaded Northern Wei but was defeated.[15]In 453, Liu Yilong was murdered by Liu Shao, who was then killed by Liu Jun, posthumously Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song. Liu Jun spent his reign killing his brothers and checking the power of his kin.[36]In 464, Liu Jun died, sparking a civil war.[36]In 466, Liu Yu, posthumously Emperor Ming of Liu Song, defeated the contenders and ended the civil war.[36]In 467, Northern Wei invaded, taking territory north and west of the Huai River.[15]In 469, Northern Wei took Qingzhou and Jizhou (冀州) (north Jiangsu)[15]In 472, Liu Yu died and was succeeded by Liu Yu, posthumously Emperor Houfei of Liu Song. The former emperor's brother rebelled but was defeated by the general Xiao Daocheng.[36]In 477, Liu Yu was killed by Xiao Daocheng and was succeeded by Liu Zhun, posthumously Emperor Shun of Liu Song. Xiao Daocheng went to war with provincial governor Shen Youzhi, eventually winning the next year.[36]In 479, Xiao Daocheng deposed the last emperor of Liu Song and took the title for himself, as Emperor of Southern Qi, posthumously Emperor Gao of Southern Qi.[18]","title":"Southern dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_2.png"},{"link_name":"Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Xiao Daocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Daocheng"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Xiao Zhaoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Zhaoye"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ming of Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Xiao Baojuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Baojuan"},{"link_name":"Xiao Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yan"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Huai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"Liang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff200188-36"}],"sub_title":"Southern Qi (479–502)","text":"497The Southern Qi dynasty founded by Xiao Daocheng in 479 lasted a mere 22 years. Xiao Daocheng died in 482 and was succeeded by Xiao Ze, posthumously Emperor Wu of Southern Qi. Xiao Ze died in 482 and was succeeded by Xiao Zhaoye. Xiao Luan assassinated him in 494 and became emperor, posthumously Emperor Ming of Southern Qi. When Xiao Luan died in 498 and Xiao Baojuan came to the throne, a series of plots and revolts by regional governors occurred. In 500, an imperial cousin named Xiao Yan raised 30,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry in revolt. Northern Wei also invaded at this point and took territory south of the Huai River. In 501, Xiao Baojuan's subordinates killed him and surrendered Jiankang to Xiao Yan. In 502, Xiao Yan proclaimed himself Emperor of the Liang dynasty, posthumously Emperor Wu of Liang.[36]","title":"Southern dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_3.png"},{"link_name":"Liang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Xiao Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yan"},{"link_name":"Buddhist monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monastery"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Yiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyang"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ci-18"},{"link_name":"Zhongli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongli_(state)"},{"link_name":"Fengyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengyang"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ci-18"},{"link_name":"Qushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qushan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lianyungang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cii-20"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraff2001125-37"},{"link_name":"Lý Bôn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_B%C3%B4n"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013-38"},{"link_name":"Early Lý dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lý Nam Đế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013-38"},{"link_name":"Chen Baxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Baxian"},{"link_name":"Lý Thiên Bảo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Thi%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013-38"},{"link_name":"Hou Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Jing"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"link_name":"Hou Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Jing"},{"link_name":"Eastern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Huai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jianwen of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jianwen_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009ciii-24"},{"link_name":"Wang Sengbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Sengbian"},{"link_name":"Chen Baxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Baxian"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"Xiao Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Ji"},{"link_name":"Jiangling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou"},{"link_name":"Emperor Yuan of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Xiao Yuanming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yuanming"},{"link_name":"Chen Baxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Baxian"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jing of Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Liang"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"}],"sub_title":"Liang (502–557)","text":"541The Liang dynasty founded by Xiao Yan in 502 survived for 55 years, with the founder ruling for 48 of those years. To fund the state treasury, the emperor donated himself to a Buddhist monastery on three occasions and forced his ministers to pay a ransom for him each time.In 504, Northern Wei conquered Yiyang.[18]In 507, a Northern Wei army was defeated at Zhongli (northeast of Fengyang, Anhui).[18]In 518, Liang retook Qushan (southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu).[20]In 528, Liang briefly occupied Luoyang before being expelled.[37]In 541, Lý Bôn rebelled and attacked Liang officials.[38]In 544, Lý Bôn established the Early Lý dynasty and became Lý Nam Đế (Southern Emperor).[38]In 545, Chen Baxian drove Lý Nam Đế into the mountains, where he is eventually killed, but resistance continued under Lý Thiên Bảo.[38]In 548, the frontier general Hou Jing rebelled, took Jiankang, and proclaimed himself emperor in 551.[24]In 549, Hou Jing seized Taicheng. Eastern Wei took territory south of the Huai River. Xiao Yan died and was succeeded by Xiao Gang, posthumously Emperor Jianwen of Liang.[24]In 551, Hou Jing killed Xiao Gang and declared himself emperor.[24]In 552, Wang Sengbian and Chen Baxian retook Jiankang while Hou Jing was killed. Xiao Ji declared himself emperor in Jiangling but was killed the next year. Xiao Yi became emperor, posthumously Emperor Yuan of Liang.[27]In 553, Western Wei conquered Sichuan.[27]In 554, Xiao Yi was captured by Western Wei and killed.[27]In 555, Wang Sengbian set up Xiao Yuanming as emperor but Chen Baxian killed Sengbian and set up Xiao Fangzhi, posthumously Emperor Jing of Liang.[27]In 556, Northern Qi attacked Jiankang but was repelled.[27]In 557, Chen Baxian replaced the Liang dynasty with his own Chen dynasty[27]","title":"Southern dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_4.png"},{"link_name":"Chen dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chen Baxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Baxian"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen of Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Chen"},{"link_name":"Western Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Liang_(555%E2%80%93587)"},{"link_name":"Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha"},{"link_name":"Wuling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuling_District"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wen of Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Chen"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009civ-27"},{"link_name":"Emperor Fei of Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Chen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xuan of Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Huai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"Changjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changjiang"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Lüliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCliang"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Pengcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengcheng"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cv-28"},{"link_name":"Chen Shubao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shubao"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cvi-30"},{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2009cvi-30"}],"sub_title":"Chen dynasty (557–589)","text":"562The Chen dynasty was founded by Chen Baxian, posthumously Emperor Wen of Chen, in 557. It was immediately invaded in 558 by Western Liang, which took Changsha and Wuling[27] The next year, Chen Baxian died and was succeeded by Chen Qian, posthumously Emperor Wen of Chen.[27]In 561, Chen attacked Northern Zhou and conquered Hubei.[27]In 566, Chen Qian died and was succeeded by Chen Bozong, posthumously Emperor Fei of Chen.[28]In 568, Chen Bozong was deposed and succeeded by Chen Xu, posthumously Emperor Xuan of Chen.[28]In 573, Chen invaded Northern Qi, conquering the Huai River valley and taking territory north of the Changjiang.[28]In 575, a Northern Qi army was defeated at Lüliang.[28]In 578, a Chen invasion of Northern Qi was defeated at Pengcheng.[28]In 580, Northern Zhou seized territory north of the Changjiang.[28]In 582, Chen Xu died and was succeeded by Chen Shubao.[30]In 588, the Sui dynasty invaded and annexed the Chen dynasty the following year.[30]","title":"Southern dynasties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"981-05-5380-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University 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Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty#Military"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jurchen Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_history_of_China"},{"link_name":"Ming treasure voyages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages"},{"link_name":"treasure ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship"},{"link_name":"Late Qing Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_in_ancient_China"},{"link_name":"Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_armour"},{"link_name":"Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sword"},{"link_name":"Polearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_polearm"},{"link_name":"Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China"},{"link_name":"Crossbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_crossbows"},{"link_name":"Repeating crossbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_crossbow"},{"link_name":"Siege equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_siege_weapons"},{"link_name":"Stirrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup"},{"link_name":"War cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_wagon"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gunpowder"},{"link_name":"Fire arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_arrow"},{"link_name":"Flamethrower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Huo_You"},{"link_name":"Song gunpowder weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Thunder crash bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb"},{"link_name":"Fire lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance"},{"link_name":"Hand cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon"},{"link_name":"Huochong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huochong"},{"link_name":"Hu dun pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_dun_pao"},{"link_name":"Huolongchushui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huolongchushui"},{"link_name":"Ming gunpowder weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Huo Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huo_Che"},{"link_name":"San yan chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_yan_chong"},{"link_name":"Breechloading musket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Dian_Chong"},{"link_name":"Xun Lei Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Lei_Chong"},{"link_name":"Hongyipao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongyipao"},{"link_name":"Self Strengthening Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Strengthening_Movement"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NS_dynasties"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NS_dynasties"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NS_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Northern and Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"},{"link_name":"Northern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_China%27s_Northern_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Western Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wei"},{"link_name":"Eastern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Southern dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_China%27s_Southern_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Southern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Western Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Liang_(555%E2%80%93587)"},{"link_name":"Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_dynasty"}],"text":"Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell\nde Crespigny, Rafe (2004), Generals of the South\nde Crespigny, Rafe (2004b), Generals of the South 2\nde Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms, Brill\nde Crespigny, Rafe (2010), Imperial Warlord, Brill\nde Crespigny, Rafe (2017), Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill\ndi Cosmo, Nicola (2009), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press\nGraff, David A. (2001), Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, Routledge\nGraff, David A. (2016), The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium, Routledge\nLee, Peter H. (1992), Sourcebook of Korean Civilization 1, Columbia University Press\nLiang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 981-05-5380-3\nLorge, Peter A. (2011), Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-87881-4\nLorge, Peter (2015), The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty, Cambridge University Press\nPeers, C.J. (1990), Ancient Chinese Armies: 1500-200BC, Osprey Publishing\nPeers, C.J. (1992), Medieval Chinese Armies: 1260-1520, Osprey Publishing\nPeers, C.J. (1995), Imperial Chinese Armies (1): 200BC-AD589, Osprey Publishing\nPeers, C.J. (1996), Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590-1260AD, Osprey Publishing\nPeers, C.J. (2006), Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840, Osprey Publishing Ltd\nPeers, Chris (2013), Battles of Ancient China, Pen & Sword Military\nShin, Michael D. (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press\nTaylor, Jay (1983), The Birth of the Vietnamese, University of California Press\nTaylor, K.W. (2013), A History of the Vietnamese, Cambridge University Press\nXiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537\nWagner, Donald B. (2008), Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy, Cambridge University PressvteAncient and dynastic Chinese military historyArmies\nWarring States\nHan\nThree Kingdoms\nJin & Sixteen Kingdoms\nNorthern & Southern\nSui\nTang\nFive Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms\nLiao\nSong\nJurchen Jin\nYuan\nMing\nQing\nNavy\nMing treasure voyages\ntreasure ships\nLate Qing Navy\nEquipmentTraditional\nChariot\nArmour\nSwords\nPolearms\nElephant\nCrossbow\nRepeating crossbow\nSiege equipment\nStirrup\nWar cart\nGunpowder\nFire arrow\nFlamethrower\nPetroleum\nSong gunpowder weapons\nThunder crash bomb\nFire lance\nHand cannon\nHuochong\nHu dun pao\nHuolongchushui\nMing gunpowder weapons\nHuo Che\nSan yan chong\nBreechloading musket\nXun Lei Chong\nHongyipao\nSelf Strengthening MovementvteNorthern and Southern dynasties (420–589)Northern dynastiesNorthern Wei → (Western Wei | Eastern Wei → Northern Qi) → Northern ZhouSouthern dynastiesLiu Song → Southern Qi → Liang (Western Liang) → Chen","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Cavalry of Northern Qi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dinastia_qi_del_nord%2C_guerriero_a_cavallo_da_un_corredo_funebre%2C_550-577_ca..JPG/350px-Dinastia_qi_del_nord%2C_guerriero_a_cavallo_da_un_corredo_funebre%2C_550-577_ca..JPG"},{"image_text":"Northern dynasties soldier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_124.jpg/220px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_124.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northern dynasties shieldbearer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nordynasty_soldier.jpg/220px-Nordynasty_soldier.jpg"},{"image_text":"460","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png/400px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_1.png"},{"image_text":"Northern Wei in 464","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Northern_Wei_464.png/400px-Northern_Wei_464.png"},{"image_text":"Uprisings of Northern Wei","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Uprisings_of_Northern_Wei.jpg/400px-Uprisings_of_Northern_Wei.jpg"},{"image_text":"Western Wei cavalry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_%28535%E2%80%93557_CE%29%2C_Mogao_Cave_285%2C_Dunhuang%2C_China%2C_pt_2.jpg/220px-Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_%28535%E2%80%93557_CE%29%2C_Mogao_Cave_285%2C_Dunhuang%2C_China%2C_pt_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern Wei shieldbearers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Armored_warriors%2C_China%2C_Eastern_Wei_dynasty%2C_534-550_AD%2C_ceramic_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03593.jpg/220px-Armored_warriors%2C_China%2C_Eastern_Wei_dynasty%2C_534-550_AD%2C_ceramic_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03593.jpg"},{"image_text":"Western Wei cavalry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_%28535%E2%80%93557_CE%29%2C_Mogao_Cave_285%2C_Dunhuang%2C_China.jpg/220px-Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_%28535%E2%80%93557_CE%29%2C_Mogao_Cave_285%2C_Dunhuang%2C_China.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mural of mounted archers, Northern Qi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Riders_on_Horseback%2C_Northern_Qi_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Riders_on_Horseback%2C_Northern_Qi_Dynasty.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northern Qi tomb mural","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg/220px-Paintings_on_west_wall_of_Xu_Xianxiu_Tomb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northern Wei cavalry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tomb_figurines%2C_China%2C_Northern_Wei%2C_early_500s_AD%2C_earthenware_with_pigment_-_Princeton_University_Art_Museum_-_DSC07088.jpg/220px-Tomb_figurines%2C_China%2C_Northern_Wei%2C_early_500s_AD%2C_earthenware_with_pigment_-_Princeton_University_Art_Museum_-_DSC07088.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iron helmet, Northern and Southern dynasties","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Southern_%26_Northern_Dynasties_Iron_Helmet_%28Copy%29_%2814157543334%29.jpg/220px-Southern_%26_Northern_Dynasties_Iron_Helmet_%28Copy%29_%2814157543334%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southern dynasties cavalry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_21.jpg/220px-Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_21.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southern soldiers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_20.jpg/220px-Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_20.jpg"},{"image_text":"497","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_2.png/400px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_2.png"},{"image_text":"541","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_3.png/400px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_3.png"},{"image_text":"562","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_4.png/400px-Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties_4.png"}]
null
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[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%27s_House
Albrecht Dürer's House
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°27′26″N 11°04′26″E / 49.45722°N 11.07389°E / 49.45722; 11.07389Biographical museum in Nuremberg View of Albrecht Dürer's House Albrecht Dürer's Houseclass=notpageimage| Albrecht Dürer's House Albrecht Dürer's House (German: Albrecht-Dürer-Haus) is a Nuremberg Fachwerkhaus that was the home of German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer from 1509 to his death in 1528. The House lies in the extreme north-west of Nuremberg's Altstadt, near the Kaiserburg section of the Nuremberg Castle and the Tiergärtnertor of Nuremberg's city walls. The house was built around the year 1420. It has five stories; the bottom two have sandstone walls, while the upper stories are timber framed; the entire structure is topped by a half-hip roof. In 1501, it was purchased by Bernhard Walther, a merchant and prominent astronomer. Walther remodeled the house, adding small windows to the roof so that it could function as an observatory. Walther died in 1504, and Dürer purchased the house in 1509. Since 1871 the Albrecht-Dürer-Haus has been a museum dedicated to Dürer's life and work. In a restoration of 1909, the large dormer on the east-facing roof was replaced. In October 1944, it took significant damage from Allied bombing. It was rebuilt by 1949, but did not reopen as a museum until 1971, Dürer's 500th birthday. The museum features installations of period furnishings, a re-creation of Dürer's workshop in which visitors can view demonstrations of printmaking techniques, and rotating exhibitions of drawings and prints by Dürer from the City of Nuremberg's Graphic Collection. Visitors can also receive a guided tour of the house from an actress playing Agnes Dürer, the wife of the artist. Gallery Interior: Workshop Interior: Kitchen Exterior: seen looking down from the Nuremberg Castle Exterior: the side of the house, looking up toward the castle References ^ Note on name: Although many German museums are referred to in English by their German names (for example, the Pinakothek der Moderne or the Gemäldegalerie), the Albecht-Dürer-Haus refers to itself as "Albrecht Dürer's House" Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine on its English-language website. ^ "Das Dürer-Haus im Lauf der Zeit Archived 2009-07-06 at the Portuguese Web Archive" ^ Costumed Guided Tour with Agnes Dürer Archived 2016-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, Albrecht Dürer's House. Retrieved 3 March 2012. External links Media related to Albrecht Dürer's House at Wikimedia Commons Official site 49°27′26″N 11°04′26″E / 49.45722°N 11.07389°E / 49.45722; 11.07389 vteAlbrecht DürerPaintings List of paintings Portrait Diptych of Dürer's Parents (1490) Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony (1496) St. Jerome in the Wilderness (c. 1496) Portrait of Dürer's Father at 70 (1497) Haller Madonna/Lot and His Daughters (c. 1498) Lamentation of Christ (Nuremberg) (attributed, c. 1498) Hercules Killing the Stymphalian Birds (1500) Lamentation of Christ (Munich) (c. 1500) Adoration of the Magi (1504) Bagnacavallo Madonna (before 1505) Christ Among the Doctors (1506) Portrait of a Young Venetian Woman (1505) Avarice (1507) Adam and Eve (1507) Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand (1508) The Suicide of Lucretia (1518) Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (1519) Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I (1519) Portrait of Jakob Fugger (c. 1520) Portrait of Bernhart von Reesen (1521) Saint Jerome in His Study (1521) The Four Apostles (1526) Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher (1526) Portrait of Johann Kleberger (1526) Portrait of Jakob Muffel (1526) Altarpieces Dresden Altarpiece (c. 1496–1497/1503–1504) Seven Sorrows Polyptych (c. 1500) Paumgartner Altarpiece (c. 1500) Jabach Altarpiece (c. 1503–1504) Feast of the Rosary (1506) Heller Altarpiece (c. 1508) (with Matthias Grünewald) Adoration of the Trinity (1511) Self-portraits Self-Portrait at the Age of 13 (drawing, 1484) Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle (1493) Self-Portrait at 26 (1498) Self-Portrait at 28 (1500) Woodcuts and engravings List of woodcuts, engravings The Holy Family with the Dragonfly (1495) The Holy Family with Three Hares (1496) Apocalypse (1498) Saint Michael Fighting the Dragon (1498) The Four Witches (1497) The Sea Monster (1498–1500) Saint Sebastian at the Column (1500) Visitation (1503) Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate (1504) Great Passion (1497–1510) Life of the Virgin (1510–1511) Small Passion (1511) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513) Melencolia I (1514) Saint Jerome in His Study (1514) Triumphal Arch (1515) Rhinoceros (1515) Large Triumphal Carriage (1522) Portrait of Erasmus (1526) Drawings, watercolours Young Hare (1502) Great Piece of Turf (1503) Madonna of the Animals (c. 1503) Praying Hands (c. 1508) Wing of a European Roller (1512) Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63 (1514) Head of a Walrus (1514) The Virgin and Child with a Flower on a Grassy Bench (c. 1503) Museums Albrecht Dürer's House Family Agnes Dürer (wife) Albrecht Dürer the Elder (father) Hans Dürer (brother) Anton Koberger (godfather) Related Alte Pinakothek (Self-Portrait) (2000 photograph) Dürer (crater) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People ISIL Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ross_(minister)
Andrew Ross (minister)
["1 References"]
Andrew Ross (10 May 1931 – 26 July 2008) was a Scottish minister, missionary and academic. Ross was born on 10 May 1931 to Christian Glen Walton and George Adams Ross. He was educated at Dalkeith High School and the University of Edinburgh. After National Service in the RAF he trained to become a Minister at New College, Edinburgh. He was as a missionary in Malawi from 1958 to 1965. He was Senior Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History at the University of Edinburgh from 1966 to 1998. References ^ "The Rev Andrew Ross: Missionary and Church historian". The Independent. London. 3 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. ^ a b "Ross, Rev. Dr Andrew Christian, (10 May 1931-26 July 2008), Senior Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, University of Edinburgh, 1966-99; Principal of New College and Dean of the Faculty of Divinity, 1978-84". www.ukwhoswho.com. 1 December 2016. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u33198. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ HSS Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef This biography of a Scottish religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_14:_The_Tragedy
Chapter 14: The Tragedy
["1 Plot","2 Production","2.1 Development","2.2 Casting","2.3 Music","3 Reception","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
6th episode of the 2nd season of The Mandalorian "Chapter 14: The Tragedy"The Mandalorian episodePromotional poster featuring co-star Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett. Critics highlighted the character's return as one of the main highlights of the episode.Episode no.Season 2Episode 6Directed byRobert RodriguezWritten byJon FavreauProduced byJon FavreauCinematography byDavid KleinEditing byAndrew S. EisenOriginal release dateDecember 4, 2020 (2020-12-04)Running time30 minutesCo-starring Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett Ming-Na Wen as Fennec Shand Giancarlo Esposito as Moff Gideon Gina Carano as Cara Dune Episode chronology ← Previous"Chapter 13: The Jedi" Next →"Chapter 15: The Believer" The Mandalorian season 2List of episodes "Chapter 14: The Tragedy" is the sixth episode of the second season of the American streaming television series The Mandalorian. It was written by showrunner Jon Favreau and directed by Robert Rodriguez. It was released on Disney+ on December 4, 2020. The episode received critical acclaim, with praise towards Rodriguez’s direction, the action sequences, and emotional weight. Critics particularly highlighted the return of Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett. Plot The Mandalorian arrives with Grogu on Tython, and finds the ancient temple on top of a mountain. He seats Grogu at the center so that he may choose his path. Grogu meditates, and a protective Force field appears around him. Boba Fett arrives with the mercenary Fennec Shand, whose life he saved on Tatooine, and demands the return of his Mandalorian armor. Following a tense confrontation, the Mandalorian agrees to trade the armor for the safety of Grogu. Two Imperial troop carriers arrive, carrying stormtroopers who attempt to capture Grogu. Honoring their agreement, Fett, Shand, and the Mandalorian join forces to fend off the advancing stormtroopers, inflicting heavy casualties. Boba Fett retrieves his armor and uses it to wipe out many stormtroopers before firing a rocket that destroys the fleeing troop ships. As the Force field surrounding him disappears, Grogu collapses from exhaustion. Moff Gideon arrives in an Imperial light cruiser and destroys the Mandalorian's ship Razor Crest from high overhead. Gideon sends out four Dark Troopers, who capture Grogu and take him back to the cruiser. Fett and Shand agree to help the Mandalorian save Grogu to honor their debt. The Mandalorian seeks the now New Republic Marshal Cara Dune's help in breaking out the criminal Mayfeld to help track Gideon and rescue Grogu. Impressed with the Force powers Grogu exhibits against stormtroopers, Moff Gideon shows Grogu the Darksaber and has a stormtrooper stun and shackle him. After, Gideon informs Dr. Pershing that they have the donor. Production Development The episode was written by the series' creator Jon Favreau and directed by Robert Rodriguez, whose involvement in the second season was confirmed on May 4, 2020. Rodriguez was not the first choice to direct the episode. Before directing The Mandalorian, Rodriguez worked with Pedro Pascal on the Netflix film We Can Be Heroes. Rodriguez was surprised at the short length of the script and asked Favreau "Is it okay that my script is only 19 pages? Because I cut really fast and it's probably going to end up being 16 minutes" but Favreau explained that Rodriguez was there to fill out the action scenes and make the battle longer. He praised the script saying "It had all the good stuff in it. It was like a 'Greatest Hits' of all the good stuff; I couldn't believe it. To go play in Star Wars with all the toys and to get to play with Boba Fett." Not knowing if Boba Fett would be appearing in the series again, Rodriguez took the opportunity to "make him super badass in this moment be that character that I imagined him being when I heard about him when I was 12. That was my mission, just to go satisfy that 12-year-old fascination with the character." Rodriguez described the experience: "it's fulfilled all my... it's beyond my expectations, I mean, it was SO fun". Only six of the stormtroopers were real, the others were digitally added to the scene. Casting Temuera Morrison portrays Boba Fett in the episode. The co-starring actors cast for this episode are all returning from previous episodes, and include Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett, Ming-Na Wen as Fennec Shand, Giancarlo Esposito as Moff Gideon, and Gina Carano as Cara Dune. Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include Gabriel Ebert as an Imperial Gunner Officer and Katy O'Brian returning as an Imperial Comms Officer. Brendan Wayne, Lateef Crowder, and Barry Lowin are credited as stunt doubles for the Mandalorian. Kirk Jenkins and Lauren Kim are credited as stunt doubles for Boba Fett and Fennec Shand, respectively. Grogu was performed by various puppeteers. Music Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The featured tracks were released on December 18, 2020, in the second volume of the season two soundtrack. Göransson and Rodriguez had music sessions over Zoom where they played with raw sound effects to develop a guide for what would become Boba Fett's theme. Rodriguez wanted Fett to be primal, like a barbarian, and included a war horn, which Göransson took inspiration from and distorted that sound with a didgeridoo and another unique sound. Göransson also added breathing sounds to the track "to make it feel like he's in your head". Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode received an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from 45 critics, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Thrilling, confident, and utterly heartbreaking, "The Tragedy" is breathtaking television brilliantly realized by director Robert Rodriguez." IGN's Laura Prudom gave the episode 10 out of 10, calling it "action-packed, mythology-heavy, and emotionally stirring" and praised Robert Rodriguez for his confident direction and eye for action. Keith Phipps of Vulture gave the episode four out of five stars, praising Boba Fett's characterization and calling the action sequence between Fett, Shand, and the stormtroopers "spectacular" and "smartly choreographed". Alan Sepinwall of Rolling Stone called it "a thrilling episode, and a lovely but rare instance of fact and legend finally merging into the same thing." Notes ^ As depicted in the season 1 episode "Chapter 5: The Gunslinger" (2019). ^ The Mandalorian confiscated the armor from Cobb Vanth in "Chapter 9: The Marshal". References ^ Jirak, Jamie (December 4, 2020). "The Mandalorian: Kevin Smith Reacts to Clerks Cinematographer Filming Chapter 14". Comicbook.com/. ^ Razor Close (December 4, 2020). "The Mandalorian season 2, episode 6 recap – "Chapter 14: The Tragedy"". ReadySteadyCut.com. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Abdulbaki, Mae (December 3, 2020). "The Mandalorian Season 2 Episode 6: Release date". Inverse. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Pedersen, Erik (May 4, 2020). "'The Mandalorian' Season 2: Robert Rodriguez Confirmed As Director". Deadline Hollywood. ^ a b Shepherd, Jack; Scott, Darren (December 4, 2020). "The Mandalorian: Robert Rodriguez discusses directing one of the Star Wars show's best episodes yet". SFX – via Games Radar. ^ Gemmill, Allie (December 7, 2020). "'The Mandalorian' Season 2 Director Robert Rodriguez on the Joy of Reviving Boba Fett". Collider. ^ IAN FAILES (December 22, 2020). "VFX notes from the ICG 'Mandalorian' s2 panel". befores & afters. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (December 7, 2020). "Being Boba Fett: Temuera Morrison Discusses 'The Mandalorian'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. ^ a b Dumaraog, Ana (December 4, 2020). "The Mandalorian Season 2, Episode 6 Cast & Cameos Guide". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The Mandalorian: Season 2 - Vol. 2 (Chapters 13-16) ". Apple Music. Apple Inc. December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ Guerrasio, Jason (December 21, 2020). "'The Mandalorian' composer reveals how he used classic 'Star Wars' themes to create the dramatic season 2 finale score". Insider. ^ "The Tragedy". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Prudom, Laura (December 4, 2020). "The Mandalorian: Season 2, Episode 6 Review". IGN. ^ Phipps, Keith (December 4, 2020). "The Mandalorian Recap: A Bad Day To Be Mando". Vulture. New York. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (December 4, 2020). "'The Mandalorian' Recap: The Bounty Hunter Strikes Back". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 23, 2020. External links "Chapter 14: The Tragedy" at IMDb "Chapter 14: The Tragedy" on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki vteThe MandalorianEpisodesSeason 1 "Chapter 1: The Mandalorian" "Chapter 2: The Child" "Chapter 3: The Sin" "Chapter 4: Sanctuary" "Chapter 5: The Gunslinger" "Chapter 6: The Prisoner" "Chapter 7: The Reckoning" "Chapter 8: Redemption" Season 2 "Chapter 9: The Marshal" "Chapter 10: The Passenger" "Chapter 11: The Heiress" "Chapter 12: The Siege" "Chapter 13: The Jedi" "Chapter 14: The Tragedy" "Chapter 15: The Believer" "Chapter 16: The Rescue" Season 3 "Chapter 17: The Apostate" "Chapter 18: The Mines of Mandalore" "Chapter 19: The Convert" "Chapter 20: The Foundling" "Chapter 21: The Pirate" "Chapter 22: Guns for Hire" "Chapter 23: The Spies" "Chapter 24: The Return" CharactersOriginal The Armorer The Client Din Djarin / The Mandalorian Cara Dune Moff Gideon Grogu IG-11 Greef Karga Kuiil Migs Mayfeld Fennec Shand Paz Vizsla Returning Boba Fett Bib Fortuna Bo-Katan Kryze R2-D2 Luke Skywalker Ahsoka Tano Cobb Vanth Spin-offs The Book of Boba Fett Ahsoka Skeleton Crew See also Accolades Star Wars Mandalorians Star Wars original trilogy Fortnite Battle Royale Category vteRobert Rodriguez Filmography Unrealized projects Films directed El Mariachi (1992) Roadracers (1994) Desperado (1995) Four Rooms ("The Misbehavers" segment, 1995) From Dusk till Dawn (1996) The Faculty (1998) Spy Kids (2001) Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002) Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003) Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003) Sin City (2005) The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005) Planet Terror (2007) Shorts (2009) Machete (2010) Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011) Machete Kills (2013) Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014) Alita: Battle Angel (2019) Red 11 (2019) We Can Be Heroes (2020) Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (2021) Hypnotic (2023) Spy Kids: Armageddon (2023) Short films Bedhead (1991) The Black Mamba (2011) 100 Years (2015; 2115 release) Films written From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (1999) UglyDolls (2019, also produced) Produced only Death Proof (2007) Predators (2010) Television El Mariachi (2014) From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014–2016) Matador (2014) Lucha Underground (2014–2018) The Director's Chair (2014–2018) Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018) The Mandalorian (2020) "Chapter 14: The Tragedy" The Book of Boba Fett (2021) "Chapter 1: Stranger in a Strange Land" "Chapter 2: The Tribes of Tatooine" See also Troublemaker Studios From Dusk till Dawn (franchise) Mexico Trilogy Rebel Without a Crew (1995) Spy Kids franchise Grindhouse Chingon Mexican Spaghetti Western El Rey Network Family Elizabeth Avellán (wife) Patricia Vonne (sister)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian_season_2"},{"link_name":"streaming television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television"},{"link_name":"The Mandalorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jon Favreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau"},{"link_name":"Robert Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"}],"text":"6th episode of the 2nd season of The Mandalorian\"Chapter 14: The Tragedy\" is the sixth episode of the second season of the American streaming television series The Mandalorian.[2] It was written by showrunner Jon Favreau and directed by Robert Rodriguez. It was released on Disney+ on December 4, 2020.[3] The episode received critical acclaim, with praise towards Rodriguez’s direction, the action sequences, and emotional weight. Critics particularly highlighted the return of Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett.","title":"Chapter 14: The Tragedy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mandalorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian_(character)"},{"link_name":"Grogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grogu"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"Fennec Shand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_Shand"},{"link_name":"Tatooine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatooine"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"stormtroopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Moff Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moff_Gideon"},{"link_name":"Razor Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_Crest"},{"link_name":"Dark Troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Troopers"},{"link_name":"New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Republic_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Cara Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Dune"},{"link_name":"Mayfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfeld"},{"link_name":"Dr. Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Pershing"}],"text":"The Mandalorian arrives with Grogu on Tython, and finds the ancient temple on top of a mountain. He seats Grogu at the center so that he may choose his path. Grogu meditates, and a protective Force field appears around him. Boba Fett arrives with the mercenary Fennec Shand, whose life he saved on Tatooine,[a] and demands the return of his Mandalorian armor.[b] Following a tense confrontation, the Mandalorian agrees to trade the armor for the safety of Grogu. Two Imperial troop carriers arrive, carrying stormtroopers who attempt to capture Grogu. Honoring their agreement, Fett, Shand, and the Mandalorian join forces to fend off the advancing stormtroopers, inflicting heavy casualties. Boba Fett retrieves his armor and uses it to wipe out many stormtroopers before firing a rocket that destroys the fleeing troop ships. As the Force field surrounding him disappears, Grogu collapses from exhaustion.Moff Gideon arrives in an Imperial light cruiser and destroys the Mandalorian's ship Razor Crest from high overhead. Gideon sends out four Dark Troopers, who capture Grogu and take him back to the cruiser. Fett and Shand agree to help the Mandalorian save Grogu to honor their debt. The Mandalorian seeks the now New Republic Marshal Cara Dune's help in breaking out the criminal Mayfeld to help track Gideon and rescue Grogu. Impressed with the Force powers Grogu exhibits against stormtroopers, Moff Gideon shows Grogu the Darksaber and has a stormtrooper stun and shackle him. After, Gideon informs Dr. Pershing that they have the donor.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Favreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau"},{"link_name":"Robert Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"We Can Be Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Be_Heroes_(2020_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamesradar-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamesradar-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The episode was written by the series' creator Jon Favreau and directed by Robert Rodriguez, whose involvement in the second season was confirmed on May 4, 2020.[4] Rodriguez was not the first choice to direct the episode. Before directing The Mandalorian, Rodriguez worked with Pedro Pascal on the Netflix film We Can Be Heroes.[5] Rodriguez was surprised at the short length of the script and asked Favreau \"Is it okay that my script is only 19 pages? Because I cut really fast and it's probably going to end up being 16 minutes\" but Favreau explained that Rodriguez was there to fill out the action scenes and make the battle longer. He praised the script saying \"It had all the good stuff in it. It was like a 'Greatest Hits' of all the good stuff; I couldn't believe it. To go play in Star Wars with all the toys and to get to play with Boba Fett.\" Not knowing if Boba Fett would be appearing in the series again, Rodriguez took the opportunity to \"make him super badass in this moment [and] be that character that I imagined him being when I heard about him when I was 12. That was my mission, just to go satisfy that 12-year-old fascination with the character.\"[6] Rodriguez described the experience: \"it's fulfilled all my... it's beyond my expectations, I mean, it was SO fun\".[5]Only six of the stormtroopers were real, the others were digitally added to the scene.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temuera_Morrison_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ming-Na Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na_Wen"},{"link_name":"Fennec Shand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_Shand"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito"},{"link_name":"Moff Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moff_Gideon"},{"link_name":"Gina Carano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Carano"},{"link_name":"Cara Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Dune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-11"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-11"},{"link_name":"Lateef Crowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateef_Crowder_dos_Santos"},{"link_name":"stunt doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_double"},{"link_name":"Grogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grogu"},{"link_name":"puppeteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppeteer"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Temuera Morrison portrays Boba Fett in the episode.The co-starring actors cast for this episode are all returning from previous episodes, and include Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett,[8] Ming-Na Wen as Fennec Shand, Giancarlo Esposito as Moff Gideon, and Gina Carano as Cara Dune.[9] Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include Gabriel Ebert as an Imperial Gunner Officer and Katy O'Brian returning as an Imperial Comms Officer.[9] Brendan Wayne, Lateef Crowder, and Barry Lowin are credited as stunt doubles for the Mandalorian. Kirk Jenkins and Lauren Kim are credited as stunt doubles for Boba Fett and Fennec Shand, respectively. Grogu was performed by various puppeteers.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Göransson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_G%C3%B6ransson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_(software)"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The featured tracks were released on December 18, 2020, in the second volume of the season two soundtrack.[10]Göransson and Rodriguez had music sessions over Zoom where they played with raw sound effects to develop a guide for what would become Boba Fett's theme. Rodriguez wanted Fett to be primal, like a barbarian, and included a war horn, which Göransson took inspiration from and distorted that sound with a didgeridoo and another unique sound. Göransson also added breathing sounds to the track \"to make it feel like he's in your head\".[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-14"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode received an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from 45 critics, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critics consensus reads: \"Thrilling, confident, and utterly heartbreaking, \"The Tragedy\" is breathtaking television brilliantly realized by director Robert Rodriguez.\"[12]IGN's Laura Prudom gave the episode 10 out of 10, calling it \"action-packed, mythology-heavy, and emotionally stirring\" and praised Robert Rodriguez for his confident direction and eye for action.[13] Keith Phipps of Vulture gave the episode four out of five stars, praising Boba Fett's characterization and calling the action sequence between Fett, Shand, and the stormtroopers \"spectacular\" and \"smartly choreographed\".[14]\nAlan Sepinwall of Rolling Stone called it \"a thrilling episode, and a lovely but rare instance of fact and legend finally merging into the same thing.\"[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"season 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mandalorian_season_1"},{"link_name":"Chapter 5: The Gunslinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_5:_The_Gunslinger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Cobb Vanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_Vanth"},{"link_name":"Chapter 9: The Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_9:_The_Marshal"}],"text":"^ As depicted in the season 1 episode \"Chapter 5: The Gunslinger\" (2019).\n\n^ The Mandalorian confiscated the armor from Cobb Vanth in \"Chapter 9: The Marshal\".","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Temuera Morrison portrays Boba Fett in the episode.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Temuera_Morrison_2016.jpg/170px-Temuera_Morrison_2016.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jirak, Jamie (December 4, 2020). \"The Mandalorian: Kevin Smith Reacts to Clerks Cinematographer Filming Chapter 14\". Comicbook.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/starwars/news/the-mandalorian-kevin-smith-reacts-to-clerks-cinematographer-filming-chapter-14/","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian: Kevin Smith Reacts to Clerks Cinematographer Filming Chapter 14\""}]},{"reference":"Razor Close (December 4, 2020). \"The Mandalorian season 2, episode 6 recap – \"Chapter 14: The Tragedy\"\". ReadySteadyCut.com. Retrieved December 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://readysteadycut.com/2020/12/04/the-mandalorian-season-2-episode-6-chapter-14-disney-plus-recap/","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian season 2, episode 6 recap – \"Chapter 14: The Tragedy\"\""}]},{"reference":"Abdulbaki, Mae (December 3, 2020). \"The Mandalorian Season 2 Episode 6: Release date\". Inverse. Retrieved December 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/mandalorian-season-2-episode-6-release-date-time-chapter-14","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian Season 2 Episode 6: Release date\""}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (May 4, 2020). \"'The Mandalorian' Season 2: Robert Rodriguez Confirmed As Director\". Deadline Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/05/the-mandalorian-season-2-robert-rodriguez-director-disney-plus-baby-yoda-1202926123/","url_text":"\"'The Mandalorian' Season 2: Robert Rodriguez Confirmed As Director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, Jack; Scott, Darren (December 4, 2020). \"The Mandalorian: Robert Rodriguez discusses directing one of the Star Wars show's best episodes yet\". SFX – via Games Radar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-mandalorian-director-robert-rodriguez-discusses-helming-one-of-the-star-wars-shows-best-episodes-yet/","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian: Robert Rodriguez discusses directing one of the Star Wars show's best episodes yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFX_(magazine)","url_text":"SFX"}]},{"reference":"Gemmill, Allie (December 7, 2020). \"'The Mandalorian' Season 2 Director Robert Rodriguez on the Joy of Reviving Boba Fett\". Collider.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/the-mandalorian-season-2-robert-rodriguez-interview-boba-fett/","url_text":"\"'The Mandalorian' Season 2 Director Robert Rodriguez on the Joy of Reviving Boba Fett\""}]},{"reference":"IAN FAILES (December 22, 2020). \"VFX notes from the ICG 'Mandalorian' s2 panel\". befores & afters.","urls":[{"url":"https://beforesandafters.com/2020/12/22/vfx-notes-from-the-icg-mandalorian-s2-panel/","url_text":"\"VFX notes from the ICG 'Mandalorian' s2 panel\""}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (December 7, 2020). \"Being Boba Fett: Temuera Morrison Discusses 'The Mandalorian'\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/arts/television/the-mandalorian-boba-fett-temuera-morrison.html","url_text":"\"Being Boba Fett: Temuera Morrison Discusses 'The Mandalorian'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201207151700/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/arts/television/the-mandalorian-boba-fett-temuera-morrison.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dumaraog, Ana (December 4, 2020). \"The Mandalorian Season 2, Episode 6 Cast & Cameos Guide\". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/mandalorian-season-2-episode-6-cast-cameos-characters/","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian Season 2, Episode 6 Cast & Cameos Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mandalorian: Season 2 - Vol. 2 (Chapters 13-16) [Original Score]\". Apple Music. Apple Inc. December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-mandalorian-season-2-vol-2-chapters-13-16-original-score/1544535259","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian: Season 2 - Vol. 2 (Chapters 13-16) [Original Score]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple Inc."}]},{"reference":"Guerrasio, Jason (December 21, 2020). \"'The Mandalorian' composer reveals how he used classic 'Star Wars' themes to create the dramatic season 2 finale score\". Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.com/the-mandalorian-ludwig-goransson-season-2-music-secrets-star-wars-2020-12","url_text":"\"'The Mandalorian' composer reveals how he used classic 'Star Wars' themes to create the dramatic season 2 finale score\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tragedy\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_mandalorian/s02/e06","url_text":"\"The Tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"Prudom, Laura (December 4, 2020). \"The Mandalorian: Season 2, Episode 6 Review\". IGN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/the-mandalorian-season-2-episode-6-review-chapter-14","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian: Season 2, Episode 6 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Phipps, Keith (December 4, 2020). \"The Mandalorian Recap: A Bad Day To Be Mando\". Vulture. New York. Retrieved December 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/the-mandalorian-recap-season-2-episode-6-chapter-14-the-tragedy.html","url_text":"\"The Mandalorian Recap: A Bad Day To Be Mando\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(magazine)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"Sepinwall, Alan (December 4, 2020). \"'The Mandalorian' Recap: The Bounty Hunter Strikes Back\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall","url_text":"Sepinwall, Alan"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-recaps/mandalorian-recap-season-2-episode-6-tragedy-1098687/","url_text":"\"'The Mandalorian' Recap: The Bounty Hunter Strikes Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKvsDC
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Characters","3.1 Mortal Kombat characters","3.2 DC Universe characters","4 Development","5 Reception","6 Legacy","7 Rejected animated film","8 See Also","9 References","10 External links"]
2008 video game 2008 video gameMortal Kombat vs. DC UniverseNorth American PS3 cover artwork featuring from left Scorpion, Raiden and Sub-Zero from right Batman, Wonder Woman and SupermanDeveloper(s)Midway GamesPublisher(s)Midway GamesDirector(s)Ed BoonProducer(s)Hans LoHector SanchezMichaelene ZawackiDesigner(s)Paulo GarciaJohn EdwardsProgrammer(s)Michael BoonAlan VillaniAlexander BarrentineArtist(s)Steve BeranCarlos PesinaDave PindaraWriter(s)John VogelComposer(s)Cris VelascoSascha DikiciyanSoundelux DMGDynamedionSeriesMortal KombatEngineUnreal Engine 3Platform(s)PlayStation 3, Xbox 360ReleaseNA: November 16, 2008 AU: November 20, 2008 EU: November 21, 2008Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Single-player, local & online multiplayer Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe is a 2008 fighting video game developed and published by Midway Games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game is a crossover between Mortal Kombat and the DC Universe, and is the eighth main installment in the Mortal Kombat franchise. The game was released on November 16, 2008. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was developed using Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3, and was the first Mortal Kombat title developed solely for the seventh generation of video game consoles. Its story was written by comic writers Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray. The game was the final entry in the franchise developed by Midway Games before the company went bankrupt in 2009 and sold the franchise to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game's story takes place after Raiden, Earthrealm's god of thunder, and Superman, Metropolis' defender, repel invasions from both their worlds. An attack by both Raiden and Superman simultaneously in their separate universes causes the merging of the Mortal Kombat and DC villains, Shao Kahn and Darkseid, resulting in the creation of Dark Kahn, whose mere existence causes the two universes to begin merging; if allowed to continue, it would result in the destruction of both. Characters from both universes begin to fluctuate in power, becoming stronger or weaker. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe received mixed-to-positive reviews. Most reviewers agreed that the game was entertaining and made good use of its DC Universe license, but its lack of unlockable features compared to past installments of Mortal Kombat and toned-down finishing moves garnered some criticism. The game was followed by a Mortal Kombat reboot in 2011, and by Injustice: Gods Among Us in 2013. Gameplay The game features a story mode, playable from two different perspectives. The perspectives consist of one segment from the DC Universe side, and one from the Mortal Kombat side, each split up into various chapters. Depending on which side players choose, the characters from one universe see those from the opposite universe as the invaders of their own. The player has the ability to play as all the characters in the story mode at one point during development, but the story mode ultimately lacked story arcs for a few characters. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe also contains a mode called "Kombo Challenge", where players must perform ten pre-created combos of increasing difficulty. "Free-Fall Kombat" is a new mode introduced in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. In stages where it is allowed, two characters can battle in mid-air for the chance to land on top of the opponent and perform maximum damage. Intertwined within fight matches, which are played in a 3D fighter style, are new gameplay modes, such as "Free-Fall Kombat" or "Falling Kombat," which are activated automatically after throwing the opponent to a lower level in the arena. The players can fight in the air during the fall in a quasi-mini-game, with one player having to hit certain buttons to be above the other during the fall and land on the other player when the fall ends. "Klose Kombat" is a mode the players can enter during a fight, causing the characters to lock with each other and the perspective to change to a close-up shot of the two, to make for an interval of close-quarters fighting. A "Test Your Might" mini-game is also worked into the gameplay; while fighting in certain areas, the player can smash the opponent through a series of walls and engage in a tug-of-war with the damage meter at the top of the screen. The player on the offense presses buttons to increase damage given, while the player on the defense presses buttons to decrease damage taken. Another in-fight feature called "Rage mode" is introduced in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. The Rage mode is governed by a rage meter placed below the player's health meter that fills progressively every time the player receives damage or attacks. Once the meter is completely filled, Rage mode can be activated and lasts for several seconds. Rage mode enables the player to break the opponent's guard on the second hit, prevents the attacker from experiencing hit stun, knockdown or pop-up, and increases the damage of an attacker's moves. During fights, characters show permanent signs of damage, such as bruises, scrapes, bleeding, and broken or torn clothing. All of the characters except Darkseid, Shao Kahn, and Dark Kahn have finishing moves; the Mortal Kombat characters and the DC villains can execute Fatalities, while the DC heroes can execute moves called "Heroic Brutalities," which function in the same manner but do not kill opponents, in order to stay in tone with the heroes who have an established reputation of never taking a life. Plot After Shao Kahn's invasion of Earthrealm is halted by Raiden's forces of light, Raiden blasts and sends Kahn through a portal. At exactly the same time on Earth, Superman stops Darkseid's Apokoliptian invasion by blasting Darkseid with his heat vision as he enters a boom tube. These acts do not destroy either of them, but merge them into Dark Kahn, and causes the DC and Mortal Kombat universes to merge. As this happens, the characters' abilities fluctuate, causing violent "rage" outbreaks that are actually the feelings of Dark Kahn being infused in the characters from afar. Because of this, certain characters gain either strength or vulnerability. This allows for such things as the possibility of Superman being defeated due to his vulnerability to magic and giving the Joker the ability to fight skilled martial artists such as his nemesis Batman and Deathstroke. With each world thinking that the other is responsible for the merger, they fight each other until only one fighter from each side remains: Raiden and Superman. In the final battle, the two fight while Dark Kahn feeds on their rage. Both realizing that neither is working with Dark Kahn, Raiden and Superman overcome their rage for each other and defeat their fused enemy, restoring the two worlds to their normal separation. While everyone else has been sent to their original universe, Darkseid and Shao Kahn have been switched and are both rendered powerless. In the end, they both face eternal imprisonment in the other's universe; Darkseid is restrained in the Netherrealm, while Shao Kahn is trapped in the Phantom Zone. Characters Mortal Kombat characters Baraka Jax Kano Kitana Liu Kang Raiden Scorpion Shang Tsung Shao Kahn Sonya Blade Sub-Zero DC Universe characters Batman Captain Marvel Catwoman Darkseid Deathstroke The Flash Green Lantern The Joker Lex Luthor Superman Wonder Woman ^ a b Unlockable character Development Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was Midway Games's last project before filing for bankruptcy and selling the rights to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment in 2009. In February 2007, Midway Games announced they were planning a new game in the Mortal Kombat franchise, inspired by seeing a showcase of Gears of War. "Mortal Kombat 8" would have been "dark, gritty, serious" and a "back to basics reboot" of the series. Eventually, during the planning process, a deal with DC Comics was made and this project was cancelled, thus leading to the development of a different game. An announcement in April 2008 confirmed the game as a crossover, and a trailer was released. The only notable aspect that remained from the original project was the use of the Unreal Engine 3, also used in Gears of War. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was co-published by Midway Games and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and was the final Mortal Kombat title to be developed under the Midway label prior to its purchase by Warner Bros. Interactive. Midway used AutoDesk software to develop Mortal Kombat vs DC Universe, according to Maurice Patel, entertainment industry manager at AutoDesk, and Illuminate Labs products for lighting. The use of a DC license imposed some restrictions on the characteristic violence in Mortal Kombat games. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was thus restricted to a "Teen" ESRB rating. Therefore, certain Fatalities such as Sub-Zero's "Spine Rip" were excluded or replaced due to their graphic nature. In order to keep that rating, two of the Fatalities in the game were censored in North America. In the United Kingdom version, both the Joker and Deathstroke's first Fatality depict them each finishing their opponent with a gunshot to the head, both shown uncut from a distance. The North American version has the camera quickly pan toward the victor before the shot is fired, thereby cutting the victim out of the shot completely. Additionally, one of Kitana's Fatalities which involved impaling the opponent in the head and the torso with her fanblades was modified so that both fanblades impaled her opponent's chest instead. According to interviews, the characters were chosen for their popularity, and for parallels between them from both universes. Ed Boon, creative director of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe and co-creator of the Mortal Kombat franchise, has said that some of the characters' abilities, especially those from the DC Universe, had been toned down to make them balanced within Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. For example, Boon specifically mentioned that Superman became vulnerable because of magic. Boon revealed that two new characters were developed as downloadable content, Quan Chi from Mortal Kombat and Harley Quinn from DC comics but had been discarded. He had also hinted earlier at the prospect of Kung Lao and Doomsday being downloadable characters. For the release of the Kollector's Edition of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, a new cover was created by Alex Ross. Also included in the Kollector's Edition is a 16-page comic book prequel, Beginnings, which was illustrated by Mortal Kombat co-creator John Tobias. Downloadable content (DLC) had been confirmed by Major Nelson, but was canceled due to Midway's financial issues. Ed Boon had stated that they would have been updating Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe periodically with new content all the way up to the release of the next installment of the Mortal Kombat series: "I'd like to have as soon as possible. I think that might be a great Christmas gift to reinvigorate the game". Ed Boon said on his Twitter account that the plan for DLC had been scrapped, which occurred because, as clarified by 1UP, Midway had filed for bankruptcy and was purchased by Warner Bros. Interactive after the suggestion of downloadable content. The game features a four hour long, fully motion captured and voiced acted story mode, becoming among the first fighting games to attempt something like this. Ed Boon pitched the idea to Midway Game's artists, animators, and producers, who were initially unwilling on the grounds they felt it was unnecessary and not possible. It required tech and knowledge that was not available at that time, such as the ability for the game to stream a video while at the same time loading the data required for the next fight. The team was also not sold on the idea of fighting game fans wanting a film-inspired "Story mode". Midway's financial crisis also contributed to this decision making. The team pitched alternatives to Ed Boon's idea, such as still images accompanied by music and voiced dialogue, “like you'd see in some fancy comic presentations”. These alternatives frustrated Boon and he used his authority to force the team to develop his pitch as he envisioned. According to Ed Boon, the team was sold after they completed a single scene transition into gameplay and out of gameplay. Many workers at Midway had skillsets in film, scriptwriting, and animation that they finally got to utilize. DC comics also assisted by employing two writers, Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray, so Midway would keep the characterization of DC characters consistent. Making sure Midway did not diverge from what DC characters would normally say or do. The work done for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's story mode would eventually be seen in future Mortal Kombat games, such as Mortal Kombat 9, and the future Injustice series, developed by Netherrealm Studios from the ashes of Midway Games. Ed Boon viewed the single-player mode as a major source of appeal to casual fans who would have otherwise not paid attention to a fighting game. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(PS3) 77.87%(X360) 74.55%Metacritic(PS3) 76/100(X360) 72/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer8.5/10GameProGameSpot7.5/10GameTrailers7.4/10Giant BombIGN7.5/10Official Xbox Magazine (US)8.5/10X-Play Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Adam Sessler of X-Play stated: "Whether it's a decade-late answer to the Marvel vs. Capcom team up games or an off-the-cuff boardroom joke gone wildly too far, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe is destined to make just about anyone's shortlist of bizarre video game team-ups. Still, sometimes two disparate things can merge to create a unique synergy that makes the melding work, however unlikely it may have seemed at the outset." In GamePro, Sid Shuman called it "surprisingly enjoyable." Wired.com's preview stated that the concept of the game was "nose-pokingly ludicrous", noting that Superman's powers could be used to easily defeat a character with the comment, "from Sub-Zero to Well-Done in eight seconds flat." ABC News praised the game's story because it did "a great job of giving players a cohesive, if far-fetched, story line that's fun if not engaging," as well as "comic book-like" dialogue. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's Kombo Challenge mode was criticized as a thin and frustrating mode with combos that required very precise timing. The modes of Klose Kombat and Free-Fall Kombat were praised as concepts but were criticized in their execution as they appeared to slow the gameplay down and took the player out of the fast gameplay experience. Critics noted that the change in the amount of gore was disappointing to longtime fans of the series who were used to the "insane amounts of gore." The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry approved of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe because of its departure from the earlier M-rated games of the series praising its "simpler play, familiar graphics and adjustable gore content" but still not recommending it for younger players. In 2008, GamePro, ranked it as the 15th best fighting game out of 18. Midway Games announced that as of January 26, 2009, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe had shipped 1.8 million copies since its release in mid-November 2008, not including the sales of the Kollector's Edition. The chief operating officer of GameStop stated that the Kollector's Edition of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe made up 55% of the game's total sales at GameStop locations in its first week. In their 10-K filing, Midway Games revealed the title had sold over 1.9 million units, making it one of the company's most successful titles since 2002. According to Wired.com, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe also "holds the distinction of being the most pre-ordered MK game of all time." In a ranking by Rentrak, the Xbox 360 version of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was the sixth most rented game of 2009. During the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe for "Fighting Game of the Year" and "Outstanding Achievement in Adapted Story". Legacy Midway's work on Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's cinematic story mode would influence development of future Mortal Kombat games and the Injustice series after Midway filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and became NetherRealm Studios. Future fighting games like Guilty Gear Xrd, Street Fighter V, Tekken 7, and Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite attempted to create similar film-inspired experiences. Rejected animated film Screenwriter Jeremy Adams pitched an animated film for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe but was rejected by Warner Bros. See Also Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite (a crossover fighting game with both a similar premise and cinematic story-mode) References ^ Also referred to as Mortal Kombat 8. ^ Sinclair, Brendan (April 17, 2008). "New Mortal Kombat details inKoming". 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fighting video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Midway Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Games"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"},{"link_name":"Unreal Engine 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine#Unreal_Engine_3"},{"link_name":"seventh generation of video game consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Palmiotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Palmiotti"},{"link_name":"Justin Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Gray"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Raiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiden_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Shao Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shao_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"unlockable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlockable_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(2011_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Injustice: Gods Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice:_Gods_Among_Us"}],"text":"2008 video game2008 video gameMortal Kombat vs. DC Universe[a] is a 2008 fighting video game developed and published by Midway Games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game is a crossover between Mortal Kombat and the DC Universe, and is the eighth main installment in the Mortal Kombat franchise. The game was released on November 16, 2008.Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was developed using Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3, and was the first Mortal Kombat title developed solely for the seventh generation of video game consoles. Its story was written by comic writers Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray. The game was the final entry in the franchise developed by Midway Games before the company went bankrupt in 2009 and sold the franchise to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.The game's story takes place after Raiden, Earthrealm's god of thunder, and Superman, Metropolis' defender, repel invasions from both their worlds. An attack by both Raiden and Superman simultaneously in their separate universes causes the merging of the Mortal Kombat and DC villains, Shao Kahn and Darkseid, resulting in the creation of Dark Kahn, whose mere existence causes the two universes to begin merging; if allowed to continue, it would result in the destruction of both. Characters from both universes begin to fluctuate in power, becoming stronger or weaker.Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe received mixed-to-positive reviews. Most reviewers agreed that the game was entertaining and made good use of its DC Universe license, but its lack of unlockable features compared to past installments of Mortal Kombat and toned-down finishing moves garnered some criticism. The game was followed by a Mortal Kombat reboot in 2011, and by Injustice: Gods Among Us in 2013.","title":"Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video_Interview-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video_Interview-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKvsDC_storymode-5"},{"link_name":"combos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKvsDC_booklet-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MKvDC_freefal.jpg"},{"link_name":"fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"mini-game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK_vs_DC_strategy_guide-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video_Interview-4"},{"link_name":"tug-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug-of-war"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK_vs_DC_strategy_guide-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK_vs_DC_strategy_guide-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-9"},{"link_name":"Fatalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatality_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_24,_2008_interview-10"}],"text":"The game features a story mode, playable from two different perspectives. The perspectives consist of one segment from the DC Universe side, and one from the Mortal Kombat side, each split up into various chapters.[3] Depending on which side players choose, the characters from one universe see those from the opposite universe as the invaders of their own. The player has the ability to play as all the characters in the story mode at one point during development, but the story mode ultimately lacked story arcs for a few characters.[3][4] Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe also contains a mode called \"Kombo Challenge\", where players must perform ten pre-created combos of increasing difficulty.[5][6]\"Free-Fall Kombat\" is a new mode introduced in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. In stages where it is allowed, two characters can battle in mid-air for the chance to land on top of the opponent and perform maximum damage.Intertwined within fight matches, which are played in a 3D fighter style, are new gameplay modes, such as \"Free-Fall Kombat\" or \"Falling Kombat,\" which are activated automatically after throwing the opponent to a lower level in the arena. The players can fight in the air during the fall in a quasi-mini-game, with one player having to hit certain buttons to be above the other during the fall and land on the other player when the fall ends.[7] \"Klose Kombat\" is a mode the players can enter during a fight, causing the characters to lock with each other and the perspective to change to a close-up shot of the two, to make for an interval of close-quarters fighting.[3] A \"Test Your Might\" mini-game is also worked into the gameplay; while fighting in certain areas, the player can smash the opponent through a series of walls and engage in a tug-of-war with the damage meter at the top of the screen. The player on the offense presses buttons to increase damage given, while the player on the defense presses buttons to decrease damage taken.[7]Another in-fight feature called \"Rage mode\" is introduced in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. The Rage mode is governed by a rage meter placed below the player's health meter that fills progressively every time the player receives damage or attacks. Once the meter is completely filled, Rage mode can be activated and lasts for several seconds. Rage mode enables the player to break the opponent's guard on the second hit, prevents the attacker from experiencing hit stun, knockdown or pop-up, and increases the damage of an attacker's moves.[7] During fights, characters show permanent signs of damage, such as bruises, scrapes, bleeding, and broken or torn clothing.[8] All of the characters except Darkseid, Shao Kahn, and Dark Kahn have finishing moves; the Mortal Kombat characters and the DC villains can execute Fatalities, while the DC heroes can execute moves called \"Heroic Brutalities,\" which function in the same manner but do not kill opponents, in order to stay in tone with the heroes who have an established reputation of never taking a life.[9]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shao Kahn's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shao_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Earthrealm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrealm"},{"link_name":"Raiden's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiden_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Darkseid's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"Apokoliptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokolips"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-DC-Comic-11"},{"link_name":"Deathstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathstroke"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Phantom Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Zone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKvsDC_storymode-5"}],"text":"After Shao Kahn's invasion of Earthrealm is halted by Raiden's forces of light, Raiden blasts and sends Kahn through a portal. At exactly the same time on Earth, Superman stops Darkseid's Apokoliptian invasion by blasting Darkseid with his heat vision as he enters a boom tube. These acts do not destroy either of them, but merge them into Dark Kahn, and causes the DC and Mortal Kombat universes to merge.[10] As this happens, the characters' abilities fluctuate, causing violent \"rage\" outbreaks that are actually the feelings of Dark Kahn being infused in the characters from afar. Because of this, certain characters gain either strength or vulnerability. This allows for such things as the possibility of Superman being defeated due to his vulnerability to magic and giving the Joker the ability to fight skilled martial artists such as his nemesis Batman and Deathstroke. With each world thinking that the other is responsible for the merger, they fight each other until only one fighter from each side remains: Raiden and Superman. In the final battle, the two fight while Dark Kahn feeds on their rage. Both realizing that neither is working with Dark Kahn, Raiden and Superman overcome their rage for each other and defeat their fused enemy, restoring the two worlds to their normal separation.[11] While everyone else has been sent to their original universe, Darkseid and Shao Kahn have been switched and are both rendered powerless. In the end, they both face eternal imprisonment in the other's universe; Darkseid is restrained in the Netherrealm, while Shao Kahn is trapped in the Phantom Zone.[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraka_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Jax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jax_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Kitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitana"},{"link_name":"Liu Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Kang"},{"link_name":"Raiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiden_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"Shang Tsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Tsung"},{"link_name":"Shao Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shao_Kahn"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlock-13"},{"link_name":"Sonya Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonya_Blade"},{"link_name":"Sub-Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Zero_(Mortal_Kombat)"}],"sub_title":"Mortal Kombat characters","text":"Baraka\nJax\nKano\nKitana\nLiu Kang\nRaiden\nScorpion\nShang Tsung\nShao Kahn[i]\nSonya Blade\nSub-Zero","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlock-13"},{"link_name":"Deathstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathstroke"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"The Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unlock_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unlock_13-1"}],"sub_title":"DC Universe characters","text":"Batman\nCaptain Marvel\nCatwoman\nDarkseid[i]\nDeathstroke\nThe Flash\nGreen Lantern\nThe Joker\nLex Luthor\nSuperman\nWonder Woman^ a b Unlockable character","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimesblogs.latimes.com-14"},{"link_name":"Midway Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Games"},{"link_name":"Gears of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_of_War"},{"link_name":"reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Unreal Engine 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine_3"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"AutoDesk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoDesk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ESRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booninter-21"},{"link_name":"censored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video_Interview-4"},{"link_name":"Ed Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Boon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Quan Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_Chi"},{"link_name":"Harley Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLC_scrapped-32"},{"link_name":"Kung Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Lao"},{"link_name":"Doomsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G4TV-33"},{"link_name":"Alex Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross"},{"link_name":"John Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tobias"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"Major Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hryb"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majr_nlsn-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristmasDLC-37"},{"link_name":"1UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLC_scrapped-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(2011_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Mortal_Kombat_The_Movie_The_Game-39"}],"text":"Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was Midway Games's last project before filing for bankruptcy and selling the rights to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment in 2009.[12] In February 2007, Midway Games announced they were planning a new game in the Mortal Kombat franchise, inspired by seeing a showcase of Gears of War. \"Mortal Kombat 8\" would have been \"dark, gritty, serious\" and a \"back to basics reboot\" of the series.[13] Eventually, during the planning process, a deal with DC Comics was made and this project was cancelled, thus leading to the development of a different game.[14] An announcement in April 2008 confirmed the game as a crossover, and a trailer was released.[15] The only notable aspect that remained from the original project was the use of the Unreal Engine 3, also used in Gears of War.Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was co-published by Midway Games and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and was the final Mortal Kombat title to be developed under the Midway label prior to its purchase by Warner Bros. Interactive.[16] Midway used AutoDesk software to develop Mortal Kombat vs DC Universe, according to Maurice Patel, entertainment industry manager at AutoDesk,[17] and Illuminate Labs products for lighting.[18]The use of a DC license imposed some restrictions on the characteristic violence in Mortal Kombat games. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was thus restricted to a \"Teen\" ESRB rating. Therefore, certain Fatalities such as Sub-Zero's \"Spine Rip\" were excluded or replaced due to their graphic nature.[19] In order to keep that rating, two of the Fatalities in the game were censored in North America.[20][21] In the United Kingdom version, both the Joker and Deathstroke's first Fatality depict them each finishing their opponent with a gunshot to the head, both shown uncut from a distance. The North American version has the camera quickly pan toward the victor before the shot is fired, thereby cutting the victim out of the shot completely.[22][23][24][25] Additionally, one of Kitana's Fatalities which involved impaling the opponent in the head and the torso with her fanblades was modified so that both fanblades impaled her opponent's chest instead.[26][27]According to interviews, the characters were chosen for their popularity, and for parallels between them from both universes.[3] Ed Boon, creative director of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe and co-creator of the Mortal Kombat franchise, has said that some of the characters' abilities, especially those from the DC Universe, had been toned down to make them balanced within Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. For example, Boon specifically mentioned that Superman became vulnerable because of magic.[28][29] Boon revealed that two new characters were developed as downloadable content, Quan Chi from Mortal Kombat and Harley Quinn from DC comics but had been discarded.[30] He had also hinted earlier at the prospect of Kung Lao and Doomsday being downloadable characters.[31]For the release of the Kollector's Edition of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, a new cover was created by Alex Ross. Also included in the Kollector's Edition is a 16-page comic book prequel, Beginnings, which was illustrated by Mortal Kombat co-creator John Tobias.[32]Downloadable content (DLC) had been confirmed by Major Nelson, but was canceled due to Midway's financial issues.[33][34] Ed Boon had stated that they would have been updating Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe periodically with new content all the way up to the release of the next installment of the Mortal Kombat series: \"I'd like to have [DLC] as soon as possible. I think that might be a great Christmas gift to reinvigorate the game\".[35] Ed Boon said on his Twitter account that the plan for DLC had been scrapped, which occurred because, as clarified by 1UP, Midway had filed for bankruptcy and was purchased by Warner Bros. Interactive after the suggestion of downloadable content.[30][36]The game features a four hour long, fully motion captured and voiced acted story mode, becoming among the first fighting games to attempt something like this. Ed Boon pitched the idea to Midway Game's artists, animators, and producers, who were initially unwilling on the grounds they felt it was unnecessary and not possible. It required tech and knowledge that was not available at that time, such as the ability for the game to stream a video while at the same time loading the data required for the next fight. The team was also not sold on the idea of fighting game fans wanting a film-inspired \"Story mode\". Midway's financial crisis also contributed to this decision making. The team pitched alternatives to Ed Boon's idea, such as still images accompanied by music and voiced dialogue, “like you'd see in some fancy comic presentations”. These alternatives frustrated Boon and he used his authority to force the team to develop his pitch as he envisioned.According to Ed Boon, the team was sold after they completed a single scene transition into gameplay and out of gameplay. Many workers at Midway had skillsets in film, scriptwriting, and animation that they finally got to utilize. DC comics also assisted by employing two writers, Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray, so Midway would keep the characterization of DC characters consistent. Making sure Midway did not diverge from what DC characters would normally say or do. The work done for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's story mode would eventually be seen in future Mortal Kombat games, such as Mortal Kombat 9, and the future Injustice series, developed by Netherrealm Studios from the ashes of Midway Games. Ed Boon viewed the single-player mode as a major source of appeal to casual fans who would have otherwise not paid attention to a fighting game.[37]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_review-44"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-9"},{"link_name":"GameTrailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTrailers"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Giant Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-7"},{"link_name":"Official Xbox Magazine (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"X-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xplay_review-49"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-42"},{"link_name":"Adam Sessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sessler"},{"link_name":"X-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play"},{"link_name":"Marvel vs. Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_vs._Capcom"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xplay_review-49"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Wired.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired.com"},{"link_name":"Sub-Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Zero_(Mortal_Kombat)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_review-44"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xplay_review-49"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-9"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKvsDCships1.8mill-55"},{"link_name":"GameStop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKvsDCKollectorsGameStop-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"pre-ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-order"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Rentrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentrak"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Annual_Interactive_Achievement_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Fighting Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Fighting_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Achievement in Adapted Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Story"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings(PS3) 77.87%[38](X360) 74.55%[39]Metacritic(PS3) 76/100[40](X360) 72/100[41]Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer8.5/10[42]GamePro[43]GameSpot7.5/10[8]GameTrailers7.4/10[44]Giant Bomb[45]IGN7.5/10[6]Official Xbox Magazine (US)8.5/10[46]X-Play[47]Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe received mixed to positive reviews from critics.[40] Adam Sessler of X-Play stated: \"Whether it's a decade-late answer to the Marvel vs. Capcom team up games or an off-the-cuff boardroom joke gone wildly too far, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe is destined to make just about anyone's shortlist of bizarre video game team-ups. Still, sometimes two disparate things can merge to create a unique synergy that makes the melding work, however unlikely it may have seemed at the outset.\"[47] In GamePro, Sid Shuman called it \"surprisingly enjoyable.\"[48] Wired.com's preview stated that the concept of the game was \"nose-pokingly ludicrous\", noting that Superman's powers could be used to easily defeat a character with the comment, \"from Sub-Zero to Well-Done in eight seconds flat.\"[49] ABC News praised the game's story because it did \"a great job of giving players a cohesive, if far-fetched, story line that's fun if not engaging,\" as well as \"comic book-like\" dialogue.[50] Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's Kombo Challenge mode was criticized as a thin and frustrating mode with combos that required very precise timing.[6][42][47] The modes of Klose Kombat and Free-Fall Kombat were praised as concepts but were criticized in their execution as they appeared to slow the gameplay down and took the player out of the fast gameplay experience.[6] Critics noted that the change in the amount of gore was disappointing to longtime fans of the series who were used to the \"insane amounts of gore.\"[8]The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry approved of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe because of its departure from the earlier M-rated games of the series praising its \"simpler play, familiar graphics and adjustable gore content\" but still not recommending it for younger players.[51] In 2008, GamePro, ranked it as the 15th best fighting game out of 18.[52]Midway Games announced that as of January 26, 2009, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe had shipped 1.8 million copies since its release in mid-November 2008, not including the sales of the Kollector's Edition.[53] The chief operating officer of GameStop stated that the Kollector's Edition of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe made up 55% of the game's total sales at GameStop locations in its first week.[54] In their 10-K filing, Midway Games revealed the title had sold over 1.9 million units, making it one of the company's most successful titles since 2002.[55] According to Wired.com, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe also \"holds the distinction of being the most pre-ordered MK game of all time.\"[56] In a ranking by Rentrak, the Xbox 360 version of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was the sixth most rented game of 2009.[57]During the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe for \"Fighting Game of the Year\" and \"Outstanding Achievement in Adapted Story\".[58]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"Injustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"NetherRealm Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetherRealm_Studios"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Guilty Gear Xrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_V"},{"link_name":"Tekken 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken_7"},{"link_name":"Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_vs._Capcom:_Infinite"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Mortal_Kombat_The_Movie_The_Game-39"}],"text":"Midway's work on Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's cinematic story mode would influence development of future Mortal Kombat games and the Injustice series after Midway filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy[59][60] and became NetherRealm Studios.[61][62] Future fighting games like Guilty Gear Xrd, Street Fighter V, Tekken 7, and Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite attempted to create similar film-inspired experiences.[37]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Screenwriter Jeremy Adams pitched an animated film for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe but was rejected by Warner Bros.[63]","title":"Rejected animated film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_vs._Capcom:_Infinite"}],"text":"Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite (a crossover fighting game with both a similar premise and cinematic story-mode)","title":"See Also"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Free-Fall Kombat\" is a new mode introduced in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. In stages where it is allowed, two characters can battle in mid-air for the chance to land on top of the opponent and perform maximum damage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/MKvDC_freefal.jpg/220px-MKvDC_freefal.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sinclair, Brendan (April 17, 2008). \"New Mortal Kombat details inKoming\". GameSpot. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/wii/action/mortalkombatarmageddon/news.html?sid=6189449&mode=news","url_text":"\"New Mortal Kombat details inKoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Greg (June 25, 2008). \"Comic-Con panel on Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://ps3.ign.com/articles/893/893888p1.html","url_text":"\"Comic-Con panel on Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216081629/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/893/893888p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GameSpot Video: Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Video Interview 1\". GameSpot. 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Ed Boon: Our goal right now is to provide at least one character from each side of the universes as a new character to play as","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121105348/http://majornelson.com/archive/2009/01/18/show-305-the-maw-and-ed-boone.aspx","url_text":"\"Show #305 : The Maw and Ed Boon\""},{"url":"http://majornelson.com/archive/2009/01/18/show-305-the-maw-and-ed-boone.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MK vs. DC DLC nixed\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mk-vs-dc-dlc-nixed/1100-6213099/","url_text":"\"MK vs. DC DLC nixed\""}]},{"reference":"Walk, Gary Eng (November 17, 2008). \"Interview: Ed Boon on The Ups and Downs of the Mortal Kombat Franchise\". GameDaily. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Zahra
Francesco Zahra
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Francesco Vincenzo ZahraFranġisk ŻahraBornSenglea, Hospitaller MaltaBaptised(1710-12-15)15 December 1710Died19 August 1773(1773-08-19) (aged 62)Hospitaller MaltaNationalityMalteseOccupationPainterStyleBaroqueSpouse Teresa Fenech ​ ​(m. 1743; died 1751)​Children5ParentsPietro Paolo Zahra (father)Augustina Casanova (mother) Francesco Vincenzo Zahra (Maltese: Franġisk Żahra, 15 December 1710 – 19 August 1773) was a Maltese painter who mainly painted religious works in the Neapolitan Baroque style. His works may be found in many churches around the Maltese Islands, as well as in some private collections and museums. He is considered to be the greatest painter from 18th-century Malta. Biography St Nicholas of Myra, National Museum of Fine Arts, Valletta Zahra was born in Senglea, as the son of the stone carver Pietro Paolo Zahra and Augustina Casanova. His exact date of birth is not known, but he was baptised at the Senglea parish church on 15 December 1710. Little is known of Zahra's early life, but he likely received a good education. Zahra's career as an artist lasted for four decades, and he came to be considered as the greatest painter from Malta of the 18th century. He painted in the Baroque style and was strongly influenced from the art scene of Naples. Zahra's works include many religious paintings, including altarpieces or other large paintings for churches, vault murals and devotional paintings for private commissions. He is also responsible for a number of portraits, drawings for reredoses, some furniture in churches and works in marble. He probably began to paint at a young age, and he likely trained at Gio Nicola Buhagiar's workshop in the 1730s. By around 1740, his style began to mature and develop further than that of his tutor Buhagiar. Zahra became the most prolific Maltese painter by around 1745, being rivaled by the French artist Antoine de Favray who at that time worked in Malta. Zahra's style further developed over the years, and in around the mid-1750s his figures and the atmosphere of his paintings had changed, showing influences from Mattia Preti and Favray himself. Zahra's first significant commission came in 1732, when he painted an altarpiece depicting Three Dominican Saints Adoring the Holy Name of Jesus for the Church of Santa Maria della Grotta in Rabat. His most significant work includes the paintings on the ceiling of the Chapter Hall of the Mdina Cathedral, which were done in 1756. Zahra moved from his hometown Senglea to the capital Valletta. He was married to Teresa Fenech from 26 February 1743 until her premature death on 27 May 1751. They had five children together, three of whom survived infancy. Zahra died on 19 August 1773 at the age of 62. Works Beheading of St George (1763), St. George's Basilica, Victoria, Gozo Zahra's works can be found in many churches throughout the Maltese Islands, as well as in private collections and museums. Works by Zahra are located in St. Paul's Cathedral, Mdina, the Cathedral of the Assumption, Gozo, the parish churches of Attard, Balzan, Birkirkara, Floriana, Għarb, Għargħur, Għaxaq, Gudja, Lija, Marsaxlokk, Mosta, Naxxar, Qormi, Rabat, Senglea, Siġġiewi, Sliema, Tarxien, Valletta, Victoria, Xagħra, Xewkija, Żabbar, Żebbuġ, Żejtun and Żurrieq, along with numerous other churches and chapels. Some works are found at the National Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta and the Wignacourt Museum in Rabat. References ^ Debono, John (1990). "The Will of Francesco Zahra 1710-1773". Melita Historica. 10 (3): 237–244. ^ a b c d e f g Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. II G-Z. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 1658–1660. ISBN 9789993291329. ^ "Francesco Zahra: An intimate look at his small works". Times of Malta. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. ^ Sciberras, Keith; Borg, Jessica (2010). Francesco Zahra 1710–1773 His life and art in mid-18th century Malta. Midsea Books. ISBN 978-99932-7-319-6. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. ^ Caruana Dingli, Petra (2020). "Francesco Zahra's 'Madonna del Pilar' at St Peter's Monastery in Mdina". Treasures of Malta. 79: 59–65. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francesco Vincenzo Zahra. Sciberras, Keith; Borg, Jessica (2010). Francesco Zahra 1710–1773: His Life and Art in Mid-18th Century Malta. Midsea Books. ISBN 9789993273196. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists ULAN Other IdRef
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He is considered to be the greatest painter from 18th-century Malta.[1]","title":"Francesco Zahra"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zahra_-_St_Nicholas.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Malta"},{"link_name":"Senglea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senglea"},{"link_name":"Senglea parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Nativity_of_Mary,_Senglea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_painting"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"reredoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Gio Nicola Buhagiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio_Nicola_Buhagiar"},{"link_name":"Antoine de Favray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Favray"},{"link_name":"Mattia Preti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattia_Preti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat,_Malta"},{"link_name":"Mdina Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Mdina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Valletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valletta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"St Nicholas of Myra, National Museum of Fine Arts, VallettaZahra was born in Senglea, as the son of the stone carver Pietro Paolo Zahra and Augustina Casanova. His exact date of birth is not known, but he was baptised at the Senglea parish church on 15 December 1710. Little is known of Zahra's early life, but he likely received a good education.[2]Zahra's career as an artist lasted for four decades, and he came to be considered as the greatest painter from Malta of the 18th century.[2][3] He painted in the Baroque style and was strongly influenced from the art scene of Naples. Zahra's works include many religious paintings, including altarpieces or other large paintings for churches, vault murals and devotional paintings for private commissions. He is also responsible for a number of portraits, drawings for reredoses, some furniture in churches and works in marble.[2]He probably began to paint at a young age, and he likely trained at Gio Nicola Buhagiar's workshop in the 1730s. By around 1740, his style began to mature and develop further than that of his tutor Buhagiar. Zahra became the most prolific Maltese painter by around 1745, being rivaled by the French artist Antoine de Favray who at that time worked in Malta. Zahra's style further developed over the years, and in around the mid-1750s his figures and the atmosphere of his paintings had changed, showing influences from Mattia Preti and Favray himself.[4]Zahra's first significant commission came in 1732, when he painted an altarpiece depicting Three Dominican Saints Adoring the Holy Name of Jesus for the Church of Santa Maria della Grotta in Rabat. His most significant work includes the paintings on the ceiling of the Chapter Hall of the Mdina Cathedral, which were done in 1756.[2]Zahra moved from his hometown Senglea to the capital Valletta. He was married to Teresa Fenech from 26 February 1743 until her premature death on 27 May 1751. They had five children together, three of whom survived infancy. Zahra died on 19 August 1773 at the age of 62.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beheading_of_St_George_by_Francesco_Zahra.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. George's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Basilica,_Malta"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Cathedral, Mdina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Mdina"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Assumption, Gozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Assumption,_Gozo"},{"link_name":"Attard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Church_of_St._Mary,_Attard"},{"link_name":"Balzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Church,_Balzan"},{"link_name":"Birkirkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Floriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Publius_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"Għarb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Visitation,_G%C4%A7arb"},{"link_name":"Għargħur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_G%C4%A7arg%C4%A7ur"},{"link_name":"Għaxaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_G%C4%A7axaq"},{"link_name":"Gudja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Gudja"},{"link_name":"Lija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Saviour%27s_Church,_Lija"},{"link_name":"Marsaxlokk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Pompei,_Marsaxlokk"},{"link_name":"Mosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_of_Mosta"},{"link_name":"Naxxar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_Mary,_Naxxar"},{"link_name":"Qormi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Church_of_St_George,_Qormi"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_church_of_St_Paul,_Rabat"},{"link_name":"Senglea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Nativity_of_Mary,_Senglea"},{"link_name":"Siġġiewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_Si%C4%A1%C4%A1iewi"},{"link_name":"Sliema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"Tarxien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Church,_Tarxien"},{"link_name":"Valletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Parish_Church_of_St_Paul%27s_Shipwreck"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Basilica,_Malta"},{"link_name":"Xagħra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lady,_Xag%C4%A7ra"},{"link_name":"Xewkija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_of_Xewkija"},{"link_name":"Żabbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Graces,_%C5%BBabbar"},{"link_name":"Żebbuġ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Philip_of_Agira,_%C4%A6a%C5%BC-%C5%BBebbu%C4%A1"},{"link_name":"Żejtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Catherine,_%C5%BBejtun"},{"link_name":"Żurrieq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Catherine,_%C5%BBurrieq"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Malta"},{"link_name":"Wignacourt Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wignacourt_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"Beheading of St George (1763), St. George's Basilica, Victoria, GozoZahra's works can be found in many churches throughout the Maltese Islands, as well as in private collections and museums. Works by Zahra are located in St. Paul's Cathedral, Mdina, the Cathedral of the Assumption, Gozo, the parish churches of Attard, Balzan, Birkirkara, Floriana, Għarb, Għargħur, Għaxaq, Gudja, Lija, Marsaxlokk, Mosta, Naxxar, Qormi, Rabat, Senglea, Siġġiewi, Sliema, Tarxien, Valletta, Victoria, Xagħra, Xewkija, Żabbar, Żebbuġ, Żejtun and Żurrieq, along with numerous other churches and chapels.[2][5]Some works are found at the National Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta and the Wignacourt Museum in Rabat.[2]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francesco Vincenzo Zahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francesco_Vincenzo_Zahra"},{"link_name":"Francesco Zahra 1710–1773: His Life and Art in Mid-18th Century Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ot8GTwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789993273196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789993273196"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57354354#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1955685/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96362893"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd3GFWD8GJTGqvfPmyBP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166151550"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166151550"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/140451595"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011028815"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500093096"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/151863644"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francesco Vincenzo Zahra.Sciberras, Keith; Borg, Jessica (2010). Francesco Zahra 1710–1773: His Life and Art in Mid-18th Century Malta. Midsea Books. ISBN 9789993273196.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nArtists\nULAN\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"St Nicholas of Myra, National Museum of Fine Arts, Valletta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zahra_-_St_Nicholas.jpg/220px-Zahra_-_St_Nicholas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beheading of St George (1763), St. George's Basilica, Victoria, Gozo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beheading_of_St_George_by_Francesco_Zahra.jpg/220px-Beheading_of_St_George_by_Francesco_Zahra.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Debono, John (1990). \"The Will of Francesco Zahra 1710-1773\". Melita Historica. 10 (3): 237–244.","urls":[{"url":"http://maltahistory.eu5.net/mh3/19903.html","url_text":"\"The Will of Francesco Zahra 1710-1773\""}]},{"reference":"Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. II G-Z. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 1658–1660. ISBN 9789993291329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0,_Malta","url_text":"Pietà"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789993291329","url_text":"9789993291329"}]},{"reference":"\"Francesco Zahra: An intimate look at his small works\". Times of Malta. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120823171238/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20101117/arts-entertainment/francesco-zahra-an-intimate-look-at-his-small-works.336608","url_text":"\"Francesco Zahra: An intimate look at his small works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta","url_text":"Times of Malta"},{"url":"https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20101117/arts-entertainment/francesco-zahra-an-intimate-look-at-his-small-works.336608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sciberras, Keith; Borg, Jessica (2010). Francesco Zahra 1710–1773 His life and art in mid-18th century Malta. Midsea Books. ISBN 978-99932-7-319-6. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181015204602/https://www.midseabooks.com/publications_detail.aspx?pid=12773","url_text":"Francesco Zahra 1710–1773 His life and art in mid-18th century Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99932-7-319-6","url_text":"978-99932-7-319-6"},{"url":"https://www.midseabooks.com/publications_detail.aspx?pid=12773#.W8TzQWgzY2w","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caruana Dingli, Petra (2020). \"Francesco Zahra's 'Madonna del Pilar' at St Peter's Monastery in Mdina\". Treasures of Malta. 79: 59–65.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/77809","url_text":"\"Francesco Zahra's 'Madonna del Pilar' at St Peter's Monastery in Mdina\""}]},{"reference":"Sciberras, Keith; Borg, Jessica (2010). Francesco Zahra 1710–1773: His Life and Art in Mid-18th Century Malta. Midsea Books. ISBN 9789993273196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot8GTwEACAAJ","url_text":"Francesco Zahra 1710–1773: His Life and Art in Mid-18th Century Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789993273196","url_text":"9789993273196"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvio_Huix_Miralpeix
Salvi Huix Miralpéix
["1 Life","2 Veneration","3 References","4 Further reading"]
BlessedSalvi Huix MiralpéixC.O.Bishop of LleidaChurchRoman Catholic ChurchDioceseLleidaSeeLleidaAppointed28 January 1935Installed5 May 1935Term ended5 August 1936PredecessorManuel Irurita y AlmándozSuccessorJuan Villar y SanzOrdersOrdination19 September 1903by Josep Torras i BagesConsecration15 April 1928by Federico TedeschiniPersonal detailsBornSalvi Huix Miralpéix22 December 1877Santa Margarida de Vallors, Girona, Spanish KingdomDied5 August 1936(1936-08-05) (aged 58)Lleida, Second Spanish RepublicPrevious post(s)Titular Bishop of Selymbria (1928-35)Apostolic Administrator of Ibiza (1928-35)MottoIn Tuo verbo laxabo rete("At Thy word I will let down the net")SainthoodFeast day5 AugustVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified13 October 2013Complex Educatiu, Tarragona, Spainby Cardinal Angelo AmatoAttributesEpiscopal attirePastoral staffPatronageDiocese of Lleida Salvi Huix Miralpéix (in Spanish: Salvio Huix Miralpéix; 22 December 1877 – 5 August 1936) was a Catalan Roman Catholic cleric who served as Bishop of Lleida from 1935 to 1936. As one of the thirteen bishops killed in the Republican zone during the Spanish Civil War, he has been recognized as a martyr of the Catholic Church and was beatified on 13 October 2013 as part of the 522 Spanish Martyrs. Life Salvi Huix Miralpéix was born to a pious and wealthy family in Santa Margarida de Vallors in the municipio of Sant Hilari Sacalm. He studied at the seminary in Vic, where he was noted for the zeal with which he pursued his studies. He was ordained a priest on 19 September 1903 by Bishop Josep Torras i Bages. After his ordination, he served as an assistant priest in rural parishes in Cóll and Sant Vicenç de Castellet. In 1907 he made his solemn profession to enter the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri in Vic. As an Oratorian, he founded a confraternity under the patronage of Saint Joseph, an organization intended to revitalize the spiritual and parish life of working married men. He also taught theology at the seminary of Vic. On 16 February 1928 he was appointed apostolic administrator of Ibiza and was consecrated as the titular bishop of Selymbria on 15 April the same year by Archbishop Federico Tedeschini. On 28 January 1935 he became bishop of Lleida and on 5 May he took possession of the diocese, succeeding Bishop Manuel Irurita. During the Civil War, the Republicans attacked the bishop's palace in Lleida in July 1936. Bishop Huix Miralpéix fled and found refuge in the home of some relatives of his domestics. To avoid exposing them to the possibility of reprisal, he handed himself over at a Republican roadblock. He was imprisoned in the prison of Lleida with other Catholics, both ecclesiastics and lay people, where he distinguished himself by continuing to minister to his fellow prisoners. On 5 August 1936 he was taken from prison with twenty lay people and brought to the municipal cemetery of Lleida. There, he was forced to dig his own grave. The militants offered him freedom, but only if he would renounce his faith, which he refused. Instead, he requested that he be the last of the group to be executed so he could bless the other victims as they died. One of the men objected and shot the bishop in the right arm to stop him from administering his blessings. Undeterred, he continued with his left. Finally, he was killed by a shot to the head. Veneration His process of canonization is underway. Theologians approved Miralpéix's spiritual writings on 27 June 1952. Later in 1952 he was granted the title of Servant of God, and on 26 June 2011 he was recognized as a martyr, having been killed in odium fidei. He was beatified on 13 October 2013 in Tarragona along with another 521 martyrs. His liturgical feast is kept on 5 August. References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Blessed Salvi Huix Miralpeix". CatholicSaints.Info. March 18, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020. ^ Cheney, David M (September 19, 2019). "Bishop Bl. Salvio Huix Miralpéix, C.O." Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 205. Further reading Cárcel Ortí, Vicente (2000). The great persecution: Spain, 1931–1939. Barcelona: Planet. ISBN 84-08-03519-3. Montero Moreno, Antonio (1999) . History of religious persecution in Spain, 1936–1939. Madrid: Catholic Editions. ISBN 84-7914-383-5. Redondo, Gonzalo (1993). History of the Church in Spain, 1931–1939. Madrid: Rialp. ISBN 84-321-2984-4. Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Spain Catalonia Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalans"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_martyrs"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"522 Spanish Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs"}],"text":"Salvi Huix Miralpéix (in Spanish: Salvio Huix Miralpéix; 22 December 1877 – 5 August 1936) was a Catalan Roman Catholic cleric who served as Bishop of Lleida from 1935 to 1936. As one of the thirteen bishops killed in the Republican zone during the Spanish Civil War, he has been recognized as a martyr of the Catholic Church and was beatified on 13 October 2013 as part of the 522 Spanish Martyrs.","title":"Salvi Huix Miralpéix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Margarida de Vallors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Margarida_de_Vallors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sant Hilari Sacalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Hilari_Sacalm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"Josep Torras i Bages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Torras_i_Bages"},{"link_name":"Cóll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ll"},{"link_name":"Sant Vicenç de Castellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Castellet"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"confraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confraternity"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"apostolic administrator of Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ibiza"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Selymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selymbria"},{"link_name":"Federico Tedeschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Tedeschini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathhier-2"},{"link_name":"Manuel Irurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Irurita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"}],"text":"Salvi Huix Miralpéix was born to a pious and wealthy family in Santa Margarida de Vallors in the municipio of Sant Hilari Sacalm.[1]He studied at the seminary in Vic, where he was noted for the zeal with which he pursued his studies.[1] He was ordained a priest on 19 September 1903 by Bishop Josep Torras i Bages. After his ordination, he served as an assistant priest in rural parishes in Cóll and Sant Vicenç de Castellet.In 1907 he made his solemn profession to enter the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri in Vic.[1] As an Oratorian, he founded a confraternity under the patronage of Saint Joseph, an organization intended to revitalize the spiritual and parish life of working married men. He also taught theology at the seminary of Vic.[1]On 16 February 1928 he was appointed apostolic administrator of Ibiza and was consecrated as the titular bishop of Selymbria on 15 April the same year by Archbishop Federico Tedeschini.[2] On 28 January 1935 he became bishop of Lleida and on 5 May he took possession of the diocese, succeeding Bishop Manuel Irurita.During the Civil War, the Republicans attacked the bishop's palace in Lleida in July 1936. Bishop Huix Miralpéix fled and found refuge in the home of some relatives of his domestics. To avoid exposing them to the possibility of reprisal, he handed himself over at a Republican roadblock. He was imprisoned in the prison of Lleida with other Catholics, both ecclesiastics and lay people, where he distinguished himself by continuing to minister to his fellow prisoners.[1]On 5 August 1936 he was taken from prison with twenty lay people and brought to the municipal cemetery of Lleida. There, he was forced to dig his own grave. The militants offered him freedom, but only if he would renounce his faith, which he refused.[1] Instead, he requested that he be the last of the group to be executed so he could bless the other victims as they died. One of the men objected and shot the bishop in the right arm to stop him from administering his blessings. Undeterred, he continued with his left.[1] Finally, he was killed by a shot to the head.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-index-3"},{"link_name":"Servant of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_God"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-1"}],"text":"His process of canonization is underway. Theologians approved Miralpéix's spiritual writings on 27 June 1952.[3] Later in 1952 he was granted the title of Servant of God, and on 26 June 2011 he was recognized as a martyr, having been killed in odium fidei.He was beatified on 13 October 2013 in Tarragona along with another 521 martyrs.His liturgical feast is kept on 5 August.[1]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-08-03519-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-08-03519-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-7914-383-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7914-383-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-321-2984-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-321-2984-4"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3824969#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/2268158369761001460004"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/516145970319632252169"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5314153"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616897506706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1094929654"}],"text":"Cárcel Ortí, Vicente (2000). The great persecution: Spain, 1931–1939. Barcelona: Planet. ISBN 84-08-03519-3.\nMontero Moreno, Antonio (1999) [1961]. History of religious persecution in Spain, 1936–1939. Madrid: Catholic Editions. ISBN 84-7914-383-5.\nRedondo, Gonzalo (1993). History of the Church in Spain, 1931–1939. Madrid: Rialp. ISBN 84-321-2984-4.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nSpain\nCatalonia\nGermany","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Blessed Salvi Huix Miralpeix\". CatholicSaints.Info. March 18, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-salvi-huix-miralpeix/","url_text":"\"Blessed Salvi Huix Miralpeix\""}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M (September 19, 2019). \"Bishop Bl. Salvio Huix Miralpéix, C.O.\" Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bhuix.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Bl. Salvio Huix Miralpéix, C.O.\""}]},{"reference":"Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 205.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cárcel Ortí, Vicente (2000). The great persecution: Spain, 1931–1939. Barcelona: Planet. ISBN 84-08-03519-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-08-03519-3","url_text":"84-08-03519-3"}]},{"reference":"Montero Moreno, Antonio (1999) [1961]. History of religious persecution in Spain, 1936–1939. Madrid: Catholic Editions. ISBN 84-7914-383-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7914-383-5","url_text":"84-7914-383-5"}]},{"reference":"Redondo, Gonzalo (1993). History of the Church in Spain, 1931–1939. Madrid: Rialp. ISBN 84-321-2984-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-321-2984-4","url_text":"84-321-2984-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-salvi-huix-miralpeix/","external_links_name":"\"Blessed Salvi Huix Miralpeix\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bhuix.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Bl. Salvio Huix Miralpéix, C.O.\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2268158369761001460004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/516145970319632252169","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5314153","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616897506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1094929654","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSA_Abstracts_with_Programs
Geological Society of America
["1 History","2 Activities","3 Position statements","4 Past presidents","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°02′14.1″N 105°14′59.8″W / 40.037250°N 105.249944°W / 40.037250; -105.249944Nonprofit organization dedicated to geoscience This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Geological Society of America, Inc.The GSA headquarters building in Boulder, Colorado, U.S.AbbreviationGSAFormation1888; 136 years ago (1888)TypeScientific societyLegal statusNon-profit 501(c)(3)HeadquartersBoulder, Colorado, United StatesCoordinates40°02′14.1″N 105°14′59.8″W / 40.037250°N 105.249944°W / 40.037250; -105.249944Region served WorldwideWebsitewww.geosociety.org The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences. The Geological Society of America building in Boulder, Colorado, U.S., from above, c. 2013 Geological field excursion to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, April 30, 1897, following the George Huntington Williams Memorial Lectures delivered by Sir Archibald Geikie at Johns Hopkins University. The photograph was taken by Joseph S. Diller at Jefferson Rock, above Harpers Ferry. Individuals in photo include (starting at top): Cleophas C. O'Harra, Sir Archibald Geikie, Frederick H. Newell, Henry B. Kümmel, George Burbank Shattuck, Rollin D. Salisbury, Arthur Clifford Veatch, Louis Marcus Prindle, Harry F. Reid, Charles R. Van Hise, Cleveland Abbe, Jr., George Willis Stose, Thomas Leonard Watson, Edward Vincent D'Invilliers, Clarence Wilbur Dorsey, Frederick J.H. Merrill, Louis A. Bauer, Arthur Coe Spencer, William J. McGee, William B. Clark, Rufus Mather Bagg, Frank Hall Knowlton, Robert T. Hill, Heinrich Ries, Frank D. Adams, Arthur P. Coleman, Timothy William Stanton, Oliver L. Fassig, Samuel F. Emmons, George F. Becker, Albert Berthold Hoen, George O. Smith, James F. Kemp, Bailey Willis, David White, Edward Bennett Mathews, Charles D. Walcott, John W. Powell, Joseph Stanley-Brown, Joseph Austin Holmes, Charles Willard Hayes, Leonidas Chalmers Glenn, Henry S. Williams. History The society was founded in Ithaca, New York, in 1888 by Alexander Winchell, John J. Stevenson, Charles H. Hitchcock, John R. Procter and Edward Orton and has been headquartered at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado, US, since 1967. GSA began with 100 members under its first president, James Hall. In 1889 Mary Emilie Holmes became its first female member. It grew slowly but steadily to 600 members until 1931, when a nearly $4 million endowment from 1930 president R. A. F. Penrose Jr. jumpstarted GSA's growth. As of December 2017, GSA had more than 25,000 members in over 100 countries. The society has six regional sections in North America, three interdisciplinary interest groups, and eighteen specialty divisions. Activities The stated mission of GSA is "to advance geoscience research and discovery, service to society, stewardship of Earth, and the geosciences profession". Its main activities are sponsoring scientific meetings and publishing scientific literature, particularly the peer-reviewed journals Geological Society of America Bulletin, published continuously since 1889, and Geology, published since 1973. In 2005, GSA introduced its online-only journal Geosphere, and in February 2009, GSA began publishing Lithosphere (both also peer-reviewed). Geosphere and Lithosphere are open access as of 2018. GSA's monthly news and science magazine, GSA Today, is also open access online. GSA also publishes three book series: Special Papers, Memoirs, and Field Guides. A third major activity is awarding research grants to graduate students. Position statements GSA issues Position Statements "in support of and consistent with the GSA's Vision and Mission to develop consensus on significant professional, technical, and societal issues of relevance to the geosciences community. Position Statements, developed and adopted through a well-defined process, provide the basis for statements made on behalf of the GSA before government bodies and agencies and communicated to the media and the general public." For example, in 2006, the GSA adopted a Position Statement on Global Climate Change: The Geological Society of America (GSA) supports the scientific conclusions that Earth's climate is changing; the climate changes are due in part to human activities; and the probable consequences of the climate changes will be significant and blind to geopolitical boundaries. Furthermore, the potential implications of global climate change and the time scale over which such changes will likely occur require active, effective, long-term planning. Current predictions of the consequences of global climate change include: (1) rising sea level, (2) significant alteration of global and regional climatic patterns with an impact on water availability, (3) fundamental changes in global temperature distribution, (4) melting of polar ice, and (5) major changes in the distribution of plant and animal species. While the precise magnitude and rate of climate change cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, significant change will affect the planet and stress its inhabitants. Past presidents Past presidents of the Geological Society of America: James Hall, 1889 James Dwight Dana, 1890 Alexander Winchell, 1891 Grove Karl "G. K." Gilbert, 1892 J. William Dawson, 1893 Thomas C. Chamberlin, 1894 Nathanial S. Shaler, 1895 Joseph Le Conte, 1896 Edward Orton Sr., 1897 J. J. Stevenson, 1898 Benjamin K. Emerson, 1899 George Mercer Dawson, 1900 Charles D. Walcott, 1901 N. H. Winchell, 1902 Samuel F. Emmons, 1903 John Casper Branner, 1904 Raphael Pumpelly, 1905 Israel Cook Russell, 1906 C. R. Van Hise, 1907 Samuel Calvin, 1908 G. K. Gilbert (2nd term), 1909 Arnold Hague, 1910 William M. Davis, 1911 H.L. Fairchild, 1912 Eugene A. Smith, 1913 George F. Becker, 1914 Arthur P. Coleman, 1915 John M. Clarke, 1916 Frank D. Adams, 1917 Whitman Cross, 1918 J. C. Merriam, 1919 Israel C. White, 1920 James F. Kemp, 1921 Charles Schuchert, 1922 David White, 1923 Waldemar Lindgren, 1924 William B. Scott, 1925 Andrew Cowper Lawson, 1926 Arthur Keith, 1927 Bailey Willis, 1928 Heinrich Ries, 1929 R.A.F. Penrose Jr., 1930 Alfred C. Lane, 1931 Reginald Aldworth Daly, 1932 C. K. Leith, 1933 W. H. Collins, 1934 Nevin M. Fenneman, 1935 W. C. Mendenhall, 1936 Charles Palache, 1937 Arthur Louis Day, 1938 T. Wayland Vaughan, 1939 Eliot Blackwelder, 1940 Charles P. Berkey, 1941 Douglas W. Johnson, 1942 E. L. Bruce, 1943 Adolph Knopf, 1944 Edward W. Berry, 1945 Norman L. Bowen, 1946 A. I. Levorsen, 1947 James Gilluly, 1948 Chester Ray Longwell, 1949 William Walden Rubey, 1950 Chester Stock, 1951 Thomas S. Lovering, 1952 Wendell P. Woodring, 1953 Ernst Cloos, 1954 Walter H. Bucher, 1955 George S. Hume, 1956 Richard J. Russell, 1957 Raymond Cecil Moore, 1958 Marland P. Billings, 1959 Hollis Dow Hedberg, 1960 Thomas B. Nolan, 1961 M. King Hubbert 1962 Harry H. Hess 1963 Francis Birch 1964 Wilmot H. Bradley 1965 Robert Ferguson Legget 1966 Konrad B. Krauskopf 1967 Ian Campbell, 1968 Morgan J. Davis, 1969 John Rodgers, 1970 Richard H. Jahns, 1971 Luna Leopold, 1972 John C. Maxwell, 1973 Clarence R. Allen, 1974 Julian R. Goldsmith, 1975 Robert E. Folinsbee, 1976 Charles L. Drake, 1977 Peter T. Flawn, 1978 Leon T. Silver, 1979 Laurence L. Sloss, 1980 Howard R. Gould, 1981 Digby J. McLaren, 1982 Paul A. Bailly, 1983 M. Gordon Wolman, 1984 Brian J. Skinner, 1985 W. Gary Ernst, 1986 Jack E. Oliver, 1987 Albert W. Bally, 1988 Randolph Bromery, 1989 Raymond A. Price, 1990 Doris Malkin Curtis, 1991 E-An Zen, 1992 Robert D. Hatcher, 1993 William R. Dickinson, 1994 David A. Stephenson, 1995 Eldridge M. Moores, 1996 George A. Thompson, 1997 Victor R. Baker, 1998 Gail M. Ashley, 1999 Mary Lou Zoback, 2000 Sharon Mosher, 2001 Anthony J. Naldrett, 2002 B. Clark Burchfiel, 2003 Rob Van der Voo, 2004 William A. Thomas, 2005 Stephen G. Wells, 2006 John M. "Jack" Sharp Jr., 2007 Judith Totman Parrish, 2008 Jean M. Bahr, 2009 Joaquin Ruiz, 2010 John Geissman, 2011 George H. Davis, 2012 Suzanne Mahlburg Kay, 2013 Harry "Hap" McSween, 2014 Jonathan G. Price, 2015 Claudia I. Mora, 2016 Isabel P. Montañez, 2017 Robbie Gries, 2018 Donald I. Siegel, 2019 J. Douglas Walker, 2020 Barbara Dutrow, 2021 Mark G. Little, 2022 Christopher "Chuck" Bailey, 2023 Carmala N. Garzione, 2024 See also geology portal Penrose Medal Arthur L. Day Medal Meinzer Award Kirk Bryan Award G K Gilbert Award Florence Bascom Mary C. Rabbitt Doris M. Curtis Outstanding Woman in Science Award Notes ^ In full: The Geological Society of America, Inc. References ^ Editor (August 26, 1938) "The Semi-Centennial Meeting of the Geological Society of America" Science (New Series) 88(2278): p. 183 ^ Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society, p. 79, ISBN 0-8137-1155-X ^ Edwin Butt Eckel (1982). The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society. Geological Society of America. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8137-1155-3. ^ Editor, 2017, GSA Divisions: GSA Today, v. 27, no. 8, p. 21–24. ^ "GSA Today". GSA Today. ISSN 1052-5173. ^ "GSA Books - Process". ^ Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society, p. 121, ISBN 0-8137-1155-X. ^ GSA Position Statements ^ Global Climate Change ^ "GSA Leaders, Past & Present". www.geosociety.org/. Retrieved December 29, 2018. External links GSA Official Website vteGeological Society of AmericaMembership Fellows Presidents Awards Arthur L. Day Medal G. K. Gilbert Award Kirk Bryan Award Meinzer Award Penrose Medal Publications Geology Geosphere GSA Bulletin Lithosphere Geology portal Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Australia Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"geosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Geological_Society_of_America_from_above,_ca._2013.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Geologists_WVa_1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Rock"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Archibald Geikie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Geikie"},{"link_name":"Frederick H. Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Haynes_Newell"},{"link_name":"Henry B. Kümmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Barnard_K%C3%BCmmel"},{"link_name":"Rollin D. Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_D._Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Fielding_Reid"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Van Hise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Van_Hise"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Abbe, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Abbe,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Frederick J.H. Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_James_Hamilton_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Agricola_Bauer"},{"link_name":"William J. McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_McGee"},{"link_name":"William B. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bullock_Clark"},{"link_name":"Robert T. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Hill"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ries"},{"link_name":"Frank D. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dawson_Adams"},{"link_name":"Arthur P. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Philemon_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Oliver L. Fassig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Lanard_Fassig"},{"link_name":"Samuel F. Emmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Franklin_Emmons"},{"link_name":"George F. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ferdinand_Becker"},{"link_name":"George O. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Otis_Smith"},{"link_name":"James F. Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Furman_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Bailey Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Willis"},{"link_name":"David White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_White_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Charles D. Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott"},{"link_name":"John W. Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell"},{"link_name":"Joseph Austin Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Austin_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Henry S. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Shaler_Williams"}],"text":"Nonprofit organization dedicated to geoscienceThe Geological Society of America (GSA)[a] is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences.The Geological Society of America building in Boulder, Colorado, U.S., from above, c. 2013Geological field excursion to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, April 30, 1897, following the George Huntington Williams Memorial Lectures delivered by Sir Archibald Geikie at Johns Hopkins University. The photograph was taken by Joseph S. Diller at Jefferson Rock, above Harpers Ferry. Individuals in photo include (starting at top): Cleophas C. O'Harra, Sir Archibald Geikie, Frederick H. Newell, Henry B. Kümmel, George Burbank Shattuck, Rollin D. Salisbury, Arthur Clifford Veatch, Louis Marcus Prindle, Harry F. Reid, Charles R. Van Hise, Cleveland Abbe, Jr., George Willis Stose, Thomas Leonard Watson, Edward Vincent D'Invilliers, Clarence Wilbur Dorsey, Frederick J.H. Merrill, Louis A. Bauer, Arthur Coe Spencer, William J. McGee, William B. Clark, Rufus Mather Bagg, Frank Hall Knowlton, Robert T. Hill, Heinrich Ries, Frank D. Adams, Arthur P. Coleman, Timothy William Stanton, Oliver L. Fassig, Samuel F. Emmons, George F. Becker, Albert Berthold Hoen, George O. Smith, James F. Kemp, Bailey Willis, David White, Edward Bennett Mathews, Charles D. Walcott, John W. Powell, Joseph Stanley-Brown, Joseph Austin Holmes, Charles Willard Hayes, Leonidas Chalmers Glenn, Henry S. Williams.","title":"Geological Society of America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Winchell"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"John R. 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Hitchcock, John R. Procter and Edward Orton[1] and has been headquartered at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado, US, since 1967.[2]GSA began with 100 members under its first president, James Hall. In 1889 Mary Emilie Holmes became its first female member.[3] It grew slowly but steadily to 600 members until 1931, when a nearly $4 million endowment from 1930 president R. A. F. Penrose Jr. jumpstarted GSA's growth. As of December 2017, GSA had more than 25,000 members in over 100 countries.The society has six regional sections in North America, three interdisciplinary interest groups, and eighteen specialty divisions.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_series"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"research grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_grant"},{"link_name":"graduate students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The stated mission of GSA is \"to advance geoscience research and discovery, service to society, stewardship of Earth, and the geosciences profession\". Its main activities are sponsoring scientific meetings and publishing scientific literature, particularly the peer-reviewed journals Geological Society of America Bulletin, published continuously since 1889, and Geology, published since 1973. In 2005, GSA introduced its online-only journal Geosphere, and in February 2009, GSA began publishing Lithosphere (both also peer-reviewed). Geosphere and Lithosphere are open access as of 2018. GSA's monthly news and science magazine, GSA Today,[5] is also open access online. GSA also publishes three book series: Special Papers, Memoirs, and Field Guides.[6] A third major activity is awarding research grants to graduate students.[7]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"rising sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"alteration of global and regional climatic patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming#Destabilization_of_local_climates"},{"link_name":"water availability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity"},{"link_name":"changes in global temperature distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming#Temperature_changes"},{"link_name":"melting of polar ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkage"},{"link_name":"changes in the distribution of plant and animal species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming#Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"GSA issues Position Statements \"in support of and consistent with the GSA's Vision and Mission to develop consensus on significant professional, technical, and societal issues of relevance to the geosciences community. Position Statements, developed and adopted through a well-defined process, provide the basis for statements made on behalf of the GSA before government bodies and agencies and communicated to the media and the general public.\"[8]For example, in 2006, the GSA adopted a Position Statement on Global Climate Change:The Geological Society of America (GSA) supports the scientific conclusions that Earth's climate is changing; the climate changes are due in part to human activities; and the probable consequences of the climate changes will be significant and blind to geopolitical boundaries. Furthermore, the potential implications of global climate change and the time scale over which such changes will likely occur require active, effective, long-term planning.\nCurrent predictions of the consequences of global climate change include: (1) rising sea level, (2) significant alteration of global and regional climatic patterns with an impact on water availability, (3) fundamental changes in global temperature distribution, (4) melting of polar ice, and (5) major changes in the distribution of plant and animal species. While the precise magnitude and rate of climate change cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, significant change will affect the planet and stress its inhabitants.[9]","title":"Position statements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hall_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"James Dwight Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana"},{"link_name":"Alexander Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Winchell"},{"link_name":"Grove Karl \"G. K.\" Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"J. William Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Chamberlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin"},{"link_name":"Nathanial S. Shaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Shaler"},{"link_name":"Joseph Le Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Le_Conte"},{"link_name":"Edward Orton Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Orton_Sr."},{"link_name":"J. J. Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Stevenson_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin K. Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kendall_Emerson"},{"link_name":"George Mercer Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mercer_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Charles D. Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott"},{"link_name":"N. H. Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Horace_Winchell"},{"link_name":"Samuel F. Emmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Franklin_Emmons"},{"link_name":"John Casper Branner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casper_Branner"},{"link_name":"Raphael Pumpelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Pumpelly"},{"link_name":"Israel Cook Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Russell"},{"link_name":"C. R. Van Hise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Van_Hise"},{"link_name":"Samuel Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Calvin_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"G. K. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Arnold Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Hague"},{"link_name":"William M. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris_Davis"},{"link_name":"H.L. Fairchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_LeRoy_Fairchild"},{"link_name":"Eugene A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Smith"},{"link_name":"George F. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ferdinand_Becker"},{"link_name":"Arthur P. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Philemon_Coleman"},{"link_name":"John M. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Frank D. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dawson_Adams"},{"link_name":"Whitman Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Whitman_Cross"},{"link_name":"J. C. Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_Merriam"},{"link_name":"Israel C. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_C._White"},{"link_name":"James F. Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Furman_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Charles Schuchert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schuchert"},{"link_name":"David White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_White_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Waldemar Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"William B. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berryman_Scott"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cowper Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cowper_Lawson"},{"link_name":"Arthur Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Keith_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Bailey Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Willis"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ries"},{"link_name":"R.A.F. Penrose Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._F._Penrose_Jr."},{"link_name":"Alfred C. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Church_Lane"},{"link_name":"Reginald Aldworth Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aldworth_Daly"},{"link_name":"C. K. Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kenneth_Leith"},{"link_name":"W. H. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Collins"},{"link_name":"Nevin M. Fenneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevin_M._Fenneman"},{"link_name":"W. C. Mendenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Curran_Mendenhall"},{"link_name":"Charles Palache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Palache"},{"link_name":"Arthur Louis Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Louis_Day"},{"link_name":"T. Wayland Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Wayland_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Eliot Blackwelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Blackwelder"},{"link_name":"Charles P. Berkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Berkey"},{"link_name":"Douglas W. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wilson_Johnson"},{"link_name":"E. L. Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everend_Lester_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Adolph Knopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Knopf"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Berry"},{"link_name":"Norman L. Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_L._Bowen"},{"link_name":"A. I. Levorsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arville_Irving_Levorsen"},{"link_name":"James Gilluly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gilluly"},{"link_name":"Chester Ray Longwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Ray_Longwell"},{"link_name":"William Walden Rubey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walden_Rubey"},{"link_name":"Chester Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Stock"},{"link_name":"Wendell P. Woodring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_P._Woodring"},{"link_name":"Ernst Cloos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cloos"},{"link_name":"Walter H. Bucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hermann_Bucher"},{"link_name":"George S. Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sherwood_Hume"},{"link_name":"Raymond Cecil Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cecil_Moore"},{"link_name":"Marland P. Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marland_P._Billings"},{"link_name":"Hollis Dow Hedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Dow_Hedberg"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Nolan"},{"link_name":"M. King Hubbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._King_Hubbert"},{"link_name":"Harry H. Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Hess"},{"link_name":"Francis Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)"},{"link_name":"Wilmot H. Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_H._Bradley"},{"link_name":"Robert Ferguson Legget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ferguson_Legget"},{"link_name":"Konrad B. Krauskopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_B._Krauskopf"},{"link_name":"John Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rodgers_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Luna Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Leopold"},{"link_name":"Clarence R. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Allen_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Folinsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Folinsbee"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Drake"},{"link_name":"Peter T. Flawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T._Flawn"},{"link_name":"Leon T. Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Silver"},{"link_name":"Laurence L. Sloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_L._Sloss"},{"link_name":"Digby J. McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_McLaren"},{"link_name":"M. Gordon Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Gordon_Wolman"},{"link_name":"W. Gary Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Ernst"},{"link_name":"Jack E. Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Oliver_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Albert W. Bally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_W._Bally"},{"link_name":"Randolph Bromery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Bromery"},{"link_name":"Raymond A. Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Price"},{"link_name":"Doris Malkin Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Malkin_Curtis"},{"link_name":"E-An Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-An_Zen"},{"link_name":"Robert D. Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Hatcher"},{"link_name":"William R. Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Eldridge M. Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_M._Moores"},{"link_name":"George A. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Thompson_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Gail M. Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Mary Lou Zoback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Zoback"},{"link_name":"Sharon Mosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Mosher"},{"link_name":"Anthony J. Naldrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_J._Naldrett"},{"link_name":"B. Clark Burchfiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Clark_Burchfiel"},{"link_name":"John M. \"Jack\" Sharp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Sharp"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Mahlburg Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Mahlburg_Kay"},{"link_name":"Claudia I. Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Mora"},{"link_name":"Isabel P. Montañez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_P._Monta%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Robbie Gries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Gries"},{"link_name":"Donald I. Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_I._Siegel"},{"link_name":"Barbara Dutrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Dutrow"},{"link_name":"Carmala N. Garzione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmala_Garzione"}],"text":"Past presidents of the Geological Society of America:[10]James Hall, 1889\nJames Dwight Dana, 1890\nAlexander Winchell, 1891\nGrove Karl \"G. K.\" Gilbert, 1892\nJ. William Dawson, 1893\nThomas C. Chamberlin, 1894\nNathanial S. Shaler, 1895\nJoseph Le Conte, 1896\nEdward Orton Sr., 1897\nJ. J. Stevenson, 1898\nBenjamin K. Emerson, 1899\nGeorge Mercer Dawson, 1900\nCharles D. Walcott, 1901\nN. H. Winchell, 1902\nSamuel F. Emmons, 1903\nJohn Casper Branner, 1904\nRaphael Pumpelly, 1905\nIsrael Cook Russell, 1906\nC. R. Van Hise, 1907\nSamuel Calvin, 1908\nG. K. Gilbert (2nd term), 1909\nArnold Hague, 1910\nWilliam M. Davis, 1911\nH.L. Fairchild, 1912\nEugene A. Smith, 1913\nGeorge F. Becker, 1914\nArthur P. Coleman, 1915\nJohn M. Clarke, 1916\nFrank D. Adams, 1917\nWhitman Cross, 1918\nJ. C. Merriam, 1919\nIsrael C. White, 1920\nJames F. Kemp, 1921\nCharles Schuchert, 1922\nDavid White, 1923\nWaldemar Lindgren, 1924\nWilliam B. Scott, 1925\nAndrew Cowper Lawson, 1926\nArthur Keith, 1927\nBailey Willis, 1928\nHeinrich Ries, 1929\nR.A.F. Penrose Jr., 1930\nAlfred C. Lane, 1931\nReginald Aldworth Daly, 1932\nC. K. Leith, 1933\nW. H. Collins, 1934\nNevin M. Fenneman, 1935\nW. C. Mendenhall, 1936\nCharles Palache, 1937\nArthur Louis Day, 1938\nT. Wayland Vaughan, 1939\nEliot Blackwelder, 1940\nCharles P. Berkey, 1941\nDouglas W. Johnson, 1942\nE. L. Bruce, 1943\nAdolph Knopf, 1944\nEdward W. Berry, 1945\nNorman L. Bowen, 1946\nA. I. Levorsen, 1947\nJames Gilluly, 1948\nChester Ray Longwell, 1949\nWilliam Walden Rubey, 1950\nChester Stock, 1951\nThomas S. Lovering, 1952\nWendell P. Woodring, 1953\nErnst Cloos, 1954\nWalter H. Bucher, 1955\nGeorge S. Hume, 1956\nRichard J. Russell, 1957\nRaymond Cecil Moore, 1958\nMarland P. Billings, 1959\nHollis Dow Hedberg, 1960\nThomas B. Nolan, 1961\nM. King Hubbert 1962\nHarry H. Hess 1963\nFrancis Birch 1964\nWilmot H. Bradley 1965\nRobert Ferguson Legget 1966\nKonrad B. Krauskopf 1967\nIan Campbell, 1968\nMorgan J. Davis, 1969\nJohn Rodgers, 1970\nRichard H. Jahns, 1971\nLuna Leopold, 1972\nJohn C. Maxwell, 1973\nClarence R. Allen, 1974\nJulian R. Goldsmith, 1975\nRobert E. Folinsbee, 1976\nCharles L. Drake, 1977\nPeter T. Flawn, 1978\nLeon T. Silver, 1979\nLaurence L. Sloss, 1980\nHoward R. Gould, 1981\nDigby J. McLaren, 1982\nPaul A. Bailly, 1983\nM. Gordon Wolman, 1984\nBrian J. Skinner, 1985\nW. Gary Ernst, 1986\nJack E. Oliver, 1987\nAlbert W. Bally, 1988\nRandolph Bromery, 1989\nRaymond A. Price, 1990\nDoris Malkin Curtis, 1991\nE-An Zen, 1992\nRobert D. Hatcher, 1993\nWilliam R. Dickinson, 1994\nDavid A. Stephenson, 1995\nEldridge M. Moores, 1996\nGeorge A. Thompson, 1997\nVictor R. Baker, 1998\nGail M. Ashley, 1999\nMary Lou Zoback, 2000\nSharon Mosher, 2001\nAnthony J. Naldrett, 2002\nB. Clark Burchfiel, 2003\nRob Van der Voo, 2004\nWilliam A. Thomas, 2005\nStephen G. Wells, 2006\nJohn M. \"Jack\" Sharp Jr., 2007\nJudith Totman Parrish, 2008\nJean M. Bahr, 2009\nJoaquin Ruiz, 2010\nJohn Geissman, 2011\nGeorge H. Davis, 2012\nSuzanne Mahlburg Kay, 2013\nHarry \"Hap\" McSween, 2014\nJonathan G. Price, 2015\nClaudia I. Mora, 2016\nIsabel P. Montañez, 2017\nRobbie Gries, 2018\nDonald I. Siegel, 2019\nJ. Douglas Walker, 2020\nBarbara Dutrow, 2021\nMark G. Little, 2022\nChristopher \"Chuck\" Bailey, 2023\nCarmala N. Garzione, 2024","title":"Past presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ In full: The Geological Society of America, Inc.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Geological Society of America building in Boulder, Colorado, U.S., from above, c. 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Geological_Society_of_America_from_above%2C_ca._2013.tif/lossless-page1-400px-The_Geological_Society_of_America_from_above%2C_ca._2013.tif.png"},{"image_text":"Geological field excursion to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, April 30, 1897, following the George Huntington Williams Memorial Lectures delivered by Sir Archibald Geikie at Johns Hopkins University. The photograph was taken by Joseph S. Diller at Jefferson Rock, above Harpers Ferry. Individuals in photo include (starting at top): Cleophas C. O'Harra, Sir Archibald Geikie, Frederick H. Newell, Henry B. Kümmel, George Burbank Shattuck, Rollin D. Salisbury, Arthur Clifford Veatch, Louis Marcus Prindle, Harry F. Reid, Charles R. Van Hise, Cleveland Abbe, Jr., George Willis Stose, Thomas Leonard Watson, Edward Vincent D'Invilliers, Clarence Wilbur Dorsey, Frederick J.H. Merrill, Louis A. Bauer, Arthur Coe Spencer, William J. McGee, William B. Clark, Rufus Mather Bagg, Frank Hall Knowlton, Robert T. Hill, Heinrich Ries, Frank D. Adams, Arthur P. Coleman, Timothy William Stanton, Oliver L. Fassig, Samuel F. Emmons, George F. Becker, Albert Berthold Hoen, George O. Smith, James F. Kemp, Bailey Willis, David White, Edward Bennett Mathews, Charles D. Walcott, John W. Powell, Joseph Stanley-Brown, Joseph Austin Holmes, Charles Willard Hayes, Leonidas Chalmers Glenn, Henry S. Williams.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/American_Geologists_WVa_1897.jpg/400px-American_Geologists_WVa_1897.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_(band)
New England (band)
["1 Career","2 Reunion","3 EuroHouse covers","4 Discography","4.1 Singles","4.2 Covers - EuroHouse[7]","4.3 Promotional releases","4.4 Compilations","4.5 EuroHouse releases (Sensity World)[23]","4.6 EuroHouse releases by other artists[17][18][19][20][21]","4.7 Personnel","5 References","6 External links"]
American rock band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New England" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) New EnglandOriginBoston, Massachusetts, U.S.GenresArena rockhard rockpop rockprogressive rockYears active1978 (1978)–1982, 2002, 2005-presentMembersJohn FannonHirsh GardnerJimmy WaldoGary SheaWebsitenewenglandrocks.com New England is an American rock band, who were best known in the US for their first single, "Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya", which received heavy radio exposure on Album-oriented rock (AOR) stations and reached #40 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1979. The follow-up "Hello, Hello, Hello" also received some airplay. New England described their sound as "power-melodic-orchestrated-song-oriented rock" Career John Fannon, Jimmy Waldo, Gary Shea and Hirsh Gardner formed the band in the Boston area. They were discovered by Kiss manager Bill Aucoin. Paul Stanley helped the band record and produce their self-titled debut album, along with producer Mike Stone, known for his work with Queen and Asia among many others. The group went on tour in support of Kiss, but New England slid between the cracks of other Aucoin projects. The group's success stalled when their record label Infinity Records failed and was absorbed by its parent company, MCA Records in 1980. The group moved to Elektra Records for their second album, Explorer Suite. That album garnered little commercial notice. The title track was released as a single, with management at their label Elektra hoping for interest in an unconventional extended pop song, similar to what they had witnessed a few years earlier for their labelmates Queen with the song "Bohemian Rhapsody". However, the songs "Living In The Eighties" and "Conversation" received more airplay than did the intended single. Todd Rundgren's production on the slightly harder-rocking third album, Walking Wild, did not improve sales. After the release of the third album, John Fannon left the group. The remaining three members then began working with Vinnie Vincent, changed the name of the band to Warrior, and recorded a series of demos in 1982. The project dissolved when Vinnie Vincent subsequently joined Kiss later that year. Shortly thereafter, Gary Shea and Jimmy Waldo joined the band Alcatrazz. These demo recordings were eventually released on CD in 2017. After the break-up, all of the members remained in the music industry. In late 2002, New England reunited to record "More Than You'll Ever Know", a song from the Hirsh Gardner solo album entitled Wasteland For Broken Hearts. It marked the first time the group recorded together in 20 years. In recent years, the band has reunited for a few live shows in the Boston area. Shea and Waldo made guest appearances at various musical instrument conventions such as the NAMM Show in places like Anaheim, California. The US reissue label Renaissance Records released a CD version of the first album. GB Records released the other two albums on CD, plus a live album and an album of early recording studio/studio sound recordings and reproduction/recordings made before the debut album. In 2009, Wounded Bird Records reissued Explorer Suite and Walking Wild on CD. In 2017, Hirsh Gardner founded the "Hirsh Gardner Project" and release their debut album titled My Brain Needs a Holiday. In the summer of 2020, The Hirsh Gardner Project broke up In 2023, Hirsh Gardner was inducted into the New England Music Hall of Fame in Arlington Massachusetts. Reunion While occasionally doing single reunion shows for charity, in May 2014 John Fannon discussed New England having new studio work and a possible full tour for 2015 during his solo appearance on the Concert TV series, On Stage with Mantis. A new single was released by the band in April 2015 titled "I Know There's Something Here" along with the b-side being a re-record of "Conversation" a song taken from the band's second album Explorer Suite. EuroHouse covers "Get it Up" hit No. 1 on Billboard's Spain charts in July, 1995 and remained a top 10 hit into October, thanks to a EuroHouse cover by the group Sensity World. Sensity World was based in Valencia, Spain, with vocalist Aina Martínez Tejedor and producer Víctor Javier Grafia Gavin. The song was featured in over 70 different EuroHouse releases (the "Ibiza Mix 95" compilation alone sold over 300,000 units in Spain during 1995, as documented by both Promusicae and Billboard magazine.) DJ Sammy remixed a "Maxi" for the German, Belgium, and Holland markets. "Get it Up" had over 8 million views on YouTube as of October, 2022. And Sensity World still was performing this song in concert to large audiences in 2020. Other groups also made EuroHouse covers. For example, in 2021, Soraya (Arnelas) released an updated version of "Get it Up" featuring Julian Poker in Spain. In the 2010s, Lorena Gomez released several versions of the song, featuring Carlos Gallardo, in Italy, Germany, and Spain. Discography Year Album Billboard Top 200 1979 New England 50 1980 Explorer Suite – 1981 Walking Wild 176 Singles Date Title US May 1979 "Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya" 40 September 1979 "Hello, Hello, Hello" / "Encore" 69 1979 "P.U.N.K" / "Shoot" – 1980 "DDT" / "Elevator" – April 2015 "I Know There's Something There" – Covers - EuroHouse Date Title Cover Group Billboard Spain 1995 "Get It Up" Sensity World 1 Promotional releases 1979 Live Concert Series (6 cuts) 12" Infinity L33-1023 1979 "Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya" / same (3:28/5:22) 12" Infinity L33-1009 1979 "Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya" / same (3:28/5:22) 7" Infinity INF-50,013 1979 "Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya" / "Shoot" (Picture Disc) issued with various b-side adverts 7" Infinity 1979 "Hello Hello Hello" / same (3:20/3:20) 7" Infinity INF-50,021 1979 "Hello Hello Hello" (3:20/3:34) 12" Infinity L33-1018 1980 "Explorer Suite" (4:25/6:44) 12" Elektra AS-11473 1980 "Explorer Suite" (4:25/6:44) 7" Elektra E-47075 1980 "Livin' In The Eighties" (3:24) mono/stereo Elektra E-47106 1980 "DDT" / same (3:01) mono/stereo Elektra E-47155 1980"*Don't Ever Let Me Go" / same (3:41) mono/stereo Elektra E-47205 Compilations New England (Self Titled Limited Edition Vinyl) (2020) EuroHouse releases (Sensity World) 1995 "Get It Up", 12" White Label, Essential Sound Music ESN.003, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", 12", Essential Sound Music ESN.003, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", CD Maxi, Chrysalis 12 2735 2, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", CD Single PromoCar, Essential Sound Music SN003 CD, Spain 1996 "Get It Up", CD Maxi, Max Music Records GmbH 0062 035 MAX, Germany 1995 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Ibiza Mix 95, Max Music, Spain 1995 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Power Rangers Mix, Blanco Y Negro, Spain 1995 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Sonic Mix, Arcade, Spain 1995 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Top 95 Volumen 2, Arcade, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Bad Boys, Boy Records, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Danger Mix, Danger Music, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Danze Manía, Prodisc, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Dream Team, Max Music, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", El Monje Pastillero, Choco Music, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Gran Velvet - Megamix, Max Music NM0018CD, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Max Mix, Max Music Records GmbH 006193-2 MAX, Germany 1995 "Get It Up", Only For DJ: Promo 2, Prodisc CD P-002, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Pelotazo Mix 2, BMG Ariola S.A., Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Planeta Dance 95, Bit Music, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Planeta Dance 95, Bit Music PCD-039, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Rave Zone, Prodisc OCS 1445, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", Techno Valencia 5, Contraseña Records, Spain 1995 "Get It Up", The Radical Dance, Chrysalis 7243 8354212 3, Spain 1996 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Lo Mas 96, Code Music, Spain 1996 "Get It Up (Radio Edit)", Max Mix 2, Max Music Records GmbH, Germany & Spain 1996 "Get It Up (Radio Edit)", Viva Autumn Dance '96, Euro Star ES 3812, Ukraine 1996 "Get It Up", Aerobic Body Work Out, Body Music BWO 889, Germany 1996 "Get It Up", Dance Explosion Volume 9, S.A.I.F.A.M. SM-122-2, Italy 1996 "Get It Up", Disco Prezioso 2+1, Not On Label none, Germany 1996 "Get It Up", Maxima Locura 2, Choco Music, Spain 1996 "Get It Up", New Hot Plate Megamix - D.J. Collection Vol. 5, Musart, Mexico 1997 "Get It Up (Rmx From Germany)", Traffic Dance, Prodisc, Spain 1997 "Get It Up", Made In Spain, Contraseña Records, Spain 1997 "Get It Up", Traffic Dance, Prodisc CDP0010, Spain 1998 "Get It Up (Remix)", Mega Fiesta, Arcade 3201652, Spain 1999 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Area The Secret Vol. 01, Vale Music, Spain 1999 "Get It Up", De Todo Un Poco, Vale Music, Spain 1999 "Get It Up", La Ruta Del Bakalao, Vale Music, Spain 2001 "Get It Up (DJ Ruboy Remix)", Fiesta En Cabina Vol. 2, Vale Music, Spain 2002 "Get It Up", 90's History - Techno Session, Contraseña Records CON-222-CD, Spain 2002 "Get It Up", DJ's En Directo Vol. 3, Contraseña Records CON-217-CD, Spain 2002 "Get It Up", Flaix Fm History Vol. 1, Bit Music 34-280, Spain 2003 "Get It Up", DJ Matrix (9) - Spanish Classics Vol. 1 (CDr Unofficial), La Musica , none 2004 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Ibiza Mix 2004 - 10 Aniversario, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 1484, Spain 2004 "Get It Up", 100% 90's Vol. 2 - Lo Mejor Del Remember, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 1527, Spain 2004 "Get It Up", Jose Coll* - Remember The Music, Contraseña Records CON-258-CD, Spain 2004 "Get It Up", Los 90, Bit Music 36-854, Spain 2004 "Get It Up", Radical Gold - Cantaditas de Colección Volumen. 2, Dreams Corporation DCCD020, Spain 2004 "Get It Up", Raúl Platero* + Jota Demasiado - MDT La Maquina Del Tiempo, Contraseña Records CON-274-CD, Spain 2004 "Get It Up", Ultra Ultimate Trance, Music Street MSCD-3117, Singapore 2005 "Get It Up", DJ Marta Vol.5, Disco Imperio Corporation DCCD048, Spain 2005 "Get It Up", La Mákina De Los 90, Bit Music 37-194, Spain 2005 "Get It Up", Remixed Glory, Bit Music 37006, Spain 2006 "Get It Up", Solo Clasicos Del Dance, Disco Imperio Corporation DCCD068, Spain 2007 "Get It Up (2006 Dance Rmx)", Put Your Hands Up! Mix, Vale Music Universal Music Group 602517264625, Spain 2007 "Get It Up", Dance Remember Deluxe, Divucsa 37755, Spain 2008 "Get it UP", Sonido De Valencia (1990-1999), Contraseña Records CON-415-CD, Spain 2009 "Get It Up", Jose Coll* - Remember The Music Vol.4, Contraseña Records CON-458-CD, Spain 2009 "Get It Up", Raul Platero - La Maquina Del Tiempo - MDT 10º Aniversario, Contraseña Records CON-435-CD, Spain 2010 "Get It Up", Raul Platero - La Maquina Del Tiempo History, Contraseña Records CON-466-CD, Spain 2010 "Get It Up", Raul Platero Vs Jose Coll* - Cara A Cara, Contraseña Records CON-484-CD, Spain 2011 "Get It Up", It's Your Time - Past, Present & Future, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 2243, Spain 2012 "Get It Up 2k13", El Demolako - Step Dance - Special Remember Remixes (Parte I), Demokan STD SPR2012, Spain 2012 "Get It Up", 20 Anys Flaix FM, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 2426, Spain 2013 "Get It Up", Blanco Y Negro 83:13 (30 Años De Música Dance), Blanco Y Negro , Spain 2013 "Get It Up", MDT - Sports Fitness Aerobic - El Mejor Remember Para Entrenar, Contraseña Records CON-526-CD, Spain 2014 "Get It Up", MDT - La Maquina Del Tiempo Radio Hits - Los Nº1 De La Emisora Del Remember, Contraseña Records CON-533-CD, Spain 2016 "Get It Up (Dance Version)", Robben Cepeda Presents Vocal Classics Volume 1, Fractfinder Records FFR001, Spain 2016 "Get It Up", MDT - La Maquina Del Tiempo - Lo + Remember - Los Mayores Exitos Dance 90 y 2000, Contraseña Records CON-544-CD, Spain 2017 "Get It Up (Dj Ruboy Remix)", Chasis History 2017, Chasis Global Company HISTORY2017, Spain 2019 "Get It Up", Chasis - 30 Aniversario - Welcome To The Jungle, Chasis Global Company 30ANICH2019, Spain EuroHouse releases by other artists 2010 "Get It Up", Carlos Gallardo Feat Lorena, Ahora 011, Blanco Y Negro – MXCD 2114 CDT, Spain 2011 "Get It Up", Carlos Gallardo Feat Lorena, Anual 2011 (El Album Dance Del Año), Blanco Y Negro – MXCD 2147 CDT, Spain 2012 "Get It Up", Lorena Gomez (Remix By Bryan Mastermix), ESR Eurosound Records – ESR-1201, West Germany 2016 "Get It Up", Carlos Gallardo Feat Lorena Gomez (Brayan Master Mix), ESR Eurosound Records – BMR- 1603, Italy 2021 "Get It Up", Soraya featuring Julian Poker, Gothek Productions, Spain Personnel John Fannon: guitar, vocals Jimmy Waldo: keyboards, vocals Hirsh Gardner: drums, vocals Gary Shea: bass References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2013). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 14th Edition: 1955-2012. Record Research. p. 610. ^ Kaminski, Adam. "New England, Old Sound". Soundofboston.com. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ a b c d e Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal (Second ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 248. ISBN 0-85112-656-1. ^ "Review: "Warrior featuring Vinnie Vincent, Jimmy Waldo, Gary Shea & Hirsh Gardner: II" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!". Seaoftranquility.org. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Kiss Related Recordings; Interview - Hirsh Gardner - NEW ENGLAND - WARRIOR - VINNIE VINCENT (August 15,2017)". Kiss-related-recordings.nl. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Warrior Featuring Vinnie Vincent – Warrior (2017, CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ a b Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1995-08-26. ^ Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1995-10-07. ^ Museo Dance on Facebook Watch, retrieved 2020-03-10 ^ Llewellyn, Howell (1995-10-28). "Spanish Indie Targets GSA, Max Music Opens Office in Germany". Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 51. ^ "Sensity World". Discogs. Retrieved 2021-01-21. ^ "Anexo:Álbumes más vendidos en España", Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (in Spanish), 2020-12-27, retrieved 2021-01-22 ^ "Featuring Vuelven los 90: Biografía y entrevista con Victor Grafia - Sensity World on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. time stamp ~31:00. Retrieved 2022-10-07. ^ "YouTube watch statistics for single "Sensity World Get it Up"". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2022-10-05. ^ "Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019". YouTube. Retrieved January 22, 2021. ^ "Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019 (close view)". YouTube. Retrieved January 22, 2021. ^ a b Soraya + Julian Poker - GET IT UP, retrieved 2022-10-05 ^ a b "Soraya y Julian Poker versionan el clásico noventero 'Get It Up' | Popelera" (in Spanish). 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-10-05. ^ a b "Discografía". Lorena Gomez. Retrieved 2022-10-05. ^ a b "Lorena Gomez". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-10-05. ^ a b Various - Ahora 011, retrieved 2022-10-05 ^ Various - Anual 2011 (El Album Dance Del Año), retrieved 2022-10-05 ^ "Sensity World". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-10-05. External links New England official website John Fannon's website Hirsh Gardner's website Gary Shea's website Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_band"},{"link_name":"Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ever_Wanna_Lose_Ya"},{"link_name":"Album-oriented rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-oriented_rock"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hello, Hello, Hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Hello,_Hello"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"New England is an American rock band, who were best known in the US for their first single, \"Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya\", which received heavy radio exposure on Album-oriented rock (AOR) stations and reached #40 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1979.[1] The follow-up \"Hello, Hello, Hello\" also received some airplay. New England described their sound as \"power-melodic-orchestrated-song-oriented rock\"[2]","title":"New England (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-3"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bill Aucoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Aucoin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stanley"},{"link_name":"their self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_(New_England_album)"},{"link_name":"Mike Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stone_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-3"},{"link_name":"Infinity Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Records"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-3"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vinnie Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Vincent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alcatrazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatrazz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHM-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)"},{"link_name":"NAMM Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAMM_Show"},{"link_name":"Anaheim, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"Wounded Bird Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Bird_Records"}],"text":"John Fannon, Jimmy Waldo, Gary Shea and Hirsh Gardner formed the band in the Boston area.[3] They were discovered by Kiss manager Bill Aucoin.[3] Paul Stanley helped the band record and produce their self-titled debut album, along with producer Mike Stone, known for his work with Queen and Asia among many others. The group went on tour in support of Kiss,[3] but New England slid between the cracks of other Aucoin projects. The group's success stalled when their record label Infinity Records failed and was absorbed by its parent company, MCA Records in 1980.The group moved to Elektra Records for their second album, Explorer Suite.[3] That album garnered little commercial notice. The title track was released as a single, with management at their label Elektra hoping for interest in an unconventional extended pop song, similar to what they had witnessed a few years earlier for their labelmates Queen with the song \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". However, the songs \"Living In The Eighties\" and \"Conversation\" received more airplay than did the intended single.Todd Rundgren's production on the slightly harder-rocking third album, Walking Wild, did not improve sales.After the release of the third album, John Fannon left the group.[4] The remaining three members then began working with Vinnie Vincent, changed the name of the band to Warrior, and recorded a series of demos in 1982.[5] The project dissolved when Vinnie Vincent subsequently joined Kiss later that year. Shortly thereafter, Gary Shea and Jimmy Waldo joined the band Alcatrazz.[3] These demo recordings were eventually released on CD in 2017.[6]After the break-up, all of the members remained in the music industry. In late 2002, New England reunited to record \"More Than You'll Ever Know\", a song from the Hirsh Gardner solo album entitled Wasteland For Broken Hearts. It marked the first time the group recorded together in 20 years. In recent years, the band has reunited for a few live shows in the Boston area. Shea and Waldo made guest appearances at various musical instrument conventions such as the NAMM Show in places like Anaheim, California.The US reissue label Renaissance Records released a CD version of the first album. GB Records released the other two albums on CD, plus a live album and an album of early recording studio/studio sound recordings and reproduction/recordings made before the debut album. In 2009, Wounded Bird Records reissued Explorer Suite and Walking Wild on CD.In 2017, Hirsh Gardner founded the \"Hirsh Gardner Project\" and release their debut album titled My Brain Needs a Holiday. In the summer of 2020, The Hirsh Gardner Project broke upIn 2023, Hirsh Gardner was inducted into the New England Music Hall of Fame in Arlington Massachusetts.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"While occasionally doing single reunion shows for charity, in May 2014 John Fannon discussed New England having new studio work and a possible full tour for 2015 during his solo appearance on the Concert TV series, On Stage with Mantis. A new single was released by the band in April 2015 titled \"I Know There's Something Here\" along with the b-side being a re-record of \"Conversation\" a song taken from the band's second album Explorer Suite.","title":"Reunion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"\"Get it Up\" hit No. 1 on Billboard's Spain charts in July, 1995 and remained a top 10 hit into October, thanks to a EuroHouse cover by the group Sensity World.[7][8] Sensity World was based in Valencia, Spain, with vocalist Aina Martínez Tejedor and producer Víctor Javier Grafia Gavin.[9]The song was featured in over 70 different EuroHouse releases (the \"Ibiza Mix 95\" compilation alone sold over 300,000 units in Spain during 1995, as documented by both Promusicae and Billboard magazine.)[10][11][12] DJ Sammy remixed a \"Maxi\" for the German, Belgium, and Holland markets.[13] \"Get it Up\" had over 8 million views on YouTube as of October, 2022.[14] And Sensity World still was performing this song in concert to large audiences in 2020.[15][16]Other groups also made EuroHouse covers. For example, in 2021, Soraya (Arnelas) released an updated version of \"Get it Up\" featuring Julian Poker in Spain.[17][18] In the 2010s, Lorena Gomez released several versions of the song, featuring Carlos Gallardo, in Italy, Germany, and Spain.[19][20][21][22]","title":"EuroHouse covers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Covers - EuroHouse[7]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Promotional releases","text":"1979 Live Concert Series (6 cuts) 12\" Infinity L33-1023\n1979 \"Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya\" / same (3:28/5:22) 12\" Infinity L33-1009\n1979 \"Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya\" / same (3:28/5:22) 7\" Infinity INF-50,013\n1979 \"Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya\" / \"Shoot\" (Picture Disc) issued with various b-side adverts 7\" Infinity\n1979 \"Hello Hello Hello\" / same (3:20/3:20) 7\" Infinity INF-50,021\n1979 \"Hello Hello Hello\" (3:20/3:34) 12\" Infinity L33-1018\n1980 \"Explorer Suite\" (4:25/6:44) 12\" Elektra AS-11473\n1980 \"Explorer Suite\" (4:25/6:44) 7\" Elektra E-47075\n1980 \"Livin' In The Eighties\" (3:24) mono/stereo Elektra E-47106\n1980 \"DDT\" / same (3:01) mono/stereo Elektra E-47155\n1980\"*Don't Ever Let Me Go\" / same (3:41) mono/stereo Elektra E-47205","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"New England (Self Titled Limited Edition Vinyl) (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EuroHouse releases (Sensity World)[23]","text":"1995 \"Get It Up\", 12\" White Label, Essential Sound Music ESN.003, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", 12\", Essential Sound Music ESN.003, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", CD Maxi, Chrysalis 12 2735 2, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", CD Single PromoCar, Essential Sound Music SN003 CD, Spain\n1996 \"Get It Up\", CD Maxi, Max Music Records GmbH 0062 035 MAX, Germany\n1995 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Ibiza Mix 95, Max Music, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Power Rangers Mix, Blanco Y Negro, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Sonic Mix, Arcade, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Top 95 Volumen 2, Arcade, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Bad Boys, Boy Records, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Danger Mix, Danger Music, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Danze Manía, Prodisc, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Dream Team, Max Music, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", El Monje Pastillero, Choco Music, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Gran Velvet - Megamix, Max Music NM0018CD, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Max Mix, Max Music Records GmbH 006193-2 MAX, Germany\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Only For DJ: Promo 2, Prodisc CD P-002, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Pelotazo Mix 2, BMG Ariola S.A., Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Planeta Dance 95, Bit Music, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Planeta Dance 95, Bit Music PCD-039, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Rave Zone, Prodisc OCS 1445, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", Techno Valencia 5, Contraseña Records, Spain\n1995 \"Get It Up\", The Radical Dance, Chrysalis 7243 8354212 3, Spain\n1996 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Lo Mas 96, Code Music, Spain\n1996 \"Get It Up (Radio Edit)\", Max Mix 2, Max Music Records GmbH, Germany & Spain\n1996 \"Get It Up (Radio Edit)\", Viva Autumn Dance '96, Euro Star ES 3812, Ukraine\n1996 \"Get It Up\", Aerobic Body Work Out, Body Music BWO 889, Germany\n1996 \"Get It Up\", Dance Explosion Volume 9, S.A.I.F.A.M. SM-122-2, Italy\n1996 \"Get It Up\", Disco Prezioso 2+1, Not On Label none, Germany\n1996 \"Get It Up\", Maxima Locura 2, Choco Music, Spain\n1996 \"Get It Up\", New Hot Plate Megamix - D.J. Collection Vol. 5, Musart, Mexico\n1997 \"Get It Up (Rmx From Germany)\", Traffic Dance, Prodisc, Spain\n1997 \"Get It Up\", Made In Spain, Contraseña Records, Spain\n1997 \"Get It Up\", Traffic Dance, Prodisc CDP0010, Spain\n1998 \"Get It Up (Remix)\", Mega Fiesta, Arcade 3201652, Spain\n1999 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Area The Secret Vol. 01, Vale Music, Spain\n1999 \"Get It Up\", De Todo Un Poco, Vale Music, Spain\n1999 \"Get It Up\", La Ruta Del Bakalao, Vale Music, Spain\n2001 \"Get It Up (DJ Ruboy Remix)\", Fiesta En Cabina Vol. 2, Vale Music, Spain\n2002 \"Get It Up\", 90's History - Techno Session, Contraseña Records CON-222-CD, Spain\n2002 \"Get It Up\", DJ's En Directo Vol. 3, Contraseña Records CON-217-CD, Spain\n2002 \"Get It Up\", Flaix Fm History Vol. 1, Bit Music 34-280, Spain\n2003 \"Get It Up\", DJ Matrix (9) - Spanish Classics Vol. 1 (CDr Unofficial), La Musica , none\n2004 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Ibiza Mix 2004 - 10 Aniversario, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 1484, Spain\n2004 \"Get It Up\", 100% 90's Vol. 2 - Lo Mejor Del Remember, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 1527, Spain\n2004 \"Get It Up\", Jose Coll* - Remember The Music, Contraseña Records CON-258-CD, Spain\n2004 \"Get It Up\", Los 90, Bit Music 36-854, Spain\n2004 \"Get It Up\", Radical Gold - Cantaditas de Colección Volumen. 2, Dreams Corporation DCCD020, Spain\n2004 \"Get It Up\", Raúl Platero* + Jota Demasiado - MDT La Maquina Del Tiempo, Contraseña Records CON-274-CD, Spain\n2004 \"Get It Up\", Ultra Ultimate Trance, Music Street MSCD-3117, Singapore\n2005 \"Get It Up\", DJ Marta Vol.5, Disco Imperio Corporation DCCD048, Spain\n2005 \"Get It Up\", La Mákina De Los 90, Bit Music 37-194, Spain\n2005 \"Get It Up\", Remixed Glory, Bit Music 37006, Spain\n2006 \"Get It Up\", Solo Clasicos Del Dance, Disco Imperio Corporation DCCD068, Spain\n2007 \"Get It Up (2006 Dance Rmx)\", Put Your Hands Up! Mix, Vale Music Universal Music Group 602517264625, Spain\n2007 \"Get It Up\", Dance Remember Deluxe, Divucsa 37755, Spain\n2008 \"Get it UP\", Sonido De Valencia (1990-1999), Contraseña Records CON-415-CD, Spain\n2009 \"Get It Up\", Jose Coll* - Remember The Music Vol.4, Contraseña Records CON-458-CD, Spain\n2009 \"Get It Up\", Raul Platero - La Maquina Del Tiempo - MDT 10º Aniversario, Contraseña Records CON-435-CD, Spain\n2010 \"Get It Up\", Raul Platero - La Maquina Del Tiempo History, Contraseña Records CON-466-CD, Spain\n2010 \"Get It Up\", Raul Platero Vs Jose Coll* - Cara A Cara, Contraseña Records CON-484-CD, Spain\n2011 \"Get It Up\", It's Your Time - Past, Present & Future, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 2243, Spain\n2012 \"Get It Up 2k13\", El Demolako - Step Dance - Special Remember Remixes (Parte I), Demokan STD SPR2012, Spain\n2012 \"Get It Up\", 20 Anys Flaix FM, Blanco Y Negro MXCD 2426, Spain\n2013 \"Get It Up\", Blanco Y Negro 83:13 (30 Años De Música Dance), Blanco Y Negro , Spain\n2013 \"Get It Up\", MDT - Sports Fitness Aerobic - El Mejor Remember Para Entrenar, Contraseña Records CON-526-CD, Spain\n2014 \"Get It Up\", MDT - La Maquina Del Tiempo Radio Hits - Los Nº1 De La Emisora Del Remember, Contraseña Records CON-533-CD, Spain\n2016 \"Get It Up (Dance Version)\", Robben Cepeda Presents Vocal Classics Volume 1, Fractfinder Records FFR001, Spain\n2016 \"Get It Up\", MDT - La Maquina Del Tiempo - Lo + Remember - Los Mayores Exitos Dance 90 y 2000, Contraseña Records CON-544-CD, Spain\n2017 \"Get It Up (Dj Ruboy Remix)\", Chasis History 2017, Chasis Global Company HISTORY2017, Spain\n2019 \"Get It Up\", Chasis - 30 Aniversario - Welcome To The Jungle, Chasis Global Company 30ANICH2019, Spain","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EuroHouse releases by other artists[17][18][19][20][21]","text":"2010 \"Get It Up\", Carlos Gallardo Feat Lorena, Ahora 011, Blanco Y Negro – MXCD 2114 CDT, Spain\n2011 \"Get It Up\", Carlos Gallardo Feat Lorena, Anual 2011 (El Album Dance Del Año), Blanco Y Negro – MXCD 2147 CDT, Spain\n2012 \"Get It Up\", Lorena Gomez (Remix By Bryan Mastermix), ESR Eurosound Records – ESR-1201, West Germany\n2016 \"Get It Up\", Carlos Gallardo Feat Lorena Gomez (Brayan Master Mix), ESR Eurosound Records – BMR- 1603, Italy\n2021 \"Get It Up\", Soraya featuring Julian Poker, Gothek Productions, Spain","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnel","text":"John Fannon: guitar, vocals\nJimmy Waldo: keyboards, vocals\nHirsh Gardner: drums, vocals\nGary Shea: bass","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2013). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 14th Edition: 1955-2012. Record Research. p. 610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Kaminski, Adam. \"New England, Old Sound\". Soundofboston.com. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://soundofboston.com/new-england-old-sound/","url_text":"\"New England, Old Sound\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1995). The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal (Second ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 248. ISBN 0-85112-656-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Who's Who of Heavy Metal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-656-1","url_text":"0-85112-656-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"Warrior featuring Vinnie Vincent, Jimmy Waldo, Gary Shea & Hirsh Gardner: II\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\". Seaoftranquility.org. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seaoftranquility.org/reviews.php?op=showcontent&id=21715","url_text":"\"Review: \"Warrior featuring Vinnie Vincent, Jimmy Waldo, Gary Shea & Hirsh Gardner: II\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiss Related Recordings; Interview - Hirsh Gardner - NEW ENGLAND - WARRIOR - VINNIE VINCENT (August 15,2017)\". Kiss-related-recordings.nl. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kiss-related-recordings.nl/interviews/hirshgardner/hirshgardner2017.html","url_text":"\"Kiss Related Recordings; Interview - Hirsh Gardner - NEW ENGLAND - WARRIOR - VINNIE VINCENT (August 15,2017)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warrior Featuring Vinnie Vincent – Warrior (2017, CD)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Warrior-19-Featuring-Vinnie-Vincent-Warrior/release/10895925","url_text":"\"Warrior Featuring Vinnie Vincent – Warrior (2017, CD)\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1995-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Sensity+World%22+%E2%80%8E%E2%80%93+Get+It+Up++charts&pg=PA42","url_text":"Billboard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1995-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Sensity+World%22+%E2%80%8E%E2%80%93+Get+It+Up++charts&pg=PA78","url_text":"Billboard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Museo Dance on Facebook Watch, retrieved 2020-03-10","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/museodance/videos/2177935049188865/","url_text":"Museo Dance on Facebook Watch"}]},{"reference":"Llewellyn, Howell (1995-10-28). \"Spanish Indie Targets GSA, Max Music Opens Office in Germany\". Billboard Magazine. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rA4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Spain+this+year+include+the+%22Ibiza+Mix+95%22+compilation%2C%22&pg=PA51","url_text":"\"Spanish Indie Targets GSA, Max Music Opens Office in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sensity World\". Discogs. Retrieved 2021-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/112474-Sensity-World","url_text":"\"Sensity World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anexo:Álbumes más vendidos en España\", Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (in Spanish), 2020-12-27, retrieved 2021-01-22","urls":[{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anexo:%C3%81lbumes_m%C3%A1s_vendidos_en_Espa%C3%B1a&oldid=131990098","url_text":"\"Anexo:Álbumes más vendidos en España\""}]},{"reference":"\"Featuring Vuelven los 90: Biografía y entrevista con Victor Grafia - Sensity World on Apple Podcasts\". Apple Podcasts. time stamp ~31:00. Retrieved 2022-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/biograf%C3%ADa-y-entrevista-con-victor-grafia-sensity-world/id1530520320?i=1000510648129","url_text":"\"Featuring Vuelven los 90: Biografía y entrevista con Victor Grafia - Sensity World on Apple Podcasts\""}]},{"reference":"\"YouTube watch statistics for single \"Sensity World Get it Up\"\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sensity+world+get+it+up","url_text":"\"YouTube watch statistics for single \"Sensity World Get it Up\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019\". YouTube. Retrieved January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA8xceQox6g&t=470","url_text":"\"Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019 (close view)\". YouTube. Retrieved January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j409BXdoYmw&t=673","url_text":"\"Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019 (close view)\""}]},{"reference":"Soraya + Julian Poker - GET IT UP, retrieved 2022-10-05","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfTivfBtd-A","url_text":"Soraya + Julian Poker - GET IT UP"}]},{"reference":"\"Soraya y Julian Poker versionan el clásico noventero 'Get It Up' | Popelera\" (in Spanish). 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popelera.net/soraya-julian-poker-version-get-it-up/","url_text":"\"Soraya y Julian Poker versionan el clásico noventero 'Get It Up' | Popelera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discografía\". Lorena Gomez. Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lorenagomez.com/p/discografia.html","url_text":"\"Discografía\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lorena Gomez\". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/570816-Lorena-Gomez","url_text":"\"Lorena Gomez\""}]},{"reference":"Various - Ahora 011, retrieved 2022-10-05","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/2900179-Various-Ahora-011","url_text":"Various - Ahora 011"}]},{"reference":"Various - Anual 2011 (El Album Dance Del Año), retrieved 2022-10-05","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/4301506-Various-Anual-2011-El-Album-Dance-Del-A%C3%B1o","url_text":"Various - Anual 2011 (El Album Dance Del Año)"}]},{"reference":"\"Sensity World\". Discogs. Retrieved 2022-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/112474-Sensity-World","url_text":"\"Sensity World\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+England%22+band","external_links_name":"\"New England\" band"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+England%22+band+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+England%22+band&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+England%22+band+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+England%22+band","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+England%22+band&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://newenglandrocks.com/","external_links_name":"newenglandrocks.com"},{"Link":"http://soundofboston.com/new-england-old-sound/","external_links_name":"\"New England, Old Sound\""},{"Link":"https://www.seaoftranquility.org/reviews.php?op=showcontent&id=21715","external_links_name":"\"Review: \"Warrior featuring Vinnie Vincent, Jimmy Waldo, Gary Shea & Hirsh Gardner: II\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\""},{"Link":"https://www.kiss-related-recordings.nl/interviews/hirshgardner/hirshgardner2017.html","external_links_name":"\"Kiss Related Recordings; Interview - Hirsh Gardner - NEW ENGLAND - WARRIOR - VINNIE VINCENT (August 15,2017)\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Warrior-19-Featuring-Vinnie-Vincent-Warrior/release/10895925","external_links_name":"\"Warrior Featuring Vinnie Vincent – Warrior (2017, CD)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wAsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Sensity+World%22+%E2%80%8E%E2%80%93+Get+It+Up++charts&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"Billboard Magazine"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Sensity+World%22+%E2%80%8E%E2%80%93+Get+It+Up++charts&pg=PA78","external_links_name":"Billboard Magazine"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/museodance/videos/2177935049188865/","external_links_name":"Museo Dance on Facebook Watch"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rA4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Spain+this+year+include+the+%22Ibiza+Mix+95%22+compilation%2C%22&pg=PA51","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Indie Targets GSA, Max Music Opens Office in Germany\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/112474-Sensity-World","external_links_name":"\"Sensity World\""},{"Link":"https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anexo:%C3%81lbumes_m%C3%A1s_vendidos_en_Espa%C3%B1a&oldid=131990098","external_links_name":"\"Anexo:Álbumes más vendidos en España\""},{"Link":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/biograf%C3%ADa-y-entrevista-con-victor-grafia-sensity-world/id1530520320?i=1000510648129","external_links_name":"\"Featuring Vuelven los 90: Biografía y entrevista con Victor Grafia - Sensity World on Apple Podcasts\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sensity+world+get+it+up","external_links_name":"\"YouTube watch statistics for single \"Sensity World Get it Up\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA8xceQox6g&t=470","external_links_name":"\"Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j409BXdoYmw&t=673","external_links_name":"\"Love The 90s Concert - Valencia 2019 (close view)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfTivfBtd-A","external_links_name":"Soraya + Julian Poker - GET IT UP"},{"Link":"https://www.popelera.net/soraya-julian-poker-version-get-it-up/","external_links_name":"\"Soraya y Julian Poker versionan el clásico noventero 'Get It Up' | Popelera\""},{"Link":"http://www.lorenagomez.com/p/discografia.html","external_links_name":"\"Discografía\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/570816-Lorena-Gomez","external_links_name":"\"Lorena Gomez\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/2900179-Various-Ahora-011","external_links_name":"Various - Ahora 011"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/4301506-Various-Anual-2011-El-Album-Dance-Del-A%C3%B1o","external_links_name":"Various - Anual 2011 (El Album Dance Del Año)"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/112474-Sensity-World","external_links_name":"\"Sensity World\""},{"Link":"http://www.newenglandrocks.com/","external_links_name":"New England official website"},{"Link":"http://www.johnfannon.com/","external_links_name":"John Fannon's website"},{"Link":"http://www.hirshgardner.com/","external_links_name":"Hirsh Gardner's website"},{"Link":"http://www.garyshea.net/","external_links_name":"Gary Shea's website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115189334","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/24571d05-bf4b-4f8a-944d-080321ab96af","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Boy_%26_Girl
American Boy & Girl
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
1979 studio album by Garland JeffreysAmerican Boy & GirlStudio album by Garland JeffreysReleased1979StudioRecord Plant, New York CityGenreRockLabelA&MProducerGarland JeffreysGarland Jeffreys chronology One-Eyed Jack(1978) American Boy & Girl(1979) Escape Artist(1980) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideBThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicThe Rolling Stone Album Guide American Boy & Girl is an album by Garland Jeffreys, released on A&M Records in 1979. The album peaked at No. 151 on the Billboard 200. "Matador" became a hit in Germany, reaching number 2 on the singles chart. It was also a top ten hit in Austria, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France. Critical reception The New York Times wrote that the album "projects a humanism that's affecting for its steadfast refusal to be fashionable." Track listing All tracks composed by Garland Jeffreys "Livin' For Me" - 4:19 "Bad Dream" - 2:44 "City Kids" - 5:12 "American Boy & Girl" - 3:52 "Matador" - 4:38 "Night of Living Dead" - 4:43 "Bring Back the Love" - 3:28 "Ship of Fools" - 3:00 "Shoot the Moonlight Out" - 3:23 "If Mao Could See Me Now" - 5:09 Personnel Garland Jeffreys - vocals, guitar, percussion The Mao Band Alan Freedman - acoustic guitar, arrangements Rafael Goldfield - bass Tim Cappello - keyboards, tenor & soprano saxophone, backing vocals Anton Fig - drums, percussion with: Herb Alpert - "drunken" trumpet Robert Athas - bass, guitars Rory Dodd - harmony vocals Paul Prestopino - mandolin Eric Troyer - vocals Ed Freeman - conductor Technical Terri Kaplan - production coordinator Roy Cicala, Sam Ginsberg - engineer Carole Langer - design, cover concept Lou Lanzano - cover photography References ^ "American Boy & Girl - Garland Jeffreys | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic" – via www.allmusic.com. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: J". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved February 27, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 4. MUZE. p. 607. ^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 365. ^ "Garland Jeffreys | Biography & History". AllMusic. ^ "Jeffreys LP Reflects His Own Integrity". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 1, 1979 – via Google Books. ^ "Garland Jeffreys". Billboard. ^ "Before Beck, there was Garland Jeffreys". Toronto Star. Arts. 19 Oct 2002. p. J4. ^ Palmer, Robert (November 18, 1979). "Rock: Garland Jeffreys" – via NYTimes.com. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garland Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"American Boy & Girl is an album by Garland Jeffreys, released on A&M Records in 1979.[5][6]The album peaked at No. 151 on the Billboard 200.[7] \"Matador\" became a hit in Germany, reaching number 2 on the singles chart. It was also a top ten hit in Austria, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France.[8]","title":"American Boy & Girl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The New York Times wrote that the album \"projects a humanism that's affecting for its steadfast refusal to be fashionable.\"[9]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks composed by Garland Jeffreys\"Livin' For Me\" - 4:19\n\"Bad Dream\" - 2:44\n\"City Kids\" - 5:12\n\"American Boy & Girl\" - 3:52\n\"Matador\" - 4:38\n\"Night of Living Dead\" - 4:43\n\"Bring Back the Love\" - 3:28\n\"Ship of Fools\" - 3:00\n\"Shoot the Moonlight Out\" - 3:23\n\"If Mao Could See Me Now\" - 5:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Cappello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cappello"},{"link_name":"Anton Fig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Fig"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"Rory Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Eric Troyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Troyer"},{"link_name":"Roy Cicala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cicala"}],"text":"Garland Jeffreys - vocals, guitar, percussionThe Mao BandAlan Freedman - acoustic guitar, arrangements\nRafael Goldfield - bass\nTim Cappello - keyboards, tenor & soprano saxophone, backing vocals\nAnton Fig - drums, percussionwith:Herb Alpert - \"drunken\" trumpet\nRobert Athas - bass, guitars\nRory Dodd - harmony vocals\nPaul Prestopino - mandolin\nEric Troyer - vocals\nEd Freeman - conductorTechnicalTerri Kaplan - production coordinator\nRoy Cicala, Sam Ginsberg - engineer\nCarole Langer - design, cover concept\nLou Lanzano - cover photography","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"American Boy & Girl - Garland Jeffreys | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\" – via www.allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/american-boy-amp-girl-mw0000850137","url_text":"\"American Boy & Girl - Garland Jeffreys | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: J\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved February 27, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=J&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: J\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 4. MUZE. p. 607.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 365.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Garland Jeffreys | Biography & History\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/garland-jeffreys-mn0000164750/biography","url_text":"\"Garland Jeffreys | Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffreys LP Reflects His Own Integrity\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 1, 1979 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DyQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT35","url_text":"\"Jeffreys LP Reflects His Own Integrity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garland Jeffreys\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/garland-jeffreys/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Garland Jeffreys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Before Beck, there was Garland Jeffreys\". Toronto Star. Arts. 19 Oct 2002. p. J4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Palmer, Robert (November 18, 1979). \"Rock: Garland Jeffreys\" – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/18/archives/rock-garland-jeffreys.html","url_text":"\"Rock: Garland Jeffreys\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2779-%2785
'79-'85
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 References"]
1985 greatest hits album by Mi-Sex'79–'85Greatest hits album by Mi-SexReleasedOctober 1985LabelCBS RecordsMi-Sex chronology Where Do They Go?(1983) '79–'85(1985) The Essential Mi-Sex(2007) '79–'85 is the first greatest hits album by New Zealand new wave band Mi-Sex, released in October 1985. The album included tracks from the band's four studio albums and some previously released non-album singles. A limited released of 5000 copies included a bonus 12" medley. '79–'85 peaked at number 46 on the Australian Kent Music Report. Track listing Vinyl / Cassette (CBS – SBP 8117) No.TitleWriter(s)AlbumLength1."Graffiti Crimes"Kevin StantonGraffiti Crimes4:162."But You Don't Care"StantonMurray BurnsGraffiti Crimes4:333."Castaway" (US version)BurnsSteve GilpinPaul Dunninghamnon-album single3:274."Down the Line (Making Love On the Telephone)"StantonBurnsnon-album single3:555."Falling In and Out"StantonBurnsShanghaied!3:196."People"StantonBurnsGiplinSpace Race3:50 No.TitleWriter(s)AlbumLength1."Computer Games"StantonBurnsGiplinGraffiti Crimes4:002."It Only Hurts When I'm Laughing"StantonBurnsGiplinSpace Race4:003."Space Race"StantonBurnsSpace Race3:424."Only Thinking"BurnsColin BayleyStantonDunninghamWhere Do They Go?4:035."Lost Time"StantonBurnsGiplinDunninghamTed Yanninon-album single3:346."Blue Day"BurnsBayleyWhere Do They Go?4:14 Limited Edition Bonus 12" No.TitleLength1."Non-Stop Sex" (medley of "Castaway", "But You Don't Care", "It Only Hurts When I'm Laughing", "Space Race", "Computer Games", "Falling In and Out", "Blue Day", "People")9:50 No.TitleLength1."Son of Non Stop Sex" (medley of "Falling In and Out", "Castaway", "But You Don't Care", "Space Race", "Computer Games")5:372."Shanghaied!"3:24 Charts Chart (1985) Peakposition Australian Kent Music Report 46 References ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. p. 204. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. NOTE: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1970 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988. vteMi-Sex Murray Burns Paul Dunningham Colin Bayley Steve Balbi Travis New Steve Gilpin Kevin Stanton Don Martin Phil Smart Steve Osborne Richard Hodgkinson Studio albums Graffiti Crimes Space Race Shanghaied! Where Do They Go? Not from Here Compilations '79-'85 The Essential Mi-Sex Extended Plays Extended Play Singles "But You Don't Care" "Computer Games" "People" "Space Race" "It Only Hurts When I'm Laughing" "Falling In and Out" "Castaway" "Only Thinking" "Blue Day"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"greatest hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Mi-Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-Sex"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"}],"text":"1985 greatest hits album by Mi-Sex'79–'85 is the first greatest hits album by New Zealand new wave band Mi-Sex, released in October 1985. The album included tracks from the band's four studio albums and some previously released non-album singles. A limited released of 5000 copies included a bonus 12\" medley.'79–'85 peaked at number 46 on the Australian Kent Music Report.","title":"'79-'85"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graffiti Crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti_Crimes"},{"link_name":"But You Don't Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But_You_Don%27t_Care"},{"link_name":"Castaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castaway_(Mi-Sex_song)"},{"link_name":"Steve Gilpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gilpin"},{"link_name":"Falling In and Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_In_and_Out"},{"link_name":"Shanghaied!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaied!"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(Mi-Sex_song)"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(album)"},{"link_name":"Computer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_(song)"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race_(Mi-Sex_song)"},{"link_name":"Only Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Thinking"},{"link_name":"Where Do They Go?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Do_They_Go%3F"},{"link_name":"Blue Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Day_(Mi-Sex_song)"}],"text":"Vinyl / Cassette (CBS – SBP 8117)No.TitleWriter(s)AlbumLength1.\"Graffiti Crimes\"Kevin StantonGraffiti Crimes4:162.\"But You Don't Care\"StantonMurray BurnsGraffiti Crimes4:333.\"Castaway\" (US version)BurnsSteve GilpinPaul Dunninghamnon-album single3:274.\"Down the Line (Making Love On the Telephone)\"StantonBurnsnon-album single3:555.\"Falling In and Out\"StantonBurnsShanghaied!3:196.\"People\"StantonBurnsGiplinSpace Race3:50No.TitleWriter(s)AlbumLength1.\"Computer Games\"StantonBurnsGiplinGraffiti Crimes4:002.\"It Only Hurts When I'm Laughing\"StantonBurnsGiplinSpace Race4:003.\"Space Race\"StantonBurnsSpace Race3:424.\"Only Thinking\"BurnsColin BayleyStantonDunninghamWhere Do They Go?4:035.\"Lost Time\"StantonBurnsGiplinDunninghamTed Yanninon-album single3:346.\"Blue Day\"BurnsBayleyWhere Do They Go?4:14Limited Edition Bonus 12\"No.TitleLength1.\"Non-Stop Sex\" (medley of \"Castaway\", \"But You Don't Care\", \"It Only Hurts When I'm Laughing\", \"Space Race\", \"Computer Games\", \"Falling In and Out\", \"Blue Day\", \"People\")9:50No.TitleLength1.\"Son of Non Stop Sex\" (medley of \"Falling In and Out\", \"Castaway\", \"But You Don't Care\", \"Space Race\", \"Computer Games\")5:372.\"Shanghaied!\"3:24","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. p. 204. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMB-PP
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate
["1 References","2 External links"]
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate Names IUPAC name (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enoxy-oxidophosphoryl phosphate Other names (E)-4-hydroxy-dimethylallyl pyrophosphateHDMAPP(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphateHMBDP Identifiers CAS Number 396726-03-7 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive image ChEBI CHEBI:15664 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL145233 Y ChemSpider 4445244 Y PubChem CID 21597501 InChI InChI=1S/C5H12O8P2/c1-5(4-6)2-3-12-15(10,11)13-14(7,8)9/h2,6H,3-4H2,1H3,(H,10,11)(H2,7,8,9)/b5-2+ YKey: MDSIZRKJVDMQOQ-GORDUTHDSA-N YInChI=1/C5H12O8P2/c1-5(4-6)2-3-12-15(10,11)13-14(7,8)9/h2,6H,3-4H2,1H3,(H,10,11)(H2,7,8,9)/b5-2+Key: MDSIZRKJVDMQOQ-GORDUTHDBB SMILES CC(=CCOP(=O)()OP(=O)())COO=P(OP(=O)(O)O)(OC/C=C(/CO)C)O Properties Chemical formula C5H12O8P2 Molar mass 262.091 g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted further to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by HMB-PP reductase (LytB, IspH). HMB-PP is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as in malaria parasites, but is absent from the human host. HMB-PP is the physiological activator ("phosphoantigen") for human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood. With a bioactivity of 0.1 nM it is 10,000-10,000,000 times more potent than any other natural compound, such as IPP or alkyl amines. HMB-PP functions in this capacity by binding the B30.2 domain of BTN3A1. References ^ Rohmer, M; Rohmer, Michel (1999). "The discovery of a mevalonate-independent pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria, algae and higher plants". Natural Product Reports. 16 (5): 565–74. doi:10.1039/a709175c. PMID 10584331. ^ Fox, DT; Poulter, CD (2002). "Synthesis of (E)-4-hydroxydimethylallyl diphosphate. An intermediate in the methyl erythritol phosphate branch of the isoprenoid pathway". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 67 (14): 5009–10. doi:10.1021/jo0258453. PMID 12098326. ^ Eisenreich, W; Bacher, A; Arigoni, D; Rohdich, F (2004). "Biosynthesis of isoprenoids via the non-mevalonate pathway". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 61 (12): 1401–26. doi:10.1007/s00018-004-3381-z. PMC 11138651. PMID 15197467. S2CID 24558920. ^ Rhodes DA, Chen HC, Price AJ, Keeble AH, Davey MS, James LC, Eberl M, Trowsdale J (2015). "Activation of human γδ T cells by cytosolic interactions of BTN3A1 with soluble phosphoantigens and the cytoskeletal adaptor Periplakin". J Immunol. 194 (5): 2390–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401064. PMC 4337483. PMID 25637025. External links 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl+pyrophosphate at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteCholesterol and steroid metabolic intermediatesMevalonate pathwayto HMG-CoA Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA HMB HMB-CoA HMG-CoA Ketone bodies Acetone Acetoacetic acid β-Hydroxybutyric acid to DMAPP Mevalonic acid Phosphomevalonic acid 5-Diphosphomevalonic acid Isopentenyl pyrophosphate Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate Geranyl- Geranyl pyrophosphate Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Carotenoid Prephytoene diphosphate Phytoene Non-mevalonate pathway DOXP MEP CDP-ME CDP-MEP MEcPP HMB-PP IPP DMAPP To Cholesterol Farnesyl pyrophosphate Squalene 2,3-Oxidosqualene Lanosterol Lanosterol 14-demethyllanosterol 4alpha-Methylzymosterol Zymosterone Zymosterol Zymosterol Zymostenol Lathosterol 7-Dehydrocholesterol Cholesterol Zymosterol Cholesta-7,24-dien-3-ol 7-Dehydrodesmosterol Desmosterol Cholesterol From Cholesterol to Steroid hormones 22R-Hydroxycholesterol 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol See here instead. NonhumanTo Sitosterol Cycloartenol Cycloeucalenol Obtusifoliol 4α-methylfecosterol Isofucosterol 24-Methylenelophenol Sitosterol More Phytosterols see here instead. To Ergocalciferol Fecosterol Episterol Ergostatrienol Ergostatetraenol Ergosterol Ergocalciferol
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MEP pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rohmer-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poulter-2"},{"link_name":"HMB-PP synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl_diphosphate_synthase"},{"link_name":"2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"isopentenyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"dimethylallyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"HMB-PP reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl_diphosphate_reductase"},{"link_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenreich-3"},{"link_name":"phosphoantigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoantigen"},{"link_name":"Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vg9/Vd2_T_cells"},{"link_name":"γδ T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma/delta_T_cells"},{"link_name":"IPP or alkyl amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-peptidic_antigen"},{"link_name":"BTN3A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTN3A1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Chemical compound(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis.[1][2] The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted further to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by HMB-PP reductase (LytB, IspH).HMB-PP is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as in malaria parasites, but is absent from the human host.[3]HMB-PP is the physiological activator (\"phosphoantigen\") for human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood. With a bioactivity of 0.1 nM it is 10,000-10,000,000 times more potent than any other natural compound, such as IPP or alkyl amines. HMB-PP functions in this capacity by binding the B30.2 domain of BTN3A1.[4]","title":"(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI-Elstree
Lumiere Pictures and Television
["1 History","1.1 Headed by Bryan Forbes","1.2 MGM-EMI","1.3 Anglo-EMI Film Distributors","1.4 Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings","1.5 Spikings, AFD and Thorn-EMI merger","1.6 Verity Lambert","1.7 Denouement","1.7.1 Weintraub Entertainment Group","1.7.2 Lumiere Pictures and Television/UGC DA/Canal+ Image International","2 Filmography","2.1 Bryan Forbes","2.2 Hammer co-productions","2.3 MGM-EMI","2.4 Nat Cohen/Anglo-EMI","2.5 Co-productions with Columbia","2.6 Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings regime","2.7 TV movies","2.8 Barry Spikings","2.9 Verity Lambert","2.10 Later films","2.11 Weintraub Entertainment Group","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
British-French film studio and distributor Not to be confused with EMI (film). Canal+ Image InternationalFormerlyEMI-Elstree (1969–1970)MGM-EMI (1970–1973)Anglo-EMI Film Distributors (1971–1973)EMI Film Distributors (1973–1979)Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment (1979–1986)Cannon Screen Entertainment (1986–1988)Lumiere Pictures and Television (1992–1996)UGC DA (1996–1997)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryFilm studioPredecessorAssociated British ProductionsAnglo-AmalgamatedFounded1969; 55 years ago (1969)FounderBryan ForbesDefunct2000; 24 years ago (2000) (as a company)2006; 18 years ago (2006) (as a home video label in the UK)FateAcquired and merged by StudioCanalSuccessorStudioCanalStudioCanal UKHeadquartersLondon, United KingdomParis, FranceArea servedWorldwideKey peopleJean Cazes (Chairman/CEO)Alastair Waddell (Chief Executive)Chris Cary (Head of Business Development)Ralph Kamp (Theatrical Sales)Christine Ghazarian (Head of Overseas Sales, Paris Office)Alison Trumpy (TV Sales Manager)Martin Bigham (Technical Operations)Jamie Carmichael (TV Sales)ProductsMotion picturesOwnerCannon Screen Entertainment: EMI (1969–1979)Thorn EMI (1979–1986)The Cannon Group, Inc. (1986–1988) Weintraub Entertainment Group: The Coca-Cola CompanyUS Tobacco CompanyColumbia Pictures (15%; 1987–1989)Warner Bros. (15%; 1989–1990) Lumiere Pictures and Television: Independent (1992–1995)Caisse des Depots (54%;)Credit Lyonnais (5%;)Euro Clinvest (6.5%;)France Telecom (18%;)UAP (8%;)Cazes (5%;)Time Warner (3.5%; 1995–1996)UGC (1996)Groupe Canal+ (1996–2000)SubsidiariesFrance AnimationPixiboxWebsitewww.studiocanal.com Canal+ Image International (formerly known as EMI Films, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment, Lumiere Pictures and Television, and UGC DA) was a British-French film, television, animation studio and distributor. A former subsidiary of the EMI conglomerate, the corporate name was not used throughout the entire period of EMI's involvement in the film industry, from 1969 to 1986, but the company's brief connection with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Anglo-EMI, the division under Nat Cohen, and the later company as part of the Thorn EMI conglomerate (following the merger with Thorn) are outlined here. The library passed through the hands of several companies over the following years and is now owned by StudioCanal, a former sister company to Universal Music Group and parent company Canal+ Group's acquisition of European cinema operator UGC who acquired the library's then-owner, the United Kingdom-based Lumiere Pictures and Television in 1996, via Cannon Films. EMI Films also owned Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England; in turn, Cannon ended up purchasing the studio as well, but later sold it to Brent Walker in 1988, who in turn ended up selling half of the EMI Elstree Studios site to Tesco for a supermarket, before Hertsmere Council eventually acquired what was left of the Elstree Studios, and, as of 2018, continues to operate it as a film and television studios centre. History Headed by Bryan Forbes The company was formed after the takeover of Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1969 by EMI, following the acquisition of Warner Bros.' shares in ABPC the previous year. At the time ABPC owned 270 ABC Cinemas, a half share in the ITV contractor Thames Television, Elstree Studios at Shenley Road, and had recently bought Anglo-Amalgamated, a film studio in which Nat Cohen had been a partner. EMI moved into film production with the foundation of a new company, EMI-Elstree. Bernard Delfont appointed writer-director Bryan Forbes as the head of production at Elstree in April 1969 for three years at £40,000 a year, plus a percentage of the profits. As part of the general shake up of EMI, Nat Cohen was appointed to the Board. EMI announced they would make 28 films for $36 million—13 of these would be from Cohen's unit for £7 million, the rest from Forbes'. Bernard Delfont called it "probably the most ambitious program ever undertaken by a British film company." Forbes announced his intention to make a variety of films at Elstree, steering away from what he called the "pornography of violence." He claimed EMI would make 14 films in 18 months with such stars as Peter Sellers and Roger Moore at a cost of £5–10 million in total. His aim was to keep budgets down and create a varied slate which would increase the chances of appealing to audiences and making a sufficient return to continue productions. In August 1969 Forbes announced his slate of fifteen projects, including: Hoffman (with Peter Sellers, directed by Alvin Rakoff), And Now the Darkness The Man Who Haunted Himself The Go-Between directed by Joseph Losey from a script by Harold Pinter, The Breaking of Bumbo directed by Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo, The Feathers of Death directed by Richard Attenborough from a story by Simon Raven (unproduced), a film of a script by Richard Condon directed by John Bryson (unproduced), an adaptation of The Railway Children directed by Lionel Jeffries, A Fine and Private Place, directed by Paul Watson adaptation of the novel The Bitter Lollipop by John Quigly adaptation of the novel Candidate of Promise by Dennis Barker The Barnardo Boys a musical about Dr Barnardo with music by Michael Lewis Question of Innocence from a script by Julian Bond based on a story by Roger Moore Dulcima directed by Frank Nesbitt with John Mills, Forbush and the Penguins. "This is the first serious effort to revitalize the British film industry in 20 years", said Forbes. He added, "We intend to give youth a chance and not merely pay lip service to it. This is our first program and it won't be our last." In November 1969 Nat Cohen and Bernard Delfont announced a slate of eight more films for EMI including: The Impotent starring Carol White and Malcolm McDowell (never made) The Practice from the novel by Stanley Winchester (never made) The Burden of Proof from a novel by James Barlow - this became Villain Percy the story of a penis transplant Jam Today from a novel by Susan Baratt (never made) My Family and Other Animals from a book by Gerald Durrell produced by Michael Medwin (never made) Wise Child from Simon Gray's stage play (never made) a film starring Julie Christie (never made) a film directed by John Schlesinger (never made) The first few films of Forbes' regime actually performed poorly commercially: Eyewitness, Hoffmann, And Soon the Darkness and The Man Who Haunted Himself (starring Moore). The Breaking of Bumbo (all 1970), and Mr. Forbush and the Penguins (1971) flopped and A Fine and Private Place was abandoned. Forbes clashed with Bernard Delfont and their American backers, in this case Columbia, over the artistic and commercial value of director Joseph Losey's film The Go-Between (1970). Forbes was also criticised within EMI for directing his own film, The Raging Moon (US: Long Ago, Tomorrow, 1971). The Railway Children (1970) and Tales of Beatrix Potter (1971) were Forbes' only hits. The company was affected with labour problems. Forbes felt as though he did not have the support of the EMI board, arguing that he never had the funds to market his films, in contrast with those available to Anglo-EMI, which was headed by Nat Cohen. Forbes resigned in March 1971, after committing himself to a no-redundancy policy. He had made eleven films in total for an estimated cost of £4 million. Although Forbes' regime was seen at the time to have been a commercial failure, he later claimed that by 1993 his £4 million program of films had eventually brought EMI a profit of £16 million. Among the films Forbes wished to make but was unable to during his time at Elstree were adaptations of The Living Room, the play by Graham Greene to be directed by Michael Powell; a musical about the Barnardo Boys; and The Loud, Loud Silence a post-apocalyptic story from Richard Condon. He turned down Ned Kelly (1970) because its projected budget was too high. MGM-EMI In April 1970, EMI struck up a co-production agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The Hollywood studio announced they would sell their Borehamwood facility ("MGM-British Studios") and move their equipment to EMI's Elstree studio. MGM and EMI would then distribute and produce films in co-operation through a joint venture to be called MGM-EMI. and MGM began to finance some of EMI's productions. EMI's studio complex was renamed EMI-MGM Elstree Studios while a film distribution company MGM-EMI Distributors Ltd. was formed as part of the co-production agreement. This company, headed by Mike Havas would handle domestic distribution of MGM and EMI-produced films in the United Kingdom. It was originally announced that MGM-EMI would make six to eight films a year, but they ended up producing far fewer. Forbes was given the title of managing director of MGM-EMI to add to his existing title of head of production. In July 1970 MGM-EMI announced they would make four co-productions: The Go-Between, Get Carter, The Boyfriend and The Last Run directed by John Boorman. Of these only the last was not made. MGM pulled out of the amalgamation in 1973, and became a member of CIC, which took over international distribution of MGM produced films. At this point the distribution company became EMI Film Distributors Ltd., and EMI-MGM Elstree Studios reverted to EMI-Elstree Studios. Anglo-EMI Film Distributors EMI's other filmmaking division, Anglo-EMI Film Distributors Ltd, which had come out of Anglo-Amalgamated, was run autonomously by Nat Cohen. This wing of the company had released films such as Percy (1971). They also financed and distributed a series of films made by Hammer Film Productions, which partly came about through Bernard Delfont's friendship with James Carreras. Nat Cohen took over Forbes' responsibilities as head of production after his resignation in 1971. Cohen backed productions intended for international success, and EMI had a more obviously commercial outlook. In October 1971, EMI's chairman John Read admitted the film division had performed disappointingly. "Profits were negligible last year and we felt it was desirable to make one or two provisions to write off some of the costs." However films like On the Buses and Up Pompeii (both 1971) performed well in relation to their budgets. "The experts say you're doing well if you make money out of one in three films", said Read. "We see filmmaking as a significant profit earner in the future." Cohen was responsible for overseeing about 70% of the films produced in the UK during 1973, following a significant decline in domestic projects overall. In particular, long-term duopoly rival Rank had by now greatly reduced its own investment in British film production to a token presence. Cohen was not unaware of the problems inherent in his dominant position. Meanwhile, dependent on support from the most profitable parts of EMI, the company's financial position meant that they had to avoid backing any risky productions. In May 1973, Cohen announced a £3 million production slate of movies including an adaptation of Swallows and Amazons (1974) and a sequel to Alfie (1966) released as Alfie Darling (1975). The greatest success of Cohen's regime was Murder on the Orient Express (1974), which Cohen later claimed was the first British movie fully financed by a British company to reach the top of the American box office charts. In July 1975, Cohen announced a £6 million programme of eleven new films: Aces High Evil Under The Sun (this later was replaced by Death on the Nile) Sergeant Steiner (later retitled Cross of Iron) Seven Nights in Japan To The Devil A Daughter film spin offs of the TV series The Sweeney and The Likely Lads All Things Bright And Beautiful (later retitled It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet) Spanish Fly A remake of Kind Hearts and Coronets with Dick Emery (never made) The Nat King Cole Story (never made) Cohen resigned as chairman on 31 December 1977. Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings In May 1976, the company purchased British Lion Films and the two men who ran British Lion, Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings, became joint managing directors of EMI Distributors, with Nat Cohen remaining as chairman and chief executive. They also joined the EMI board, headed by Bernard Delfont. Deeley and Spikings's method was to only make a film if at least half the budget was put up by an American studio, reducing their financial risk although making the studio's product less obviously British. They focused on movies with international appeal – i.e. action films – and major stars. The initial Deeley-Spikings slate included three films shot in the US, with $18 million in all" The Deer Hunter, Convoy and The Driver (all 1978). They also made three British-based films, Death on the Nile (1978), Warlords of Atlantis (1978) and Sweeney 2 (1978). Films announced by not made include The Last Gun and Chinese Bandit. EMI also signed an agreement to invest $5 million in Columbia films. They picked Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Deep and The Greatest (all 1977). Muhammad Ali played himself in the last of these. In July 1976, EMI bought Roger Gimbel's production company, Tomorrow Enterprises, and formed EMI Television, headed by Gimbel. They made a large number of American TV movies like The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977) and Deadman's Curve (1978). EMI backed out of funding Life of Brian (1979) at the last moment, after Bernard Delfont read the script and objected to its treatment of religion. In April 1978, EMI announced they would make films with the newly formed Orion Pictures, including Arabian Adventure (1979) and other projects. Michael Deeley left EMI in 1979 but Barry Spikings remained in charge of film production. Spikings, AFD and Thorn-EMI merger Spikings announced a slate of films under his auspices: The Jazz Singer with Neil Diamond, The Elephant Man (both 1980), Honky Tonk Freeway (1981) Franco Zeffirelli's biopic of Maria Callas, Discoland, The Awakening, and The Knight directed by Ridley Scott. Delfont created a new company, Associated Film Distribution, to distribute films of EMI and ITC, then controlled by Lew Grade, his brother. EMI's film division was renamed Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment, to reflect EMI's merger with Thorn Electrical Industries to become Thorn EMI in 1979. In March 1980, EMI were only making one film in Britain The Mirror Crack'd, which was released at the end of the year, but was a box-office failure. Lord Delfont announced that the company had purchased two British scripts, The Defense by John Mortimer and Off the Record by Frederick Forsyth. He admitted that sixty percent of the company's film budget would be spent in America the following year but "100% of the profits would come to this country... We have got to make films we believe are international, to get the money to bring exports back to this country." In February 1981, Barry Spikings announced a slate of films worth £70 million, including Honky Tonk Freeway, Memoirs of a Survivor, Comrades and The Knight (a Walter Hill film). The latter was not made. In March 1981, Spikings admitted AFD has not "gotten off to a flying start" and would be wound up, with Universal taking over distribution of EMI Films. He argued that "production and distribution are not linked" and pointed to the five Oscars that EMI films had earned. In particular, Can't Stop the Music, Honky Tonk Freeway, and Raise the Titanic had been box-office failures. Also in 1981, Thorn EMI entered the fast-growing home video market as Thorn EMI Video, featuring an initial line-up of 14 titles (The Tubes Video, April Wine Live in London, I Am a Dancer, Can't Stop the Music, Times Square, Death on the Nile, The Cruel Sea, The Day the Earth Caught Fire, The Best of Benny Hill, Scars of Dracula, Sophia Loren: Her Own Story, S.O.S. Titanic, The Royal Wedding, and Queen: Greatest Flix). The division was primarily active in both the UK and the US, as well as in Australia. In addition to Thorn EMI's own material, the division licensed titles from other companies, mostly those who had no home video division at the time, including New Line Cinema, Orion Pictures, Carolco Pictures and Hemdale Film Corporation. Verity Lambert In January 1983, Barry Spikings left the company and Verity Lambert was appointed head of production. Gary Dartnall became executive chairman. Lambert's first slate was Slayground, Comfort and Joy, Illegal Aliens (which became Morons from Outer Space) and Dreamchild. Lambert said they aimed to make five films a year ranging in budget from $5 to $10 million. On 1 March 1983, EMI Films filed a lawsuit against United Artists, whereas EMI would finance WarGames, and UA would receive North American rights, while EMI received international rights to the film and pay $4.5 million delivery. November 1984 saw Thorn EMI Video's US division form a partnership with pay television company HBO; the company then became known as Thorn EMI/HBO Video. The deal saw HBO take a stake in the venture and contribute their own productions for video distribution. In December 1984, Thorn EMI offered investors the chance to invest in several films by issuing £36 million worth of shares. The films were A Passage to India (1984), Morons from Outer Space, Dreamchild, Wild Geese II and The Holcroft Covenant (all 1985). In March 1985, Thorn-EMI announced they would set up a production fund worth $175 million to make around twenty films. Film Finance Director John Reiss said the fund would be used as loans for filmmakers or to invest in films budgeted around $13–14 million. Reiss said that the films would be made for international audiences. On 15 May 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment made an agreement with Gladden Entertainment whereas Thorn EMI would release Gladden's films for international theatrical distribution. Lambert resigned in July 1985. After this TESE wound down its in-house production arm and relied on films from independent outfits. That month, TESE signed a deal with French distributor AAA for a 30-month output of the entire British film library, serving 20 films, and did not want to cover all home video rights. On August 6, 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment agreed deals with various production outfits such as John Bradbourne and Richard Goodwin, Jeremy Thomas, Euan Lloyd and Chris Chrisafis, Verity Lambert and Simon Perry in order to gave the independent outfits "complete freedom" to develop motion pictures. The last films made under Lambert's watch were Clockwise and Link. On 20 August 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment and Universal Pictures, which was distributing EMI's films ever since 1981 after acquiring Associated Film Distribution elected to dissolve the U.S. partnership by mutual consent. Lambert recalled in 1997: "the person who hired me left, and the person who came in didn't want to produce films and didn't want me. While I managed to make some films I was proud of... Dreamchild, and Clockwise... it was terribly tough and not a very happy experience. But I was determined to see out my three-year contract. By the end I'd had enough of corporate life and wanted to see what I could do as an independent." Denouement In November 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment was placed up for sale with interested buyers including Rank, Cannon, Robert Maxwell, Heron Communications, and a management buyout led by Gary Dartnall. The following month, in December 1985, it accepted a £110 million ($161.7 million) management offer to place the entire Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment division up for sale. The company's division, British Lion Film Productions Ltd., which EMI bought in 1976, and all trademarks of the British Lion name, which was divested to a former staffer of the company, Peter Snell, of Britannic Film & Television. In April 1986, Thorn EMI sold its film production and distribution arm (Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment), home video (Thorn EMI Video), and cinema (ABC Cinemas) operations to businessman Alan Bond. Bond, in turn, sold it to The Cannon Group a week later. A year after the purchase, a cash-strapped Cannon sold most of the film library to Weintraub Entertainment Group. They also sold their stake in the video venture inherited from Thorn EMI (which had been renamed as HBO/Cannon Video in the meantime), resulting in HBO running the video label alone from that point forward. Weintraub Entertainment Group Weintraub Entertainment Group was formed on July 1, 1986 by Jerry Weintraub. In February 1987, WEG received $461 million in financing from Columbia Pictures, Cineplex Odeon and others in the form of securities, bank loans and advances. The Coca-Cola Company and US Tobacco were principal investors. WEG also arranged a $145-million, 7-year credit line with the Bank of America. WEG also signed a 20-year distribution deal with Columbia and planned to release seven or eight movies per year. In March 1987, WEG signed its first production and distribution deal, a three-year agreement with Robert Stigwood's RSO Films for multiple films budgeted in the $12-million to $15-million range. With Stigwood's partnership, WEG was to finance a film version of Evita with Oliver Stone as writer/director and Meryl Streep as Eva Perón. However, the studio dropped the project. WEG purchased from The Cannon Group in May 1987 its 2,000-title British film library, the Thorn-EMI Screen Entertainment library, for $85 million with $50 million from a loan. On July 20, Harry Usher joined the Group as President of the Weintraub International Enterprises division and as a senior vice president. In January 1988, Barney Rosenzweig was hired as chairman of the television unit, corporate vice president and a member of the executive committee. In July, the Bank of America terminated its credit line with Weintraub after difficulties in syndicating parts of the loan to other banks due to the Thorn-EMI loan. The Group's first release was The Big Blue in August; it grossed $1.6 million the opening weekend. In January 1989, Usher left his position as President of the Weintraub International Enterprises. The Bank of America and WEG established a new credit line for two years and $95 million with Crédit Lyonnais participating. In 1989, as a result of Sony/Columbia hiring Peter Guber and Jon Peters away from Warner Bros., Sony/Columbia traded its 15% share in WEG. In September 1990, WEG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Later that month, Jerry Weintraub left the company and forged a deal with Warner Bros., while Columbia still remained indebted to releasing WEG films. Film Asset Holding Co., a company formed by WEG's two primary bank creditors, sued Weintraub over his structuring of a sale of the Peter Pan story to Sony Pictures Entertainment in the fall of 1990. Weintraub and Film Assets settled in January 1992. In August 1998, a jury verdict for $7 million was lost by Bear Stearns to investors who had been misled by the brokerage's $83 million bond issue prospectus for the now-bankrupt Weintraub Entertainment Group. After the company shut down its assets were reorganized into the WEG Acquisition Corp, and are currently held by Sony, while the television rights are controlled by Paramount Pictures. Lumiere Pictures and Television/UGC DA/Canal+ Image International Its early origins of Canal+ Image and StudioCanal was first founded in 5 August 1873 as Marseille Louis and Adolphe Fraissinet, under the appelation Nouvelle Compagnie Marseillaise de navigation à vapeur A. et L. Fraissinet et compagnie. La Compagnie Fraissinet was a Marseille arming company by maritime transport. During the 1960s, decolonization and competition with jet-powered air travel weakened the group's results and it ended up selling its maritime assets to the Chargers Gatten in 1964. In July 1981, Cyril of Rouvre Do a OPA surprise on the Compagnie Fraissinet en difficulté. Having become specialised in the maintenance and resale of business aircraft, Fraissinet-Transair becomes the Financière Robur in tribute to the hero of Jules Verne, Robur-le-Conquérant. The grandson of Antoine de Rouvre who had embarked in the cinema in the late 1920s, Cyril de Rouvre brings together his film assets within the Robur Financière: the Compagnie Française de cinématographie (CFC), the Consortium Financier pour la production de films (CFPF) and Coficiné, which specialises in the financing of production. Rouvre gradually separates from its industrial activities and then rachats multiple film catalogues (Les Films Gibé, Les Films Corona, Silver Films) created in August 1987 via a new subsidiary, Robur Droits Audiovisuels. In 30 June 1992, the Financière Robur merges its catalogue of films with that of UGC by absorbing UGC Droits Audiovisuels, its subsidiary founded in 1985. The UGC group takes control of the new company, the first catalogue of films in France with nearly 1500 feature films and 500 hours of audiovisual programmes. In November 1993, UGC Droits Audiovisuels acquired United Communication, mainly holding the French-speaking rights of the catalogue of the MGM and United Artists nearly 800 American films and 2,000 hours of television. The continued consolidation in January 1996 with the acquisition of the group Lumière de Jean Cazès, the second French catalogue of film and audiovisual rights, having itself acquired the British catalogue Weintraub (formerly Thorn EMI) in 1991, while Lumiere Pictures and Television formed earlier in 1992 as a merger between two French companies: Jean Cazes' Initial Groupe (est. 1984) and Investissements en Droits Audiovisuelles (est. 1987). Lumiere owned a substantial library of films from the Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment/Weintraub library, representing a third of all films made in the UK from the beginning of silent pictures. Cazes then spun-off Lumiere's Los Angeles branch into a new company, Lumiere International. Later that year in June, Canal+ in turn, acquires UGC Droits Audiovisuels, with the rights of more than 5,000 films. An alliance strongly encouraged by their common shareholder, the General of the Eaux, which holds both 25% of UGC Droits Audiovisuels, and 20% of Canal+. UGC Droits Audiovisuels and Canal+ D.A. was merged and renamed as Canal+ Image International in June 1997, before the merger of the company StudioCanal with Le Studio Canal+ in 2000. In the 1990s to early 2000s, Warner Home Video formerly handled distribution of StudioCanal titles through the Canal+ Image label in the United Kingdom on VHS and DVD. However, its name in the UK was kept until 2006 when StudioCanal opened its own distribution unit in the UK, with titles distributed through Optimum Releasing. Filmography Lumiere Pictures and Television financed and produced films under several names and with a series of production partners. Below are the main ones: Bryan Forbes Eyewitness (1970) (ABPC) (ITC) And Soon the Darkness (1970) (ABPC) Hoffman (1970) (ABPC) The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970) (ABPC) The Breaking of Bumbo (1970) (ABPC) The Railway Children (1970) A Fine and Private Place (1970) (abandoned) The Raging Moon (1971) The Tales of Beatrix Potter (1971) Mr. Forbush and the Penguins (1971) Dulcima (1971) Hammer co-productions On the Buses (July 1971) Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (October 1971) Mutiny on the Buses (June 1972) Straight on Till Morning (July 1972) Demons of the Mind (November 1972) Man at the Top (1973) (AE/H) Love Thy Neighbour (July 1973) Holiday on the Buses (December 1973) To the Devil a Daughter (March 1976) (H) MGM-EMI Get Carter (1971) (ME) The Go-Between (1971) (ME) (Dist by C in USA) The Boy Friend (1971) (ME) Nat Cohen/Anglo-EMI All the Way Up (1970) (AA) Spring and Port Wine (1970) (AA) Entertaining Mr Sloane (1970) (AA) The Body (1970) (AE) Percy (1971) (AE) Up Pompeii (1971) (AE) Villain (1971) (AE) – produced by Kanter, Ladd and Kastner Family Life (1971) (AE) – directed by Ken Loach Up the Chastity Belt (1972) Steptoe and Son (1972) I Am a Dancer (1972) (AE) Afternoon of a Champion (1972) (AE) (documentary) Up the Front (1972) (AE) Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972) (AE) Endless Night (1972) Our Miss Fred (1972) (AE) Fear Is the Key (1972) – produced by Kanter, Ladd and Kastner (AE) (Dist by P in USA) Never Mind the Quality Feel the Width (1973) Baxter! (1973) (AE) Steptoe and Son Ride Again (1973) The Final Programme (1973) (AE) Take Me High (1973) The Dove (1974) (D) (Dist by P in USA) Our Cissy (1974) (short) Stardust (1974) (AE) (Dist by C in USA) Murder on the Orient Express (1974) (AE) (Dist by P in USA) Sunday in the Country (1974) (D) Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) All Creatures Great and Small (1975) Trick or Treat? (1976) (abandoned) The Likely Lads (1976) Spanish Fly (1976) (D) It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1976) Aces High (1976) (D) Seven Nights in Japan (1976) (P) Sweeney! (1977) Cross of Iron (1977) (A-E) Twenty Five Years (1977) (documentary) Welcome to Blood City (1977) Co-productions with Columbia Nickelodeon (December 1976) - also with British Lion The Greatest (May 1977) – also with British Lion The Deep (June 1977) Close Encounters of the Third Kind (November 1977) The Cheap Detective (June 1978) Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings regime Silver Bears (1977) (Dist by C in USA) Sweeney 2 (1978) Warlords of Atlantis (1978) (Dist by C in USA) Convoy (1978) – with United Artists The Driver (1978) – with 20th Century Fox Death on the Nile (1978) (Dist by P in USA) The Deer Hunter (1978) – with Universal TV movies The Amazing Howard Hughes (April 1977) The Girl Called Hatter Fox (October 1977) Special Olympics (February 1978) Forever (January 1978) Deadman's Curve (February 1978) Just Me and You (May 1978) One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story (September 1978) Betrayal (November 1978) Steel Cowboy (December 1978) Lawman Without a Gun (December 1978) Deathmoon (May 1978) Lawman Without a Gun (1978) The Cracker Factory (March 1979) S.O.S. Titanic (September 1979) Survival of Dana (1979) Can You Hear the Laughter? The Story of Freddie Prinze (September 1979) Orphan Train (December 1979) The Dances Goes On (1980) Sophia Loren: Her Own Story (October 1980) My Kidnapper, My Love (December 1980) The Killing of Randy Webster (1981) Broken Promise (1981) The Manions of America (1981) A Piano for Mrs. Cimino (February 1982) A Question of Honor (1982) Coming Out of the Ice (1982) Deadly Encounter (1982) The Legend of Walks Far Woman (May 1982) (filmed 1979) Packin' It In (1983) Barry Spikings Arabian Adventure (July 1979) – with British Lion – distributed by AFD The Crown Prince (1979) Can't Stop the Music (June 1980) – distributed by AFD The Awakening (October 1980) – with Orion – distributed by Warners Times Square (October 1980) – with Robert Stigwood, distributed by AFD The Elephant Man (October 1980) – with Brooksfilms – distributed by Columbia-EMI-Warner (UK), Paramount (US) The Jazz Singer (December 1980) – distributed by AFD The Mirror Crack'd (December 1980) – distributed by AFD Honky Tonk Freeway (August 1981) – distributed by AFD Evil Under the Sun (March 1982) – distributed by AFD Britannia Hospital (May 1982) – with British Lion, distributed by United Artists Classics Frances (December 1982) – with Brooksfilms, distributed by Universal Second Thoughts (February 1983) – distributed by Universal Bad Boys (March 1983) – distributed by Universal Tender Mercies (Mar 1983) – distributed by Universal Strange Invaders (Sep 1983) – distributed by Orion Cross Creek (May 1983) – with Universal, distributed by AFD, Universal Handgun (May 1983, produced in 1981) - distributed by WB Verity Lambert Slayground (December 1983) - distributed by Universal Comfort and Joy (August 1984) - with Kings Road, distributed by Universal Not for Publication (November 1984) - distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company A Passage to India (December 1984) - with HBO, distributed by Columbia Morons from Outer Space (March 1985) - distributed by Universal Restless Natives (June 1985) - distributed by Orion Classics Dreamchild (October 1985) - distributed by Universal Wild Geese II (October 1985) - distributed by Universal The Holcroft Covenant (October 1985) - distributed by Universal Highlander (March 1986) - distributed by 20th Century-Fox Clockwise (March 1986) - distributed by Universal Link (March 1986) - distributed by Universal Later films The Manhattan Project (June 1986) (TESE) - with Gladden Entertainment, distributed by 20th Century-Fox It Couldn't Happen Here (July 1988) Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem (May 2003) (D) (credited as "Virgin Music", a member of the EMI Group") AA = co-production with Anglo-Amalgamated ABPC = produced by Associated British Picture Corporation AE = as Anglo-EMI AFD = distributed by Associated Film Distributors C = co-production with Columbia Pictures D = distributor only H = co-production with Hammer Film Productions MGM = co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Orion = co-production with Orion Pictures P = co-production with Paramount Pictures TESE = as Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment U = co-production with Universal UA = co-production with United Artists WB = co-production with Warner Bros. Weintraub Entertainment Group The Big Blue (1988): distribution rights, $3 million Fresh Horses (1988): first original production, grossed only $7 million My Stepmother Is an Alien (1988): $26 million budget, grossed $13.8 million The Karen Carpenter Story (1989): a TV movie release on CBS Listen to Me (1989) She's Out of Control (1989) Troop Beverly Hills (1989) The Gods Must Be Crazy II (1989) See also Lumière (Brazilian film company) References ^ Groves, Don (13 August 1993). "Lumiere reorganizes sales, biz divisions". Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2024. ^ a b c "Cannon sells its Film Library". New Straits Times. Reuter. 5 April 1987. Retrieved 7 July 2013. ^ a b Dick, Bernard F. (1992). Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio. University Press of Kentucky. p. 56. ISBN 9780813132785. ^ Williams, Michael (24 April 1995). "Lumiere sets its sights on H'wood, seeks cash allies". Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2024. ^ Hopewell, John (20 October 2012). "Lumiere rocks to French classics". Variety. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ Groves, Don (13 August 1993). "Lumiere reorganizes sales, biz divisions". Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2024. ^ a b c "Vertical integration". Terramedia. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ Warren, Patricia (2001). British Film Studios: An Illustrated History. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 75. ^ Forbes, p 62 ^ Pearson, Kenneth (13 April 1969). "The Great Film Gamble". Sunday Times. p. 53 – via The Sunday Times Digital Archive. ^ "BUSINESS diary". The Times. London. 9 April 1969. p. 23 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "ECONOMY: Ease the squeeze now please". The Observer. 30 November 1969. p. 18. ^ "Shot in Arm for British Film Industry". Los Angeles Times. 29 November 1969. p. a9. ^ Dennis Barker (9 August 1969). "Parable of talent: DENNIS BARKER interviews Bryan Forbes". The Guardian. London. p. 6. ^ Walker, 1974, p.426-428 ^ "Britain steps back into cinema's big league". The Guardian. London. 13 August 1969. p. 5. ^ John Heilpern (28 June 1970). "The End: In the Last Fifteen Years the British Cinema Has Lost Four-Fifths of its Audience. Today Half of the Industry'sTechnicians Are Out of Work". The Observer. London. p. 9. ^ Day-Lewis, Sean (13 August 1969). "British finance backs plans for 15 new films". The Daily Telegraph. p. 17. ^ Forbes, p.103 ^ "In the Picture". Sight and Sound. No. 38.4 (Fall 1969). p. 181. ^ "BRYAN FORBES INTERVIEW at ABPC ELSTREE STUDIOS". Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015. ^ McEWAN, IAN (15 August 1969). "British Film Czar Plans to Revitalize Industry". Los Angeles Times. p. d16. ^ Owen, Michael (25 November 1969). "8 new British films are in the pipeline". Evening Standard. p. 17. (subscription required) ^ Shamoon, Stella (26 November 1969). "EMI puts faith and £15 million into filmmaking". The Daily Telegraph. p. 17. (subscription required) ^ "City comment: Soon the darkness". The Guardian. 8 March 1971. p. 12. ^ "Forbes Quits as Elstree's Film Chief". Los Angeles Times. 26 March 1971. p. e15. ^ a b Brian McFarlane, ed. (2003). The Encyclopedia of British Film. London: Methuen/BFI. p. 203. ^ Walker, 1985, p 114 ^ Forbes, p.108 ^ Forbes, p.102 ^ Pearson, Kenneth (4 April 1971). "News in the Arts". Sunday Times. London. p. 37 – via The Sunday Times Digital Archive. ^ a b Sian Barber The British Film Industry in the 1970s: Capital, Culture and Creativity, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p.47 ^ a b Patricia Warren British Film Studios: An Illustrated History, London: B.T Batsford, 2001, p.76 ^ ""MGM to Close, Down English Film Facility"". Los Angeles Times. April 1970. p. a6. ^ Gary Arnold. (15 July 1970). "Spectrum Of Interest: Film Notes". The Washington Post. p. B5. ^ a b Sue Harper (2000). "Women in British Cinema: Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know". London & New York: Continuum. p. 128. ISBN 9781441134981. ^ "EMI faces the music Braham, Michael". The Observer. 10 October 1971. p. 14. ^ Barber, p.48 ^ "News in Brief". The Times. London. 9 May 1973. p. 4 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "'Murder on the Orient Express' tops US charts". The Times. London. 11 February 1975. p. 7 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Film Studios and Industry Bodies > EMI Film Productions". Screen Online. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ Shamoon, Stella (9 July 1975). "EMI putting £6 million into films in next 12 months". The Daily Telegraph. p. 20. ^ Walker, 1985 p141 ^ Z (9 July 1975). "News in Brief". The Times. London. p. 3 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ Kilday, Gregg (22 October 1977). "FILM CLIPS: 'The Body Snatchers' Moves Up". Los Angeles Times. p. c11. ^ Mills, Bart (2 September 1977). "British money is suddenly big in Hollywood,'right up with Fox and Warner'". The Guardian. p. 8. ^ "Acquisition of B Lion". The Guardian. London. 19 May 1976. p. 18. ^ Michael Deeley (2009). "Blade Runners, Deer Hunters and Blowing the Bloody Doors Off: My Life in Cult Movies". Pegasus Books. pp. 128–199. ^ ALJEAN HARMETZ (1 August 1977). "If a Movie Goes in America, Will Rest of World Buy It?: E.M.I. Films Chief Says Answer Depends Upon Motion and Stars". The New York Times. p. 34. ^ Champlin, Charles. (27 May 1977). "CRITIC AT LARGE: In Search of World Viewers". Los Angeles Times. p. g1. ^ Deeley in his memoirs says the sixth film was Arabian Adventure. See Deeley p 134 ^ Vagg, Stephen (14 July 2020). ""John Wick with spurs" – A look at Walter Hill's Unmade The Last Gun". Diabolique. ^ Deeley p 134 ^ "Gimbel Will Head EMI-TV". Los Angeles Times. 26 July 1976. p. f12. ^ Harmetz, Aliean (19 April 1978). "Orion's Star Rises in Hollywood". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "The man who came to film". The Guardian. 18 July 1979. p. 10. ^ Kilday, Gregg (28 October 1978). "FILM CLIPS: A New Dimension for a Brother Act". Los Angeles Times. p. b11. ^ Barker, Dennis (12 March 1980). "British films get British boost". The Guardian. p. 2. ^ "Orange order". The Guardian. London. 2 February 1981. p. 11. ^ Barker, Dennis (3 March 1981). "British role in US film market is cut". The Guardian. p. 2. ^ "It's Not TV: HBO, The Company That Changed Television: Expanding The Brand (Part 1)". PopOptiq. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ Fiddick, Peter (24 November 1983). "Cinema Verity: Peter Fiddick talks to EMI-Thorn 's new film production chief". The Guardian. p. 13. ^ "EMI Sues UA Over 'War Games' Distrib Rights, Territories". Variety. 2 March 1983. p. 7. ^ Seideman, Tony (1 December 1984). "HBO, Thorn EMI Team in Video Venture" (PDF). Billboard. ^ Walker 1985 p286 ^ "Producer splits cost of films". The Guardian. 10 January 1985. p. 4. ^ Brown, Maggie (20 March 1985). "Thorn EMI plans $175m film fund". The Guardian. p. 24. ^ "Thorn And Gladden Profess Ignorance of Revised Terms". Variety. 15 May 1985. p. 4. ^ Walker, 1985, p35-36 ^ "Thorn EMI Inks France's AAA To 20-Pic Exclusive Output Deal". Variety. 17 July 1985. p. 22. ^ "Thorn EMI Signs Up Slew of British Indies To Production Pacts". Variety. 7 August 1985. p. 3. ^ Newport, David (1 August 1985). "Three of the best: David Newpart on three big theatrical names going into films". The Guardian. p. 11. ^ "EMI & Universal To Dissolve U.S. Distribution Pact". Variety. 21 August 1985. p. 3. ^ Lambert, Verity; Hughes, Scott (5 May 1997). "CV; Verity Lambert Founder, Cinema Verity". The Independent. Retrieved 19 January 2022. ^ "Several Offers But No TESE Sale Yet". Variety. 27 November 1985. p. 3. ^ Watkins, Roger (11 December 1985). "Thorn EMI accepts bid by management". Variety. pp. 3, 7. ^ "British Lion Subsid of TESE Sold Off To Former Staffer". Variety. 11 December 1985. pp. 3, 26. ^ WILLIAM K. KNOEDELSEDER JR (7 August 1987). "Cannon Group Loses $9.9 Million in Quarter". Retrieved 21 February 2018 – via Los Angeles Times. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; Cannon Will Sell Home Video Stake". The New York Times. 7 April 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ "HBO said it is buying out HBO/Cannon Video". Los Angeles Times. 7 April 1987. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f Cieply, Michael (11 January 1989). "Weintraub's Worries : Box-Office Flops Add to Woes of Flashy 'Mini-Major'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ "Weintraub Entertainment and RSO reached a pact". Los Angeles Times. 27 March 1987. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ Greeberg, James (19 November 1989). "Is It Time Now to Cry for 'Evita'?". The New York Times. ^ Knoedelseder Jr., William K. (7 August 1987). "Cannon Group Loses $9.9 Million in Quarter". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ "Usher Named Division Head at Weintraub". Los Angeles Times. 12 July 1987. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ Delugach, Al (1 February 1988). "Weintraub Taps Rosenzweig as TV Unit Chief". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ Voland, John (23 August 1988). "WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : Freddy Shreds the Movie Competition". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ "Harry Usher Joins Executive Search Firm". Los Angeles Times. ASSOCIATED PRESS. 7 January 1989. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ Cieply, Michael (14 September 1990). "Weintraub Is Expected to File Chapter 11 : Entertainment: The film firm seeks to cut off bondholders' action". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 July 2013. ^ Citron, Alan (18 January 1992). "Creditors Agree With Weintraub to Settle Lawsuit : * Film: Two banks had accused the producer of taking an unwarranted $748,000 in developing 'Hook". latimes.com. Retrieved 7 July 2013. ^ "Bear Stearns Misled Its Investors, Jury Finds". Los Angeles Times. Bloomberg News. 25 August 1998. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ StudioCanal. "Statuts mis à jour". Infogreffe. Retrieved 10 March 2024. ^ Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français. "Les Fraissinet, une famille d'armateurs protestants marseillais". Retrieved 10 March 2024. ^ "Lumiere Pictures". Audiovisual Identity Database. Retrieved 10 March 2024. ^ James, Alison; Dawtrey, Adam (7 May 2006). "Studio Canal moves into Blighty". Variety. Retrieved 4 September 2011. Forbes, Bryan, A Divided Life, Mandarin Paperbacks, 1993 Walker, Alexander, Hollywood England, Harrap and Stein, 1974 Walker, Alexander, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties, Harrap, 1985 Walker, Alexander, Icons in the Fire: The Rise and Fall of Practically Everyone in the British Film Industry 1984–2000, Orion Books, 2005 External links Vagg, Stephen (10 October 2021). "Cold Streaks: The Studio Stewardship of Bryan Forbes at EMI". Filmink Magazine. Official history (archived); current version Information about their history Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel vteVivendi List of owned assets Directors Vincent Bolloré Arnaud de Puyfontaine Pierre Rodocanachi Groupe Canal+Canal+France C8 Canal+ (provider) Afrique Calédonie Caraïbes Canal+ Sport 360 Canal+ Sport Canal+ Foot Canal+ Séries Canal+ Cinéma Canal+ Docs Canal+ Kids Ciné+ CNews CStar Mezzo TV (50%) Mezzo Live HD (50%) MultiThématiques Ciné+ Premier Ciné+ Frisson Ciné+ Émotion Ciné+ Famiz Ciné+ Club Ciné+ Classic InfoSport+ Foot+ Rugby+ Golf+ Olympia TV Comédie+ Polar+ Planète+ Planète+ Crime Planète+ Aventure Seasons CStar Hits France Piwi+ Télétoon+ Télétoon+1 OCS Thema TV Nollywood TV Nollywood TV Epic Novelas TV Canal+Poland (51%) Ale Kino+ Domo Kuchina MiniMini+ Canal+ Premium Sport Sport 2 Teletoon+ M7 Group Canal Digitaal Focus Sat Skylink Télésat TV Vlaanderen StudioCanal Arthaus Red Production Company Rok Studios StudioCanal UK Tandem Productions Vivendi Ticketing Digitick Vivendi Village See Tickets See Tickets USA Flavorus MyBestPro Watchever L’Olympia Prisma Media Capital Femme Actuelle Geo (France) Prima VSD Voici Havas Arnold Worldwide BETC Camp+King Euro RSCG London FullSIX Havas Creative Havas London Havas Media Messner Vetere Berger McNamee Schmetterer/Euro RSCG Snyder Communications Other assets Dailymotion Gameloft Equity investments Lagardère Group (57.66%) Telecom Italia (23.75%) Banijay Group (32.9%) Defunct/formerassets Activision Blizzard Activision Blizzard Entertainment Budcat Creations Infinity Ward Luxoflux Massive Entertainment Neversoft Radical Entertainment RedOctane Shaba Games Sierra Entertainment Treyarch Animation Magic Canal+ Family Canal+ Gol Editis Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment Gala GVT Knowledge Adventure Maroc Telecom NBCUniversal Rogue Pictures Universal Pictures SFR Sport+ Universal Music Group Veolia Vivendi Games Fox Interactive Universal Interactive Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studio"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studio"},{"link_name":"animation studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_studio"},{"link_name":"distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distributor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-7"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Nat Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Thorn EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_EMI"},{"link_name":"StudioCanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal"},{"link_name":"sister company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Canal+ Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Group"},{"link_name":"UGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGC_(cinema_operator)"},{"link_name":"Cannon Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Films"},{"link_name":"Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Brent Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Walker"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with EMI (film).Canal+ Image International (formerly known as EMI Films, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment, Lumiere Pictures and Television,[5] and UGC DA) was a British-French film, television, animation studio and distributor.[6] A former subsidiary of the EMI conglomerate, the corporate name was not used throughout the entire period of EMI's involvement in the film industry, from 1969 to 1986,[7] but the company's brief connection with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Anglo-EMI, the division under Nat Cohen, and the later company as part of the Thorn EMI conglomerate (following the merger with Thorn) are outlined here.The library passed through the hands of several companies over the following years and is now owned by StudioCanal, a former sister company to Universal Music Group and parent company Canal+ Group's acquisition of European cinema operator UGC who acquired the library's then-owner, the United Kingdom-based Lumiere Pictures and Television in 1996, via Cannon Films. EMI Films also owned Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England; in turn, Cannon ended up purchasing the studio as well, but later sold it to Brent Walker in 1988, who in turn ended up selling half of the EMI Elstree Studios site to Tesco for a supermarket, before Hertsmere Council eventually acquired what was left of the Elstree Studios, and, as of 2018, continues to operate it as a film and television studios centre.[7]","title":"Lumiere Pictures and Television"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated British Picture Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ABC Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"Thames Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Amalgamated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Amalgamated"},{"link_name":"Nat Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Bernard Delfont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Delfont"},{"link_name":"Bryan Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Forbes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Joseph Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"Kevin Brownlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow"},{"link_name":"Richard Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"Simon Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Raven"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Richard Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Condon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_(film)"},{"link_name":"And Soon the Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Soon_the_Darkness_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Haunted Himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Haunted_Himself"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Breaking of Bumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breaking_of_Bumbo"},{"link_name":"Mr. Forbush and the Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Forbush_and_the_Penguins"},{"link_name":"A Fine and Private Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fine_and_Private_Place_(film)"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Joseph Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"The Go-Between","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Between_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"The Raging Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raging_Moon"},{"link_name":"The Railway Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Children_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Tales of Beatrix Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Beatrix_Potter"},{"link_name":"Nat Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Living Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Room_(play)"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Michael Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Powell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Barnardo Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnardo_Boys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ned Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(1970_film)"}],"sub_title":"Headed by Bryan Forbes","text":"The company was formed after the takeover of Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1969 by EMI, following the acquisition of Warner Bros.' shares in ABPC the previous year.[8] At the time ABPC owned 270 ABC Cinemas, a half share in the ITV contractor Thames Television, Elstree Studios at Shenley Road, and had recently bought Anglo-Amalgamated, a film studio in which Nat Cohen had been a partner.EMI moved into film production with the foundation of a new company, EMI-Elstree. Bernard Delfont appointed writer-director Bryan Forbes as the head of production at Elstree in April 1969 for three years at £40,000 a year, plus a percentage of the profits.[9][10] As part of the general shake up of EMI, Nat Cohen was appointed to the Board.[11]EMI announced they would make 28 films for $36 million—13 of these would be from Cohen's unit for £7 million,[12] the rest from Forbes'. Bernard Delfont called it \"probably the most ambitious program ever undertaken by a British film company.\"[13]Forbes announced his intention to make a variety of films at Elstree, steering away from what he called the \"pornography of violence.\"[14][15] He claimed EMI would make 14 films in 18 months with such stars as Peter Sellers and Roger Moore at a cost of £5–10 million in total.[16] His aim was to keep budgets down and create a varied slate which would increase the chances of appealing to audiences and making a sufficient return to continue productions.[17]In August 1969 Forbes announced his slate of fifteen projects, including:[18]Hoffman (with Peter Sellers, directed by Alvin Rakoff),\nAnd Now the Darkness\nThe Man Who Haunted Himself\nThe Go-Between directed by Joseph Losey from a script by Harold Pinter,\nThe Breaking of Bumbo directed by Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo,\nThe Feathers of Death directed by Richard Attenborough from a story by Simon Raven (unproduced),[19]\na film of a script by Richard Condon directed by John Bryson (unproduced),\nan adaptation of The Railway Children directed by Lionel Jeffries,\nA Fine and Private Place, directed by Paul Watson\nadaptation of the novel The Bitter Lollipop by John Quigly\nadaptation of the novel Candidate of Promise by Dennis Barker\nThe Barnardo Boys a musical about Dr Barnardo with music by Michael Lewis\nQuestion of Innocence from a script by Julian Bond based on a story by Roger Moore\nDulcima directed by Frank Nesbitt with John Mills,\nForbush and the Penguins.[20][21]\"This is the first serious effort to revitalize the British film industry in 20 years\", said Forbes. He added, \"We intend to give youth a chance and not merely pay lip service to it. This is our first program and it won't be our last.\"[22]In November 1969 Nat Cohen and Bernard Delfont announced a slate of eight more films for EMI including:[23][24]The Impotent starring Carol White and Malcolm McDowell (never made)\nThe Practice from the novel by Stanley Winchester (never made)\nThe Burden of Proof from a novel by James Barlow - this became Villain\nPercy the story of a penis transplant\nJam Today from a novel by Susan Baratt (never made)\nMy Family and Other Animals from a book by Gerald Durrell produced by Michael Medwin (never made)\nWise Child from Simon Gray's stage play (never made)\na film starring Julie Christie (never made)\na film directed by John Schlesinger (never made)The first few films of Forbes' regime actually performed poorly commercially: Eyewitness, Hoffmann, And Soon the Darkness and The Man Who Haunted Himself (starring Moore).[25] The Breaking of Bumbo (all 1970), and Mr. Forbush and the Penguins (1971) flopped and A Fine and Private Place was abandoned. Forbes clashed with Bernard Delfont and their American backers, in this case Columbia, over the artistic and commercial value of director Joseph Losey's film The Go-Between (1970). Forbes was also criticised within EMI for directing his own film, The Raging Moon (US: Long Ago, Tomorrow, 1971). The Railway Children (1970) and Tales of Beatrix Potter (1971) were Forbes' only hits.The company was affected with labour problems. Forbes felt as though he did not have the support of the EMI board, arguing that he never had the funds to market his films, in contrast with those available to Anglo-EMI, which was headed by Nat Cohen.Forbes resigned in March 1971,[26] after committing himself to a no-redundancy policy.[27] He had made eleven films in total for an estimated cost of £4 million.[28] Although Forbes' regime was seen at the time to have been a commercial failure, he later claimed that by 1993 his £4 million program of films had eventually brought EMI a profit of £16 million.[29]Among the films Forbes wished to make but was unable to during his time at Elstree were adaptations of The Living Room, the play by Graham Greene to be directed by Michael Powell;[30] a musical about the Barnardo Boys;[31] and The Loud, Loud Silence a post-apocalyptic story from Richard Condon. He turned down Ned Kelly (1970) because its projected budget was too high.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Borehamwood facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-British_Studios"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber47-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-27"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-33"},{"link_name":"film distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distributor"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Get Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Carter"},{"link_name":"John Boorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boorman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"CIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_International_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-33"}],"sub_title":"MGM-EMI","text":"In April 1970, EMI struck up a co-production agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The Hollywood studio announced they would sell their Borehamwood facility (\"MGM-British Studios\") and move their equipment to EMI's Elstree studio. MGM and EMI would then distribute and produce films in co-operation through a joint venture to be called MGM-EMI.[32] and MGM began to finance some of EMI's productions.[27] EMI's studio complex was renamed EMI-MGM Elstree Studios[33] while a film distribution company MGM-EMI Distributors Ltd. was formed as part of the co-production agreement. This company, headed by Mike Havas would handle domestic distribution of MGM and EMI-produced films in the United Kingdom.It was originally announced that MGM-EMI would make six to eight films a year, but they ended up producing far fewer.[34] Forbes was given the title of managing director of MGM-EMI to add to his existing title of head of production. In July 1970 MGM-EMI announced they would make four co-productions: The Go-Between, Get Carter, The Boyfriend and The Last Run directed by John Boorman.[35] Of these only the last was not made.MGM pulled out of the amalgamation in 1973, and became a member of CIC, which took over international distribution of MGM produced films. At this point the distribution company became EMI Film Distributors Ltd., and EMI-MGM Elstree Studios reverted to EMI-Elstree Studios.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nat Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Hammer Film Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"Bernard Delfont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Delfont"},{"link_name":"James Carreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carreras"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper128-36"},{"link_name":"On the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Buses_(film)"},{"link_name":"Up Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Pompeii_(film)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper128-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barber47-32"},{"link_name":"Swallows and Amazons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Alfie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Alfie Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Darling"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Seven Nights in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Nights_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"To The Devil A Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_The_Devil_A_Daughter"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"The Likely Lads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Likely_Lads"},{"link_name":"Kind Hearts and Coronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_Hearts_and_Coronets"},{"link_name":"Nat King Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-45"}],"sub_title":"Anglo-EMI Film Distributors","text":"EMI's other filmmaking division, Anglo-EMI Film Distributors Ltd, which had come out of Anglo-Amalgamated, was run autonomously by Nat Cohen. This wing of the company had released films such as Percy (1971). They also financed and distributed a series of films made by Hammer Film Productions, which partly came about through Bernard Delfont's friendship with James Carreras.Nat Cohen took over Forbes' responsibilities as head of production after his resignation in 1971.[36] Cohen backed productions intended for international success, and EMI had a more obviously commercial outlook. In October 1971, EMI's chairman John Read admitted the film division had performed disappointingly. \"Profits were negligible last year and we felt it was desirable to make one or two provisions to write off some of the costs.\" However films like On the Buses and Up Pompeii (both 1971) performed well in relation to their budgets. \"The experts say you're doing well if you make money out of one in three films\", said Read. \"We see filmmaking as a significant profit earner in the future.\"[37]Cohen was responsible for overseeing about 70% of the films produced in the UK during 1973, following a significant decline in domestic projects overall. In particular, long-term duopoly rival Rank had by now greatly reduced its own investment in British film production to a token presence.[36] Cohen was not unaware of the problems inherent in his dominant position.[38] Meanwhile, dependent on support from the most profitable parts of EMI, the company's financial position meant that they had to avoid backing any risky productions.[32]In May 1973, Cohen announced a £3 million production slate of movies including an adaptation of Swallows and Amazons (1974) and a sequel to Alfie (1966)[39] released as Alfie Darling (1975).The greatest success of Cohen's regime was Murder on the Orient Express (1974), which Cohen later claimed was the first British movie fully financed by a British company to reach the top of the American box office charts.[40][41]In July 1975, Cohen announced a £6 million programme of eleven new films:[42]Aces High\nEvil Under The Sun (this later was replaced by Death on the Nile)\nSergeant Steiner (later retitled Cross of Iron)\nSeven Nights in Japan\nTo The Devil A Daughter[43][44]\nfilm spin offs of the TV series The Sweeney and The Likely Lads\nAll Things Bright And Beautiful (later retitled It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet)\nSpanish Fly\nA remake of Kind Hearts and Coronets with Dick Emery (never made)\nThe Nat King Cole Story (never made)Cohen resigned as chairman on 31 December 1977.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Lion Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Lion_Films"},{"link_name":"Michael Deeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Deeley"},{"link_name":"Barry Spikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Spikings"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deeley-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"The Deer Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"The Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Driver"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Death on the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Warlords of Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlords_of_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Sweeney 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_2"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Close Encounters of the Third Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind"},{"link_name":"The Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"The Greatest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Roger Gimbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Gimbel"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Howard Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Howard_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Deadman's Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman%27s_Curve"},{"link_name":"Life of Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian"},{"link_name":"Orion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Arabian Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Adventure"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings","text":"In May 1976, the company purchased British Lion Films and the two men who ran British Lion, Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings, became joint managing directors of EMI Distributors, with Nat Cohen remaining as chairman and chief executive. They also joined the EMI board, headed by Bernard Delfont.[46][47]Deeley and Spikings's method was to only make a film if at least half the budget was put up by an American studio, reducing their financial risk although making the studio's product less obviously British.[48] They focused on movies with international appeal – i.e. action films – and major stars.[49] The initial Deeley-Spikings slate included three films shot in the US, with $18 million in all\" The Deer Hunter, Convoy and The Driver (all 1978).[50] They also made three British-based films, Death on the Nile (1978), Warlords of Atlantis (1978) and Sweeney 2 (1978).[51] Films announced by not made include The Last Gun and Chinese Bandit.[52]EMI also signed an agreement to invest $5 million in Columbia films. They picked Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Deep and The Greatest (all 1977).[53] Muhammad Ali played himself in the last of these.In July 1976, EMI bought Roger Gimbel's production company, Tomorrow Enterprises, and formed EMI Television, headed by Gimbel.[54] They made a large number of American TV movies like The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977) and Deadman's Curve (1978).EMI backed out of funding Life of Brian (1979) at the last moment, after Bernard Delfont read the script and objected to its treatment of religion.In April 1978, EMI announced they would make films with the newly formed Orion Pictures, including Arabian Adventure (1979) and other projects.[55]Michael Deeley left EMI in 1979 but Barry Spikings remained in charge of film production.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jazz Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Neil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"The Elephant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"Honky Tonk Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"Maria Callas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Callas"},{"link_name":"The Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Awakening_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Associated Film Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Film_Distribution"},{"link_name":"ITC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Lew Grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Grade"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Thorn Electrical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_Electrical_Industries"},{"link_name":"Thorn EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_EMI"},{"link_name":"The Mirror Crack'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d"},{"link_name":"John Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Frederick Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Honky Tonk Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Memoirs of a Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Survivor"},{"link_name":"Walter Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hill"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Music"},{"link_name":"Raise the Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise_the_Titanic_(film)"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Orion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Carolco Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolco_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Hemdale Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemdale_Film_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Spikings, AFD and Thorn-EMI merger","text":"Spikings announced a slate of films under his auspices: The Jazz Singer with Neil Diamond, The Elephant Man (both 1980), Honky Tonk Freeway (1981) Franco Zeffirelli's biopic of Maria Callas, Discoland, The Awakening, and The Knight directed by Ridley Scott.[56]Delfont created a new company, Associated Film Distribution, to distribute films of EMI and ITC, then controlled by Lew Grade, his brother.[57] EMI's film division was renamed Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment, to reflect EMI's merger with Thorn Electrical Industries to become Thorn EMI in 1979.In March 1980, EMI were only making one film in Britain The Mirror Crack'd, which was released at the end of the year, but was a box-office failure. Lord Delfont announced that the company had purchased two British scripts, The Defense by John Mortimer and Off the Record by Frederick Forsyth. He admitted that sixty percent of the company's film budget would be spent in America the following year but \"100% of the profits would come to this country... We have got to make films we believe are international, to get the money to bring exports back to this country.\"[58]In February 1981, Barry Spikings announced a slate of films worth £70 million, including Honky Tonk Freeway, Memoirs of a Survivor, Comrades and The Knight (a Walter Hill film).[59] The latter was not made.In March 1981, Spikings admitted AFD has not \"gotten off to a flying start\" and would be wound up, with Universal taking over distribution of EMI Films. He argued that \"production and distribution are not linked\" and pointed to the five Oscars that EMI films had earned.[60] In particular, Can't Stop the Music, Honky Tonk Freeway, and Raise the Titanic had been box-office failures.Also in 1981, Thorn EMI entered the fast-growing home video market as Thorn EMI Video, featuring an initial line-up of 14 titles (The Tubes Video, April Wine Live in London, I Am a Dancer, Can't Stop the Music, Times Square, Death on the Nile, The Cruel Sea, The Day the Earth Caught Fire, The Best of Benny Hill, Scars of Dracula, Sophia Loren: Her Own Story, S.O.S. Titanic, The Royal Wedding, and Queen: Greatest Flix). The division was primarily active in both the UK and the US, as well as in Australia. In addition to Thorn EMI's own material, the division licensed titles from other companies, mostly those who had no home video division at the time, including New Line Cinema, Orion Pictures, Carolco Pictures and Hemdale Film Corporation.[61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verity Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verity_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Comfort and Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_and_Joy_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Morons from Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morons_from_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Dreamchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamchild"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"WarGames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarGames"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Box_Office,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"A Passage to India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Passage_to_India_(film)"},{"link_name":"Morons from Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morons_from_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Dreamchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamchild"},{"link_name":"Wild Geese II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Geese_II"},{"link_name":"The Holcroft Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holcroft_Covenant_(film)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Gladden Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Begelman"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Richard Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Euan Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euan_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Verity Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verity_Lambert"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Clockwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwise_(film)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clock-72"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Associated Film Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Film_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Verity Lambert","text":"In January 1983, Barry Spikings left the company and Verity Lambert was appointed head of production. Gary Dartnall became executive chairman. Lambert's first slate was Slayground, Comfort and Joy, Illegal Aliens (which became Morons from Outer Space) and Dreamchild. Lambert said they aimed to make five films a year ranging in budget from $5 to $10 million.[62]On 1 March 1983, EMI Films filed a lawsuit against United Artists, whereas EMI would finance WarGames, and UA would receive North American rights, while EMI received international rights to the film and pay $4.5 million delivery.[63]November 1984 saw Thorn EMI Video's US division form a partnership with pay television company HBO; the company then became known as Thorn EMI/HBO Video. The deal saw HBO take a stake in the venture and contribute their own productions for video distribution.[64]In December 1984, Thorn EMI offered investors the chance to invest in several films by issuing £36 million worth of shares. The films were A Passage to India (1984), Morons from Outer Space, Dreamchild, Wild Geese II and The Holcroft Covenant[65] (all 1985).[66]In March 1985, Thorn-EMI announced they would set up a production fund worth $175 million to make around twenty films. Film Finance Director John Reiss said the fund would be used as loans for filmmakers or to invest in films budgeted around $13–14 million. Reiss said that the films would be made for international audiences.[67] On 15 May 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment made an agreement with Gladden Entertainment whereas Thorn EMI would release Gladden's films for international theatrical distribution.[68]Lambert resigned in July 1985. After this TESE wound down its in-house production arm and relied on films from independent outfits.[69] That month, TESE signed a deal with French distributor AAA for a 30-month output of the entire British film library, serving 20 films, and did not want to cover all home video rights.[70] On August 6, 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment agreed deals with various production outfits such as John Bradbourne and Richard Goodwin, Jeremy Thomas, Euan Lloyd and Chris Chrisafis, Verity Lambert and Simon Perry in order to gave the independent outfits \"complete freedom\" to develop motion pictures.[71] The last films made under Lambert's watch were Clockwise and Link.[72]On 20 August 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment and Universal Pictures, which was distributing EMI's films ever since 1981 after acquiring Associated Film Distribution elected to dissolve the U.S. partnership by mutual consent.[73]Lambert recalled in 1997: \"the person who hired me left, and the person who came in didn't want to produce films and didn't want me. While I managed to make some films I was proud of... Dreamchild, and Clockwise... it was terribly tough and not a very happy experience. But I was determined to see out my three-year contract. By the end I'd had enough of corporate life and wanted to see what I could do as an independent.\"[74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Robert Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Heron Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Communications"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"British Lion Film Productions Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Lion_Films"},{"link_name":"Peter Snell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Snell_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Thorn EMI Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_EMI#Thorn_EMI's_film_and_video_interests"},{"link_name":"ABC Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Alan Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"The Cannon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-7"},{"link_name":"Weintraub Entertainment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraub_Entertainment_Group"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Denouement","text":"In November 1985, Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment was placed up for sale with interested buyers including Rank, Cannon, Robert Maxwell, Heron Communications, and a management buyout led by Gary Dartnall.[75] The following month, in December 1985, it accepted a £110 million ($161.7 million) management offer to place the entire Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment division up for sale.[76] The company's division, British Lion Film Productions Ltd., which EMI bought in 1976, and all trademarks of the British Lion name, which was divested to a former staffer of the company, Peter Snell, of Britannic Film & Television.[77]In April 1986, Thorn EMI sold its film production and distribution arm (Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment), home video (Thorn EMI Video), and cinema (ABC Cinemas) operations to businessman Alan Bond. Bond, in turn, sold it to The Cannon Group a week later.[7] A year after the purchase, a cash-strapped Cannon sold most of the film library to Weintraub Entertainment Group.[78] They also sold their stake in the video venture inherited from Thorn EMI (which had been renamed as HBO/Cannon Video in the meantime), resulting in HBO running the video label alone from that point forward.[79][80]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weintraub Entertainment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraub_Entertainment_Group"},{"link_name":"Jerry Weintraub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Weintraub"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nst-2"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Cineplex Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplex_Odeon"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-81"},{"link_name":"The Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"US Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Smokeless_Tobacco_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nst-2"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-81"},{"link_name":"Robert Stigwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stigwood"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Evita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evita_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"Meryl Streep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep"},{"link_name":"Eva Perón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"The Cannon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-81"},{"link_name":"Harry Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Usher"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Barney Rosenzweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Rosenzweig"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-81"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Crédit Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-81"},{"link_name":"Peter Guber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Guber"},{"link_name":"Jon Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Peters"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpps-3"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Bear Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"}],"sub_title":"Denouement - Weintraub Entertainment Group","text":"Weintraub Entertainment Group was formed on July 1, 1986 by Jerry Weintraub.[2] In February 1987, WEG received $461 million in financing from Columbia Pictures, Cineplex Odeon and others in the form of securities, bank loans and advances.[81] The Coca-Cola Company and US Tobacco were principal investors.[2] WEG also arranged a $145-million, 7-year credit line with the Bank of America. WEG also signed a 20-year distribution deal with Columbia and planned to release seven or eight movies per year.[81]In March 1987, WEG signed its first production and distribution deal, a three-year agreement with Robert Stigwood's RSO Films for multiple films budgeted in the $12-million to $15-million range.[82] With Stigwood's partnership, WEG was to finance a film version of Evita with Oliver Stone as writer/director and Meryl Streep as Eva Perón. However, the studio dropped the project.[83]WEG purchased from The Cannon Group in May 1987 its 2,000-title British film library,[84] the Thorn-EMI Screen Entertainment library, for $85 million with $50 million from a loan.[81] On July 20, Harry Usher joined the Group as President of the Weintraub International Enterprises division and as a senior vice president.[85]In January 1988, Barney Rosenzweig was hired as chairman of the television unit, corporate vice president and a member of the executive committee.[86] In July, the Bank of America terminated its credit line with Weintraub after difficulties in syndicating parts of the loan to other banks due to the Thorn-EMI loan.[81] The Group's first release was The Big Blue in August; it grossed $1.6 million the opening weekend.[87]In January 1989, Usher left his position as President of the Weintraub International Enterprises.[88] The Bank of America and WEG established a new credit line for two years and $95 million with Crédit Lyonnais participating.[81]In 1989, as a result of Sony/Columbia hiring Peter Guber and Jon Peters away from Warner Bros., Sony/Columbia traded its 15% share in WEG.[3]In September 1990, WEG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Later that month, Jerry Weintraub left the company and forged a deal with Warner Bros., while Columbia still remained indebted to releasing WEG films.[89]Film Asset Holding Co., a company formed by WEG's two primary bank creditors, sued Weintraub over his structuring of a sale of the Peter Pan story to Sony Pictures Entertainment in the fall of 1990. Weintraub and Film Assets settled in January 1992.[90]In August 1998, a jury verdict for $7 million was lost by Bear Stearns to investors who had been misled by the brokerage's $83 million bond issue prospectus for the now-bankrupt Weintraub Entertainment Group.[91]After the company shut down its assets were reorganized into the WEG Acquisition Corp, and are currently held by Sony, while the television rights are controlled by Paramount Pictures.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"StudioCanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Optimum Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal_UK"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Denouement - Lumiere Pictures and Television/UGC DA/Canal+ Image International","text":"Its early origins of Canal+ Image and StudioCanal was first founded in 5 August 1873 as Marseille Louis and Adolphe Fraissinet, under the appelation Nouvelle Compagnie Marseillaise de navigation à vapeur A. et L. Fraissinet et compagnie.[92]La Compagnie Fraissinet was a Marseille arming company by maritime transport. During the 1960s, decolonization and competition with jet-powered air travel weakened the group's results and it ended up selling its maritime assets to the Chargers Gatten in 1964.[93]In July 1981, Cyril of Rouvre Do a OPA surprise on the Compagnie Fraissinet en difficulté. Having become specialised in the maintenance and resale of business aircraft, Fraissinet-Transair becomes the Financière Robur in tribute to the hero of Jules Verne, Robur-le-Conquérant. The grandson of Antoine de Rouvre who had embarked in the cinema in the late 1920s, Cyril de Rouvre brings together his film assets within the Robur Financière: the Compagnie Française de cinématographie (CFC), the Consortium Financier pour la production de films (CFPF) and Coficiné, which specialises in the financing of production. Rouvre gradually separates from its industrial activities and then rachats multiple film catalogues (Les Films Gibé, Les Films Corona, Silver Films) created in August 1987 via a new subsidiary, Robur Droits Audiovisuels.[citation needed]In 30 June 1992, the Financière Robur merges its catalogue of films with that of UGC by absorbing UGC Droits Audiovisuels, its subsidiary founded in 1985. The UGC group takes control of the new company, the first catalogue of films in France with nearly 1500 feature films and 500 hours of audiovisual programmes.[citation needed]In November 1993, UGC Droits Audiovisuels acquired United Communication, mainly holding the French-speaking rights of the catalogue of the MGM and United Artists nearly 800 American films and 2,000 hours of television. The continued consolidation in January 1996 with the acquisition of the group Lumière de Jean Cazès, the second French catalogue of film and audiovisual rights, having itself acquired the British catalogue Weintraub (formerly Thorn EMI) in 1991, while Lumiere Pictures and Television formed earlier in 1992 as a merger between two French companies: Jean Cazes' Initial Groupe (est. 1984) and Investissements en Droits Audiovisuelles (est. 1987). Lumiere owned a substantial library of films from the Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment/Weintraub library, representing a third of all films made in the UK from the beginning of silent pictures. Cazes then spun-off Lumiere's Los Angeles branch into a new company, Lumiere International.[94]Later that year in June, Canal+ in turn, acquires UGC Droits Audiovisuels, with the rights of more than 5,000 films. An alliance strongly encouraged by their common shareholder, the General of the Eaux, which holds both 25% of UGC Droits Audiovisuels, and 20% of Canal+.[citation needed]UGC Droits Audiovisuels and Canal+ D.A. was merged and renamed as Canal+ Image International in June 1997, before the merger of the company StudioCanal with Le Studio Canal+ in 2000.[citation needed]In the 1990s to early 2000s, Warner Home Video formerly handled distribution of StudioCanal titles through the Canal+ Image label in the United Kingdom on VHS and DVD. However, its name in the UK was kept until 2006 when StudioCanal opened its own distribution unit in the UK, with titles distributed through Optimum Releasing.[95]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"Eyewitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"ABPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ITC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"And Soon the Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Soon_the_Darkness_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Haunted Himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Haunted_Himself"},{"link_name":"The Breaking of Bumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breaking_of_Bumbo"},{"link_name":"The Railway Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Children_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"A Fine and Private Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fine_and_Private_Place_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Raging Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raging_Moon"},{"link_name":"The Tales of Beatrix Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beatrix_Potter"},{"link_name":"Mr. Forbush and the Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Forbush_and_the_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Dulcima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcima"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"On the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Buses_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blood from the Mummy's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_from_the_Mummy%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Mutiny on the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Buses"},{"link_name":"Straight on Till Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_On_till_Morning_(film)"},{"link_name":"Demons of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"Man at the Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_at_the_Top_(film)"},{"link_name":"Love Thy Neighbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Thy_Neighbour_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Holiday on the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_on_the_Buses"},{"link_name":"To the Devil a Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Devil_a_Daughter"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Get Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Carter"},{"link_name":"The Go-Between","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Between_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"The Boy Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_Friend_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"All the Way Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_Up_(film)"},{"link_name":"AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Amalgamated"},{"link_name":"Spring and Port Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Port_Wine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Entertaining Mr Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertaining_Mr_Sloane_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Body_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Up Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Pompeii_(film)"},{"link_name":"Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Family Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Life_(1971_British_film)"},{"link_name":"Up the Chastity Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_the_Chastity_Belt"},{"link_name":"Steptoe and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Am a Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_a_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Afternoon of a Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Champion"},{"link_name":"Up the Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_the_Front"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII and His Six Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_and_His_Six_Wives_(film)"},{"link_name":"Endless Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Night_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Our Miss Fred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Miss_Fred"},{"link_name":"Fear Is the Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Is_the_Key_(film)"},{"link_name":"Never Mind the Quality Feel the Width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Quality_Feel_the_Width_(film)"},{"link_name":"Baxter!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter!"},{"link_name":"Steptoe and Son Ride Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son_Ride_Again"},{"link_name":"The Final Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Programme_(film)"},{"link_name":"Take Me High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_High"},{"link_name":"The Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dove_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Sunday in the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunday_in_the_Country_(1974_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monty Python and the Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"All Creatures Great and Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Likely Lads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Likely_Lads_(film)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fly_(1975_film)"},{"link_name":"It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Shouldn%27t_Happen_to_a_Vet"},{"link_name":"Aces High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aces_High_(film)"},{"link_name":"Seven Nights in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Nights_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Sweeney!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney!"},{"link_name":"Cross of Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Iron"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Blood City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Blood_City"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Greatest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"The Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Close Encounters of the Third Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind"},{"link_name":"The Cheap Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cheap_Detective"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Silver Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bears"},{"link_name":"Sweeney 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeney_2"},{"link_name":"Warlords of Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlords_of_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"The Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Driver"},{"link_name":"Death on the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"The Deer Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Howard Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Howard_Hughes"},{"link_name":"The Girl Called Hatter Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Called_Hatter_Fox"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics_(film)"},{"link_name":"Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Deadman's Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman%27s_Curve"},{"link_name":"Just Me and You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Me_and_You_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_in_a_Million:_The_Ron_LeFlore_Story"},{"link_name":"Betrayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayal_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Steel Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Lawman Without a Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawman_Without_a_Gun"},{"link_name":"Deathmoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathmoon"},{"link_name":"Lawman Without a Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawman_Without_a_Gun"},{"link_name":"The Cracker Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cracker_Factory"},{"link_name":"S.O.S. Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.O.S._Titanic"},{"link_name":"Survival of Dana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_Dana"},{"link_name":"Can You Hear the Laughter? The Story of Freddie Prinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_You_Hear_the_Laughter%3F_The_Story_of_Freddie_Prinze"},{"link_name":"Orphan Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_Train_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Dances Goes On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dance_Goes_On_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Sophia Loren: Her Own Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Loren:_Her_Own_Story"},{"link_name":"My Kidnapper, My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kidnapper,_My_Love"},{"link_name":"The Killing of Randy Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_of_Randy_Webster"},{"link_name":"Broken Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Promise_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Manions of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Manions_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Piano for Mrs. Cimino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Piano_for_Mrs._Cimino"},{"link_name":"A Question of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Question_of_Honor_(1982_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coming Out of the Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Out_of_the_Ice"},{"link_name":"Deadly Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadly_Encounter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Walks Far Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Walks_Far_Woman"},{"link_name":"Packin' It In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packin%27_It_In"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Arabian Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Adventure"},{"link_name":"The Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Crown_Prince_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Music"},{"link_name":"The Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Awakening_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Elephant Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Jazz Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mirror Crack'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirror_Crack%27d"},{"link_name":"Honky Tonk Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Evil Under the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Under_the_Sun_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Britannia Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Frances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_(film)"},{"link_name":"Second Thoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Thoughts_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Bad Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boys_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Tender Mercies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Mercies"},{"link_name":"Strange Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Invaders"},{"link_name":"Cross Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Creek_(film)"},{"link_name":"Handgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun_(film)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"Slayground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayground"},{"link_name":"Comfort and Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_and_Joy_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Not for Publication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_for_Publication_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"A Passage to India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Passage_to_India_(film)"},{"link_name":"Morons from Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morons_from_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Restless Natives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_Natives"},{"link_name":"Dreamchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamchild"},{"link_name":"Wild Geese II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Geese_II"},{"link_name":"The Holcroft Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holcroft_Covenant_(film)"},{"link_name":"Highlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlander_(film)"},{"link_name":"Clockwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwise_(film)"},{"link_name":"Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_(film)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"The Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manhattan_Project_(film)"},{"link_name":"It Couldn't Happen Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Couldn%27t_Happen_Here"},{"link_name":"Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstella_5555:_The_5tory_of_the_5ecret_5tar_5ystem"},{"link_name":"Virgin Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Amalgamated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Amalgamated"},{"link_name":"Associated British Picture Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Associated Film Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Hammer Film Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Orion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumiere_Pictures_and_Television&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"The Big Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Blue"},{"link_name":"Fresh Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Horses_(film)"},{"link_name":"My Stepmother Is an Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Stepmother_Is_an_Alien"},{"link_name":"The Karen Carpenter Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karen_Carpenter_Story"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-81"},{"link_name":"Listen to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_to_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"She's Out of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Out_of_Control"},{"link_name":"Troop Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop_Beverly_Hills"},{"link_name":"The Gods Must Be Crazy II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy_II"}],"text":"Lumiere Pictures and Television financed and produced films under several names and with a series of production partners. Below are the main ones:Bryan Forbes[edit]\nEyewitness (1970) (ABPC) (ITC)\nAnd Soon the Darkness (1970) (ABPC)\nHoffman (1970) (ABPC)\nThe Man Who Haunted Himself (1970) (ABPC)\nThe Breaking of Bumbo (1970) (ABPC)\nThe Railway Children (1970)\nA Fine and Private Place (1970) (abandoned)\nThe Raging Moon (1971)\nThe Tales of Beatrix Potter (1971)\nMr. Forbush and the Penguins (1971)\nDulcima (1971)\nHammer co-productions[edit]\nOn the Buses (July 1971)\nBlood from the Mummy's Tomb (October 1971)\nMutiny on the Buses (June 1972)\nStraight on Till Morning (July 1972)\nDemons of the Mind (November 1972)\nMan at the Top (1973) (AE/H)\nLove Thy Neighbour (July 1973)\nHoliday on the Buses (December 1973)\nTo the Devil a Daughter (March 1976) (H)\nMGM-EMI[edit]\nGet Carter (1971) (ME)\nThe Go-Between (1971) (ME) (Dist by C in USA)\nThe Boy Friend (1971) (ME)\nNat Cohen/Anglo-EMI[edit]\nAll the Way Up (1970) (AA)\nSpring and Port Wine (1970) (AA)\nEntertaining Mr Sloane (1970) (AA)\nThe Body (1970) (AE)\nPercy (1971) (AE)\nUp Pompeii (1971) (AE)\nVillain (1971) (AE) – produced by Kanter, Ladd and Kastner\nFamily Life (1971) (AE) – directed by Ken Loach\nUp the Chastity Belt (1972)\nSteptoe and Son (1972)\nI Am a Dancer (1972) (AE)\nAfternoon of a Champion (1972) (AE) (documentary)\nUp the Front (1972) (AE)\nHenry VIII and His Six Wives (1972) (AE)\nEndless Night (1972)\nOur Miss Fred (1972) (AE)\nFear Is the Key (1972) – produced by Kanter, Ladd and Kastner (AE) (Dist by P in USA)\nNever Mind the Quality Feel the Width (1973)\nBaxter! (1973) (AE)\nSteptoe and Son Ride Again (1973)\nThe Final Programme (1973) (AE)\nTake Me High (1973)\nThe Dove (1974) (D) (Dist by P in USA)\nOur Cissy (1974) (short)\nStardust (1974) (AE) (Dist by C in USA)\nMurder on the Orient Express (1974) (AE) (Dist by P in USA)\nSunday in the Country (1974) (D)\nMonty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)\nAll Creatures Great and Small (1975)\nTrick or Treat? (1976) (abandoned)\nThe Likely Lads (1976)\nSpanish Fly (1976) (D)\nIt Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1976)\nAces High (1976) (D)\nSeven Nights in Japan (1976) (P)\nSweeney! (1977)\nCross of Iron (1977) (A-E)\nTwenty Five Years (1977) (documentary)\nWelcome to Blood City (1977)\nCo-productions with Columbia[edit]\nNickelodeon (December 1976) - also with British Lion\nThe Greatest (May 1977) – also with British Lion\nThe Deep (June 1977)\nClose Encounters of the Third Kind (November 1977)\nThe Cheap Detective (June 1978)\nMichael Deeley and Barry Spikings regime[edit]\nSilver Bears (1977) (Dist by C in USA)\nSweeney 2 (1978)\nWarlords of Atlantis (1978) (Dist by C in USA)\nConvoy (1978) – with United Artists\nThe Driver (1978) – with 20th Century Fox\nDeath on the Nile (1978) (Dist by P in USA)\nThe Deer Hunter (1978) – with Universal\nTV movies[edit]\nThe Amazing Howard Hughes (April 1977)\nThe Girl Called Hatter Fox (October 1977)\nSpecial Olympics (February 1978)\nForever (January 1978)\nDeadman's Curve (February 1978)\nJust Me and You (May 1978)\nOne in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story (September 1978)\nBetrayal (November 1978)\nSteel Cowboy (December 1978)\nLawman Without a Gun (December 1978)\nDeathmoon (May 1978)\nLawman Without a Gun (1978)\nThe Cracker Factory (March 1979)\nS.O.S. Titanic (September 1979)\nSurvival of Dana (1979)\nCan You Hear the Laughter? The Story of Freddie Prinze (September 1979)\nOrphan Train (December 1979)\nThe Dances Goes On (1980)\nSophia Loren: Her Own Story (October 1980)\nMy Kidnapper, My Love (December 1980)\nThe Killing of Randy Webster (1981)\nBroken Promise (1981)\nThe Manions of America (1981)\nA Piano for Mrs. Cimino (February 1982)\nA Question of Honor (1982)\nComing Out of the Ice (1982)\nDeadly Encounter (1982)\nThe Legend of Walks Far Woman (May 1982) (filmed 1979)\nPackin' It In (1983)\nBarry Spikings[edit]\nArabian Adventure (July 1979) – with British Lion – distributed by AFD\nThe Crown Prince (1979)\nCan't Stop the Music (June 1980) – distributed by AFD\nThe Awakening (October 1980) – with Orion – distributed by Warners\nTimes Square (October 1980) – with Robert Stigwood, distributed by AFD\nThe Elephant Man (October 1980) – with Brooksfilms – distributed by Columbia-EMI-Warner (UK), Paramount (US)\nThe Jazz Singer (December 1980) – distributed by AFD\nThe Mirror Crack'd (December 1980) – distributed by AFD\nHonky Tonk Freeway (August 1981) – distributed by AFD\nEvil Under the Sun (March 1982) – distributed by AFD\nBritannia Hospital (May 1982) – with British Lion, distributed by United Artists Classics\nFrances (December 1982) – with Brooksfilms, distributed by Universal\nSecond Thoughts (February 1983) – distributed by Universal\nBad Boys (March 1983) – distributed by Universal\nTender Mercies (Mar 1983) – distributed by Universal\nStrange Invaders (Sep 1983) – distributed by Orion\nCross Creek (May 1983) – with Universal, distributed by AFD, Universal\nHandgun (May 1983, produced in 1981) - distributed by WB\nVerity Lambert[edit]\nSlayground (December 1983) - distributed by Universal\nComfort and Joy (August 1984) - with Kings Road, distributed by Universal\nNot for Publication (November 1984) - distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company\nA Passage to India (December 1984) - with HBO, distributed by Columbia\nMorons from Outer Space (March 1985) - distributed by Universal\nRestless Natives (June 1985) - distributed by Orion Classics\nDreamchild (October 1985) - distributed by Universal\nWild Geese II (October 1985) - distributed by Universal\nThe Holcroft Covenant (October 1985) - distributed by Universal\nHighlander (March 1986) - distributed by 20th Century-Fox\nClockwise (March 1986) - distributed by Universal\nLink (March 1986) - distributed by Universal\nLater films[edit]\nThe Manhattan Project (June 1986) (TESE) - with Gladden Entertainment, distributed by 20th Century-Fox\nIt Couldn't Happen Here (July 1988)\nInterstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem (May 2003) (D) (credited as \"Virgin Music\", a member of the EMI Group\")\nAA = co-production with Anglo-Amalgamated\nABPC = produced by Associated British Picture Corporation\nAE = as Anglo-EMI\nAFD = distributed by Associated Film Distributors\nC = co-production with Columbia Pictures\nD = distributor only\nH = co-production with Hammer Film Productions\nMGM = co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\nOrion = co-production with Orion Pictures\nP = co-production with Paramount Pictures\nTESE = as Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment\nU = co-production with Universal\nUA = co-production with United Artists\nWB = co-production with Warner Bros.\nWeintraub Entertainment Group[edit]\nThe Big Blue (1988): distribution rights, $3 million\nFresh Horses (1988): first original production, grossed only $7 million\nMy Stepmother Is an Alien (1988): $26 million budget, grossed $13.8 million\nThe Karen Carpenter Story (1989): a TV movie release on CBS[81]\nListen to Me (1989)\nShe's Out of Control (1989)\nTroop Beverly Hills (1989)\nThe Gods Must Be Crazy II (1989)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Lumière (Brazilian film company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_(Brazilian_film_company)"}]
[{"reference":"Groves, Don (13 August 1993). \"Lumiere reorganizes sales, biz divisions\". Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1993/film/news/lumiere-reorganizes-sales-biz-divisions-109627/","url_text":"\"Lumiere reorganizes sales, biz divisions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannon sells its Film Library\". New Straits Times. Reuter. 5 April 1987. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870405&id=wG9PAAAAIBAJ&pg=5659,1133248","url_text":"\"Cannon sells its Film Library\""}]},{"reference":"Dick, Bernard F. (1992). Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio. University Press of Kentucky. p. 56. ISBN 9780813132785.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7Pka5hrnGQcC&q=Weintraub+Entertainment+Group+bankruptcy+library&pg=PA56","url_text":"Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813132785","url_text":"9780813132785"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Michael (24 April 1995). \"Lumiere sets its sights on H'wood, seeks cash allies\". Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1995/film/features/lumiere-sets-its-sights-on-h-wood-seeks-cash-allies-99128196/","url_text":"\"Lumiere sets its sights on H'wood, seeks cash allies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Hopewell, John (20 October 2012). \"Lumiere rocks to French classics\". Variety. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2012/film/news/lumiere-rocks-to-french-classics-1118061036/","url_text":"\"Lumiere rocks to French classics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Groves, Don (13 August 1993). \"Lumiere reorganizes sales, biz divisions\". Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1993/film/news/lumiere-reorganizes-sales-biz-divisions-109627/","url_text":"\"Lumiere reorganizes sales, biz divisions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Vertical integration\". Terramedia. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/film/vertical_integration.htm","url_text":"\"Vertical integration\""}]},{"reference":"Warren, Patricia (2001). British Film Studios: An Illustrated History. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pearson, Kenneth (13 April 1969). \"The Great Film Gamble\". Sunday Times. p. 53 – via The Sunday Times Digital Archive.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"BUSINESS diary\". The Times. London. 9 April 1969. p. 23 – via The Times Digital Archive.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ECONOMY: Ease the squeeze now please\". The Observer. 30 November 1969. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shot in Arm for British Film Industry\". Los Angeles Times. 29 November 1969. p. a9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dennis Barker (9 August 1969). \"Parable of talent: DENNIS BARKER interviews Bryan Forbes\". The Guardian. London. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Britain steps back into cinema's big league\". The Guardian. London. 13 August 1969. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John Heilpern (28 June 1970). \"The End: In the Last Fifteen Years the British Cinema Has Lost Four-Fifths of its Audience. Today Half of the Industry'sTechnicians Are Out of Work\". The Observer. London. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Day-Lewis, Sean (13 August 1969). \"British finance backs plans for 15 new films\". The Daily Telegraph. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/829614846/?terms=%22forbush%20and%20the%20penguins%22%20viola&match=1","url_text":"\"British finance backs plans for 15 new films\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the Picture\". Sight and Sound. No. 38.4 (Fall 1969). p. 181.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"BRYAN FORBES INTERVIEW at ABPC ELSTREE STUDIOS\". Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224210511/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/forums/british-film-studios/110791-bryan-forbes-interview-abpc-elstree-studios.html","url_text":"\"BRYAN FORBES INTERVIEW at ABPC ELSTREE STUDIOS\""},{"url":"http://www.britmovie.co.uk/forums/british-film-studios/110791-bryan-forbes-interview-abpc-elstree-studios.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McEWAN, IAN (15 August 1969). \"British Film Czar Plans to Revitalize Industry\". Los Angeles Times. p. d16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Owen, Michael (25 November 1969). \"8 new British films are in the pipeline\". Evening Standard. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/721548449/?terms=%22anglo%20amalgamated%22&match=1","url_text":"\"8 new British films are in the pipeline\""}]},{"reference":"Shamoon, Stella (26 November 1969). \"EMI puts faith and £15 million into filmmaking\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_the_Soundtrack
Roxy the Soundtrack
["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Sources","5 References","6 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Roxy the Soundtrack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2015 soundtrack album by Frank ZappaRoxy the SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Frank ZappaReleasedOctober 31, 2015 (2015-10-31)RecordedDecember 8–10, 1973VenueRoxy, HollywoodGenreRockLabelEagle VisionCatalog Number: EVB335219ProducerFrank Filipetti & Gail ZappaFrank Zappa chronology 200 Motels: The Suites(2015) Roxy the Soundtrack(2015) Road Tapes, Venue #3(2016) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRating Roxy the Soundtrack is the CD companion released in the Roxy: The Movie, DVD/CD and Blu-ray/CD sets. The CD soundtrack is not sold separately. Background The film used to produce the movie was shot in 1973 using four cameras at five live shows performed on December 8, 9 and 10 (early and late shows on the 9th and 10th). What wasn't known at the time was due to a malfunction the audio and video were recorded out of sync. As John Albanian discusses in the liner notes, the problem was such that not until today's technology could the issue be painstakingly resolved. This is the third time around for the music from the Roxy shows. In 1974 Roxy & Elsewhere released some of the tracks from these shows and a few others. Then the 2014 Roxy by Proxy release made available more tracks exclusively from the December dates and all different from any on the previous release. This release represents those used in the movie, except tracks 8, 13, 14 & 16. Track listing All songs composed by Frank Zappa Disc One: Roxy: The Movie (DVD or Blu-ray)No.TitleSourceLength1.""Something Terrible Has Just Happened" / Cosmik Debris"December 9 (early show)11:182."Penguin in Bondage"December 10 (early + late shows)7:573."T'Mershi Duween"December 9 (early show)1:574."Dog/Meat (The Dog Breath Variations/Uncle Meat)"December 9 (early show) / December 10 (late show)4:145."RDNZL"December 9 (early show) + December 10 (early show)5:036."Audience Participation – RDNZL"December 10 (early show)1:447."Inca Roads"December 9 (late show)8:118."Echidna's Arf (of You)"December 9 (late show) + December 10 (late show)3:559."Don't You Ever Wash That Thing?"December 9 (late show) + December 10 (late show)7:0210."Cheepnis – Percussion"December 10 (late show)4:0911."Cheepnis"December 10 (late show)5:4512."I'm the Slime"December 9 (late show)4:0313."Big Swifty"December 9 (late show)8:5714."Be-Bop Tango (of the Old Jazzmen's Church)"December 9 (late show) + December 10 (late show)17:3215."End Credits: Don't Eat the Yellow Snow / Father O'Blivion" 3:32Total length:95:19 Disc One: More Tracks (DVD or Blu-ray)No.TitleSourceLength1."Pygmy Twylyte"December 10 (late show)8:352."The Idiot Bastard Son"December 10 (late show)2:273."Dickie's Such an Asshole"December 10 (late show)9:45Total length:20:48 Disc Two: Roxy The Soundtrack CDNo.TitleLength1.""Something terrible has happened...""1:202."Cosmik Debris"9:553."Penguin in Bondage"8:234."T'Mershi Duween"1:575."Dog/Meat (The Dog Breath Variations / Uncle Meat)"4:146."RDNZL"4:527."Echidna's Arf (of You)"3:558."Don't You Ever Wash That Thing?"7:039."Cheepnis - Percussion"4:0810."Cheepnis"5:4111."Be-Bop Tango (of the Old Jazzmen's Church)"17:32Total length:68:52 Personnel Frank Zappa - lead guitar, vocals, percussion Ruth Underwood - percussion Ralph Humphrey - drums, percussion George Duke - keyboards, synthesizer, vocals Tom Fowler - bass Bruce Fowler - trombone, dancing (?) Napoleon Murphy Brock - tenor sax, flute, lead vocals Chester Thompson - drums Sources A little over 21 hours of picture and sound shot in December 1973 References External links vteFrank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention album discographyOfficial releases (1966–1993)1960s Freak Out! Absolutely Free We're Only in It for the Money Lumpy Gravy Cruising with Ruben & the Jets Mothermania Uncle Meat Hot Rats 1970s Burnt Weeny Sandwich Weasels Ripped My Flesh Chunga's Revenge Fillmore East – June 1971 200 Motels Just Another Band from L.A. Waka/Jawaka The Grand Wazoo Over-Nite Sensation Apostrophe (') Roxy & Elsewhere One Size Fits All Bongo Fury Zoot Allures Zappa in New York Studio Tan Sleep Dirt Sheik Yerbouti Orchestral Favorites Joe's Garage Act I Joe's Garage Acts II & III 1980s Tinsel Town Rebellion Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar Some More Return of the Son of Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar You Are What You Is Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch The Man from Utopia Baby Snakes London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. I Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger Them or Us Thing-Fish Francesco Zappa The Old Masters, Box I Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention Does Humor Belong in Music? The Old Masters, Box II Jazz from Hell London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. II The Old Masters, Box III Guitar You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 Broadway the Hard Way You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 3 1990s The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life Make a Jazz Noise Here You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 5 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 6 Playground Psychotics Ahead of Their Time The Yellow Shark Posthumousofficial releases1990s Civilization Phaze III The Lost Episodes Läther Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute Have I Offended Someone? Mystery Disc Everything Is Healing Nicely 2000s FZ:OZ Halloween Joe's Corsage QuAUDIOPHILIAc Joe's Domage Joe's XMASage Imaginary Diseases Trance-Fusion The MOFO Project/Object (Fazedooh) The MOFO Project/Object Buffalo The Dub Room Special! Wazoo One Shot Deal Joe's Menage The Lumpy Money Project/Object Philly '76 2010s Greasy Love Songs "Congress Shall Make No Law..." Hammersmith Odeon Feeding the Monkies at Ma Maison Carnegie Hall Understanding America Road Tapes, Venue #1 Finer Moments AAAFNRAA: Baby Snakes – The Compleat Soundtrack Road Tapes, Venue #2 A Token of His Extreme Soundtrack Joe's Camouflage Roxy by Proxy Dance Me This 200 Motels: The Suites Roxy the Soundtrack Road Tapes, Venue #3 The Crux of the Biscuit Frank Zappa for President ZAPPAtite: Frank Zappa's Tastiest Tracks Meat Light: The Uncle Meat Project/Object Audio Documentary Chicago '78 Little Dots Halloween 77 The Roxy Performances Zappa in New York 40th Anniversary Orchestral Favorites 40th Anniversary Halloween 73 The Hot Rats Sessions 2020s The Mothers 1970 Halloween 81 Halloween 81 Highlights Zappa - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Zappa '88: The Last U.S. Show 200 Motels 50th Anniversary Edition The Mothers 1971 Zappa/Erie Zappa '75: Zagreb/Ljubljana Waka/Wazoo Zappa '80: Mudd Club/Munich Funky Nothingness Over-Nite Sensation 50th Anniversary Super Deluxe Edition Miscellaneous Lumpy Gravy (Primordial) The Guitar World According to Frank Zappa Beat the Boots! Beat the Boots! II Compilations The **** of the Mothers Strictly Commercial: The Best of Frank Zappa Strictly Genteel: A "Classical" Introduction to Frank Zappa Cucamonga Cheap Thrills Son of Cheep Thrills Birthday Bundle series 2006 2008 2010 2011
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2015 soundtrack album by Frank ZappaRoxy the Soundtrack is the CD companion released in the Roxy: The Movie, DVD/CD and Blu-ray/CD sets. The CD soundtrack is not sold separately.","title":"Roxy the Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roxy & Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_%26_Elsewhere"}],"text":"The film used to produce the movie was shot in 1973 using four cameras at five live shows performed on December 8, 9 and 10 (early and late shows on the 9th and 10th). What wasn't known at the time was due to a malfunction the audio and video were recorded out of sync. As John Albanian discusses in the liner notes, the problem was such that not until today's technology could the issue be painstakingly resolved.This is the third time around for the music from the Roxy shows. In 1974 Roxy & Elsewhere released some of the tracks from these shows and a few others. Then the 2014 Roxy by Proxy release made available more tracks exclusively from the December dates and all different from any on the previous release. This release represents those used in the movie, except tracks 8, 13, 14 & 16.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cosmik Debris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmik_Debris"},{"link_name":"Inca Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Roads"},{"link_name":"Cheepnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheepnis"},{"link_name":"I'm the Slime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_the_Slime"},{"link_name":"Don't Eat the Yellow Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Eat_the_Yellow_Snow_Suite"}],"text":"All songs composed by Frank ZappaDisc One: Roxy: The Movie (DVD or Blu-ray)No.TitleSourceLength1.\"\"Something Terrible Has Just Happened\" / Cosmik Debris\"December 9 (early show)11:182.\"Penguin in Bondage\"December 10 (early + late shows)7:573.\"T'Mershi Duween\"December 9 (early show)1:574.\"Dog/Meat (The Dog Breath Variations/Uncle Meat)\"December 9 (early show) / December 10 (late show)4:145.\"RDNZL\"December 9 (early show) + December 10 (early show)5:036.\"Audience Participation – RDNZL\"December 10 (early show)1:447.\"Inca Roads\"December 9 (late show)8:118.\"Echidna's Arf (of You)\"December 9 (late show) + December 10 (late show)3:559.\"Don't You Ever Wash That Thing?\"December 9 (late show) + December 10 (late show)7:0210.\"Cheepnis – Percussion\"December 10 (late show)4:0911.\"Cheepnis\"December 10 (late show)5:4512.\"I'm the Slime\"December 9 (late show)4:0313.\"Big Swifty\"December 9 (late show)8:5714.\"Be-Bop Tango (of the Old Jazzmen's Church)\"December 9 (late show) + December 10 (late show)17:3215.\"End Credits: Don't Eat the Yellow Snow / Father O'Blivion\" 3:32Total length:95:19Disc One: More Tracks (DVD or Blu-ray)No.TitleSourceLength1.\"Pygmy Twylyte\"December 10 (late show)8:352.\"The Idiot Bastard Son\"December 10 (late show)2:273.\"Dickie's Such an Asshole\"December 10 (late show)9:45Total length:20:48Disc Two: Roxy The Soundtrack CDNo.TitleLength1.\"\"Something terrible has happened...\"\"1:202.\"Cosmik Debris\"9:553.\"Penguin in Bondage\"8:234.\"T'Mershi Duween\"1:575.\"Dog/Meat (The Dog Breath Variations / Uncle Meat)\"4:146.\"RDNZL\"4:527.\"Echidna's Arf (of You)\"3:558.\"Don't You Ever Wash That Thing?\"7:039.\"Cheepnis - Percussion\"4:0810.\"Cheepnis\"5:4111.\"Be-Bop Tango (of the Old Jazzmen's Church)\"17:32Total length:68:52","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Underwood"},{"link_name":"George Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Duke"},{"link_name":"Tom Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fowler_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Murphy Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Murphy_Brock"},{"link_name":"Chester Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Thompson"}],"text":"Frank Zappa - lead guitar, vocals, percussion\nRuth Underwood - percussion\nRalph Humphrey - drums, percussion\nGeorge Duke - keyboards, synthesizer, vocals\nTom Fowler - bass\nBruce Fowler - trombone, dancing (?)\nNapoleon Murphy Brock - tenor sax, flute, lead vocals\nChester Thompson - drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A little over 21 hours of picture and sound shot in December 1973","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRW.INVEST
NRW.INVEST
["1 References","2 External links"]
Economic development agency of North Rhine-Westphalia NRW.INVEST is the economic development agency of the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). It deals with the acquisition of and support for foreign investors and the international marketing for NRW as a business location. As One-Stop-Agency for foreign investors, NRW.INVEST supports mainly international companies with their investment projects and settlements in NRW throughout the entire settlement process. NRW.INVEST maintains two subsidiaries in Japan and the United States as well as thirteen representative offices in China, India, Israel, South Korea, Poland, Russia, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The sole shareholder of NRW.INVEST is the State of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2010 the state economic development agency NRW.INVEST celebrated its 50th anniversary. When it was founded in 1960, the former “Rheinisch-Westfälische Industrieförderungsgesellschaft” was commissioned by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia to recruit new industries to succeed the crisis-stricken mining industry. The logo of the economic development agency NRW.INVEST References ^ "Ministry of Economic Affairs, Innovation, Digitization and Energy of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia | Foreign Trade". ^ NRW.INVEST Service for Investors ^ "North Rhine-Westphalia pushes investment growth in Germany". The New Economy. Retrieved 2020-05-08. ^ 1960-2010 NRW.INVEST External links North Rhine-Westphalia portal NRW.INVEST website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_3:_The_Recycler
Cyborg 3: The Recycler
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cyborg 3: The Recycler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1995 American filmCyborg 3: The RecyclerOfficial DVD coverDirected byMichael SchroederWritten byBarry VictorTroy BolotnickStraw WeismanProduced byDiane MehrezGary Jude BurkartSteve RockmaelAlexander TabriziStarringKhrystyne HajeZach GalliganMalcolm McDowellMichael Bailey SmithRebecca FerrattiCinematographyPhil ParmetEdited byBarry ZetlinMusic byKim BullardJulian RaymondDistributed byPrism Leisure CorporationWarner Vision EntertainmentRelease date December 19, 1995 (1995-12-19) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Cyborg 3: The Recycler is a 1994 American direct-to-video film and is sequel to Cyborg 2 (1993) starring Malcolm McDowell and Khrystyne Haje. Released on home video in 1995, the film is directed by Michael Schroeder. It is the third installment in the Cyborg film series. Plot The film is set in a desolate post-apocalyptic world where a once thriving age of man and cyborgs has come to an end. Cyborgs are now hunted for their parts. Cash (Haje), a female cyborg learns from Doc Edford (Margaret Avery) that she is somehow pregnant. She searches for the fabled city of Cytown to find Evans (Zach Galligan), a creator of cyborgs, to find out more about her condition. She is followed by Anton Lewellyn (Richard Lynch) and his assistant Jocko (Andrew Bryniarski). Lewellyn is able to sustain himself by hunting cyborgs for their parts. Though he has long wanted to find Cytown (the last haven for cyborgs), he becomes obsessed in getting Cash and her child. Cast Malcolm McDowell as Lord Talon Khrystyne Haje as Casella "Cash" Reese Cyborg Zach Galligan as Evans Richard Lynch as Anton Lewellyn Andrew Bryniarski as Jocko Cyborg Michael Bailey Smith as Donovan Cyborg William Katt as Decaf Cyborg Rebecca Ferratti as Elexia Cyborg Margaret Avery as Dr. Edford Raye Hollitt as Finola Cyborg Kato Kaelin as Beggar Evan Lurie as El-Sid Cyborg Bill Quinn as Hale Cyborg David McSwain as Ahab Cyborg External links Cyborg 3: The Recycler at IMDb Cyborg 3: The Recycler at AllMovie Cyborg 3: The Recycler at Rotten Tomatoes This 1990s science fiction film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1990s action film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.40_Super
.40 Super
["1 History and design","2 Ammunition and handloading","3 Current status","4 Related rounds","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Automatic pistol cartridge This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: ".40 Super" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) .40 SuperTypePistolPlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyDesigned1996ManufacturerTriton CartridgeSpecificationsParent case.45 Winchester MagnumCase typeRimless, bottleneckBullet diameter.400 in (10.2 mm)Base diameter.471 in (12.0 mm)Rim diameter.475 in (12.1 mm)Rim thickness.049 in (1.2 mm)Case length.988 in (25.1 mm)Primer typeSmall pistol magnum or small rifle magnumBallistic performance Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 135 gr (9 g) JHP 1,800 ft/s (550 m/s) 971 ft⋅lbf (1,316 J) 140 gr (9 g) Solid Cu 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) 795 ft⋅lbf (1,078 J) 200 gr (13 g) XTP 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s) 870 ft⋅lbf (1,180 J) 220 gr (14 g) WFNHCGC 1,350 ft/s (410 m/s) 890 ft⋅lbf (1,210 J) The .40 Super (10.2x25mm) is a powerful automatic pistol cartridge developed through the collaboration of Fernando Coelho and Tom Burczynski and introduced by Triton Cartridge in 1996. It delivers ballistics comparable to the .41 Magnum revolver cartridge, yet functions in standard 1911s and other full-size pistols. A 5” 1911 chambered in the cartridge is capable of penetrating 46” of Clear Ballistics gel. The cartridge never attained mainstream success, Triton Cartridge eventually suspended operations, and supplies and support for the round are now limited. History and design In 1994 Triton Cartridge, an ammunition company based in upstate NY, released a cartridge called the .45 Super. Essentially, the .45 Super is based on a .451 Detonics case trimmed to .45 ACP length. Pioneered by writers Dean Grennell and the late Tom Ferguson, the .45 Super raised the performance level for .45 ACP-chambered autos beyond that of the .45 ACP+P and even the 10mm Auto. Triton logo With the availability of the strong .45 Super cartridge case, in January 1996 Fernando Coelho (president and founder of Triton Cartridge) and Tom Burczynski (inventor of Hydra-Shok, Starfire and Quik-Shok bullets) began work on a new, more radical cartridge. Based on a .45 Super necked down to .40 caliber, the new cartridge began to take shape. Necking a .45 ACP to .40 caliber was nothing new. Before the public debut of the .40 S&W, Charles Petty, a well-known and respected writer, had already ventured into the bottleneck arena. His cartridge, called the "10mm Centaur", was based on a .45 ACP case necked to .40 caliber using 10 mm dies. Prior to that, Dean Grennell took .451 Detonics cases and necked them down to 9 mm, calling it the ".38/45 Hard Head". In 1984 J.D. Jones of SSK Industries created a wildcat based on the full length .451 Detonics Magnum case necked to hold the 170 JHP .41 caliber bullet designed for the 41 Remington Magnum. He called this wildcat the 41 Avenger. SSK offered 41 Avenger barrels with case forming and reloading dies as a kit for the Colt 1911. Petty and Tony Rumore (Tromix) were major contributors in the initial load development for Triton's new cartridge. During that time, Triton began closely examining the specific attributes of the cartridge (feed reliability, case strength, down-range ballistic performance, etc.). In order to maximize the performance potential and reliability of the new cartridge, it was decided to lengthen the cartridge case from .45 ACP (.898 in) to 10 mm (.992 in) length. By trimming .45 Winchester Magnum brass to 10 mm case length and necking them to .40 caliber, the .40 Super began to take final shape. .40 Super ammunition box Working closely with Starline Brass Company, more testing was conducted on the cartridge case. These tests led to further improvements. A small primer pocket replaced the large primer pocket. This allowed the use of small pistol magnum or small rifle primers and helped control primer flow. The final improvement came with the increased thickness of the cartridge case wall from the web area up to the beginning of the shoulder. This created a cartridge case stronger than the .45 Winchester Magnum cartridge case. The .40 Super cartridge case was designed for a balance of strength and powder capacity. To maximize bullet pull and overall feeding characteristics, the case has a neck length of .175 in. The shoulder angle is an optimum 25 degrees. The neck yields more precise bullet alignment than can be achieved using a cartridge with a shorter neck. This translates to increased accuracy. The pressure limit for factory .40 Super ammunition from Triton was 37,000 PSI, well below the strength limits of the cartridge case. The .40 Super drives a 135 grain bullet to 1,800 feet per second while generating less chamber pressure than the 9x23mm Winchester. With a 200-grain bullet, the .40 Super delivers more foot-pounds of energy at 100 yards than the .45 ACP does at the muzzle. The original plan was to market the .40 Super as the .40 SIG, the big brother to the .357 SIG. The cartridge was introduced in 1996 to Michael Bussard, the assistant to the president of SigArms, and he was interested in the cartridge for use in the P220 pistol. Safari Arms also produced a couple of barrels marked "Triton 10", presumably prior to Triton selecting the .40 Super moniker. Initial prototype .40 Super brass actually had a headstamp that read, ".45 Colt" with the second batch of prototype cases stamped "45 WinMag". Starline Brass, the manufacturer of the .40 Super cartridge case, used .45 Colt forming dies and later the 45 Win Mag dies. Ultimately the headstamp was updated to read, "Triton .40 Super" and the previous large pistol primer pocket was changed to accept small rifle and pistol primers. .40 Super case dimensions Ammunition and handloading From a reloader standpoint, there was tremendous versatility in the .40 Super. Bullet weights on the market included: 125, 135, 150, 155, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200 and 220 grains. Loads were developed with a dozen powders. Small pistol magnum or small rifle primers could be utilized. Brass was available from both Triton and Starline Brass Company. Many semi-automatic pistols can accommodate the .40 Super, especially those already chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge are the easiest to convert. This is accomplished by simply swapping out the .45 ACP barrel with the .40 Super barrel and upgrading the recoil spring system with a heavy duty spring. Existing .45 ACP magazines are utilized with no modifications. Handguns converted to .40 Super include the S&W 4506, Glock 21, Glock 30, SIG P220, FNH FNP-45, FNH FNX-45, HK USP, Tanfoglio Witness and the 1911 Government Model (and its variants). Handguns set up for the .45 Super cartridge only need a barrel swap. Handguns chambered for the .400 Cor-Bon can have their barrels rechambered to .40 Super.Gun World magazine (July 2000 ed.). 2000. Factory-chambered 1911 handguns were introduced by STI. Barrel reamers were produced by Clymer Mfg and Pacific Tool and Gauge. Barrels and conversions were available from Bar-Sto Barrels, Jarvis, Inc., Storm Lake Machine, Cylinder & Slide, Al's Custom, Inc., Morris Custom, LaRocca Gunworks, and EFK Fire Dragon. Reloading dies are available from RCBS and Redding. .40 Super ballistics comparison Current status The .40 Super cartridge lost momentum when Triton Cartridge was sold and later closed. Double Tap Ammo and Underwood Ammo still offer loaded ammunition for the .40 Super. Today brass is still available from Starline Brass Company and DoubleTap. 1911 conversion kits or barrels are no longer available as of 2013; the last known source was Bar-Sto Precision Machine. Lone Wolf Distributors and RockYourGlock still offer conversion barrels for the Glock 21 (for such conversions, the shooter must use a Glock 21 10-round single-stack magazine to ensure reliable feeding; a double-stack 13-round magazine will not feed reliably). Related rounds .45 Super .45 Winchester Magnum .45 ACP .41 Avenger .400 Corbon .357 SIG .38/.45 Clerke .38 Casull See also 10 mm caliber List of handgun cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges References ^ Gun World magazine (July 2000 ed.). 2000. ^ a b "Short History of the .451 Detonics Magnum". Z3BigDaddy. 2012-08-05. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2015-06-24. External links The Near Death of the .40 Super <link broken> 1911 Hot Rods, Guns & Ammo , Underwood Ammo .40 Super
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm"},{"link_name":"pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol"},{"link_name":".41 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Remington_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?si=c3mR7iGUjXIYTJsi&v=iCZVuUu5MuA&"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GW-1"}],"text":"The .40 Super (10.2x25mm) is a powerful automatic pistol cartridge developed through the collaboration of Fernando Coelho and Tom Burczynski and introduced by Triton Cartridge in 1996. It delivers ballistics comparable to the .41 Magnum revolver cartridge, yet functions in standard 1911s and other full-size pistols. A 5” 1911 chambered in the cartridge is capable of penetrating 46” of Clear Ballistics gel.[1]The cartridge never attained mainstream success, Triton Cartridge eventually suspended operations, and supplies and support for the round are now limited.[1]","title":".40 Super"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".45 Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_Super"},{"link_name":".451 Detonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.451_Detonics_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Detonics_.451_History-2"},{"link_name":"10mm Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10mm_Auto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triton_Logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Detonics_.451_History-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_.40_Super.jpg"},{"link_name":"9x23mm Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9x23mm_Winchester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:40_Super_Case_Dimensions.jpg"}],"text":"In 1994 Triton Cartridge, an ammunition company based in upstate NY, released a cartridge called the .45 Super. Essentially, the .45 Super is based on a .451 Detonics[2] case trimmed to .45 ACP length. Pioneered by writers Dean Grennell and the late Tom Ferguson, the .45 Super raised the performance level for .45 ACP-chambered autos beyond that of the .45 ACP+P and even the 10mm Auto.Triton logoWith the availability of the strong .45 Super cartridge case, in January 1996 Fernando Coelho (president and founder of Triton Cartridge) and Tom Burczynski (inventor of Hydra-Shok, Starfire and Quik-Shok bullets) began work on a new, more radical cartridge. Based on a .45 Super necked down to .40 caliber, the new cartridge began to take shape.Necking a .45 ACP to .40 caliber was nothing new. Before the public debut of the .40 S&W, Charles Petty, a well-known and respected writer, had already ventured into the bottleneck arena. His cartridge, called the \"10mm Centaur\", was based on a .45 ACP case necked to .40 caliber using 10 mm dies. Prior to that, Dean Grennell took .451[2] Detonics cases and necked them down to \n9 mm, calling it the \".38/45 Hard Head\".\nIn 1984 J.D. Jones of SSK Industries created a wildcat based on the full length .451 Detonics Magnum case necked to hold the 170 JHP .41 caliber bullet designed for the 41 Remington Magnum. He called this wildcat the 41 Avenger. SSK offered 41 Avenger barrels with case forming and reloading dies as a kit for the Colt 1911.Petty and Tony Rumore (Tromix) were major contributors in the initial load development for Triton's new cartridge. During that time, Triton began closely examining the specific attributes of the cartridge (feed reliability, case strength, down-range ballistic performance, etc.). In order to maximize the performance potential and reliability of the new cartridge, it was decided to lengthen the cartridge case from .45 ACP (.898 in) to 10 mm (.992 in) length. By trimming .45 Winchester Magnum brass to 10 mm case length and necking them to .40 caliber, the .40 Super began to take final shape..40 Super ammunition boxWorking closely with Starline Brass Company, more testing was conducted on the cartridge case. These tests led to further improvements. A small primer pocket replaced the large primer pocket. This allowed the use of small pistol magnum or small rifle primers and helped control primer flow. The final improvement came with the increased thickness of the cartridge case wall from the web area up to the beginning of the shoulder. This created a cartridge case stronger than the .45 Winchester Magnum cartridge case.The .40 Super cartridge case was designed for a balance of strength and powder capacity. To maximize bullet pull and overall feeding characteristics, the case has a neck length of .175 in. The shoulder angle is an optimum 25 degrees. The neck yields more precise bullet alignment than can be achieved using a cartridge with a shorter neck. This translates to increased accuracy. The pressure limit for factory .40 Super ammunition from Triton was 37,000 PSI, well below the strength limits of the cartridge case.The .40 Super drives a 135 grain bullet to 1,800 feet per second while generating less chamber pressure than the 9x23mm Winchester. With a 200-grain bullet, the .40 Super delivers more foot-pounds of energy at 100 yards than the .45 ACP does at the muzzle.The original plan was to market the .40 Super as the .40 SIG, the big brother to the .357 SIG. The cartridge was introduced in 1996 to Michael Bussard, the assistant to the president of SigArms, and he was interested in the cartridge for use in the P220 pistol. Safari Arms also produced a couple of barrels marked \"Triton 10\", presumably prior to Triton selecting the .40 Super moniker.Initial prototype .40 Super brass actually had a headstamp that read, \".45 Colt\" with the second batch of prototype cases stamped \"45 WinMag\". Starline Brass, the manufacturer of the .40 Super cartridge case, used .45 Colt forming dies and later the 45 Win Mag dies. Ultimately the headstamp was updated to read, \"Triton .40 Super\" and the previous large pistol primer pocket was changed to accept small rifle and pistol primers..40 Super case dimensions","title":"History and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:40_Super_Ballistics.jpg"}],"text":"From a reloader standpoint, there was tremendous versatility in the .40 Super. Bullet weights on the market included: 125, 135, 150, 155, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200 and 220 grains. Loads were developed with a dozen powders. Small pistol magnum or small rifle primers could be utilized. Brass was available from both Triton and Starline Brass Company.Many semi-automatic pistols can accommodate the .40 Super, especially those already chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge are the easiest to convert. This is accomplished by simply swapping out the .45 ACP barrel with the .40 Super barrel and upgrading the recoil spring system with a heavy duty spring. Existing .45 ACP magazines are utilized with no modifications.Handguns converted to .40 Super include the S&W 4506, Glock 21, Glock 30, SIG P220, FNH FNP-45, FNH FNX-45, HK USP, Tanfoglio Witness and the 1911 Government Model (and its variants). Handguns set up for the .45 Super cartridge only need a barrel swap. Handguns chambered for the .400 Cor-Bon can have their barrels rechambered to .40 Super.Gun World magazine (July 2000 ed.). 2000.Factory-chambered 1911 handguns were introduced by STI. Barrel reamers were produced by Clymer Mfg and Pacific Tool and Gauge. Barrels and conversions were available from Bar-Sto Barrels, Jarvis, Inc., Storm Lake Machine, Cylinder & Slide, Al's Custom, Inc., Morris Custom, LaRocca Gunworks, and EFK Fire Dragon. Reloading dies are available from RCBS and Redding..40 Super ballistics comparison","title":"Ammunition and handloading"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The .40 Super cartridge lost momentum when Triton Cartridge was sold and later closed. Double Tap Ammo and Underwood Ammo still offer loaded ammunition for the .40 Super. Today brass is still available from Starline Brass Company and DoubleTap. 1911 conversion kits or barrels are no longer available as of 2013; the last known source was Bar-Sto Precision Machine. Lone Wolf Distributors and RockYourGlock still offer conversion barrels for the Glock 21 (for such conversions, the shooter must use a Glock 21 10-round single-stack magazine to ensure reliable feeding; a double-stack 13-round magazine will not feed reliably).","title":"Current status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".45 Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_Super"},{"link_name":".45 Winchester Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_Winchester_Magnum"},{"link_name":".45 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.45_ACP"},{"link_name":".41 Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.41_Avenger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".400 Corbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.400_Corbon"},{"link_name":".357 SIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.357_SIG"},{"link_name":".38/.45 Clerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.38/.45_Clerke"},{"link_name":".38 Casull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.38_Casull&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":".45 Super\n.45 Winchester Magnum\n.45 ACP\n.41 Avenger\n.400 Corbon\n.357 SIG\n.38/.45 Clerke\n.38 Casull","title":"Related rounds"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rex_Flag
George Rex Flag
["1 Background","2 Gallery","3 References"]
Protest flag used in the Province of New York at the start of the American Revolutionary War The accepted version of the George Rex Flag as described by several sources The George Rex Flag was a protest flag used in the Province of New York at the start of the American Revolutionary War. The flag was adopted following the passage of the Quebec Act 1774 whereby French Canadian Roman Catholics were granted emancipation and Roman Catholicism was adopted as the state church of the Province of Quebec. Though it is not known exactly what the design of the flag was, the commonly accepted version consisted of either an altered Red Ensign or Blue Ensign with the words "George III Rex (Latin: King) and the Defender of the Liberties of America. No Popery". Background The Province of New York had the Church of England as the established church in the colony. Following the passage of the Quebec Act granting Catholic emancipation and freedom of religion to Catholics in Quebec at the start of the American Revolutionary War, New Yorkers were angry about it, as they feared it would spread Catholicism around British North America, particularly in the Anglican colonies. American Patriot organisations as a result designed the George Rex Flag as a symbol of protest against the act and Catholicism. They raised it on a liberty pole in the centre of New York at a meeting outside the New York Royal Exchange before spreading throughout the colony. A number of British Army officers and customs officers happened upon the meeting, but it continued peacefully after the meaning of the meeting and the George Rex Flag was explained to them. The flag was also flown from the Liberty Tree on Boston Common. The flag's design came from the New York colonists stating loyalty to King George III, who, as Supreme Governor of the Church of England, had expressed concern about Catholic Emancipation as a violation of his coronation oath. New York patriots viewed the monarchy as a symbol of unification initially until the Battle of Lexington, when people such as Isaac Low made claims that the King had violated his oath by allowing Catholicism in Quebec to try breaking the New York citizenry's loyalty to the crown. Despite this, the flag was then adopted as the unofficial flag of the Province of New York during the war on those grounds. This continued until 1777 when George Washington and the Continental Congress adopted the Grand Union Flag to use as a unified flag for all of the states involved. Gallery Blue version Reverse Red version Reverse References ^ a b "American Revolutionary War Flags". Loeser.us. Retrieved 2016-08-08. ^ a b c Duncan, Jason (2005). Citizens Or Papists?: The Politics of Anti-Catholicism in New York, 1685–1821. Fordham University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0823225127. ^ Griffin, Martin (1907). The American Catholic Historical Researches. Vol. 24. M.I.J. Griffin. p. 151. ^ "New York to Pennsylvania 1664–1744". San.beck.org. Retrieved 2016-08-08. ^ a b Metzger, Charles (1961). Catholics and the American Revolution: A Study in Religious Climate. Loyola University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9781258177744. ^ Hamilton, Schuyler (1853). History of the national flag of the United States of America. Lippincott, Grambo, and Co. p. 52. ^ Moore, Frank (1860). Diary of the American Revolution: From Newspapers and Original Documents, Volume 1. C. Scribner. pp. 35–36. ^ Allen, Frederick (1873). "Harper's Magazine". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 43. Harper's Magazine Company: 179. ISSN 0017-789X. ^ Stanley, Ayling (1972). George the Third. London: Collins. p. 411. ISBN 0-00-211412-7. ^ "The Pine Tree Flag Falls to the Stars and Stripes". New England Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Union_Flag_(1775).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIAV_reconstructed.svg"},{"link_name":"Province of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Quebec Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Act"},{"link_name":"French Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"state church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion#State_churches"},{"link_name":"Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)"},{"link_name":"altered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(flag)"},{"link_name":"Red Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ensign"},{"link_name":"Blue Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ensign"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"No Popery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loe-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papist-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The accepted version of the George Rex Flag as described by several sourcesThe George Rex Flag was a protest flag used in the Province of New York at the start of the American Revolutionary War. The flag was adopted following the passage of the Quebec Act 1774 whereby French Canadian Roman Catholics were granted emancipation and Roman Catholicism was adopted as the state church of the Province of Quebec. Though it is not known exactly what the design of the flag was, the commonly accepted version consisted of either an altered Red Ensign or Blue Ensign with the words \"George III Rex (Latin: King) and the Defender of the Liberties of America. No Popery\".[1][2][3]","title":"George Rex Flag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"established church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Catholic emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_emancipation"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met-5"},{"link_name":"American Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papist-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met-5"},{"link_name":"liberty pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_pole"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Liberty Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tree"},{"link_name":"Boston Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Supreme Governor of the Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"coronation oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office#Coronation_Oath"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"Isaac Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Low"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papist-2"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Grand Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loe-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Province of New York had the Church of England as the established church in the colony.[4] Following the passage of the Quebec Act granting Catholic emancipation and freedom of religion to Catholics in Quebec at the start of the American Revolutionary War, New Yorkers were angry about it, as they feared it would spread Catholicism around British North America, particularly in the Anglican colonies.[5] American Patriot organisations as a result designed the George Rex Flag as a symbol of protest against the act and Catholicism.[2][5] They raised it on a liberty pole in the centre of New York at a meeting outside the New York Royal Exchange before spreading throughout the colony.[6] A number of British Army officers and customs officers happened upon the meeting, but it continued peacefully after the meaning of the meeting and the George Rex Flag was explained to them.[7] The flag was also flown from the Liberty Tree on Boston Common.[8]The flag's design came from the New York colonists stating loyalty to King George III, who, as Supreme Governor of the Church of England, had expressed concern about Catholic Emancipation as a violation of his coronation oath.[9] New York patriots viewed the monarchy as a symbol of unification initially until the Battle of Lexington, when people such as Isaac Low made claims that the King had violated his oath by allowing Catholicism in Quebec to try breaking the New York citizenry's loyalty to the crown.[2] Despite this, the flag was then adopted as the unofficial flag of the Province of New York during the war on those grounds. This continued until 1777 when George Washington and the Continental Congress adopted the Grand Union Flag to use as a unified flag for all of the states involved.[1][10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Union_Flag_(1775).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Union_Flag_(1775)_reverse.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Rex_flag.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Rex_flag_reverse.svg"}],"text":"Blue version\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReverse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRed version\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReverse","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":" The accepted version of the George Rex Flag as described by several sources","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/New_York_Union_Flag_%281775%29.svg/220px-New_York_Union_Flag_%281775%29.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"American Revolutionary War Flags\". Loeser.us. Retrieved 2016-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loeser.us/flags/revolution.html","url_text":"\"American Revolutionary War Flags\""}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Jason (2005). Citizens Or Papists?: The Politics of Anti-Catholicism in New York, 1685–1821. Fordham University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0823225127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823225127","url_text":"0823225127"}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Martin (1907). The American Catholic Historical Researches. Vol. 24. M.I.J. Griffin. p. 151.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New York to Pennsylvania 1664–1744\". San.beck.org. Retrieved 2016-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.san.beck.org/11-8-NYtoPenn1664-1744.html","url_text":"\"New York to Pennsylvania 1664–1744\""}]},{"reference":"Metzger, Charles (1961). Catholics and the American Revolution: A Study in Religious Climate. Loyola University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9781258177744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781258177744","url_text":"9781258177744"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Schuyler (1853). History of the national flag of the United States of America. Lippincott, Grambo, and Co. p. 52.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historynational01schugoog","url_text":"History of the national flag of the United States of America"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historynational01schugoog/page/n58","url_text":"52"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Frank (1860). Diary of the American Revolution: From Newspapers and Original Documents, Volume 1. C. Scribner. pp. 35–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Allen, Frederick (1873). \"Harper's Magazine\". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 43. Harper's Magazine Company: 179. ISSN 0017-789X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-789X","url_text":"0017-789X"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Ayling (1972). George the Third. London: Collins. p. 411. ISBN 0-00-211412-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgethird0000ayli/page/411","url_text":"George the Third"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgethird0000ayli/page/411","url_text":"411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-211412-7","url_text":"0-00-211412-7"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pine Tree Flag Falls to the Stars and Stripes\". New England Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/pine-tree-flag-falls-stars-stripes/","url_text":"\"The Pine Tree Flag Falls to the Stars and Stripes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guomao_Building
Guomao Building
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 22°32′35″N 114°06′53″E / 22.543038°N 114.114662°E / 22.543038; 114.114662This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Guomao Building" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Skyscraper in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Guomao Building国贸大厦The Guomao Building, Shenzhen in February 2021Alternative namesInternational Trade CentreRecord heightTallest in China from December 29, 1985 to 1987Preceded byBaiyun HotelSurpassed byShenzhen Development CenterGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeSkyscraperTown or cityShenzhenCountryChinaConstruction startedNovember 1, 1982CompletedDecember 29, 1985Height160 m (524.9 ft)Technical detailsFloor count50 Guomao BuildingSimplified Chinese国贸大厦Traditional Chinese國貿大廈Literal meaningInternational Trade Centre BuildingTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuómào DàshàYue: CantoneseJyutpinggwok3 mau6 daai6 haa6 The Guomao Building (Chinese: 国贸大厦, otherwise known as International Foreign Trade Centre) is an office tower and one of the earliest skyscrapers in Shenzhen, China. Its fast construction process was termed the "Shenzhen speed". Located at the junction of Jiabin Road and Renmin South Road, Luohu District, the building stands 160 metres tall and consists of 50 floors. Construction started on 1 November 1982 and was completed 37 months later on December 29, 1985. This earned the city's rapid development the nickname "Shenzhen Speed". It was the tallest building in China upon completion. The building stands on a slot of 20,000 square metres and a built-up floor area of 100,000 square metres. It consists mainly of office space (floors 5-43, except 24) but features a revolving restaurant at the 48th and 49th floor and a helipad atop the building. The first five floors are retail spaces. See also Shenzhen speed List of tallest buildings in Shenzhen Guomao station, the Shenzhen Metro station serving and named after the building References ^ "深圳30年：深圳国贸大厦". Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ Christopher, DeWolf. "Construction in China's 'skyscraper capital' shows little sign of slowing". CNN. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ "建筑新网：三天一层楼！"深圳速度"书写"中国奇迹"". www.jzsbs.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ "深圳国贸大厦三天盖一楼 述说"深圳速度"(图)". Retrieved 10 September 2016. 22°32′35″N 114°06′53″E / 22.543038°N 114.114662°E / 22.543038; 114.114662 vteLuohu DistrictGeography Wutong Mountain Areas Huangbei Guiyuan Dongmen Subd. Dongmen Cuizhu Dongxiao Nanhu Sungang Donghu Liantang Qingshuihe Schools Luohu Foreign Languages School Shenzhen Middle School Landmarks Fairy Lake Botanical Garden Hongfa Temple Guomao Building Luohu Commercial City People's Park Shenzhen Museum (Dongjiang River Guerrilla Command Headquarters Memorial Museum) Shun Hing Square Border crossings Luohu Port Wenjindu Port China Railway stations Shenzhen Shenzhen Metrostations Buxin Caopu Cuizhu Grand Theater Guomao Honghu Hongling Hongling North Hongling South Huangbeiling Hubei Laojie Liantang Liantang Checkpoint Ludancun Luohu (for railway station) Luohu North Nigang Renmin South Shaibu Shuibei Sungang Tai'an Tianbei Wenjin Wutong Mountain South Xianhu Road Xiangxicun Xinxiu Yijing Yinhu Yuanling This list is incomplete. vteShenzhenAdministrative divisions Luohu Futian Nanshan Qianhai Yantian Bao'an Longgang Dapeng Longhua Pingshan Guangming Defunct divisions Bao'an County Notable visitor attractionsTheme parks Overseas Chinese Town China Folk Culture Village Window of the World Happy Valley Splendid China OCT East Minsk World (closed) Commercial areas Dongmen Huaqiangbei Shekou (Sea World) Coastal City OCT Bay COCO Park Yitian Holiday Plaza Public buildingsand museums Civic Center Convention and Exhibition Center Shenzhen Museum Shenzhen Cultural Center He Xiangning Art Museum Nantou Ancient City Museum Historicsettlements Shenzhen Market Dapeng Fortress Nantou Chiwan Chung Ying Street Mountainsand beaches Xichong Yangmeikeng Dameisha Beach Fenghuang Mountain Wutong Mountain Qiniangshan Nanshan Public Parks List of parks in Shenzhen Education Hong Kong Chinese Tianjin University–Georgia Tech Harbin Technology Peking HSBC Peking Information Technology Beijing Technology–Moscow State Poly Radio and TV Technology Shenzhen Southern Science and Technology Tsinghua Transport Bao'an Airport Shenzhen railway station Shenzhen North station Shenzhen East railway station Shenzhen West railway station Shenzhen Pingshan railway station Futian station Guangmingcheng railway station Pinghu railway station Shenzhen Metro List of stations Shenzhen Tram Shenzhen Bus Shekou Cruise Center Shekou Ferry Terminal (closed) Fuyong Ferry Terminal Port of Shenzhen (Container Port) Ports of entryconnecting Hong Kong Shenzhen Bay Luohu Futian Huanggang Wenjindu Shatoujiao Liantang Notable businesses BYD China Merchants Bank China Nepstar China Resources Beverage Coolpad Group DJI Huawei Konka Mindray OnePlus Ping An Insurance SF Express Shenzhen Capital Group Shenzhen HTI Group Skyworth Tencent Vanke Xunlei ZTE Notable skyscrapers Ping An Finance Centre KK100 China Resources Headquarters Shun Hing Square SEG Plaza Hanking Center East Pacific Center One Shenzhen Bay Heung Kong Tower CFC Tower NEO Tower Shenzhen Special Zone Press Tower China Merchants Bank Tower Shenzhen Broadcasting Center Building Shenzhen Stock Exchange Guomao Building Bay Glory Sports venues Shenzhen Bao'an Shenzhen Bay Universiade Major roads Shennan Binhai Beihuan Geography List of lakes and reservoirs in Shenzhen List of islands in Shenzhen Literature Learning from Shenzhen Shenzhen: A Travelogue from China The Shenzhen Experiment Shenzheners Category Commons vteSkyscrapers in Shenzhen List of tallest buildings in Shenzhen Baoneng Center Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China Chuneng Tower China Merchants Bank Tower China Resources Headquarters East Pacific Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Guomao Building Hanking Center Heung Kong Tower Hon Kwok City Center Jiangsu Tower KK100 New World Center One Shenzhen Bay Panglin Plaza Ping An Finance Centre SEG Plaza Shenzhen Special Zone Press Tower Shenzhen Stock Exchange Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 Shun Hing Square Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center This article about a building or structure in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Shenzhen-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_speed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Luohu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luohu_District"},{"link_name":"tallest building in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"revolving restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_restaurant"},{"link_name":"helipad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipad"}],"text":"Skyscraper in Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaThe Guomao Building (Chinese: 国贸大厦, otherwise known as International Foreign Trade Centre) is an office tower and one of the earliest skyscrapers in Shenzhen, China.[1] Its fast construction process was termed the \"Shenzhen speed\".[2][3]Located at the junction of Jiabin Road and Renmin South Road, Luohu District, the building stands 160 metres tall and consists of 50 floors. Construction started on 1 November 1982 and was completed 37 months later on December 29, 1985. This earned the city's rapid development the nickname \"Shenzhen Speed\". It was the tallest building in China upon completion.[4]The building stands on a slot of 20,000 square metres and a built-up floor area of 100,000 square metres. It consists mainly of office space (floors 5-43, except 24) but features a revolving restaurant at the 48th and 49th floor and a helipad atop the building. The first five floors are retail spaces.","title":"Guomao Building"}]
[]
[{"title":"Shenzhen speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_speed"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Shenzhen"},{"title":"Guomao station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guomao_station_(Shenzhen_Metro)"},{"title":"Shenzhen Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro"}]
[{"reference":"\"深圳30年：深圳国贸大厦\". Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.qq.com/a/20100601/001216.htm","url_text":"\"深圳30年：深圳国贸大厦\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher, DeWolf. \"Construction in China's 'skyscraper capital' shows little sign of slowing\". CNN. Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/style/article/shenzhen-skyscraper/index.html","url_text":"\"Construction in China's 'skyscraper capital' shows little sign of slowing\""}]},{"reference":"\"建筑新网：三天一层楼！\"深圳速度\"书写\"中国奇迹\"\". www.jzsbs.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001223245/http://jzsbs.com/index.php/Home/Index/detail?id=10963","url_text":"\"建筑新网：三天一层楼！\"深圳速度\"书写\"中国奇迹\"\""},{"url":"http://www.jzsbs.com/index.php/Home/Index/detail?id=10963","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"深圳国贸大厦三天盖一楼 述说\"深圳速度\"(图)\". Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sohu.com/20100906/n274734484.shtml","url_text":"\"深圳国贸大厦三天盖一楼 述说\"深圳速度\"(图)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspirator_(1949_film)
Conspirator (1949 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Box Office","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1949 film by Victor Saville ConspiratorTheatrical release posterDirected byVictor SavilleWritten bySally BensonGerard FairlieScreenplay bySally BensonBased onConspirator1948 novelby Humphrey SlaterProduced byArthur Hornblow Jr.Starring Robert Taylor Elizabeth Taylor CinematographyFreddie YoungEdited byFrank ClarkeMusic byJohn WooldridgeProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byLoew's Inc.Release dates 9 December 1949 (1949-12-09) (UK) 24 March 1950 (1950-03-24) (USA) Running time87 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget$1,832,000Box office$1,591,000 Conspirator is a 1949 British film noir, suspense, espionage, and thriller film directed by Victor Saville and starring Robert Taylor and Elizabeth Taylor. Based on the 1948 novel Conspirator by Humphrey Slater, the film is about a beautiful 18-year-old American woman who meets and falls in love with one of a British Guards, an officer who turns out to be a spy for the Soviet Union. After they are married, she discovers his true identity and forces him to choose between his marriage and his ideology. When his Soviet handlers order him to murder his young American wife, he is faced with the ultimate choice. The film was made for distribution by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Plot This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) While visiting England, 18 year old Melinda Greyton (Elizabeth Taylor) attends a Regimental Ball where she meets handsome Major Michael Curragh (Robert Taylor). The attraction is mutual and a whirlwind courtship follows. After the honeymoon is over the young bride finds out her husband is actually a Russian spy. She is frantic and cannot understand. After much discussion Michael decides to give up that life, but soon discovers the party orders him to kill his wife. Cast Robert Taylor as Major Michael Curragh Elizabeth Taylor as Melinda Greyton Robert Flemyng as Captain Hugh Ladholme Harold Warrender as Colonel Hammerbrook Honor Blackman as Joyce Marjorie Fielding as Aunt Jessica Thora Hird as Broaders Wilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Pennistone Marie Ney as Lady Pennistone Jack Allen as Raglan Helen Haye as Lady Witheringham Cicely Paget-Bowman as Mrs. Hammerbrook Karel Stepanek as Radek Nicholas Bruce as Alek Cyril Smith as Detective Inspector Janette Scott as Coupie, Aunt Jessica's grandchild (uncredited) Production The producers were careful to cut mentions in the film of the British traitors during the Second World War, such as John Amery and Norman Baillie-Stewart, out of fear of litigation by their families. An indirect mention of Baillie-Stewart remained in the film, however, with him being referred to not by name but simply as "that fellow in the Tower". The plot of the film also bore some similarities to the later case of the Cambridge Spies, including Donald MacLean. Reception The film created some controversy over the age difference between Robert Taylor, who was in his late 30s, and Elizabeth Taylor, who was 16 at the time of production. When "Melinda" is asked her age by "Aunt Jessica", Elizabeth Taylor's voice says "18", but her lips say "16". Box Office According to MGM records, the film earned $859,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $732,000 overseas, resulting in a loss to the studio of $804,000. See also List of British films of 1949 References ^ a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study. ^ Walker 1991, p.78–79. Additional sources Walker, Alexander (1991). Elizabeth: The Life of Elizabeth Taylor. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802113351. External links Conspirator at IMDb Conspirator at the TCM Movie Database Conspirator at AllMovie Conspirator at the British Film Institute Conspirator at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Victor Saville The Arcadians (1927) Tesha (1928) Kitty (1929) Woman to Woman (1929) The W Plan (1930) A Warm Corner (1930) The Sport of Kings (1931) Hindle Wakes (1931) Michael and Mary (1931) Sunshine Susie (1931) The Faithful Heart (1932) Love on Wheels (1932) The Good Companions (1933) I Was a Spy (1933) Friday the Thirteenth (1933) Evergreen (1934) Evensong (1934) The Iron Duke (1934) The Dictator (1935) Me and Marlborough (1935) First a Girl (1935) It's Love Again (1936) Action for Slander (1937) Dark Journey (1937) Storm in a Teacup (1937) South Riding (1938) The Earl of Chicago (1940) Forever and a Day (1943) Tonight and Every Night (1945) The Green Years (1946) Green Dolphin Street (1947) Desire Me (1947) If Winter Comes (1947) Conspirator (1949) Kim (1950) Calling Bulldog Drummond (1951) 24 Hours of a Woman's Life (1952) The Long Wait (1954) The Silver Chalice (1954) My Gun Is Quick (1957) This article related to a British film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1940s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Based on the 1948 novel Conspirator by Humphrey Slater, the film is about a beautiful 18-year-old American woman who meets and falls in love with one of a British Guards, an officer who turns out to be a spy for the Soviet Union. After they are married, she discovers his true identity and forces him to choose between his marriage and his ideology. When his Soviet handlers order him to murder his young American wife, he is faced with the ultimate choice. The film was made for distribution by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.","title":"Conspirator (1949 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"While visiting England, 18 year old Melinda Greyton (Elizabeth Taylor) attends a Regimental Ball where she meets handsome Major Michael Curragh (Robert Taylor). The attraction is mutual and a whirlwind courtship follows.After the honeymoon is over the young bride finds out her husband is actually a Russian spy. She is frantic and cannot understand. After much discussion Michael decides to give up that life, but soon discovers the party orders him to kill his wife.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Robert Flemyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Flemyng"},{"link_name":"Harold Warrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Warrender"},{"link_name":"Honor Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Blackman"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Fielding"},{"link_name":"Thora Hird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora_Hird"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Hyde-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Hyde-White"},{"link_name":"Marie Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Ney"},{"link_name":"Jack Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Allen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Helen Haye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Haye"},{"link_name":"Karel Stepanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Stepanek"},{"link_name":"Cyril Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Janette Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janette_Scott"}],"text":"Robert Taylor as Major Michael Curragh\nElizabeth Taylor as Melinda Greyton\nRobert Flemyng as Captain Hugh Ladholme\nHarold Warrender as Colonel Hammerbrook\nHonor Blackman as Joyce\nMarjorie Fielding as Aunt Jessica\nThora Hird as Broaders\nWilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Pennistone\nMarie Ney as Lady Pennistone\nJack Allen as Raglan\nHelen Haye as Lady Witheringham\nCicely Paget-Bowman as Mrs. Hammerbrook\nKarel Stepanek as Radek\nNicholas Bruce as Alek\nCyril Smith as Detective Inspector\nJanette Scott as Coupie, Aunt Jessica's grandchild (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"John Amery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amery"},{"link_name":"Norman Baillie-Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Baillie-Stewart"},{"link_name":"litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Spies"},{"link_name":"Donald MacLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)"}],"text":"The producers were careful to cut mentions in the film of the British traitors during the Second World War, such as John Amery and Norman Baillie-Stewart, out of fear of litigation by their families.[2] An indirect mention of Baillie-Stewart remained in the film, however, with him being referred to not by name but simply as \"that fellow in the Tower\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbly
Bubbly
["1 Background and composition","2 Reception","2.1 Critical response","2.2 Commercial performance","3 Music video","3.1 Synopsis","3.2 Reception","4 Track listings","5 Personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","6.3 Decade-end charts","6.4 All-time charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 See also","10 References"]
2007 single by Colbie Caillat This article is about the Colbie Caillat song. For the form of bubbles, see Bubble (physics). For the social network, see Bubbly (social network). For the 2021 single by Young Thug, Drake and Travis Scott, see Bubbly (Young Thug, Drake and Travis Scott song). "Bubbly" is also an informal term for champagne and an extrovert personality. "Bubbly"Single by Colbie Caillatfrom the album Coco B-side"Circles""Magic" (piano version)ReleasedMay 15, 2007 (2007-05-15)Length3:17LabelUniversal RepublicSongwriter(s)Colbie CaillatJason ReevesProducer(s)Mikal BlueColbie Caillat singles chronology "Bubbly" (2007) "Mistletoe" (2007) "Bubbly" is the debut single of American singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat from her first album, Coco (2007). Written by Caillat and Jason Reeves and produced by Mikal Blue, the song was released as the album's lead single on May 15, 2007. "Bubbly" is Caillat's only song to peak within the top ten of US Billboard Hot 100; it remains her highest-charting song. Internationally, "Bubbly" reached number one in Australia, Brazil, and the Czech Republic. It also became a top-10 hit in several European countries, including Belgium, Germany, and Norway. The song's music video, directed by Liz Friedlander, aired on MTV, VH1 and CMT. A still from the music video was used as the cover for Caillat's debut album, Coco. Background and composition "Bubbly" A 25-second sample from Colbie Caillat's "Bubbly". Problems playing this file? See media help. "Bubbly" was written by Colbie Caillat and Jason Reeves. It is written in the key of A and primarily features a gentle guitar instrumentation which uses a capo of seventh fret. The guitar uses open D tuning (low to high): D–A–D–F♯–A–D. Caillat's vocal range spans from E3 to F♯4. Caillat commented on the lyrical composition of the song in an interview with Wilson County News on February 20, 2008, following her live performance on The View, "I didn't write "Bubbly" for any guy. I wrote it about the feelings you get when you have a crush on somebody, and when they give you butterflies in your stomach and they just make you smile." Reception Critical response Susan Visakowitz of Billboard wrote that Caillat's "warm vocals along with a gentle acoustic arrangement effortlessly conjure the idyllic California she calls home". Commercial performance On the issue dated October 6, 2007, "Bubbly" rose from number 16 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually peaking at number five for seven non-consecutive weeks. It also topped the Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 charts for 19 and 14 weeks, respectively. The song was placed at number two on the Adult Contemporary year-end chart of 2008, behind Sara Bareilles' "Love Song". The single was certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on August 18, 2023, with sales of more than 2.6 million downloads in the US. It peaked at number two for three weeks on the Canadian Hot 100. In Australia—where "Bubbly" was used in a promotional video for the Seven Network soap opera Home and Away—it reached number one on the ARIA Singles Chart for the week of April 7, 2008. Elsewhere, the single reached number one in the Czech Republic and charted within the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia, and Sweden. It did not fare as well in the British Isles, peaking at number 58 in the United Kingdom and number 48 in Ireland. On VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '00s, "Bubbly" ranked number 71 on the list. Music video Synopsis "It was just about being by the beach and having a wonderful day with a person you like. It captures that whole feeling." — Colbie Caillat in an interview with Wilson Country News, describing how the music video for "Bubbly" relates to the overall theme of the song. Filmed in Colbie Caillat's hometown of Malibu and in Santa Barbara in southern California, the music video features intercut scenes of Caillat playing the guitar while dreamily singing the lyrics of the song and spending time with her lover in their home and out in nature. It is a sunny day, and some shots feature Caillat in fields as she sings. Later in the video, Caillat drives in an old Bronco and then is pictured singing as she walks slowly along the coast of California and looks out over a cliff into the Pacific Ocean. Caillat performs clad in a simple tank top and jeans which are slightly ripped at the knees; she is also barefoot and wearing a necklace made of sea shells. Reception Uploaded to Caillat's YouTube and Vevo account on December 13, 2009, the video for "Bubbly" has received a generally positive reaction from fans and has garnered over 125 million views. Track listings Australian CD single "Bubbly" – 3:17 "Circles" – 3:53 "Magic" (piano version) – 3:18 "Bubbly" (video) – 3:25 UK CD single "Bubbly" – 3:17 "Circles" – 3:53 European CD single "Bubbly" – 2:53 "Magic" (piano version) – 3:18 Personnel Colbie Caillat – vocals Mikal Blue – acoustic guitar, bass, synthesizer, production, engineering, mixing Jaco Caraco – electric guitar Victor Indrizzo – drums Ken Caillat – mixing Doug Sax – mastering Charts Weekly charts Chart (2007–2008) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 1 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 6 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 2 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 9 Brazil (Crowley) 1 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 2 Canada AC (Billboard) 1 Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard) 7 Canada Hot AC (Billboard) 1 Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) 1 Denmark (Tracklisten) 6 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 32 French Digital Singles (SNEP) 6 Germany (Official German Charts) 10 Germany Airplay (BVMI) 2 Ireland (IRMA) 48 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 3 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 5 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 3 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 6 Norway (VG-lista) 2 Poland (Polish Airplay Charts) 5 Portugal Digital Songs (Billboard) 1 Scotland (OCC) 49 Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) 6 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 6 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 11 UK Singles (OCC) 58 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard) 1 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 1 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 1 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 2 US Pop 100 (Billboard) 2 Year-end charts Chart (2007) Position Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 65 Brazil (Crowley) 95 Germany (Official German Charts) 67 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 32 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 64 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 35 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 23 US Pop 100 (Billboard) 59 Chart (2008) Position Australia (ARIA) 24 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 8 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 30 Brazil (Crowley) 46 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 18 Canada AC (Billboard) 2 French Digital Singles (SNEP) 28 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 57 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 6 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 18 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 70 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 77 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 2 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 14 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 37 US Pop 100 (Billboard) 46 Decade-end charts Chart (2000–2009) Position US Billboard Hot 100 79 All-time charts Chart Position US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 12 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 6× Platinum 420,000‡ Belgium (BEA) Gold 25,000* Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) 3× Platinum 180,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Platinum 90,000‡ Germany (BVMI) Gold 150,000‡ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500* United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 400,000‡ United States (RIAA) 6× Platinum 6,000,000‡ * Sales figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format Label Ref. United States May 15, 2007 Digital download Universal Republic June 19, 2007 Contemporary hit radio July 24, 2007 Australia February 25, 2008 CD See also List of Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks number-one singles of 2007 List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2008 List of number-one singles of 2008 (Australia) References ^ "Bubbly (acoustic)". e-chords.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014. ^ ""Bubbly" By Colbie Caillat - Digital Sheet Music". musicnotes.com/. Retrieved August 3, 2014. ^ a b c "'Bubbly' girl: Singer Colbie Caillat talks". Wilson County News. February 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014. ^ Visakowitz, Susan (June 23, 2007). "The Billboard Reviews: Singles". Billboard. Vol. 119, no. 25. p. 72. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2018 – via Google Books. ^ a b "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2008". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ a b "American single certifications – Colbie Caillat – Bubbly". Recording Industry Association of America. August 18, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2023. ^ "Colbie Caillat". colbiecaillat.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ Anderson, Kyle (September 29, 2011). "U2, Rihanna, Amy Winehouse, Foo Fighters fill out VH1's '100 Greatest Songs of the '00s'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ ColbieCaillatVEVO (December 13, 2009). "Colbie Caillat - Bubbly". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2017 – via YouTube. ^ Bubbly (Australian CD single liner notes). Colbie Caillat. Universal Republic Records. 2008. 1747414.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Bubbly (UK CD single liner notes). Colbie Caillat. Universal Republic Records. 2008. 1747525.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Bubbly (European CD single liner notes). Colbie Caillat. Universal Republic Records. 2007. 0602517461819.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Colbie Caillat – Bubbly". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Colbie Caillat – Bubbly" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Colbie Caillat – Bubbly" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Colbie Caillat – Bubbly" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Cantora Colbie Caillat faz shows em quatro capitais brasileiras" (in Portuguese). Guia Folha. September 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. 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Retrieved September 3, 2018. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200801 into search. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Colbie Caillat – Bubbly". Singles Top 100. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Colbie Caillat – Bubbly". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Colbie Caillat Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Colbie Caillat Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 31, 2020. ^ "Colbie Caillat Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Colbie Caillat Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Colbie Caillat Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Pop 100". Billboard. Vol. 119, no. 46. November 17, 2007. p. 76. ^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 2007" (in German). austriancharts.at. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2007". Crowley Broadcast Analysis. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 2007" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2007". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Swiss Year-End Charts 2007". swisscharts.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2007". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2007". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "Adult Pop Songs – Year-End 2007". Billboard. 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Retrieved March 10, 2022. vteColbie CaillatDiscographyStudio albums Coco Breakthrough All of You Christmas in the Sand Gypsy Heart The Malibu Sessions Along the Way Singles "Bubbly" "Mistletoe" "Realize" "The Little Things" "You" "Lucky" "Fallin' for You" "I Never Told You" "I Do" "Brighter Than the Sun" "Favorite Song" "Christmas in the Sand" "Hold On" "Try" Other songs "What If" "Breathe" Related articles Ken Caillat Gone West Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubble (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Bubbly (social network)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbly_(social_network)"},{"link_name":"Bubbly (Young Thug, Drake and Travis Scott song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbly_(Young_Thug,_Drake_and_Travis_Scott_song)"},{"link_name":"champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne"},{"link_name":"extrovert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrovert"},{"link_name":"Colbie Caillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colbie_Caillat"},{"link_name":"Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jason Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Reeves_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Mikal Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikal_Blue"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Liz Friedlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Friedlander"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television"}],"text":"This article is about the Colbie Caillat song. For the form of bubbles, see Bubble (physics). For the social network, see Bubbly (social network). For the 2021 single by Young Thug, Drake and Travis Scott, see Bubbly (Young Thug, Drake and Travis Scott song).\"Bubbly\" is also an informal term for champagne and an extrovert personality.\"Bubbly\" is the debut single of American singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat from her first album, Coco (2007). Written by Caillat and Jason Reeves and produced by Mikal Blue, the song was released as the album's lead single on May 15, 2007. \"Bubbly\" is Caillat's only song to peak within the top ten of US Billboard Hot 100; it remains her highest-charting song. Internationally, \"Bubbly\" reached number one in Australia, Brazil, and the Czech Republic. It also became a top-10 hit in several European countries, including Belgium, Germany, and Norway.The song's music video, directed by Liz Friedlander, aired on MTV, VH1 and CMT. A still from the music video was used as the cover for Caillat's debut album, Coco.","title":"Bubbly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bubbly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubbly_Colbie_Caillat.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Jason Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Reeves_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_(musical_device)"},{"link_name":"fret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fret"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_tunings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_View_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-3"}],"text":"\"Bubbly\"\n\nA 25-second sample from Colbie Caillat's \"Bubbly\".\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Bubbly\" was written by Colbie Caillat and Jason Reeves. It is written in the key of A and primarily features a gentle guitar instrumentation which uses a capo of seventh fret.[1] The guitar uses open D tuning (low to high): D–A–D–F♯–A–D. Caillat's vocal range spans from E3 to F♯4.[2]Caillat commented on the lyrical composition of the song in an interview with Wilson County News on February 20, 2008, following her live performance on The View, \"I didn't write \"Bubbly\" for any [special] guy. I wrote it about the feelings you get when you have a crush on somebody, and when they give you butterflies in your stomach and they just make you smile.\"[3]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Susan Visakowitz of Billboard wrote that Caillat's \"warm vocals along with a gentle acoustic arrangement effortlessly conjure the idyllic California she calls home\".[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Sara Bareilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bareilles"},{"link_name":"Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Song_(Sara_Bareilles_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC_2008-5"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"On the issue dated October 6, 2007, \"Bubbly\" rose from number 16 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually peaking at number five for seven non-consecutive weeks. It also topped the Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 charts for 19 and 14 weeks, respectively. The song was placed at number two on the Adult Contemporary year-end chart of 2008, behind Sara Bareilles' \"Love Song\".[5] The single was certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on August 18, 2023,[6] with sales of more than 2.6 million downloads in the US.[7] It peaked at number two for three weeks on the Canadian Hot 100. In Australia—where \"Bubbly\" was used in a promotional video for the Seven Network soap opera Home and Away—it reached number one on the ARIA Singles Chart for the week of April 7, 2008. Elsewhere, the single reached number one in the Czech Republic and charted within the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia, and Sweden. It did not fare as well in the British Isles, peaking at number 58 in the United Kingdom and number 48 in Ireland.On VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '00s, \"Bubbly\" ranked number 71 on the list.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-3"},{"link_name":"Malibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-3"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"tank top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_top_(shirt)"},{"link_name":"jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"\"It was just about being by the beach and having a wonderful day with a person you like. It captures that whole feeling.\"\n\n\n— Colbie Caillat in an interview with Wilson Country News, describing how the music video for \"Bubbly\" relates to the overall theme of the song.[3]Filmed in Colbie Caillat's hometown of Malibu and in Santa Barbara in southern California,[3] the music video features intercut scenes of Caillat playing the guitar while dreamily singing the lyrics of the song and spending time with her lover in their home and out in nature. It is a sunny day, and some shots feature Caillat in fields as she sings. Later in the video, Caillat drives in an old Bronco and then is pictured singing as she walks slowly along the coast of California and looks out over a cliff into the Pacific Ocean. Caillat performs clad in a simple tank top and jeans which are slightly ripped at the knees; she is also barefoot and wearing a necklace made of sea shells.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Uploaded to Caillat's YouTube and Vevo account on December 13, 2009, the video for \"Bubbly\" has received a generally positive reaction from fans and has garnered over 125 million views.[9]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Australian CD single[10]\"Bubbly\" – 3:17\n\"Circles\" – 3:53\n\"Magic\" (piano version) – 3:18\n\"Bubbly\" (video) – 3:25UK CD single[11]\"Bubbly\" – 3:17\n\"Circles\" – 3:53European CD single[12]\"Bubbly\" – 2:53\n\"Magic\" (piano version) – 3:18","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikal Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikal_Blue"},{"link_name":"Victor Indrizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Indrizzo"},{"link_name":"Ken Caillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Caillat"}],"text":"Colbie Caillat – vocals\nMikal Blue – acoustic guitar, bass, synthesizer, production, engineering, mixing\nJaco Caraco – electric guitar\nVictor Indrizzo – drums\nKen Caillat – mixing\nDoug Sax – mastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubbly&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Colbie_Caillat-13"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 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Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Colbie_Caillat-26"},{"link_name":"BVMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland3_Colbie_Caillat-28"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Colbie_Caillat-30"},{"link_name":"Single Top 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Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-36"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-37"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Colbie_Caillat-38"},{"link_name":"Schweizer 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Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Colbie_Caillat-43"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Colbie_Caillat-44"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Colbie_Caillat-45"},{"link_name":"Pop 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubbly&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Broadcast_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC_2008-5"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubbly&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubbly&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-73"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2007–2008)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[13]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]\n\n6\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[15]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[16]\n\n9\n\n\nBrazil (Crowley)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[18]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[20]\n\n7\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[22]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[23]\n\n6\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[24]\n\n32\n\n\nFrench Digital Singles (SNEP)[25]\n\n6\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[26]\n\n10\n\n\nGermany Airplay (BVMI)[27]\n\n2\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[28]\n\n48\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[29]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[30]\n\n5\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[31]\n\n3\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[32]\n\n6\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[33]\n\n2\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Charts)[34]\n\n5\n\n\nPortugal Digital Songs (Billboard)[35]\n\n1\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[36]\n\n49\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[37]\n\n6\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[38]\n\n6\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[40]\n\n58\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[41]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[42]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[43]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[45]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Pop 100 (Billboard)[46]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[47]\n\n65\n\n\nBrazil (Crowley)[48]\n\n95\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[49]\n\n67\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[50]\n\n32\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]\n\n64\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[52]\n\n67\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[53]\n\n35\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[54]\n\n23\n\n\nUS Pop 100 (Billboard)[55]\n\n59\n\n\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[56]\n\n24\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[57]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[58]\n\n30\n\n\nBrazil (Crowley)[59]\n\n46\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[60]\n\n18\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[61]\n\n2\n\n\nFrench Digital Singles (SNEP)[62]\n\n28\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[63]\n\n57\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[64]\n\n6\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[65]\n\n18\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[66]\n\n70\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[67]\n\n77\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[68]\n\n21\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[5]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[69]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[70]\n\n37\n\n\nUS Pop 100 (Billboard)[71]\n\n46\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[72]\n\n79\n\nAll-time charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[73]\n\n12","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks number-one singles of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hot_Adult_Top_40_Tracks_number-one_singles_of_2007"},{"title":"List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_adult_contemporary_singles_of_2008_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2008 (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2008_(Australia)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bubbly (acoustic)\". e-chords.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-chords.com/chords/colbie-caillat/bubbly-(acoustic)","url_text":"\"Bubbly (acoustic)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054818/http://www.e-chords.com/chords/colbie-caillat/bubbly-(acoustic)","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Bubbly\" By Colbie Caillat - Digital Sheet Music\". musicnotes.com/. Retrieved August 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0064337&ref=google","url_text":"\"\"Bubbly\" By Colbie Caillat - Digital Sheet Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Bubbly' girl: Singer Colbie Caillat talks\". Wilson County News. February 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wilsoncountynews.com/article.php?id=18015&n=teen-scene-bubbly-girl-singer-colbie-caillat-talks","url_text":"\"'Bubbly' girl: Singer Colbie Caillat talks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140815204632/http://www.wilsoncountynews.com/article.php?id=18015&n=teen-scene-bubbly-girl-singer-colbie-caillat-talks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Visakowitz, Susan (June 23, 2007). \"The Billboard Reviews: Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 119, no. 25. p. 72. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on April 27, 2024. 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Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100816110955/http://www.colbiecaillat.com/colbie","url_text":"\"Colbie Caillat\""},{"url":"http://www.colbiecaillat.com/colbie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kyle (September 29, 2011). \"U2, Rihanna, Amy Winehouse, Foo Fighters fill out VH1's '100 Greatest Songs of the '00s'\". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/09/29/vh1-100-greatest-songs-of-2000s-list/","url_text":"\"U2, Rihanna, Amy Winehouse, Foo Fighters fill out VH1's '100 Greatest Songs of the '00s'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130319010254/http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/09/29/vh1-100-greatest-songs-of-2000s-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ColbieCaillatVEVO (December 13, 2009). \"Colbie Caillat - Bubbly\". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2017 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWGqoCNbsvM","url_text":"\"Colbie Caillat - Bubbly\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/AWGqoCNbsvM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bubbly (Australian CD single liner notes). Colbie Caillat. Universal Republic Records. 2008. 1747414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colbie_Caillat","url_text":"Colbie Caillat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Republic_Records","url_text":"Universal Republic Records"}]},{"reference":"Bubbly (UK CD single liner notes). Colbie Caillat. Universal Republic Records. 2008. 1747525.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bubbly (European CD single liner notes). Colbie Caillat. Universal Republic Records. 2007. 0602517461819.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cantora Colbie Caillat faz shows em quatro capitais brasileiras\" (in Portuguese). Guia Folha. September 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. 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Archived from the original on March 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080308030156/http://www.nielsenmusiccontrol.com/index_pol","url_text":"\"Nielsen Music Control\""},{"url":"http://www.nielsenmusiccontrol.com/index_pol","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portugal Digital Songs: Feb. 16, 2008\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215227/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2008-02-16/portugal","url_text":"\"Portugal Digital Songs: Feb. 16, 2008\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2008-02-16/portugal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pop 100\". Billboard. Vol. 119, no. 46. November 17, 2007. p. 76.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 2007\" (in German). austriancharts.at. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grbavica_(film)
Grbavica (film)
["1 Background","2 Plot","3 Cast","4 Awards","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina filmGrbavicaGrbavica film posterDirected byJasmila ŽbanićWritten byJasmila ŽbanićBarbara AlbertProduced byTanja AćimovićStarringMirjana KaranovićLuna MijovićDistributed byDogwoof PicturesRelease dates 12 February 2006 (2006-02-12) (BIFF) 1 March 2006 (2006-03-01) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 15 December 2006 (2006-12-15) (UK) Running time90 minutesCountriesBosnia and HerzegovinaLanguageBosnian Grbavica is a 2006 film by Jasmila Žbanić about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in the aftermath of systematic rapes of Bosniak women by Serbian soldiers during the Bosnian War. It was released in the United Kingdom as Esma's Secret: Grbavica, and in US as Grbavica: Land of My Dreams. The film shows, through the eyes of the main character Esma, her teenage daughter Sara, and others, how everyday life is still being shaped by the Bosnian War of the 1990s. The film was an international co-production between companies from Bosnia, Austria, Croatia, and Germany; it received funding from the German television companies ZDF and Arte. Grbavica received an enthusiastic response from critics, earning a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It won the Golden Bear at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival and it was Bosnia and Herzegovina's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards but it was not nominated. Background The title refers to the neighbourhood of Sarajevo where Esma lives, which was one of the most traumatized neighbourhoods in the city. According to the director, ...in 1992 everything changed and I realized that I was living in a war in which sex was used as part of a war strategy to humiliate women and thereby cause the destruction of an ethnic group. 20,000 women were systematically raped in Bosnia during the war. In the film, the Serbian rapists are referred to as Chetniks, a term which some of the population of Sarajevo (mostly Bosnian Muslims and Croats and Sarajevan Serbs) used for the besieging Serb troops. Plot Single mother Esma lives with her 12-year-old daughter Sara in post-war Sarajevo. Sara wants to go on a school field trip and her mother starts working as a waitress at a nightclub to earn the money for the trip. Sara befriends Samir, who, like Sara, has no father. Both of their fathers allegedly died as war heroes. Samir is surprised to find out that Sara does not know the circumstances of her father's death. Samir's own father was killed by Serbian military near Žuč when he refused to leave the trench he was defending. Whenever Sara and her mother discuss this delicate topic, however, Esma's responses are always vague. The situation grows more complicated when students who can provide a certificate proving that they are the offspring of war heroes can go on the field trip for free. Esma explains to Sara that her father's corpse was never found and that she has no certificate. She promises to try to obtain the document. Secretly, however, Esma attempts to borrow the money Sara needs from her friend Sabina, her aunt and her boss. Sara is haunted by a nagging feeling that something is not right. Shocked and bewildered when she discovers she is not mentioned as the child of a war hero on the list of pupils going on the school trip, Sara lashes out at Samir. At home, however, she confronts her mother and demands to know the truth. Esma breaks down and finally admits that she was raped at a prisoner camp and forced to have the child who resulted from this violation. Sara realizes she is the child of a Serbian soldier. This discovery brings her closer to her mother and helps overcome her trauma. In the end, Sara leaves for the field trip, not waving to her mother until the last moment. On the bus, the students start to sing a popular 70's song "Sarajevo, ljubavi moja" (eng. Sarajevo, My Love), written and performed by Kemal Monteno, and Sara joins in. Cast Mirjana Karanović as Esma Halilović Luna Mijović as Sara Leon Lučev as Pelda Kenan Ćatić as Samir Jasna Beri as Sabina Dejan Aćimović as Čenga Bogdan Diklić as Šaran Emir Hadžihafizbegović as Puška Ermin Bravo as Professor Muha Semka Sokolović-Bertok as Pelda's Mother Maike Höhne as Jabolka Jasna Žalica as Plema Nada Đurevska as Aunt Safija Emina Muftić as Vasvija Dunja Pašić as Mila Awards Wins Golden Bear - Best Film - 56th Berlin International Film Festival 2006 Peace Film Award - Berlin Film Festival 2006 Prize of the Ecumenical Jury - Berlin Film Festival 2006 Kosomorama Award - Best Film Reykjavik International Film Festival - Best Film AFI Film Festival - Narrative Grand Jury Prize Brussels European Film Festival - Prize TV Canvas for Best Film and Award Best Actress (to Mirjana Karanović) Ourence Film Festival - Award Best Actress (to Mirjana Karanović) Portland International Film Festival - Audience Award Thessaloniki Film Festival - Woman & Equality Award Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival in New York - Audience Award Sarajevo Film Festival - Ivica Matić Award for director Nominations Sundance Film Festival - Grand Jury Prize European Film Award - Best Film and Best Actress See also List of submissions to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film References ^ a b c Philip Kennicott (13 April 2007). "Bosnia's Lingering Shadow of War". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2013. External links Official website Esma's Secret - Grbavica at IMDb Grbavica at Rotten Tomatoes Grbavica at Metacritic Grbavica at Dogwoof pictures vteFilms directed by Jasmila Žbanić Grbavica (2006) On the Path (2010) For Those Who Can Tell No Tales (2013) Love Island (2014) Quo Vadis, Aida? (2020) vteBerlin International Film Festival Golden Bear1951–1975 Cinderella (1951) Four in a Jeep (1951) In Beaver Valley (1951) Justice Is Done (1951) Without Leaving an Address (1951) One Summer of Happiness (1952) The Wages of Fear (1953) Hobson's Choice (1954) Die Ratten (1955) Invitation to the Dance (1956) 12 Angry Men (1957) Wild Strawberries (1958) Les Cousins (1959) El Lazarillo de Tormes (1960) La Notte (1961) A Kind of Loving (1962) Bushido, Samurai Saga (1963) To Bed or Not to Bed (1963) Dry Summer (1964) Alphaville (1965) Cul-de-sac (1966) The Departure (1967) Who Saw Him Die? (1968) Early Works (1969) The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1971) The Canterbury Tales (1972) Distant Thunder (1973) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974) Adoption (1975) 1976–2000 Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976) The Ascent (1977) Ascensor (1978) Las truchas (1978) What Max Said (1978) David (1979) Heartland (1980) Palermo or Wolfsburg (1980) Deprisa, Deprisa (1981) Veronika Voss (1982) Ascendancy (1983) La colmena (1983) Love Streams (1984) Wetherby (1985) The Woman and the Stranger (1985) Stammheim (1986) The Theme (1987) Red Sorghum (1988) Rain Man (1989) Larks on a String (1990) Music Box (1990) The House of Smiles (1991) Grand Canyon (1992) The Wedding Banquet (1993) Woman Sesame Oil Maker (1993) In the Name of the Father (1994) The Bait (1995) Sense and Sensibility (1996) The People vs. Larry Flynt (1997) Central Station (1998) The Thin Red Line (1999) Magnolia (2000) 2001–present Intimacy (2001) Bloody Sunday (2002) Spirited Away (2002) In This World (2003) Head-On (2004) U-Carmen eKhayelitsha (2005) Grbavica (2006) Tuya's Marriage (2007) Elite Squad (2008) The Milk of Sorrow (2009) Honey (2010) A Separation (2011) Caesar Must Die (2012) Child's Pose (2013) Black Coal, Thin Ice (2014) Taxi (2015) Fire at Sea (2016) On Body and Soul (2017) Touch Me Not (2018) Synonyms (2019) There Is No Evil (2020) Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021) Alcarràs (2022) On the Adamant (2023) Dahomey (2024) vteBosnian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film The Awkward Age (1994) No Man's Land (2001) Fuse (2003) Days and Hours (2004) Totally Personal (2005) Grbavica (2006) It's Hard to Be Nice (2007) Snow (2008) Night Guards (2009) Cirkus Columbia (2010) Belvedere (2011) Children of Sarajevo (2012) An Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker (2013) With Mum (2014) Our Everyday Life (2015) Death in Sarajevo (2016) Men Don't Cry (2017) Never Leave Me (2018) The Son (2019) Quo Vadis, Aida? (2020) The White Fortress (2021) A Ballad (2022) Excursion (2023)
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The film was an international co-production between companies from Bosnia, Austria, Croatia, and Germany; it received funding from the German television companies ZDF and Arte. Grbavica received an enthusiastic response from critics, earning a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.It won the Golden Bear at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival and it was Bosnia and Herzegovina's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 79th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.","title":"Grbavica (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pken7-1"},{"link_name":"Chetniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnik"}],"text":"The title refers to the neighbourhood of Sarajevo where Esma lives, which was one of the most traumatized neighbourhoods in the city.[1]According to the director,...in 1992 everything changed and I realized that I was living in a war in which sex was used as part of a war strategy to humiliate women and thereby cause the destruction of an ethnic group. 20,000 women were systematically raped in Bosnia during the war.In the film, the Serbian rapists are referred to as Chetniks, a term which some of the population of Sarajevo (mostly Bosnian Muslims and Croats and Sarajevan Serbs) used for the besieging Serb troops.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"70's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventies"},{"link_name":"eng.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Kemal Monteno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Monteno"}],"text":"Single mother Esma lives with her 12-year-old daughter Sara in post-war Sarajevo. Sara wants to go on a school field trip and her mother starts working as a waitress at a nightclub to earn the money for the trip.Sara befriends Samir, who, like Sara, has no father. Both of their fathers allegedly died as war heroes. Samir is surprised to find out that Sara does not know the circumstances of her father's death. Samir's own father was killed by Serbian military near Žuč when he refused to leave the trench he was defending. Whenever Sara and her mother discuss this delicate topic, however, Esma's responses are always vague. \nThe situation grows more complicated when students who can provide a certificate proving that they are the offspring of war heroes can go on the field trip for free. Esma explains to Sara that her father's corpse was never found and that she has no certificate. She promises to try to obtain the document. Secretly, however, Esma attempts to borrow the money Sara needs from her friend Sabina, her aunt and her boss.Sara is haunted by a nagging feeling that something is not right. Shocked and bewildered when she discovers she is not mentioned as the child of a war hero on the list of pupils going on the school trip, Sara lashes out at Samir. At home, however, she confronts her mother and demands to know the truth. Esma breaks down and finally admits that she was raped at a prisoner camp and forced to have the child who resulted from this violation. Sara realizes she is the child of a Serbian soldier. This discovery brings her closer to her mother and helps overcome her trauma. In the end, Sara leaves for the field trip, not waving to her mother until the last moment. On the bus, the students start to sing a popular 70's song \"Sarajevo, ljubavi moja\" (eng. 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Best Film - 56th Berlin International Film Festival 2006[1]\nPeace Film Award - Berlin Film Festival 2006 [citation needed]\nPrize of the Ecumenical Jury - Berlin Film Festival 2006[citation needed]\nKosomorama Award - Best Film[citation needed]\nReykjavik International Film Festival - Best Film[citation needed]\nAFI Film Festival - Narrative Grand Jury Prize[citation needed]\nBrussels European Film Festival - Prize TV Canvas for Best Film and Award Best Actress (to Mirjana Karanović)[citation needed]\nOurence Film Festival - Award Best Actress (to Mirjana Karanović)[citation needed]\nPortland International Film Festival - Audience Award[citation needed]\nThessaloniki Film Festival - Woman & Equality Award[citation needed]\nBosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival in New York - Audience Award[citation needed]\nSarajevo Film Festival - Ivica Matić Award for director [citation needed]NominationsSundance Film Festival - Grand Jury Prize[citation needed]\nEuropean Film Award - Best Film and Best Actress[citation needed]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of submissions to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_79th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
[{"reference":"Philip Kennicott (13 April 2007). \"Bosnia's Lingering Shadow of War\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/12/AR2007041201720.html","url_text":"\"Bosnia's Lingering Shadow of War\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/12/AR2007041201720.html","external_links_name":"\"Bosnia's Lingering Shadow of War\""},{"Link":"http://www.coop99.at/grbavica_website/beginn_en.htm","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0464029/","external_links_name":"Esma's Secret - Grbavica"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/grbavica","external_links_name":"Grbavica"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/grbavica-the-land-of-my-dreams","external_links_name":"Grbavica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060716110122/http://www.dogwoofpictures.com/incinemas_grbavica_releaseinfo.php","external_links_name":"Grbavica at Dogwoof pictures"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_105
List of bus routes in London
["1 Classification of route numbers","1.1 Historic classification","1.2 Current classification","2 List of routes","2.1 1–99","2.2 100–199","2.3 200–299","2.4 300–399","2.5 400–499","2.6 500–599","2.7 600–699","2.8 900–999","2.9 Letter prefixes","2.10 East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)","2.11 Superloop routes (SL-prefixed)","2.12 Night only routes (N-prefixed)","3 Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London","4 Former routes","5 Future routes","6 Temporary routes","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of bus routes in London" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022 A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022 This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches). Bus services in London are operated by Arriva London, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central and London General), Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London (London Sovereign, London United and London Transit), Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Transport UK London Bus and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Examples of non TfL-sponsored operators include, but are not limited to: Arriva Herts & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Carousel Buses, Diamond South East, Go-Coach, First Beeline, Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Thames Valley Buses and Reading Buses. Classification of route numbers In Victorian times, people who took the bus would recognise the owner and the route of an omnibus (Latin: "for everyone") only by its livery and its line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread. Historic classification Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows. The London Traffic Act 1924 imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Superintendent (later Chief Constable) Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. For many decades, variant and short workings used letter suffixes (e.g. "77B"). The numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed: From 1934 Route numbers Type of service 1–199 "Central Area" red double-decker services. 200–289 "Central Area" red single-decker services. 290–299 "Central Area" night bus routes. 300–399 "Country Area" north of the River Thames. (Rural services were operated by London Country Bus Services after 1970). 400–499 "Country Area" south of the River Thames. 500–699 Trolleybuses. 701–799 Green Line. 800–899 "Country Area New Towns" routes. Current classification Route numbers Type of service 1–599 Most local day routes, including 24-hour services. 600–699 School services, with the majority of them operating only one return journey per day. 700–799 Regional and national coach services, including Green Line. Also used for temporary TfL routes. 800–899 Regional and national coach services. 900–999 One mobility buses route within TfL, detailed below. Other letter-prefixed routes Local day routes, including 24-hour services, with the letter denoting a key area the bus travels through. EL-prefixed routes East London Transit routes. SL-prefixed routes Superloop routes. N-prefixed routes Night Bus routes. List of routes All routes operate in both directions unless detailed. 1–99 Route Start End Operator Notes 1 Canada Water bus station Hampstead Heath Go-Ahead London 2 Marylebone station Norwood bus garage Arriva London 3 Crystal Palace bus station Victoria bus station Transport UK London Bus 4 Archway tube station Blackfriars station Metroline 5 Canning Town bus station Romford Market Go-Ahead London 6 London Victoria station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 7 East Acton Oxford Circus Metroline 8 Bow Church Tottenham Court Road station Stagecoach London 9 Aldwych Hammersmith bus station Metroline 11 Fulham Town Hall London Waterloo station Go-Ahead London 12 Dulwich Library Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 13 North Finchley bus station London Victoria station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 14 Putney Heath Russell Square Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 15 Blackwall DLR station Charing Cross tube station Go-Ahead London 16 Brent Park London Paddington station Metroline 17 Archway tube station London Bridge bus station Metroline 18 Euston bus station Sudbury & Harrow Road railway station RATP Dev Transit London 19 Battersea Bridge Finsbury Park bus station Arriva London 20 Debden Walthamstow bus station Stagecoach London 21 Lewisham Shopping Centre Holloway Go-Ahead London 22 Oxford Circus Putney Common Go-Ahead London 23 Aldwych Westbourne Park tube station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 24 Hampstead Heath Pimlico Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 25 Ilford St Paul's tube station Stagecoach London Temporarily withdrawn between City Thameslink railway station and St Paul's tube station until 19:00 on 29 September 2024 due to Cadent Gas works closing Farringdon Street northbound from Ludgate Circus to Charterhouse Street. 26 Hackney Wick London Victoria station Stagecoach London 27 Chalk Farm Hammersmith Grove Transport UK London Bus 28 Kensal Rise railway station Southside Wandsworth Metroline 29 Trafalgar Square Wood Green tube station Arriva London 30 Hackney Wick Marble Arch tube station Metroline 31 White City bus station Camden Town tube station Metroline 32 Edgware bus station Kilburn Park tube station Metroline 33 Fulwell railway station Castelnau RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 34 Barnet Church Walthamstow bus station Arriva London 35 Clapham Junction railway station Shoreditch Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 36 New Cross bus garage Queen's Park station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 37 Peckham Putney Heath Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 38 Clapton Pond Victoria bus station Arriva London Several buses start from Hackney Central during weekday daytimes. 39 Clapham Junction railway station Putney Bridge tube station Go-Ahead London 40 Clerkenwell Road Dulwich Library Go-Ahead London 41 Archway tube station Tottenham Hale bus station Arriva London 42 East Dulwich Shoreditch Go-Ahead London Extended from Denmark Hill to East Dulwich on 1 October 2016. 43 Friern Barnet London Bridge bus station Metroline 24-hour operation. 44 Tooting railway station London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 45 Clapham Park Elephant and Castle Transport UK London Bus Ran to London King's Cross railway station until 15 June 2019. 46 London Paddington station St Bartholomew's Hospital Metroline Operated with electric buses since 20 October 2018. 47 Catford bus garage Shoreditch Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 49 Clapham Junction White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London 50 Fairfield Halls Stockwell tube station Arriva London 51 Orpington railway station Beresford Square Go-Ahead London 52 Victoria bus station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 53 Plumstead railway station Lower Marsh Stagecoach London 54 Woolwich railway station Elmers End station Stagecoach London Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Stagecoach London on 3 May 2014. 55 Walthamstow bus station Oxford Circus Stagecoach London 56 St Bartholomew's Hospital Whipps Cross Stagecoach London 57 Clapham Park Fairfield bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 58 East Ham Walthamstow bus station Stagecoach London 59 St Bartholomew's Hospital Streatham Hill Arriva London 60 Old CoulsdonOasis Academy Coulsdon (schoolday journeys to Streatham railway station) Streatham railway station Arriva London 61 Bromley North railway station Chislehurst Stagecoach London 62 Barking Marks Gate Stagecoach London 63 London King's Cross railway station Honor Oak Transport UK London Bus 64 New Addington Thornton Heath Pond Arriva London 24-hour operation. 65 Ealing Broadway station Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London 66 Leytonstone bus station Romford railway station Arriva London 67 Wood Green tube station Dalston Go-Ahead London 68 Euston bus station West Norwood Transport UK London Bus 69 Canning Town bus station Walthamstow bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 70 Chiswick Business Park South Kensington tube station RATP Dev Transit London 71 Chessington World of Adventures Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 72 East Acton Hammersmith Bridge RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Hammersmith Bridge and Roehampton until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 73 Oxford Circus Stoke Newington Common Arriva London 74 Baker Street tube station Putney Exchange Go-Ahead London 75 Fairfield Halls Lewisham station Stagecoach London 76 Tottenham Hale bus station Lower Marsh Arriva London 24-hour operation. 77 Tooting railway station London Waterloo station Go-Ahead London 78 Nunhead Shoreditch High Street railway station Go-Ahead London 79 Stonebridge Park station Edgware bus station RATP Dev Transit London 80 Downview & High Down Prisons Hackbridge Go-Ahead London 81 Slough Hounslow bus station Metroline Temporarily withdrawn between Slough bus station and Slough until further notice due to Slough bus station being closed due to damage caused by a recent fire. 83 Alperton Golders Green tube station Metroline 85 Kingston upon Thames Putney Bridge tube station RATP Dev Transit London 86 Romford railway station Stratford bus station Stagecoach London 87 Aldwych Wandsworth Go-Ahead London Originally numbered 77A until 3 June 2006. 88 Parliament Hill Fields Clapham Common Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 89 Lewisham station Slade Green railway station Go-Ahead London 90 Feltham Northolt tube station Metroline Operated with double-decker buses since 29 August 2015. 91 Crouch End Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London Transferred from Metroline to Go-Ahead London on 4 February 2023. 92 Ealing Hospital St Raphael's North Metroline 93 North Cheam Putney Bridge tube station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 94 Acton Green Piccadilly Circus RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 95 Shepherd's Bush Green Southall Town Hall Metroline 96 Bluewater Shopping Centre Woolwich Stagecoach London 97 Chingford railway station Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 98 Red Lion Square Willesden bus garage Metroline 99 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Beresford Square Arriva London Extended from Erith to Bexleyheath Shopping Centre on 24 January 2009. 100–199 Route Start End Operator Notes 100 St Paul's tube station Shadwell railway station Go-Ahead London Operated with electric buses since 18 January 2020. 101 Beckton bus station Wanstead tube station Go-Ahead London 102 Brent Cross bus station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation between Edmonton Green bus station and Golders Green tube station. 103 Chase Cross Rainham railway station Arriva London 104 Beckton bus station Stratford bus station Go-Ahead London 105 Greenford station Heathrow Central bus station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 106 Finsbury Park bus station Whitechapel Go-Ahead London 107 Edgware bus station New Barnet railway station Metroline Crosses border into Hertfordshire at Elstree & Borehamwood railway station. 108 Lewisham Shopping Centre Stratford International station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 108D Lewisham Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London Runs only at night. 109 Croydon Brixton tube station Transport UK London Bus 110 Hammersmith bus station Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 111 Heathrow Central bus station Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 112 Ealing Broadway station Tally Ho Corner Metroline 113 Edgware bus station Marble Arch tube station Metroline 114 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Ruislip tube station Metroline 115 Aldgate bus station East Ham Go-Ahead London 116 Ashford Hospital Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 117 Staines-upon-Thames West Middlesex University Hospital RATP Dev Transit London 118 Morden tube station Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London 119 Bromley North railway station Croydon Colonnades Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 120 Hounslow bus station Northolt tube station Metroline 121 Enfield Island Village Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 122 Crystal Palace bus station Plumstead bus garage Stagecoach London 123 Ilford Wood Green tube station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 124 St Dunstan's College Eltham Stagecoach London 125 Colindale tube station Winchmore Hill RATP Dev Transit London 126 Bromley Eltham Go-Ahead London 127 Purley railway station Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London 128 Claybury Broadway Romford railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 129 Lewisham Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London 130 New Addington Thornton Heath Transport UK London Bus 131 Fairfield bus station Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London Transferred from London United to Go-Ahead London on 30 September 2017. 132 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London Extended from Eltham railway station to North Greenwich bus station on 24 January 2009. 133 Streatham railway station Holborn tube station Transport UK London Bus 134 University College Hospital Tally Ho Corner Metroline 24-hour operation. 135 Cubitt Town Moorfields Eye Hospital Stagecoach London 136 Elephant and Castle Grove Park railway station Stagecoach London 137 Marble Arch tube station Streatham Hill Arriva London 138 Bromley North railway station Coney Hall Go-Ahead London 139 Golders Green tube station London Waterloo station Metroline 24-hour operation. 140 Harrow Weald bus garage Hayes & Harlington railway station Metroline Withdrawn between Heathrow Central bus station and Hayes & Harlington railway station on 7 December 2019. 141 London Bridge bus station Palmers Green Arriva London 142 Brent Cross bus station Watford Junction railway station Metroline 143 Archway tube station Brent Cross bus station Metroline 144 Edmonton Green bus station Muswell Hill Arriva London 145 Dagenham Leytonstone bus station Stagecoach London 146 Bromley North railway station Downe Stagecoach London 147 Canning Town bus station Ilford Go-Ahead London 148 Camberwell Green White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 149 Edmonton Green bus station London Bridge bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 150 Becontree Heath Chigwell Row Arriva London 151 Wallington Worcester Park railway station Go-Ahead London 152 New Malden Pollards Hill Go-Ahead London 153 Finsbury Park bus station Liverpool Street bus station Go-Ahead London 154 Morden tube station West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 155 Elephant and Castle St George's Hospital Go-Ahead London 156 Vauxhall bus station Wimbledon station Transport UK London Bus 157 Crystal Palace bus station Morden tube station Go-Ahead London 158 Chingford Mount Stratford bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 159 Oxford Circus Streatham railway station Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 160 Catford Bridge railway station Sidcup railway station Stagecoach London 161 Chislehurst North Greenwich bus station Stagecoach London 162 Beckenham Junction station Eltham railway station Go-Ahead London 163 Morden tube station Wimbledon Go-Ahead London 164 Wimbledon Sutton railway station Go-Ahead London 165 Rainham The Brewery Stagecoach London 166 BansteadEpsom Hospital (once per hour) West Croydon bus station Arriva London 167 Ilford Loughton tube station Stagecoach London 169 Barking Clayhall Stagecoach London 170 Roehampton London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 171 Elephant and Castle Catford bus garage Go-Ahead London Ran to Holborn tube station until 15 June 2019. 172 Brockley Rise Aldwych Go-Ahead London Ran to Clerkenwell Green until 15 June 2019. 173 Beckton bus station King George Hospital Stagecoach London 174 Beam Park Harold Hill Stagecoach London 175 Dagenham Hillrise Estate Arriva London 176 Penge Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 177 Peckham Thamesmead Stagecoach London 178 Lewisham station Woolwich Go-Ahead London 179 Chingford railway station Ilford Stagecoach London 180 Erith North Greenwich bus station Stagecoach London 181 Grove Park railway station Lewisham station Stagecoach London 182 Brent Cross bus station Harrow Weald Metroline 183 Golders Green tube station Pinner tube station RATP Dev Transit London 184 Chipping Barnet Turnpike Lane bus station Go-Ahead London 185 Lewisham station London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 186 Brent Cross bus station Northwick Park Hospital Metroline 187 O2 Centre Central Middlesex Hospital Metroline 188 North Greenwich bus station Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 189 Brent Cross bus station Marble Arch tube station Metroline 24-hour operation. 190 Richmond bus station Empress State Building Metroline 191 Brimsdown railway station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London 192 Enfield Town Tottenham Hale bus station Arriva London 193 County Park Estate Queen's Hospital Stagecoach London 194 Lower Sydenham West Croydon bus station Arriva London 195 Brentford Charville Lane Estate Transport UK London Bus 196 Elephant and Castle Norwood Junction railway station Transport UK London Bus 197 Fairfield Halls Peckham Go-Ahead London 198 Shrublands Thornton Heath Arriva London 199 Canada Water bus station Catford bus garage Stagecoach London 200–299 Route Start End Operator Notes 200 Mitcham Raynes Park Go-Ahead London 201 Herne Hill railway station Morden tube station Transport UK London Bus 202 Crystal Palace bus station Blackheath Arriva London 203 Staines-upon-Thames Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 204 Edgware bus station Sudbury Town tube station Metroline 205 Bow Church Paddington Stagecoach London 206 Kilburn Park tube station Wembley Park Metroline 207 Hayes Bypass White City bus station Transport UK London Bus 208 Lewisham station Orpington Go-Ahead London 209 Mortlake Castelnau Go-Ahead London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 210 Brent Cross bus station Finsbury Park bus station Metroline 211 Hammersmith bus station London Waterloo station RATP Dev Transit London 212 Chingford railway station St. James Street railway station Go-Ahead London 213 Fairfield bus station Sutton bus garage Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 214 Highgate Village Finsbury Square Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 215 Walthamstow bus station Lee Valley Campsite Stagecoach London 216 Kingston upon Thames Staines-upon-Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 217 Turnpike Lane bus station Waltham Cross Sullivan Buses 218 North Acton Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London Introduced on 7 December 2019 with a peak frequency of every 10 minutes. 219 Clapham Junction Wimbledon Go-Ahead London 220 Southside Wandsworth Willesden Junction station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 221 Edgware bus station Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 222 Uxbridge tube station Hounslow bus station Metroline 24-hour operation. 223 Harrow Wembley Central station Metroline 224 St Raphael's Estate Alperton RATP Dev Transit London 225 Canada Water bus station Hither Green railway station Go-Ahead London 226 Ealing Broadway station Golders Green tube station RATP Dev Transit London 227 Crystal Palace bus station Bromley North railway station Go-Ahead London 228 Central Middlesex Hospital Maida Hill Metroline 229 Queen Mary's Hospital Thamesmead Arriva London 230 Upper Walthamstow Wood Green tube station Go-Ahead London Transferred from Arriva London to Go-Ahead London on 20 June 2020. 231 Enfield Chase railway station Turnpike Lane bus station Metroline 232 St Raphael's Estate Turnpike Lane bus station Go-Ahead London 233 Eltham railway station Swanley Go-Ahead London 234 The Spires Barnet Archway tube station Metroline 235 North Brentford Sunbury Village RATP Dev Transit London Extended from Brentford to North Brentford on 7 December 2013.Transferred from Metroline to RATP Dev Transit London on 8 January 2022. 236 Finsbury Park bus station Hackney Wick Stagecoach London 237 Hounslow Heath White City bus station Metroline 238 Barking station Stratford bus station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 240 Edgware bus station Golders Green tube station Metroline 241 Royal Wharf Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 242 Homerton University Hospital Aldgate bus station Stagecoach London 243 London Waterloo station Wood Green tube station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 244 Abbey Wood Queen Elizabeth Hospital Go-Ahead London 245 Alperton Golders Green tube station Metroline 246 Bromley North railway station WesterhamChartwell (8 buses on Summer Sundays) Stagecoach London 247 Barkingside tube station Romford railway station Stagecoach London 248 Cranham Romford Market Arriva London 249 Anerley railway station Clapham Common Arriva London 250 West Croydon bus station Brixton tube station Arriva London 251 Arnos Grove tube station Edgware bus station Metroline 252 Collier Row Hornchurch Stagecoach London 253 Euston bus station Hackney Central railway station Arriva London 254 Aldgate bus station Holloway Arriva London 255 Balham station Pollards Hill Arriva London 256 Hornchurch Noak Hill Stagecoach London 257 Stratford bus station Walthamstow bus station (20:00 until 03:00)Bakers Arms (03:00 until 20:00) Stagecoach London Temporarily withdrawn between Walthamstow bus station and Bakers Arms during 03:00-20:00 each day until the end of August due to Walthamstow bus station being closed for works. 258 South Harrow tube station Watford Junction railway station RATP Dev Transit London 259 Edmonton Green bus station King's Cross Arriva London 260 Golders Green tube station White City bus station Metroline 261 Lewisham station Princess Royal University Hospital Stagecoach London 262 Gallions Reach Shopping Park Stratford bus station Go-Ahead London 263 Barnet Hospital Highbury Barn Metroline 264 West Croydon bus station St George's Hospital Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 265 Putney Bridge tube station Tolworth Go-Ahead London 266 Brent Cross bus station Acton RATP Dev Transit London 267 Fulwell Hammersmith bus station Transport UK London Bus 268 O2 Centre Golders Green tube station Metroline 269 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Bromley North railway station Arriva London 270 Mitcham Putney Bridge tube station Transport UK London Bus 272 Shepherd's Bush Green Chiswick RATP Dev Transit London 273 Lewisham Petts Wood railway station Stagecoach London 274 Angel Islington Lancaster Gate tube station Metroline 275 Barkingside St. James Street railway station Stagecoach London Crosses border into Essex in Chigwell. 276 Newham University Hospital Stoke Newington Common Stagecoach London Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Stagecoach London on 16 September 2023. 277 Cubitt Town Dalston Stagecoach London 278 Heathrow Central bus station Ruislip tube station Transport UK London Bus Introduced on 7 December 2019. 279 Manor House tube station Waltham Cross Arriva London 280 St George's Hospital Belmont railway station Go-Ahead London 281 Hounslow bus station Tolworth RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 282 Ealing Hospital Mount Vernon Hospital Metroline 283 East Acton Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London 284 Lewisham station Grove Park Cemetery Stagecoach London 285 Heathrow Central bus station Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 286 Cutty Sark Queen Mary's Hospital Go-Ahead London 287 Barking station Rainham Stagecoach London 288 Broadfields Estate Queensbury RATP Dev Transit London 289 Elmers End station Purley railway station Arriva London 290 Staines-upon-Thames Twickenham RATP Dev Transit London 291 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woodlands Estate Go-Ahead London 292 Borehamwood Colindale Metroline 293 Morden tube station Epsom Hospital RATP Dev Transit London 294 Havering Country Park Noak Hill Stagecoach London 295 Clapham Junction railway station Ladbroke Grove RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 296 Ilford Romford railway station Stagecoach London 297 Ealing Broadway station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 298 Arnos Grove tube station Potters Bar railway station Sullivan Buses Withdrawn between Potters Bar and Potters Bar railway station on 13 November 2017. 299 Muswell Hill Cockfosters tube station Sullivan Buses 300–399 Route Start End Operator Notes 300 Canning Town bus station East Ham Go-Ahead London 301 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Beresford Square Arriva London Introduced on 13 July 2019. 302 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Kensal Rise railway station Metroline 303 Kingsbury Edgware bus station RATP Dev Transit London 304 Manor Park Custom House station Go-Ahead London Introduced on 21 May 2022 in preparation for the Elizabeth line. 306 Acton Vale Sands End Transport UK London Bus Introduced on 7 December 2019 with a peak frequency of every 12 minutes. 307 Barnet Hospital Brimsdown railway station Arriva London 308 Clapton Pond Wanstead Stagecoach London 309 Bethnal Green Canning Town bus station Stagecoach London 312 Norwood Junction railway station Purley Arriva London 313 Chingford railway stationEnfield bus garage (schoolday journeys to and from Dame Alice Owen's School) Potters Bar railway stationDame Alice Owen's School (schoolday journeys to and from Enfield bus garage) Arriva London 314 New Addington tram stop Eltham railway station Stagecoach London 315 Balham station West Norwood Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Abellio London on 17 October 2020. 316 Brent Cross West railway station White City bus station Metroline Extended from Cricklewood bus garage to Brent Cross West railway station on 10 December 2023. 317 Enfield Town Waltham Cross Metroline 318 North Middlesex University Hospital Stamford Hill Arriva London 319 Sloane Square Streatham Hill Arriva London 320 Biggin Hill Valley Catford Bridge railway station Go-Ahead London 321 Foots Cray New Cross Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 322 Crystal Palace bus station Clapham Common Transport UK London Bus 323 Canning Town bus station Mile End tube station Stagecoach London 324 Brent Cross Elstree Metroline 325 East Beckton Prince Regent DLR station Go-Ahead London 326 The Spires Barnet Brent Cross bus station RATP Dev Transit London 327 Waltham Cross Circular via Elsinge Estate & Turkey Street railway station Sullivan Buses 328 World's End Golders Green tube station Metroline 329 Enfield Town Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 330 Thames Barrier Wanstead Park railway station Stagecoach London 331 Uxbridge tube station Ruislip tube station Metroline Runs via Harefield.Crosses border into Hertfordshire at Batchworth Heath and into Buckinghamshire at Denham railway station. 333 Elephant and Castle Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London 335 Kidbrooke North Greenwich bus station Arriva London Introduced on 26 October 2019. 336 Catford Bridge railway station Locksbottom Stagecoach London 337 Clapham Junction Richmond bus station Go-Ahead London 339 Leytonstone bus station Shadwell DLR station Stagecoach London 340 Edgware bus station Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 341 London Waterloo station Meridian Water railway station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 343 Aldgate bus station New Cross Gate Go-Ahead London 344 Clapham Junction railway station Liverpool Street bus station Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 345 Peckham Natural History Museum Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 346 Upminster Park Estate Harold Hill Stagecoach London 347 Romford railway station Ockendon railway station Arriva London 349 Enfield bus garage Stamford Hill Arriva London 350 Hayes Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 352 Bromley North railway station Lower Sydenham Go-Ahead London 353 Forestdale Ramsden Go-Ahead London 354 Bromley North railway station Penge Go-Ahead London 355 Mitcham Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London 356 Shirley Upper Sydenham Stagecoach London 357 Chingford Hatch Whipps CrossWhipps Cross University Hospital (Sundays only) Go-Ahead London 358 Crystal Palace bus station Orpington railway station Go-Ahead London 359 Addington Village Interchange Purley Go-Ahead London 360 Elephant and Castle Royal Albert Hall Go-Ahead London 362 King George Hospital Grange Hill tube station Stagecoach London 363 Crystal Palace bus station Elephant and Castle Transport UK London Bus 364 Dagenham East Ilford Go-Ahead London 365 Beam Park Havering Country Park Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 366 Beckton bus station Redbridge Go-Ahead London 367 West Croydon bus station Bromley North railway station Transport UK London Bus 368 Barking Chadwell Heath Go-Ahead London 370 Romford Lakeside Shopping Centre Arriva London 371 Richmond Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London 372 Hornchurch Lakeside Shopping Centre Stagecoach London Partially replaced former route 324 that ran between Hornchurch and Bluewater Shopping Centre. 375 Romford railway station Passingford Bridge Arriva London Partially replaced commercial routes 500 and 575. 376 Beckton bus station Newham Town Hall Go-Ahead London 377 Enfield bus garage Oakwood tube station Arriva London 378 Mortlake Putney Bridge Go-Ahead London 379 Chingford railway station Yardley Lane Estate Stagecoach London 380 Lewisham Shopping Centre Belmarsh Prison Stagecoach London 381 County Hall Peckham Transport UK London Bus 382 Southgate tube station Mill Hill East Metroline 383 The Spires Barnet Finchley Memorial Hospital Uno 384 Edgware bus station Cockfosters tube station Metroline 385 Chingford railway station Salisbury Hall Stagecoach London 386 Blackheath Village Woolwich Arsenal station Go-Ahead London 388 London Bridge bus station Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 389 The Spires Barnet Circular via High Barnet tube station Sullivan Buses 390 Victoria bus station Archway tube station Metroline 24-hour operation. 393 Chalk Farm Clapton Pond Metroline 394 Islington Homerton University Hospital Stagecoach London 395 Greenford Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 396 Ilford King George Hospital Go-Ahead London 397 Salisbury Hall Debden Stagecoach London 398 Ruislip tube station Wood End RATP Dev Transit London 399 The Spires Barnet Circular via Hadley Wood railway station Sullivan Buses 400–499 Route Start End Operator Notes 401 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Thamesmead Arriva London 403 Warlingham West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 404 Caterham on the Hill Coulsdon Transport UK London Bus 405 Croydon Redhill Arriva London 406 EpsomEpsom Hospital (schoolday journeys) Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 407 Sutton Caterham Valley Transport UK London Bus 410 Crystal Palace bus station Wallington Arriva London Frequency reduced from a bus every 9 minutes to a bus every 10 minutes on 30 June 2018. 411 Kingston upon Thames West Molesey RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 412 Croydon Purley Arriva London 413 Morden tube station Sutton bus garage Go-Ahead London 414 Putney Bridge tube station Marble Arch tube station RATP Dev Transit London 415 Old Kent Road Tulse Hill railway station Transport UK London Bus 417 Crystal Palace bus station Clapham Common Arriva London 418 Kingston upon Thames Epsom RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 419 Roehampton Richmond bus station RATP Dev Transit London 422 North Greenwich bus station Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Stagecoach London 423 Heathrow Terminal 5 Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 424 Putney Heath Fulham Go-Ahead London 425 Clapton Ilford Stagecoach London 427 Southall Uxbridge Transport UK London Bus 428 Erith Bluewater Shopping Centre Arriva London 430 Victoria and Albert Museum Roehampton Go-Ahead London 432 Anerley railway station Brixton tube station Arriva London 433 Croydon Addington Village Interchange Transport UK London Bus Originally numbered T33 until 24 October 2015. 434 Coulsdon Caterham Valley Go-Ahead London 436 Battersea Park railway station Lewisham Shopping Centre Go-Ahead London 439 Waddon Marsh tram stop Whyteleafe South Go-Ahead London 440 Wembley Turnham Green Church RATP Dev Transit London 444 Turnpike Lane bus station Chingford railway station Go-Ahead London 450 Lower Sydenham West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 452 Ladbroke Grove Vauxhall bus station RATP Dev Transit London Extended from Wandsworth Road railway station to Vauxhall bus station on 19 November 2016.Temporarily withdrawn between Kensal Rise railway station and Ladbroke Grove until further notice due to road layout changes at the bus stand at Kensal Rise railway station by the London Borough of Brent. 453 Marylebone station Deptford Bridge DLR station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 456 North Middlesex University Hospital Crews Hill Go-Ahead London 460 North Finchley bus station Willesden bus garage Metroline 462 Ilford Hainault Stagecoach London Crosses border into Essex at Grange Hill tube station. 463 Pollards Hill Coulsdon South railway station Go-Ahead London 464 Tatsfield New Addington tram stop Transport UK London Bus 465 Kingston upon Thames Dorking RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 466 Caterham on the HillOasis Academy Coulsdon (schoolday journeys) Addington Village Interchange Arriva London 467 HookHinchley Wood School (schoolday journeys from Epsom) EpsomEpsom Hospital (schoolday journeys from Hook) RATP Dev Transit London 468 Elephant and Castle South Croydon Arriva London 469 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Erith Go-Ahead London Extended from Bexleyheath Shopping Centre to Queen Elizabeth Hospital on 24 January 2009. 470 Colliers Wood tube station Sutton railway station Go-Ahead London 472 North Greenwich bus station Abbey Wood railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 473 Stratford bus station North Woolwich Go-Ahead London 474 Canning Town Manor Park railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 476 Northumberland Park railway station London King's Cross railway station Go-Ahead London 481 West Middlesex University Hospital Kingston upon Thames Metroline Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 481D Whitton Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus Schoolday journeys only.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 482 Southall Town Hall Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 483 Harrow bus station Windmill Park Metroline 484 Camberwell Green Lewisham station Go-Ahead London 485 Southside Wandsworth Castelnau Go-Ahead London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge.Route serves the WWT London Wetland Centre in both directions during opening hours. 486 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 487 Willesden Junction station South Harrow tube station Metroline 488 Bromley-by-Bow Dalston Stagecoach London 490 Pools on the Park Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 491 North Middlesex University Hospital Waltham Cross Metroline 492 Bluewater Shopping Centre Sidcup railway station Arriva London 493 St George's Hospital Richmond bus station Go-Ahead London 496 Queen's Hospital Harold Wood Stagecoach London 498 Queen's Hospital Brentwood Stagecoach London Introduced on 26 December 2005. 499 Gallows Corner loop service via Heath Park Estate Stagecoach London 500–599 Route Start End Operator Notes 533 Hammersmith bus station loop service via Castelnau Go-Ahead London A temporary route replacing routes 33, 72, 209 and 485 until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 549 Loughton tube station South Woodford tube station Sullivan Buses Frequency reduced from a bus every 67 minutes to a bus every 90 minutes on 12 March 2022.To be withdrawn on 7 September 2024, being replaced by a restructured version of route W14. 600–699 Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time. Route Start End Schools Operator Notes 601 Thamesmead Wilmington Academy Wilmington Academy Go-Ahead London 602 Thamesmead Townley Grammar School Townley Grammar School Stagecoach London 603 Swiss Cottage tube station Muswell Hill N/A Metroline 605 Burnt Oak tube station Totteridge & Whetstone tube station Mill Hill County High School Sullivan Buses 606 Queensbury tube station The Totteridge Academy The Totteridge AcademyQueen Elizabeth's School, Barnet Sullivan Buses 608 Gallows Corner Shenfield High School Shenfield High School Go-Ahead London 612 Selsdon Wallington County Grammar School Wallington County Grammar SchoolRiddlesdown CollegiateThe John Fisher SchoolWallington High School for Girls Arriva London 613 Tolworth railway station Glenthorne High School Glenthorne High School RATP Dev Transit London 616 Winchmore Hill Edmonton Green bus station The Latymer School Stagecoach London 617 Turnpike Lane bus station Turkey Street railway station St Ignatius College Sullivan Buses 621 Lewisham station Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stagecoach London 624 Grove Park railway station Stationers' Crown Woods AcademyWelling (1 bus eastbound only) Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Go-Ahead London 625 Plumstead Common Chislehurst N/A Go-Ahead London 626 Finchley Central tube station Dame Alice Owen's School Dame Alice Owen's School Metroline 627 Wallington High School for Girls Worcester Park railway station Wallington High School for Girls Arriva London 628 JFS Southgate tube station JFS Uno Runs one way to Southgate tube station only. 629 Turkey Street railway station Wood Green bus garage St Ignatius College Sullivan Buses 631 Golders Green tube station Henrietta Barnett School Henrietta Barnett School Metroline 632 Grahame Park Kilburn Park tube station St James' Catholic High School Metroline 633 Pollards Hill Coulsdon South railway station Woodcote High School Go-Ahead London Transferred from Quality Line to Go-Ahead London on 3 April 2021.Extended from Wallington to Pollards Hill on 4 January 2022. 634 Muswell Hill Chipping Barnet Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet Metroline 635 St Paul's College Hounslow bus station St Paul's College Metroline 638 Coney Hall Kemnal Technology College Chislehurst School for GirlsKemnal Technology CollegeCoopers SchoolEltham College Stagecoach London 639 Roehampton St John Bosco College St John Bosco College Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to London United on 5 June 2021 and transferred from RATP Dev Transit London to Transport UK London Bus on 8 June 2024. 640 South Harrow tube station Bentley Wood High School Whitmore High SchoolSalvatorian CollegeSacred Heart Language CollegeBentley Wood High School Sullivan Buses 642 West Hendon London Academy London Academy Metroline 643 Brent Cross bus station Christ's College Finchley Christ's College Finchley Uno 645 Purley Cross Waddon N/A Arriva London Introduced on 4 January 2022 to replace route 405D. 646 Noak Hill Cranham N/A Go-Ahead London 649 Romford bus garage The Campion School The Campion School Go-Ahead London 650 Romford bus garage Emerson Park Academy Emerson Park Academy Go-Ahead London 651 Romford railway station Chase Cross Bower Park Academy Go-Ahead London 652 Rainham Upminster station Sanders Draper SchoolHavering Sixth Form CollegeThe Brittons AcademyHarris Academy Rainham Go-Ahead London 653 JFS Muswell Hill JFS Uno 654 Addington Village Interchange Ramsden Harris Academy OrpingtonRavens Wood School Go-Ahead London 655 Mitcham Raynes Park High School Raynes Park High School RATP Dev Transit London 656 Gallows Corner Emerson Park Academy Emerson Park Academy Go-Ahead London 657 Salisbury Hall Bancroft's School Trinity Catholic High SchoolBancroft's School Go-Ahead London 658 Woolwich Arsenal station Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Go-Ahead London 660 Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Catford bus garage Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stagecoach London 661 Chislehurst Petts Wood railway station Eltham CollegeCoopers School Stagecoach London 662 Surbiton railway station Holy Cross School Holy Cross School RATP Dev Transit London 663 Thornton Heath railway station Harris Academy Purley Harris Academy Purley Go-Ahead London 664 New Addington Charles Darwin School Charles Darwin SchoolRavens Wood School Go-Ahead London 665 Surbiton Holy Cross School Holy Cross School RATP Dev Transit London 667 Ilford West Hatch High School West Hatch High School Stagecoach London 669 Thamesmead Cleeve Park School Cleeve Park School Stagecoach London 670 Roehampton St John Bosco College St John Bosco College Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to London United on 5 June 2021 and transferred from RATP Dev Transit London to Transport UK London Bus on 8 June 2024. 671 Chessington South railway station Tiffin Girls' School Tiffin Girls' School Transport UK London Bus 672 Thamesmead Beresford Square Hawksmoor Primary School Stagecoach London 673 The Warren School Beckton bus station The Warren School Stagecoach London Runs one way to Beckton bus station only. 674 Romford railway station Harold Hill Royal Liberty School Stagecoach London 675 St. James Street railway station Woodbridge High School Woodbridge High School Arriva London 677 Ilford Debden Davenant Foundation School Go-Ahead London 678 Beckton bus station Stratford bus station St Angela's Ursuline SchoolSt Bonaventure'sForest Gate Community SchoolStratford School Stagecoach London 679 Goodmayes Woodford Wells Woodford County High School For GirlsTrinity Catholic High SchoolBancroft's School Go-Ahead London 681 Hounslow bus station Teddington School Teddington School RATP Dev Transit London 683 Friern Barnet JFS JFS Uno 684 Orpington railway station Charles Darwin School Charles Darwin School Stagecoach London 685 Warlingham School Selsdon Warlingham SchoolRiddlesdown Collegiate Arriva London Runs one way to Selsdon only. 686 Romford railway station St Edward's Church of England Academy St Edward's Church of England Academy Go-Ahead London Afternoon journeys from St Edward's Church of England Academy terminate at Harold Hill. 687 Dagenham Park Church of England School Barking station Dagenham Park Church of England School Go-Ahead London 688 Southgate tube station JFS JFS Uno 689 West Croydon bus station Monks Orchard Orchard Park High School Arriva London 690 Burntwood School Norwood bus garage Burntwood School Go-Ahead London 696 Hayes Bishop Ramsey School Bishop Ramsey School RATP Dev Transit London 697 The Douay Martyrs School Hayes End The Douay Martyrs School RATP Dev Transit London Morning journeys from Hayes End terminate at Ickenham tube station. 698 The Douay Martyrs School West Drayton The Douay Martyrs School RATP Dev Transit London Morning journeys from West Drayton terminate at Ickenham tube station. 699 Winchmore Hill Dame Alice Owen's School Dame Alice Owen's School Uno 900–999 Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes. Route Start End Operator Notes 969 Whitton Roehampton Vale Transport UK London Bus Operates one return journey on Tuesdays and Fridays only. Letter prefixes Route Start End Operator Letter code Notes A10 Uxbridge tube station Heathrow Central bus station Metroline Heathrow Airport B11 Bexleyheath bus garage South Thamesmead Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath B12 Erith Joyden's Wood Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath Extended from Bexleyheath Shopping Centre to Joyden's Wood on 24 January 2009.Runs in a loop in Joyden's Wood via Dartford Road, Old Bexley Lane, Oakfield Lane, Leyton Cross Road, Birchwood Road, Summerhouse Drive, Tile Kiln Lane and Baldwyn's Park, exiting the loop at the junction with Baldwyn's Park and Dartford Road. Runs the loop in reverse after 12:00. B13 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre New Eltham railway station Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath B14 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Orpington railway station Stagecoach London Bexleyheath B15 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Horn Park Arriva London Bexleyheath B16 Bexleyheath bus garage Kidbrooke Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath C1 London Victoria station White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London Central London C3 Clapham Junction railway station Earl's Court Transport UK London Bus Chelsea C10 London Victoria station Canada Water bus station Transport UK London Bus Central London C11 Archway tube station Brent Cross bus station Metroline Cricklewood D3 Bethnal Green Leamouth Go-Ahead London London Docklands D6 Ash Grove bus garage Cubitt Town Stagecoach London London Docklands D7 Mile End tube station All Saints Church Stagecoach London London Docklands D8 Cubitt Town Stratford bus station Stagecoach London London Docklands E1 Ealing Broadway station Greenford Broadway Metroline Ealing E2 Brentford Greenford Broadway Metroline Ealing E3 Chiswick Greenford Broadway RATP Dev Transit London Ealing E5 Perivale Southall Transport UK London Bus Dormers Wells E6 Bulls Bridge Greenford Broadway Transport UK London Bus Yeading Temporarily withdrawn between Greenford station and Greenford Broadway until 20:00 on 17 August 2024 due to gas works on Oldfield Lane North. E7 Ealing Broadway station Ruislip tube station Transport UK London Bus Ealing Runs via Wood Lane in Ruislip during shopping hours. E8 Ealing Broadway station Hounslow Metroline Ealing E9 Ealing Broadway station Yeading Metroline Ealing E10 Ealing Broadway station Northolt Transport UK London Bus Ealing E11 Ealing Common Greenford Broadway Transport UK London Bus Ealing G1 Shaftesbury Park Estate Norbury Go-Ahead London St George's Hospital H2 Golders Green tube station Circular via Hampstead Garden Suburb Metroline Hampstead Garden Suburb H3 East Finchley Golders Green tube station Metroline Hampstead Garden Suburb H9 Northwick Park Hospital (circular) anticlockwise via Kenton station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H10 Northwick Park Hospital (circular) clockwise via South Harrow tube station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H11 Harrow bus station Mount Vernon Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H12 South Harrow tube station Stanmore tube station RATP Dev Transit London Hatch End H13 Northwood Hills Ruislip Lido Metroline Ruislip H14 Northwick Park Hospital Hatch End RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H17 Harrow bus station Wembley Central station Metroline Harrow H18 Harrow bus station (circular) clockwise via North Harrow RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H19 Harrow bus station (circular) anticlockwise via Kenton station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow Route terminates at St George's Shopping Centre instead of Harrow bus station. H20 Hounslow Ivybridge Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H22 Hounslow West Middlesex University Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow H25 Hanworth Hatton Cross tube station Transport UK London Bus Hatton H26 Feltham Hatton Cross tube station Transport UK London Bus Hatton H28 Bulls Bridge Osterley Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H32 Southall Town Hall Hounslow bus station Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H37 Richmond Hounslow RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow H91 Hammersmith bus station Hounslow West tube station Metroline Hounslow H98 Hayes End Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow K1 Kingston upon Thames New Malden railway station RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. K2 Kingston Hospital Hook RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K3 Roehampton Vale Esher RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K4 Mansfield Park Estate Kingston Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K5 Morden tube station Ham RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames P4 Lewisham station Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London Dulwich P5 Elephant and Castle Patmore Estate Transport UK London Bus Clapham P12 Surrey Quays Shopping Centre Brockley Rise Go-Ahead London Peckham P13 New Cross Streatham railway station Transport UK London Bus Peckham R1 Green Street Green St Paul's Cray Go-Ahead London Orpington R2 Orpington Biggin Hill Valley Go-Ahead London Orpington R3 Princess Royal University Hospital Orpington railway station Go-Ahead London Orpington R4 Princess Royal University Hospital Paul's Cray Hill Go-Ahead London Orpington R5 Orpington railway station (circular) clockwise via Knockholt Go-Ahead London Orpington R6 Orpington railway station St Mary Cray railway station Go-Ahead London Orpington To be withdrawn on 29 March 2025, being replaced by a reroute of route B14. R7 Chelsfield Village Chislehurst Go-Ahead London Orpington R8 Orpington railway station Biggin Hill Go-Ahead London Orpington R9 Orpington railway station Ramsden Go-Ahead London Orpington R10 Orpington railway station (circular) anticlockwise via Cudham Go-Ahead London Orpington R11 Green Street Green Queen Mary's Hospital Go-Ahead London Orpington R68 Hampton Court railway station Kew Transport UK London Bus Richmond R70 Richmond Hampton Transport UK London Bus Richmond S1 Lavender Fields Banstead Go-Ahead London Sutton S2 St Helier railway station Epsom Go-Ahead London Sutton S3 Belmont railway station Malden Manor railway station Transport UK London Bus Sutton S4 Sutton Waddon Marsh tram stop Transport UK London Bus Sutton U1 Ruislip tube station West Drayton railway station Metroline Uxbridge U2 Uxbridge tube station Brunel University Metroline Uxbridge Runs via Hillingdon tube station.Runs via Leybourne Road in North Hillingdon during Monday-Saturday shopping hours. U3 Uxbridge tube station Heathrow Central bus station Metroline Uxbridge U4 Uxbridge tube station Hayes Metroline Uxbridge U5 Uxbridge Hayes Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U7 Uxbridge tube station Hayes Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U9 Uxbridge tube station Harefield Hospital Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U10 Uxbridge tube station Ruislip Metroline Uxbridge W3 Finsbury Park bus station Northumberland Park railway station Arriva London Wood Green W4 Oakthorpe Park Tottenham Hale Arriva London West Green W5 Archway tube station Harringay Stagecoach London Crouch End W6 Southgate tube station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London Palmers Green W7 Finsbury Park bus station Muswell Hill Metroline Crouch End W8 Lee Valley Leisure Complex Chase Farm Hospital Metroline Enfield Town W9 Southgate tube station Chase Farm Hospital Sullivan Buses Enfield Town W11 Walthamstow bus station Chingford Hall Estate Stagecoach London Walthamstow W12 Walthamstow Wanstead Stagecoach London Walthamstow W13 Leytonstone bus station Woodford Wells Stagecoach London Woodford W14 Leyton Mills Woodford Bridge Stagecoach London Woodford W15 Hackney Town Hall Higham Hill Go-Ahead London Walthamstow W16 Leytonstone bus station Chingford Mount Stagecoach London Highams Park W19 Walthamstow Ilford Stagecoach London Walthamstow East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed) Main article: East London Transit Route Start End Operator Notes EL1 Barking Riverside Ilford Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation.Originally numbered 369 until 20 February 2010. EL2 Becontree Heath Dagenham Dock Go-Ahead London EL3 Barking Riverside Little Heath Go-Ahead London Originally numbered 387 until 18 February 2017. Superloop routes (SL-prefixed) Main article: London Superloop Route Start End Operator Notes SL1 North Finchley bus station Walthamstow bus station Arriva London SL2 Walthamstow bus station North Woolwich Arriva London SL3 Thamesmead Bromley North railway station Stagecoach London SL5 Bromley North railway station Croydon Arriva London SL6 Russell Square West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London Runs non-stop between Waterloo and West Norwood.Runs only on weekdays during peak hours only.Runs towards Russell Square in the morning peak, and runs towards West Croydon bus station in the evening peak. SL7 West Croydon bus station Heathrow Central bus station Go-Ahead London SL8 Uxbridge tube station White City bus station Metroline SL9 Heathrow Central bus station Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London SL10 Harrow bus station North Finchley bus station RATP Dev Transit London Night only routes (N-prefixed) Main article: Night buses in London Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations. Route Start End Operator N1 Thamesmead Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London N2 Crystal Palace bus station Marylebone station Arriva London N3 Bromley North railway station Oxford Circus Transport UK London Bus N5 Edgware bus station Trafalgar Square RATP Dev Transit London N7 Northolt tube station Oxford Circus Metroline N8 Hainault Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N9 Heathrow Terminal 5 Aldwych Metroline N11 Ealing Broadway station Whitehall Go-Ahead London N15 Romford Market Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N18 Harrow Weald bus garage Trafalgar Square RATP Dev Transit London N19 Clapham Junction railway station Finsbury Park bus station Arriva London N20 Barnet Hospital Trafalgar Square Metroline N21 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N22 Fulwell Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N25 Ilford Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N26 Chingford railway station London Victoria station Stagecoach London N27 Hammersmith bus station Chalk Farm Transport UK London Bus N28 Camden Town Southside Wandsworth Metroline N29 Enfield Town Trafalgar Square Arriva London N31 Camden Town Clapham Junction railway station Metroline N32 Edgware bus station London Victoria station Metroline N33 Fulwell railway station Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London N38 Walthamstow bus station Victoria bus station Arriva London N41 Tottenham Hale bus station Trafalgar Square Arriva London N44 Sutton railway station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N53 Plumstead railway station Whitehall Stagecoach London N55 Woodford Wells Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N63 Crystal Palace bus station London King's Cross railway station Transport UK London Bus N65 Chessington World of Adventures Ealing Broadway station RATP Dev Transit London N68 Old Coulsdon Tottenham Court Road station Transport UK London Bus N72 East Acton Roehampton RATP Dev Transit London N73 Walthamstow bus station Oxford Circus Arriva London N74 Roehampton Baker Street tube station Go-Ahead London N83 Ealing Hospital Golders Green tube station Metroline N86 Harold Hill Stratford bus station Stagecoach London N87 Fairfield bus station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N89 Erith Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N91 Cockfosters tube station Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N97 Hammersmith bus station Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N98 Stanmore tube station Red Lion Square Metroline N109 Croydon Oxford Circus Transport UK London Bus N113 Edgware bus station Trafalgar Square Metroline N133 Morden tube station Liverpool Street bus station Transport UK London Bus N136 Chislehurst Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N137 Crystal Palace bus station Oxford Circus Arriva London N140 Harrow Weald bus garage Heathrow Central bus station Metroline N155 Morden tube station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N171 Hither Green railway station Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London N199 St Mary Cray railway station Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London N205 Leyton Paddington Stagecoach London N207 Uxbridge tube station Bloomsbury Square Transport UK London Bus N242 Homerton University Hospital Tottenham Court Road station Stagecoach London N250 Brixton Fairfield Halls Arriva London N253 Aldgate bus station Tottenham Court Road station Arriva London N266 Brent Cross bus station Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London N271 Finsbury Square Tally Ho Corner Metroline N277 Cubitt Town Islington Stagecoach London N279 Waltham Cross Trafalgar Square Arriva London N343 New Cross Gate Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N381 Peckham Whitehall Transport UK London Bus N550 Canning Town bus station Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London N551 Gallions Reach Shopping Park Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London These bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not 'London Buses', all but three run from villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within. They are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps and appear on TfL bus stops. Route Start End Operator Source Notes 3 Locksbottom Sevenoaks Go-Coach 3 Slough Uxbridge tube station First Beeline 5 Cippenham Heathrow Terminal 5 Thames Valley Buses 7 Britwell Heathrow Terminal 5 First Beeline Limited early morning trips extend to and from to Heathrow Central bus station. 8 Slough Heathrow Terminal 5 First Beeline 84B Barnet Hospital Potters Bar railway station Central Connect 102 High Wycombe Heathrow Central bus station Carousel Buses 104 High Wycombe Uxbridge Carousel Buses 269 Brentwood Grays NIBS Buses Crosses border into Greater London in North Ockendon. 328 Mount Vernon Hospital Abbots Langley Red Rose Travel 355 Carterhatch Nicholas Breakspear School Sullivan Buses 356 Bush Hill Park Nicholas Breakspear School Sullivan Buses 409 East Grinstead Selsdon Metrobus 411 Reigate Selsdon Metrobus Limited service of one journey per day to Selsdon, all other journeys terminate at Warlingham or Chelsham. 420 Sutton bus garage Whitebushes Metrobus Limited Monday-Saturday services extend to and from Gatwick Airport.Sunday services extend to and from Crawley. 429 West Kingsdown Dartford Go-Coach Crosses border into Greater London in Coldblow. 442 Heathrow Terminal 5 Staines-upon-Thames Carlone Limited Limited early morning and late evening buses extend to and from Englefield Green.Special journeys extend to and from Heathrow Central bus station. 446 Hatton Cross tube station Woking railway station White Bus Services 458 Kingston upon Thames Staines-upon-Thames White Bus Services Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 461 Kingston upon Thames St Peter's Hospital Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 477 Orpington railway station Dartford Arriva Kent Thameside Formerly ran to Bluewater Shopping Centre until 17 April 2022.The Sunday service was also discontinued at that time. 513 Kingston upon Thames Downside Reptons Coaches Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 514 Kingston upon Thames Weybridge Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 515 Kingston upon Thames Weybridge Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 555 Heathrow Central bus station Whiteley Village Diamond South East 556 Heathrow Terminal 4 Chertsey Diamond South East Limited early morning and late evening trips extend to and from Heathrow Central bus station. 581 Uxbridge Higher Denham Carousel Buses 583 Uxbridge Hedgerley Carousel Buses 610 Cockfosters tube station Luton railway station Uno 614 Queensbury tube station Hatfield railway station Uno 644 Queensbury tube station Hatfield railway station Uno 668 North Cheam St Andrew's Catholic School Go-Ahead London 695 Oxted School Westerham Metrobus Crosses border into Greater London in Biggin Hill. 702 Legoland Windsor Resort Green Line Coach Station Reading Buses 703 Bracknell bus station Heathrow Terminal 5 Thames Valley Buses 715 Kingston upon Thames Guildford Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 724 Harlow Heathrow Central bus station Arriva Herts & Essex 820 Sutton bus garage Redhill Metrobus 847 Stratford City bus station Here East Go-Ahead London Runs the Here East shuttle. 866 Coulsdon The Beacon School Metrobus A4 Cippenham Heathrow Central bus station First Beeline E16 Epsom Circular via Worcester Park railway station Falcon Buses KU1 Seething Wells Roehampton Vale RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. KU2 Berrylands Circular via Surbiton railway station RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. KU3 Seething Wells Circular via Kingston upon Thames and Surbiton railway station RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. R1 Maple Cross Mount Vernon Hospital Red Eagle R2 Chorleywood Mount Vernon Hospital Red Eagle Runs to Watford on Tuesdays and Fridays only. R17 Carpenders Park railway station Harrow Arts Centre Red Eagle Only runs on Wednesdays. S3 Orpington Sevenoaks Go-Coach S32 Kemnal Technology College Trinity School Go-Coach X442 Heathrow Terminal 5 Staines-upon-Thames Carlone Limited Limited stop version of route 442, but avoids Ashford Hospital and sections in Stanwell and Stanwell Moor. Z2 Canning Town bus station Tilbury First Essex Only to be used by Amazon Tilbury staff. Former routes Route Start End Withdrawal date(s) Notes 9H Kensington High Street Trafalgar Square 25 July 2014 Heritage route that used AEC Routemaster buses. 10 Hammersmith bus station London King's Cross railway station 24 November 2018 Partially replaced by route 23. 15H Tower Hill tube station Trafalgar Square 14 November 2020 Heritage route that used AEC Routemaster buses. 48 London Bridge bus station Walthamstow bus station 12 October 2019 Replaced by routes 26, 55 and 388. 77A Aldwych Wandsworth 3 June 2006 Renumbered 87. 82 North Finchley bus station Victoria bus station 1 April 2017 Replaced by route 13. 87 Barking Romford Market 25 March 2006 Replaced by an extension of route 5. 129 Claybury Broadway Becontree Heath 26 June 2004 Replaced by revised versions of routes 128 and 150. 143D Christ's College Finchley Archway tube station 4 February 2023 Ran schoolday journeys only. 168 Hampstead Heath Old Kent Road 30 September 2023 Replaced by route 1. 239 London Victoria station Clapham Junction 16 February 2008 Replaced by route 170. 271 Finsbury Square Highgate Village 4 February 2023 Replaced by routes 21, 263 and N271. 305 Edgware bus station Kingsbury 1 September 2018 Replaced by route 303. 332 Brent Park London Paddington station 29 April 2023 Replaced by route 16. 369 Ilford Thames View Estate 20 February 2010 Replaced by new routes EL1 and EL2. 387 Little Heath Barking Riverside 18 February 2017 Renumbered EL3. 391 Richmond Hammersmith bus station 12 December 2020 Replaced by route 110. 405D Purley West Croydon bus station 4 January 2022 Replaced by route 645. 455 Purley Wallington railway station 2 March 2024 Replaced by routes 166, 312 and S4. 497 Harold Wood railway station Harold Hill 9 March 2024 Replaced by an extension of route 346. 507 London Waterloo station Victoria bus station 29 April 2023 Replaced by routes 3, 11 and C10. 521 London Bridge bus station London Waterloo station 29 April 2023 Replaced by routes 59 and 133. 530 Holloway Angel tube station 29 October 2017 A temporary route introduced on 16 August 2017 and operated by Go-Ahead London. Created due to works on Upper Street.Ran one way to Angel tube station only. 541 Prince Regent DLR station Keir Hardie Estate 1 June 201231 March 201330 October 201519 February 2016 A temporary route introduced on 3 May 2011, 1 October 2012, 14 September 2013 and 15 February 2016 and operated by Stagecoach London (3 May 2011 until 1 June 2012 and 1 October 2012 until 31 March 2013) and Go-Ahead London (14 September 2013 until 30 October 2015 and 15 February 2015 until 19 February 2016). Created multiple times due to a temporary withdrawal of route 241 between Canning Town bus station and Prince Regent DLR station. 558 Seven Sisters station Chingford Mount 28 August 2015 A temporary route introduced on 10 August 2015 and operated by Metroline. Created due to a closure of the Victoria line between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central stations. 588 Hackney Wick Stratford City bus station 14 December 2013 A temporary route introduced on 13 July 2013 and operated by Stagecoach London. Was the first bus route to operate through the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. 607 Uxbridge tube station White City bus station 15 July 2023 Renumbered SL8. 609 The Harrodian School Hammersmith bus station 18 May 2019 Morning journeys from Hammersmith bus station terminated at Mortlake. 611 Stonebridge Park station Christ's College Finchley 18 July 2020 Partly replaced by route 112. 618 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Avanti House Secondary School 3 April 2018 619 Edgware bus station Avanti House Secondary School 3 April 2018 636 Kemnal Technology College Grove Park 2 September 2017 Ran one way to Grove Park only. 637 Kemnal Technology College Grove Park 2 September 2017 Ran one way to Grove Park only. 641 West Molesey Teddington School 30 September 2017 648 Romford railway station Cranham 24 July 2021 Replaced by route 248 and partially replaced by route 646. 689 Norwood bus garage Burntwood School 30 July 2011 Replaced by route 690. 692 Dame Alice Owen's School Southgate tube station 2 September 2023 Ran one way to Southgate tube station only. 718 (2019-21) Morden tube station Rosehill 5 December 2021 A temporary route introduced on 30 November 2019 and operated by Go-Ahead London. Created due to a closure of Bishopsford Road Bridge. 718 (2022-24) Harrow & Wealdstone station Queen's Park station 23 December 202225 August 202330 October 202327 December 202317 February 2024 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 23 July 2023, 28 October 2023, 26 December 2023 and 17 February 2024 and operated by Abellio London (17 December 2022 until 23 December 2022, 23 July 2023 until 17 August 2023 and 29 October 2023 until 30 October 2023), Metroline (28 October 2023 until 29 October 2023 and on 17 February 2024 alongside Sullivan Buses) and Sullivan Buses (26 December 2023 until 27 December 2023 and on 17 February 2024 alongside Metroline). Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 719 Wembley Park tube station Queen's Park station 22 December 202228 July 202317 August 2023 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 24 July 2023 and 14 August 2023 and operated by Metroline. Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 720 Harrow bus station Watford Junction railway station 23 December 202225 August 202330 October 202311 December 202318 February 202428 April 2024 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 23 July 2023, 28 October 2023, 10 December 2023, 17 February 2024 and 27 April 2024 and operated by Sullivan Buses. Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 728 Fulham Town Hall Southside Wandsworth 2 October 2023 A temporary route introduced on 24 July 2023 and operated by Abellio London. Created due to a closure of Wandsworth Bridge. 733 Oval tube station Finsbury Square 13 May 2022 A temporary route introduced on 15 January 2022 and operated by Tower Transit. Created due to a closure of the Northern line between Moorgate and Oval stations. 931 Crystal Palace Lewisham Shopping Centre 19 May 2017 Operated one return journey on Fridays. Replaced by local routes in the area and the Dial-a-Ride service. 953 Scrattons Eco Park Romford 7 November 2012 Operated two return journeys on Wednesdays. Replaced by local routes in the area and the Dial-a-Ride service. 965 Riverhill Kingston upon Thames 12 October 2018 Operated one return journey on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only.Replaced by the Dial-a-Ride service.Crossed border into Surrey on Worcester Park Road. C2 Parliament Hill Fields Regent Street 30 March 2019 Replaced by route 88. H50 West Drayton railway station Circular via Stockley Park 21 March 2008 Extended to Heathrow Terminal 5 and renumbered 350. PR1 Willesden Junction station Ealing Broadway station 23 March 2007 Replaced by routes 226 and PR2. PR2 Willesden Junction station Wembley Park 14 October 2011 Replaced by route 206. RV1 Covent Garden Tower Gateway DLR station 15 June 2019 Partly replaced by route 343. S2 Stratford bus station Clapton 5 July 2008 Replaced by routes 425 and 488. S5 Wallington Mitcham Common 1 March 2002 Replaced by a revised version of route 463. T31 New Addington Forestdale 24 October 2015 Replaced by changes to routes 64, 130 and 353. T32 New Addington tram stop Addington Village Interchange Replaced by changes to routes 64 and 130. T33 West Croydon bus station Addington Village Interchange Renumbered 433. W10 Crews Hill Enfield Town 13 March 2021 Replaced by route 456. N10 Richmond London King's Cross railway station 29 January 2010 Replaced by routes 10 and 33. N13 North Finchley bus station Aldwych 1 April 2017 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 13. N16 Edgware bus station London Victoria station 29 April 2023 Renumbered N32. N35 Clapham Junction railway station Tottenham Court Road station 30 April 2016 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 35. N36 Queen's Park station Grove Park railway station 9 February 2008 Replaced by a new 24-hour service on route 36 and a new route N136 between Oxford Circus and Grove Park railway station. N47 Trafalgar Square St Mary Cray railway station 12 September 2015 Replaced by new route N199 and a 24-hour service on route 47. N64 New Addington Thornton Heath Pond 24 October 2015 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 64. N76 Northumberland Park railway station Lower Marsh 8 November 2014 Withdrawn between Tottenham and Northumberland Park railway station and renumbered 76. N93 Putney Bridge tube station North Cheam 3 April 2004 Incorporated into the main service of route 93. N159 Marble Arch tube station New Addington 27 August 2010 Replaced by routes 159, N64 and N109. X26 West Croydon bus station Heathrow Central bus station 19 August 2023 Renumbered SL7. X68 Russell Square West Croydon bus station 31 July 2023 Renumbered SL6. X140 Heathrow Central bus station Harrow bus station 26 August 2023 Renumbered SL9. Future routes Route Start End Notes 618 Ivybridge Osterley To be introduced on 31 August 2024. N518 Ruislip tube station Trafalgar Square Proposed to be introduced in 2024 subject to consultation. SL4 Westferry Circus Grove Park railway station To be introduced in March 2025 when the Silvertown Tunnel opens as part of the Superloop network of orbital express bus routes.To run non-stop between Leamouth and Sun in the Sands. Temporary routes There are three special TfL express routes which only run during the Notting Hill Carnival: 2X, 36X and 205X. Route 23A operates on one day per year to Imber using heritage vehicles. See also Category: London bus operators References ^ Charles Klapper (1984) The Golden Age of Buses Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Page 64. Routledge, London ISBN 0-7102-0232-6, ISBN 978-0-7102-0232-1. ^ "How are bus routes (Especially London bus routes) numbered? In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". TheGuardian.com. 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Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023. ^ "Consultation launched into route change for Kingston's K1 bus". Surrey Comet. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ "Kingston Cromwell Road bus station closure". TfL. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ a b "Boris rejects changes to K2, K3 bus routes". Your Local Guardian. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ "R1, R2, R3, R6 and B14 – Orpington bus proposals". Transport for London. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ a b Skoulding, Lucy (9 December 2020). "The big changes coming to London's bus routes in major TfL shake-up". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ "U2 bus route". TfL. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ "U2 bus timetable". TfL. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ Jones, Tom (1 July 2023). "London's most useless bus route that only runs 9 times a day". MyLondon. Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ Marius, Callum (1 March 2022). "Short London bus route that's also 1 of London's busiest due to 2 steep hills". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ a b Marius, Callum (29 June 2021). "All the London bus routes which disappeared in the past 5 years". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ a b Wallis, Philip (2013). London's Night Buses 1984-2013 (2 ed.). London: Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 978-1854143723. ^ "London Service Permits". Transport for London. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Route 3: Locksbottom to Sevenoaks". Go-Coach. Retrieved 16 October 2023. ^ a b c d e "Beeline Network Map: August 2023" (PDF). First Beeline. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Route 5: Cippenham to Heathrow". Thames Valley Buses. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Route 84B: Potters Bar to Barnet Hospital" (PDF). Central Connect. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ "Route 102: High Wycombe to Heathrow Airport". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 2 June 2024. ^ "Route 104: High Wycombe to Uxbridge". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ a b "Route 269: Brentwood to Grays" (PDF). NIBS Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 328: Mount Vernon Hospital to Abbots Langley". Red Rose Travel. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Route 355: Carterhatch to Oaklands" (PDF). Sullivan Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 356: Bush Hill Park to Oaklands" (PDF). Sullivan Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 409: East Grinstead to Selsdon". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route 411: Reigate to Selsdon". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route 420: Sutton to Whitebushes". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ a b "Route 429: West Kingsdown to Dartford". Go-Coach. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ a b "Routes 442/X442: Staines to Heathrow Airport" (PDF). Carlone Limited. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 446: Hatton Cross to Woking". White Bus Services. Retrieved 7 December 2023. ^ "Route 458: Kingston to Staines". White Bus Services. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ a b c d e f "Kingston Cromwell Road bus station closure". Transport for London. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "Route 461: Kingston to St Peter's Hospital". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 477: Orpington to Dartford". Arriva Kent Thameside. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Passenger 'sick to death of appalling bus service' on south London route". News Shopper. May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022. ^ "Route 513: Kingston to Downside" (PDF). Reptons Coaches. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 515: Kingston to Hersham". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 555: Heathrow Airport to Whiteley Village". Diamond South East. Retrieved 31 December 2023. ^ a b "Route 556: Heathrow Airport to Chertsey". Diamond South East. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Route 581: Higher Denham to Uxbridge". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 583: Uxbridge to Hedgerley". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 29 August 2023. ^ "Route 610: Cockfosters to Luton". Uno. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 614: Queensbury to Hatfield". Uno. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 644: Queensbury to Hatfield". Uno. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 668: Ashtead to North Cheam". Surrey County Council. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ a b "Route 695: Westerham to Oxted School". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route 702: Legoland Windsor to London Victoria". Reading Buses. Retrieved 18 February 2024. ^ "Route 703: Bracknell to Heathrow Terminal 5". Thames Valley Buses. Retrieved 23 April 2024. ^ "Route 715: Kingston to Guildford". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 724: Harlow to Heathrow Airport". Arriva Herts & Essex. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Route 820: Sutton to Redhill & St Bedes School". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Free shuttle service connect stations to Here East". Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (Mayor of London). 15 May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. ^ "Route 866: Coulsdon to Beacon School". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route E16: Epsom to Worcester Park". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ a b c "Intersite bus service". Kingston University. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ a b "Routes R1/R2 Timetable" (PDF). Red Eagle. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route R17: South Oxhey to Hatch End" (PDF). Red Eagle. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route S3: Orpington to Sevenoaks". Go-Coach. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "Route S32: St Paul's Cray to Sevenoaks Schools". Go-Coach. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Route Z2: Canning Town to Tilbury" (PDF). First Essex. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Axe to fall on Routemaster route Bus & Coach Professional 30 January 2014 ^ RMs to be withdrawn from London's route 9 Coach & Bus Week issue 1122 29 January 2014 page 19 ^ Route 10 Map Transport for London ^ Permanent Bus Changes Transport for London ^ ""TfL confirms heritage Routemasters won't return"". 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. ^ Route 48 Map Transport for London ^ News in Brief Coach & Bus Week issue 1415 15 October 2019 page 10 ^ Marius, Callum (19 February 2022). "Every London bus route that has randomly changed numbers since 2000 and why". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ Route 82 Map Transport for London ^ Controversial Finchley Road changes to go ahead Buses issue 745 April 2017 page 22 ^ "Changes to routes 1, 168 & 188 - 30 September 2023". TfL. Retrieved 29 September 2023. ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Croydon and Sutton bus changes". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Harold Wood and Upminster - proposed changes to bus routes 346, 347 and 497". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Victoria Line Closure: 8/08/2015". Vauxhall One. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ Bus route 388 extended to Stratford City Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park 11 December 2013 ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Major changes to bus routes after Hammersmith Bridge closure from this weekend". Richmond and Twickenham Times. August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022. ^ Route 648 Map Transport for London ^ https://ehq-production-europe.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/5c684f8444f9fafe6d0f64f0911e6490925fbffa/original/1632297239/2fb91418c5f9bd6a5b38fd9c52cb1b35_route-648-646-consultation-summary-report.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA4KKNQAKICO37GBEP%2F20240409%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240409T233223Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=3952f9ed814430026cb3477f5e6c51f312e0096e65f13209b584dde02182da0f ^ "Rebuilding Mitcham Bridge on Bishopsford Road". Merton London Borough Council. Retrieved 16 December 2023. ^ "Major Bakerloo line and London Overground upgrades this summer". Network Rail. 29 June 2023. ^ "Major Bakerloo line and London Overground upgrades this summer". Network Rail. 29 June 2023. ^ "Major Bakerloo line and London Overground upgrades this summer". Network Rail. 29 June 2023. ^ "Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway". Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023. ^ "London Underground: Key parts of Northern line to close for four months". ITV News. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Route 931 Map Transport for London ^ "Bus service proposal: Route 931 - Transport for London - Citizen Space". Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. ^ "953 buse - a Freedom of Information request to Transport for London" (PDF). 20 September 2015. ^ Route 965 Map Transport for London ^ Route C2 Map Transport for London ^ Two central London routes to be withdrawn Buses issue 763 October 2018 page 22 ^ Route RV1 Map Transport for London ^ Permanent Bus Changes 12 April 2019 to 30 June 2019 Transport for London ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Ealing and Hounslow - expanding bus services E1 extension and new school route 618". TfL. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. ^ "Route N518 – creation of a new night bus service between Central London and Ruislip". TfL. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ Stations and buses near the carnival route Archived 29 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Transport for London ^ "On the road to nowhere: A Routemaster trip to remember". The Independent. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. Bibliography Atkin, Michael. "THIS SCEPTRED ISLE", The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8. External links London Buses vteLondon bus routes1–99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100–199 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 108D 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200–299 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300–399 300 301 302 303 306 307 308 309 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 335 336 337 339 340 341 343 344 345 346 347 349 350 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 370 371 372 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 388 389 390 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400–499 401 403 404 405 406 407 410 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 419 422 423 424 425 427 428 430 432 433 434 436 439 440 444 450 452 453 456 460 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 472 473 474 476 481 481D 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 490 491 492 493 496 498 499 500–599 533 549 600–699 601 602 603 605 606 608 612 613 616 617 621 624 625 626 627 628 629 631 632 633 634 635 638 639 640 642 643 646 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 660 661 662 663 664 665 667 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 677 678 679 681 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 696 697 698 699 900–999 969 Letter prefix A10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 C1 C3 C10 C11 D3 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 E3 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 G1 H2 H3 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H17 H18 H19 H20 H22 H25 H26 H28 H32 H37 H91 H98 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 P4 P5 P12 P13 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R68 R70 S1 S2 S3 S4 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U7 U9 U10 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W19 East London Transit EL1 EL2 EL3 Superloop SL1 SL2 SL3 SL5 SL6 SL7 SL8 SL9 SL10 Night only N1 N2 N3 N5 N7 N8 N9 N11 N15 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N31 N32 N33 N38 N41 N44 N53 N55 N63 N65 N68 N72 N73 N74 N83 N86 N87 N89 N91 N97 N98 N109 N113 N133 N136 N137 N140 N155 N171 N199 N205 N207 N242 N250 N253 N266 N277 N279 N343 N381 N550 N551 Former 9H 10 15H 48 77A 82 87 129 143D 168 271 305 332 369 387 391 405D 455 497 507 521 530 541 558 588 607 609 611 618 619 636 637 641 648 689 692 718 (2019-21) 718 (2022-24) 719 720 728 733 931 953 965 C2 H50 PR1 PR2 RV1 S2 S5 T31 T32 T33 W10 N10 N13 N16 N35 N36 N47 N64 N76 N93 N159 N213 X26 X68 X140 Future 618 N518 SL4 List of bus routes in London Buses portal London transport portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg"},{"link_name":"routes 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_8"},{"link_name":"205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_205"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by,_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberfeldy Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfeldy_Village"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"bus routes in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_London"},{"link_name":"Blue Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Docklands Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Buses"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"RATP Dev Transit London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Dev_Transit_London"},{"link_name":"London Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_London"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Selkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkent"},{"link_name":"Thameside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameside_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Buses"},{"link_name":"Transport UK London Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_UK_London_Bus"},{"link_name":"Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Arriva Herts & Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Herts_%26_Essex"},{"link_name":"Arriva Southern Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Southern_Counties"},{"link_name":"Carousel Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Buses"},{"link_name":"Diamond South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_South_East"},{"link_name":"Go-Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Coach"},{"link_name":"First Beeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Beeline"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"Thames Valley Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Buses"},{"link_name":"Reading Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Buses"}],"text":"Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches).Bus services in London are operated by Arriva London, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central and London General), Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London (London Sovereign, London United and London Transit), Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Transport UK London Bus and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services.Examples of non TfL-sponsored operators include, but are not limited to: Arriva Herts & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Carousel Buses, Diamond South East, Go-Coach, First Beeline, Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Thames Valley Buses and Reading Buses.","title":"List of bus routes in London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In Victorian times, people who took the bus would recognise the owner and the route of an omnibus (Latin: \"for everyone\") only by its livery and its line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread.[1]","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feltham tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_London"},{"link_name":"London Traffic Act 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Traffic_Act_1924"},{"link_name":"Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)"},{"link_name":"Chief Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Constable#Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ernest Bassom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bassom"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board"}],"sub_title":"Historic classification","text":"Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number.Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows.The London Traffic Act 1924 imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Superintendent (later Chief Constable) Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. For many decades, variant and short workings used letter suffixes (e.g. \"77B\"). The numbers reflected the company that operated the route.The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed:","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current classification","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All routes operate in both directions unless detailed.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1–99","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"100–199","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"200–299","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"300–399","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"400–499","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"500–599","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"600–699","text":"Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time.[118]","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"}],"sub_title":"900–999","text":"Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Letter prefixes","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Superloop routes (SL-prefixed)","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-143"},{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}],"sub_title":"Night only routes (N-prefixed)","text":"Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.[143]However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes.[143]There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Oyster cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_card"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"text":"These bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not 'London Buses', all but three run from villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within. They are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps and appear on TfL bus stops.[144]","title":"Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Imber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imber"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"}],"text":"There are three special TfL express routes which only run during the Notting Hill Carnival: 2X, 36X and 205X.[235]Route 23A operates on one day per year to Imber using heritage vehicles.[236]","title":"Temporary routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"THIS SCEPTRED ISLE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9570058-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570058-0-8"}],"text":"Atkin, Michael. \"THIS SCEPTRED ISLE\", The Guardian\nCarr, Ken, The London Bus Guide. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg/220px-Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg"},{"image_text":"A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by%2C_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg/220px-HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by%2C_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg/220px-Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Category: London bus operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:London_bus_operators"}]
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Retrieved 1 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/20103855.man-sick-death-477-bus-dartford-orpington/","url_text":"\"Passenger 'sick to death of appalling bus service' on south London route\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220501070448/https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/20103855.man-sick-death-477-bus-dartford-orpington/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 513: Kingston to Downside\" (PDF). Reptons Coaches. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://users.neo.registeredsite.com/8/3/8/22152838/assets/513_timetable_2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 513: Kingston to Downside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge\". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.falconbuses.co.uk/timetables/514/","url_text":"\"Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 515: Kingston to Hersham\". Falcon Buses. 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In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110401/https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html#:~:text=This%20was%20revised%20in%201934,Country%20Area%20(south)%20routes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-night-bus-map.pdf","external_links_name":"Central London Night Bus Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161213022441/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-night-bus-map.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330052852/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-service-changes.pdf","external_links_name":"Bus Service Changes 11 March to 16 April 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.london.gov.uk/questions/2021/3053","external_links_name":"\"17 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays
["1 Origin of the name","2 Varsity sports","2.1 Men's lacrosse","2.2 Women's lacrosse","2.3 Football","2.4 Men's Basketball","3 Championships","3.1 NCAA team championships","3.2 Centennial Conference Team championships","4 See also","5 Rivalries","6 References","7 External links"]
Intercollegiate athletics teams of Johns Hopkins University Athletic teams representing Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins Blue JaysUniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityAssociationDivision IIIDivision I (lacrosse)ConferenceCentennial Conference (primary)Big Ten Conference (lacrosse)MAWPC (water polo)Athletic directorJennifer S. BakerLocationBaltimore, MarylandVarsity teams24Football stadiumHomewood FieldBasketball arenaNewton White Athletic CenterGoldfarb GymnasiumMascotJayNicknameBlue JaysFight songTo WinJohnny Hopkins, On to VictoryColorsHopkins blue and black   Websitewww.hopkinssports.com The Johns Hopkins Blue Jays are the 24 intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Johns Hopkins University, located in Baltimore, Maryland. They compete in the NCAA Division III, except for their lacrosse teams, which compete in Division I. They are primarily members of the Centennial Conference, while the men's and women's lacrosse teams compete in the Big Ten Conference. The team colors are Hopkins blue (PMS 284) and black, and the blue jay is their mascot. Homewood Field is the home stadium. Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, governed by US Lacrosse, was located on the Homewood campus, adjacent to Homewood Field, until 2016 when it moved to its new facilities in Sparks, Maryland. Past Johns Hopkins lacrosse teams have represented the United States in international competition. At the 1932 Summer Olympics lacrosse demonstration event Hopkins played for the U.S. They have also gone to Melbourne, Australia to win the 1974 World Lacrosse Championship. Origin of the name Originally, the Johns Hopkins athletes were not called Blue Jays but the Black and Blue, a nickname derived from their athletic colors. Hopkins archivist James Stimpert has theorized that the Blue Jay name stemmed from Hopkins' student humor magazine, The Black and Blue Jay, first published in 1920. The "Black and Blue" came from the athletic colors and the "Jay" most likely stood for first initial in Johns Hopkins. Varsity sports Baseball M/W Basketball M/W Cross Country M/W Fencing Field Hockey Football M/W Lacrosse M/W Soccer M/W Swimming M/W Tennis M/W Track and Field Volleyball Wrestling Water Polo Men's lacrosse Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse Women's lacrosse Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women's lacrosse Football Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football Men's Basketball During the 2021–22 season, the Blue Jays' basketball team, spearheaded by head coach Josh Loeffler, recorded a 23–4 record, ranked first in the Centennial Conference or region. Championships The school's most prominent sports team is its men's lacrosse team, which has won 44 national titles — nine NCAA Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA), and six Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) titles. Hopkins' lacrosse rivals include Princeton University, Syracuse University, the University of Virginia, and a budding rivalry with Duke University due to intense recent competition, including one-goal victories over the Blue Devils in both the 2005 and 2007 NCAA Championships and in the NCAA semifinals in the 2008; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola University Maryland, Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland. The rivalry with Maryland is the most prominent in college lacrosse and the two teams have met 105 times. On June 3, 2013, it was announced that Johns Hopkins would be joining the Big Ten Conference as a Sport Affiliate member in Men's Lacrosse starting in 2015. The Blue Jays men's soccer team has won eight Centennial Conference Regular Season titles along with another four ECAC titles previously to joining the Centennial Conference in 1993. The team has reached the NCAA tournament 12 times in the program's history. The team is currently on a streak of 16 winning seasons and has had over 20 All-American selections. The women's soccer team has won 15 Centennial Conference championships since 1996, and won its first NCAA Division III Women's Soccer Championship in 2022. Hopkins also has an acclaimed fencing team, which has ranked in the top three of Division III teams in the past few years and in 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team, for the first time. The Swimming team also has ranked in the top two of Division III for the last 10 years. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. Johns Hopkins' latest team to encounter postseason success is the school's baseball team. Although Johns Hopkins baseball regularly wins the Centennial Conference regular season and tournament titles, 2008 was the first time since 1989 that the Blue Jays made it to the College World Series for Division III baseball, hosted in Appleton, Wisconsin. The Blue Jays finished runner-up to Trinity College, losing the championship game. In addition, Johns Hopkins Baseball made it to the D3 College World Series in 2010 (5th place finish) and 2019 (3rd place finish). The Blue Jays were the first regular U.S. baseball team to play in the Soviet Union. In June 1988, they played three games in Moscow. They were also the first team to play with a Soviet baseball team on the American soil, on October 13, 1988, in Baltimore, Maryland, against the Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemistry and Technology varsity team. The women's cross country team has experienced great success in recent years, finishing 7th at the NCAA championship in 2009 and 2010. The cross country and track & field teams have also had several All-American runners in the past few years. In 2012, the women's cross country team beat out top-ranked MIT to become the first women's program in Johns Hopkins history to win an NCAA championship. They also won the NCAA championship in 2013 and 2014, giving them 3 championships in just 8 appearances. The Johns Hopkins women's volleyball team won their 1st Centennial Conference Title in 2011. The volleyball team has 4 NCAA All-Americans. NCAA team championships Johns Hopkins has won 22 NCAA national championships: Division I Men's Lacrosse (9): 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1987, 2005, 2007 Division III Women's Cross Country (8): 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022 Women's Soccer (1): 2022 Men's Swimming (3): 1977, 1978, 1979 Volleyball (1): 2019 Centennial Conference Team championships Baseball (17): 1994, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2023 Basketball (M) (6): 1999, 2007, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2022 Basketball (W) (4): 1996, 1999, 2000, 2003 Cross Country (M) (3): 2013, 2019, 2022, 2023 Cross Country (W) (14): 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 Field Hockey (8): 1993, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 Football (15): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021 Lacrosse (W) (4): 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998 Soccer (M) (9): 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2019, 2023 Soccer (W) (15): 1996, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2022, 2023 Volleyball (9): 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 See also List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships Rivalries McDaniel College-Hopkins rivalry See: Maryland Railroad Lantern Game Johns Hopkins–Maryland lacrosse rivalry Lacrosse Johns Hopkins–Loyola lacrosse rivalry Johns Hopkins–Navy football rivalry References ^ "Johns Hopkins Athletics Quick Facts". HopkinsSports.com. June 15, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2020. ^ "Big Ten Announces Institution of Men's and Women's Lacrosse and Addition of Johns Hopkins as Men's Lacrosse Sport Affiliate Member". Big Ten Conference. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ a b "History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ Moore, Tom (December 20, 2022). "VJM graduate Katie Sullivan enjoys ultimate thrill in NCAA title game for Johns Hopkins". Bucks County Courier Times. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ A New Ball Game in Moscow, Surviving Together, Summer 1988, No. 15, P. 90. ^ Soviet Baseball: It's Deja Vu All Over Again for US Observers, Surviving Together, Fall/Winter 1988, No. 16, P. 89. ^ "Championships summary through Jan. 1, 2022" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ "Centennial Baseball History & Records". Centennial Conference. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "Men's Basketball History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ "Centennial Conference Football History & Records". Centennial Conference. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ "History & Records". Centennial Conference. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ "Volleyball History". Centennial Conference. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2022. External links Official website vteJohns Hopkins UniversityAcademics Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences Whiting School of Engineering School of Medicine Bloomberg School of Public Health School of Nursing Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (Europe) Peabody Institute Carey Business School School of Education Applied Physics Laboratory Other campuses, research centers, institutes and affiliates Buildings Homewood Campus Johns Hopkins Club Homewood Field Homewood Museum Evergreen House Space Telescope Science Institute Peabody Institute Library Johns Hopkins Hospital Johns Hopkins Children's Center History Johns Hopkins Notable faculty and alumni University presidents Publications Johns Hopkins University Press (journals and books) Project MUSE Student publications Athletics Blue Jays Football Men's lacrosse Women's lacrosse Centennial Conference Loyola rivalry Maryland rivalry McDaniel rivalry Navy (football) rivalry Navy (lacrosse) rivalry Princeton rivalry Syracuse rivalry Virginia rivalry Student life The News-Letter Johns Hopkins Film Festival Related Center for Talented Youth Writing Seminars Eisenhower Symposium Foreign Affairs Symposium Shaw Lectures vteCentennial ConferenceMembers Bryn Mawr Dickinson Franklin & Marshall Gettysburg Haverford Johns Hopkins McDaniel Muhlenberg Swarthmore Ursinus Washington Sports Football Men's basketball Baseball vteBig Ten ConferenceEast Division Indiana Hoosiers Maryland Terrapins Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans Ohio State Buckeyes Penn State Nittany Lions Rutgers Scarlet Knights West Division Illinois Fighting Illini Iowa Hawkeyes Minnesota Golden Gophers Nebraska Cornhuskers Northwestern Wildcats Purdue Boilermakers Wisconsin Badgers Associate members Johns Hopkins Blue Jays (men's and women's lacrosse) Notre Dame Fighting Irish (men's ice hockey) Future members Oregon Ducks UCLA Bruins USC Trojans Washington Huskies (all in 2024) Former members Chicago Maroons Championships & awards Athlete of the Year B1G Super Saturday National Championships Sports Football (Standings, Champions) Men's basketball (Regular season, Tournament) Women's basketball (Regular season, Tournament) Ice hockey (Tournament) Men's lacrosse Women's lacrosse Volleyball Media Big Ten Network vteMid-Atlantic Water Polo Conference Bucknell Bison Fordham Rams George Washington Revolutionaries Johns Hopkins Blue Jays Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers Navy Midshipmen Wagner Seahawks
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They compete in the NCAA Division III, except for their lacrosse teams, which compete in Division I. They are primarily members of the Centennial Conference, while the men's and women's lacrosse teams compete in the Big Ten Conference. The team colors are Hopkins blue (PMS 284) and black, and the blue jay is their mascot. Homewood Field is the home stadium.Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, governed by US Lacrosse, was located on the Homewood campus, adjacent to Homewood Field, until 2016 when it moved to its new facilities in Sparks, Maryland. Past Johns Hopkins lacrosse teams have represented the United States in international competition. At the 1932 Summer Olympics lacrosse demonstration event Hopkins played for the U.S. They have also gone to Melbourne, Australia to win the 1974 World Lacrosse Championship.","title":"Johns Hopkins Blue Jays"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Originally, the Johns Hopkins athletes were not called Blue Jays but the Black and Blue, a nickname derived from their athletic colors. Hopkins archivist James Stimpert has theorized that the Blue Jay name stemmed from Hopkins' student humor magazine, The Black and Blue Jay, first published in 1920. The \"Black and Blue\" came from the athletic colors and the \"Jay\" most likely stood for first initial in Johns Hopkins.","title":"Origin of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"Field Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Track 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23–4 record, ranked first in the Centennial Conference or region.","title":"Varsity sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intercollegiate_Lacrosse_Association"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Loyola University Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Towson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson_Tigers_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"rivalry with Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins-Maryland_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsoc-records-3"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division III Women's Soccer Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"University of North 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Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeleev_Moscow_Institute_of_Chemistry_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The school's most prominent sports team is its men's lacrosse team, which has won 44 national titles — nine NCAA Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA), and six Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) titles. Hopkins' lacrosse rivals include Princeton University, Syracuse University, the University of Virginia, and a budding rivalry with Duke University due to intense recent competition, including one-goal victories over the Blue Devils in both the 2005 and 2007 NCAA Championships and in the NCAA semifinals in the 2008; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola University Maryland, Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland. The rivalry with Maryland is the most prominent in college lacrosse and the two teams have met 105 times. On June 3, 2013, it was announced that Johns Hopkins would be joining the Big Ten Conference as a Sport Affiliate member in Men's Lacrosse starting in 2015.[2]The Blue Jays men's soccer team has won eight Centennial Conference Regular Season titles along with another four ECAC titles previously to joining the Centennial Conference in 1993. The team has reached the NCAA tournament 12 times in the program's history. The team is currently on a streak of 16 winning seasons and has had over 20 All-American selections.The women's soccer team has won 15 Centennial Conference championships since 1996,[3] and won its first NCAA Division III Women's Soccer Championship in 2022.[4]Hopkins also has an acclaimed fencing team, which has ranked in the top three of Division III teams in the past few years and in 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team, for the first time. The Swimming team also has ranked in the top two of Division III for the last 10 years. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894.Johns Hopkins' latest team to encounter postseason success is the school's baseball team. Although Johns Hopkins baseball regularly wins the Centennial Conference regular season and tournament titles, 2008 was the first time since 1989 that the Blue Jays made it to the College World Series for Division III baseball, hosted in Appleton, Wisconsin. The Blue Jays finished runner-up to Trinity College, losing the championship game. In addition, Johns Hopkins Baseball made it to the D3 College World Series in 2010 (5th place finish) and 2019 (3rd place finish).The Blue Jays were the first regular U.S. baseball team to play in the Soviet Union. In June 1988, they played three games in Moscow.[5] They were also the first team to play with a Soviet baseball team on the American soil, on October 13, 1988, in Baltimore, Maryland, against the Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemistry and Technology varsity team.[6]The women's cross country team has experienced great success in recent years, finishing 7th at the NCAA championship in 2009 and 2010. The cross country and track & field teams have also had several All-American runners in the past few years. In 2012, the women's cross country team beat out top-ranked MIT to become the first women's program in Johns Hopkins history to win an NCAA championship. They also won the NCAA championship in 2013 and 2014, giving them 3 championships in just 8 appearances.The Johns Hopkins women's volleyball team won their 1st Centennial Conference Title in 2011. The volleyball team has 4 NCAA All-Americans.","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Men's Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Women's Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Division_III_Cross_Country_Championship#Champions"},{"link_name":"Women's Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"Men's Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_III_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_Women%27s_Volleyball_Championship#Team_titles"}],"sub_title":"NCAA team championships","text":"Johns Hopkins has won 22 NCAA national championships:[7]Division IMen's Lacrosse (9): 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1987, 2005, 2007Division IIIWomen's Cross Country (8): 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022\nWomen's Soccer (1): 2022\nMen's Swimming (3): 1977, 1978, 1979\nVolleyball (1): 2019","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Conference_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Basketball (M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Basketball (W)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Conference_women%27s_basketball_tournament&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Conference_football"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsoc-records-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Centennial Conference Team championships","text":"Baseball (17): 1994, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021,[8] 2023\nBasketball (M) (6): 1999, 2007, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2022[9]\nBasketball (W) (4): 1996, 1999, 2000, 2003\nCross Country (M) (3): 2013, 2019, 2022,[10] 2023\nCross Country (W) (14): 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022,[11] 2023\nField Hockey (8): 1993, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022,[12] 2023\nFootball (15): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021[13]\nLacrosse (W) (4): 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998[14]\nSoccer (M) (9): 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2019,[15] 2023\nSoccer (W) (15): 1996, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2022,[3] 2023\nVolleyball (9): 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022[16]","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDaniel College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDaniel_College"},{"link_name":"Maryland Railroad Lantern Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Railroad_Lantern"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins–Maryland lacrosse rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Maryland_lacrosse_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins–Loyola lacrosse rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Loyola_lacrosse_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins–Navy football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins%E2%80%93Navy_football_rivalry"}],"text":"McDaniel College-Hopkins rivalry See: Maryland Railroad Lantern Game\nJohns Hopkins–Maryland lacrosse rivalry Lacrosse\nJohns Hopkins–Loyola lacrosse rivalry\nJohns Hopkins–Navy football rivalry","title":"Rivalries"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_NCAA_Division_I_championships"},{"title":"List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_Division_I_national_championships"},{"title":"Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference#NCAA_national_titles"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hines
John L. Hines
["1 Early career","2 World War I","3 Post war","4 Retirement","5 Family and legacy","6 Dates of rank","7 Awards and decorations","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
11th Chief of Staff of the United States Army John Leonard HinesBorn(1868-05-21)May 21, 1868White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, United StatesDiedOctober 13, 1968(1968-10-13) (aged 100)Washington, D.C., United StatesBuriedArlington National Cemetery, Section 7, Lot 8001Allegiance United StatesService/branch United States ArmyYears of service1891−1932Rank GeneralService number0-23Commands heldPhilippine DepartmentIX Corps AreaChief of Staff of the United States ArmyVIII Corps Area2nd Division5th DivisionIII Corps4th Division1st BrigadeBattles/warsSpanish–American WarPhilippine–American WarWorld War IAwardsDistinguished Service CrossArmy Distinguished Service MedalSilver Star John Leonard Hines (May 21, 1868 – October 13, 1968) was an American general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1924 to 1926. Early career Hines was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, to Irish parents, Edward and Mary. Having won a competitive examination for a congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, Hines, despite having a hard time maintaining his passing grades, nevertheless graduated and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry on June 12, 1891. While he was there he took an interest in athletics, becoming a member of one of the first football teams at West Point. His first assignment upon his graduation was to the 2nd Infantry Regiment at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. Hines served with the regiment in Nebraska and later at Fort Harrison, Montana, from 1891 to 1898, where he married Harriet Schofield "Rita" Wherry, one of the daughters of Brigadier General William M. Wherry and Alice Grammer. Hines served with the 25th Infantry Regiment in Cuba during the Spanish–American War and in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War. In 1898 he was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars. He was adjutant of the Mexican Punitive Expedition in 1916–17 under General John J. Pershing. World War I Major General John L. Hines, commanding the 4th Division, and members of his divisional staff at Haudainville, Meuse, France, September 15, 1918. During World War I, Hines rose rapidly in rank as he was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel in May 1917, then to colonel (November 1917), brigadier general (April 1918), and, in August 1918, to temporary major general—four grades in 16 months. He assumed successively larger commands—from regiment to brigade, division, and finally, corps. Hunter Liggett (1st on the left) with fellow US generals (left to right) Robert Bullard, James McAndrew, James Harbord, Charles Summerall, John Hines, Edward Lewis, Michael Lenihan, William Mitchell and Frank Parker, after having been decorated with the "Commandeur" of the Légion d'honneur by Marshal Philippe Pétain in 1919. Hines commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, from May to August 1918, during which time he received the Distinguished Service Cross, the second-highest decoration for valor in the United States Armed Forces, with the medal's citation reading: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General John Leonard Hines, Sr., United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in action while Commanding the 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Division, A.E.F., near Berzy-le-Sec, France, 21 July 1918. At a critical time during the battle southwest of Soissons, when liaison had been broken between the 16th Infantry and 26th Infantry, and repeated efforts to reestablish it had failed, General Hines, then in command of the 1st Infantry Brigade, personally went through terrific artillery fire to the front lines of the 16th Infantry, located its left flank, and, walking in front of the lines, encouraged the troops by his example of fearlessness and disregard of danger. He then succeeded in finding the right forward elements of the 26th Infantry and directed the linking up of the two regiments, thereby enabling the operations to be pushed forward successfully. On August 16, 1918, Hines assumed command of the 4th Division. He commanded the division during the American operations at St. Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne until October 11, 1918. Hines then took command of III Corps, leading it during the final engagements of the war and the occupation of the Rhineland. For his service during the war he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General John Leonard Hines, Sr., United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Regimental, Brigade, Division, and Corps Commander, General Hines displayed marked ability in each of the important duties with which he was entrusted and exhibited in the operations near Montdidier and Soissons, and in the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives his high attainments as a soldier and commander. Post war Hines was promoted to permanent major general in March 1921. His post-war commands included the 5th Division, the 2nd Division and the VIII Corps Area. Oil painting of Hines Major General John L. Hines, Brigadier General Hugh A. Drum and Major Francis B. Wilby at Capitol Hill, 1925. In December 1922, Hines was assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, and became Chief of Staff of the United States Army on September 14, 1924. His army biography states that as chief of staff, he "stressed the need for balance in funding and personnel for all parts of the permanent establishment, pointed up the effects of strength deficiencies upon Army capability to meet the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1920, and urged action on housing and promotions to promote personnel retention." On May 7, 1925, Hines dedicated the landing field at the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington, to the memory of Lieutenant Alexander Pearson Jr., who was killed on September 2, 1924, in Fairfield, Ohio while flying the Curtiss R-8 in preparation for the upcoming Pulitzer Trophy Race. In 1926, after completing his tour as Army Chief of Staff, Hines took command of the IX Corps Area in California, which he led until 1930. In 1930, Hines became commanding general of the Philippine Department. Retirement Hines retired in May 1932. He was promoted to the rank of full (4 star) general on the retired list by a Special Act of Congress on June 15, 1940. Hines died in Washington, D.C., at Walter Reed Army Medical Center at age 100. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. As of 2006, Hines is one of only two American generals to have celebrated their 100th birthdays, the other being James Van Fleet. Family and legacy On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the Distinguished Soldiers stamps in which Hines was honored. Hines' son, Colonel John L. Hines Jr. (1905–1986), served in World War II with the 6th Armored Division, commanding the division's Combat Command A from November 1944 to March 1945. He was twice decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross and was severely wounded outside Frankfurt, Germany when an 88 mm antitank shell grazed his face. Dates of rank Note that the date indicated is the date of rank. In some cases, the promotion was accepted at a later date. Insignia Rank Component Date No pin insignia in 1891 Second Lieutenant Regular Army June 12, 1891 First Lieutenant Regular Army April 26, 1898 Captain Regular Army December 5, 1900 Major Regular Army May 23, 1912 Lieutenant Colonel Regular Army May 15, 1917 Colonel Temporary August 5, 1917 Brigadier General National Army April 12, 1918 Major General National Army August 8, 1918 Brigadier General Regular Army November 30, 1918 Major General Regular Army July 1, 1920 Major General Retired list May 31, 1932 General Retired list June 15, 1940 Awards and decorations Distinguished Service Cross Army Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Spanish Campaign Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Philippine Campaign Medal Mexican Service Medal World War I Victory Medal Army of Occupation of Germany Medal Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom) Commandeur Légion d'honneur (France) Croix de guerre with bronze palm (France) Commander Order of Leopold (Belgium) Knight of the Order of the Crown (Italy) Medal of Solidarity, 1918 (Panama) References ^ a b c d e f GO 56 General Orders No. 56 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY. Secretary of the Army. 2010-05-24. URL:http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf. Accessed: 2010-05-24. (Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pxVjovrV?url=http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf Archived 2009-08-11 at the Wayback Machine) ^ Christian Albert Bach; Henry Noble Hall (1920). The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press. p. 128. ^ a b Venzon 2013, p. 281. ^ a b c Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1. ^ West Virginia history, Volume 38, West Virginia. Dept. of Archives and History, 1976, p. 227 ^ Venzon 2013, p. 281–282. ^ a b United States Postal Service – USA Philatelic. Distinguished Soldiers (2000). Beyond the Perf – Issue 12. 2010-05-24. URL:http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 2010-05-24. (Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pxOvSj8I?url=http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries ) ^ a b "Valor awards for John Leonard Hines". Military Times. ^ a b Christian Albert Bach; Henry Noble Hall (1920). The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press. p. 281. ^ Bell, William Gardner (2005). "John Leonard Hines". Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 116–117. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2010-06-14. ^ Alley, William (2006). Pearson Field. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-7385-3129-4. ^ Davis 1998, p. 181. ^ George Smith Patton; Paul Donal Harkins (May 8, 1995). War as I knew it. Mariner Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-395-73529-7. ^ Official Army Register. January 1, 1941. The Office of the Adjutant General. Washington, D.C. 1941. pg. 1084. ^ a b c "Valor awards for John Leonard Hines, Sr". Bibliography Biography portal Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, North Carolina: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151. Zabecki, David T.; Mastriano, Douglas V., eds. (2020). Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6. Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-68453-2. OCLC 865332376. Coffman, Edward M. (1998). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-0955-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John L. Hines. Military offices Preceded byJohn J. Pershing Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1924–1926 Succeeded byCharles Pelot Summerall vteLeaders of the United States ArmySenior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn J. Brown Macomb W. Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon H. Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland B. Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Milley McConville George Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte W. Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines B. Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman A. Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin Campbell Allyn McConville Martin George Mingus Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other NARA SNAC
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Wherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Wherry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a8fq3-5"},{"link_name":"25th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Philippine–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Military Order of Foreign Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"Mexican Punitive Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition"},{"link_name":"John J. Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go56-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenzon2013281%E2%80%93282-6"}],"text":"Hines was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia,[2] to Irish parents, Edward and Mary. Having won a competitive examination for a congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, Hines, despite having a hard time maintaining his passing grades, nevertheless graduated and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry on June 12, 1891.[1] While he was there he took an interest in athletics, becoming a member of one of the first football teams at West Point.[3]His first assignment upon his graduation was to the 2nd Infantry Regiment at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. Hines served with the regiment in Nebraska and later at Fort Harrison, Montana, from 1891 to 1898,[4][3] where he married Harriet Schofield \"Rita\" Wherry, one of the daughters of Brigadier General William M. Wherry and Alice Grammer.[5]Hines served with the 25th Infantry Regiment in Cuba during the Spanish–American War and in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War. In 1898 he was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars. He was adjutant of the Mexican Punitive Expedition in 1916–17 under General John J. Pershing.[1][6]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111-SC-23070_-_DPLA_-_c453302246062c9862b45dcb6566624a_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Haudainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudainville"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_(department)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usaphilatelic-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111-SC-38212_-_NARA_-_55235578-cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hunter Liggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Liggett"},{"link_name":"Robert Bullard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Bullard"},{"link_name":"James McAndrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._McAndrew"},{"link_name":"James Harbord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harbord"},{"link_name":"Charles Summerall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall"},{"link_name":"Edward Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mann_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Michael Lenihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Lenihan"},{"link_name":"William Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lendrum_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Frank Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Parker_(United_States_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Military_Times-8"},{"link_name":"4th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bach2-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go56-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bach2-9"},{"link_name":"III Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"occupation of the Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland"},{"link_name":"Army Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Military_Times-8"}],"text":"Major General John L. Hines, commanding the 4th Division, and members of his divisional staff at Haudainville, Meuse, France, September 15, 1918.During World War I, Hines rose rapidly in rank as he was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel in May 1917, then to colonel (November 1917), brigadier general (April 1918), and, in August 1918, to temporary major general—four grades in 16 months. He assumed successively larger commands—from regiment to brigade, division, and finally, corps.[7]Hunter Liggett (1st on the left) with fellow US generals (left to right) Robert Bullard, James McAndrew, James Harbord, Charles Summerall, John Hines, Edward Lewis, Michael Lenihan, William Mitchell and Frank Parker, after having been decorated with the \"Commandeur\" of the Légion d'honneur by Marshal Philippe Pétain in 1919.Hines commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, from May to August 1918, during which time he received the Distinguished Service Cross, the second-highest decoration for valor in the United States Armed Forces, with the medal's citation reading:The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General John Leonard Hines, Sr., United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in action while Commanding the 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Division, A.E.F., near Berzy-le-Sec, France, 21 July 1918. At a critical time during the battle southwest of Soissons, when liaison had been broken between the 16th Infantry and 26th Infantry, and repeated efforts to reestablish it had failed, General Hines, then in command of the 1st Infantry Brigade, personally went through terrific artillery fire to the front lines of the 16th Infantry, located its left flank, and, walking in front of the lines, encouraged the troops by his example of fearlessness and disregard of danger. He then succeeded in finding the right forward elements of the 26th Infantry and directed the linking up of the two regiments, thereby enabling the operations to be pushed forward successfully.[8]On August 16, 1918, Hines assumed command of the 4th Division.[9] He commanded the division during the American operations at St. Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne until October 11, 1918.[1][9] Hines then took command of III Corps, leading it during the final engagements of the war and the occupation of the Rhineland. For his service during the war he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General John Leonard Hines, Sr., United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Regimental, Brigade, Division, and Corps Commander, General Hines displayed marked ability in each of the important duties with which he was entrusted and exhibited in the operations near Montdidier and Soissons, and in the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives his high attainments as a soldier and commander.[8]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Corps Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go56-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_L_Hines_painting.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gen._J.L._Hines,_Gen._Drum_%26_Maj._F.B._Wilby_at_Capitol_LCCN2016840807_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugh A. Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Aloysius_Drum"},{"link_name":"Francis B. Wilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bowditch_Wilby"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tucker-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG&COS-10"},{"link_name":"landing field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Field"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pearson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pearson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Fairfield, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Curtiss R-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_R-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alley-11"},{"link_name":"Philippine Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Department"}],"text":"Hines was promoted to permanent major general in March 1921. His post-war commands included the 5th Division, the 2nd Division and the VIII Corps Area.[1]Oil painting of HinesMajor General John L. Hines, Brigadier General Hugh A. Drum and Major Francis B. Wilby at Capitol Hill, 1925.In December 1922, Hines was assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, and became Chief of Staff of the United States Army on September 14, 1924.[4] His army biography states that as chief of staff, he \"stressed the need for balance in funding and personnel for all parts of the permanent establishment, pointed up the effects of strength deficiencies upon Army capability to meet the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1920, and urged action on housing and promotions to promote personnel retention.\"[10]On May 7, 1925, Hines dedicated the landing field at the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington, to the memory of Lieutenant Alexander Pearson Jr., who was killed on September 2, 1924, in Fairfield, Ohio while flying the Curtiss R-8 in preparation for the upcoming Pulitzer Trophy Race.[11]In 1926, after completing his tour as Army Chief of Staff, Hines took command of the IX Corps Area in California, which he led until 1930. In 1930, Hines became commanding general of the Philippine Department.","title":"Post war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tucker-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1998181-12"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Walter Reed Army Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-go56-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_L._Hines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"100th birthdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenarians"},{"link_name":"James Van Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Fleet"}],"text":"Hines retired in May 1932.[4] He was promoted to the rank of full (4 star) general on the retired list by a Special Act of Congress on June 15, 1940.[12]Hines died in Washington, D.C., at Walter Reed Army Medical Center at age 100. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[1] As of 2006[update], Hines is one of only two American generals to have celebrated their 100th birthdays, the other being James Van Fleet.","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distinguished_Soldiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usaphilatelic-7"},{"link_name":"John L. Hines Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hines_Jr."},{"link_name":"6th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._6th_Armored_Division"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patton-13"}],"text":"On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the Distinguished Soldiers stamps in which Hines was honored.[7]Hines' son, Colonel John L. Hines Jr. (1905–1986), served in World War II with the 6th Armored Division, commanding the division's Combat Command A from November 1944 to March 1945. He was twice decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross and was severely wounded outside Frankfurt, Germany when an 88 mm antitank shell grazed his face.[13]","title":"Family and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uUUS1-14"}],"text":"Note that the date indicated is the date of rank. In some cases, the promotion was accepted at a later date.[14]","title":"Dates of rank"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1571970886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571970886"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40298151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40298151"},{"link_name":"Zabecki, David T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Zabecki"},{"link_name":"Mastriano, Douglas V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Mastriano"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4728-3863-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3863-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-68453-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-68453-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"865332376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/865332376"},{"link_name":"Coffman, Edward M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Coffman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8131-0955-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0955-8"}],"text":"Biography portalDavis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, North Carolina: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.\nZabecki, David T.; Mastriano, Douglas V., eds. (2020). Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6.\nVenzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-68453-2. OCLC 865332376.\nCoffman, Edward M. (1998). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-0955-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Major General John L. Hines, commanding the 4th Division, and members of his divisional staff at Haudainville, Meuse, France, September 15, 1918.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/111-SC-23070_-_DPLA_-_c453302246062c9862b45dcb6566624a_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-111-SC-23070_-_DPLA_-_c453302246062c9862b45dcb6566624a_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hunter Liggett (1st on the left) with fellow US generals (left to right) Robert Bullard, James McAndrew, James Harbord, Charles Summerall, John Hines, Edward Lewis, Michael Lenihan, William Mitchell and Frank Parker, after having been decorated with the \"Commandeur\" of the Légion d'honneur by Marshal Philippe Pétain in 1919.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/111-SC-38212_-_NARA_-_55235578-cropped.jpg/220px-111-SC-38212_-_NARA_-_55235578-cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oil painting of Hines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/John_L_Hines_painting.jpg/220px-John_L_Hines_painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major General John L. Hines, Brigadier General Hugh A. Drum and Major Francis B. Wilby at Capitol Hill, 1925.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gen._J.L._Hines%2C_Gen._Drum_%26_Maj._F.B._Wilby_at_Capitol_LCCN2016840807_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gen._J.L._Hines%2C_Gen._Drum_%26_Maj._F.B._Wilby_at_Capitol_LCCN2016840807_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Christian Albert Bach; Henry Noble Hall (1920). The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press. p. 128.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1","url_text":"978-1-85109-951-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Valor awards for John Leonard Hines\". Military Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/15668","url_text":"\"Valor awards for John Leonard Hines\""}]},{"reference":"Christian Albert Bach; Henry Noble Hall (1920). The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press. p. 281.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bell, William Gardner (2005). \"John Leonard Hines\". Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 116–117. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2010-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410203809/https://history.army.mil/books/cg%26csa/cg-toc.htm","url_text":"\"John Leonard Hines\""},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG%26CSA/CG-TOC.htm","url_text":"Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/Hines-JL.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alley, William (2006). Pearson Field. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-7385-3129-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-3129-4","url_text":"0-7385-3129-4"}]},{"reference":"George Smith Patton; Paul Donal Harkins (May 8, 1995). War as I knew it. Mariner Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-395-73529-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-73529-7","url_text":"0-395-73529-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Valor awards for John Leonard Hines, Sr\".","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=15668","url_text":"\"Valor awards for John Leonard Hines, Sr\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, North Carolina: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Raleigh, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571970886","url_text":"1571970886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40298151","url_text":"40298151"}]},{"reference":"Zabecki, David T.; Mastriano, Douglas V., eds. (2020). Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Zabecki","url_text":"Zabecki, David T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Mastriano","url_text":"Mastriano, Douglas V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3863-6","url_text":"978-1-4728-3863-6"}]},{"reference":"Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013). The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-68453-2. OCLC 865332376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-68453-2","url_text":"978-1-135-68453-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865332376","url_text":"865332376"}]},{"reference":"Coffman, Edward M. (1998). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-0955-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Coffman","url_text":"Coffman, Edward M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0955-8","url_text":"978-0-8131-0955-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_L._Hines&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/5pxVjovrV?url=http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.webcitation.org/5pxVjovrV?url=http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090811141147/http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/go6856.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries","external_links_name":"http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307085043/http://beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/5pxOvSj8I?url=http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries","external_links_name":"https://www.webcitation.org/5pxOvSj8I?url=http://www.beyondtheperf.com/content/distinguished-service-biographical-summaries"},{"Link":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/15668","external_links_name":"\"Valor awards for John Leonard Hines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410203809/https://history.army.mil/books/cg%26csa/cg-toc.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Leonard Hines\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG%26CSA/CG-TOC.htm","external_links_name":"Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketchs"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/Hines-JL.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=15668","external_links_name":"\"Valor awards for John Leonard Hines, Sr\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40298151","external_links_name":"40298151"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865332376","external_links_name":"865332376"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/383321/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084418164","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/36188157","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRKJQ83yYTdRHpTHfH4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049420381","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96109772","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10573424","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6768mxn","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Giulio_Bragaglia
Anton Giulio Bragaglia
[]
Italian photographer, filmmaker and writer (1890–1960) Anton Giulio BragagliaBorn(1890-02-11)11 February 1890Frosinone, LazioDied15 July 1960(1960-07-15) (aged 70)Rome, ItalyNationalityItalianRelativesCarlo Ludovico Bragaglia (brother)Arturo Bragaglia (brother) Anton Giulio Bragaglia (11 February 1890 – 15 July 1960) was a pioneer in Italian Futurist photography and Futurist cinema. A versatile and intellectual artist with wide interests, he wrote about film, theatre, and dance. Early life Bragaglia was born in Frosinone, Lazio. His brothers were actor Arturo Bragaglia and film director Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia. In 1906 Bragaglia went to work as an assistant director of a Roman movie studio managed by his father Francesco. He gained a great deal of technical and artistic experience there, learning from directors Mario Caserini and Enrico Guazzoni. His younger siblings Arturo (actor) and Carlo Ludovico (film director) were both involved in Italian cinema from the 1930s to mid-1960s. Futurism In 1911 he published the treatise Fotodinamismo and began lecturing on the concept. In the same year he became the chief editor of the art and theater newspaper "L'Artista". He published two Futurist manifestos, Fotodinamica Futurista (1912) and Manifesto of Futurist Cinema (1916). In 1916 he founded the avant garde magazine Cronache di Attualità, which examined politics, music, theater and art from a Futurist standpoint. In the same year he founded the film studio "Novissima-Film", and produced some visionary Futurist films including Thais, Perfido incanto, and Il mio cadavere. In 1918 he opened an art gallery, the "Casa d'Arte Bragaglia", which became a nexus of avant garde artists and exhibitions. It displayed the work of such modernists as Balla, Depero, De Chirico, Boccioni, Klimt and Kandinsky. In 1919 he directed plays by Rosso di San Secondo and Pirandello. From 1921 to 1924 Bragaglia published the satirical pamphlet Index Rerum Virorumque Prohibitorum ("Index of Forbidden Things and Men"). In 1922 he opened the "Teatro Sperimentale degli Indipendenti" which he directed till 1936. The same year he founded his own theater company ("Company Bragaglia Shows"), which also became a focal point for the Italian avant garde. In 1932, he was named advisor to the Corporazione dello Spettacolo (Entertainment Guild). The Teatro closed in 1936, and from 1937 to 1943 he was director of the foundation "Teatro delle Arti". Bragaglia described his theories on the theater in Maschera mobile (1926), Del teatro teatrale ossia del teatro (1927), and Il segreto di Tabarrino (1933). He directed more than fifty productions. From 1926 until 1960, he also wrote a number of articles and books about art, the theater and motion pictures. Bragaglia died in Rome on 15 July 1960. Selected filmography Thais (1917) Il mio cadavere (1917) Perfido incanto (1918) Un dramma nell'Olimpo (1917) Vele ammainate (1931) Lowered Sails (1931) Bibliography Giovanni Lista, Futurismo e fotografia, Edizioni Multhipla, Milan, 1979. Photographie futuriste italienne (1911–1939), exposition organisée par Giovanni Lista, Musée d’Art Moderne, 29 October 1981 – 3 January 1982, Paris. Giovanni Lista, Futurism and Photography, Merrell Publishers, Londres, 2001. Giovanni Lista, Cinéma et photographie futuriste, Skira-Flammarion Éditeur, Paris, 2008. Il Futurismo nella fotografia, exposition organisée par Giovanni Lista, Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia, 17 September-15 November 2009, Florence – Edizioni Alinari, Florence, 2009. Notes and references ^ Hopkins, Elisabeth. Arts Guide – International Herald Tribune Published: FRIDAY, JANUARY 26, 2001 Online. 3 October 2007. ^ International Center of Photography Encyclopedia of Photography, pp. 77 and 78. Pound Press. Crown. New York. c1984. ISBN 0-517-55271-X. ^ Mark Harden's Artchive: "Futurism" ^ Marcus, Millicent (Summer–Autumn 1996). "Anton Giulio Bragaglia's "Thaïs"; or, The Death of the Diva + The Rise of the Scenoplastica = The Birth of Futurist Cinema". South Central Review. 13 (2/3 Futurism and the Avant-Garde): 63–81. doi:10.2307/3190372. JSTOR 3190372. ^ a b International Center of Photography Encyclopedia of Photography, pp. 77–78. Pound Press. Crown. New York. c1984. ISBN 0-517-55271-X. ^ Personaggi: Anton Giulio Bragaglia Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. (translated by Google) Online. 15 October 2007. ^ International Dictionary of Theatre, Volume 3: Actors, Directors, and Designers. "Anton Giulio Bragaglia". St. James Press, 1996. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007. Document Number: K1644500045. Online. 16 October 2007 ^ The Complete Index To World Film since 1895. ANTON GIULIO BRAGAGLIA. Online. 13 October 2007. Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine External links Anton Giulio Bragaglia at IMDb vteFuturismItalian Futurists Giacomo Balla (list of works) "Barbara" Umberto Boccioni Anton Bragaglia Benedetta Cappa Carlo Carrà Franco Casavola Nikolay Diulgheroff Luigi De Giudici F. T. Marinetti Marisa Mori Bruno Munari Aldo Palazzeschi Ugo Piatti Francesco Balilla Pratella Antonio Russolo Luigi Russolo Antonio Sant'Elia Gino Severini Ardengo Soffici Ego-Futurists Graal Arelsky Vasilisk Gnedov Boris Gusman Georgy Ivanov Igor Severyanin Dmitri Kryuchkov Konstantin Olimpov Rurik Ivnev Pavel Shirokov Russian Futurists andCubo-Futurists Alexander Archipenko Nikolai Aseev Vladimir Baranoff-Rossine Lilya Brik Osip Brik Alexander Bogomazov Kseniya Boguslavskaya David Burliuk Vladimir Burliuk Joseph Chaikov Aleksandra Ekster Nina Genke-Meller Natalia Goncharova Elena Guro Vasily Kamensky Velimir Khlebnikov Ivan Kliun Aleksei Kruchyonykh Nikolai Kulbin Mikhail Larionov Aristarkh Lentulov El Lissitzky Benedikt Livshits Kazimir Malevich Mikhail Matyushin Vladimir Mayakovsky Boris Pasternak Victor Palmov Lyubov Popova Ivan Puni Olga Rozanova Vadim Shershenevich Nadezhda Udaltsova Ilia Zdanevich (Iliazd) Aeropittura Giacomo Balla "Barbara" Benedetta Cappa Giuseppe Caselli Tullio Crali Fortunato Depero Gerardo Dottori Fillìa Sante Monachesi Marisa Mori Enrico Prampolini Other Futurists Alice Bailly Mina Loy José de Almada Negreiros C. R. W. Nevinson Emilio Pettoruti Valentine de Saint-Point Jules Schmalzigaug Mykhaylo Semenko Amadeo de Souza Cardoso Frances Simpson Stevens Mary Swanzy Růžena Zátková Techniques, sub-genresand inventions Anti-neutral suit Intonarumori Italian futurism in cinema Futurist architecture Futurist cooking Futurist literature Futurist music Noise music Zaum Selected output Abstract Speed + Sound Antigrazioso The Art of Noises BÏF§ZF+18 The City Rises Cyclist Development of a Bottle in Space Drama in the Futurists' Cabaret No. 13 Dyr bul shchyl Dynamism of a Car Dynamism of a Cyclist Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash Dynamism of a Human Body: Boxer Dynamism of a Soccer Player Dynamism of a Speeding Horse + Houses Futurist Painting: Technical Manifesto The Knifegrinder Girl Running on a Balcony The Hand of the Violinist Lacerba Manifesto of Futurism Manifesto of Futurist Musicians Mercury Passing Before the Sun The Poem of the End Poesia The Street Enters the House The Street Light Thaïs Tango with Cows Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Universal War Victory over the Sun Vladimir Mayakovsky Zangezi Zang Tumb Tumb Associated people Luisa, Marchesa Casati Gabriele D'Annunzio Sergei Diaghilev Benito Mussolini Wyndham Lewis Léonide Massine Igor Stravinsky Groups influenced Agitprop Agit-train Constructivism Dadaism Donkey's Tail Grosvenor School Jack of Diamonds Neo-Primitivism Oberiu Panfuturism Precisionism Rayonism Soyuz Molodyozhi Suprematism Supremus Vorticism See also 0,10 Exhibition 5x5=25 Cubism Divisionism Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art Le Chahut Pointillism Primitivism Robert René Meyer-Sée Russian avant-garde Russian Ballet Sackville Gallery Ukrainian avant-garde Verbovka Village Folk Centre Zveno (art) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists Museum of Modern Art Musée d'Orsay Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"Futurist cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Futurism_(cinema)"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"}],"text":"Anton Giulio Bragaglia (11 February 1890 – 15 July 1960) was a pioneer in Italian Futurist photography and Futurist cinema. A versatile and intellectual artist with wide interests, he wrote about film, theatre, and dance.","title":"Anton Giulio Bragaglia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frosinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosinone"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Arturo Bragaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Bragaglia"},{"link_name":"Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ludovico_Bragaglia"},{"link_name":"Mario Caserini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Caserini"},{"link_name":"Enrico Guazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Guazzoni"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bragaglia was born in Frosinone, Lazio. His brothers were actor Arturo Bragaglia and film director Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia. In 1906 Bragaglia went to work as an assistant director of a Roman movie studio managed by his father Francesco. He gained a great deal of technical and artistic experience there, learning from directors Mario Caserini and Enrico Guazzoni.[1] His younger siblings Arturo (actor) and Carlo Ludovico (film director) were both involved in Italian cinema from the 1930s to mid-1960s.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fotodinamica Futurista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/toc/mod15.2.html"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rosso di San Secondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosso_di_San_Secondo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pirandello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Photography_pp._77-78-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Personaggi:_Anton_Giulio_Bragaglia-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Photography_pp._77-78-5"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"In 1911 he published the treatise Fotodinamismo and began lecturing on the concept.[2] In the same year he became the chief editor of the art and theater newspaper \"L'Artista\". He published two Futurist manifestos, Fotodinamica Futurista (1912) and Manifesto of Futurist Cinema (1916).[3] In 1916 he founded the avant garde magazine Cronache di Attualità, which examined politics, music, theater and art from a Futurist standpoint. In the same year he founded the film studio \"Novissima-Film\", and produced some visionary Futurist films including Thais, Perfido incanto, and Il mio cadavere.[4]In 1918 he opened an art gallery, the \"Casa d'Arte Bragaglia\", which became a nexus of avant garde artists and exhibitions. It displayed the work of such modernists as Balla, Depero, De Chirico, Boccioni, Klimt and Kandinsky. In 1919 he directed plays by Rosso di San Secondo and Pirandello.[5]From 1921 to 1924 Bragaglia published the satirical pamphlet Index Rerum Virorumque Prohibitorum (\"Index of Forbidden Things and Men\"). In 1922 he opened the \"Teatro Sperimentale degli Indipendenti\" which he directed till 1936. The same year he founded his own theater company (\"Company Bragaglia Shows\"), which also became a focal point for the Italian avant garde. In 1932, he was named advisor to the Corporazione dello Spettacolo (Entertainment Guild). The Teatro closed in 1936, and from 1937 to 1943 he was director of the foundation \"Teatro delle Arti\".Bragaglia described his theories on the theater in Maschera mobile (1926), Del teatro teatrale ossia del teatro (1927), and Il segreto di Tabarrino (1933).[6] He directed more than fifty productions.[7] From 1926 until 1960, he also wrote a number of articles and books about art, the theater and motion pictures.[5]Bragaglia died in Rome on 15 July 1960.","title":"Futurism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(Italian_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lowered Sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowered_Sails"}],"text":"Thais (1917)\nIl mio cadavere (1917)\nPerfido incanto (1918)\nUn dramma nell'Olimpo (1917)[8]\nVele ammainate (1931)\nLowered Sails (1931)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Giovanni Lista, Futurismo e fotografia, Edizioni Multhipla, Milan, 1979.\nPhotographie futuriste italienne (1911–1939), exposition organisée par Giovanni Lista, Musée d’Art Moderne, 29 October 1981 – 3 January 1982, Paris.\nGiovanni Lista, Futurism and Photography, Merrell Publishers, Londres, 2001.\nGiovanni Lista, Cinéma et photographie futuriste, Skira-Flammarion Éditeur, Paris, 2008.\nIl Futurismo nella fotografia, exposition organisée par Giovanni Lista, Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia, 17 September-15 November 2009, Florence – Edizioni Alinari, Florence, 2009.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hopkins, Elisabeth. Arts Guide – International Herald Tribune Published: FRIDAY, JANUARY 26, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iht.com/articles/2001/01/26/traguide26.2.t.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-55271-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-55271-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Mark Harden's Artchive: \"Futurism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artchive.com/artchive/futurism.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3190372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3190372"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3190372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3190372"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Photography_pp._77-78_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Photography_pp._77-78_5-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-55271-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-55271-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Personaggi:_Anton_Giulio_Bragaglia_6-0"},{"link_name":"Personaggi: Anton Giulio Bragaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scuolaromana.it/personag/bragagl.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090223180415/http://www.scuolaromana.it/personag/bragagl.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"International Dictionary of Theatre, Volume 3: Actors, Directors, and Designers. \"Anton Giulio Bragaglia\". St. James Press, 1996. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007. Document Number: K1644500045.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Complete Index To World Film since 1895. ANTON GIULIO BRAGAGLIA. Online. 13 October 2007.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.citwf.com/person483919.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110720202818/http://www.citwf.com/person483919.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Hopkins, Elisabeth. Arts Guide – International Herald Tribune Published: FRIDAY, JANUARY 26, 2001 Online. 3 October 2007.\n\n^ International Center of Photography Encyclopedia of Photography, pp. 77 and 78. Pound Press. Crown. New York. c1984. ISBN 0-517-55271-X.\n\n^ Mark Harden's Artchive: \"Futurism\"\n\n^ Marcus, Millicent (Summer–Autumn 1996). \"Anton Giulio Bragaglia's \"Thaïs\"; or, The Death of the Diva + The Rise of the Scenoplastica = The Birth of Futurist Cinema\". South Central Review. 13 (2/3 Futurism and the Avant-Garde): 63–81. doi:10.2307/3190372. JSTOR 3190372.\n\n^ a b International Center of Photography Encyclopedia of Photography, pp. 77–78. Pound Press. Crown. New York. c1984. ISBN 0-517-55271-X.\n\n^ Personaggi: Anton Giulio Bragaglia Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. (translated by Google) Online. 15 October 2007.\n\n^ International Dictionary of Theatre, Volume 3: Actors, Directors, and Designers. \"Anton Giulio Bragaglia\". St. James Press, 1996. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007. Document Number: K1644500045. Online. 16 October 2007\n\n^ The Complete Index To World Film since 1895. ANTON GIULIO BRAGAGLIA. Online. 13 October 2007. Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Reeve_Ladson
Sarah Reeve Ladson
["1 Biography","2 References"]
American socialite and arts patron Sarah Reeve Ladson1823 portrait of Ladson, titled Mrs. Robert Gilmor, Jr. by Thomas SullyBorn1790Charleston, South CarolinaUnited StatesDied1866Other namesSarah Gilmor (married name)SpouseRobert Gilmor Jr.Parent(s)James LadsonJudith SmithRelativesLadson family Sarah Reeve Ladson (1790-1866) was an American socialite, arts patron, and style icon. Born into a prominent Charleston family, she was an influential member of the South Carolinian planter class. She was regarded as one of the most fashionable American women of her time and was the subject of various portraits and sculptures. Biography Ladson was born in Charleston, South Carolina to James Ladson, a wealthy planter and slave owner, and Judith Smith. A member of the prominent Ladson family, her father was a military officer in the American Revolutionary War and served as the Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina. Her mother, Judith, was a daughter of Benjamin Smith, a South Carolina slave trader, planter, banker and speaker in the colony's Royal Assembly. Through her mother, Ladson was a descendant of Thomas Smith, a colonial governor of South Carolina, and Joseph Wragg, a slave trader and politician. Ladson was a sister of James H. Ladson. On April 9, 1807, she married Robert Gilmor Jr., a merchant from Baltimore. She was his second wife. They had no biological children, but raised their niece, Isabel Ann Baron. They later supported the business endeavors of Isabel's husband, John McPherson Brien. Painting by Eyre Crowe, A Slave Sale in Charleston, South Carolina, 1854 Ladson was prominent in both Charleston and Baltimore society, and was regarded as one of the most fashionable American women of her time. A patron of the arts, she was the subject of various portraits and sculptures, including a portrait by Thomas Sully and a sculpture by Horatio Greenough that are on display at the Gibbes Museum of Art. A portrait by Edward Greene Malbone is in the collection of the Mead Art Museum at Amherst College. Maurie D. McInnis, an art historian, noted that Ladson "visually made reference to the taste of the slave women around whom she had been raised" with the turban and bright colours portrayed in Sully's portrait of her. Sully's portrait of Ladson has been exhibited in Grandeur Preserved: Masterworks Presented by Historic Charleston Foundation in New York, and Art in America: Three Hundred Years of Innovation in Shanghai and Beijing. The schooner Sarah Ladson was named after her. References ^ "Sarah Reeve Ladson Gilmor". npg.si.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-26. ^ a b "Mrs. Robert Gilmor, Jr. (Sarah Reeve Ladson)". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved July 5, 2020. ^ a b c d "Cover Girl Revealed". CHARLESTON SC. January 20, 2011. ^ Alan D. Watson, General Benjamin Smith: A Biography of the North Carolina Governor, p. 5, McFarland, 2014, ISBN 9780786485284 ^ Biographical directory of the South Carolina Senate, 1776–1985, vol. 2, p. 881, University of South Carolina Press, 1986; ISBN 9780872494800 ^ a b c Maurie D. McInnis, The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston, p. 14, UNC Press Books, 2015; ISBN 9781469625997 ^ The history of Georgetown County, South Carolina, pp. 297, 525, University of South Carolina Press, 1970. ^ Suzanne Cameron Linder and Marta Leslie Thacker, Historical Atlas of the Rice Plantations of Georgetown County and the Santee River (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Department of Archives and History), 2001. ^ O'Brien, Michael (February 5, 1997). An Evening When Alone: Four Journals of Single Women in the South, 1827-67. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813917320 – via Google Books. ^ Calvert, Rosalie Stier (February 5, 1992). Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, 1795-1821. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801843990 – via Google Books. ^ a b Yurimoto, Janine. "To Draw Pleasure and Instruction". scholarworks.wm.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-05. ^ Humphries, Lance Lee, Robert Gilmor Jr. (1774–1848): Baltimore Collector and American Art Patron, pp. 86–89, University of Virginia, 1998. ^ "Mrs. Robert Gilmor, Jr. (Sarah Reeve Ladson) - Greenough, Horatio". The Gibbes Museum. 2016. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ Sarah Reeve Ladson Gilmor. National Portrait Gallery ^ "Mrs. Robert Gilmor, Jr., 1823, by Thomas Sully". ^ "Collections Database". museums.fivecolleges.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-07. ^ Williams, Greg H. (October 21, 2009). The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793-1813: A History and Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses. McFarland. ISBN 9780786454075 – via Google Books.
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She was regarded as one of the most fashionable American women of her time and was the subject of various portraits and sculptures.","title":"Sarah Reeve Ladson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"James Ladson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ladson"},{"link_name":"planter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class"},{"link_name":"Judith Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Smith_Ladson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arts-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazine-3"},{"link_name":"Ladson family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladson_family"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Smith_(slave_trader)"},{"link_name":"Royal Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Thomas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(governor_of_South_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wragg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McInnis-6"},{"link_name":"James H. Ladson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Ladson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Gilmor Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gilmor_Jr."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McInnis-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scholar-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scholar-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eyre_Crowe_-_Subasta_de_esclavos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eyre Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Crowe_(painter)"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(social_class)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazine-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sully"},{"link_name":"Horatio Greenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Greenough"},{"link_name":"Gibbes Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbes_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazine-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arts-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Greene Malbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Greene_Malbone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McInnis-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazine-3"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Ladson was born in Charleston, South Carolina to James Ladson, a wealthy planter and slave owner, and Judith Smith.[2][3] A member of the prominent Ladson family, her father was a military officer in the American Revolutionary War and served as the Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina. Her mother, Judith, was a daughter of Benjamin Smith, a South Carolina slave trader, planter, banker and speaker in the colony's Royal Assembly. Through her mother, Ladson was a descendant of Thomas Smith, a colonial governor of South Carolina, and Joseph Wragg, a slave trader and politician.[4][5][6] Ladson was a sister of James H. Ladson.[7][8]On April 9, 1807, she married Robert Gilmor Jr., a merchant from Baltimore.[6][9] She was his second wife.[10] They had no biological children, but raised their niece, Isabel Ann Baron.[11] They later supported the business endeavors of Isabel's husband, John McPherson Brien.[12][11]Painting by Eyre Crowe, A Slave Sale in Charleston, South Carolina, 1854Ladson was prominent in both Charleston and Baltimore society, and was regarded as one of the most fashionable American women of her time.[3] A patron of the arts, she was the subject of various portraits and sculptures, including a portrait by Thomas Sully and a sculpture by Horatio Greenough that are on display at the Gibbes Museum of Art.[13][3][14][15][2] A portrait by Edward Greene Malbone is in the collection of the Mead Art Museum at Amherst College.[16]Maurie D. McInnis, an art historian, noted that Ladson \"visually made reference to the taste of the slave women around whom she had been raised\" with the turban and bright colours portrayed in Sully's portrait of her.[6] Sully's portrait of Ladson has been exhibited in Grandeur Preserved: Masterworks Presented by Historic Charleston Foundation in New York, and Art in America: Three Hundred Years of Innovation in Shanghai and Beijing.[3]The schooner Sarah Ladson was named after her.[17]","title":"Biography"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_vallicola
Lupinus vallicola
["1 Description","2 Habitat","3 References","4 External links"]
Plant species native to western North America Lupinus vallicola Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Genus: Lupinus Species: L. vallicola Binomial name Lupinus vallicolaA.Heller Lupinus vallicola, also known as the open lupine, is a flowering plant in the genus Lupinus. Description Lupinus vallicola has violet flowers that are typically 2cm in diameter and have five petals. The seeds are bean-shaped and start off green before turning a dark brown colour. They are about 1cm in length. Habitat Commonly found in western North America, Lupinus vallicola natively grows in California, western Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, United States. It is also found in British Columbia, Canada. Like most lupines, Lupinus vallicola grows well in moderately fertile sandy soil that is well drained. The soil quality does not have to be high, as they can grow in poor soils due to their nitrogen-fixing roots. References ^ a b "Open Lupine (Lupinus vallicola)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-11-04. ^ "Lupinus vallicola A.Heller | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-11-04. ^ TIMG (2020-11-07). "How To Grow Lupines - A Gorgeous Perennial That Actually Improves Soil!". This Is My Garden. Retrieved 2023-11-04. External links Plants of the World Online Taxon identifiersLupinus vallicola Wikidata: Q12202393 Wikispecies: Lupinus vallicola CoL: 3WFQQ EoL: 638502 GBIF: 2964417 GRIN: 436678 iNaturalist: 164931 IPNI: 289904-2 IRMNG: 11306965 ITIS: 26138 NatureServe: 2.157943 Open Tree of Life: 3923475 Plant List: ild-15574 PLANTS: LUVA2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:289904-2 Tropicos: 13014683 VASCAN: 5826 WFO: wfo-0000169256
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCno_(film)
Brüno
["1 Title","2 Plot","3 Cast","4 Production","5 Release","5.1 Promotion","5.2 Deleted scenes","5.3 Michael Jackson scene","5.4 Home media","6 Reception","6.1 Box office","6.2 Critical response","6.3 Motion Picture Association of America","6.4 Reception in Austria","6.5 Ban in Ukraine","7 Lawsuit and death threats","8 References","9 External links"]
2009 mockumentary comedy film by Larry Charles This article is about the film. For the character, see Brüno Gehard. For other uses, see Bruno. BrünoTheatrical release posterDirected byLarry CharlesScreenplay by Sacha Baron Cohen Anthony Hines Dan Mazer Jeff Schaffer Story by Sacha Baron Cohen Peter Baynham Anthony Hines Dan Mazer Produced by Sacha Baron Cohen Jay Roach Dan Mazer StarringSacha Baron CohenCinematography Anthony Hardwick Wolfgang Held Edited by Eric Kissack Jonathan Scott Corn Music byErran Baron CohenProductioncompaniesMedia Rights CapitalFour by Two FilmsEveryman PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date July 10, 2009 (2009-07-10) Running time82 minutesCountries United States United Kingdom Languages English German Budget$42 millionBox office$138.8 million Brüno is a 2009 mockumentary comedy film directed by Larry Charles and starring Sacha Baron Cohen, who produced, co-wrote, and played the gay Austrian fashion journalist Brüno. It is the third film based on one of Cohen's characters from Da Ali G Show, following Ali G Indahouse and Borat. The film was released on July 10, 2009, to mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed $138 million worldwide. Title An alternative title for the film is Brüno: Delicious Journeys Through America for the Purpose of Making Heterosexual Males Visibly Uncomfortable in the Presence of a Gay Foreigner in a Mesh T-Shirt. It was initially a mock title proposed by Hollywood news and gossip blog Defamer and mistakenly reported as genuine by a number of sources of film information, including MovieTome, where it was still being used in the search results as late as 2011, The Irish Times, The Boston Globe, and (although no longer) the Internet Movie Database. Plot Gay Austrian fashion reporter Brüno Gehard is fired from his own television show, Funkyzeit mit Brüno after disrupting a Milan Fashion Week catwalk, and his lover Diesel leaves him for another man. Accompanied by his assistant's assistant, Lutz Schulz, he travels to the United States to become a famous Hollywood celebrity. Brüno unsuccessfully attempts an acting career as an extra on Medium. He then interviews Paula Abdul, until he scares her off when he serves her sushi on the body of a totally naked Mexican man, even though she had no problem in sitting on a fully-clothed Mexican man beforehand. He then produces a celebrity interview pilot, showing him dancing erotically, criticizing Jamie Lynn Spears' fetus with reality TV star Brittny Gastineau, unsuccessfully attempting to interview actor Harrison Ford, and closing with a close-up of his penis being swung around by pelvic gyrations. A focus group reviewing the pilot hate it. Brüno then attempts and fails to make a sex tape by seducing politician Ron Paul, claiming to have mistaken him for drag queen RuPaul. Brüno consults a spiritualist to contact the deceased Rob Pilatus of Milli Vanilli (a former lover) for advice, miming various sex acts on the "invisible" Pilatus. He consults charity consultants to select a world problem to maximize his fame, choosing the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He flies to Jerusalem to interview former Mossad agent Yossi Alpher and Palestinian politician Ghassan Khatib and confuses hummus and Hamas. He sings his own "Dove of Peace" while cajoling the two to caress each other's hands. He also meets with Ayman Abu Aita, a militant group leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, where he hopes to be kidnapped. Brüno insults him and he is ordered to leave. Brüno interviews parents of child models, asking if their toddlers would undergo liposuction and perform dangerous stunts. On a talk show hosted by Richard Bey, he initially draws sympathy from the African American audience by describing his "difficulties" in raising a child as a single parent, but then disapproval when he reveals he's looking for "Mr. Right". Brüno shows off the baby he named O.J., whom he acquired in Africa by trading him for a U2 Product Red iPod. He shows photographs of the boy in dangerous and provocative situations and the audience is appalled. Social services take O.J. from Brüno, driving him to depression. He goes to a diner to gorge on high-carb junk food. Lutz carries him back to a hotel room. After a night of sex, they awake to find themselves trapped in a bondage mechanism, unable to find the key. They call a hotel engineer for help and are asked to leave. After accosting a group of anti-gay protesters from the Westboro Baptist Church while still in bondage gear and boarding a bus, Brüno and Lutz remove their equipment in Huntsville, Alabama. After being arrested, Lutz says he loves Brüno, but Brüno does not reciprocate, stating he was influenced by "carb goggles". Lutz leaves Brüno. After realizing the biggest names in Hollywood are heterosexual, Brüno consults two gay converters to help him become heterosexual. He attempts other "masculine" activities, such as learning karate, joining the National Guard, going hunting, and attending a swingers' party (during which he is whipped by a dominatrix). Eight months later, Brüno, under the alias "Straight Dave", hosts a cage-fight match in Arkansas, "Straight Dave's Man Slammin' Maxout". Lutz appears at the event and insults Brüno, leading to them fighting in the cage. During the confrontation, they begin to kiss and strip in front of shocked spectators who throw objects into the cage. The moment gets international press, and the now-famous Brüno attempts to marry Lutz, getting O.J. back in exchange for a MacBook Pro. At Abbey Road Studios Brüno records a charity song, "Dove of Peace", featuring Bono, Elton John, Chris Martin, Snoop Dogg, Sting, and Slash. Cast Sacha Baron Cohen as Brüno Gehard Gustaf Hammarsten as Lutz "Garry" Schulz Clifford Bañagale as Diesel Ramirez Chibundu & Chigozie Orukwowu as O.J. Gehard Josh Meyers as Kookus Mansfield Gary Williams as the spiritualist Michelle McLaren as the dominatrix Vic Henley as the ring announcer Cameos as themselves Paula Abdul Ayman Abu Aita Yossi Alpher Richard Bey Bono Harrison Ford Brittny Gastineau Elton John Ghassan Khatib Chris Martin Paul McCartney Ron Paul Miguel Sandoval Avraham Sela Slash Snoop Dogg Sting Production Baron Cohen was cognizant of his increased fame following the success of Borat, which led him to retire the character for a number of years, and realized it would be much harder to conduct his interviews as Brüno without being recognized. As a solution, Baron Cohen wore a wig that lowered the size of his forehead (easily recognizable on the Borat character), which to his amazement succeeded in hiding his identity for most of his interviews. Nevertheless, the flimsy nature of the disguise made Baron Cohen fearful that he would be recognized, to the point that he chose to live inside his trailer for almost the entirety of the six-month shoot. During Baron Cohen's Middle East interview of Alpher and Khatib, he repeatedly conflated Hamas and hummus and feigned belief that the conflict was between Jews and Hindus. The two interviewees (who had received a fee to appear on camera), convinced by the elaborate production, were confused by the questions but generally went along, even when asked by Baron Cohen to hold hands. On June 6, 2008, a riot ensued at a stunt orchestrated by Baron Cohen and the producers of the film as they staged a "Blue Collar Brawlin'" in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Patrons were lured to an event billed as cage fighting, held at a convention center, by print and Craigslist advertisements, promoting "hot girls", $1 beer, and $5 admission. Approximately 1,500 people attended the event and were greeted by signs that informed them that they were being filmed. No mobile phones, video, or cameras were allowed inside. The acts taking place became homosexual in nature, with Brüno inviting a man up to fight him, who turned out to be Lutz. Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On" started to play as both men began kissing and stripping. The audience reacted violently and threw chairs and beer at the performers. The performers were Brüno (Baron Cohen) under the ironic gimmick, "Straight Dave", and Gustaf Hammarsten portraying his opponent, Lutz. In July 2008, Tyler, Texas television station KETK-TV was approached by a "documentary filmmaker" who was allowed to bring a crew to interview a few members of the staff, including news director Neal Barton and sports director Danny Elzner. They signed releases and expected to be talking about small-town news in the United States. Instead, the interviews conducted by the flamboyant Brüno character drifted towards the topic of homosexuality. On November 2, 2008, Baron Cohen, dressed as Brüno, and his film crew were spotted at a Los Angeles rally that was in support of California's Proposition 8. On November 7, 2008, while appearing as an extra in a scene for the NBC TV series Medium, Baron Cohen interrupted a scene in character and was removed from the set. Production on the episode was shut down temporarily, though actor Miguel Sandoval, who was told that a cousin of NBC executive Ben Silverman would appear as an extra in the jury, has stated that he recognized Baron Cohen and played along, commenting, "It's one thing for Borat to go into an antique store in Georgia or Alabama. For Brüno to go on a TV show, he's among insiders. Most people knew who he was." The production team also deceived presidential candidate Ron Paul into being interviewed by Brüno by posing as an Austrian television reporter looking to question the congressman about economic issues. As soon as Brüno drops his trousers, the congressman storms out of the room. A spokeswoman for Paul commented on the incident. She said Baron Cohen's people were very deceptive in their tactics. At the time, he thought they were "legitimate" but later confessed to some concern. "I'm familiar with his work, so you can imagine how I feel about it," he said. Jesse Benton, senior vice-president of Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty organization and former campaign spokesman for Paul, said Paul was not familiar with Baron Cohen's programme, Da Ali G Show. "If it's not on hard-core financial news, he doesn't follow it," Benton said. But, he added, "It sounds like it's going to be pretty funny." The scene filmed during a taping of The Richard Bey Show, however, was staged, and Bey was in on the joke, as his daytime show went off the air in 1996. The audience, however, was not made aware of the truth of the production. Similarly unaware of the true nature of the production was Paula Abdul, who, during her interview scene in the film, sat atop a Mexican landscaper and was presented with food adorned upon a man lying down on a cart wearing nothing but a "sock" over his penis. Abdul told a radio interviewer that she was "scarred" by the incident. Release Brüno had its premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre on June 25, 2009. The premiere is notable for taking place on the same day as the death of pop singer Michael Jackson, in which his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered by the red carpet, causing fans of the singer to access the star of another Michael Jackson (a radio host) for tributes. It was later released on July 10, 2009, in the United States. The film received an early release in Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Iceland on July 8 and in Germany, Greece, Ireland, Serbia, Slovenia, Israel, and Bosnia and Herzegovina on July 9, 2009. The film was then released internationally on July 10. Promotion In a staged publicity stunt at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, Baron Cohen appeared as Brüno to present the award for Best Male Performer. Dressed as a winged angel wearing a jockstrap and white go-go boots, he was suspended on wires and flew over the audience towards the stage, but fell and landed on rapper Eminem, with his head in Eminem's lap and his buttocks in front of Eminem's face. Eminem shouted, "Are you fucking serious?" and, "Get this motherfucker off me!" Eminem and his entourage then walked out of the show and did not return. It was later revealed that Eminem and Baron Cohen had staged the incident, rehearsing it beforehand to make sure it went off without a hitch, leaving Eminem laughing to himself in his hotel room about how the crowd was easily fooled. Deleted scenes The trailers for the film shown in the U.S. included a scene in which Brüno shops for clothing at Sears, telling the sales clerk "You might find this very hard to believe, but I'm gay" to which the clerk responds "Okay", while maintaining an awkward posture. Michael Jackson scene Following the sudden death of Michael Jackson on June 25, 2009, a scene from Brüno was hastily removed from the US theatrical version of the film before its Hollywood premiere later that evening. The scene involved Brüno tricking La Toya Jackson into an interview in which he asked her to take a seat on hunched over Mexican workers substituting for chairs and invited her to eat sushi from the torso of an overweight and hairy naked man. In a ploy to get Michael's phone number, Brüno asked La Toya to let him look at her mobile phone, which she did. The latter part of this scene was later confirmed to be removed from the film permanently (about the phone number, but "the Mexicans as furniture scene" was included until the food is served on a naked man, at a SVT Swedish television broadcast of the film, February 2014), but is included in the DVD and Blu-ray release's special features. Home media The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 17, 2009. Special features include deleted, alternative, and extended scenes and an audio commentary by Baron Cohen and Larry Charles. Reception Box office Brüno opened with $30,619,130, ranking number one in its first weekend. At the end of its run on August 20, it had grossed $60,054,530 in the United States and Canada and $78,751,301 overseas for a worldwide total of $138,805,831. For its opening weekend, it narrowly beat Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (in its second week of release) for the highest gross, in the lowest attended second-weekend-in-July in 18 years. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 224 reviews, and an average rating of 6.18/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Crude and offensive, but with ample cultural insights and gut-busting laughs, Bruno is another outlandish and entertaining mockumentary from Sacha Baron Cohen." Metacritic gives Brüno an average score of 54 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C" on a scale of A+ to F. Nick Curtis of the Evening Standard wrote that Brüno is "funnier, more offensive, and more outrageous than Borat". The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of four, saying "impossible not to laugh and also praising Brüno's controversial style of comedy." The BBC also gave the film a positive review, saying "Brüno pushes the boundaries further than Borat ever did." However, they also said that "It's not going to be everyone's cup of tea" due to the offensive nature of the film. Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, and said "Here is a film that is 82 minutes long and doesn't contain 30 boring seconds", although he noted that the film's R rating was "very, very hard". Andy Lowe from Total Film gave it a lower review, giving it three stars out of five and calling it "as phony and frustrating as it is funny... The clothes may be new and more fabulous, but the emperor seriously needs to go shopping." Others felt it was not as good, feeling it would insult and offend the gay community: A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that the film shows "that lampooning homophobia has become an acceptable, almost unavoidable form of homophobic humor," and called the film "a lazy piece of work that panders more than it provokes." At the Movies critic Ben Mankiewicz criticized the film for being too demeaning and playing on homosexual stereotypes. He later named Brüno the worst film at the halfway point of 2009. Motion Picture Association of America On October 11, 2010, it was revealed that the Motion Picture Association of America's Classification and Rating Administration would specifically note in the future which films contained "male nudity". A spokesman said this was in direct response to parental concerns about the content of Brüno. Reception in Austria While Borat was criticised in Kazakhstan, Austrians were generally positive about Brüno. Others regarded the humour as "pretty average" and "inoffensive to Austria". Within the Austrian press, reactions were generally mild and positive, although the film was also labelled "repetitive". Christian Fuchs, from the Austrian radio station FM4, wrote that "hidden beneath the hard-as-nails satirist Cohen, lies a humanist who enlightens." However, the film also met some opposition in Austria, due to its portrayal of homosexuality, and basing the portrayal of Austria on motifs such as Josef Fritzl and Adolf Hitler, even going as far as calling Mel Gibson "der Führer" as he pointed at the actor/director's photo in the film. Ban in Ukraine In Ukraine, the film was scheduled to premiere on July 23, but on July 14, the Minister of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine decided to ban the distribution and demonstration of the film in the country. The reason for the prohibition was that nine out of fourteen members of a commission of experts said the film contained "obscene language, homosexual scenes, and other scenes of offensive nature never shown in Ukraine." The "Vinnytsia Human Rights Group" immediately expressed its anger with the ban. Journalist Yevhen Minko accused the Ministry of moral censorship that missed the point of the film. An unofficial premiere of the film in Kyiv on July 22, 2009, was disrupted by a smoke bomb. Lawsuit and death threats On 2 December 2009, it was reported that Ayman Abu Aita, who stated he was falsely portrayed as a terrorist in the film, was filing a lawsuit of $110 million in libel damages for defamation. Ayman Abu Aita was identified in the film as a member of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. Abu Aita says that he was never a member of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and was tricked into appearing in the film. In an interview with Time, Abu Aita stated, "It is true that I was jailed in 2003...I was active in resisting the occupation, in non-violent ways." Baron Cohen claims he set up a meeting with Aita in the West Bank with the help of a CIA agent. According to the lawsuit, however, the interview with Abu Aita took place at a hotel chosen by Baron Cohen and located in a part of the West Bank that was under Israeli military control. The filing of the lawsuit was confirmed at a press conference on 2 December 2009. Included in the lawsuit are David Letterman, NBC Universal, CBS, Worldwide Pants, Gannett Company, and Larry Charles. In November 2010, the lawsuit was dismissed in Washington D.C. Court so as to be refiled in the Supreme Court of New York. In July 2012, the lawsuit was reported to have been settled under undisclosed terms. Baron Cohen has said he had to increase his security detail following death threats from the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades after the release of the film. The group was angered by the interview with Abu Aita in which he was linked with the group, an armed wing of the Fatah movement. In a statement to the media, al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades denied that Abu Aita was a member and threatened that they "reserve the right to respond in the way we find suitable against this man (Baron Cohen)" and that they feel the segment was "a dirty use of our brother Ayman". References ^ "Brüno (18)". British Board of Film Classification. June 17, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2013. ^ a b "Brüno film overview". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. ^ "Brüno". The Guardian. July 10, 2009. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. ^ "Brüno (2009) - Financial Information". The Numbers. ^ a b "Brüno (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010. ^ Abramovitch, Seth (June 18, 2008). "The Curious Case Of The Fake Defamer 'Bruno' Title That Ate The Internets". Defamer. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008. ^ Graham, Mark (October 30, 2006). "Universal Bets $42 Million That Sacha Baron Cohen Can Continue To Taunt Middle America With Naive-Foreigner Characters". Defamer. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008. ^ "Movie Reviews, Articles, Trailers, and more at Metacritic". Movietome.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ Morris, Wesley (July 10, 2009). "Brüno". Boston.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2018 – via The Boston Globe. ^ The actual location, according to Abu Aita, was a private section of a popular restaurant at the Everest Hotel Archived June 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine in the town of Beit Jala, in a section of the West Bank opposite Bethlehem under Israeli control. al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades is a coalition of Palestinian militias in the West Bank. Abu Aita claims to be a grocery store owner unaffiliated with al-Aqsa and pursued legal action against Cohen. ^ Thomson, Katherine (August 13, 2009). "Ayman Abu Aita, Brüno's "Terrorist," Threatens Legal Action". Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2018 – via Huff Post. ^ "Office of Alternative Sentencing". Co.madison.al.us. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ "Sacha Baron Cohen & Don Cheadle - Actors on Actors - Full Conversation". YouTube. June 6, 2019. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ Alpher, Yossi (11 July 2008), What Kind of Interviewer Confuses Hamas and Hummus? Archived July 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Forward ^ ""Bruno" Pranks It Up". The Smoking Gun. April 26, 2012. Archived from the original on July 30, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ "Gustaf Hammarsten – stjärna med rätt att tiga". dn.se. Archived from the original on May 12, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ (11 July 2008), NewsBlues – Brüno Dupes KETK (Subscription Required) ^ "Outed at Prop 8 rally". Chicago Tribune. November 4, 2008. Archived from the original on November 7, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2008. ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 7, 2008). "Exclusive: Bruno (a.k.a.) Sacha Baron Cohen Disrupts 'Medium' Archived January 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", Entertainment Weekly, Retrieved on November 19, 2008. ^ a b "Is 'Brüno' Real or Fake?" TV Guide; July 27, 2009; p. 9 ^ Beam, Christopher (March 16, 2009). "Libertarians Gone Wild". Slate. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ (June 25, 2009)Michael Jackson Talk Radio, blog dated June 25, 2009 Archived July 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ McClintock, Pamela (January 25, 2009). "Universal bumps 'Bruno' to July". Variety. RBI. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2009. ^ "Sneak Peak at Bruno". The New Zealand Herald. June 18, 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2011. ^ Premijera filma "Bruno" u Domu sindikata Archived July 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, SrbijaNet (in Serbian) ^ "Kolosej – Filmi – Brüno". www.kolosej.si. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ "Bruno u Sarajevu prije ostatka svijeta". Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. ^ (June 2009), Eminem vs. Bruno Staged Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Hollywood Insider ^ "Monkey See Presents: 'Bruno,' The Annotated Trailer". npr.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ Hill, Catey. Scene with Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson cut from Sacha Baron Cohen's "Bruno" Archived July 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily News, June 26, 2009. ^ (June 26, 2009)Bruno: Michael Jackson-related scene permanently cut from film Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Bruno DVD Details". Moviefone. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. ^ Gray, Brandon (July 13, 2009). "Weekend Report: 'Bruno' Not as Brawny as 'Borat'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ "Bruno (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ "Brüno Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ "Cinemascore". Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. ^ Curtis, Nick (June 18, 2009). "First review: Brüno is gay, offensive ... and very funny". London Evening Standard. 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Spangle Magazine. October 11, 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ "Austrians say outrageous Bruno ist pretty funny". yahoo.com. Yahoo!7 News. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ "Bruno tells Austrians to 'get über it' – Yahoo!7 News". ^ a b "'Bruno' banned in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. July 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. ^ Вінницькі правозахисники закликають оскаржити рішення про заборону "Бруно" Archived July 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, TCH (July 16, 2009) (in Ukrainian) ^ Marson, James (July 15, 2009). "No Sex, Please: Ukraine Bans Brüno". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ У Києві зірвано прем’єру "Бруно" Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, TCH (July 23, 2009) (in Ukrainian) ^ Events by themes: «Bruno» film unofficial premiere is wrecked in Kiev Archived August 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (22 July 2009) ^ Shabi, Rachel (July 31, 2009). "The non-profit worker from Bethlehem who was branded a terrorist by Bruno". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2019. ^ Zongker, Brett (December 9, 2009). "Ayman Abu Aita Sues 'Bruno', Letterman For $110M". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2012. ^ Mackey, Robert (August 6, 2009). "Did a Fake Interview With a 'Real Terrorist' in 'Brüno' Cross a Line?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012. ^ "Brüno's 'Terrorist' Speaks Out". Time. August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. ^ "Ayman Abu Aita Sues 'Bruno,' Letterman For $110M". Huffington Post. December 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. ^ Efrati, Amir (December 2, 2009). "Palestinian Deemed Terrorist in 'Bruno' Sues NBC, Baron Cohen". wsj.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ Lawsuit Camplaint. 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External links Brüno at IMDb Brüno at AllMovie Brüno at Box Office Mojo Brüno at Metacritic Brüno at Rotten Tomatoes Et Tu, Brüno? by Richard Kim, The Nation, 10 July 2009 vteSacha Baron CohenCharacters Ali G Borat Sagdiyev Brüno Gehard TV series created F2F (1996–1997) The 11 O'Clock Show (1998–1999) Ali G, Innit (1999) Borat's Television Programme (2004) Da Ali G Show (2000–2004) Films written Ali G Indahouse (2002) Borat (2006) Brüno (2009) The Dictator (2012) Grimsby (2016) Who Is America? (2018) Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020) Music Ali G Indahouse Da Soundtrack "Me Julie" Borat "In My Country There Is Problem" The Dictator People Isla Fisher (wife) Erran Baron Cohen (brother) vteFilms directed by Larry Charles Masked and Anonymous (2003) Borat (2006) Religulous (2008) Brüno (2009) The Dictator (2012) Army of One (2016) Dicks: The Musical (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brüno Gehard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCno_Gehard"},{"link_name":"Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruno_film_overview-2"},{"link_name":"Larry Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Charles"},{"link_name":"Sacha Baron Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"fashion journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_journalism"},{"link_name":"Brüno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCno_Gehard"},{"link_name":"Da Ali G Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Ali_G_Show"},{"link_name":"Ali G Indahouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_G_Indahouse"},{"link_name":"Borat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borat"}],"text":"This article is about the film. For the character, see Brüno Gehard. For other uses, see Bruno.Brüno is a 2009 mockumentary comedy film[2] directed by Larry Charles and starring Sacha Baron Cohen, who produced, co-wrote, and played the gay Austrian fashion journalist Brüno. It is the third film based on one of Cohen's characters from Da Ali G Show, following Ali G Indahouse and Borat. The film was released on July 10, 2009, to mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed $138 million worldwide.","title":"Brüno"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker_Media"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_curious-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"MovieTome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieTome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Internet Movie Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"}],"text":"An alternative title for the film is Brüno: Delicious Journeys Through America for the Purpose of Making Heterosexual Males Visibly Uncomfortable in the Presence of a Gay Foreigner in a Mesh T-Shirt. It was initially a mock title proposed by Hollywood news and gossip blog Defamer[6][7] and mistakenly reported as genuine by a number of sources of film information, including MovieTome, where it was still being used in the search results as late as 2011,[8] The Irish Times, The Boston Globe,[9] and (although no longer) the Internet Movie Database.","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"link_name":"Milan Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paula Abdul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Abdul"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantaimori"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Jamie Lynn Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Lynn_Spears"},{"link_name":"fetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"reality TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_TV"},{"link_name":"Brittny Gastineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittny_Gastineau"},{"link_name":"Harrison Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford"},{"link_name":"focus group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_group"},{"link_name":"sex tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_tape"},{"link_name":"Ron Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul"},{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"RuPaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul"},{"link_name":"spiritualist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Rob Pilatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Pilatus"},{"link_name":"Milli Vanilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Vanilli"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"Yossi Alpher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yossi_Alpher"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Ghassan Khatib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan_Khatib"},{"link_name":"hummus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"child models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_model"},{"link_name":"liposuction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposuction"},{"link_name":"Richard Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bey"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"O.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Product Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Red"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"Social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_services"},{"link_name":"carb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"Westboro Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"carb goggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_goggles"},{"link_name":"heterosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexual"},{"link_name":"gay converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"swingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)"},{"link_name":"dominatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatrix"},{"link_name":"alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"cage-fight match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_fighting"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"MacBook Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Pro"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"}],"text":"Gay Austrian fashion reporter Brüno Gehard is fired from his own television show, Funkyzeit mit Brüno after disrupting a Milan Fashion Week catwalk, and his lover Diesel leaves him for another man. Accompanied by his assistant's assistant, Lutz Schulz, he travels to the United States to become a famous Hollywood celebrity.Brüno unsuccessfully attempts an acting career as an extra on Medium. He then interviews Paula Abdul, until he scares her off when he serves her sushi on the body of a totally naked Mexican man, even though she had no problem in sitting on a fully-clothed Mexican man beforehand. He then produces a celebrity interview pilot, showing him dancing erotically, criticizing Jamie Lynn Spears' fetus with reality TV star Brittny Gastineau, unsuccessfully attempting to interview actor Harrison Ford, and closing with a close-up of his penis being swung around by pelvic gyrations. A focus group reviewing the pilot hate it. Brüno then attempts and fails to make a sex tape by seducing politician Ron Paul, claiming to have mistaken him for drag queen RuPaul.Brüno consults a spiritualist to contact the deceased Rob Pilatus of Milli Vanilli (a former lover) for advice, miming various sex acts on the \"invisible\" Pilatus. He consults charity consultants to select a world problem to maximize his fame, choosing the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He flies to Jerusalem to interview former Mossad agent Yossi Alpher and Palestinian politician Ghassan Khatib and confuses hummus and Hamas. He sings his own \"Dove of Peace\" while cajoling the two to caress each other's hands. He also meets with Ayman Abu Aita, a militant group leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, where he hopes to be kidnapped.[10][11] Brüno insults him and he is ordered to leave.Brüno interviews parents of child models, asking if their toddlers would undergo liposuction and perform dangerous stunts. On a talk show hosted by Richard Bey, he initially draws sympathy from the African American audience by describing his \"difficulties\" in raising a child as a single parent, but then disapproval when he reveals he's looking for \"Mr. Right\". Brüno shows off the baby he named O.J., whom he acquired in Africa by trading him for a U2 Product Red iPod. He shows photographs of the boy in dangerous and provocative situations and the audience is appalled. Social services take O.J. from Brüno, driving him to depression. He goes to a diner to gorge on high-carb junk food. Lutz carries him back to a hotel room. After a night of sex, they awake to find themselves trapped in a bondage mechanism, unable to find the key. They call a hotel engineer for help and are asked to leave. After accosting a group of anti-gay protesters from the Westboro Baptist Church while still in bondage gear and boarding a bus, Brüno and Lutz remove their equipment in Huntsville, Alabama.[12] After being arrested, Lutz says he loves Brüno, but Brüno does not reciprocate, stating he was influenced by \"carb goggles\". Lutz leaves Brüno.After realizing the biggest names in Hollywood are heterosexual, Brüno consults two gay converters to help him become heterosexual. He attempts other \"masculine\" activities, such as learning karate, joining the National Guard, going hunting, and attending a swingers' party (during which he is whipped by a dominatrix).Eight months later, Brüno, under the alias \"Straight Dave\", hosts a cage-fight match in Arkansas, \"Straight Dave's Man Slammin' Maxout\". Lutz appears at the event and insults Brüno, leading to them fighting in the cage. During the confrontation, they begin to kiss and strip in front of shocked spectators who throw objects into the cage. The moment gets international press, and the now-famous Brüno attempts to marry Lutz, getting O.J. back in exchange for a MacBook Pro. At Abbey Road Studios Brüno records a charity song, \"Dove of Peace\", featuring Bono, Elton John, Chris Martin, Snoop Dogg, Sting, and Slash.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacha Baron Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Brüno Gehard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCno_Gehard"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Hammarsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Hammarsten"},{"link_name":"Clifford Bañagale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Ba%C3%B1agale"},{"link_name":"Josh Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Meyers_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vic Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Henley"},{"link_name":"Paula Abdul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Abdul"},{"link_name":"Ayman Abu Aita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_Abu_Aita"},{"link_name":"Yossi Alpher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yossi_Alpher"},{"link_name":"Richard Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bey"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"Harrison Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford"},{"link_name":"Brittny Gastineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittny_Gastineau"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Ghassan Khatib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan_Khatib"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Ron Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Avraham Sela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Sela"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"}],"text":"Sacha Baron Cohen as Brüno Gehard\nGustaf Hammarsten as Lutz \"Garry\" Schulz\nClifford Bañagale as Diesel Ramirez\nChibundu & Chigozie Orukwowu as O.J. Gehard\nJosh Meyers as Kookus Mansfield\nGary Williams as the spiritualist\nMichelle McLaren as the dominatrix\nVic Henley as the ring announcerCameos as themselvesPaula Abdul\nAyman Abu Aita\nYossi Alpher\nRichard Bey\nBono\nHarrison Ford\nBrittny Gastineau\nElton John\nGhassan Khatib\nChris Martin\nPaul McCartney\nRon Paul\nMiguel Sandoval\nAvraham Sela\nSlash\nSnoop Dogg\nSting","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borat_Sagdiyev"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"hummus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"cage fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_fighting"},{"link_name":"Craigslist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"My Heart Will Go On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"KETK-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KETK-TV"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Ben Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Silverman"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide-20"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Ron Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul"},{"link_name":"Jesse Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Benton"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Da Ali G Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Ali_G_Show"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Richard Bey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Richard_Bey_Show"},{"link_name":"Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bey"},{"link_name":"Paula Abdul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Abdul"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide-20"}],"text":"Baron Cohen was cognizant of his increased fame following the success of Borat, which led him to retire the character for a number of years, and realized it would be much harder to conduct his interviews as Brüno without being recognized. As a solution, Baron Cohen wore a wig that lowered the size of his forehead (easily recognizable on the Borat character), which to his amazement succeeded in hiding his identity for most of his interviews. Nevertheless, the flimsy nature of the disguise made Baron Cohen fearful that he would be recognized, to the point that he chose to live inside his trailer for almost the entirety of the six-month shoot.[13]During Baron Cohen's Middle East interview of Alpher and Khatib, he repeatedly conflated Hamas and hummus and feigned belief that the conflict was between Jews and Hindus. The two interviewees (who had received a fee to appear on camera), convinced by the elaborate production, were confused by the questions but generally went along, even when asked by Baron Cohen to hold hands.[14]On June 6, 2008, a riot ensued at a stunt orchestrated by Baron Cohen and the producers of the film as they staged a \"Blue Collar Brawlin'\" in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Patrons were lured to an event billed as cage fighting, held at a convention center, by print and Craigslist advertisements, promoting \"hot girls\", $1 beer, and $5 admission. Approximately 1,500 people attended the event and were greeted by signs that informed them that they were being filmed. No mobile phones, video, or cameras were allowed inside. The acts taking place became homosexual in nature, with Brüno inviting a man up to fight him, who turned out to be Lutz. Celine Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\" started to play as both men began kissing and stripping. The audience reacted violently and threw chairs and beer at the performers. The performers were Brüno (Baron Cohen) under the ironic gimmick, \"Straight Dave\", and Gustaf Hammarsten portraying his opponent, Lutz.[15][16]In July 2008, Tyler, Texas television station KETK-TV was approached by a \"documentary filmmaker\" who was allowed to bring a crew to interview a few members of the staff, including news director Neal Barton and sports director Danny Elzner. They signed releases and expected to be talking about small-town news in the United States. Instead, the interviews conducted by the flamboyant Brüno character drifted towards the topic of homosexuality.[17]On November 2, 2008, Baron Cohen, dressed as Brüno, and his film crew were spotted at a Los Angeles rally that was in support of California's Proposition 8.[18]On November 7, 2008, while appearing as an extra in a scene for the NBC TV series Medium, Baron Cohen interrupted a scene in character and was removed from the set. Production on the episode was shut down temporarily,[19] though actor Miguel Sandoval, who was told that a cousin of NBC executive Ben Silverman would appear as an extra in the jury, has stated that he recognized Baron Cohen and played along, commenting, \"It's one thing for Borat to go into an antique store in Georgia or Alabama. For Brüno to go on a TV show, he's among insiders. Most people knew who he was.\"[20][better source needed]The production team also deceived presidential candidate Ron Paul into being interviewed by Brüno by posing as an Austrian television reporter looking to question the congressman about economic issues. As soon as Brüno drops his trousers, the congressman storms out of the room. A spokeswoman for Paul commented on the incident. She said Baron Cohen's people were very deceptive in their tactics. At the time, he thought they were \"legitimate\" but later confessed to some concern. \"I'm familiar with his work, so you can imagine how I feel about it,\" he said. Jesse Benton, senior vice-president of Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty organization and former campaign spokesman for Paul, said Paul was not familiar with Baron Cohen's programme, Da Ali G Show. \"If it's not on hard-core financial news, he doesn't follow it,\" Benton said. But, he added, \"It sounds like it's going to be pretty funny.\"[21]The scene filmed during a taping of The Richard Bey Show, however, was staged, and Bey was in on the joke, as his daytime show went off the air in 1996. The audience, however, was not made aware of the truth of the production. Similarly unaware of the true nature of the production was Paula Abdul, who, during her interview scene in the film, sat atop a Mexican landscaper and was presented with food adorned upon a man lying down on a cart wearing nothing but a \"sock\" over his penis. Abdul told a radio interviewer that she was \"scarred\" by the incident.[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"red carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_carpet"},{"link_name":"another Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(radio_commentator)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrunoBumped-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10579056-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Brüno had its premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre on June 25, 2009. The premiere is notable for taking place on the same day as the death of pop singer Michael Jackson, in which his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered by the red carpet, causing fans of the singer to access the star of another Michael Jackson (a radio host) for tributes.[22] It was later released on July 10, 2009, in the United States.[23] The film received an early release in Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand,[24] and Iceland on July 8 and in Germany, Greece, Ireland, Serbia,[25] Slovenia,[26] Israel, and Bosnia and Herzegovina[27] on July 9, 2009. The film was then released internationally on July 10.[citation needed]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 MTV Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Promotion","text":"In a staged publicity stunt at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, Baron Cohen appeared as Brüno to present the award for Best Male Performer. Dressed as a winged angel wearing a jockstrap and white go-go boots, he was suspended on wires and flew over the audience towards the stage, but fell and landed on rapper Eminem, with his head in Eminem's lap and his buttocks in front of Eminem's face. Eminem shouted, \"Are you fucking serious?\" and, \"Get this motherfucker off me!\" Eminem and his entourage then walked out of the show and did not return. It was later revealed that Eminem and Baron Cohen had staged the incident, rehearsing it beforehand to make sure it went off without a hitch, leaving Eminem laughing to himself in his hotel room about how the crowd was easily fooled.[28]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Deleted scenes","text":"The trailers for the film shown in the U.S. included a scene in which Brüno shops for clothing at Sears, telling the sales clerk \"You might find this very hard to believe, but I'm gay\" to which the clerk responds \"Okay\", while maintaining an awkward posture.[29]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sudden death of Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_premiere"},{"link_name":"La Toya Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_people"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Michael Jackson scene","text":"Following the sudden death of Michael Jackson on June 25, 2009, a scene from Brüno was hastily removed from the US theatrical version of the film before its Hollywood premiere later that evening. The scene involved Brüno tricking La Toya Jackson into an interview in which he asked her to take a seat on hunched over Mexican workers substituting for chairs and invited her to eat sushi from the torso of an overweight and hairy naked man. In a ploy to get Michael's phone number, Brüno asked La Toya to let him look at her mobile phone, which she did.[30]The latter part of this scene was later confirmed to be removed from the film permanently (about the phone number, but \"the Mexicans as furniture scene\" was included until the food is served on a naked man, at a SVT Swedish television broadcast of the film, February 2014), but is included in the DVD and Blu-ray release's special features.[31]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"deleted, alternative, and extended scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleted_scene"},{"link_name":"audio commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_commentary"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 17, 2009. Special features include deleted, alternative, and extended scenes and an audio commentary by Baron Cohen and Larry Charles.[32][failed verification]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxofficemojo-5"},{"link_name":"Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age:_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Brüno opened with $30,619,130, ranking number one in its first weekend. At the end of its run on August 20, it had grossed $60,054,530 in the United States and Canada and $78,751,301 overseas for a worldwide total of $138,805,831.[5] For its opening weekend, it narrowly beat Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (in its second week of release) for the highest gross, in the lowest attended second-weekend-in-July in 18 years.[33]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Total Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Film"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tf-41"},{"link_name":"A. O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"At the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Movies_(1986_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Ben Mankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mankiewicz"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 224 reviews, and an average rating of 6.18/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Crude and offensive, but with ample cultural insights and gut-busting laughs, Bruno is another outlandish and entertaining mockumentary from Sacha Baron Cohen.\"[34] Metacritic gives Brüno an average score of 54 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[35] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade \"C\" on a scale of A+ to F.[36]Nick Curtis of the Evening Standard wrote that Brüno is \"funnier, more offensive, and more outrageous than Borat\".[37] The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of four, saying \"impossible not to laugh and also praising Brüno's controversial style of comedy.\"[38] The BBC also gave the film a positive review, saying \"Brüno pushes the boundaries further than Borat ever did.\" However, they also said that \"It's not going to be everyone's cup of tea\" due to the offensive nature of the film.[39] Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, and said \"Here is a film that is 82 minutes long and doesn't contain 30 boring seconds\", although he noted that the film's R rating was \"very, very hard\".[40]Andy Lowe from Total Film gave it a lower review, giving it three stars out of five and calling it \"as phony and frustrating as it is funny... The clothes may be new and more fabulous, but the emperor seriously needs to go shopping.\"[41] Others felt it was not as good, feeling it would insult and offend the gay community: A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that the film shows \"that lampooning homophobia has become an acceptable, almost unavoidable form of homophobic humor,\" and called the film \"a lazy piece of work that panders more than it provokes.\"[42] At the Movies critic Ben Mankiewicz criticized the film for being too demeaning and playing on homosexual stereotypes. He later named Brüno the worst film at the halfway point of 2009.[43]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motion Picture Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Motion Picture Association of America","text":"On October 11, 2010, it was revealed that the Motion Picture Association of America's Classification and Rating Administration would specifically note in the future which films contained \"male nudity\". A spokesman said this was in direct response to parental concerns about the content of Brüno.[44]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"criticised in Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borat#Reception_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Josef Fritzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Fritzl"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Mel Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Führer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer"}],"sub_title":"Reception in Austria","text":"While Borat was criticised in Kazakhstan, Austrians were generally positive about Brüno. Others regarded the humour as \"pretty average\" and \"inoffensive to Austria\".[45] Within the Austrian press, reactions were generally mild and positive, although the film was also labelled \"repetitive\". Christian Fuchs, from the Austrian radio station FM4, wrote that \"hidden beneath the hard-as-nails satirist Cohen, lies a humanist who enlightens.\" However, the film also met some opposition in Austria, due to its portrayal of homosexuality, and basing the portrayal of Austria on motifs such as Josef Fritzl and Adolf Hitler,[46] even going as far as calling Mel Gibson \"der Führer\" as he pointed at the actor/director's photo in the film.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkraiBan-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkraiBan-47"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Vinnytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnytsia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Yevhen Minko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yevhen_Minko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"smoke bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_bomb"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Ban in Ukraine","text":"In Ukraine, the film was scheduled to premiere on July 23, but on July 14, the Minister of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine decided to ban the distribution and demonstration of the film in the country.[47] The reason for the prohibition was that nine out of fourteen members of a commission of experts said the film contained \"obscene language, homosexual scenes, and other scenes of offensive nature never shown in Ukraine.\"[47][failed verification] The \"Vinnytsia Human Rights Group\" immediately expressed its anger with the ban.[48] Journalist Yevhen Minko accused the Ministry of moral censorship that missed the point of the film.[49] An unofficial premiere of the film in Kyiv on July 22, 2009, was disrupted by a smoke bomb.[50][51]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thelede-54"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"NBC Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Worldwide Pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Pants"},{"link_name":"Gannett Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company"},{"link_name":"Larry Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Charles"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"On 2 December 2009, it was reported that Ayman Abu Aita, who stated he was falsely portrayed as a terrorist in the film,[52] was filing a lawsuit of $110 million in libel damages for defamation.[53] Ayman Abu Aita was identified in the film as a member of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.[54] Abu Aita says that he was never a member of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and was tricked into appearing in the film. In an interview with Time, Abu Aita stated, \"It is true that I was jailed in 2003...I was active in resisting the occupation, in non-violent ways.\"[55]Baron Cohen claims he set up a meeting with Aita in the West Bank with the help of a CIA agent. According to the lawsuit, however, the interview with Abu Aita took place at a hotel chosen by Baron Cohen and located in a part of the West Bank that was under Israeli military control.[56] The filing of the lawsuit was confirmed at a press conference on 2 December 2009.[57] Included in the lawsuit are David Letterman, NBC Universal, CBS, Worldwide Pants, Gannett Company, and Larry Charles.[58]\nIn November 2010, the lawsuit was dismissed in Washington D.C. Court so as to be refiled in the Supreme Court of New York.[59] In July 2012, the lawsuit was reported to have been settled under undisclosed terms.[60]Baron Cohen has said he had to increase his security detail following death threats from the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades after the release of the film.[61] The group was angered by the interview with Abu Aita in which he was linked with the group, an armed wing of the Fatah movement. In a statement to the media, al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades denied that Abu Aita was a member and threatened that they \"reserve the right to respond in the way we find suitable against this man (Baron Cohen)\" and that they feel the segment was \"a dirty use of our brother Ayman\".[62]","title":"Lawsuit and death threats"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Brüno (18)\". British Board of Film Classification. June 17, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/br%C3%BCno-2009-0","url_text":"\"Brüno (18)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211322/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/br%C3%BCno-2009-0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brüno film overview\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2016. 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Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bruno.htm","url_text":"\"Brüno (2009)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100510231815/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bruno.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abramovitch, Seth (June 18, 2008). \"The Curious Case Of The Fake Defamer 'Bruno' Title That Ate The Internets\". Defamer. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story
Ever After
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Historical context","4 Production","4.1 Locations and sets","5 Reception","6 Home media","7 Musical adaptation","8 References","9 External links"]
1998 American romantic drama film This article is about the 1998 film. For other uses, see Ever After (disambiguation). Ever AfterTheatrical release posterDirected byAndy TennantScreenplay by Susannah Grant Andy Tennant Rick Parks Produced by Mireille Soria Tracey Trench Starring Drew Barrymore Anjelica Huston Dougray Scott Jeanne Moreau CinematographyAndrew DunnEdited byRoger BondelliMusic byGeorge FentonProductioncompaniesFox Family Films (uncredited)Mireille Soria ProductionDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease date July 31, 1998 (1998-07-31) Running time120 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$26 millionBox office$98 million Ever After (known in promotional material as Ever After: A Cinderella Story) is a 1998 American romantic period drama film inspired by the Charles Perrault fairy tale "Cinderella". It is directed by Andy Tennant and stars Drew Barrymore, Anjelica Huston, Dougray Scott, Jeanne Moreau, Megan Dodds, Melanie Lynskey, Patrick Godfrey, Lee Ingleby, Richard O'Brien, Timothy West, and Judy Parfitt. Tennant, Susannah Grant and Rick Parks wrote the screenplay. George Fenton composed the original music score. The film's closing theme song, "Put Your Arms Around Me", is performed by the rock band Texas. The film removes the pantomime and supernatural elements that are commonly associated with the Cinderella tale and instead treats the story as historical fiction, setting it in Renaissance-era France. It is considered to be a modern, post-feminist interpretation of the fairy tale. Ever After was well received by critics and was a box-office success. Plot The Brothers Grimm are invited to an audience with the dying Grande Dame, who expresses her disappointment in their version of Cinderella. She produces a glass slipper and recounts Cinderella's true story. During the French Renaissance, ten years after the death of Auguste de Barbarac, his daughter, Danielle, has been forced to become a servant to her stepmother, the Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent, and stepsisters, Marguerite and Jacqueline. One morning, Danielle has an unexpected confrontation with Prince Henry as he is attempting to flee in order to avoid an arranged marriage to Princess Gabriella of Spain, at first mistaking him for a thief. Henry gives Danielle some coins to keep their interlude secret. He is eventually caught by the Royal Guard after stopping bandits from robbing Leonardo da Vinci, whom King Francis has invited to the French court. Danielle, going disguised as a noblewoman, heads to the palace to buy back a family servant, Maurice, who was sold by Rodmilla. Henry witnesses her arguing with the jailer and, impressed by Danielle's passion and intelligence, orders the jailer to release Maurice. When he asks for her name, Danielle gives her mother's name, Countess Nicole de Lancret. King Francis strikes a deal with Henry later that night. He will hold a masquerade ball at which Henry will announce his engagement to the woman of his choosing at midnight, or else marry Gabriella. Hearing this news, Rodmilla accelerates her efforts at getting Henry to notice Marguerite, while being increasingly neglectful to Jacqueline. Meanwhile, Danielle begins secretly spending time with Henry. After an outing at the library of the Francian monks, a gang of gypsies ambushes them, but they offer to help them when Danielle bids the leader and attempts to carry Henry away. At the gypsy camp, they share their first kiss. Rodmilla and Marguerite plan to take Nicole's wedding gown and glass slippers for Marguerite to wear at the ball. When Marguerite insults Nicole's memory, Danielle attacks and chases her. Marguerite retaliates by destroying the copy of Utopia that Auguste had given to Danielle. Jacqueline expresses sympathy for Danielle and criticizing Marguerite for her cruelty. Queen Marie holds a luncheon with Marguerite and Rodmilla and expresses curiosity about the mysterious girl who has taken Henry's fancies. Rodmilla, recognizing the name of Nicole, deduces that the girl is Danielle and reveals she's engaged. Danielle cannot bring herself to tell Henry the truth so when he tells her she has changed him as a man, inspiring him to build a university. Rodmilla confronts Danielle about her deception and the whereabouts of the dress and slippers, unaware that the servants hid them. Danielle strongly refuses to return them and Rodmilla locks her in the pantry. Maurice approaches Gustave in going to the ball to recruit Leonardo who helps Danielle escape. Leonardo, Paulette and Louise help prepare her in Nicole's attire. Danielle arrives determined to tell Henry the truth, but Rodmilla exposes her before she can. Furious at her dishonesty, Henry rejects her. Danielle runs away, leaving a slipper behind. Leonardo reproaches Henry for his callousness towards Danielle and leaves him the slipper. Henry agrees to marry Gabriella, but realizing that she is miserable as she loves someone else, he calls off the marriage. Maurice and Jacqueline tell Henry that Rodmilla sold Danielle to Pierre Le Pieu. Henry rides off to rescue her, only to find that she has freed herself. Henry apologizes, professes his love for her, and proposes marriage by fitting the slipper onto her foot. Danielle happily accepts. Rodmilla is summoned before the royal court and confronted for lying to Marie about Danielle; she is stripped of her title and threatened with exile along with Marguerite unless someone speaks for her. Danielle appears and instead asks that Rodmilla be shown the same "courtesy" she had shown her. Rodmilla and Marguerite are reduced to servants in the palace laundry. Leonardo gifts Danielle and Henry with a portrait of Danielle that hung in the university until the French Revolution. The Grande Dame reveals to the Brothers Grimm while her great-great grandparents did live happily ever after, the point is that they lived. Cast Drew Barrymore as Danielle de Barbarac, the only child of Auguste de Barbarac and Nicole de Lancret Anna Maguire as Young Danielle Anjelica Huston as Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent, Danielle's wicked stepmother and Auguste's second wife Dougray Scott as Henry, Prince of France, Danielle's love interest and son of Francis and Marie Patrick Godfrey as Leonardo da Vinci, an artist, inventor and a member of the royal court Megan Dodds as Marguerite de Ghent, Danielle's "evil" stepsister Elizabeth Earl as Young Marguerite Melanie Lynskey as Jacqueline de Ghent, Danielle's "nice" stepsister Alex Pooley as Young Jacqueline Timothy West as Francis, King of France and Henry's father Judy Parfitt as Marie, Queen of France and Henry's mother Jeroen Krabbé as Auguste de Barbarac, Danielle's father Lee Ingleby as Gustave, Danielle's best friend and an apprentice painter Ricki Cuttell as Young Gustave Kate Lansbury as Paulette, a servant to the de Barbaracs Matyelok Gibbs as Louise, Maurice's wife and a servant to the de Barbaracs Walter Sparrow as Maurice, Louise's husband and a servant to the de Barbaracs Jeanne Moreau as Grande Dame, Danielle and Henry's great-great granddaughter Richard O'Brien as Monsieur Pierre Le Pieu, a lecherous merchant Peter Gunn as Laurent, Royal Guard captain Joerg Stadler as Wilhelm Grimm, author and Jacob's brother Andrew Henderson as Jacob Grimm, author and Wilhem's brother Toby Jones as Royal Page, Rodmilla's henchman Patrick Godfrey's wife Amanda Walker appears an old noblewoman. Historical context The Leonardo da Vinci portrait, Head of a Woman (c. 1508), is portrayed in the film as a depiction of Danielle While the story is fictional, it involves several historical figures, places and events. The film is set in the 16th and 19th centuries and features Francis I, Prince Henry (later Henry II of France), Leonardo da Vinci, The Brothers Grimm, as well as allusions to the explorer Jacques Cartier, the fairy tale collector Charles Perrault, the French colonies in the New World, and the French Revolution. Though the main portion of the film takes place in early 1500s France, the royals shown are most likely not meant to be the historical figures for which they are named. King Francis I summoned Leonardo da Vinci to his court around 1516, three years before King Henry II was born; neither of King Francis I's wives was named Marie (the first was named Claude and the second Eleanor). King Henry II was married to Catherine de' Medici at the age of 14 and had no known children with Diane de Poitiers, a French noblewoman of great influence and the historical figure most likely represented by Danielle. Production Ever After was filmed in Super 35. Locations and sets The castle shown in the film is the Château de Hautefort in the Dordogne region of France. Other featured châteaux are de Fénelon, de Losse, de Lanquais, de Beynac as well as the city of Sarlat-la-Canéda. The painting of Danielle is based on Leonardo da Vinci's Head of a Woman (La Scapigliata). Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 65 reviews were positive, with an average score of 7.60/10. The critical consensus states: "Ever After is a sweet, frothy twist on the ancient fable, led by a solid turn from star Barrymore". On Metacritic it has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 22 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F. Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B−, saying: "Against many odds, Ever After comes up with a good one. This novel variation is still set in the once-upon-a-time 16th century, but it features an active, 1990s-style heroine—she argues about economic theory and civil rights with her royal suitor—rather than a passive, exploited hearth sweeper who warbles "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes"". She also praised Anjelica Huston's performance as a cruel stepmother: "Huston does a lot of eye narrowing and eyebrow raising while toddling around in an extraordinary selection of extreme headgear, accompanied by her two less-than-self-actualized daughters—the snooty, social-climbing, nasty Marguerite, and the dim, lumpy, secretly nice Jacqueline. "Nothing is final until you're dead", Mama instructs her girls at the dinner table, "and even then I'm sure God negotiates"". Chicago Sun-Times film critic, Roger Ebert, praises the film with three out of four stars and writes, "The movie is one of surprises, not least that the old tale still has life and passion in it. I went to the screening expecting some sort of soppy children's picture and found myself in a costume romance with some of the same energy and zest as The Mask of Zorro. And I was reminded again that Drew Barrymore can hold the screen and involve us in her characters. Here, as the little cinder girl, she is able to at last put aside her bedraggled losers and flower as a fresh young beauty, and she brings poignancy and fire to the role". Home media On March 2, 1999, the film was released on VHS & DVD. On April 11, 2003, the film was released on DVD with the movie Never Been Kissed—another film starring Drew Barrymore—in a combo pack. On May 26, 2006, the film was released in The Drew Barrymore Collection Celebrity Pack, which also contained DVDs of Never Been Kissed and Fever Pitch. On March 2, 2010, the film was released in a DVD combo pack with the movie An Affair to Remember—a double feature celebrating 20th Century Fox's 75th anniversary; two months later, the film was then released in a DVD combo pack on May 4, 2010 with the movies Anna and the King and Australia—a triple feature celebrating the same thing. On January 4, 2011, the film was released on Blu-ray. On September 4, 2012, it was released with the movie Never Been Kissed in a combo pack on Blu-ray. On October 7, 2014, the film was released in a 4 Drew Barrymore Favorites DVD set with Never Been Kissed, Fever Pitch, and Whip It. On January 6, 2015, the film was released in a Blu-ray / Digital HD combo pack, region-free. The film was also released on Blu-ray in the UK on August 6, 2018. Then, on January 1, 2019, the film was again released in a Blu-ray / Digital HD combo pack but for Region A. Musical adaptation Main article: Ever After The Musical A report in 2012 indicated that a musical theatre production was in the works, with the book and lyrics by Marcy Heisler and music by Zina Goldrich. The musical was originally scheduled for its world premiere in April 2009 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, but the pre-Broadway run was postponed. In May 2012, the project was back on track with Kathleen Marshall signing on to direct a Broadway run. A workshop of the musical was held from April 25, 2013 – May 15, 2013 with Sierra Boggess as Danielle, Jeremy Jordan as Prince Henry, and Ashley Spencer as Marguerite. The musical made its world premiere at the Paper Mill Playhouse from May 21, 2015 – June 21, 2015. Christine Ebersole played the role of Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent. Alongside Ebersole, Margo Seibert starred as Danielle, James Snyder as Henry, Charles Shaughnessy as King Francis, and Tony Sheldon as Leonardo da Vinci. Another production of the musical played at Atlanta's Alliance Theatre from January 15, 2019 to February 19. The production was directed by Susan V. Booth and starred Sierra Boggess as Danielle de Barbarac, Terry Burrell as Queen Marie, Todd Buonopane as Captain Laurent, David Garrison as Leonardo da Vinci, Chris Kayser as King Francis, Jeff McCarthy as Pierre Malette, Tim Rogan as Prince Henry and Rachel York as Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent. References ^ Petrikin, Chris (February 18, 1998). "Fox renamed that toon". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018. ^ "Ever After - A Cinderella Story (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. September 8, 1998. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ a b c "Ever After: A Cinderella Story (1998)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 16, 2010. ^ Haase, Donald, ed. (2004). Fairy Tales and Feminism: New Approaches. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3030-4. ^ a b c d "Ever After: A Cinderella Story Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 13, 2022. ^ Ever After (1998) the movie ^ Loggia, Wendy (1998). Ever After: A Cinderella Story. Dell. p. 18. ISBN 0440228158. Retrieved July 18, 2018. ^ Clark, Jason. "Ever After - Review". AllMovie. Retrieved September 3, 2022. ^ Hodges, Christopher (August 31, 2018). "20 Crazy Details Behind The Making Of Ever After". Screen Rant. Retrieved September 3, 2022. ^ "Ever After: A Cinderella Story tour | Decouvertes". decouvertes.fr. Retrieved September 3, 2022. ^ Kwan, Jamie (February 10, 2021). "What do Leonardo da Vinci and Drew Barrymore have in common? Ever After". ars longa. Retrieved September 3, 2022. ^ "Ever After: A Cinderella Story reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 16, 2010. ^ "Ever After (1998) A". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. ^ a b Schwarzbaum, Lisa (August 10, 1998). "Ever After (1998)". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2010. ^ Ebert, Roger (July 31, 1998). "Ever After". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ "Ever After: A Cinderella Story Blu-ray". ^ Barrett, Annie (May 15, 2012). "'Ever After' to hit Broadway in 2013". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 17, 2013. ^ Hetrick, Adam (January 28, 2009). "South Pacific Revival to Play San Francisco; Pre-Broadway Ever After Run Postponed". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009. ^ "Kathleen Marshall to Helm Broadway-Bound EVER AFTER Musical; Music by Heisler/Goldrich". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013. ^ Hetrick, Adam (May 15, 2012). "Kathleen Marshall Will Direct Broadway Debut of Ever After, Based On 1998 Cinderella Film". Playbill. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ^ "Exclusive: Jeremy Jordan, Sierra Boggess, Jan Maxwell and Ashley Spencer Star in Developmental Lab of EVER AFTER". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013. ^ "Paper Mill Season Will Feature Can-Can, Hunchback, Ever After, Vanya and Sonia and More". playbill.com. February 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Tony Winner Christine Ebersole Will Star in New Musical Ever After". theatermania.com. February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015. ^ "Full Casting Announced for Paper Mill Playhouse's Ever After". TheaterMania. March 20, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015. ^ "EVER AFTER, RIDE THE CYCLONE & More Will Appear in Atlanta's Alliance Theatre's 50th Anniversary Season". Broadway World. March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018. ^ "Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, Among Stars of EVER AFTER in Atlanta". Broadway World. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018. ^ "Photo Flash: Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, And More In Rehearsal For EVER AFTER At Alliance Stage". Broadway World. December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2018. ^ Franklin, Marc J (January 25, 2019). "A First Look at Ever After at the Alliance Theatre". Playbill. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Ever After. Ever After at IMDb Ever After at AllMovie Ever After at Box Office Mojo Ever After at Metacritic Ever After at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Andy Tennant Keep the Change (1992) Desperate Choices: To Save My Child (1992) The Amy Fisher Story (1993) It Takes Two (1995) Fools Rush In (1997) Ever After (1998) Anna and the King (1999) Sweet Home Alabama (2002) Hitch (2005) Fool's Gold (2008) The Bounty Hunter (2010) Wild Oats (2016) The Secret: Dare to Dream (2020) Unit 234 (TBA) vte"Cinderella" by Charles Perrault and the Brothers GrimmUniverseCharacters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Nationalvariation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih (Malay and Indonesian) Beauty and Pock Face (Chinese) Chūjō-hime (Japanese) Fair, Brown and Trembling (Irish) Finette Cendron (French) The Green Knight (Danish) Katie Woodencloak (Norwegian) Kongjwi and Patjwi (Korean) Maria (Philippines) Ochikubo Monogatari (Japanese) "Rhodopis" (Greek) Rushen Coatie (Scottish) The Sharp Grey Sheep (Scottish) The Story of Tấm and Cám (Vietnamese) Sumiyoshi Monogatari (Japanese) The True Bride (German) The Wonderful Birch (Russian) Ye Xian (Chinese) Related Jacinda Vidrio Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods (2014 film) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney's characters Stop! Look! and Laugh! Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella's Stepsister Cinderella (sports) Lying to Be Perfect Xuxa em O Mistério de Feiurinha (2009) Cinderella's Eyes (2011) Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Maleversions Askeladden or Boots (Norwegian) Fire Boy (Japanese) MediaFilms Cinderella (1899) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper (1912) Cinderella (1914) A Lowland Cinderella (1921) A Kiss for Cinderella (1925) Ella Cinders (1926) The Magic Shoes (1935) First Love (1939) Princess Cinderella (1941) Cinderella (1947) The Glass Slipper (1955) Cinderella (1955) Cinderfella (1960) Stop! Look! and Laugh! (1960) More Than a Miracle (1967) Tři oříšky pro Popelku (1973) The Slipper and the Rose (1976) Cinderella (1979) Cinderella '80 (1984) Maid to Order (1987) Lua de Cristal (1990) If the Shoe Fits (1990) Ever After (1998) Ella Enchanted (2004) Cinderella (2006) Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale (2010) Rags (2012) Cinderella (2021) Sneakerella (2022) A Cinderella Story series A Cinderella Story (2004) Another Cinderella Story (2008) Once Upon a Song (2011) If the Shoe Fits (2016) Christmas Wish (2019) Starstruck (2021) Disney's Cinderella Cinderella (1950) Dreams Come True (2002) A Twist in Time (2007) Cinderella (2015) Animation Cinderella Blues (1931) Poor Cinderella (1934) Cinderella Meets Fella (1938) Swing Shift Cinderella (1945) Ancient Fistory (1953) Señorella and the Glass Huarache (1964) Cinderella (1979) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin (1981) The Magic Riddle (1991) Happily N'Ever After (2007) Year of the Fish (2008) Cinderella the Cat (2017) Charming (2018) Cinderella and the Secret Prince (2018) Television Hey, Cinderella! (1968) Cindy (1978) Cinderella Monogatari (1996) Cinderella (1997) CinderElmo (1999) Cinderella (2000) I Was a Rat/Cinderella and Me (2001) La Cenicienta (2003) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih (2004) Floricienta (2004) Floribella (2005 Brazil) Floribella (2006 Portugal) Grazilda (2010) Rags (2012) Aik Nayee Cinderella (2012) Literaryadaptations Celestina (1791) Ella Cinders (1925–1961) Cinderella, or the Little Glass Slipper (1954) Nine Coaches Waiting (1958) The Coachman Rat (1989) Witches Abroad (1991) Ella Enchanted (1997) I Was a Rat!: or, The Scarlet Slippers (1999) Just Ella (1999) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister (1999) Chinese Cinderella (1999) The Fairy Godmother (2004) Phoenix and Ashes (2004) Bella at Midnight (2006) Ash (2009) Princess of Glass (2010) Cinder (2012) Opera Cendrillon (1810 Isouard) La Cenerentola (1817 Rossini) Cendrillon (1899 Massenet) Cendrillon (1904 Viardot) La Cenicienta (1966 Hen) Cinderella (2016 Deutscher) Ballet Cinderella (1893 Fitinhof-Schell) Aschenbrödel (1900 Strauss-Bayer) Cinderella (1945 Prokofiev) Cinderella (1948 Ashton) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince, or The Castle of Heart's Desire (1904) A Stubborn Cinderella (1909) Mr. Cinders (1929) Cinderella (1957) Cindy (1964) The Penny Friend (1966) The Slipper and the Rose (1984) Into the Woods (1987) Soho Cinders (2008) Cinderella (2013) Cinderella (2020) Other Plays A Kiss for Cinderella (1916) Comics Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Ella Cinders (1925–1961) Games Cinders Pantomime Sinderella Songs "Spread a Little Happiness" (1929) "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" (1949) "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" (1950) "Cinderella" (1987) "Hey Cinderella" (1993) "It's Midnight Cinderella" (1996) "Cinderella" (2001) "Cinderella" (2002) "Cinderella" (2003) "Stealing Cinderella" (2007) "Cinderella" (2007) "C\C (Cinderella\Complex)" (2008) "Bad Cinderella" (2020) "Million to One" (2021) Albums A Cinderella Story (2004 soundtrack) Disney's Princess Favorites (2002) Cinderella (2013 cast album) Cinderella (2015 soundtrack) Cinderella (2021 soundtrack) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella (1977) Naughty Cinderella Category Authority control databases National United States Other MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ever After (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_After_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"period drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"Charles Perrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perrault"},{"link_name":"fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella"},{"link_name":"Andy Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Tennant"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Anjelica Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelica_Huston"},{"link_name":"Dougray Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougray_Scott"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau"},{"link_name":"Megan Dodds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Dodds"},{"link_name":"Melanie Lynskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey"},{"link_name":"Patrick Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Lee Ingleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ingleby"},{"link_name":"Richard O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Timothy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_West"},{"link_name":"Judy Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"Susannah Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Grant"},{"link_name":"George Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Put Your Arms Around Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_Your_Arms_Around_Me_(Texas_song)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_(band)"},{"link_name":"pantomime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"historical fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"post-feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feminism-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story_Movie_Reviews,_Pictures-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-3"}],"text":"This article is about the 1998 film. For other uses, see Ever After (disambiguation).Ever After (known in promotional material as Ever After: A Cinderella Story) is a 1998 American romantic period drama film inspired by the Charles Perrault fairy tale \"Cinderella\". It is directed by Andy Tennant and stars Drew Barrymore, Anjelica Huston, Dougray Scott, Jeanne Moreau, Megan Dodds, Melanie Lynskey, Patrick Godfrey, Lee Ingleby, Richard O'Brien, Timothy West, and Judy Parfitt. Tennant, Susannah Grant and Rick Parks wrote the screenplay. George Fenton composed the original music score. The film's closing theme song, \"Put Your Arms Around Me\", is performed by the rock band Texas.The film removes the pantomime and supernatural elements that are commonly associated with the Cinderella tale and instead treats the story as historical fiction, setting it in Renaissance-era France. It is considered to be a modern, post-feminist interpretation of the fairy tale.[4]Ever After was well received by critics[5] and was a box-office success.[3]","title":"Ever After"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella"},{"link_name":"French Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"arranged marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"King Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess"},{"link_name":"masquerade ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_ball"},{"link_name":"engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement"},{"link_name":"Francian monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)"},{"link_name":"luncheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncheon"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"lying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"portrait of Danielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_a_Woman_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"text":"The Brothers Grimm are invited to an audience with the dying Grande Dame, who expresses her disappointment in their version of Cinderella. She produces a glass slipper and recounts Cinderella's true story.During the French Renaissance, ten years after the death of Auguste de Barbarac, his daughter, Danielle, has been forced to become a servant to her stepmother, the Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent, and stepsisters, Marguerite and Jacqueline. One morning, Danielle has an unexpected confrontation with Prince Henry as he is attempting to flee in order to avoid an arranged marriage to Princess Gabriella of Spain, at first mistaking him for a thief. Henry gives Danielle some coins to keep their interlude secret. He is eventually caught by the Royal Guard after stopping bandits from robbing Leonardo da Vinci, whom King Francis has invited to the French court.Danielle, going disguised as a noblewoman, heads to the palace to buy back a family servant, Maurice, who was sold by Rodmilla. Henry witnesses her arguing with the jailer and, impressed by Danielle's passion and intelligence, orders the jailer to release Maurice. When he asks for her name, Danielle gives her mother's name, Countess Nicole de Lancret. King Francis strikes a deal with Henry later that night. He will hold a masquerade ball at which Henry will announce his engagement to the woman of his choosing at midnight, or else marry Gabriella. Hearing this news, Rodmilla accelerates her efforts at getting Henry to notice Marguerite, while being increasingly neglectful to Jacqueline. Meanwhile, Danielle begins secretly spending time with Henry. After an outing at the library of the Francian monks, a gang of gypsies ambushes them, but they offer to help them when Danielle bids the leader and attempts to carry Henry away. At the gypsy camp, they share their first kiss.Rodmilla and Marguerite plan to take Nicole's wedding gown and glass slippers for Marguerite to wear at the ball. When Marguerite insults Nicole's memory, Danielle attacks and chases her. Marguerite retaliates by destroying the copy of Utopia that Auguste had given to Danielle. Jacqueline expresses sympathy for Danielle and criticizing Marguerite for her cruelty.Queen Marie holds a luncheon with Marguerite and Rodmilla and expresses curiosity about the mysterious girl who has taken Henry's fancies. Rodmilla, recognizing the name of Nicole, deduces that the girl is Danielle and reveals she's engaged.Danielle cannot bring herself to tell Henry the truth so when he tells her she has changed him as a man, inspiring him to build a university. Rodmilla confronts Danielle about her deception and the whereabouts of the dress and slippers, unaware that the servants hid them. Danielle strongly refuses to return them and Rodmilla locks her in the pantry. Maurice approaches Gustave in going to the ball to recruit Leonardo who helps Danielle escape. Leonardo, Paulette and Louise help prepare her in Nicole's attire. Danielle arrives determined to tell Henry the truth, but Rodmilla exposes her before she can. Furious at her dishonesty, Henry rejects her. Danielle runs away, leaving a slipper behind. Leonardo reproaches Henry for his callousness towards Danielle and leaves him the slipper.Henry agrees to marry Gabriella, but realizing that she is miserable as she loves someone else, he calls off the marriage. Maurice and Jacqueline tell Henry that Rodmilla sold Danielle to Pierre Le Pieu. Henry rides off to rescue her, only to find that she has freed herself. Henry apologizes, professes his love for her, and proposes marriage by fitting the slipper onto her foot. Danielle happily accepts.Rodmilla is summoned before the royal court and confronted for lying to Marie about Danielle; she is stripped of her title and threatened with exile along with Marguerite unless someone speaks for her. Danielle appears and instead asks that Rodmilla be shown the same \"courtesy\" she had shown her. Rodmilla and Marguerite are reduced to servants in the palace laundry. Leonardo gifts Danielle and Henry with a portrait of Danielle that hung in the university until the French Revolution.The Grande Dame reveals to the Brothers Grimm while her great-great grandparents did live happily ever after, the point is that they lived.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Anjelica Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelica_Huston"},{"link_name":"Dougray Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougray_Scott"},{"link_name":"Patrick Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Megan Dodds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Dodds"},{"link_name":"stepsister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_sisters"},{"link_name":"Melanie Lynskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey"},{"link_name":"Timothy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_West"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Judy Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Krabbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lee Ingleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ingleby"},{"link_name":"Matyelok Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matyelok_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Walter Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau"},{"link_name":"Richard O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Peter Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gunn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Jacob Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Toby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Jones"},{"link_name":"Amanda Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Walker"}],"text":"Drew Barrymore as Danielle de Barbarac, the only child of Auguste de Barbarac and Nicole de Lancret\nAnna Maguire as Young Danielle\nAnjelica Huston as Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent, Danielle's wicked stepmother and Auguste's second wife\nDougray Scott as Henry, Prince of France, Danielle's love interest and son of Francis and Marie\nPatrick Godfrey as Leonardo da Vinci, an artist, inventor and a member of the royal court\nMegan Dodds as Marguerite de Ghent, Danielle's \"evil\" stepsister\nElizabeth Earl as Young Marguerite\nMelanie Lynskey as Jacqueline de Ghent, Danielle's \"nice\" stepsister\nAlex Pooley as Young Jacqueline\nTimothy West as Francis, King of France and Henry's father\nJudy Parfitt as Marie, Queen of France and Henry's mother\nJeroen Krabbé as Auguste de Barbarac, Danielle's father\nLee Ingleby as Gustave, Danielle's best friend and an apprentice painter\nRicki Cuttell as Young Gustave\nKate Lansbury as Paulette, a servant to the de Barbaracs\nMatyelok Gibbs as Louise, Maurice's wife and a servant to the de Barbaracs\nWalter Sparrow as Maurice, Louise's husband and a servant to the de Barbaracs\nJeanne Moreau as Grande Dame, Danielle and Henry's great-great granddaughter\nRichard O'Brien as Monsieur Pierre Le Pieu, a lecherous merchant\nPeter Gunn as Laurent, Royal Guard captain\nJoerg Stadler as Wilhelm Grimm, author and Jacob's brother\nAndrew Henderson as Jacob Grimm, author and Wilhem's brother\nToby Jones as Royal Page, Rodmilla's henchmanPatrick Godfrey's wife Amanda Walker appears an old noblewoman.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lascapigliata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Head of a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_a_Woman_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"The Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier"},{"link_name":"Charles Perrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perrault"},{"link_name":"French colonies in the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story-7"},{"link_name":"Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude,_Duchess_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Diane de Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers"}],"text":"The Leonardo da Vinci portrait, Head of a Woman (c. 1508), is portrayed in the film as a depiction of DanielleWhile the story is fictional, it involves several historical figures, places and events. The film is set in the 16th and 19th centuries and features Francis I, Prince Henry (later Henry II of France), Leonardo da Vinci, The Brothers Grimm, as well as allusions to the explorer Jacques Cartier, the fairy tale collector Charles Perrault, the French colonies in the New World, and the French Revolution.[6]Though the main portion of the film takes place in early 1500s France,[7] the royals shown are most likely not meant to be the historical figures for which they are named. King Francis I summoned Leonardo da Vinci to his court around 1516, three years before King Henry II was born; neither of King Francis I's wives was named Marie (the first was named Claude and the second Eleanor). King Henry II was married to Catherine de' Medici at the age of 14 and had no known children with Diane de Poitiers, a French noblewoman of great influence and the historical figure most likely represented by Danielle.","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_35"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ever After was filmed in Super 35.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château de Hautefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Hautefort"},{"link_name":"Dordogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"de Fénelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_F%C3%A9nelon"},{"link_name":"de Losse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Losse"},{"link_name":"de Lanquais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Lanquais"},{"link_name":"de Beynac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beynac"},{"link_name":"Sarlat-la-Canéda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarlat-la-Can%C3%A9da"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Head of a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_a_Woman_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Locations and sets","text":"The castle shown in the film is the Château de Hautefort in the Dordogne region of France.[9] Other featured châteaux are de Fénelon, de Losse, de Lanquais, de Beynac as well as the city of Sarlat-la-Canéda.[10] The painting of Danielle is based on Leonardo da Vinci's Head of a Woman (La Scapigliata).[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story_Movie_Reviews,_Pictures-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story_Movie_Reviews,_Pictures-5"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story_reviews_at_Metacritic.com-12"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lisa Schwarzbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Schwarzbaum"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Is_a_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"The Mask of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 65 reviews were positive, with an average score of 7.60/10.[5] The critical consensus states: \"Ever After is a sweet, frothy twist on the ancient fable, led by a solid turn from star Barrymore\".[5] On Metacritic it has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 22 reviews.[12] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade \"A\" on scale of A to F.[13]Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B−, saying: \"Against many odds, Ever After comes up with a good one. This novel variation is still set in the once-upon-a-time 16th century, but it features an active, 1990s-style heroine—she argues about economic theory and civil rights with her royal suitor—rather than a passive, exploited hearth sweeper who warbles \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\"\".[14] She also praised Anjelica Huston's performance as a cruel stepmother: \"Huston does a lot of eye narrowing and eyebrow raising while toddling around in an extraordinary selection of extreme headgear, accompanied by her two less-than-self-actualized daughters—the snooty, social-climbing, nasty Marguerite, and the dim, lumpy, secretly nice Jacqueline. \"Nothing is final until you're dead\", Mama instructs her girls at the dinner table, \"and even then I'm sure God negotiates\"\".[14]Chicago Sun-Times film critic, Roger Ebert, praises the film with three out of four stars and writes, \"The movie [...] is one of surprises, not least that the old tale still has life and passion in it. I went to the screening expecting some sort of soppy children's picture and found myself in a costume romance with some of the same energy and zest as The Mask of Zorro. And I was reminded again that Drew Barrymore can hold the screen and involve us in her characters. [...] Here, as the little cinder girl, she is able to at last put aside her bedraggled losers and flower as a fresh young beauty, and she brings poignancy and fire to the role\".[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ever_After:_A_Cinderella_Story_Movie_Reviews,_Pictures-5"},{"link_name":"Never Been Kissed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Been_Kissed"},{"link_name":"Fever Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_Pitch_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"An Affair to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Affair_to_Remember"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Anna and the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_and_the_King"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Whip It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_It_(film)"},{"link_name":"Digital HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_copy"},{"link_name":"region-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region-free"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Region A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code"}],"text":"On March 2, 1999, the film was released on VHS & DVD.[5]On April 11, 2003, the film was released on DVD with the movie Never Been Kissed—another film starring Drew Barrymore—in a combo pack. On May 26, 2006, the film was released in The Drew Barrymore Collection Celebrity Pack, which also contained DVDs of Never Been Kissed and Fever Pitch. On March 2, 2010, the film was released in a DVD combo pack with the movie An Affair to Remember—a double feature celebrating 20th Century Fox's 75th anniversary; two months later, the film was then released in a DVD combo pack on May 4, 2010 with the movies Anna and the King and Australia—a triple feature celebrating the same thing.On January 4, 2011, the film was released on Blu-ray.[16] On September 4, 2012, it was released with the movie Never Been Kissed in a combo pack on Blu-ray. On October 7, 2014, the film was released in a 4 Drew Barrymore Favorites DVD set with Never Been Kissed, Fever Pitch, and Whip It.On January 6, 2015, the film was released in a Blu-ray / Digital HD combo pack, region-free. The film was also released on Blu-ray in the UK on August 6, 2018. Then, on January 1, 2019, the film was again released in a Blu-ray / Digital HD combo pack but for Region A.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Marcy Heisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcy_Heisler"},{"link_name":"Zina Goldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina_Goldrich"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Curran Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curran_Theatre"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall-20"},{"link_name":"Sierra Boggess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Boggess"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Jordan_(actor,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Ashley Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Spencer_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Paper Mill Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Christine Ebersole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ebersole"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Margo Seibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Seibert"},{"link_name":"James Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Snyder_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charles Shaughnessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shaughnessy"},{"link_name":"Tony Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sheldon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Alliance Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"David Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Jeff McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Rachel York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_York"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"A report in 2012 indicated that a musical theatre production was in the works, with the book and lyrics by Marcy Heisler and music by Zina Goldrich.[17] The musical was originally scheduled for its world premiere in April 2009 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, but the pre-Broadway run was postponed.[18] In May 2012, the project was back on track with Kathleen Marshall signing on to direct a Broadway run.[19][20]A workshop of the musical was held from April 25, 2013 – May 15, 2013 with Sierra Boggess as Danielle, Jeremy Jordan as Prince Henry, and Ashley Spencer as Marguerite.[21] The musical made its world premiere at the Paper Mill Playhouse from May 21, 2015 – June 21, 2015.[22] Christine Ebersole played the role of Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent.[23] Alongside Ebersole, Margo Seibert starred as Danielle, James Snyder as Henry, Charles Shaughnessy as King Francis, and Tony Sheldon as Leonardo da Vinci.[24] Another production of the musical played at Atlanta's Alliance Theatre from January 15, 2019 to February 19.[25] The production was directed by Susan V. Booth and starred Sierra Boggess as Danielle de Barbarac, Terry Burrell as Queen Marie, Todd Buonopane as Captain Laurent, David Garrison as Leonardo da Vinci, Chris Kayser as King Francis, Jeff McCarthy as Pierre Malette, Tim Rogan as Prince Henry and Rachel York as Baroness Rodmilla de Ghent.[26][27]\n[28]","title":"Musical adaptation"}]
[{"image_text":"The Leonardo da Vinci portrait, Head of a Woman (c. 1508), is portrayed in the film as a depiction of Danielle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lascapigliata.jpg/200px-Lascapigliata.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Petrikin, Chris (February 18, 1998). \"Fox renamed that toon\". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/","url_text":"\"Fox renamed that toon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After - A Cinderella Story (PG)\". British Board of Film Classification. September 8, 1998. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150119065506/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/ever-after-cinderella-story-1970-0","url_text":"\"Ever After - A Cinderella Story (PG)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"},{"url":"http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/ever-after-cinderella-story-1970-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story (1998)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=everafter.htm","url_text":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story (1998)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Haase, Donald, ed. (2004). Fairy Tales and Feminism: New Approaches. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3030-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-3030-4","url_text":"0-8143-3030-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story Movie Reviews\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ever_after_a_cinderella_story/","url_text":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story Movie Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"Loggia, Wendy (1998). Ever After: A Cinderella Story. Dell. p. 18. ISBN 0440228158. Retrieved July 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98rqUnHW61sC","url_text":"Ever After: A Cinderella Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0440228158","url_text":"0440228158"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Jason. \"Ever After - Review\". AllMovie. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ever-after-a-cinderella-story-v163072/review","url_text":"\"Ever After - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Christopher (August 31, 2018). \"20 Crazy Details Behind The Making Of Ever After\". Screen Rant. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/every-after-cinderella-movie-behind-scenes-making-trivia-details/","url_text":"\"20 Crazy Details Behind The Making Of Ever After\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story tour | Decouvertes\". decouvertes.fr. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://decouvertes.fr/content/ever-after-cinderella-story-tour","url_text":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story tour | Decouvertes\""}]},{"reference":"Kwan, Jamie (February 10, 2021). \"What do Leonardo da Vinci and Drew Barrymore have in common? Ever After\". ars longa. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://arslongajournal.org/2021/02/10/what-do-leonardo-da-vinci-and-drew-barrymore-have-in-common-ever-after/","url_text":"\"What do Leonardo da Vinci and Drew Barrymore have in common? Ever After\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/ever-after","url_text":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After (1998) A\". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/","url_text":"\"Ever After (1998) A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore","url_text":"CinemaScore"},{"url":"https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schwarzbaum, Lisa (August 10, 1998). \"Ever After (1998)\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172749/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,63674,00.html","url_text":"\"Ever After (1998)\""},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,63674,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (July 31, 1998). \"Ever After\". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ever-after-1998","url_text":"\"Ever After\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group","url_text":"Sun-Times Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story Blu-ray\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bluray.highdefdigest.com/4207/everafter.html","url_text":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story Blu-ray\""}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Annie (May 15, 2012). \"'Ever After' to hit Broadway in 2013\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/05/15/ever-after-broadway-cinderella/","url_text":"\"'Ever After' to hit Broadway in 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam (January 28, 2009). \"South Pacific Revival to Play San Francisco; Pre-Broadway Ever After Run Postponed\". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131054014/http://playbill.com/news/article/125696.html","url_text":"\"South Pacific Revival to Play San Francisco; Pre-Broadway Ever After Run Postponed\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125696.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathleen Marshall to Helm Broadway-Bound EVER AFTER Musical; Music by Heisler/Goldrich\". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Kathleen-Marshall-to-Helm-Broadway-Bound-EVER-AFTER-Musical-20120515","url_text":"\"Kathleen Marshall to Helm Broadway-Bound EVER AFTER Musical; Music by Heisler/Goldrich\""}]},{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam (May 15, 2012). \"Kathleen Marshall Will Direct Broadway Debut of Ever After, Based On 1998 Cinderella Film\". Playbill. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518001557/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/165992-Kathleen-Marshall-Will-Direct-Broadway-Debut-of-Ever-After-Based-On-1998-Cinderella-Film","url_text":"\"Kathleen Marshall Will Direct Broadway Debut of Ever After, Based On 1998 Cinderella Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"},{"url":"http://playbill.com/news/article/165992-Kathleen-Marshall-Will-Direct-Broadway-Debut-of-Ever-After-Based-On-1998-Cinderella-Film","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Jeremy Jordan, Sierra Boggess, Jan Maxwell and Ashley Spencer Star in Developmental Lab of EVER AFTER\". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Exclusive-Jeremy-Jordan-Sierra-Boggess-and-Ashley-Spencer-Star-in-Developmental-Lab-of-EVER-AFTER-20130429","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Jeremy Jordan, Sierra Boggess, Jan Maxwell and Ashley Spencer Star in Developmental Lab of EVER AFTER\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paper Mill Season Will Feature Can-Can, Hunchback, Ever After, Vanya and Sonia and More\". playbill.com. February 26, 2014. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302173902/http://playbill.com/news/article/188119-Paper-Mill-Season-Will-Feature-Can-Can-Hunchback-Ever-After-Vanya-and-Sonia-and-More?tsrc=hpt2","url_text":"\"Paper Mill Season Will Feature Can-Can, Hunchback, Ever After, Vanya and Sonia and More\""},{"url":"http://playbill.com/news/article/188119-Paper-Mill-Season-Will-Feature-Can-Can-Hunchback-Ever-After-Vanya-and-Sonia-and-More?tsrc=hpt2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Tony Winner Christine Ebersole Will Star in New Musical Ever After\". theatermania.com. February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-jersey-theater/news/christine-ebersole-paper-mill-ever-after_71726.html/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Tony Winner Christine Ebersole Will Star in New Musical Ever After\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Casting Announced for Paper Mill Playhouse's Ever After\". TheaterMania. March 20, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-jersey-theater/news/ever-after-casting-paper-mill_72193.html","url_text":"\"Full Casting Announced for Paper Mill Playhouse's Ever After\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVER AFTER, RIDE THE CYCLONE & More Will Appear in Atlanta's Alliance Theatre's 50th Anniversary Season\". Broadway World. March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Atlantas-Alliance-Theatre-Announces-its-50th-Anniversary-Season-20180326","url_text":"\"EVER AFTER, RIDE THE CYCLONE & More Will Appear in Atlanta's Alliance Theatre's 50th Anniversary Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, Among Stars of EVER AFTER in Atlanta\". Broadway World. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Sierra-Boggess-Rachel-York-Among-Stars-of-EVER-AFTER-in-Atlanta-20181204","url_text":"\"Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, Among Stars of EVER AFTER in Atlanta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo Flash: Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, And More In Rehearsal For EVER AFTER At Alliance Stage\". Broadway World. December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-Sierra-Boggess-Rachel-York-And-More-In-Rehearsal-For-EVER-AFTER-At-Alliance-Stage-20181220","url_text":"\"Photo Flash: Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, And More In Rehearsal For EVER AFTER At Alliance Stage\""}]},{"reference":"Franklin, Marc J (January 25, 2019). \"A First Look at Ever After at the Alliance Theatre\". Playbill.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/a-first-look-at-ever-after-at-the-alliance-theatre#","url_text":"\"A First Look at Ever After at the Alliance Theatre\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/","external_links_name":"\"Fox renamed that toon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150119065506/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/ever-after-cinderella-story-1970-0","external_links_name":"\"Ever After - A Cinderella Story (PG)\""},{"Link":"http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/ever-after-cinderella-story-1970-0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=everafter.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story (1998)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ever_after_a_cinderella_story/","external_links_name":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story Movie Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98rqUnHW61sC","external_links_name":"Ever After: A Cinderella Story"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ever-after-a-cinderella-story-v163072/review","external_links_name":"\"Ever After - Review\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/every-after-cinderella-movie-behind-scenes-making-trivia-details/","external_links_name":"\"20 Crazy Details Behind The Making Of Ever After\""},{"Link":"http://decouvertes.fr/content/ever-after-cinderella-story-tour","external_links_name":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story tour | Decouvertes\""},{"Link":"https://arslongajournal.org/2021/02/10/what-do-leonardo-da-vinci-and-drew-barrymore-have-in-common-ever-after/","external_links_name":"\"What do Leonardo da Vinci and Drew Barrymore have in common? Ever After\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/ever-after","external_links_name":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/","external_links_name":"\"Ever After (1998) A\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172749/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,63674,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Ever After (1998)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,63674,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ever-after-1998","external_links_name":"\"Ever After\""},{"Link":"https://bluray.highdefdigest.com/4207/everafter.html","external_links_name":"\"Ever After: A Cinderella Story Blu-ray\""},{"Link":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/05/15/ever-after-broadway-cinderella/","external_links_name":"\"'Ever After' to hit Broadway in 2013\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131054014/http://playbill.com/news/article/125696.html","external_links_name":"\"South Pacific Revival to Play San Francisco; Pre-Broadway Ever After Run Postponed\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125696.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Kathleen-Marshall-to-Helm-Broadway-Bound-EVER-AFTER-Musical-20120515","external_links_name":"\"Kathleen Marshall to Helm Broadway-Bound EVER AFTER Musical; Music by Heisler/Goldrich\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518001557/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/165992-Kathleen-Marshall-Will-Direct-Broadway-Debut-of-Ever-After-Based-On-1998-Cinderella-Film","external_links_name":"\"Kathleen Marshall Will Direct Broadway Debut of Ever After, Based On 1998 Cinderella Film\""},{"Link":"http://playbill.com/news/article/165992-Kathleen-Marshall-Will-Direct-Broadway-Debut-of-Ever-After-Based-On-1998-Cinderella-Film","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Exclusive-Jeremy-Jordan-Sierra-Boggess-and-Ashley-Spencer-Star-in-Developmental-Lab-of-EVER-AFTER-20130429","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Jeremy Jordan, Sierra Boggess, Jan Maxwell and Ashley Spencer Star in Developmental Lab of EVER AFTER\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302173902/http://playbill.com/news/article/188119-Paper-Mill-Season-Will-Feature-Can-Can-Hunchback-Ever-After-Vanya-and-Sonia-and-More?tsrc=hpt2","external_links_name":"\"Paper Mill Season Will Feature Can-Can, Hunchback, Ever After, Vanya and Sonia and More\""},{"Link":"http://playbill.com/news/article/188119-Paper-Mill-Season-Will-Feature-Can-Can-Hunchback-Ever-After-Vanya-and-Sonia-and-More?tsrc=hpt2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-jersey-theater/news/christine-ebersole-paper-mill-ever-after_71726.html/","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Tony Winner Christine Ebersole Will Star in New Musical Ever After\""},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-jersey-theater/news/ever-after-casting-paper-mill_72193.html","external_links_name":"\"Full Casting Announced for Paper Mill Playhouse's Ever After\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Atlantas-Alliance-Theatre-Announces-its-50th-Anniversary-Season-20180326","external_links_name":"\"EVER AFTER, RIDE THE CYCLONE & More Will Appear in Atlanta's Alliance Theatre's 50th Anniversary Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Sierra-Boggess-Rachel-York-Among-Stars-of-EVER-AFTER-in-Atlanta-20181204","external_links_name":"\"Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, Among Stars of EVER AFTER in Atlanta\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-Sierra-Boggess-Rachel-York-And-More-In-Rehearsal-For-EVER-AFTER-At-Alliance-Stage-20181220","external_links_name":"\"Photo Flash: Sierra Boggess, Rachel York, And More In Rehearsal For EVER AFTER At Alliance Stage\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/a-first-look-at-ever-after-at-the-alliance-theatre#","external_links_name":"\"A First Look at Ever After at the Alliance Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120631/","external_links_name":"Ever After"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v163072","external_links_name":"Ever After"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=everafter.htm","external_links_name":"Ever After"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/ever-after","external_links_name":"Ever After"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ever_after_a_cinderella_story","external_links_name":"Ever After"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99055490","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/4cc89f38-b687-4fbd-8d43-737e329f4de1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_114
United Nations Security Council Resolution 114
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
United Nations resolution adopted in 1956 UN Security CouncilResolution 114Israel flagDateJune 4 1956Meeting no.728CodeS/3605 (Document)SubjectThe Palestine QuestionVoting summary11 voted forNone voted againstNone abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France United Kingdom United States Soviet UnionNon-permanent members Australia Belgium Cuba Iran Peru Yugoslavia ← 113 Lists of resolutions 115 → United Nations Security Council Resolution 114, adopted unanimously on June 4, 1956, after receiving a report from the Secretary-General the Council noted that progress had been made towards the adoption of the specific measures set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 113 but that full compliance with the General Armistice Agreements and a host of Council Resolutions had not yet been effected. The Council declared that all parties to the Armistice Agreements should cooperate with the Secretary-General and the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine and that United Nations observers must be given full freedom of movement. The Council further requested that the Chief of Staff report to them whenever any action undertaken by one party to an Armistice Agreement constitutes a serious violation of that agreement and that the Secretary-General continue his good offices with the parties and report to them as appropriate. See also List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200 (1953–1965) References Text of the Resolution at undocs.org External links Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 114 at Wikisource vteUnited Nations Security Council resolutions adopted in 1956 ← 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 →
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Security Council Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_113"},{"link_name":"General Armistice Agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Armistice_Agreements&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization_in_Palestine"}],"text":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 114, adopted unanimously on June 4, 1956, after receiving a report from the Secretary-General the Council noted that progress had been made towards the adoption of the specific measures set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 113 but that full compliance with the General Armistice Agreements and a host of Council Resolutions had not yet been effected. The Council declared that all parties to the Armistice Agreements should cooperate with the Secretary-General and the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine and that United Nations observers must be given full freedom of movement.The Council further requested that the Chief of Staff report to them whenever any action undertaken by one party to an Armistice Agreement constitutes a serious violation of that agreement and that the Secretary-General continue his good offices with the parties and report to them as appropriate.","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 114"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_101_to_200"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://undocs.org/S/RES/114(1956)","external_links_name":"Document"},{"Link":"https://undocs.org/S/RES/114(1956)","external_links_name":"Text of the Resolution at undocs.org"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymiac_History
Euthymiac History
["1 Textual history","2 Content","3 References"]
Chalcedonian ecclesiastical history The Euthymiac History (Ancient Greek: Εὐθυμιακὴ ἱστορία, romanized: Euthymiakē historia; Latin: Historia Euthymiaca) is a Chalcedonian ecclesiastical history preserved today only in fragments quoted in other works. It is notable for containing the earliest reference to the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary. Textual history The Euthymiac History was written in Greek sometime between about 550 and 750, or perhaps even as early as the early 6th century. A date late in the 9th century has been proposed, but must be rejected. The meaning of the term "Euthymiac" or "Euthymian" is uncertain. John Wortley reads it as a reference to a lost biography of Euthymius the Great. The passages that survive do not belong to the known biography of Euthymius by Cyril of Scythopolis. Its surviving two fragments both cover the middle of the 5th century. One excerpt is found in John of Damascus's second sermon on the Dormition, written between about 730 and 750. The earliest manuscript of the sermon dates to 890. The passage excerpted from the Euthymiac History is usually regarded as an interpolation, although every surviving copy of the sermon includes it. The same excerpt as found in John's sermon is found independently in the manuscript Sinaiticus gr. 491 of the 8th or 9th century. It was incorporated into the Synaxarion of Constantinople and is also known in Arabic translation. The same tradition, perhaps also drawn from the Euthymiac History, is found in Cosmas Vestitor's fourth sermon on the Dormition. Another excerpt is quoted in the Pandects of Nikon of the Black Mountain (11th century), whence it found its way into the Ecclesiastical History of Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos (14th century). It concerns the Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople (446–449) and Chrysaphius, chief minister of Theodosius II. The same episode in similar language is related in Theophanes the Confessor, but he does not cite the Euthymiac History. It has been suggested that Nikon invented the attribution on the basis of similarities between his text and the text in John of Damascus, including the figure of Pulcheria. Content The interpolator who added the excerpt to John of Damascus's sermon specifies that he is excerpting from chapter 40 of the third book of the Euthymiac History. This interpolation was made early in the history of the text and so achieved a wide distribution. According to the excerpt, at the time of the council of Chalcedon in 451, the Emperor Marcian and Empress Pulcheria asked Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem to have relics of Mary, mother of Jesus, sent to Constantinople. Juvenal replied that there were no bodily relics of Mary. Three days after Mary's Dormition, one of the apostles arrived and asked to see inside her tomb. When it was opened, her body was no longer there, only her funeral shroud. Upon being told this, the imperial couple requested the garment and, after his return, Juvenal had it sent to Constantinople, where it was placed in a church in Blachernae. The account of the Dormition in the Euthymiac History belongs to the so-called "late apostle" tradition, a collection of independent legends that relate how one apostle arrived late and did not witness the Dormition. Although often called Thomas, that name does not appear to have been in the Euthymiac History. It has been suggested that Juvenal may have invented the doctrine of the Assumption to guard the body of Mary against imperial expropriation, but there is no evidence for the existence of Mary's body as a relic or place of pilgrimage. That a robe purportedly belonging to Mary arrived in Constantinople in a casket at some point before the 7th century is certain, and the Euthymiac History may contain an accurate account of its origin. The speech of Juvenal contains a long quotation from the Pseudo-Dionysian Divine Names. References ^ a b c d e f g Peter Van Nuffelen and Lieve Van Hoof (eds.), "Euthymiac history", Clavis Historicorum Antiquitatis Posterioris (Ghent University, 2018), accessed 23 May 2022. ^ a b c John Wortley, "The Marian Relics at Constantinople", Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 45 (2005), pp. 171–187, esp. 181–182. ^ a b c Stephen J. Shoemaker, Ancient Traditions of the Virgin's Mary Dormition and Assumption (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 67–69. ^ a b c Basile Lourié, "L'Histoire euthymiaque: l'œuvre du patriarch Euthymios/Euphemios de Constantinople (490–496, †515)", Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne 20.2 (2007), pp. 189–221. ^ Martin Jugie, "Le recit de l'Histoire euthymiaque sur la mort et l'assomption de la Sainte Vierge", Revue des études byzantines 25.144 (1926), pp. 385–392. ^ Annemarie Weyl Carr, "Threads of Authority: The Virgin Mary's Veil in the Middle Ages", in Stewart Gordon (ed.), Robes and Honor: The Medieval World of Investiture (Palgrave, 2001), pp. 59–94. ^ a b c d e f g Phil Booth, "On the Life of the Virgin Attributed to Maximus Confessor", The Journal of Theological Studies 66.1 (2015), pp. 149–203, esp. 190–191.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Chalcedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"Assumption of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JW-2"}],"text":"The Euthymiac History (Ancient Greek: Εὐθυμιακὴ ἱστορία, romanized: Euthymiakē historia; Latin: Historia Euthymiaca) is a Chalcedonian ecclesiastical history preserved today only in fragments quoted in other works.[1] It is notable for containing the earliest reference to the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary.[2]","title":"Euthymiac History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJ-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWC-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"Euthymius the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymius_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Cyril of Scythopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Scythopolis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JW-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"John of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Dormition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"},{"link_name":"Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"},{"link_name":"Synaxarion of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarion_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"Cosmas Vestitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Vestitor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"},{"link_name":"Nikon of the Black Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_of_the_Black_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_Kallistos_Xanthopoulos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAP-1"},{"link_name":"Flavian of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Chrysaphius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysaphius"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"},{"link_name":"Theophanes the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"}],"text":"The Euthymiac History was written in Greek sometime between about 550 and 750,[1][3] or perhaps even as early as the early 6th century.[4] A date late in the 9th century has been proposed,[5] but must be rejected.[4][6] The meaning of the term \"Euthymiac\" or \"Euthymian\" is uncertain.[1] John Wortley reads it as a reference to a lost biography of Euthymius the Great. The passages that survive do not belong to the known biography of Euthymius by Cyril of Scythopolis.[2]Its surviving two fragments both cover the middle of the 5th century.[1] One excerpt is found in John of Damascus's second sermon on the Dormition, written between about 730 and 750.[1][7] The earliest manuscript of the sermon dates to 890.[7] The passage excerpted from the Euthymiac History is usually regarded as an interpolation, although every surviving copy of the sermon includes it. The same excerpt as found in John's sermon is found independently in the manuscript Sinaiticus gr. 491 of the 8th or 9th century.[7] It was incorporated into the Synaxarion of Constantinople and is also known in Arabic translation.[1] The same tradition, perhaps also drawn from the Euthymiac History, is found in Cosmas Vestitor's fourth sermon on the Dormition.[4][7]Another excerpt is quoted in the Pandects of Nikon of the Black Mountain (11th century), whence it found its way into the Ecclesiastical History of Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos (14th century).[1] It concerns the Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople (446–449) and Chrysaphius, chief minister of Theodosius II. The same episode in similar language is related in Theophanes the Confessor, but he does not cite the Euthymiac History. It has been suggested that Nikon invented the attribution on the basis of similarities between his text and the text in John of Damascus, including the figure of Pulcheria.[7]","title":"Textual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Marcian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian"},{"link_name":"Pulcheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulcheria"},{"link_name":"Juvenal of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Mary, mother of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Dormition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition"},{"link_name":"her tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"her funeral shroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%27s_veil"},{"link_name":"a church in Blachernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJS-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJS-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Twin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JW-2"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Dionysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-7"}],"text":"The interpolator who added the excerpt to John of Damascus's sermon specifies that he is excerpting from chapter 40 of the third book of the Euthymiac History. This interpolation was made early in the history of the text and so achieved a wide distribution. According to the excerpt, at the time of the council of Chalcedon in 451, the Emperor Marcian and Empress Pulcheria asked Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem to have relics of Mary, mother of Jesus, sent to Constantinople. Juvenal replied that there were no bodily relics of Mary. Three days after Mary's Dormition, one of the apostles arrived and asked to see inside her tomb. When it was opened, her body was no longer there, only her funeral shroud. Upon being told this, the imperial couple requested the garment and, after his return, Juvenal had it sent to Constantinople, where it was placed in a church in Blachernae.[3]The account of the Dormition in the Euthymiac History belongs to the so-called \"late apostle\" tradition, a collection of independent legends that relate how one apostle arrived late and did not witness the Dormition.[3] Although often called Thomas, that name does not appear to have been in the Euthymiac History.[7] It has been suggested that Juvenal may have invented the doctrine of the Assumption to guard the body of Mary against imperial expropriation, but there is no evidence for the existence of Mary's body as a relic or place of pilgrimage. That a robe purportedly belonging to Mary arrived in Constantinople in a casket at some point before the 7th century is certain, and the Euthymiac History may contain an accurate account of its origin.[2]The speech of Juvenal contains a long quotation from the Pseudo-Dionysian Divine Names.[7]","title":"Content"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozerne_Air_Base
Ozerne Air Base
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 50°9′30″N 028°44′18″E / 50.15833°N 28.73833°E / 50.15833; 28.73833Air base in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine Ozerne Air Base Ozerne, Zhytomyr Oblast in UkraineOzerne air base during June 2013OzerneShown within Zhytomyr OblastShow map of Zhytomyr OblastOzerneOzerne (Ukraine)Show map of UkraineCoordinates50°9′30″N 028°44′18″E / 50.15833°N 28.73833°E / 50.15833; 28.73833TypeAir BaseSite informationOwnerMinistry of DefenceOperatorUkrainian Air ForceSite historyBuilt1933 (1933)In use1933 - presentBattles/wars2022 Russian invasion of UkraineAirfield informationIdentifiersICAO: UKKOElevation83 metres (272 ft) AMSL Runways Direction Length and surface 11/29 3,050 metres (10,007 ft) Concrete Ozerne (ICAO: UKKO) is an air base of the Ukrainian Air Force located near Ozerne, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. The base is home to the 39th Tactical Aviation Brigade flying Sukhoi Su-27UB and Aero L-39C Albatross aircraft. Ozerne (Ukrainian: Озерне, given in source material under the plethora of names: Zhytomyr Ozerna, Ozernyy, Ozernoye, Oziernoye, Ozernoe, Ozernoye, Ozyornoye, Ozyornaya, and in US intelligence as Zhitomir/Skomorokhi). History The airbase was erected 1933 by the Red Army and expanded 1942 by the German Luftwaffe and was called Flughafen Hegewald. Nearby were the headquarters of Heinrich Himmler and the base was surrounded by the settlements of the new German Hegewald colony. 15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division was stationed at the base from 1945 to 1994. In 1965 Ozerne began receiving Tupolev Tu-22 (Blinder) aircraft. By 1967 it had 31 Tu-22 aircraft, and in 1968 it received Tu-22PD aircraft. A Tu-22 crash-landed here in 1969 due to a stall during the landing flare; this incident was captured by a movie camera and used in the motion picture Tenderness for the Roaring Beast. In December 1989 the 251st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast) with Tu-16K were transferred under the control of the 43rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel of Long Range Aviation, located in the Russian SFSR. In 1990 the division comprised the: 121st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Machulishchi, Minsk Oblast, Belarusian SSR) with Tu-22K 203rd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Baranavichi, Brest Oblast, Belarusian SSR) with Tu-22K 341st Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Ozerne) with Tu-22K With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the two regiments in Belarus were transferred to other commands and the 251st Regiment rejoined the division. Units stationed at Ozernoye include the: 894th Fighter Aviation Regiment. This regiment was part of 28th Air Defence Corps of the 8th Air Defence Army (April 1986-January 1992). By 1994 under Ukraine resubordinated to Western Region Air Defence. 341st Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (341 TBAP) flying Tu-22M2 from 1965 until the 1990s and Tu-22PD from 1968 until the 1990s, and the Tu-22UD as recently as 1991. Under 15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division from 1950 to 1992, (Holm) and at least up to 1994 (AFM March 1994). Currently the airfield is home to about 15 advanced fighter aircraft visible in Google Earth high-resolution imagery. The north airfield appears to contain a huge army salvage yard. Since 2018 the base is the home of the 39th Tactical Aviation Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force. A Sukhoi Su-27 crash landed on December 15, 2018, while approaching the airfield during a training flight. The pilot, Maj. Oleksandr Fomenko, did not survive the crash. During the opening hours of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, a Su-27 and refueling vehicle were destroyed at apron as a result of Russian missile strike. References ^ "Ukraine Air Force - Ozerne (UKKO) Zhytomyr (Skomorokhi)". Scramble.nl. Retrieved 26 February 2022. ^ "15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division". Ww2.dk. Retrieved 2022-09-18. ^ a b c d Gordon, Yefim (1999). Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder' Tu-22M 'Backfire'. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-065-6. ^ a b "Dal'nyaya Aviatsiya". Aviabaza KPOI. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Accident Sukhoi Su-27 55 blue, 15 Dec 2018". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2018-12-15. ^ "Пожежники загасили пожежу на аеродромі біля Житомира" . Galychyna (in Ukrainian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022.
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home to the 39th Tactical Aviation Brigade flying Sukhoi Su-27UB and Aero L-39C Albatross aircraft.[1]Ozerne (Ukrainian: Озерне, given in source material under the plethora of names: Zhytomyr Ozerna, Ozernyy, Ozernoye, Oziernoye, Ozernoe, Ozernoye, Ozyornoye, Ozyornaya, and in US intelligence as Zhitomir/Skomorokhi).","title":"Ozerne Air Base"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"Hegewald colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)"},{"link_name":"15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tupolev 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SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Baranavichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranavichy"},{"link_name":"Brest Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Belarusian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"894th Fighter Aviation Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/894th_Fighter_Aviation_Regiment"},{"link_name":"28th Air Defence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=28th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8th Air Defence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Defence_Army"},{"link_name":"Tu-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu22-3"},{"link_name":"Tu-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu22-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DA-4"},{"link_name":"Tu-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DA-4"},{"link_name":"15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Google Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth"},{"link_name":"39th Tactical Aviation Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/39-%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_(%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"apron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_apron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The airbase was erected 1933 by the Red Army and expanded 1942 by the German Luftwaffe and was called Flughafen Hegewald. Nearby were the headquarters of Heinrich Himmler and the base was surrounded by the settlements of the new German Hegewald colony. 15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division was stationed at the base from 1945 to 1994.[2] In 1965 Ozerne began receiving Tupolev Tu-22 (Blinder) aircraft. By 1967 it had 31 Tu-22 aircraft, and in 1968 it received Tu-22PD aircraft.[3] A Tu-22 crash-landed here in 1969 due to a stall during the landing flare; this incident was captured by a movie camera and used in the motion picture Tenderness for the Roaring Beast.[3]In December 1989 the 251st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast) with Tu-16K were transferred under the control of the 43rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel of Long Range Aviation, located in the Russian SFSR. In 1990 the division comprised the:121st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Machulishchi, Minsk Oblast, Belarusian SSR) with Tu-22K\n203rd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Baranavichi, Brest Oblast, Belarusian SSR) with Tu-22K\n341st Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Ozerne) with Tu-22KWith the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the two regiments in Belarus were transferred to other commands and the 251st Regiment rejoined the division.\nUnits stationed at Ozernoye include the:894th Fighter Aviation Regiment. This regiment was part of 28th Air Defence Corps of the 8th Air Defence Army (April 1986-January 1992). By 1994 under Ukraine resubordinated to Western Region Air Defence.\n341st Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (341 TBAP) flying Tu-22M2 from 1965 until the 1990s[3] and Tu-22PD from 1968 until the 1990s,[3][4] and the Tu-22UD as recently as 1991.[4] Under 15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division from 1950 to 1992, (Holm) and at least up to 1994 (AFM March 1994).Currently the airfield is home to about 15 advanced fighter aircraft visible in Google Earth high-resolution imagery. The north airfield appears to contain a huge army salvage yard.Since 2018 the base is the home of the 39th Tactical Aviation Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force.A Sukhoi Su-27 crash landed on December 15, 2018, while approaching the airfield during a training flight. The pilot, Maj. Oleksandr Fomenko, did not survive the crash.[5]During the opening hours of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, a Su-27 and refueling vehicle were destroyed at apron as a result of Russian missile strike.[6]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ukraine Air Force - Ozerne (UKKO) Zhytomyr (Skomorokhi)\". Scramble.nl. Retrieved 26 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scramble.nl/planning/orbats/ukraine/ukraine-air-force#UKKO487","url_text":"\"Ukraine Air Force - Ozerne (UKKO) Zhytomyr (Skomorokhi)\""}]},{"reference":"\"15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division\". Ww2.dk. Retrieved 2022-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/bad/15gvtbad.htm","url_text":"\"15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Yefim (1999). Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder' Tu-22M 'Backfire'. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-065-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-065-6","url_text":"1-85780-065-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Dal'nyaya Aviatsiya\". Aviabaza KPOI.","urls":[{"url":"http://airbase.ru/squad/russia/da/","url_text":"\"Dal'nyaya Aviatsiya\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"Accident Sukhoi Su-27 55 blue, 15 Dec 2018\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2018-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=219516","url_text":"\"Accident Sukhoi Su-27 55 blue, 15 Dec 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Пожежники загасили пожежу на аеродромі біля Житомира\" [Firefighters extinguished the fire at the airport near Zhytomyr]. Galychyna (in Ukrainian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://galychyna.if.ua/2022/02/24/pozhezhniki-zagasili-pozhezhu-na-aerodromi-bilya-zhitomira/","url_text":"\"Пожежники загасили пожежу на аеродромі біля Житомира\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224183943/https://galychyna.if.ua/2022/02/24/pozhezhniki-zagasili-pozhezhu-na-aerodromi-bilya-zhitomira/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozerne_Air_Base&params=50_9_30_N_028_44_18_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"50°9′30″N 028°44′18″E / 50.15833°N 28.73833°E / 50.15833; 28.73833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozerne_Air_Base&params=50_9_30_N_028_44_18_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"50°9′30″N 028°44′18″E / 50.15833°N 28.73833°E / 50.15833; 28.73833"},{"Link":"https://scramble.nl/planning/orbats/ukraine/ukraine-air-force#UKKO487","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine Air Force - Ozerne (UKKO) Zhytomyr (Skomorokhi)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/bad/15gvtbad.htm","external_links_name":"\"15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division\""},{"Link":"http://airbase.ru/squad/russia/da/","external_links_name":"\"Dal'nyaya Aviatsiya\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=219516","external_links_name":"\"Accident Sukhoi Su-27 55 blue, 15 Dec 2018\""},{"Link":"https://galychyna.if.ua/2022/02/24/pozhezhniki-zagasili-pozhezhu-na-aerodromi-bilya-zhitomira/","external_links_name":"\"Пожежники загасили пожежу на аеродромі біля Житомира\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224183943/https://galychyna.if.ua/2022/02/24/pozhezhniki-zagasili-pozhezhu-na-aerodromi-bilya-zhitomira/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BB
ISO 3166-2:BB
["1 Current codes","2 Changes","3 See also","4 External links"]
Entry for Barbados in ISO 3166-2 ISO 3166-2:BB is the entry for Barbados in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Currently for Barbados, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 11 parishes. Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is BB, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Barbados. The second part is two digits (01–11). Current codes Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). Click on the button in the header to sort each column. Map of Barbados with each parish labelled with the second part of its ISO 3166-2 code (with leading digit 0 omitted). Code Subdivision name (en) BB-01 Christ Church BB-02 Saint Andrew BB-03 Saint George BB-04 Saint James BB-05 Saint John BB-06 Saint Joseph BB-07 Saint Lucy BB-08 Saint Michael BB-09 Saint Peter BB-10 Saint Philip BB-11 Saint Thomas Changes The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998: Newsletter Date issued Description of change in newsletter Code/Subdivision change Newsletter I-8 2007-04-17 Addition of the administrative subdivisions and of their code elements Subdivisions added: 11 parishes See also Subdivisions of Barbados FIPS region codes of Barbados Vehicle registration plates of Barbados External links ISO Online Browsing Platform: BB Parishes of Barbados, Statoids.com vteISO 3166 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisionsList of ISO 3166 country codesISO 3166-1country codes alpha-2 alpha-3 numeric ISO 3166-2country subdivision codes AD AE AF AG AI AL AM AO AQ AR AS AT AU AW AX AZ BA BB BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BL BM BN BO BQ BR BS BT BV BW BY BZ CA CC CD CF CG CH CI CK CL CM CN CO CR CU CV CW CX CY CZ DE DJ DK DM DO DZ EC EE EG EH ER ES ET FI FJ FK FM FO FR GA GB GD GE GF GG GH GI GL GM GN GP GQ GR GS GT GU GW GY HK HM HN HR HT HU ID IE IL IM IN IO IQ IR IS IT JE JM JO JP KE KG KH KI KM KN KP KR KW KY KZ LA LB LC LI LK LR LS LT LU LV LY MA MC MD ME MF MG MH MK ML MM MN MO MP MQ MR MS MT MU MV MW MX MY MZ NA NC NE NF NG NI NL NO NP NR NU NZ OM PA PE PF PG PH PK PL PM PN PR PS PT PW PY QA RE RO RS RU RW SA SB SC SD SE SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SR SS ST SV SX SY SZ TC TD TF TG TH TJ TK TLa TM TN TO TR TT TV TW TZ UA UG UM US UY UZ VA VC VE VG VI VN VU WF WS YE YT ZA ZM ZW Deleted AN CSb ISO 3166-3codes for former names of countries List a Changed from TP b Changed from YU
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code"},{"link_name":"subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_subdivision"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":"11 parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishes_of_Barbados"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"}],"text":"ISO 3166-2:BB is the entry for Barbados in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Barbados, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 11 parishes.Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is BB, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Barbados. The second part is two digits (01–11).","title":"ISO 3166-2:BB"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbados_parishes_numbered.png"}],"text":"Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).Click on the button in the header to sort each column.Map of Barbados with each parish labelled with the second part of its ISO 3166-2 code (with leading digit 0 omitted).","title":"Current codes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:","title":"Changes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Barbados with each parish labelled with the second part of its ISO 3166-2 code (with leading digit 0 omitted).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Barbados_parishes_numbered.png"}]
[{"title":"Subdivisions of Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Barbados"},{"title":"FIPS region codes of Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes_(A-C)#BB:_Barbados"},{"title":"Vehicle registration plates of Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Barbados"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218103230/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-8_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Newsletter I-8"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BB","external_links_name":"ISO Online Browsing Platform: BB"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/ubb.html","external_links_name":"Parishes of Barbados"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_Inn
Dig (restaurant)
["1 History","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°42′57″N 73°57′32″W / 40.715707°N 73.959015°W / 40.715707; -73.959015DigCompany typePrivateIndustryFast CasualFounded2011; 13 years ago (2011)New York City, USFounderR. Adam EskinHeadquartersNew York City, New York, U.S.Number of locations31 stores (June 2023)Area servedNew York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, PennsylvaniaProductsCustomizable food bowls with locally sourced ingredientsWebsitewww.diginn.com Dig Inn Store Front In New York, New York (on Crosby & Prince Street) Dig (formerly Dig Inn) is an American chain of locally farm sourced restaurants that was founded by Adam Eskin. In 2011, the first Dig restaurant was opened in New York City. As of June 2023, the chain has 32 restaurants in 2 of the boroughs of New York City , followed Rye Brook in Westchester County, NY, Stamford, Connecticut, Philadelphia, PA, Bridgewater, Boston, MA, and Washington, DC. The company opened its first Philadelphia location in 2019. History The company received $21.5 million in early funding rounds, followed by $30 million in Series D funding. The main contributors to this funding include Monogram Capital Partners, and Bill Allen (former CEO of OSI Restaurant Partners). In January 2019, the company introduced a new delivery concept called Room Service available in limited release in downtown Manhattan. In April 2019, the company announced a new $20 million round of financing receiving $15 million from Danny Meyer investment group Enlightened Hospitality Investments. As of April 2019, the company also plans to open its first full-service, sit-down restaurant concept in New York's West Village. Reception Dig was named the best fast casual restaurant of 2017 by Boston magazine. References ^ Dig (2019-07-15). "Dig Inn is now Dig". Medium. Retrieved 2020-03-05. ^ Hatic, Dana (2017-10-18). "Dig Inn Opens Its Newest Restaurant in the Prudential Center Today". Eater Boston. Retrieved 2017-10-20. ^ a b Dunn, Elizabeth G. (2019-01-29). "Dig Inn Wants to Optimize Your Sad Desk Lunch". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2019-02-13. ^ Vigoda, Rachel (2020-01-06). "The Fast-Casual, Veggie-Promoting Dig Opens Its First Philly Location". Eater Philly. Retrieved 2020-03-05. ^ Garfield, Lauren (2017-03-22). "Why people love Dig Inn, the healthy restaurant chain that just raised another $30 million from investors". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-10-20. ^ Lalley, Heather (2019-04-09). "Dig Inn Gets $15MM from Danny Meyer-Backed Fund". Restaurant Business. Retrieved 2019-04-13. ^ Adams, Erika (2019-04-09). "Fast Casual Dig Inn Is Launching a Full Service Concept". Skift Table. Retrieved 2019-04-19. ^ "Dig Inn, Best Fast-Casual Restaurant in Boston". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2017-10-20. External links Official website vteRestaurants in BostonCurrent Amrheins Restaurant Anna's Taqueria Barking Crab Boca Grande Taqueria Bova's Bakery Caffé Vittoria Charlie's Sandwich Shoppe Cheers Beacon Hill Darryl’s Corner Bar & Kitchen Dig Elephant Walk La Famiglia Giorgio’s The Fours Galleria Umberto Legal Sea Foods Mantra Menton Neptune Oyster The Paramount No. 9 Park O Ya Regina Pizzeria Santarpio's Pizza Scampo Smith & Wollensky South Street Diner Union Oyster House Upper Crust Pizzeria Warren Tavern Defunct Anthony's Pier 4 Biba Brasserie Jo Doyle's Cafe Durgin-Park L'Espalier Hamersley's Bistro Jacob Wirth Restaurant Jimmy's Harborside Restaurant Julien's Restorator Locke-Ober No Name Restaurant Schrafft's Top of the Hub Young's Hotel Portals: Food New York City Companies 40°42′57″N 73°57′32″W / 40.715707°N 73.959015°W / 40.715707; -73.959015 This US-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DigInnStorefrontNY.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dig Inn Store Front In New York, New York (on Crosby & Prince Street)Dig (formerly Dig Inn)[1] is an American chain of locally farm sourced restaurants that was founded by Adam Eskin. In 2011, the first Dig restaurant was opened in New York City. As of June 2023, the chain has 32 restaurants in 2 of the boroughs of New York City [Manhattan, Brooklyn], followed Rye Brook in Westchester County, NY, Stamford, Connecticut, Philadelphia, PA, Bridgewater, Boston, MA, and Washington, DC.[2][3] The company opened its first Philadelphia location in 2019.[4]","title":"Dig (restaurant)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Series D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_D"},{"link_name":"Bill Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Allen_(corporate_CEO)"},{"link_name":"OSI Restaurant Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_Restaurant_Partners"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Business_Insider-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg-3"},{"link_name":"Danny Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"West Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Village"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"The company received $21.5 million in early funding rounds, followed by $30 million in Series D funding. The main contributors to this funding include Monogram Capital Partners, and Bill Allen (former CEO of OSI Restaurant Partners).[5]In January 2019, the company introduced a new delivery concept called Room Service available in limited release in downtown Manhattan.[3]In April 2019, the company announced a new $20 million round of financing receiving $15 million from Danny Meyer investment group Enlightened Hospitality Investments.[6]As of April 2019, the company also plans to open its first full-service, sit-down restaurant concept in New York's West Village.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dig was named the best fast casual restaurant of 2017 by Boston magazine.[8]","title":"Reception"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Dig (2019-07-15). \"Dig Inn is now Dig\". Medium. Retrieved 2020-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@diginn/dig-inn-is-now-dig-bf6d8d5ecdaa","url_text":"\"Dig Inn is now Dig\""}]},{"reference":"Hatic, Dana (2017-10-18). \"Dig Inn Opens Its Newest Restaurant in the Prudential Center Today\". Eater Boston. Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://boston.eater.com/2017/10/18/16496714/dig-inn-prudential-center-opening","url_text":"\"Dig Inn Opens Its Newest Restaurant in the Prudential Center Today\""}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Elizabeth G. (2019-01-29). \"Dig Inn Wants to Optimize Your Sad Desk Lunch\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2019-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-01-29/dig-inn-wants-to-optimize-your-sad-desk-lunch","url_text":"\"Dig Inn Wants to Optimize Your Sad Desk Lunch\""}]},{"reference":"Vigoda, Rachel (2020-01-06). \"The Fast-Casual, Veggie-Promoting Dig Opens Its First Philly Location\". Eater Philly. Retrieved 2020-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://philly.eater.com/2020/1/6/21051719/dig-restaurant-philadelphia-new-york-open","url_text":"\"The Fast-Casual, Veggie-Promoting Dig Opens Its First Philly Location\""}]},{"reference":"Garfield, Lauren (2017-03-22). \"Why people love Dig Inn, the healthy restaurant chain that just raised another $30 million from investors\". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-dig-inn-healthy-fast-food2017-3/","url_text":"\"Why people love Dig Inn, the healthy restaurant chain that just raised another $30 million from investors\""}]},{"reference":"Lalley, Heather (2019-04-09). \"Dig Inn Gets $15MM from Danny Meyer-Backed Fund\". Restaurant Business. Retrieved 2019-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/emerging-brands/dig-inn-gets-15m-danny-meyer-backed-fund","url_text":"\"Dig Inn Gets $15MM from Danny Meyer-Backed Fund\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Erika (2019-04-09). \"Fast Casual Dig Inn Is Launching a Full Service Concept\". Skift Table. Retrieved 2019-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://table.skift.com/2019/04/09/fast-casual-dig-inn-is-launching-a-full-service-concept/","url_text":"\"Fast Casual Dig Inn Is Launching a Full Service Concept\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dig Inn, Best Fast-Casual Restaurant in Boston\". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonmagazine.com/best-of-boston/2017/dig-inn/","url_text":"\"Dig Inn, Best Fast-Casual Restaurant in Boston\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotka_Prize
Lhotka Prize
["1 Past winners","2 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lhotka Prize" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Lhotka Memorial Prize is a prize awarded to the author of a publication about numismatics which is considered most helpful to the elementary student of numismatics published in the previous two calendar years. The prize was endowed in 1962 by Professor J.F. Lhotka (University of Oklahoma), an honorary fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, in memory of his father, Dr. J.F. Lhotka. Past winners 1963 Robert A.G. Carson (Coins, Ancient, Medieval and Modern, London, 1962) 1964 David R. Sear (Roman Coins and their Values, London, 1974) 1965 R.H. Michael Dolley (Anglo-Saxon Pennies, London, 1964) and J. Porteous (Coins, London, 1964) 1966 Howard W.A. Linecar (Beginner’s Guide to Coin Collecting, London, 1966) 1967 Philip D. Whitting (Coins in the Classroom, London, 1966) 1969 Anthony Dowle and Patrick Finn (The Guide Book to the Coinage of Ireland, London, 1969) 1970 M.J. Freeman (The Bronze Coinage of Great Britain, London, 1970) 1971 P.L. Gupta (Coins India: the Land and Peoples, New Delhi, 1969) 1972 J.R.S. Whiting (Commemorative Medals, Newton Abbot, 1972) 1973 G. Kenneth Jenkins (Ancient Greek Coins, New York, 1972) 1974 George Berry (English Medieval Jetons, London, 1974) 1975 Richard Plant (Arabic Coins and How to Read Them, London, 1973) 1976 W. Burger (Ching Cash until 1735, Taipei, 1976) 1978 John P.C. Kent (2000 Years of British Coins, London, 1978); A.M. Burnett (Coins of Roman Britain, London, 1977); I.A. Carradice (Ancient Greek Portrait Coins, London, 1978); and M.P. Jones (Medals of the French Revolution, London, 1977) 1979 Michael Mitchiner (Oriental Coins and their Values : the Ancient and Classical World, Sanderstead, 1977) 1980 John Casey (Coinage in Roman Britain, 1980) 1981 Martin J. Price (ed., Coins : an Illustrated Survey 650 BC to the Present Day, London, 1980) 1982 C. Bruce (The Standard Guide to South Asian Coins and Paper Money since 1556 AD, Iola, Wisc., 1981) 1983 J.O’D. Mays (The Splendid Shilling : a Social History of an Engaging Coin, Ringwood, 1982) 1984 E. Junge (World Coin Encyclopedia, London, 1984) 1985 Michael Broome (Handbook of Islamic Coins, London, 1985) 1986 Joe Cribb (ed. Money : from Cowrie shells to Credit Cards, London, 1986) 1987 Andrew M. Burnett (Coinage in the Roman World, London, 1987) and D. Nash (Coinage in the Celtic World, London, 1987) 1988 Martin J. Price and Ian A. Carradice (Coinage in the Greek World, London, 1988) 1989 John Casey and Richard Reece (eds, Coins and the Archaeologist, 2nd edn, London, 1988) 1990 Joe Cribb, Barry Cook and Ian A. Carradice (The Coin Atlas : the World of Coinage from its Origins to the Present Day, London, 1990) 1991 Edward M. Besly (Coins and Medals of the English Civil War, London, 1990) and A.M. Burnett (Interpreting the Past : Coins, London, 1991) 1992 Philip Attwood (Artistic Circles : the Medal in Britain 1880-1918, London, 1992) and the contributors to One Money for Europe 1993 Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb (The Crossroads of Asia, Cambridge, 1992) 1994 Jeffrey North (English Hammered Coinage I : Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III, c.600-1272, 3rd edn, London, 1994) 1995 Virginia Hewitt (Beauty and the Banknote, London, 1994) and Christopher R. Wren (Illustrated Guides to Identification : series of three books on English Hammered Coins, 1992, 1993, 1995) 1996 Christopher Howgego (Ancient History from Coins, London, 1995) 1997 Edward Besly (Loose Change, Cardiff, 1997) and John Orna-Ornstein (The Story of Money, London, 1997) 1998 Richard G. Doty (America’s Money, America’s Story, Iola, Wisconsin, 1998) 1999 Nicholas Holmes (Scottish Coins : a History of Small Change in Scotland, Edinburgh, 1998) and Nicholas Mayhew (Sterling : the History of a Currency, London, 1999) 2000 David R. Sear (Roman Coins and their Values, Vol. 1, The Republic and The Twelve Caesars, 280 BC – AD 96, London, 2000) 2001 Ivan Buck (Medieval English Groats, Witham, 2000) 2002 Richard Abdy (Romano-British Coin Hoards, Princes Risborough, 2002) 2003 Philip Attwood (British Art Medals 1982-2002, London 2002) 2004 E. Colgan (For Want of Good Money: The Story of Ireland’s Coinage, Bray, Co. Wicklow, 2003) 2005 David Hartill (Cast Chinese Coins, Crewe, 2005) 2006 Paul and Bente Withers (The Galata Guide to the Pennies of Edward I and II, Llanfyllin, 2006) 2007 Eurydice Georganteli and Barrie Cook (Encounters. Travel and Money in the Byzantine World, D. Giles Ltd London) 2011 Bente and Paul Withers (The Token Book, Llanfyllin, 2010) 2013 David Hartill (Early Japanese Coins, Sandy, Beds, 2011) 2013 Amelia Dowler and Richard Abdy (Coins and the Bible, 2013); Sam Moorhead (A history of Roman coinage in riltain: illustrated by finds recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme, 2013) 2014 Elizabeth Cottam and Chris Rudd (Britain’s First Coins, 2013); Michael Cuddleford (Coin Finds in Britain: A Collector’s Guide, 2013) 2015 Richard Kelleher (A History of Medieval Coinage in England, 2015) 2016 Eleanor Ghey (Hoards: Hidden Histories, 2015) 2018 Dario Calomino, (Defacing The Past - Damnation and Desecration in Imperial Rome, 2016), and Peter Thonemann, The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources (Guides to the Coinage of the Ancient World, 2016) 2019 Clare Rowan (From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC-AD 14): Using Coins as Sources, Cambridge, 2018) References ^ "The Lhotka Memorial Prize". 23 May 2014.
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Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Burger_(numismatist)"},{"link_name":"John P.C. Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kent_(numismatist)"},{"link_name":"John Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casey_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Martin J. Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Price_(numismatist)"},{"link_name":"Joe Cribb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cribb"},{"link_name":"Martin J. Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Price_(numismatist)"},{"link_name":"John Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casey_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Joe Cribb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cribb"},{"link_name":"Philip Attwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Attwood"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Errington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Errington"},{"link_name":"Joe Cribb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cribb"},{"link_name":"Christopher Howgego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Howgego"}],"text":"1963 Robert A.G. Carson (Coins, Ancient, Medieval and Modern, London, 1962)\n1964 David R. Sear (Roman Coins and their Values, London, 1974)\n1965 R.H. Michael Dolley (Anglo-Saxon Pennies, London, 1964) and J. Porteous (Coins, London, 1964)\n1966 Howard W.A. Linecar (Beginner’s Guide to Coin Collecting, London, 1966)\n1967 Philip D. Whitting (Coins in the Classroom, London, 1966)\n1969 Anthony Dowle and Patrick Finn (The Guide Book to the Coinage of Ireland, London, 1969)\n1970 M.J. Freeman (The Bronze Coinage of Great Britain, London, 1970)\n1971 P.L. Gupta (Coins India: the Land and Peoples, New Delhi, 1969)\n1972 J.R.S. Whiting (Commemorative Medals, Newton Abbot, 1972)\n1973 G. Kenneth Jenkins (Ancient Greek Coins, New York, 1972)\n1974 George Berry (English Medieval Jetons, London, 1974)\n1975 Richard Plant (Arabic Coins and How to Read Them, London, 1973)\n1976 W. Burger (Ching Cash until 1735, Taipei, 1976)\n1978 John P.C. Kent (2000 Years of British Coins, London, 1978); A.M. Burnett (Coins of Roman Britain, London, 1977); I.A. Carradice (Ancient Greek Portrait Coins, London, 1978); and M.P. Jones (Medals of the French Revolution, London, 1977)\n1979 Michael Mitchiner (Oriental Coins and their Values : the Ancient and Classical World, Sanderstead, 1977)\n1980 John Casey (Coinage in Roman Britain, 1980)\n1981 Martin J. Price (ed., Coins : an Illustrated Survey 650 BC to the Present Day, London, 1980)\n1982 C. Bruce (The Standard Guide to South Asian Coins and Paper Money since 1556 AD, Iola, Wisc., 1981)\n1983 J.O’D. Mays (The Splendid Shilling : a Social History of an Engaging Coin, Ringwood, 1982)\n1984 E. Junge (World Coin Encyclopedia, London, 1984)\n1985 Michael Broome (Handbook of Islamic Coins, London, 1985)\n1986 Joe Cribb (ed. Money : from Cowrie shells to Credit Cards, London, 1986)\n1987 Andrew M. Burnett (Coinage in the Roman World, London, 1987) and D. Nash (Coinage in the Celtic World, London, 1987)\n1988 Martin J. Price and Ian A. Carradice (Coinage in the Greek World, London, 1988)\n1989 John Casey and Richard Reece (eds, Coins and the Archaeologist, 2nd edn, London, 1988)\n1990 Joe Cribb, Barry Cook and Ian A. Carradice (The Coin Atlas : the World of Coinage from its Origins to the Present Day, London, 1990)\n1991 Edward M. Besly (Coins and Medals of the English Civil War, London, 1990) and A.M. Burnett (Interpreting the Past : Coins, London, 1991)\n1992 Philip Attwood (Artistic Circles : the Medal in Britain 1880-1918, London, 1992) and the contributors to One Money for Europe\n1993 Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb (The Crossroads of Asia, Cambridge, 1992)\n1994 Jeffrey North (English Hammered Coinage I : Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III, c.600-1272, 3rd edn, London, 1994)\n1995 Virginia Hewitt (Beauty and the Banknote, London, 1994) and Christopher R. Wren (Illustrated Guides to Identification : series of three books on English Hammered Coins, 1992, 1993, 1995)\n1996 Christopher Howgego (Ancient History from Coins, London, 1995)\n1997 Edward Besly (Loose Change, Cardiff, 1997) and John Orna-Ornstein (The Story of Money, London, 1997)\n1998 Richard G. Doty (America’s Money, America’s Story, Iola, Wisconsin, 1998)\n1999 Nicholas Holmes (Scottish Coins : a History of Small Change in Scotland, Edinburgh, 1998) and Nicholas Mayhew (Sterling : the History of a Currency, London, 1999)\n2000 David R. Sear (Roman Coins and their Values, Vol. 1, The Republic and The Twelve Caesars, 280 BC – AD 96, London, 2000)\n2001 Ivan Buck (Medieval English Groats, Witham, 2000)\n2002 Richard Abdy (Romano-British Coin Hoards, Princes Risborough, 2002)\n2003 Philip Attwood (British Art Medals 1982-2002, London 2002)\n2004 E. Colgan (For Want of Good Money: The Story of Ireland’s Coinage, Bray, Co. Wicklow, 2003)\n2005 David Hartill (Cast Chinese Coins, Crewe, 2005)\n2006 Paul and Bente Withers (The Galata Guide to the Pennies of Edward I and II, Llanfyllin, 2006)\n2007 Eurydice Georganteli and Barrie Cook (Encounters. Travel and Money in the Byzantine World, D. Giles Ltd London)\n2011 Bente and Paul Withers (The Token Book, Llanfyllin, 2010)\n2013 David Hartill (Early Japanese Coins, Sandy, Beds, 2011)\n2013 Amelia Dowler and Richard Abdy (Coins and the Bible, 2013); Sam Moorhead (A history of Roman coinage in riltain: illustrated by finds recorded with the Portable Antiquities Scheme, 2013)\n2014 Elizabeth Cottam and Chris Rudd (Britain’s First Coins, 2013); Michael Cuddleford (Coin Finds in Britain: A Collector’s Guide, 2013)\n2015 Richard Kelleher (A History of Medieval Coinage in England, 2015)\n2016 Eleanor Ghey (Hoards: Hidden Histories, 2015)\n2018 Dario Calomino, (Defacing The Past - Damnation and Desecration in Imperial Rome, 2016), and Peter Thonemann, The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources (Guides to the Coinage of the Ancient World, 2016)\n2019 Clare Rowan (From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC-AD 14): Using Coins as Sources, Cambridge, 2018)","title":"Past winners"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn_(disambiguation)
John Glenn (disambiguation)
["1 People","2 Schools","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
John Glenn (1921–2016) was a United States astronaut and statesman. John Glen or John Glenn may also refer to: People John Glenn (judge) (1795–1853), Maryland attorney and federal judge John Glen (mayor) (1809–1895), mayor of Atlanta in 1855 John Glenn (Alberta) (1833–1886), early Alberta settler John Thomas Glenn (1845–1899), mayor of Atlanta from 1889 to 1891 John Glenn (1870s outfielder) (1850–1888), outfielder and first baseman in Major League Baseball from 1871 to 1877 John Lyles Glenn Jr. (1892–1938), United States federal judge John Glenn (1960s outfielder) (1928–2023), outfielder in Major League Baseball in 1960. John Glen (director) (born 1932), English film director John Glen (politician) (born 1974), British politician John Glenn (screenwriter) (fl. 1999–2019), American director of The Lazarus Project Schools John Glenn Middle School of International Studies, a middle school in Indio, California John Glenn High School (disambiguation), multiple schools in the United States Other uses USNS John Glenn (T-ESD-2) Fireboat John H. Glenn Jr. S.S. John Glenn, an Orbital-ATK Cygnus space capsule used on mission Cygnus CRS OA-7 See also John (disambiguation) Glenn (disambiguation) John Glen (disambiguation) John Glynne (disambiguation) Jonathan Glenn (born 1987), Trinidadian soccer player Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title John Glenn.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Uruguaiana
Siege of Uruguaiana
["1 Background","2 Siege","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Gallery"]
Starvation campaign in the Paraguayan War Siege of UruguaianaPart of the Paraguayan WarCapitulation of Paraguayans locked in the city of Uruguaiana(L'Illustration: journal universel, Vol. XLVII, nº 1.197, 1866)DateAugust – 18 September 1865LocationUruguaiana, BrazilResult Allied victory, Paraguayan surrender on 18 SeptemberBelligerents  Paraguay  Empire of Brazil  Argentina  Uruguay Commanders and leaders A. Estigarribia  Pedro II Marques de Sousa Count of Eu Bartolomé Mitre Venancio Flores Strength 8,000 men: 39  8 guns 18,584 men 42 guns 6 steamers (Imperial Brazilian Navy): 39  Casualties and losses 5,545 surrendered the rest died of hunger and sickness: 40  Unknown vteParaguayan War Mato Grosso campaign Marquês de Olinda 1st Corumbá Fort Novo de Coimbra Feio River Dourados Nioaque Anhambaí Fort Miranda Coxim Laguna Apa River 2nd Corumbá Alegre Corrientes campaign Corrientes San Lorenzo River Rio Grande do Sul São Borja Butuí Uruguaiana Riachuelo Salto Paso de Mercedes Paso de Cuevas Yatay Pehuajó Jaguarí Humaitá campaign Purutué Bank Paso de Patria Laguna Sirena Itapirú Estero Bellaco Paso Cidra 1st Tuyutí Yataytí Corá Boquerón Sauce Palmar Curuzú Curupayty Arroyo Hondo Hacienda Laguna Tuyú Cué 1st Passage of Curupayty Pilar Ombú Estero Rojas Perecué Tatayibá Potrero Obella Humaitá Passage 2nd Tuyutí Paso Ipohy 2nd Passage of Curupayty Laguna Cierva Cabral and Lima Barros 1st Iasuií 2nd Iasuií Poí Island Barroso and Rio Grande Acayuazá Fortín Island Pikysyry campaign Yacaré Paso de Tebicuarí Surubí Pikysyry Dezembrada Ytororó Avay Lomas Valentinas Angostura San Fernando Asunción Cordilleras campaign Manduvirá River Concepción Ybytimí Tupí-hú Sapukái Diarte Piribebuy Acosta Ñu Piribebuy River Hondo River Itapytangua Tacuaty Curuguaty Hucuratí Loma Rugua Caguijuru–Caraguataí Iguatemi Río Verde Cambaceguá Lomaruguá Cerro Corá Miranda The siege of Uruguaiana was an engagement in the Paraguayan War that began in late August 1865, and ended on 18 September that year when the Paraguayans were forced to surrender due to low food supplies. Paraguayan forces surrendered in spite of President López's order to the Paraguayan commander, Colonel Estigarribia, not to do so. After the allied victory at Uruguaiana, Lopéz withdrew his army from Argentina and Brazil. Background The Paraguayan Army had captured Uruguaiana at 5 August 1865, without any resistance. Yet, following their defeat in the Battle of Yatay, the Paraguayans fortified Uruguaiana with 8,000 men and an abattis. Col. Estigarribia faced the combined allied armies of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.: 39  On 16 July, the Brazilian Army reached the border of Rio Grande do Sul and joined with President Mitre's forces to surround Uruguaiana by Sept.: 39  The Brazilian Navy held the river with the steamers Taquary, Tramandahy, Onze de Junho, Iniciador, Uruguay, and Unido.: 39  From the very beginning, the Brazilian commanders had an acrimonious relationship with Brazil's allies Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, and Venancio Flores, president of Uruguay, each of whom led the army of their respective nation. The years had not lessened Porto Alegre's prejudice against Hispanic-Americans; on the contrary, his antagonism had increased. On 2 September, Flores suggested an immediate attack on Uruguaiana, an option rejected by Porto Alegre and Joaquim Marques Lisboa (then-Viscount and later Marquis of Tamandaré), the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Navy. When Flores claimed that he could defeat the Paraguayan army alone, he was mocked by both Brazilian officers. Field Marshal Manuel Luís Osório was at the front of the Brazilian troops. Some of the troops, commanded by Lt. Gen. Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre, left to reinforce Uruguaiana. The allied troops united under Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, the Count d'Eu, and President Mitre in the camp of Concordia, in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos.: 39  Since his arrival in Uruguaiana, Mitre had claimed the position of commander-in-chief of all allied forces participating in the siege—a precedence which Porto Alegre vehemently refused to recognize. He reminded the Argentine president that, according to the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, the imperial army would be led by a Brazilian officer while on Brazilian soil. The dispute was temporarily forgotten when Pedro II arrived at the front. The Brazilian monarch settled the dispute when, at his suggestion, the allied army was divided into three forces, one led by Porto Alegre and the other two by Mitre and Flores. Siege A call for Uruguaiana to surrender was ignored on 4 Sept.: 40  On 11 September, emperor Pedro II arrived at the scene of the siege, where were the presidents of Argentina, Bartolomé Mitre and Uruguay, Venancio Flores, and several military leaders, such as Admiral Tamandaré. The allied forces of the siege counted on 17,346 combatants and 12,393 Brazilians, Argentine 3,802 and 1,220 Uruguayans, and 54 guns. The surrender came on 18 September when Estigarribia's men had exhausted all food except sugar.: 40  Aftermath President López evacuated Corrientes in order to defend Paraguay's frontier. Gen. Resquín commanded the evacuation, taking over 100,000 head of cattle and other livestock across the Paraguay River at Paso de Patria between 31 Oct and 3 Nov.: 40  References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hooker, T.D., 2008, The Paraguayan War, Nottingham: Foundry Books, ISBN 1901543153 ^ Leuchars, Chris. To the Bitter End: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance (2002), Chapter 10. ^ Doratioto 2003, p. 181. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDoratioto2003 (help) ^ a b c Doratioto 2003, p. 182. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDoratioto2003 (help) Gallery Emperor Pedro II, Count of Eu and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, when they were in Uruguaiana, in 1865. Topographic plan of the village of Uruguaiana with the positions of the Allied armies at September 18, 1865 (F. A. Grivot). Paraguayan surrender at Uruguaiana. Siege of Uruguaiana Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Retreat"},{"link_name":"Dourados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Col%C3%B4nia_Militar_dos_Dourados"},{"link_name":"Nioaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nioaque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anhambaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_gunboat_Anhamba%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Fort Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Fort_Miranda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Coxim"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_from_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Apa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apa_River"},{"link_name":"2nd Corumbá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapture_of_Corumb%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alegre"},{"link_name":"Corrientes campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_campaign"},{"link_name":"Corrientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Lorenzo_River"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"São Borja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Borja"},{"link_name":"Butuí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Butu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Uruguaiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Riachuelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Riachuelo"},{"link_name":"Salto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Salto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paso de Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paso_de_Mercedes"},{"link_name":"Paso de Cuevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paso_de_Cuevas"},{"link_name":"Yatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yatay"},{"link_name":"Pehuajó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pehuaj%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Jaguarí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jaguar%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Humaitá campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humait%C3%A1_campaign"},{"link_name":"Purutué Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Purutu%C3%A9_Bank"},{"link_name":"Paso de Patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paso_de_Patria"},{"link_name":"Laguna Sirena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Laguna_Sirena"},{"link_name":"Itapirú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Itapir%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Estero Bellaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Estero_Bellaco"},{"link_name":"Paso Cidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_of_Paso_Cidra"},{"link_name":"1st Tuyutí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tuyut%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Yataytí Corá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yatayt%C3%AD_Cor%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Boquerón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boquer%C3%B3n_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sauce_(1866)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palmar_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Curuzú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curuz%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Curupayty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curupayty"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_Hondo"},{"link_name":"Hacienda Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hacienda_Laguna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuyú Cué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tuy%C3%BA_Cu%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Passage of Curupayty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_Curupayty_(1867)"},{"link_name":"Pilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pilar"},{"link_name":"Ombú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Omb%C3%BA_(1867)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Estero Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Estero_Rojas"},{"link_name":"Perecué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perecu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tatayibá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tatayib%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Potrero Obella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Potrero_Obella"},{"link_name":"Humaitá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Humait%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_Humait%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"2nd Tuyutí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tuyut%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Paso Ipohy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paso_Ipohy"},{"link_name":"2nd Passage of Curupayty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_Curupayty_(1868)"},{"link_name":"Laguna Cierva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Laguna_Cierva"},{"link_name":"Cabral and Lima Barros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_on_the_battleships_Cabral_and_Lima_Barros"},{"link_name":"1st Iasuií","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Iasui%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"2nd Iasuií","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Iasui%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poí Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Po%C3%AD_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barroso and Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_on_the_battleships_Barroso_and_Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"Acayuazá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Acayuaz%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Fortín Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_Fort%C3%ADn_Island"},{"link_name":"Yacaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Yacar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paso de Tebicuarí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Paso_del_Tebicuar%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surubí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Surub%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pikysyry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikysyry_maneuver"},{"link_name":"Dezembrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dezembrada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ytororó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ytoror%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Avay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Avay"},{"link_name":"Lomas Valentinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lomas_Valentinas"},{"link_name":"Angostura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Angostura_(1868)"},{"link_name":"San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_San_Fernando_massacre"},{"link_name":"Asunción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Asunci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Cordilleras campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Manduvirá River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduvir%C3%A1_River_Expeditions"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concepci%C3%B3n_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ybytimí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ybytim%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tupí-hú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tup%C3%AD-h%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sapukái","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sapuk%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Diarte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piribebuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Piribebuy"},{"link_name":"Acosta Ñu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Acosta_%C3%91u"},{"link_name":"Piribebuy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Piribebuy_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hondo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hondo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Itapytangua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Itapytangua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tacuaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tacuaty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curuguaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Curuguaty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hucuratí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hucurat%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Loma Rugua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Loma_Rugua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caguijuru–Caraguataí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Caguijuru%E2%80%93Caraguata%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iguatemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Iguatemi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Río Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_trench_of_R%C3%ADo_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambaceguá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Cambacegu%C3%A1_Redoubt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lomaruguá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lomarugu%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cerro Corá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Cor%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_War"},{"link_name":"President López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Estigarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cruz_Estigarribia"},{"link_name":"Uruguaiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguaiana"}],"text":"vteParaguayan War\nMato Grosso campaign\nMarquês de Olinda\n1st Corumbá\nFort Novo de Coimbra\nFeio River\nDourados\nNioaque\nAnhambaí\nFort Miranda\nCoxim\nLaguna\nApa River\n2nd Corumbá\nAlegre\n\nCorrientes campaign\nCorrientes\nSan Lorenzo River\nRio Grande do Sul\nSão Borja\nButuí\nUruguaiana\nRiachuelo\nSalto\nPaso de Mercedes\nPaso de Cuevas\nYatay\nPehuajó\nJaguarí\n\nHumaitá campaign\nPurutué Bank\nPaso de Patria\nLaguna Sirena\nItapirú\nEstero Bellaco\nPaso Cidra\n1st Tuyutí\nYataytí Corá\nBoquerón\nSauce\nPalmar\nCuruzú\nCurupayty\nArroyo Hondo\nHacienda Laguna\nTuyú Cué\n1st Passage of Curupayty\nPilar\nOmbú\nEstero Rojas\nPerecué\nTatayibá\nPotrero Obella\nHumaitá\nPassage\n2nd Tuyutí\nPaso Ipohy\n2nd Passage of Curupayty\nLaguna Cierva\nCabral and Lima Barros\n1st Iasuií\n2nd Iasuií\nPoí Island\nBarroso and Rio Grande\nAcayuazá\nFortín Island\n\nPikysyry campaign\nYacaré\nPaso de Tebicuarí\nSurubí\nPikysyry\nDezembrada\nYtororó\nAvay\nLomas Valentinas\nAngostura\nSan Fernando\nAsunción\n\nCordilleras campaign\nManduvirá River\nConcepción\nYbytimí\nTupí-hú\nSapukái\nDiarte\nPiribebuy\nAcosta Ñu\nPiribebuy River\nHondo River\nItapytangua\nTacuaty\nCuruguaty\nHucuratí\nLoma Rugua\nCaguijuru–Caraguataí\nIguatemi\nRío Verde\nCambaceguá\nLomaruguá\nCerro Corá\nMirandaThe siege of Uruguaiana was an engagement in the Paraguayan War that began in late August 1865, and ended on 18 September that year when the Paraguayans were forced to surrender due to low food supplies. Paraguayan forces surrendered in spite of President López's order to the Paraguayan commander, Colonel Estigarribia, not to do so. After the allied victory at Uruguaiana, Lopéz withdrew his army from Argentina and Brazil.","title":"Siege of Uruguaiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yatay"},{"link_name":"abattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abattis"},{"link_name":"Estigarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cruz_Estigarribia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Army"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Venancio Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venancio_Flores"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Marques_de_Sousa,_Count_of_Porto_Alegre"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Marques Lisboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Marques_Lisboa,_Marquis_of_Tamandar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2003181-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2003182-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pedro II of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Count d'Eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_d%27Eu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of the Triple Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Triple_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2003182-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2003182-4"}],"text":"The Paraguayan Army had captured Uruguaiana at 5 August 1865, without any resistance.[2] Yet, following their defeat in the Battle of Yatay, the Paraguayans fortified Uruguaiana with 8,000 men and an abattis. Col. Estigarribia faced the combined allied armies of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.[1]: 39  On 16 July, the Brazilian Army reached the border of Rio Grande do Sul and joined with President Mitre's forces to surround Uruguaiana by Sept.[1]: 39  The Brazilian Navy held the river with the steamers Taquary, Tramandahy, Onze de Junho, Iniciador, Uruguay, and Unido.[1]: 39From the very beginning, the Brazilian commanders had an acrimonious relationship with Brazil's allies Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, and Venancio Flores, president of Uruguay, each of whom led the army of their respective nation. The years had not lessened Porto Alegre's prejudice against Hispanic-Americans; on the contrary, his antagonism had increased. On 2 September, Flores suggested an immediate attack on Uruguaiana, an option rejected by Porto Alegre and Joaquim Marques Lisboa (then-Viscount and later Marquis of Tamandaré), the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Navy.[3] When Flores claimed that he could defeat the Paraguayan army alone, he was mocked by both Brazilian officers.[4] Field Marshal Manuel Luís Osório was at the front of the Brazilian troops. Some of the troops, commanded by Lt. Gen. Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre, left to reinforce Uruguaiana.[citation needed]The allied troops united under Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, the Count d'Eu, and President Mitre in the camp of Concordia, in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos.[1]: 39  Since his arrival in Uruguaiana, Mitre had claimed the position of commander-in-chief of all allied forces participating in the siege—a precedence which Porto Alegre vehemently refused to recognize. He reminded the Argentine president that, according to the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, the imperial army would be led by a Brazilian officer while on Brazilian soil.[4] The dispute was temporarily forgotten when Pedro II arrived at the front. The Brazilian monarch settled the dispute when, at his suggestion, the allied army was divided into three forces, one led by Porto Alegre and the other two by Mitre and Flores.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"},{"link_name":"Pedro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Venancio Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venancio_Flores"},{"link_name":"Estigarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cruz_Estigarribia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"}],"text":"A call for Uruguaiana to surrender was ignored on 4 Sept.[1]: 40  On 11 September, emperor Pedro II arrived at the scene of the siege, where were the presidents of Argentina, Bartolomé Mitre and Uruguay, Venancio Flores, and several military leaders, such as Admiral Tamandaré. The allied forces of the siege counted on 17,346 combatants and 12,393 Brazilians, Argentine 3,802 and 1,220 Uruguayans, and 54 guns. The surrender came on 18 September when Estigarribia's men had exhausted all food except sugar.[1]: 40","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Corrientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Resquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Isidoro_Resqu%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Paraguay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_River"},{"link_name":"Paso de Patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_de_Patria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooker-1"}],"text":"President López evacuated Corrientes in order to defend Paraguay's frontier. Gen. Resquín commanded the evacuation, taking over 100,000 head of cattle and other livestock across the Paraguay River at Paso de Patria between 31 Oct and 3 Nov.[1]: 40","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S._Magestade_o_S%C3%B1r._Dom_Pedro_II,_S._Alteza_o_S%C3%B1r._Conde_d%27Eu,_e_S._Alteza_o_S%C3%B1r._Duque_de_Saxe_quando_estiveram_em_Uruguayana,_em_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pedro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Count of Eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Count_of_Eu"},{"link_name":"Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Uruguaiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguaiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plano_topogr%C3%A1fico_de_la_villa_Uruguayana_con_las_posiciones_de_los_ejercitos_aliados_en_el_dia_18_de_Setiembre_de_1865_(Cartogr%C3%A1fico)_%E2%80%94_levantado_por_el_ingeniero_F._A._Grivot.jpg"},{"link_name":"F. A. Grivot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_Alejandro_Grivo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendi%C3%A7ao_de_uruguaiana_1865_victor_meirelles.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%ADtio_da_Cidade_de_Uruguaiana..JPG"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6130130#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549568805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2005003330"}],"text":"Emperor Pedro II, Count of Eu and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, when they were in Uruguaiana, in 1865.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTopographic plan of the village of Uruguaiana with the positions of the Allied armies at September 18, 1865 (F. A. Grivot).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParaguayan surrender at Uruguaiana.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSiege of UruguaianaAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cali
Joseph Cali
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 External links"]
American actor This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Joseph CaliBorn (1950-03-30) March 30, 1950 (age 74)New York City, New York, U.S.Occupation(s)Actor, music producerYears active1977–present Joseph Cali (born March 30, 1950) is an American actor known for playing the role of Joey in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever. Post Saturday Night Fever, he appeared on television and in films such as 1979's Voices, The Competition, and Suicide Kings. Biography Cali is a graduate of Siena College in Loudonville, New York. He currently owns and operates a home theater business in Los Angeles, Joseph Cali Systems Design Inc.. He is married to recording artist Lori Lieberman. Filmography Film and Television Year Title Role Notes 1977 Saturday Night Fever Joey Feature film 1979 Flatbush Presto Prestopopolos Main cast (6 episodes) Voices Pinky Feature film 1980 The Competition Jerry DiSalvo Feature film 1981 Trapper John, M.D. Officer Joey Santori Episode: "Straight and Narrow" 1981–1982 Today's FBI Nick Frazier Main cast (17 episodes) 1983 The Lonely Lady Vincent Dacosta Feature film 1984 Too Close for Comfort Mike Lassiter Episode: "High and Inside" 1985 Hunter Tony Boy Episode: "The Snow Queen" Parts 1 & 2 Murder, She Wrote Vic LaRosa Episode: "Murder at the Oasis" 1986 Blacke's Magic Michael Angels Episode: "Breathing Room" 9 to 5 Minelli Episode: "The Naked City" 1988 Ohara Agent Kirk Episode: "What's in a Name" Something Is Out There Roger TV miniseries Sonny Spoon Nick Episode: "Ratman Can" 1989 Almost Grown Groomsman Episode: "The Hat The Fell from Space" Freddy's Nightmares Joe Episode: "Memory Overload" Alien Nation Lee Smith Episode: "Gimme, Gimme" 1989–1990 Santa Barbara Jack Dante Main cast (16 episodes) 1990 Murder, She Wrote Priest Episode: "The Sicilian Encounter" 1992 Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry Story Louie Bottone TV film Jake and the Fatman Priest Episode: "Pennies from Heaven" Silk Stalkings Vinnie LoCerno / Joey V Episode: "Working Girl" 1992–1993 Renegade Swenson's Henchman #1 / Sonny Caruso 2 episodes 1994 Murder, She Wrote Paul Grimaldi Episode: "Crimson Harvest" 1995 The Commish Doug Duncan Episode: "Letting Go" Charlie Grace Robert Castelli Episode: "Designer Knock-Off" 1996 Silk Stalkings Martin Greenwald Episode: "Black and Blue" 1997 L.A. Heat Ray Bernard Episode: "Silicon Sting" Melrose Place George 2 episodes Suicide Kings Nick the Nose Feature film Baywatch Bar Owner Episode: "Homecoming" 1998 Port Charles Robert "Bobby" Mancusi Unknown episodes 2000 18 Wheels of Justice Ray Natale Episode: "A Prize Possession" External links Joseph Cali at IMDb Joseph Cali at AllMovie Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz This article about a United States film and television actor born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur_division
Jodhpur division
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 26°17′00″N 73°01′00″E / 26.2833°N 73.0167°E / 26.2833; 73.0167This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jodhpur division" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ten divisions of Rajasthan. Jodhpur Division (also known as Marwar) is the biggest division among all in Rajasthan (Rajputana). The division (in pink colour on the map) comprises in six districts named Barmer, Balotra, Jaisalmer, Sirohi, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali. vte State of RajasthanCapital: JaipurOutline Climate Culture Architecture Cuisine Economy Geography History Politics Government Tourism Language People Rivers Highest point Films Institutions of higher education Municipalities Chief Secretaries Chief Justices of Rajasthan High Court Governance Governors Chief Ministers Speaker Legislative Assembly Human rights Commission Political parties Constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly High Court Police Divisions and districtsAjmer division Ajmer district Beawar district Didwana Kuchaman district Kekri district Nagaur district Shahpura district Tonk district Bharatpur division Bharatpur district Deeg district Dholpur district Gangapur district Karauli district Sawai Madhopur district Bikaner division Anupgarh district Bikaner district Hanumangarh district Sri Ganganagar district Banswara division Banswara district Dungarpur district Pratapgarh district Jaipur division Alwar district Dausa district Dudu district Jaipur district Jaipur Rural district Khairthal-Tijara district Kotputli-Behror district Jodhpur division Balotra district Barmer district Jaisalmer district Jodhpur district Jodhpur Rural district Phalodi district Kota division Baran district Bundi district Jhalawar district Kota district Pali division Jalore district Pali district Sanchore district Sirohi district Sikar division Churu district Jhunjhunu district Neem Ka Thana district Sikar district Udaipur division Bhilwara district Chittorgarh district Rajsamand district Salumbar district Udaipur district Major cities Jaipur (capital) Alwar Ajmer Bikaner Jodhpur Kota Udaipur Related templates Forts in Rajasthan Hydrography of Rajathan Power stations and power organisations vteDivisions and districts of RajasthanAjmer divisionAjmer district Ajmer Kekri Kiranipura Kishangarh Nasirabad Pushkar Sarwar Bhilwara district Asind Beejoliya Kalan Bhilwara Gangapur Gulabpura Jahazpur Mandalgarh Shahpura Nagaur district Basni Belima Goredi Chancha Kuchera Merta City Mundwa Nagaur Parbatsar Tonk district Deoli Malpura Niwai Todaraisingh Tonk Uniara Vanasthali Dev Dham Jodhpuriya Manoharpura Kacholiya Bharatpur divisionBharatpur district Bayana Bharatpur Bhusawar Deeg Farsho Kaman Kumher Nadbai Nagar Weir Jurehra Pahadi Dholpur district Bari Dholpur Rajakhera Sarmathura Karauli district Hindaun Karauli Todabhim Mandrayal Suroth Shri Mahaveer Ji Mahu Ibrahimpur Kailadevi Karanpur Kurhganv Langra Rodhai Sawai Madhopur district Gangapur Mahu Kalan Sawai Madhopur Todra Bikaner divisionBikaner district Bikaner Deshnoke Dungargarh Khajuwala Loonkaransar Udasar Napasar Nokha Churu district Bidasar Chhapar Churu Dungargarh Rajaldesar Rajgarh Ratangarh Ratannagar Sardarshahar Sujangarh Taranagar Sri Ganganagardistrict Anupgarh Gajsinghpur Ganeshgarh Karanpur Kesrisinghpur Padampur Raisinghnagar Rawla Mandi Sadulshahar Sri Ganganagar Suratgarh Vijainagar Hanumangarh district Bhadra Hanumangarh Nohar Pilibanga Rawatsar Sangaria Jaipur divisionAlwar district Alwar Behror Bhiwadi Govindgarh Khairthal Kherli Kishangarh Rajgarh Tijara Dausa district Bandikui Dausa Lalsot Mahwa Mandawar Jaipur district Bagru Bairat Chaksu Chomu Jaipur Jamwa Ramgarh Jobner Kishangarh Renwal Kotputli Phagi Phulera Sambhar Shahpura Jhunjhunu district Baggar Bissau Buhana Chirawa Gothra Gudhagorji Jhunjhunu Khetri Kodesar Malsisar Mandawa Mukandgarh Nawalgarh Pilani Surajgarh Togra Sawroop Singh Udaipurwati Vidyavihar Sikar district Fatehpur Khandela Khatushyamji Lachhmangarh Losal Neem-Ka-Thana Ramgarh Reengus Sikar Sri Madhopur Jodhpur divisionBarmer district Balotra Barmer Gudamalani Siwana Dhorimana Sheo Sindhri Samdari Jaisalmer district Jaisalmer Pokhran Jodhpur district Bilara Jodhpur Piparcity Bhopalgarh Osian Phalodi district Bap tehsil Bapini Dechu Lohawat Phalodi Setrawa Balotra District Balotra (district headquarters) Baytu Kalyanpur, Rajasthan Pachpadra Samdari Sindhari Siwana Kota divisionBaran district Antah Atru Baran Chhabra Chhipabarod Kherliganj Mangrol Bundi district Budhpura Bundi Indragarh Kaprain Keshoraipatan Lakheri Nainwa Jhalawar district Aklera Bakani Bhawani Mandi Jhalawar Jhalrapatan Kolvi Mandi Rajendra pura Manohar Thana Pirawa Kota district Chechat Kaithoon Kota Kumbhkot Modak Ramganj Mandi Sangod Satalkheri Sogariya Suket Udpura Udaipur divisionBanswara district Banswara Kushalgarh Partapur Chittorgarh district Bari Sadri Begun Chittorgarh Kapasan Nimbahera Rawatbhata Dungarpur district Dungarpur Galiakot Sagwara Simalwara Pratapgarh district Chhoti Sadri Pratapgarh Rajsamand district Amet Dariba Devgrah Nathdwara Rajsamand Udaipur district Rundera Bhinder Dhariawad Fatehnagar Jhadol Kanor Kherwara Chhaoni Rikhabdeo Salumbar Saradit Udaipur Pali divisionPali district Bali Falna Jaitaran Marwar Junction Pali district (district headquarters} Rani Nimaj Sadri Sojat Sojat Road Sumerpur Takhatgarh Nadol Jalore district Ahor Bhinmal Jalore Sayala, Rajasthan Sirohi district Abu Road Dabani Mount Abu Pindwara Reodar Sheoganj Sirohi Sanchore district Bagoda Chitalwana Raniwara Sanchore 26°17′00″N 73°01′00″E / 26.2833°N 73.0167°E / 26.2833; 73.0167 References ^ Bureau, The Hindu (17 March 2023). "Ahead of Assembly polls, Gehlot announces formation of 19 new districts in Rajasthan". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. ^ "Basic". ^ "Jodhpur Division Districts list | Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali, and Sirohi". zonora.in. Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ "जोधपुर संभाग : Jodhpur Division (Districtwise Study of Culture and History of Jodhpur Division) | Exotic India Art". www.exoticindiaart.com. Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ GUPTA, MOHAN LAL (2019). Jodhpur Division (Districtwise Study of Culture and History of Jodhpur Division) (in Hindi). Jodhpur: RAJASTHANI GRANTHAGAR, JODHPUR. p. 372. ISBN 9789387297395. This article related to a location in Rajasthan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipur_district"},{"link_name":"Rundera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundera"},{"link_name":"Bhinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinder"},{"link_name":"Dhariawad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhariawad"},{"link_name":"Fatehnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehnagar"},{"link_name":"Jhadol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhadol"},{"link_name":"Kanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanor,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Kherwara Chhaoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherwara_Chhaoni"},{"link_name":"Rikhabdeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhdeo"},{"link_name":"Salumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salumbar"},{"link_name":"Saradit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saradit"},{"link_name":"Udaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipur"},{"link_name":"Pali division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_division"},{"link_name":"Pali district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_district"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Falna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falna"},{"link_name":"Jaitaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaitaran"},{"link_name":"Marwar Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar_Junction"},{"link_name":"Pali district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_district"},{"link_name":"Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani"},{"link_name":"Nimaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimaj"},{"link_name":"Sadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri"},{"link_name":"Sojat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojat"},{"link_name":"Sojat Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojat_Road"},{"link_name":"Sumerpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerpur"},{"link_name":"Takhatgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhatgarh"},{"link_name":"Nadol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadol"},{"link_name":"Jalore district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalore_district"},{"link_name":"Ahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahor"},{"link_name":"Bhinmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinmal"},{"link_name":"Jalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalore"},{"link_name":"Sayala, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayala,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Sirohi district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirohi_district"},{"link_name":"Abu Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Road"},{"link_name":"Dabani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabani"},{"link_name":"Mount Abu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Abu"},{"link_name":"Pindwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindwara"},{"link_name":"Reodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reodar"},{"link_name":"Sheoganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheoganj"},{"link_name":"Sirohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirohi"},{"link_name":"Sanchore district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchore_district"},{"link_name":"Bagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoda"},{"link_name":"Chitalwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalwana"},{"link_name":"Raniwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniwara"},{"link_name":"Sanchore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchore"},{"link_name":"26°17′00″N 73°01′00″E / 26.2833°N 73.0167°E / 26.2833; 73.0167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jodhpur_division&params=26.2833_N_73.0167_E_source:kolossus-dewiki"}],"text":"Ten divisions of Rajasthan.Jodhpur Division (also known as Marwar) is the biggest division among all in Rajasthan (Rajputana). The division (in pink colour on the map) comprises in six districts named Barmer, \nBalotra,[1]\nJaisalmer, Sirohi, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali.[2][circular reference][3][4][5]vte State of RajasthanCapital: JaipurOutline\nClimate\nCulture\nArchitecture\nCuisine\nEconomy\nGeography\nHistory\nPolitics\nGovernment\nTourism\nLanguage\nPeople\nRivers\nHighest point\nFilms\nInstitutions of higher education\nMunicipalities\nChief Secretaries\nChief Justices of Rajasthan High Court\nGovernance\nGovernors\nChief Ministers\nSpeaker\nLegislative Assembly\nHuman rights Commission\nPolitical parties\nConstituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly\nHigh Court\nPolice\nDivisions and districtsAjmer division\nAjmer district\nBeawar district\nDidwana Kuchaman district\nKekri district\nNagaur district\nShahpura district\nTonk district\nBharatpur division\nBharatpur district\nDeeg district\nDholpur district\nGangapur district\nKarauli district\nSawai Madhopur district\nBikaner division\nAnupgarh district\nBikaner district\nHanumangarh district\nSri Ganganagar district\nBanswara division\nBanswara district\nDungarpur district\nPratapgarh district\nJaipur division\nAlwar district\nDausa district\nDudu district\nJaipur district\nJaipur Rural district\nKhairthal-Tijara district\nKotputli-Behror district\nJodhpur division\nBalotra district\nBarmer district\nJaisalmer district\nJodhpur district\nJodhpur Rural district\nPhalodi district\nKota division\nBaran district\nBundi district\nJhalawar district\nKota district\nPali division\nJalore district\nPali district\nSanchore district\nSirohi district\nSikar division\nChuru district\nJhunjhunu district\nNeem Ka Thana district\nSikar district\nUdaipur division\nBhilwara district\nChittorgarh district\nRajsamand district\nSalumbar district\nUdaipur district\nMajor cities\nJaipur (capital)\nAlwar\nAjmer\nBikaner\nJodhpur\nKota\nUdaipur\nRelated templates\nForts in Rajasthan\nHydrography of Rajathan\nPower stations and power organisationsvteDivisions and districts of RajasthanAjmer divisionAjmer district\nAjmer\nKekri\nKiranipura\nKishangarh\nNasirabad\nPushkar\nSarwar\nBhilwara district\nAsind\nBeejoliya Kalan\nBhilwara\nGangapur\nGulabpura\nJahazpur\nMandalgarh\nShahpura\nNagaur district\nBasni Belima\nGoredi Chancha\nKuchera\nMerta City\nMundwa\nNagaur\nParbatsar\nTonk district\nDeoli\nMalpura\nNiwai\nTodaraisingh\nTonk\nUniara\nVanasthali\nDev Dham Jodhpuriya\nManoharpura\nKacholiya\nBharatpur divisionBharatpur district\nBayana\nBharatpur\nBhusawar\nDeeg\nFarsho\nKaman\nKumher\nNadbai\nNagar\nWeir\nJurehra\nPahadi\nDholpur district\nBari\nDholpur\nRajakhera\nSarmathura\nKarauli district\nHindaun\nKarauli\nTodabhim\nMandrayal\nSuroth\nShri Mahaveer Ji\nMahu Ibrahimpur\nKailadevi\nKaranpur\nKurhganv\nLangra\nRodhai\nSawai Madhopur district\nGangapur\nMahu Kalan\nSawai Madhopur\nTodra\nBikaner divisionBikaner district\nBikaner\nDeshnoke\nDungargarh\nKhajuwala\nLoonkaransar\nUdasar\nNapasar\nNokha\nChuru district\nBidasar\nChhapar\nChuru\nDungargarh\nRajaldesar\nRajgarh\nRatangarh\nRatannagar\nSardarshahar\nSujangarh\nTaranagar\nSri Ganganagardistrict\nAnupgarh\nGajsinghpur\nGaneshgarh\nKaranpur\nKesrisinghpur\nPadampur\nRaisinghnagar\nRawla Mandi\nSadulshahar\nSri Ganganagar\nSuratgarh\nVijainagar\n Hanumangarh district\nBhadra\nHanumangarh\nNohar\nPilibanga\nRawatsar\nSangaria\nJaipur divisionAlwar district\nAlwar\nBehror\nBhiwadi\nGovindgarh\nKhairthal\nKherli\nKishangarh\nRajgarh\nTijara\nDausa district\nBandikui\nDausa\nLalsot\nMahwa\nMandawar\nJaipur district\nBagru\nBairat\nChaksu\nChomu\nJaipur\nJamwa Ramgarh\nJobner\nKishangarh Renwal\nKotputli\nPhagi\nPhulera\nSambhar\nShahpura\nJhunjhunu district\nBaggar\nBissau\nBuhana\nChirawa\nGothra\nGudhagorji\nJhunjhunu\nKhetri\nKodesar\nMalsisar\nMandawa\nMukandgarh\nNawalgarh\nPilani\nSurajgarh\nTogra Sawroop Singh\nUdaipurwati\nVidyavihar\nSikar district\nFatehpur\nKhandela\nKhatushyamji\nLachhmangarh\nLosal\nNeem-Ka-Thana\nRamgarh\nReengus\nSikar\nSri Madhopur\nJodhpur divisionBarmer district\nBalotra\nBarmer\nGudamalani\nSiwana\nDhorimana\nSheo\nSindhri\nSamdari\nJaisalmer district\nJaisalmer\nPokhran\nJodhpur district\nBilara\nJodhpur\nPiparcity\nBhopalgarh\nOsian\nPhalodi district\nBap tehsil\nBapini\nDechu\nLohawat\nPhalodi\nSetrawa\nBalotra District\nBalotra (district headquarters)\nBaytu\nKalyanpur, Rajasthan\nPachpadra\nSamdari\nSindhari\nSiwana\nKota divisionBaran district\nAntah\nAtru\nBaran\nChhabra\nChhipabarod\nKherliganj\nMangrol\nBundi district\nBudhpura\nBundi\nIndragarh\nKaprain\nKeshoraipatan\nLakheri\nNainwa\nJhalawar district\nAklera\nBakani\nBhawani Mandi\nJhalawar\nJhalrapatan\nKolvi Mandi Rajendra pura\nManohar Thana\nPirawa\nKota district\nChechat\nKaithoon\nKota\nKumbhkot\nModak\nRamganj Mandi\nSangod\nSatalkheri\nSogariya\nSuket\nUdpura\nUdaipur divisionBanswara district\nBanswara\nKushalgarh\nPartapur\nChittorgarh district\nBari Sadri\nBegun\nChittorgarh\nKapasan\nNimbahera\nRawatbhata\nDungarpur district\nDungarpur\nGaliakot\nSagwara\nSimalwara\nPratapgarh district\nChhoti Sadri\nPratapgarh\nRajsamand district\nAmet\nDariba\nDevgrah\nNathdwara\nRajsamand\nUdaipur district\nRundera\nBhinder\nDhariawad\nFatehnagar\nJhadol\nKanor\nKherwara Chhaoni\nRikhabdeo\nSalumbar\nSaradit\nUdaipur\nPali divisionPali district\nBali\nFalna\nJaitaran\nMarwar Junction\nPali district (district headquarters}\nRani\nNimaj\nSadri\nSojat\nSojat Road\nSumerpur\nTakhatgarh\nNadol\nJalore district\nAhor\nBhinmal\nJalore\nSayala, Rajasthan\nSirohi district\nAbu Road\nDabani\nMount Abu\nPindwara\nReodar\nSheoganj\nSirohi\nSanchore district\nBagoda\nChitalwana\nRaniwara\nSanchore26°17′00″N 73°01′00″E / 26.2833°N 73.0167°E / 26.2833; 73.0167","title":"Jodhpur division"}]
[{"image_text":"Ten divisions of Rajasthan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Administrative_divisions_of_Rajasthan.png/400px-Administrative_divisions_of_Rajasthan.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bureau, The Hindu (17 March 2023). \"Ahead of Assembly polls, Gehlot announces formation of 19 new districts in Rajasthan\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ahead-of-assembly-polls-gehlot-announces-formation-of-19-new-districts-in-rajasthan/article66632231.ece","url_text":"\"Ahead of Assembly polls, Gehlot announces formation of 19 new districts in Rajasthan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230317180332/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ahead-of-assembly-polls-gehlot-announces-formation-of-19-new-districts-in-rajasthan/article66632231.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Basic\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar","url_text":"\"Basic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jodhpur Division Districts list | Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali, and Sirohi\". zonora.in. Retrieved 18 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://zonora.in/rajasthan/3/5/jodhpur-division","url_text":"\"Jodhpur Division Districts list | Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali, and Sirohi\""}]},{"reference":"\"जोधपुर संभाग : Jodhpur Division (Districtwise Study of Culture and History of Jodhpur Division) | Exotic India Art\". www.exoticindiaart.com. Retrieved 18 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/jodhpur-division-districtwise-study-of-culture-and-history-of-jodhpur-division-rzz831/","url_text":"\"जोधपुर संभाग : Jodhpur Division (Districtwise Study of Culture and History of Jodhpur Division) | Exotic India Art\""}]},{"reference":"GUPTA, MOHAN LAL (2019). Jodhpur Division (Districtwise Study of Culture and History of Jodhpur Division) (in Hindi). Jodhpur: RAJASTHANI GRANTHAGAR, JODHPUR. p. 372. ISBN 9789387297395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789387297395","url_text":"9789387297395"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Armed_Forces
Rebel Armed Forces
["1 Notes and references","2 See also","3 External links"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Rebel Armed Forces" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023)Guatemalan guerrilla organisation (1961-1996)Rebel Armed ForcesFuerzas Armadas RebeldesLeadersLuis Augusto Turcios Lima (Until 1966)Dates of operation1960–1971Active regionsGuatemalaIdeologyCommunismMarxism-LeninismSizeunknownPart ofURNGAlliesEGPORPAMR-13PGTURNGCuba (Support)Soviet Union (Until 1991)Nicaragua (1979–1990)FMLNOpponentsGuatemalaUnited States (Support)Israel (Support)Taiwan (Support)Chile (Support)Argentina (Support)South Africa (Support)Battles and warsGuatemalan Civil WarEmblemPreceded by MR-13 The Rebel Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, FAR) was a Guatemalan guerrilla organization established in 1961 and lasting until the peace agreements in 1996. In the late 1960s, the Guatemalan government began a United States-backed counter-insurgency campaign that killed between 2,800 and 8000 FAR supporters in eastern Guatemala. The survivors of this campaign, which devastated the FAR, regrouped in Mexico City in the 1970s, and founded the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), which succeeded in mobilizing tremendous popular support over the next few years. FAR is most significantly known for having killed the U.S. ambassador to Guatemala, John Gordon Mein, in 1968. Also killed that year were two U.S. military advisers, Colonel John Webber and Ernest Munro, although they might have been killed at the command of PGT leader Leonardo Castillo Johnson. In 1970, the group briefly kidnapped Guatemala's foreign minister Alberto Fuentes Mohr, but freed him in exchange for the release of a student leader. Karl von Spreti, German ambassador to Guatemala, was kidnapped and murdered by the FAR as well in that year. Further actions that year included the kidnapping of U.S. labor attaché Sean Holly, he was freed for the release of FAR prisoners. Notes and references References ^ McAllister 2010. Sources McAllister, Carlota (2010). "A Headlong Rush into the Future". In Grandin, Greg; Joseph, Gilbert (eds.). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 276–309. See also Revolutionary Movement 13th November External links Collection of FAR documents Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla Army of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_Army_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAllister2010-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. ambassador to Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._ambassador_to_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"John Gordon Mein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordon_Mein"},{"link_name":"Ernest Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Munro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Party_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Castillo Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Castillo_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"foreign minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister"},{"link_name":"Alberto Fuentes Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fuentes_Mohr"},{"link_name":"Karl von Spreti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Spreti"},{"link_name":"labor attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sean Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Holly"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Guatemalan guerrilla organisation (1961-1996)The Rebel Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, FAR) was a Guatemalan guerrilla organization established in 1961 and lasting until the peace agreements in 1996.In the late 1960s, the Guatemalan government began a United States-backed counter-insurgency campaign that killed between 2,800 and 8000 FAR supporters in eastern Guatemala. The survivors of this campaign, which devastated the FAR, regrouped in Mexico City in the 1970s, and founded the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), which succeeded in mobilizing tremendous popular support over the next few years.[1]FAR is most significantly known for having killed the U.S. ambassador to Guatemala, John Gordon Mein, in 1968. Also killed that year were two U.S. military advisers, Colonel John Webber and Ernest Munro, although they might have been killed at the command of PGT leader Leonardo Castillo Johnson.[citation needed]In 1970, the group briefly kidnapped Guatemala's foreign minister Alberto Fuentes Mohr, but freed him in exchange for the release of a student leader. Karl von Spreti, German ambassador to Guatemala, was kidnapped and murdered by the FAR as well in that year. Further actions that year included the kidnapping of U.S. labor attaché Sean Holly, he was freed for the release of FAR prisoners.[citation needed]","title":"Rebel Armed Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAllister2010_1-0"},{"link_name":"McAllister 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcAllister2010"}],"text":"References^ McAllister 2010.SourcesMcAllister, Carlota (2010). \"A Headlong Rush into the Future\". In Grandin, Greg; Joseph, Gilbert (eds.). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 276–309.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
[{"title":"Revolutionary Movement 13th November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Movement_13th_November"}]
[{"reference":"McAllister, Carlota (2010). \"A Headlong Rush into the Future\". In Grandin, Greg; Joseph, Gilbert (eds.). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 276–309.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milroy_disease
Milroy's disease
["1 Presentation","2 Genetics","3 Diagnosis","4 Prognosis","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
Lymphedema commonly located in legs, caused by congenital abnormalities in the lymphatic system Medical conditionMilroy's diseaseOther namesMilroy disease, Nonne-Milroy-Meige syndrome, Hereditary lymphedemaThis condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.SpecialtyMedical genetics  Milroy's disease (MD) is a familial disease characterized by lymphedema, commonly in the legs, caused by congenital abnormalities in the lymphatic system. Disruption of the normal drainage of lymph leads to fluid accumulation and hypertrophy of soft tissues. It was named by Sir William Osler for William Milroy, a Canadian physician, who described a case in 1892, though it was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1863. Presentation The most common presentation of Milroy's disease is unilateral lower extremity lymphedema, and may also be accompanied by hydrocele. Males and females may have upslanting toenails, deep creases in the toes, wart-like growths (papillomas), and prominent leg veins. Some individuals develop non-contagious skin infections called cellulitis that can damage the thin tubes that carry lymph fluid (lymphatic vessels). Episodes of cellulitis can cause further swelling in the lower limbs. Genetics Ohio native Fanny Mills suffered from Milroy's disease. She appeared in dime museums in the 1880s. Audiences flocked to see her. As a result, Mills could sometimes earn as much as $4,000 a week. This disease is more common in women and an association with the gene FLT4 has been described. FLT4 codes for VEGFR-3, which is implicated in development of the lymphatic system. Milroy's disease is also known as primary or hereditary lymphedema type 1A or early onset lymphedema. It is a very rare disease with only about 200 cases reported in the medical literature. Milroy's disease is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation in the FLT4 gene which encodes the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) gene located on the long arm (q) on chromosome 5 (5q35.3). In contrast to Milroy's disease (early onset lymphedema type 1A), which typically has its onset of swelling and edema at birth or during early infancy, hereditary lymphedema type II, known as Meige disease, has its onset around the time of puberty. Meige disease is also an autosomal dominant disease. It has been linked to a mutations in the 'forkhead' family transcription factor (FOXC2) gene located on the long arm of chromosome 16 (16q24.3). About 2000 cases have been identified. A third type of hereditary lymphedema, that has an onset after the age of 35 is known as lymphedema tarda. Diagnosis Only conservative measures can be taken. Certain treatments for lymphedema disorders may possibly alleviate specific symptoms; no cure and it is usually congenital. Genetic counseling can be done. May have similar health conditions, delays, disorders, and physical traits associated with other lymphatic genetic diseases and chromosome #5 abnormalities. Prognosis Milroy's disease does not normally affect life expectancy. Medscape states patients may have recurrent streptococcal cellulitis and lymphangitis, with subsequent hospitalizations for antibiotic therapy. A rare complication is the appearance of lymphangiosarcoma or angiosarcoma in patients with persistent lymphedema. Some patients may develop protein-losing enteropathy and visceral involvement. Chylous ascites and chylothorax rarely occur. See also List of cutaneous conditions References ^ Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. OCLC 1058487222. ^ James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM, Andrews GC, Odom RB (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 849. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. OCLC 937244604. ^ Strayer DL, Rubin R (2007). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine (5th ed.). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9516-6. ^ synd/1326 at Who Named It? ^ Milroy WF (1892). "An undescribed variety of hereditary edema". New York Medical Journal. 56: 505–8. ^ "Milroy Disease". United States Library of Medicine. Retrieved 1 March 2014. ^ Fraga, Kaleena Fraga (September 8, 2021). "The Tragic Life Of Fanny Mills, The Legendary 'Ohio Big Foot Girl' Of Sideshow Fame". allthatsinteresting.com. Retrieved June 3, 2023. ^ Spiegel R, Ghalamkarpour A, Daniel-Spiegel E, Vikkula M, Shalev SA (2006). "Wide clinical spectrum in a family with hereditary lymphedema type I due to a novel missense mutation in VEGFR3". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (10): 846–50. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0031-3. PMID 16924388. ^ a b "Hereditary Lymphedema". Retrieved 1 September 2016. ^ Rockson SG (October 2010). "Causes and consequences of lymphatic disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1207 Suppl 1: E2-6. Bibcode:2010NYASA1207E...2R. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05804.x. PMID 20961302. S2CID 12747953. Further reading Brice, Glen W.; Mansour, Sahar; Ostergaard, Pia; Connell, Fiona; Jeffery, Steve; Mortimer, Peter (1993). "Milroy Disease". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301417. Retrieved 15 March 2019. ClassificationDICD-11: BD93.0ICD-10: Q82.0ICD-9-CM: 757.0OMIM: 153100MeSH: D008209DiseasesDB: 8228External resourceseMedicine: med/1482GeneReviews: Milroy Disease vteCongenital malformations and deformations of integument / skin diseaseGenodermatosisCongenital ichthyosis/erythrokeratodermiaAD Ichthyosis vulgaris AR Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma: Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis Lamellar ichthyosis Harlequin-type ichthyosis Netherton syndrome CHIME syndrome Sjögren–Larsson syndrome XR X-linked ichthyosis Ungrouped Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Ichthyosis follicularis Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome Ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis syndrome Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Ichthyosis hystrix EBand related EBS EBS-K EBS-WC EBS-DM EBS-OG EBS-MD EBS-MP JEB JEB-H Mitis Generalized atrophic JEB-PA DEB DDEB RDEB related: Costello syndrome Kindler syndrome Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome Skin fragility syndrome Ectodermal dysplasia Naegeli syndrome/Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis Hay–Wells syndrome Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Focal dermal hypoplasia Ellis–van Creveld syndrome Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome/Hay–Wells syndrome Elastic/Connective Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Cutis laxa (Gerodermia osteodysplastica) Popliteal pterygium syndrome Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Van der Woude syndrome Hyperkeratosis/keratinopathyPPK diffuse: Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert Meleda disease syndromic connexin Bart–Pumphrey syndrome Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Vohwinkel syndrome Corneodermatoosseous syndrome plakoglobin Naxos syndrome Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez Olmsted syndrome Cathepsin C Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome Haim–Munk syndrome Camisa disease focal: Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis Howel–Evans syndrome Pachyonychia congenita Pachyonychia congenita type I Pachyonychia congenita type II Striate palmoplantar keratoderma Tyrosinemia type II punctate: Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa Focal acral hyperkeratosis Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome Porokeratosis plantaris discreta Spiny keratoderma ungrouped: Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia desmoplakin Carvajal syndrome connexin Erythrokeratodermia variabilis HID/KID Other Meleda disease Keratosis pilaris ATP2A2 Darier's disease Dyskeratosis congenita Lelis syndrome Dyskeratosis congenita Keratolytic winter erythema Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans Keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma syndrome Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei Keratosis pilaris Other cadherin EEM syndrome immune system Hereditary lymphedema Mastocytosis/Urticaria pigmentosa Hailey–Hailey see also Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages, Template:Phakomatoses, Template:Pigmentation disorders, Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder DevelopmentalanomaliesMidline Dermoid cyst Encephalocele Nasal glioma PHACE association Sinus pericranii Nevus Capillary hemangioma Port-wine stain Nevus flammeus nuchae Other/ungrouped Aplasia cutis congenita Amniotic band syndrome Branchial cyst Cavernous venous malformation Accessory nail of the fifth toe Bronchogenic cyst Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux Congenital lip pit Congenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs Congenital preauricular fistula Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma Cystic lymphatic malformation Median raphe cyst Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy Mongolian spot Nasolacrimal duct cyst Omphalomesenteric duct cyst Poland anomaly Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma Rosenthal–Kloepfer syndrome Skin dimple Superficial lymphatic malformation Thyroglossal duct cyst Verrucous vascular malformation Birthmark vteLymphatic disease: organ and vessel diseasesThymus Abscess Hyperplasia Hypoplasia DiGeorge syndrome Ectopic thymus Thymoma Thymic carcinoma Spleen Asplenia Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies Accessory spleen Polysplenia Wandering spleen Splenomegaly Banti's syndrome Splenic infarction Splenic tumor Lymph node Lymphadenopathy Generalized lymphadenopathy Castleman's disease Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma Kikuchi disease Tonsils see Template:Respiratory pathology Lymphatic vessels Lymphangitis Lymphangiectasia Lymphedema Primary lymphedema Congenital lymphedema Lymphedema praecox Lymphedema tarda Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome Milroy's disease Secondary lymphedema Bullous lymphedema Factitial lymphedema Postinflammatory lymphedema Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma Waldmann disease
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Disruption of the normal drainage of lymph leads to fluid accumulation and hypertrophy of soft tissues.[2][3]It was named by Sir William Osler for William Milroy, a Canadian physician, who described a case in 1892, though it was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1863.[4][5]","title":"Milroy's disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema"},{"link_name":"hydrocele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocele"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The most common presentation of Milroy's disease is unilateral lower extremity lymphedema, and may also be accompanied by hydrocele. Males and females may have upslanting toenails, deep creases in the toes, wart-like growths (papillomas), and prominent leg veins. Some individuals develop non-contagious skin infections called cellulitis that can damage the thin tubes that carry lymph fluid (lymphatic vessels). Episodes of cellulitis can cause further swelling in the lower limbs.[6]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fanny_Mills_Big_Foot_Girl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fanny Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Mills"},{"link_name":"dime museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FLT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLT4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16924388-8"},{"link_name":"VEGFR-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEGFR-3"},{"link_name":"autosomal dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_dominant"},{"link_name":"FLT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLT4"},{"link_name":"VEGFR-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEGFR-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rarediseases-9"},{"link_name":"hereditary lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Meige disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meige_disease"},{"link_name":"FOXC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXC2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rarediseases-9"}],"text":"Ohio native Fanny Mills suffered from Milroy's disease. She appeared in dime museums in the 1880s. Audiences flocked to see her. As a result, Mills could sometimes earn as much as $4,000 a week.[7]This disease is more common in women and an association with the gene FLT4 has been described.[8] FLT4 codes for VEGFR-3, which is implicated in development of the lymphatic system.Milroy's disease is also known as primary or hereditary lymphedema type 1A or early onset lymphedema. It is a very rare disease with only about 200 cases reported in the medical literature. Milroy's disease is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation in the FLT4 gene which encodes the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) gene located on the long arm (q) on chromosome 5 (5q35.3).[9]In contrast to Milroy's disease (early onset lymphedema type 1A), which typically has its onset of swelling and edema at birth or during early infancy, hereditary lymphedema type II, known as Meige disease, has its onset around the time of puberty. Meige disease is also an autosomal dominant disease. It has been linked to a mutations in the 'forkhead' family transcription factor (FOXC2) gene located on the long arm of chromosome 16 (16q24.3). About 2000 cases have been identified. A third type of hereditary lymphedema, that has an onset after the age of 35 is known as lymphedema tarda.[9]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Only conservative measures can be taken. Certain treatments for lymphedema disorders may possibly alleviate specific symptoms; no cure and it is usually congenital. Genetic counseling can be done. May have similar health conditions, delays, disorders, and physical traits associated with other lymphatic genetic diseases and chromosome #5 abnormalities.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"lymphangiosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangiosarcoma"},{"link_name":"angiosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosarcoma"},{"link_name":"enteropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteropathy"},{"link_name":"ascites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascites"},{"link_name":"chylothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylothorax"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Milroy's disease does not normally affect life expectancy.[10]Medscape states patients may have recurrent streptococcal cellulitis and lymphangitis, with subsequent hospitalizations for antibiotic therapy. A rare complication is the appearance of lymphangiosarcoma or angiosarcoma in patients with persistent lymphedema. Some patients may develop protein-losing enteropathy and visceral involvement. Chylous ascites and chylothorax rarely occur.[citation needed]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Milroy 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dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectodermal_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"Naegeli syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naegeli_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatopathia_pigmentosa_reticularis"},{"link_name":"Hay–Wells syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Wells_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypohidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"Focal dermal hypoplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia"},{"link_name":"Ellis–van Creveld syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93van_Creveld_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapp%E2%80%93Hodgkin_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hay–Wells syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Wells_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_fiber"},{"link_name":"Connective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease"},{"link_name":"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Cutis laxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutis_laxa"},{"link_name":"Gerodermia osteodysplastica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerodermia_osteodysplastica"},{"link_name":"Popliteal pterygium syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteal_pterygium_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum"},{"link_name":"Van der Woude syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Woude_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hyperkeratosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkeratosis"},{"link_name":"keratinopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_disease"},{"link_name":"PPK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"diffuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Meleda disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleda_disease"},{"link_name":"connexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexin"},{"link_name":"Bart–Pumphrey syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%E2%80%93Pumphrey_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouston%27s_hidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"Vohwinkel syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohwinkel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Corneodermatoosseous syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneodermatoosseous_syndrome"},{"link_name":"plakoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakoglobin"},{"link_name":"Naxos syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroatrophic_syndrome_of_Huriez"},{"link_name":"Olmsted syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Cathepsin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_C"},{"link_name":"Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillon%E2%80%93Lef%C3%A8vre_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Haim–Munk syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim%E2%80%93Munk_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Camisa disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisa_disease"},{"link_name":"focal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_palmoplantar_and_gingival_keratosis"},{"link_name":"Howel–Evans syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howel%E2%80%93Evans_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Pachyonychia congenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyonychia_congenita"},{"link_name":"Pachyonychia congenita type I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyonychia_congenita_type_I"},{"link_name":"Pachyonychia congenita type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyonychia_congenita_type_II"},{"link_name":"Striate palmoplantar keratoderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Tyrosinemia type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinemia_type_II"},{"link_name":"punctate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrokeratoelastoidosis_of_Costa"},{"link_name":"Focal acral hyperkeratosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_acral_hyperkeratosis"},{"link_name":"Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_punctata_palmaris_et_plantaris"},{"link_name":"Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_punctata_of_the_palmar_creases"},{"link_name":"Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6pf%E2%80%93Schulz%E2%80%93Passarge_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Porokeratosis plantaris discreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porokeratosis_plantaris_discreta"},{"link_name":"Spiny keratoderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"desmoplakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoplakin"},{"link_name":"Carvajal syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoplantar_keratoderma"},{"link_name":"connexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexin"},{"link_name":"Erythrokeratodermia variabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrokeratodermia_variabilis"},{"link_name":"HID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystrix-like_ichthyosis%E2%80%93deafness_syndrome"},{"link_name":"KID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratitis%E2%80%93ichthyosis%E2%80%93deafness_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Meleda disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleda_disease"},{"link_name":"Keratosis pilaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris"},{"link_name":"ATP2A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2A2"},{"link_name":"Darier's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darier%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Dyskeratosis congenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita"},{"link_name":"Lelis syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelis_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Dyskeratosis congenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita"},{"link_name":"Keratolytic winter erythema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratolytic_winter_erythema"},{"link_name":"Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_follicularis_spinulosa_decalvans"},{"link_name":"Keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_linearis_with_ichthyosis_congenita_and_sclerosing_keratoderma_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris_atrophicans_faciei"},{"link_name":"Keratosis pilaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris"},{"link_name":"cadherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin"},{"link_name":"EEM syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEM_syndrome"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"Hereditary lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Mastocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastocytosis"},{"link_name":"Urticaria pigmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa"},{"link_name":"Hailey–Hailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey%E2%80%93Hailey_disease"},{"link_name":"Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_skin_appendages"},{"link_name":"Template:Phakomatoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Phakomatoses"},{"link_name":"Template:Pigmentation disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pigmentation_disorders"},{"link_name":"Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder"},{"link_name":"Dermoid cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermoid_cyst"},{"link_name":"Encephalocele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalocele"},{"link_name":"Nasal glioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_glioma"},{"link_name":"PHACE association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHACE_association"},{"link_name":"Sinus pericranii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_pericranii"},{"link_name":"Nevus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevus"},{"link_name":"Capillary hemangioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_hemangioma"},{"link_name":"Port-wine stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-wine_stain"},{"link_name":"Nevus flammeus nuchae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevus_flammeus_nuchae"},{"link_name":"Aplasia cutis congenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplasia_cutis_congenita"},{"link_name":"Amniotic band syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_band_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Branchial cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchial_cyst"},{"link_name":"Cavernous venous malformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_venous_malformation"},{"link_name":"Accessory nail of the fifth toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_nail_of_the_fifth_toe"},{"link_name":"Bronchogenic cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchogenic_cyst"},{"link_name":"Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_cartilaginous_rest_of_the_neck"},{"link_name":"Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_hypertrophy_of_the_lateral_fold_of_the_hallux"},{"link_name":"Congenital lip pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_lip_pit"},{"link_name":"Congenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_malformations_of_the_dermatoglyphs"},{"link_name":"Congenital preauricular fistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_preauricular_fistula"},{"link_name":"Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_smooth_muscle_hamartoma"},{"link_name":"Cystic lymphatic malformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_lymphatic_malformation"},{"link_name":"Median raphe cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_raphe_cyst"},{"link_name":"Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotic_neuroectodermal_tumor_of_infancy"},{"link_name":"Mongolian spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_spot"},{"link_name":"Nasolacrimal duct cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_cyst"},{"link_name":"Omphalomesenteric duct cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalomesenteric_duct_cyst"},{"link_name":"Poland anomaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_anomaly"},{"link_name":"Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidly_involuting_congenital_hemangioma"},{"link_name":"Rosenthal–Kloepfer syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenthal%E2%80%93Kloepfer_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Skin dimple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_dimple"},{"link_name":"Superficial lymphatic malformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_lymphatic_malformation"},{"link_name":"Thyroglossal duct cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglossal_duct_cyst"},{"link_name":"Verrucous vascular malformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucous_vascular_malformation"},{"link_name":"Birthmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthmark"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lymphatic_organ_and_vessel_disease"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphatic_organ_and_vessel_disease"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphatic_organ_and_vessel_disease"},{"link_name":"Lymphatic disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_disease"},{"link_name":"Thymus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus"},{"link_name":"Abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess_of_thymus"},{"link_name":"Hyperplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_hyperplasia"},{"link_name":"Hypoplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic_hypoplasia"},{"link_name":"DiGeorge syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Ectopic thymus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_thymus"},{"link_name":"Thymoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymoma"},{"link_name":"Thymic carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"Spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen#Clinical_significance"},{"link_name":"Asplenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asplenia"},{"link_name":"Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asplenia_with_cardiovascular_anomalies"},{"link_name":"Accessory spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_spleen"},{"link_name":"Polysplenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysplenia"},{"link_name":"Wandering spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_spleen"},{"link_name":"Splenomegaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly"},{"link_name":"Banti's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banti%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Splenic infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_infarction"},{"link_name":"Splenic tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_tumor"},{"link_name":"Lymph node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node"},{"link_name":"Lymphadenopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphadenopathy"},{"link_name":"Generalized lymphadenopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_lymphadenopathy"},{"link_name":"Castleman's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleman%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranodal_palisaded_myofibroblastoma"},{"link_name":"Kikuchi disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuchi_disease"},{"link_name":"Tonsils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsils"},{"link_name":"Template:Respiratory pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology"},{"link_name":"Lymphatic vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel"},{"link_name":"Lymphangitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangitis"},{"link_name":"Lymphangiectasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangiectasia"},{"link_name":"Lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Primary lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Congenital lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Lymphedema praecox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema_praecox"},{"link_name":"Lymphedema tarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema_tarda"},{"link_name":"Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema%E2%80%93distichiasis_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Milroy's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Secondary lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Bullous lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullous_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Factitial lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitial_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Postinflammatory lymphedema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postinflammatory_lymphedema"},{"link_name":"Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmastectomy_lymphangiosarcoma"},{"link_name":"Waldmann disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldmann_disease"}],"text":"Brice, Glen W.; Mansour, Sahar; Ostergaard, Pia; Connell, Fiona; Jeffery, Steve; Mortimer, Peter (1993). \"Milroy Disease\". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301417. Retrieved 15 March 2019.ClassificationDICD-11: BD93.0ICD-10: Q82.0ICD-9-CM: 757.0OMIM: 153100MeSH: D008209DiseasesDB: 8228External resourceseMedicine: med/1482GeneReviews: Milroy DiseasevteCongenital malformations and deformations of integument / skin diseaseGenodermatosisCongenital ichthyosis/erythrokeratodermiaAD\nIchthyosis vulgaris\nAR\nCongenital ichthyosiform erythroderma: Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis\nLamellar ichthyosis\nHarlequin-type ichthyosis\nNetherton syndrome\nCHIME syndrome\nSjögren–Larsson syndrome\nXR\nX-linked ichthyosis\nUngrouped\nIchthyosis bullosa of Siemens\nIchthyosis follicularis\nIchthyosis prematurity syndrome\nIchthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis syndrome\nNonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma\nIchthyosis linearis circumflexa\nIchthyosis hystrix\nEBand related\nEBS\nEBS-K\nEBS-WC\nEBS-DM\nEBS-OG\nEBS-MD\nEBS-MP\nJEB\nJEB-H\nMitis\nGeneralized atrophic\nJEB-PA\nDEB\nDDEB\nRDEB\nrelated: Costello syndrome\nKindler syndrome\nLaryngoonychocutaneous syndrome\nSkin fragility syndrome\nEctodermal dysplasia\nNaegeli syndrome/Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis\nHay–Wells syndrome\nHypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia\nFocal dermal hypoplasia\nEllis–van Creveld syndrome\nRapp–Hodgkin syndrome/Hay–Wells syndrome\nElastic/Connective\nEhlers–Danlos syndrome\nCutis laxa (Gerodermia osteodysplastica)\nPopliteal pterygium syndrome\nPseudoxanthoma elasticum\nVan der Woude syndrome\nHyperkeratosis/keratinopathyPPK\ndiffuse: Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma\nDiffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma\nPalmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert\nMeleda disease\nsyndromic\nconnexin\nBart–Pumphrey syndrome\nClouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia\nVohwinkel syndrome\nCorneodermatoosseous syndrome\nplakoglobin\nNaxos syndrome\nScleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez\nOlmsted syndrome\nCathepsin C\nPapillon–Lefèvre syndrome\nHaim–Munk syndrome\nCamisa disease\nfocal: Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis\nFocal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis\nHowel–Evans syndrome\nPachyonychia congenita\nPachyonychia congenita type I\nPachyonychia congenita type II\nStriate palmoplantar keratoderma\nTyrosinemia type II\npunctate: Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa\nFocal acral hyperkeratosis\nKeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris\nKeratosis punctata of the palmar creases\nSchöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome\nPorokeratosis plantaris discreta\nSpiny keratoderma\nungrouped: Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia\ndesmoplakin\nCarvajal syndrome\nconnexin\nErythrokeratodermia variabilis\nHID/KID\nOther\nMeleda disease\nKeratosis pilaris\nATP2A2\nDarier's disease\nDyskeratosis congenita\nLelis syndrome\nDyskeratosis congenita\nKeratolytic winter erythema\nKeratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans\nKeratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma syndrome\nKeratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei\nKeratosis pilaris\nOther\ncadherin\nEEM syndrome\nimmune system\nHereditary lymphedema\nMastocytosis/Urticaria pigmentosa\nHailey–Hailey\nsee also Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages, Template:Phakomatoses, Template:Pigmentation disorders, Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder\n\nDevelopmentalanomaliesMidline\nDermoid cyst\nEncephalocele\nNasal glioma\nPHACE association\nSinus pericranii\nNevus\nCapillary hemangioma\nPort-wine stain\nNevus flammeus nuchae\nOther/ungrouped\nAplasia cutis congenita\nAmniotic band syndrome\nBranchial cyst\nCavernous venous malformation\nAccessory nail of the fifth toe\nBronchogenic cyst\nCongenital cartilaginous rest of the neck\nCongenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux\nCongenital lip pit\nCongenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs\nCongenital preauricular fistula\nCongenital smooth muscle hamartoma\nCystic lymphatic malformation\nMedian raphe cyst\nMelanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy\nMongolian spot\nNasolacrimal duct cyst\nOmphalomesenteric duct cyst\nPoland anomaly\nRapidly involuting congenital hemangioma\nRosenthal–Kloepfer syndrome\nSkin dimple\nSuperficial lymphatic malformation\nThyroglossal duct cyst\nVerrucous vascular malformation\nBirthmarkvteLymphatic disease: organ and vessel diseasesThymus\nAbscess\nHyperplasia\nHypoplasia\nDiGeorge syndrome\nEctopic thymus\nThymoma\nThymic carcinoma\nSpleen\nAsplenia\nAsplenia with cardiovascular anomalies\nAccessory spleen\nPolysplenia\nWandering spleen\nSplenomegaly\nBanti's syndrome\nSplenic infarction\nSplenic tumor\nLymph node\nLymphadenopathy\nGeneralized lymphadenopathy\nCastleman's disease\nIntranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma\nKikuchi disease\nTonsils\nsee Template:Respiratory pathology\nLymphatic vessels\nLymphangitis\nLymphangiectasia\nLymphedema\nPrimary lymphedema\nCongenital lymphedema\nLymphedema praecox\nLymphedema tarda\nLymphedema–distichiasis syndrome\nMilroy's disease\nSecondary lymphedema\nBullous lymphedema\nFactitial lymphedema\nPostinflammatory lymphedema\nPostmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma\nWaldmann disease","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Ohio native Fanny Mills suffered from Milroy's disease. She appeared in dime museums in the 1880s. Audiences flocked to see her. As a result, Mills could sometimes earn as much as $4,000 a week.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fanny_Mills_Big_Foot_Girl.jpg/220px-Fanny_Mills_Big_Foot_Girl.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of cutaneous conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions"}]
[{"reference":"Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. OCLC 1058487222.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1","url_text":"978-1-4160-2999-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1058487222","url_text":"1058487222"}]},{"reference":"James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM, Andrews GC, Odom RB (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 849. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. OCLC 937244604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6","url_text":"978-0-7216-2921-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/937244604","url_text":"937244604"}]},{"reference":"Strayer DL, Rubin R (2007). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine (5th ed.). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9516-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9516-6","url_text":"978-0-7817-9516-6"}]},{"reference":"Milroy WF (1892). \"An undescribed variety of hereditary edema\". New York Medical Journal. 56: 505–8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Milroy Disease\". United States Library of Medicine. Retrieved 1 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/milroy-disease","url_text":"\"Milroy Disease\""}]},{"reference":"Fraga, Kaleena Fraga (September 8, 2021). \"The Tragic Life Of Fanny Mills, The Legendary 'Ohio Big Foot Girl' Of Sideshow Fame\". allthatsinteresting.com. Retrieved June 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://allthatsinteresting.com/fanny-mills","url_text":"\"The Tragic Life Of Fanny Mills, The Legendary 'Ohio Big Foot Girl' Of Sideshow Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Spiegel R, Ghalamkarpour A, Daniel-Spiegel E, Vikkula M, Shalev SA (2006). \"Wide clinical spectrum in a family with hereditary lymphedema type I due to a novel missense mutation in VEGFR3\". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (10): 846–50. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0031-3. PMID 16924388.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-006-0031-3","url_text":"\"Wide clinical spectrum in a family with hereditary lymphedema type I due to a novel missense mutation in VEGFR3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-006-0031-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10038-006-0031-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16924388","url_text":"16924388"}]},{"reference":"\"Hereditary Lymphedema\". Retrieved 1 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hereditary-lymphedema/","url_text":"\"Hereditary Lymphedema\""}]},{"reference":"Rockson SG (October 2010). \"Causes and consequences of lymphatic disease\". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1207 Suppl 1: E2-6. Bibcode:2010NYASA1207E...2R. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05804.x. PMID 20961302. S2CID 12747953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NYASA1207E...2R","url_text":"2010NYASA1207E...2R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2010.05804.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05804.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20961302","url_text":"20961302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12747953","url_text":"12747953"}]},{"reference":"Brice, Glen W.; Mansour, Sahar; Ostergaard, Pia; Connell, Fiona; Jeffery, Steve; Mortimer, Peter (1993). \"Milroy Disease\". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301417. Retrieved 15 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1239/","url_text":"\"Milroy Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301417","url_text":"20301417"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Butt
Hans-Jörg Butt
["1 Personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Hamburg/Leverkusen","2.2 Benfica","2.3 Bayern Munich","3 International career","4 Post-retirement","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 International","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"]
German footballer (born 1974) Hans-Jörg Butt Butt in 2016Personal informationFull name Hans-Jörg ButtDate of birth (1974-05-28) 28 May 1974 (age 50)Place of birth Oldenburg, West GermanyHeight 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperYouth career1980–1991 TSV Großenkneten1991–1994 VfB OldenburgSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1994–1997 VfB Oldenburg 87 (5)1997–2001 Hamburger SV 133 (19)2001–2007 Bayer Leverkusen 191 (7)2007–2008 Benfica 1 (0)2008–2012 Bayern Munich 63 (0)2009 Bayern Munich II 4 (1)Total 479 (32)International career2000–2010 Germany 4 (0) Medal record Representing  Germany Men's football FIFA World Cup Runner-up 2002 Korea–Japan 2010 South Africa *Club domestic league appearances and goals Hans-Jörg Butt (German pronunciation: ; born 28 May 1974), often simply called Jörg Butt, is a German former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Known for taking penalty kicks, and for often running into the opposing penalty box in an attempt to find a winner whenever his team were trailing, he scored 26 goals in the Bundesliga. He played for Hamburger SV, Bayer Leverkusen and Bayern Munich in his country, having arrived at Munich already aged 34. Butt represented Germany in two World Cups and at Euro 2000. Personal life Butt was born in Oldenburg and raised in nearby Großenkneten, where his father Jochen ran a company manufacturing loading ramps and industrial doors. As a youngster, he played for the junior teams of his local football club, TSV Großenkneten, as a striker. Butt is married to Katja. As of November 2010, the couple had three children – a daughter and two sons. Club career Hamburg/Leverkusen Butt started his professional career with modest Oldenburg, achieving promotion to the second division in 1996. He moved to Hamburg in the 1997 summer and, in his second season, scored seven goals for the team – all from the penalty spot – adding nine in similar fashion the following campaign. Butt joined Bayer Leverkusen on a free transfer in 2001, being the side's undisputed starter in the subsequent campaigns (he only missed one Bundesliga match in his first five seasons combined and added seven goals), and appeared in all the games (17) for a team that lost to Real Madrid in the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League final, scoring a penalty in a 3–1 home win against Juventus in the second group stage. In 2003–04, after scoring a penalty in an away match against Schalke 04 on 17 April 2004, Butt turned away from midfield and began to enthusiastically celebrate with his teammates. He did not notice the whistle for the restart of the game and continued to celebrate. Schalke player Mike Hanke took the opportunity to shoot from the halfway line and scored while Butt was still jogging back to his position. Benfica After losing Leverkusen's nets to the young René Adler during the 2006–07 season, Butt decided to cancel the contract that linked him to the club until 2009, activating a clause that allowed him to leave the club should he fail to appear in more than half of the games during the second half of the campaign. In July 2007, he signed a two-year deal with Portuguese club Benfica. Butt made his Eagles debut in the summer tournament of Torneio de Guadiana, held between Benfica, Sporting Clube de Portugal and Real Betis. In the competition, he saved a penalty against Betis, helping Benfica with the final win. At the Lisbon outfit, however, he played understudy to Portuguese international Quim, being used in the domestic cup matches. He only made one league appearance for Benfica, coming on as a substitute after Quim was sent off against C.S. Marítimo in October 2007 – in this match, he saved a penalty from Ariza Makukula with his first touch of the game, and his team eventually won 2–1. Bayern Munich Butt with Bayern in 2009 On 4 June 2008, Butt signed a two-year contract with reigning champions Bayern Munich and was expected to act as backup to Oliver Kahn's heir, highly rated young Michael Rensing. He made his official debut for the club in the Champions League round-of-16 second leg against Sporting Lisbon in a 7–1 home drubbing, on 10 March 2009. With Rensing dropped to the bench following a 5–1 loss at Wolfsburg, he also started the remaining games of the season, as the initial first-choice was also nursing a hand injury. After the team's poor start to the 2009–10 season with Rensing in goal, Butt was reinstated as the first-choice. On 8 December 2009, he scored his first goal for the club, a crucial penalty in the club's last Champions League group stage match at Juventus, coming from behind to a 4–1 victory – after this feat, he has managed to score a goal against Juventus in the Champions League for all three major German clubs he represented. On 30 January 2010, Butt missed out on the opportunity to score his first league goal for Bayern as his penalty was saved by 1. FSV Mainz 05's Heinz Müller, but it proved to be of no detriment to the club as it won 3–0. On 16 February, he was rewarded for an outstanding season with a contract extension until 2011. He was also in goal for the Champions League final, where his team was denied an historic treble after losing 0–2 to Inter Milan. Midway through the 2010–11 season, 36-year-old Butt lost his starting place to another club youth graduate, Thomas Kraft. However, a series of unconvincing displays by the youngster, including a 2–3 home loss against Inter Milan in the Champions League Round of 16 on 15 March 2011, and a 1–1 away draw with 1. FC Nürnberg on 9 April, paved the way for the veteran to return to the starting line-up, which happened on 17 April, in a 5–1 home victory over former club Bayer Leverkusen, and he still appeared in 30 official games during the campaign (23 in the league), as his team finished in third position. On 3 May 2011, Butt signed a one-year extension to his contract with Bayern, backing up newly signed Manuel Neuer. He retired at the end of the season at the age of 38, after a friendly with the Netherlands on 22 May 2012 in which he acted as captain. International career Butt with Germany at the 2010 World Cup Butt was Germany's third-choice goalkeeper, behind Oliver Kahn and Jens Lehmann, at both the UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup, remaining an unused substitute in both tournaments. He won three international caps for Germany in friendly matches, his debut coming against Liechtenstein on 7 June 2000, where he appeared for the second half of an 8–2 routing. Butt, Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese were chosen as Germany's goalkeepers for the 2010 World Cup, with Butt taking the place of former Leverkusen teammate René Adler, who had to withdraw due to a rib injury. He made his only competitive international appearance on 10 July, appearing in the 3–2 win against Uruguay in the tournament's third-place playoff. Post-retirement Butt was appointed head of the Bayern Munich Junior Team on 1 July 2012. He left the position on 7 August, stating "I misjudged this field of activity, for which I've had responsibility for a few weeks now. I approached my new appointment with great enthusiasm, but I have realised that the task does not offer the satisfaction and passion I wanted. This is the reason for my decision. I would like to thank FC Bayern for their understanding." Career statistics Club Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Cup Europe Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Hamburger SV 1997–98 Bundesliga 33 0 2 0 0 0 35 0 1998–99 Bundesliga 34 7 3 0 0 0 37 7 1999–00 Bundesliga 34 9 1 0 0 0 35 9 2000–01 Bundesliga 32 3 2 0 6 1 40 4 Total 133 19 8 0 6 1 147 20 Bayer Leverkusen 2001–02 Bundesliga 34 2 6 0 17 1 57 3 2002–03 Bundesliga 33 1 4 0 10 0 47 1 2003–04 Bundesliga 34 1 3 0 0 0 37 1 2004–05 Bundesliga 34 2 2 0 8 0 44 2 2005–06 Bundesliga 34 1 2 0 2 0 38 1 2006–07 Bundesliga 22 0 2 0 8 0 32 0 Total 191 7 19 0 45 1 255 8 Benfica 2007–08 Primeira Liga 1 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 Bayern Munich 2008–09 Bundesliga 8 0 0 0 3 0 11 0 2009–10 Bundesliga 31 0 3 0 12 1 46 1 2010–11 Bundesliga 23 0 2 0 4 0 29 0 2011–12 Bundesliga 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 Total 63 0 6 0 20 1 89 1 Career total 388 26 37 0 71 3 496 29 International Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Germany 2000 1 0 2001 0 0 2002 1 0 2003 1 0 2004 0 0 2005 0 0 2006 0 0 2007 0 0 2008 0 0 2009 0 0 2010 1 0 Total 4 0 Honours VfB Oldenburg Regionalliga Nord: 1995–96 Bayer Leverkusen UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02 DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02 Bayern Munich Bundesliga: 2009–10 DFB-Pokal: 2009–10 DFL-Supercup: 2010 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2009–10, 2011–12 Germany FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002, third place 2010 Individual kicker Goalkeeper of the Year : 2009–10 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1999–2000, 2009–10 References ^ "FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of Players: Germany" (PDF). FIFA. 12 June 2010. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2019. ^ "Rogerio Ceni: Sao Paulo keeper into club record books". BBC. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016. ^ "Hans-Joerg Butt". BBC Sport. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ^ "Jörg Butt" (in German). Fussballdaten. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ a b "Jörg Butt". FC Bayern Munich. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. ^ Glauche, Peter (5 February 2000). "Hans Jörg Butt – Die nüchterne Besessenheit zwischen den Torpfosten" . Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2012. ^ a b Kramer, Jörg (21 August 2000). "Vater des Sieges" . Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2012. ^ Arnhold, Matthias (16 August 2018). "Hans-Jörg Butt - Matches and Goals in Bundesliga". RSSSF. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ "2 Goals in a 30 Seconds Amazing". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ "Schalke verliert weiter an Boden" (in German). Kicker. 17 April 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2010. ^ "Butt logs off at Leverkusen". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2008. ^ "Butt begins Benfica career". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 17 July 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007. ^ "Butt returns to Germany with Bayern". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 4 June 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "Three out of three for Butt against Juve". FC Bayern Munich. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009. ^ "'I think some very good times lie ahead'". FC Bayern Munich. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010. ^ "'Another year for Butt, Kraft on the move'". FC Bayern Munich. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011. ^ "Eight FCB men in Löw's provisional squad". FC Bayern Munich. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010. ^ Arnhold, Matthias (16 August 2018). "Hans-Jörg Butt - International Appearances". RSSSF. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ "Club bids official farewell to Butt & Co". FC Bayern Munich. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012. ^ "Butt to leave FCB youth development post". FC Bayern Munich. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012. ^ "Butt, Jörg" (in German). Kicker. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ^ "Butt, Hans-Jörg". National-Football-Teams. Retrieved 13 January 2018. ^ "Lahm zieht an Robben vorbei" (in German). kicker.de. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ "Bundesliga Historie 1999/2000" (in German). kicker. ^ "Bundesliga Historie 2009/10" (in German). kicker. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hans Jörg Butt. Hans-Jörg Butt at WorldFootball.net Hans-Jörg Butt at fussballdaten.de (in German) Hans-Jörg Butt at National-Football-Teams.com Leverkusen-who's who (in German) Germany squads vteGermany squad – UEFA Euro 2000 1 Kahn 2 Babbel 3 Rehmer 4 Linke 5 Bode 6 Nowotny 7 Scholl 8 Häßler 9 Kirsten 10 Matthäus 11 Rink 12 Lehmann 13 Ballack 14 Hamann 15 Wosz 16 Jeremies 17 Ziege 18 Deisler 19 Jancker 20 Bierhoff (c) 21 Ramelow 22 Butt Coach: Ribbeck vteGermany squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup runners-up 1 Kahn (c) 2 Linke 3 Rehmer 4 Baumann 5 Ramelow 6 Ziege 7 Neuville 8 Hamann 9 Jancker 10 Ricken 11 Klose 12 Lehmann 13 Ballack 14 Asamoah 15 Kehl 16 Jeremies 17 Bode 18 Böhme 19 Schneider 20 Bierhoff 21 Metzelder 22 Frings 23 Butt Coach: Völler vteGermany squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Neuer 2 Jansen 3 Friedrich 4 Aogo 5 Tasci 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Kießling 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Wiese 13 Müller 14 Badstuber 15 Trochowski 16 Lahm (c) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Cacau 20 Boateng 21 Marin 22 Butt 23 Gómez Coach: Löw Awards vte1999–2000 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season GK: Butt DF: Seifert DF: Hoogma DF: Nowotny MF: Beinlich MF: Zé Roberto MF: Effenberg MF: Cardoso MF: Emerson FW: Rink FW: Max vte2009–10 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season GK: Butt DF: Naldo DF: Hyypiä DF: Hummels DF: Dante MF: Marin MF: Kroos MF: Robben FW: Kurányi FW: Kießling FW: Džeko
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As of November 2010, the couple had three children – a daughter and two sons.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"his second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"penalty spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"the following campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bayer Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"free transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"2001–02 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"Mike Hanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hanke"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Hamburg/Leverkusen","text":"Butt started his professional career with modest Oldenburg, achieving promotion to the second division in 1996.[8] He moved to Hamburg in the 1997 summer and, in his second season, scored seven goals for the team – all from the penalty spot – adding nine in similar fashion the following campaign.Butt joined Bayer Leverkusen on a free transfer in 2001, being the side's undisputed starter in the subsequent campaigns (he only missed one Bundesliga match in his first five seasons combined and added seven goals), and appeared in all the games (17) for a team that lost to Real Madrid in the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League final, scoring a penalty in a 3–1 home win against Juventus in the second group stage.In 2003–04, after scoring a penalty in an away match against Schalke 04 on 17 April 2004, Butt turned away from midfield and began to enthusiastically celebrate with his teammates. He did not notice the whistle for the restart of the game and continued to celebrate. Schalke player Mike Hanke took the opportunity to shoot from the halfway line and scored while Butt was still jogging back to his position.[9][10]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"René Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Adler"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Torneio de Guadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiana_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Sporting Clube de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Real Betis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Betis"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Portuguese international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Quim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quim_(footballer,_born_1975)"},{"link_name":"domestic cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"sent off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_(sports)"},{"link_name":"C.S. Marítimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Mar%C3%ADtimo"},{"link_name":"Ariza Makukula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariza_Makukula"}],"sub_title":"Benfica","text":"After losing Leverkusen's nets to the young René Adler during the 2006–07 season, Butt decided to cancel the contract that linked him to the club until 2009, activating a clause that allowed him to leave the club should he fail to appear in more than half of the games during the second half of the campaign.[11] In July 2007, he signed a two-year deal with Portuguese club Benfica.[12]Butt made his Eagles debut in the summer tournament of Torneio de Guadiana, held between Benfica, Sporting Clube de Portugal and Real Betis. In the competition, he saved a penalty against Betis, helping Benfica with the final win. At the Lisbon outfit, however, he played understudy to Portuguese international Quim, being used in the domestic cup matches. He only made one league appearance for Benfica, coming on as a substitute after Quim was sent off against C.S. Marítimo in October 2007 – in this match, he saved a penalty from Ariza Makukula with his first touch of the game, and his team eventually won 2–1.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_J%C3%B6rg_Butt_3279215575_a6913d6d1d_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"reigning champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Michael Rensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rensing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Champions League round-of-16 second leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Sporting Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Champions League group stage match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1. FSV Mainz 05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05"},{"link_name":"Heinz Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_M%C3%BCller_(goalkeeper)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Champions League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"treble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Inter Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kraft"},{"link_name":"Champions League Round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"1. FC Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Manuel Neuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Neuer"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"}],"sub_title":"Bayern Munich","text":"Butt with Bayern in 2009On 4 June 2008, Butt signed a two-year contract with reigning champions Bayern Munich and was expected to act as backup to Oliver Kahn's heir, highly rated young Michael Rensing.[13] He made his official debut for the club in the Champions League round-of-16 second leg against Sporting Lisbon in a 7–1 home drubbing, on 10 March 2009. With Rensing dropped to the bench following a 5–1 loss at Wolfsburg, he also started the remaining games of the season, as the initial first-choice was also nursing a hand injury.After the team's poor start to the 2009–10 season with Rensing in goal, Butt was reinstated as the first-choice. On 8 December 2009, he scored his first goal for the club, a crucial penalty in the club's last Champions League group stage match at Juventus, coming from behind to a 4–1 victory – after this feat, he has managed to score a goal against Juventus in the Champions League for all three major German clubs he represented.[14]On 30 January 2010, Butt missed out on the opportunity to score his first league goal for Bayern as his penalty was saved by 1. FSV Mainz 05's Heinz Müller, but it proved to be of no detriment to the club as it won 3–0. On 16 February, he was rewarded for an outstanding season with a contract extension until 2011.[15] He was also in goal for the Champions League final, where his team was denied an historic treble after losing 0–2 to Inter Milan.Midway through the 2010–11 season, 36-year-old Butt lost his starting place to another club youth graduate, Thomas Kraft. However, a series of unconvincing displays by the youngster, including a 2–3 home loss against Inter Milan in the Champions League Round of 16 on 15 March 2011, and a 1–1 away draw with 1. FC Nürnberg on 9 April, paved the way for the veteran to return to the starting line-up, which happened on 17 April, in a 5–1 home victory over former club Bayer Leverkusen, and he still appeared in 30 official games during the campaign (23 in the league), as his team finished in third position.On 3 May 2011, Butt signed a one-year extension to his contract with Bayern,[16] backing up newly signed Manuel Neuer. He retired at the end of the season at the age of 38, after a friendly with the Netherlands on 22 May 2012 in which he acted as captain.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Butt_2010_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Jens Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"2002 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Manuel Neuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Neuer"},{"link_name":"Tim Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wiese"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"René Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Adler"},{"link_name":"rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"3–2 win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage#Third_place_play-off"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Butt with Germany at the 2010 World CupButt was Germany's third-choice goalkeeper, behind Oliver Kahn and Jens Lehmann, at both the UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup, remaining an unused substitute in both tournaments.He won three international caps for Germany in friendly matches, his debut coming against Liechtenstein on 7 June 2000, where he appeared for the second half of an 8–2 routing.Butt, Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese were chosen as Germany's goalkeepers for the 2010 World Cup, with Butt taking the place of former Leverkusen teammate René Adler, who had to withdraw due to a rib injury.[17] He made his only competitive international appearance on 10 July, appearing in the 3–2 win against Uruguay in the tournament's third-place playoff.[18]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayern Munich Junior Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Munich_Junior_Team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Butt was appointed head of the Bayern Munich Junior Team on 1 July 2012.[19] He left the position on 7 August, stating \"I misjudged this field of activity, for which I've had responsibility for a few weeks now. I approached my new appointment with great enthusiasm, but I have realised that the task does not offer the satisfaction and passion I wanted. This is the reason for my decision. I would like to thank FC Bayern for their understanding.\"[20]","title":"Post-retirement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"DFL-Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFL-Supercup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_DFL-Supercup"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"kicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Goalkeeper of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kicker_of_the_Year&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_des_Jahres"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"VfB OldenburgRegionalliga Nord: 1995–96Bayer LeverkusenUEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02\nDFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02Bayern MunichBundesliga: 2009–10\nDFB-Pokal: 2009–10\nDFL-Supercup: 2010\nUEFA Champions League runner-up: 2009–10, 2011–12GermanyFIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002, third place 2010Individualkicker Goalkeeper of the Year [de]: 2009–10[23]\nkicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1999–2000,[24] 2009–10[25]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Butt with Bayern in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hans_J%C3%B6rg_Butt_3279215575_a6913d6d1d_o.jpg/240px-Hans_J%C3%B6rg_Butt_3279215575_a6913d6d1d_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Butt with Germany at the 2010 World Cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Hans-J%C3%B6rg_Butt_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of Players: Germany\" (PDF). FIFA. 12 June 2010. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018131759/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2010/PDF_BackUp_2010_06_13/FWC_2010_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of Players: Germany\""},{"url":"https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2010/PDF_BackUp_2010_06_13/FWC_2010_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rogerio Ceni: Sao Paulo keeper into club record books\". BBC. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/33006305","url_text":"\"Rogerio Ceni: Sao Paulo keeper into club record books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hans-Joerg Butt\". BBC Sport. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team_pages/germany/squad/newsid_1952000/1952434.stm","url_text":"\"Hans-Joerg Butt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jörg Butt\" (in German). Fussballdaten. Retrieved 22 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/butthansjoerg/","url_text":"\"Jörg Butt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jörg Butt\". FC Bayern Munich. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101107073709/http://www.fcbayern.telekom.de/en/teams/profis/00392.php","url_text":"\"Jörg Butt\""},{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.t-com.de/en/teams/profis/00392.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glauche, Peter (5 February 2000). \"Hans Jörg Butt – Die nüchterne Besessenheit zwischen den Torpfosten\" [Hans Joerg Butt – The sober obsession between the goal posts]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article500868/Hans-Joerg-Butt-Die-nuechterne-Besessenheit-zwischen-den-Torpfosten.html","url_text":"\"Hans Jörg Butt – Die nüchterne Besessenheit zwischen den Torpfosten\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Jörg (21 August 2000). \"Vater des Sieges\" [Father of victory]. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-17166974.html","url_text":"\"Vater des Sieges\""}]},{"reference":"Arnhold, Matthias (16 August 2018). \"Hans-Jörg Butt - Matches and Goals in Bundesliga\". RSSSF. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/hjbuttdata.html","url_text":"\"Hans-Jörg Butt - Matches and Goals in Bundesliga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Goals in a 30 Seconds Amazing\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R96j711uSIM","url_text":"\"2 Goals in a 30 Seconds Amazing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/R96j711uSIM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schalke verliert weiter an Boden\" [Schalke falls further to the ground] (in German). Kicker. 17 April 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/spieltag/1-bundesliga/2003-04/29/635319/spielanalyse_fc-schalke-04-2_bayer-leverkusen-9.html","url_text":"\"Schalke verliert weiter an Boden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(sports_magazine)","url_text":"Kicker"}]},{"reference":"\"Butt logs off at Leverkusen\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=533325.html","url_text":"\"Butt logs off at Leverkusen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Butt begins Benfica career\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 17 July 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=561825.html","url_text":"\"Butt begins Benfica career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Butt returns to Germany with Bayern\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 4 June 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=705469.html","url_text":"\"Butt returns to Germany with Bayern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three out of three for Butt against Juve\". FC Bayern Munich. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2009/12/three-out-of-three-for-butt-against-juve","url_text":"\"Three out of three for Butt against Juve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich","url_text":"FC Bayern Munich"}]},{"reference":"\"'I think some very good times lie ahead'\". FC Bayern Munich. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.t-com.de/en/news/news/2010/22360.php?fcb_sid=70fd1cf02774ef70af28d94f90f34cd4","url_text":"\"'I think some very good times lie ahead'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Another year for Butt, Kraft on the move'\". FC Bayern Munich. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.t-com.de/en/news/news/2011/29324.php?fcb_sid=b74b8801d7a49813d519c0d4a7ad2125","url_text":"\"'Another year for Butt, Kraft on the move'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eight FCB men in Löw's provisional squad\". FC Bayern Munich. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.t-com.de/en/news/news/2010/23348.php?fcb_sid=915507b3a641f7e61bb625c6e1eaafc9","url_text":"\"Eight FCB men in Löw's provisional squad\""}]},{"reference":"Arnhold, Matthias (16 August 2018). \"Hans-Jörg Butt - International Appearances\". RSSSF. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/hjbutt-intl.html","url_text":"\"Hans-Jörg Butt - International Appearances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Club bids official farewell to Butt & Co\". FC Bayern Munich. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.telekom.de/en/news/news/2012/35205.php","url_text":"\"Club bids official farewell to Butt & Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Butt to leave FCB youth development post\". FC Bayern Munich. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcbayern.telekom.de/en/news/news/2012/36265.php","url_text":"\"Butt to leave FCB youth development post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Butt, Jörg\" (in German). Kicker. Retrieved 19 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2009-10/bayern-muenchen-14/1344/spieler_joerg-butt.html","url_text":"\"Butt, Jörg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Butt, Hans-Jörg\". National-Football-Teams. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2577/Hans_Joerg_Butt.html","url_text":"\"Butt, Hans-Jörg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lahm zieht an Robben vorbei\" (in German). kicker.de. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/lahm-zieht-an-robben-vorbei-526093/artikel","url_text":"\"Lahm zieht an Robben vorbei\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesliga Historie 1999/2000\" (in German). kicker.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/bl50/199900/startseite.html","url_text":"\"Bundesliga Historie 1999/2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesliga Historie 2009/10\" (in German). kicker.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/bl50/200910/startseite.html","url_text":"\"Bundesliga Historie 2009/10\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozells
Lozells
["1 Churches","2 Education","3 People","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°30′05″N 1°54′35″W / 52.501515°N 1.909819°W / 52.501515; -1.909819Inner-city area in West Birmingham, England Doorway of The Royal Oak, carving by William Bloye. Lozells is a loosely defined inner-city area in West Birmingham, England. It is centred on Lozells Road, and is known for its multi-racial population. It is part of the ward of Lozells and East Handsworth and lies between the districts of Handsworth and Aston. Lozells has a high population density compared to East Handsworth. It is a very ethnically diverse area with a high population of people of Afro-Caribbean, Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin. Housing in Lozells consists mainly of terraced houses, which were constructed during the Industrial Revolution when the area became industrialised and the workers required housing. The housing is a mix of private and council housing, with some newer post-war tower-blocks and estates. Lozells Road was the scene of rioting from 9–11 September 1985, with shops, houses and vehicles being burnt, and looting also taking place. Racial tension, high unemployment and hostility towards the police were seen as major factors of the rioting. Further riots on the night of the 22 October 2005 left two men dead and a police officer shot and wounded. These riots were started by an unsubstantiated rumour, broadcast on a pirate radio station, of a girl being raped. Four men were later jailed for their part in the riots. The former Royal Oak pub on Lozells Road, now a shop, has a doorway with a carving of a 'royal oak' by the sculptor William Bloye. Churches Local churches include: St Francis of Assisi St Paul's St Silas' UCKG HelpCentre Education Schools in the area include Lozells Primary School, Holte School and Mayfield Special School. It also includes Anglesey Primary School and Heathfield Primary School. People Albert Ketèlbey (1875-1959) – composer, conductor, and pianist, born at 41 Alma Street Zarah Sultana MP – Won the Coventry South constituency for Labour in the 2019 United Kingdom general election. References ^ Live, Birmingham (14 July 2011). "From the Archives: Police parking ticket sowed seeds for riots". birminghammail. Retrieved 3 August 2019. ^ "Birmingham Live - Birmingham news, features, information and sport". www.birminghammail.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2019. ^ Morley, Christopher (11 June 2001). "Birmingham's Unknown Musical Genius". Birmingham Post. Retrieved 17 December 2015. External links Media related to Lozells at Wikimedia Commons Life in Lozells Handsworth & Lozells Community Dialogue BBC - '80 crimes' in night of violence (23 October 2005) BBC - Man killed in Birmingham clashes (23 October 2005) vte Areas of BirminghamSuburbs Acocks Green Alum Rock Ashted Aston Austin Village Balsall Heath Bartley Green Beech Lanes Billesley Birches Green Birchfield Bickenhill Birmingham City Centre Bordesley Bordesley Green Bordesley Green East Bournbrook Bournville Brandwood End Bromford Buckland End California Camp Hill Castle Vale Chad Valley Cofton Common Colehall Cotteridge Deritend Digbeth Druids Heath Duddeston Edgbaston Erdington Falcon Lodge Fox Hollies Garretts Green Gilbertstone Glebe Farm Gosta Green Gravelly Hill Great Barr Greet Hall Green Hamstead Handsworth Handsworth Wood Harborne Hawkesley Hay Mills Hazelwell Highgate Highter's Heath Hockley Hodge Hill Jewellery Quarter Kings Heath Kings Norton Kingstanding Kitts Green Ladywood Lea Hall Little Bromwich Longbridge Lozells Lyndon Green Minworth Moor Pool Moseley Nechells New Frankley New Oscott Northfield Oscott Perry Barr Pype Hayes Quinton Rednal Rotton Park Roughley Rubery Saltley Selly Oak Selly Park Shard End Sheldon Small Heath Smithfield South Yardley Sparkbrook Sparkhill Stechford Stirchley Stockfield Summerfield Sutton Coldfield Tile Cross Turves Green Tyburn Tyseley Walker's Heath Walmley Ward End Warstock Washwood Heath Weoley Castle West Heath Winson Green Witton Woodgate Yardley Yardley Fields Yardley Wood Wards Constituencies Governance 52°30′05″N 1°54′35″W / 52.501515°N 1.909819°W / 52.501515; -1.909819 This West Midlands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_deco_carving_by_William_Bloye_(doorway_to_the_Royal_Oak_Public_House,_Lozells,_Birmingham,_England).jpg"},{"link_name":"William Bloye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bloye"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Lozells and East Handsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozells_and_East_Handsworth"},{"link_name":"Handsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_people"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"post-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war"},{"link_name":"rioting from 9–11 September 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Further riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Birmingham_riots"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Bloye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bloye"}],"text":"Inner-city area in West Birmingham, EnglandDoorway of The Royal Oak, carving by William Bloye.Lozells is a loosely defined inner-city area in West Birmingham, England. It is centred on Lozells Road, and is known for its multi-racial population. It is part of the ward of Lozells and East Handsworth and lies between the districts of Handsworth and Aston.Lozells has a high population density compared to East Handsworth. It is a very ethnically diverse area with a high population of people of Afro-Caribbean, Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin. Housing in Lozells consists mainly of terraced houses, which were constructed during the Industrial Revolution when the area became industrialised and the workers required housing. The housing is a mix of private and council housing, with some newer post-war tower-blocks and estates.Lozells Road was the scene of rioting from 9–11 September 1985, with shops, houses and vehicles being burnt, and looting also taking place. Racial tension, high unemployment and hostility towards the police were seen as major factors of the rioting.[1] Further riots on the night of the 22 October 2005 left two men dead and a police officer shot and wounded. These riots were started by an unsubstantiated rumour, broadcast on a pirate radio station, of a girl being raped. Four men were later jailed for their part in the riots.[2]The former Royal Oak pub on Lozells Road, now a shop, has a doorway with a carving of a 'royal oak' by the sculptor William Bloye.","title":"Lozells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_of_Assisi_Church,_Handsworth"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Lozells"},{"link_name":"St Silas'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Silas%E2%80%99_Church,_Lozells"},{"link_name":"UCKG HelpCentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God_HelpCentre&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Local churches include:St Francis of Assisi\nSt Paul's\nSt Silas'\nUCKG HelpCentre","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holte School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holte_School"}],"text":"Schools in the area include Lozells Primary School, Holte School and Mayfield Special School. It also includes Anglesey Primary School and Heathfield Primary School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Ketèlbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ket%C3%A8lbey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUMG-3"},{"link_name":"Zarah Sultana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarah_Sultana"},{"link_name":"Coventry South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_South"},{"link_name":"2019 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Albert Ketèlbey (1875-1959) – composer, conductor, and pianist, born at 41 Alma Street[3]\nZarah Sultana MP – Won the Coventry South constituency for Labour in the 2019 United Kingdom general election.","title":"People"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Geology and paleontology","4 Climate","5 Biology","5.1 Flora","5.2 Fauna","6 Activities","7 See also","8 Notes and references","8.1 Notes","8.2 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°33′21″N 119°38′43″W / 44.55583°N 119.64528°W / 44.55583; -119.64528 National monument in Oregon, United States John Day Fossil Beds National MonumentIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)Sheep Rock near sunsetLocation of the units of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in Oregon: Sheep Rock; Painted Hills; Clarno. Inset: Oregon in the United StatesLocationOregon, United StatesCoordinates44°33′21″N 119°38′43″W / 44.55583°N 119.64528°W / 44.55583; -119.64528Area14,062 acres (56.91 km2)Elevation2,244 ft (684 m)EstablishedOctober 8, 1975Named forthe John Day River, which was named for early 19th-century fur trader John DayVisitors88,571 in 2020Governing bodyNational Park ServiceWebsitenps.gov/joda U.S. National Natural LandmarkDesignated1966 John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno. The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District. Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted, fished, and gathered roots and berries in the region. After road-building made the valley more accessible, settlers established farms, ranches, and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864, when Thomas Condon, a missionary and amateur geologist, recognized their importance and made them known globally. Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975. Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations. Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds. Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons, coyotes, and voles frequent these units, which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles, fish, butterflies, and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi-desert terrain. Geography The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno—in the John Day River basin of east-central Oregon. Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant, the park units are characterized by hills, deep ravines, and eroded fossil-bearing rock formations. To the west lies the Cascade Range, to the south the Ochoco Mountains, and to the east the Blue Mountains. Elevations within the 13,944-acre (5,643 ha) park range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet (610 to 1,370 m). Clarno Unit map The Clarno Unit, the westernmost of the three units, consists of 1,969 acres (797 ha) located 18 miles (29 km) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218. The Painted Hills Unit, which lies about halfway between the other two, covers 3,132 acres (1,267 ha). It is situated about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road, which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell. These two units are entirely within Wheeler County. The remaining 8,843 acres (3,579 ha) of the park, the Sheep Rock Unit, are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly. This unit is mostly in Grant County; a small part extends into Wheeler County. The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook, Picture Gorge, the James Cant Ranch Historic District, Cathedral Rock, Blue Basin, and the Foree Area. Some of these are separated from one another by farms, ranches, and other parcels of land that are not part of the park. Painted Hills Unit map The park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway. The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km). The John Day River, a tributary of the Columbia River, flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument. It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly, where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem. Downstream of Kimberly, the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham, and generally north thereafter. Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge. Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell, then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham. Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek, which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno. History Palisades at the Clarno Unit of the monument Early inhabitants of north-central Oregon included Sahaptin-speaking people of the Umatilla, Wasco, and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes, speakers of a Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language. All were hunter-gatherers competing for resources such as elk, huckleberries, and salmon. Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest, including rock shelters and cairns, in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs, consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit. The art is of undetermined origin and age but is "centuries old". Blue Basin The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831. In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state. After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon. Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams. Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley. By the late 1860s, the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road, which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock. Clashes between natives and non-natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro-Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations, including three in north-central Oregon: Warm Springs, Burns Paiute, and Umatilla. Thomas Condon In 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region, south of the John Day basin. One of their leaders, Captain John M. Drake, collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon, a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles. Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils, Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region. He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865. Condon's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences. One of them, paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871. Condon's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds. Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide, and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds. During the first half of the 20th century, scientists such as John C. Merriam, Ralph Chaney, Frank H. Knowlton, and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds, including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890. Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders. The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877. In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area. His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts. In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family. and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha). The Cant Ranch House in 2011 Merriam, a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900, encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area. In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge, the Painted Hills, and Clarno that later became part of the national monument. In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock, a field school for young students of geology, paleontology, and other sciences, on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit. In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument, and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization. After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government, the monument was officially established on October 8, 1975. The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984. After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units. In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005. Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory. In March 2011, the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit. Both transmit continuous real-time images; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features. In June 2011, work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon-neutral. Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger's electric vehicle, on loan from its manufacturer for a year. The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon-neutral. Geology and paleontology Timeline showing the major rock strata and fossil groups (assemblages) in the park in the order they were deposited, from bottom (oldest) to top (youngest) as they appear in nature. "Ma" stands for megaannus, "million years ago". The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago. Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border. By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west. Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows (lahars) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province. Containing fragments of shale, siltstone, conglomerates, and breccias, the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit. Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts, fruits, roots, branches, and seeds. The Clarno Formation also contains bones, palm leaves longer than 24 inches (61 cm), avocado trees, and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century. Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts, scavengers like the hyaenodonts, as well as Patriofelis and other predators. Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes, once the size of Mount Hood, are still visible near the monument, for example Black Butte, White Butte, and other buttes near Mitchell. After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range. The John Day volcanoes, as they are called, emitted large volumes of ash and dust, much of which settled in the John Day basin. As with the earlier Clarno debris flows, the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region. Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene (about 20 million years ago), the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color. Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata, the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers. The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit. The layer above it is mainly pea-green clay. On top of the pea-green layer are buff-colored layers. Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals, including dogs, cats, oreodonts, saber-toothed tigers, horses, camels, and rodents. The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils, as well as turtles, opossums, and large pigs. More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata, such as hydrangea, peas, hawthorn, and mulberry, as well as pines and many deciduous trees. One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia (dawn redwood), a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century. After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata. Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt. Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period. The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago. The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite. The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time. Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America. The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center. Fossil preparation in the laboratory at the Condon Center The monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years. Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene. In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution. Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites. They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned. The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research. In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center. Climate Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year. In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow. Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C). January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C). The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983. May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm). Climate data for Mitchell, Oregon Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 42(6) 47(8) 54(12) 60(16) 69(21) 77(25) 86(30) 86(30) 77(25) 65(18) 49(9) 42(6) 63(17) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 24(−4) 27(−3) 31(−1) 34(1) 40(4) 47(8) 52(11) 52(11) 44(7) 36(2) 30(−1) 25(−4) 37(3) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.87(22) 0.65(17) 1.00(25) 1.22(31) 1.65(42) 1.13(29) 0.61(15) 0.65(17) 0.67(17) 0.80(20) 1.12(28) 0.99(25) 11.36(288) Source: The Weather Channel Biology Flora Applegate's Indian paintbrush More than 80 soil types support a wide variety of flora within the monument. These soils stem from past and present geologic activity as well as ongoing additions of organic matter from life forms on or near the surface. Adapted to particular soil types and surface conditions, these plant communities range from riparian vegetation near the river to greasewood and saltgrass on the alluvial fans to plants such as hedgehog cactus in rocky outcrops at high elevation. Important to many of these communities is a black cryptobiotic crust that resists erosion, stores water, and fixes nitrogen used by the plants. The crust is composed of algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria. Other areas of the monument have little or no flora. Volcanic tuffs and claystones that lack essential nutrients support few microorganisms and plants. Likewise, hard rock surfaces and steep slopes from which soils wash or blow away tend to remain bare. Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from medusahead rye, Dalmatian toadflax, cheatgrass, and other invasive species. Bunchgrasses in the park include basin wildrye, Idaho fescue, Thurber's needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail, among others. Native grasses that form sod in parts of the monument include Sandberg's bluegrass and other bluegrass species. Reed canary grass, if mowed, also forms sod along stream banks. Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes. The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire. Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include pincushions, golden bee plant, dwarf purple monkey flower, and sagebrush mariposa lily at the Painted Hills Unit. Munro's globemallow, lupines, yellow fritillary, hedgehog cactus, and Applegate's Indian paintbrush are commonly seen at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units. Fauna The common nighthawk is one of more than 50 species of birds seen in the monument. Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds. Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations. Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010. Many habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards. Southern alligator and western fence lizards are common; others that live here include short-horned and common side-blotched lizards and western skinks. Garter and gopher snakes and western yellow-bellied racers frequent floodplains and canyon bottoms. Rattlesnakes, though venomous, are shy and usually flee before being seen. The springs and seeps in the park contain isolated populations of western toads, American spadefoot toads, Pacific tree frogs, and long-toed salamanders. The great spangled fritillary is one of 55 species of butterfly recorded in the park. A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the common sootywing, orange sulphur, great spangled fritillary, and monarch. The monument's other insects have not been completely inventoried. The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede migratory fish travel to some degree. Chinook salmon and steelhead pass through the monument on their way to and from upstream spawning beds and the Pacific Ocean. Species observed at the Sheep Rock Unit also include those able to tolerate warm summer river temperatures: bridgelip suckers, northern pikeminnow, redside shiners, and smallmouth bass. From October through June, when the water is cooler, Columbia River redband trout and sculpin are among species that move downriver through the park. The Park Service has removed or replaced irrigation diversions along the river or Rock Creek that formerly impeded fish movement, and it is restoring riparian vegetation such as black cottonwood trees that shade the water in summer and provide habitat for aquatic insects. Activities Map of the Sheep Rock Unit Entrance to the park and its visitor center, museums, and exhibits is free, and trails, overlooks, and picnic sites at all three units are open during daylight hours year-round. No food, lodging, or fuel is available in the park, and camping is not allowed. Hours of operation for the Cant Ranch and its cultural museum vary seasonally. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center is open every day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m except for federal holidays during the winter season from Veterans Day in November through Presidents' Day in February. Its amenities include a fossil museum, theater, education classroom, bookstore, restrooms, and drinking fountains. There is no cell phone or pay telephone service in the monument. Water taps at picnic areas are shut down in the colder months. The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin. Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit. At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades. Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair. Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils. Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument. For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use. Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument. Digging, disturbing, or collecting any of the park's natural resources, including fossils, is prohibited. Fossil theft is an ongoing problem. No mountain biking is allowed on monument land, although the Malheur National Forest east of Dayville has biking trails. Fishing is legal from monument lands along the John Day River for anyone with an Oregon fishing license. Rafting on the John Day River is seasonally popular, although the favored runs begin at or downstream of Service Creek and do not pass through the monument. Risks to monument visitors include extremely hot summer temperatures and icy winter roads, two species of venomous rattlesnakes, two species of venomous spiders, ticks, scorpions, puncturevine, and poison ivy. Multicolored strata in the Painted Hills Unit See also Oregon portal List of fossil sites List of national monuments of the United States Notes and references Notes ^ Derived by subtracting the sizes of the Clarno and Painted Hills units from the total area of the park. ^ Marsh is credited with giving the fossil beds their name, John Day Fossil Beds, in 1875. ^ In the early 20th century, Merriam began describing the region's paleontology systematically. In the 1920s, he formed the John Day Associates, an organization of regional scientists who studied various attributes of the John Day Valley. He provided "the first really comprehensive understanding of the geology, described many important new species, compiled authoritative faunal lists for the first time, and published exceptional manuscripts on the area." ^ Cretaceous rocks, which underlie the Cenozoic, are exposed in the Sheep Rock Unit of the park at Goose Rock along Highway 19 and the John Day River. Goose Rock is what remains of the bed of rounded cobbles and gravels of a Goose Rock River that flowed west through the region to an ancient ocean shore near Mitchell. West of Mitchell, beyond the park boundaries, marine sediments known as the Hudspeth Formation have yielded Cretaceous fossils including ammonites; fish scales; and bits of the avian pterosaur and the marine ichthyosaur and mosasaur. ^ Fremd, et al., in John Day Basin Paleontology Field Trip Guide and Road Log agree with paleobotanist Ralph Chaney, who wrote that no place in the world reveals more complete sequences of Tertiary land populations than the John Day formations. To this they add: "The significance of the John Day region is due to more than just the presence of large numbers of well-preserved fossils ... The largely volcaniclastic sequences in the basin together span over forty million years, and preserve evidence of profound changes in western North American climate, from what was probably the warmest and wettest interval in the Tertiary through the desertification of most regions east of the present day Cascades." ^ The paleontology collection includes more than 50,000 objects stored at the Condon Center. This is the largest collection in the world of "stratigraphically documented fossils from the John Day region". A similar number of specimens from the region are located in collections elsewhere, the four largest of which are in the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the University of Washington Burke Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Yale Peabody Museum. The monument has smaller collections of objects related to geology, biology, and history, and each of the sets of objects is matched by related collections of technical documents, archives, photographs, and databases. References ^ Land Resources Division (December 31, 2016). "National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. ^ "Cant Ranch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 26, 2011. These are the coordinates for park headquarters, in the ranch house. ^ a b c Mark 1996, pp. not numbered, chapter 3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011. ^ "John Day Fossil Beds". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved 16 April 2021. ^ a b c d "Nature". National Park Service. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-89933-347-2. ^ The National Parks Index 2009–2011 (PDF). National Park Service. 2009. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-912627-81-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ "Clarno Unit". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ "Painted Hills Unit". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ "Sheep Rock Trails". National Park Service. June 21, 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ a b "Traffic & Travel Tips". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ a b c "Rivers and Streams". National Park Service. August 23, 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011. ^ a b c d Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 1. ^ "American Indians". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2011. ^ Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 2. ^ a b c d e f g Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 4. ^ a b Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 5. ^ a b Mark 1996, pp. not numbered, chapter 1. ^ a b c Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 7. ^ McArthur & McArthur 2003, p. 131. ^ "History & Culture". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011. ^ "Places". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2011. ^ Maguire, Kaitlin. "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2011. ^ DeRooy et al. 2008, pp. 18–19. ^ "Hancock Field Station". Oregon Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. ^ Toothman, Stephanie (1983). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cant, James, Ranch Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011. ^ Milstein, Michael (February 21, 2001). "A Fitting Home for Fossils". The Oregonian (Sunrise ed.). p. B01. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2015 – via NewsBank. ^ "State of the Parks Report for John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Visitor Experience". John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: National Park Service. March 3, 2015. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2015. ^ a b Hill, Richard L. (August 10, 2005). "A Living Lab for a Fossil Past". The Oregonian (Sunrise ed.). Portland. p. C07. 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Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011. ^ "10 California Bighorn Sheep Reintroduced into John Day Fossil Beds National Monument" (PDF). National Park Service. December 3, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2011. ^ "Amphibians". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011. ^ Anderson, Sue. "A Survey of the Butterflies of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 3–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2011. ^ "Insects, Spiders, Centipedes, Millipedes". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011. ^ "Fish". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011. ^ "Fees & Reservations". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ a b c "Operating Hours & Seasons". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013. ^ "Campgrounds". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ a b "Accessibility". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ "Basic Service". National Park Service. 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015. ^ a b "Sheep Rock Trails". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011. ^ a b "Trails at the Painted Hills". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ a b "Clarno Trails". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ "Park Regulations". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011. ^ "Indoor Activities". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ "Ranger Guided Activities". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011. ^ "For Teachers". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011. ^ "Pets". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ "Park Regulations". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ Ramsayer, Kate (December 19, 2007). "Stolen Treasure: Theft Is a Problem at Oregon Monument". The Bend Bulletin. reproduced by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2011. ^ a b "Outdoor Activities". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ "Your Safety". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. Sources Alt, David D.; Hyndman, Donald W. (1978). Roadside Geology of Oregon (19th ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. ISBN 0-87842-063-0. OCLC 3516367. Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-33218-3. OCLC 39922059. Beckham, Stephen Dow; Lentz, Florence K. (2000). John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Rocks & Hard Places: Historic Resources Study. Seattle, Washington: National Park Service. OCLC 47958562. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2011. Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-789-4. OCLC 51614008. Bishop, Ellen Morris; Allen, John Eliot (1996). Hiking Oregon's Geology. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-485-2. OCLC 47008924. DeRooy, Carola; McDonald, Greg; Floray, Steve; Meyer, Herbert; Fremd, Ted; Nicholson, Diane L.; Shelton, Sally (2008). "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Museum Management Plan" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2011. Fremd, Theodore; Bestland, Erick A.; Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). John Day Basin Paleontology: Field Trip Guide and Road Log. Seattle: Northwest Interpretive Association. ISBN 0-914019-40-6. Mark, Stephen R. (1996). Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. National Park Service. OCLC 439789407. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011. McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) . Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1. OCLC 636774573. Orr, Elizabeth L.; Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon (5th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-6608-6. OCLC 42944922. Further reading Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365. Knowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Official website at the National Park Service John Day Fossil Beds at The Oregon Encyclopedia State of the Park Report – National Park Service, December 2013 Virtual tour of the monument – National Park Service, interactive Webcams — real-time views of the Paleontology Lab and Sheep Rock National Park Service: Wild Flowers at John Day Fossil Beds — illustrated (PDF). vteProtected areas of Oregon Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves FederalNPSNational Parks Crater Lake National HistoricParks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument (USFS) Oregon Caves USFSNational Forests Deschutes Fremont–Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River–Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa–Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National recreation areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Scenic areas Cape Perpetua Columbia River Gorge National WildlifeRefuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. Finley Wilderness areas Badger Creek Black Canyon Boulder Creek Bridge Creek Bull of the Woods Clackamas Copper Salmon Cummins Creek Devil's Staircase Diamond Peak Drift Creek Eagle Cap Gearhart Mountain Grassy Knob Hells Canyon Kalmiopsis Lower White River Mark O. Hatfield Menagerie Middle Santiam Mill Creek Monument Rock Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Mount Thielsen Mount Washington Mountain Lakes North Fork John Day North Fork Umatilla Opal Creek Oregon Badlands Red Buttes Roaring River Rock Creek Rogue–Umpqua Divide Salmon–Huckleberry Sky Lakes Soda Mountain Spring Basin Steens Mountain Strawberry Mountain Table Rock Three Sisters Waldo Lake Wenaha–Tucannon Wild Rogue National Conservation Lands Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of Oregon's National Wild and Scenic Rivers Other protected areas Cascade Head Preserve Christmas Valley Sand Dunes Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern Lost Forest Research Natural Area Sandy River Delta South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Upper and Lower Table Rock Wildwood Recreation Site StateParksNorthCoast Arcadia Beach Bob Straub Bradley Cape Kiwanda Cape Lookout Cape Meares Clay Myers at Whalen Island Del Rey Beach Ecola Elmer Feldenheimer Fishing Rock Fort Stevens Gearhart Ocean Haystack Hill Hug Point John Yeon Manhattan Beach Munson Creek Falls Neahkahnie–Manzanita Nehalem Bay Oceanside Beach Oswald West Rockaway Beach Sunset Beach Sunset Highway Forest Sitka Sedge Symons Tolovana Beach Twin Rocks Wilson River Highway Forest CentralCoast Agate Beach Alsea Bay Beachside Beaver Creek Beverly Beach Boiler Bay Carl G. Washburne Collins Creek D River Darlingtonia Devils Lake Devils Punch Bowl Driftwood Beach Ellmaker Fogarty Creek Gleneden Beach Governor Patterson H.B. Van Duzer Heceta Head Lighthouse Jessie M. Honeyman Joaquin Miller Forest L. Presley & Vera C. Gill Lost Creek Muriel O. Ponsler Neptune Neskowin Beach Ona Beach Otter Crest Pritchard Roads End Rocky Creek San Marine Seal Rock Smelt Sands South Beach Stonefield Beach Tokatee Klootchman W. B. Nelson Whale Watching Yachats Yachats Ocean Road Yaquina Bay SouthCoast Albert H. Powers Alfred A. Loeb Arizona Beach Bandon Bolon Island Tideways Bullards Beach Cape Arago Cape Blanco Cape Sebastian Conde B. McCullough Coquille Myrtle Grove Crissey Field Elk Creek Tunnel Forest Face Rock Floras Lake Geisel Monument Golden and Silver Falls Harris Beach Hoffman Humbug Mountain Hutchinson Lone Ranch Maria C. Jackson McVay Rock Ophir Otter Point Paradise Point Pistol River Port Orford Cedar Forest Port Orford Heads Samuel H. Boardman Seven Devils Shore Acres Sisters Rock Sunset Bay Sweet Myrtle Umpqua Umpqua Lighthouse Umpqua Myrtle William M. Tugman Winchuck Yoakam Point PortlandMetro Banks–Vernonia Bonnie Lure Government Island L. L. "Stub" Stewart Mary S. Young Milo McIver Tryon Creek Willamette Stone ColumbiaRiver Gorge/Mount Hood Ainsworth Benson Bonneville Bridal Veil Falls Crown Point Dabney Dalton Point George W. Joseph Guy W. Talbot Historic Columbia River Highway John B. Yeon Koberg Beach Lang Forest Lewis and Clark Lindsey Creek Mayer McLoughlin Memaloose Multnomah Falls Portland Women's Forum Rocky Butte Rooster Rock Seneca Fouts Shepperd's Dell Sheridan Starvation Creek Viento Vinzenz Lausmann Wyeth Wygant WillametteValley Alderwood Bald Peak Blachly Mountain Forest Bowers Rock Cascadia Champoeg Detroit Lake Dexter Elijah Bristow Erratic Rock Fall Creek Fort Yamhill Holman Jasper Lowell Luckiamute Maples Maud Williamson Molalla River North Santiam Sarah Helmick Silver Falls State Capitol Thompson's Mills Washburne Willamette Mission Willamette Greenway SouthernOregon Ben Hur Lampman Canyon Creek Forest Casey Collier Memorial Illinois River Forks Jackson F. Kimball Joseph H. Stewart Klamath Falls – Lakeview Forest OC&E Woods Line Prospect Rough and Ready Forest Stage Coach Forest TouVelle Tub Springs Valley of the Rogue Wolf Creek Inn CentralOregon Cline Falls Cottonwood Canyon Deschutes River Dyer Elliott Corbett La Pine Ochoco Peter Skene Ogden Pilot Butte Prineville Reservoir Redmond–Bend Juniper Sisters Smith Rock The Cove Palisades Tumalo White River Falls EasternOregon Bates Battle Mountain Forest Blue Mountain Forest Booth Catherine Creek Chandler Clyde Holliday Crooked Creek Deadman's Pass Emigrant Springs Farewell Bend Fort Rock Fort Rock Cave Frenchglen Hotel Goose Lake Hat Rock Hilgard Junction Kam Wah Chung Lake Owyhee Minam Ontario Pete French Round Barn Red Bridge Succor Creek Sumpter Valley Dredge Ukiah–Dale Forest Unity Forest Unity Lake Wallowa Lake Wallowa Lake Highway Forest Wallowa River Forests Clatsop Elliott Gilchrist Santiam Sun Pass Tillamook Wildlifeareas Bridge Creek Dean Creek Denman E. E. Wilson Elkhorn Fern Ridge Irrigon Jewell Meadows Klamath Ladd Marsh Lower Deschutes Phillip W. Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek LocalMetro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Category Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Portland Commons vteNational monuments of the United StatesNational Park Service African Burial Ground Agate Fossil Beds Alibates Flint Quarries Aniakchak Aztec Ruins Bandelier Belmont-Paul Women's Equality Birmingham Civil Rights Booker T. Washington Buck Island Reef Cabrillo Camp Nelson Canyon de Chelly Cape Krusenstern Capulin Volcano Casa Grande Ruins Castillo de San Marcos Castle Clinton Castle Mountains Cedar Breaks César E. Chávez Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers Chiricahua Colorado Craters of the Moon Devils Postpile Devils Tower Dinosaur Effigy Mounds El Malpais El Morro Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley Florissant Fossil Beds Fort Frederica Fort Matanzas Fort McHenry Fort Monroe Fort Pulaski Fort Stanwix Fort Union Fossil Butte Freedom Riders George Washington Birthplace George Washington Carver Gila Cliff Dwellings Governors Island Grand Canyon–Parashant Grand Portage Hagerman Fossil Beds Hohokam Pima Hovenweep Jewel Cave John Day Fossil Beds Katahdin Woods and Waters Lava Beds Little Bighorn Battlefield Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home Mill Springs Battlefield Montezuma Castle Muir Woods Natural Bridges Navajo Oregon Caves Organ Pipe Cactus Petroglyph Pipe Spring Pipestone Poverty Point Rainbow Bridge Russell Cave Salinas Pueblo Missions Scotts Bluff Statue of Liberty Stonewall Sunset Crater Volcano Timpanogos Cave Tonto Tule Lake Tule Springs Fossil Beds Tuzigoot Virgin Islands Coral Reef Waco Mammoth Walnut Canyon Wupatki Yucca House US Forest Service Admiralty Island Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon Bears Ears Berryessa Snow Mountain Browns Canyon Camp Hale – Continental Divide Chimney Rock Giant Sequoia Gila Cliff Dwellings Misty Fjords Mount St. Helens Newberry Saint Francis Dam Disaster San Gabriel Mountains Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains Bureau ofLand Management Agua Fria Avi Kwa Ame Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon Basin and Range Bears Ears Berryessa Snow Mountain Browns Canyon California Coastal Canyons of the Ancients Carrizo Plain Cascade–Siskiyou Craters of the Moon Fort Ord Gold Butte Grand Canyon–Parashant Grand Staircase–Escalante Ironwood Forest Jurassic Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks Mojave Trails Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks Pompeys Pillar Prehistoric Trackways Río Grande del Norte San Juan Islands Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains Sonoran Desert Upper Missouri River Breaks Vermilion Cliffs Other (FWS, DOE, AFRH, NOAA, USAF, Army) Aleutian Islands World War II Castner Range Hanford Reach Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Marianas Trench Marine Military Working Dog Teams Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Pacific Remote Islands Marine Papahānaumokuākea Marine President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home Rose Atoll Marine Tule Lake Full Detailed List vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in OregonListsby county Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill Portland lists North Northeast Northwest Southeast South and Southwest Other lists National Historic Landmarks Bridges and Tunnels National Historic Sites National Monuments Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"U.S. national monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"John Day River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_River"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Painted Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Hills"},{"link_name":"riparian zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_zone"},{"link_name":"badlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands"},{"link_name":"James Cant Ranch Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cant_Ranch_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Sahaptin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaptin_people"},{"link_name":"Paleontologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Thomas Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Condon"},{"link_name":"alluvial fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voles"}],"text":"National monument in Oregon, United StatesJohn Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno.The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District.Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted, fished, and gathered roots and berries in the region. After road-building made the valley more accessible, settlers established farms, ranches, and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864, when Thomas Condon, a missionary and amateur geologist, recognized their importance and made them known globally. Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975.Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations. Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds. Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons, coyotes, and voles frequent these units, which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles, fish, butterflies, and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi-desert terrain.","title":"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Painted Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Hills"},{"link_name":"John Day River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_and_Science-6"},{"link_name":"Cascade Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"Ochoco Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochoco_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-red_book-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_and_Science-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarno_Unit_map.png"},{"link_name":"Fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_218"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS_Clarno-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS_Painted_Hills-10"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_26_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_19"},{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Kimberly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"James Cant Ranch Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cant_Ranch_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS_Sheep_Rock_Trails-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_Hills_Unit_map.png"},{"link_name":"Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS_Travel_Tips-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS_Travel_Tips-13"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North Fork John Day River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_John_Day_River"},{"link_name":"main stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_stem"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivers_and_Streams-14"},{"link_name":"Bridge Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_Creek_(John_Day_River)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivers_and_Streams-14"},{"link_name":"Clarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarno,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivers_and_Streams-14"}],"text":"The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno—in the John Day River basin of east-central Oregon. Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant, the park units are characterized by hills, deep ravines, and eroded fossil-bearing rock formations.[6] To the west lies the Cascade Range, to the south the Ochoco Mountains, and to the east the Blue Mountains.[7] Elevations within the 13,944-acre (5,643 ha)[8] park range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet (610 to 1,370 m).[6]Clarno Unit mapThe Clarno Unit, the westernmost of the three units, consists of 1,969 acres (797 ha) located 18 miles (29 km) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218.[9] The Painted Hills Unit, which lies about halfway between the other two, covers 3,132 acres (1,267 ha).[10] It is situated about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road, which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell.[7] These two units are entirely within Wheeler County.[7] The remaining 8,843 acres (3,579 ha)[n 1] of the park, the Sheep Rock Unit, are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly.[7] This unit is mostly in Grant County; a small part extends into Wheeler County.[7] The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook, Picture Gorge, the James Cant Ranch Historic District, Cathedral Rock, Blue Basin, and the Foree Area. Some of these are separated from one another by farms, ranches, and other parcels of land that are not part of the park.[11]Painted Hills Unit mapThe park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway.[12] The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km).[7][12]The John Day River, a tributary of the Columbia River, flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument. It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly, where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem. Downstream of Kimberly, the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham, and generally north thereafter.[7] Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge.[13] Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell, then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham.[13] Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek, which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno.[7][13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarno_palisades_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sahaptin-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaptin_language"},{"link_name":"Umatilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla_people"},{"link_name":"Wasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasco_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_tribes"},{"link_name":"Northern Paiutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Paiute"},{"link_name":"Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_1-15"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"huckleberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_1-15"},{"link_name":"cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_1-15"},{"link_name":"pictographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogram"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Basin_in_John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"John Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_(trapper)"},{"link_name":"Peter Skene Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Skene_Ogden"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"John Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Work_(fur_trader)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_2-17"},{"link_name":"Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"link_name":"Homestead Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"link_name":"The Dalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Canyon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_5-19"},{"link_name":"The Dalles Military Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dalles_Military_Road"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_5-19"},{"link_name":"reservations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Burns Paiute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_Paiute_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Umatilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_condon_of_oregon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Condon"},{"link_name":"Crooked River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_River_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"John M. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Drake"},{"link_name":"Thomas Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Condon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"link_name":"Edward Drinker Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope"},{"link_name":"Academy of Natural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Othniel C. Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"John C. Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Merriam"},{"link_name":"Ralph Chaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Chaney"},{"link_name":"Frank H. Knowlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H._Knowlton"},{"link_name":"Alonzo W. Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonzo_W._Hancock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_7-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur2003131-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Places-25"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_4-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cant_Ranch_House_in_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark1996not_numberedchapter_1-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_7-22"},{"link_name":"Oregon Museum of Science and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckhamLentz2000not_numberedchapter_7-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Gerald R. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark1996not_numberedchapter_3-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark1996not_numberedchapter_3-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-registration_form-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-living_lab-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-living_lab-33"},{"link_name":"webcams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcams"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"carbon-neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Palisades at the Clarno Unit of the monumentEarly inhabitants of north-central Oregon included Sahaptin-speaking people of the Umatilla, Wasco, and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes, speakers of a Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language.[14] All were hunter-gatherers competing for resources such as elk, huckleberries, and salmon.[14] Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest, including rock shelters and cairns, in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument.[14] Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs, consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit. The art is of undetermined origin and age[14] but is \"centuries old\".[15]Blue BasinThe John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831.[16]In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state.[17] After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon. Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams.[17] Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley.[18] By the late 1860s, the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road, which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock.[18] Clashes between natives and non-natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro-Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations, including three in north-central Oregon: Warm Springs, Burns Paiute, and Umatilla.[17]Thomas CondonIn 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region, south of the John Day basin. One of their leaders, Captain John M. Drake, collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon, a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles.[17] Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils, Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region. He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865. Condon's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences. One of them, paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871.[n 2] Condon's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds. Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide, and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds. During the first half of the 20th century, scientists such as John C. Merriam, Ralph Chaney, Frank H. Knowlton, and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds, including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890.[20]Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders.[17] The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877.[21] In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area.[22] His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts.[17] In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family.[23] and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha).[17]The Cant Ranch House in 2011Merriam, a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900, encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area.[19][24][n 3] In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge, the Painted Hills, and Clarno that later became part of the national monument.[20] In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock, a field school for young students of geology, paleontology, and other sciences, on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit.[20][26] In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument, and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization.[3] After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government, the monument was officially established on October 8, 1975.[3]The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984.[27] After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units.[28] In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region.[29] The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005.[30] Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory.[30]In March 2011, the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit. Both transmit continuous real-time images; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features.[31] In June 2011, work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon-neutral. Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger's electric vehicle, on loan from its manufacturer for a year. The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon-neutral.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joda_geologic_timeline.png"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"},{"link_name":"megaannus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaannus"},{"link_name":"physiographic province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiographic_province"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop200365-36"},{"link_name":"terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"tectonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"accreted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199921-37"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"uplifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199929-38"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"lahars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"conglomerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"breccias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199930,_46-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geology_fieldnotes-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltHyndman1978230-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiverHarris1999346-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996194-46"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996192-40"},{"link_name":"browsers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)"},{"link_name":"brontotheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontothere"},{"link_name":"amynodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amynodont"},{"link_name":"hyaenodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodontidae"},{"link_name":"Patriofelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriofelis"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geology_fieldnotes-43"},{"link_name":"stratovolcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"Mount Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hood"},{"link_name":"buttes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop200386%E2%80%9392-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199930%E2%80%9331-48"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199930%E2%80%9331-48"},{"link_name":"John Day Strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_Formation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199930%E2%80%9331,_46-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199930%E2%80%9331-48"},{"link_name":"oreodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodont"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geology_fieldnotes-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen199687-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996197-51"},{"link_name":"hydrangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrangea"},{"link_name":"peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea"},{"link_name":"hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus"},{"link_name":"mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996200-52"},{"link_name":"Metasequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasequoia"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199946-53"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"Columbia River Basalt Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Group"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199932-54"},{"link_name":"Mascall Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascall_Formation"},{"link_name":"tuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199933-55"},{"link_name":"pronghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geology_fieldnotes-43"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199933-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiverHarris1999349-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996193-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Rattlesnake Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake_Formation"},{"link_name":"ignimbrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignimbrite"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199934-59"},{"link_name":"mastodons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geology_fieldnotes-43"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996193-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrOrr199934-59"},{"link_name":"beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"Castor californicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_californicus"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaver-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samuels-61"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaver-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fossil_preparation_at_the_Condon_Center_lab.jpg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremdBestlandRetallack199711%E2%80%9313-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reconstructions-63"},{"link_name":"paleoclimatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reconstructions-63"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"paleobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotany"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Timeline showing the major rock strata and fossil groups (assemblages) in the park in the order they were deposited, from bottom (oldest) to top (youngest) as they appear in nature. \"Ma\" stands for megaannus, \"million years ago\".The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago.[33] Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border.[34] By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west.[35][n 4]Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows (lahars) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province. Containing fragments of shale, siltstone, conglomerates, and breccias, the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit.[38] Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts, fruits, roots, branches, and seeds.[39] The Clarno Formation also contains bones, palm leaves longer than 24 inches (61 cm), avocado trees, and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago,[40][41][42] when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century.[37] Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts, scavengers like the hyaenodonts, as well as Patriofelis and other predators.[39] Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes, once the size of Mount Hood, are still visible near the monument, for example Black Butte, White Butte, and other buttes near Mitchell.[43]After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range.[44] The John Day volcanoes, as they are called, emitted large volumes of ash and dust, much of which settled in the John Day basin. As with the earlier Clarno debris flows, the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region. Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene (about 20 million years ago), the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color.[44] Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata, the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers. The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit.[45] The layer above it is mainly pea-green clay. On top of the pea-green layer are buff-colored layers.[44] Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals, including dogs, cats, oreodonts, saber-toothed tigers, horses, camels, and rodents.[39][46] The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils, as well as turtles, opossums, and large pigs.[47] More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata, such as hydrangea, peas, hawthorn, and mulberry, as well as pines and many deciduous trees.[48] One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia (dawn redwood), a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century.[49]After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata.[50]Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt.[51] Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period.[39][51][52][53]The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago.[54] The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite.[55] The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time.[39][53]\n[55] Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America.[56][57] The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center.[56]Fossil preparation in the laboratory at the Condon CenterThe monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years.[58] Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene.[59] In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution.[59][n 5]Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites.[60] They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned.[61] The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research.[62][n 6] In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center.[65]","title":"Geology and paleontology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rain shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_and_Science-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_and_Science-6"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeatherChannel-72"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeatherChannel-72"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeatherChannel-72"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeatherChannel-72"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeatherChannel-72"}],"text":"Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year.[6] In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow.[6]Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C).[66] January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C).[66] The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983.[66] May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm).[66]Climate data for Mitchell, Oregon\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n42(6)\n\n47(8)\n\n54(12)\n\n60(16)\n\n69(21)\n\n77(25)\n\n86(30)\n\n86(30)\n\n77(25)\n\n65(18)\n\n49(9)\n\n42(6)\n\n63(17)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n24(−4)\n\n27(−3)\n\n31(−1)\n\n34(1)\n\n40(4)\n\n47(8)\n\n52(11)\n\n52(11)\n\n44(7)\n\n36(2)\n\n30(−1)\n\n25(−4)\n\n37(3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.87(22)\n\n0.65(17)\n\n1.00(25)\n\n1.22(31)\n\n1.65(42)\n\n1.13(29)\n\n0.61(15)\n\n0.65(17)\n\n0.67(17)\n\n0.80(20)\n\n1.12(28)\n\n0.99(25)\n\n11.36(288)\n\n\nSource: The Weather Channel[66]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndianPaintbrush1.jpg"},{"link_name":"riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_zone"},{"link_name":"greasewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcobatus"},{"link_name":"saltgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distichlis_spicata"},{"link_name":"alluvial fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan"},{"link_name":"hedgehog cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediocactus"},{"link_name":"cryptobiotic crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiotic_soil"},{"link_name":"fixes nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crust-73"},{"link_name":"medusahead rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniatherum_caput-medusae"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian toadflax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaria_dalmatica"},{"link_name":"cheatgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drooping_Brome"},{"link_name":"Bunchgrasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussock_(grass)"},{"link_name":"basin wildrye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Idaho fescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festuca_idahoensis"},{"link_name":"Thurber's needlegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achnatherum"},{"link_name":"Indian ricegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzopsis_hymenoides"},{"link_name":"bottlebrush squirreltail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymus_elymoides"},{"link_name":"sod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod"},{"link_name":"Sandberg's bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poa_secunda"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poa"},{"link_name":"Reed canary grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_canary_grass"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grasses-74"},{"link_name":"willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"alders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder"},{"link_name":"ponderosa pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa"},{"link_name":"Serviceberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelanchier"},{"link_name":"mountain mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercocarpus"},{"link_name":"rabbitbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysothamnus"},{"link_name":"sagebrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata"},{"link_name":"shadscale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_confertifolia"},{"link_name":"broom snakeweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutierrezia_sarothrae"},{"link_name":"antelope bitterbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purshia_tridentata"},{"link_name":"purple sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_sage"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grasses-74"},{"link_name":"pincushions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaenactis"},{"link_name":"golden bee plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_platycarpa"},{"link_name":"dwarf purple monkey flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimulus_nanus"},{"link_name":"sagebrush mariposa lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calochortus_macrocarpus"},{"link_name":"Munro's globemallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeralcea_munroana"},{"link_name":"lupines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus"},{"link_name":"yellow fritillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritillaria_pudica"},{"link_name":"Applegate's Indian paintbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilleja_applegatei"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Applegate's Indian paintbrushMore than 80 soil types support a wide variety of flora within the monument. These soils stem from past and present geologic activity as well as ongoing additions of organic matter from life forms on or near the surface. Adapted to particular soil types and surface conditions, these plant communities range from riparian vegetation near the river to greasewood and saltgrass on the alluvial fans to plants such as hedgehog cactus in rocky outcrops at high elevation. Important to many of these communities is a black cryptobiotic crust that resists erosion, stores water, and fixes nitrogen used by the plants. The crust is composed of algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria. Other areas of the monument have little or no flora. Volcanic tuffs and claystones that lack essential nutrients support few microorganisms and plants. Likewise, hard rock surfaces and steep slopes from which soils wash or blow away tend to remain bare.[67]Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from medusahead rye, Dalmatian toadflax, cheatgrass, and other invasive species. Bunchgrasses in the park include basin wildrye, Idaho fescue, Thurber's needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail, among others. Native grasses that form sod in parts of the monument include Sandberg's bluegrass and other bluegrass species. Reed canary grass, if mowed, also forms sod along stream banks.[68]Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes.[69] The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire.[68]Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include pincushions, golden bee plant, dwarf purple monkey flower, and sagebrush mariposa lily at the Painted Hills Unit. Munro's globemallow, lupines, yellow fritillary, hedgehog cactus, and Applegate's Indian paintbrush are commonly seen at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units.[70]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chordeiles_minor_-British_Columbia_-Canada-8c.jpg"},{"link_name":"red-tailed hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk"},{"link_name":"American kestrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_kestrel"},{"link_name":"great horned owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_horned_owl"},{"link_name":"common nighthawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_nighthawk"},{"link_name":"great blue herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_blue_heron"},{"link_name":"sandhill cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhill_crane"},{"link_name":"California quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_quail"},{"link_name":"chukar partridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukar_partridge"},{"link_name":"mourning doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_dove"},{"link_name":"rufous hummingbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_hummingbird"},{"link_name":"Say's phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%27s_phoebe"},{"link_name":"yellow warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_warbler"},{"link_name":"western meadowlarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_meadowlark"},{"link_name":"American goldfinches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_goldfinch"},{"link_name":"canyon wrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_wren"},{"link_name":"mountain bluebirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bluebird"},{"link_name":"mountain chickadees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_chickadee"},{"link_name":"black-billed magpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-billed_magpie"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"pronghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn"},{"link_name":"Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"badgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger"},{"link_name":"voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole"},{"link_name":"shrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"Bushy-tailed woodrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushy-tailed_woodrat"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Southern alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_alligator_lizard"},{"link_name":"western fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_fence_lizard"},{"link_name":"short-horned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-horned_lizard"},{"link_name":"common side-blotched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_side-blotched_lizard"},{"link_name":"western skinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_skink"},{"link_name":"Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_snake"},{"link_name":"gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_snake"},{"link_name":"western yellow-bellied racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluber_constrictor"},{"link_name":"Rattlesnakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_rattlesnake"},{"link_name":"seeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seep_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"western toads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_toad"},{"link_name":"American spadefoot toads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_spadefoot_toad"},{"link_name":"Pacific tree frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_tree_frog"},{"link_name":"long-toed salamanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-toed_salamander"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speyeria_cybele_Great_Spangled_Fritillary_8.9.2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"common sootywing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholisora_catullus"},{"link_name":"orange sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_sulphur"},{"link_name":"great spangled fritillary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_spangled_fritillary"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_(butterfly)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadromous"},{"link_name":"Chinook salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon"},{"link_name":"steelhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"spawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"bridgelip suckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgelip_sucker"},{"link_name":"northern pikeminnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pikeminnow"},{"link_name":"redside shiners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardsonius"},{"link_name":"smallmouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmouth_bass"},{"link_name":"Columbia River redband trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River_redband_trout"},{"link_name":"sculpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpin"},{"link_name":"black cottonwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"The common nighthawk is one of more than 50 species of birds seen in the monument.Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds.[71]Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations.[72][73] Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010.[74]\nMany habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards. Southern alligator and western fence lizards are common; others that live here include short-horned and common side-blotched lizards and western skinks. Garter and gopher snakes and western yellow-bellied racers frequent floodplains and canyon bottoms. Rattlesnakes, though venomous, are shy and usually flee before being seen. The springs and seeps in the park contain isolated populations of western toads, American spadefoot toads, Pacific tree frogs, and long-toed salamanders.[75]The great spangled fritillary is one of 55 species of butterfly recorded in the park.A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the common sootywing, orange sulphur, great spangled fritillary, and monarch.[76] The monument's other insects have not been completely inventoried.[77]The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede migratory fish travel to some degree. Chinook salmon and steelhead pass through the monument on their way to and from upstream spawning beds and the Pacific Ocean. Species observed at the Sheep Rock Unit also include those able to tolerate warm summer river temperatures: bridgelip suckers, northern pikeminnow, redside shiners, and smallmouth bass. From October through June, when the water is cooler, Columbia River redband trout and sculpin are among species that move downriver through the park. The Park Service has removed or replaced irrigation diversions along the river or Rock Creek that formerly impeded fish movement, and it is restoring riparian vegetation such as black cottonwood trees that shade the water in summer and provide habitat for aquatic insects.[78]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_Rock_Unit_map.png"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hours_and_seasons-86"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hours_and_seasons-86"},{"link_name":"Veterans Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Day"},{"link_name":"Presidents' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hours_and_seasons-86"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accessibility-88"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accessibility-88"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheep_Rock_Trails-90"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Painted_Hills_Trails-91"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarno_Trails-92"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheep_Rock_Trails-90"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Painted_Hills_Trails-91"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarno_Trails-92"},{"link_name":"hardpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardpan"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Malheur 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of the Sheep Rock UnitEntrance to the park and its visitor center, museums, and exhibits is free,[79] and trails, overlooks, and picnic sites at all three units are open during daylight hours year-round.[80] No food, lodging, or fuel is available in the park, and camping is not allowed.[81] Hours of operation for the Cant Ranch and its cultural museum vary seasonally.[80] The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center is open every day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m except for federal holidays during the winter season from Veterans Day in November through Presidents' Day in February.[80] Its amenities include a fossil museum, theater, education classroom, bookstore, restrooms, and drinking fountains.[82] There is no cell phone or pay telephone service in the monument.[83] Water taps at picnic areas are shut down in the colder months.[82]The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin.[84] Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit.[85] At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades.[86] Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair.[84][85][86] Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils.[87]Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument.[88][89] For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use.[90]Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument.[91] Digging, disturbing, or collecting any of the park's natural resources, including fossils, is prohibited.[92] Fossil theft is an ongoing problem.[93] No mountain biking is allowed on monument land, although the Malheur National Forest east of Dayville has biking trails.[94] Fishing is legal from monument lands along the John Day River for anyone with an Oregon fishing license. Rafting on the John Day River is seasonally popular, although the favored runs begin at or downstream of Service Creek and do not pass through the monument.[94] Risks to monument visitors include extremely hot summer temperatures and icy winter roads, two species of venomous rattlesnakes, two species of venomous spiders, ticks, scorpions, puncturevine, and poison ivy.[95]Multicolored strata in the Painted Hills Unit","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark1996not_numberedchapter_1-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRooyMcDonaldFlorayMeyer200818%E2%80%9319-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonoidea"},{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"ichthyosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaur"},{"link_name":"mosasaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaur"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop200367%E2%80%9371-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopAllen1996192-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremdBestlandRetallack199711%E2%80%9313-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRooyMcDonaldFlorayMeyer200825-68"},{"link_name":"University of California Museum of Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Burke Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Yale Peabody Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Peabody_Museum"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRooyMcDonaldFlorayMeyer200825-68"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRooyMcDonaldFlorayMeyer200835%E2%80%9336,_55%E2%80%9372-69"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Derived by subtracting the sizes of the Clarno and Painted Hills units from the total area of the park.\n\n^ Marsh is credited with giving the fossil beds their name, John Day Fossil Beds, in 1875.[19]\n\n^ In the early 20th century, Merriam began describing the region's paleontology systematically. In the 1920s, he formed the John Day Associates, an organization of regional scientists who studied various attributes of the John Day Valley. He provided \"the first really comprehensive understanding of the geology, described many important new species, compiled authoritative faunal lists for the first time, and published exceptional manuscripts on the area.\"[25]\n\n^ Cretaceous rocks, which underlie the Cenozoic, are exposed in the Sheep Rock Unit of the park at Goose Rock along Highway 19 and the John Day River. Goose Rock is what remains of the bed of rounded cobbles and gravels of a Goose Rock River that flowed west through the region to an ancient ocean shore near Mitchell. West of Mitchell, beyond the park boundaries, marine sediments known as the Hudspeth Formation have yielded Cretaceous fossils including ammonites; fish scales; and bits of the avian pterosaur and the marine ichthyosaur and mosasaur.[36][37]\n\n^ Fremd, et al., in John Day Basin Paleontology Field Trip Guide and Road Log agree with paleobotanist Ralph Chaney, who wrote that no place in the world reveals more complete sequences of Tertiary land populations than the John Day formations. To this they add: \"The significance of the John Day region is due to more than just the presence of large numbers of well-preserved fossils ... The largely volcaniclastic sequences in the basin together span over forty million years, and preserve evidence of profound changes in western North American climate, from what was probably the warmest and wettest interval in the Tertiary through the desertification of most regions east of the present day Cascades.\"[58]\n\n^ The paleontology collection includes more than 50,000 objects stored at the Condon Center. This is the largest collection in the world of \"stratigraphically documented fossils from the John Day region\".[63] A similar number of specimens from the region are located in collections elsewhere, the four largest of which are in the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the University of Washington Burke Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Yale Peabody Museum.[63] The monument has smaller collections of objects related to geology, biology, and history, and each of the sets of objects is matched by related collections of technical documents, archives, photographs, and databases.[64]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"National Park Service Listing of Acreage 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Activities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/ranger-guided-activities.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110903022701/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/ranger-guided-activities.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"\"For Teachers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/joda/forteachers/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111011140436/http://www.nps.gov/joda/forteachers/index.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"\"Pets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/pets.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110725230518/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/pets.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"\"Park Regulations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/park-regulations.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110725230509/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/park-regulations.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"\"Stolen Treasure: Theft Is a Problem at Oregon Monument\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Stolen-Treasure-Theft-is-a-problem-at-Oregon-1259164.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121018122122/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Stolen-Treasure-Theft-is-a-problem-at-Oregon-1259164.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Outdoor_Activities_100-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Outdoor_Activities_100-1"},{"link_name":"\"Outdoor Activities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/outdooractivities.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110806012524/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/outdooractivities.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"\"Your Safety\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/yoursafety.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110725230550/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/yoursafety.htm"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Land Resources Division (December 31, 2016). \"National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.\n\n^ \"Cant Ranch\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 26, 2011. These are the coordinates for park headquarters, in the ranch house.\n\n^ a b c Mark 1996, pp. not numbered, chapter 3.\n\n^ \"Frequently Asked Questions\". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.\n\n^ \"John Day Fossil Beds\". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved 16 April 2021.\n\n^ a b c d \"Nature\". National Park Service. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-89933-347-2.\n\n^ The National Parks Index 2009–2011 (PDF). National Park Service. 2009. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-912627-81-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2011.\n\n^ \"Clarno Unit\". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.\n\n^ \"Painted Hills Unit\". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.\n\n^ \"Sheep Rock Trails\". National Park Service. June 21, 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Traffic & Travel Tips\". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.\n\n^ a b c \"Rivers and Streams\". National Park Service. August 23, 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 1.\n\n^ \"American Indians\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2011.\n\n^ Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 4.\n\n^ a b Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 5.\n\n^ a b Mark 1996, pp. not numbered, chapter 1.\n\n^ a b c Beckham & Lentz 2000, pp. not numbered, chapter 7.\n\n^ McArthur & McArthur 2003, p. 131.\n\n^ \"History & Culture\". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.\n\n^ \"Places\". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2011.\n\n^ Maguire, Kaitlin. \"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon\". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2011.\n\n^ DeRooy et al. 2008, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ \"Hancock Field Station\". Oregon Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012.\n\n^ Toothman, Stephanie (1983). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Cant, James, Ranch Historic District\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011.\n\n^ Milstein, Michael (February 21, 2001). \"A Fitting Home for Fossils\". The Oregonian (Sunrise ed.). p. B01. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2015 – via NewsBank.\n\n^ \"State of the Parks Report for John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Visitor Experience\". John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: National Park Service. March 3, 2015. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2015.\n\n^ a b Hill, Richard L. (August 10, 2005). \"A Living Lab for a Fossil Past\". The Oregonian (Sunrise ed.). Portland. p. C07. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2015 – via NewsBank.\n\n^ \"John Day Fossil Beds Debuts Two New Webcams\" (PDF). National Park Service. March 11, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2011.\n\n^ \"Fossil Beds Now Free From Fossil Fuels\" (PDF). National Park Service. June 7, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2011.\n\n^ Bishop 2003, p. 65.\n\n^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 21.\n\n^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 29.\n\n^ Bishop 2003, pp. 67–71.\n\n^ a b Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 192.\n\n^ Orr & Orr 1999, pp. 30, 46.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Geology Fieldnotes\". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2011.\n\n^ Alt & Hyndman 1978, p. 230.\n\n^ Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 346.\n\n^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 194.\n\n^ Bishop 2003, pp. 86–92.\n\n^ a b c Orr & Orr 1999, pp. 30–31.\n\n^ Orr & Orr 1999, pp. 30–31, 46.\n\n^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 87.\n\n^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 197.\n\n^ Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 200.\n\n^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 46.\n\n^ Orr & Orr 1999, p. 32.\n\n^ a b Orr & Orr 1999, p. 33.\n\n^ Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 349.\n\n^ a b Bishop & Allen 1996, p. 193.\n\n^ \"Rattlesnake Assemblage\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.\n\n^ a b Orr & Orr 1999, p. 34.\n\n^ a b \"North America's Earliest Beaver Discovered\". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2011.\n\n^ Samuels, Josh X.; Zancanella, John (September 2011). \"An Early Hemphillian Occurrence of Castor (Castoridae) from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon\". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (5). The Paleontological Society: 930–35. doi:10.1666/11-016.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 128866799.\n\n^ a b Fremd, Bestland & Retallack 1997, pp. 11–13.\n\n^ a b Retallack, Gregory J.; Bestland, Erick A.; Fremd, Theodore J. (May 1996). \"Reconstructions of Eocene and Oligocene Plants and Animals of Central Oregon\" (PDF). Oregon Geology. 58 (3). Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries: 51. ISSN 0164-3304. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2016.\n\n^ \"John Day Fossil Beds Paleontology\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2011.\n\n^ \"Fossil Laboratory\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2011.\n\n^ \"Collections\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.\n\n^ a b DeRooy et al. 2008, p. 25.\n\n^ DeRooy et al. 2008, pp. 35–36, 55–72.\n\n^ \"Fossils\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Monthly Averages for Mitchell, Oregon\". The Weather Channel Interactive. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.\n\n^ \"Soils\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Grasses\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.\n\n^ \"Trees and Shrubs\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.\n\n^ \"Wildflowers\". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.\n\n^ \"Birds\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n\n^ \"Animals\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n\n^ \"Mammals\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n\n^ \"10 California Bighorn Sheep Reintroduced into John Day Fossil Beds National Monument\" (PDF). National Park Service. December 3, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2011.\n\n^ \"Amphibians\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n\n^ Anderson, Sue. \"A Survey of the Butterflies of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument\" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 3–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n\n^ \"Insects, Spiders, Centipedes, Millipedes\". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.\n\n^ \"Fish\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.\n\n^ \"Fees & Reservations\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.\n\n^ a b c \"Operating Hours & Seasons\". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.\n\n^ \"Campgrounds\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Accessibility\". National Park Service. 2008. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.\n\n^ \"Basic Service\". National Park Service. 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Sheep Rock Trails\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Trails at the Painted Hills\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Clarno Trails\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.\n\n^ \"Park Regulations\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.\n\n^ \"Indoor Activities\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.\n\n^ \"Ranger Guided Activities\". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.\n\n^ \"For Teachers\". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.\n\n^ \"Pets\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.\n\n^ \"Park Regulations\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.\n\n^ Ramsayer, Kate (December 19, 2007). \"Stolen Treasure: Theft Is a Problem at Oregon Monument\". The Bend Bulletin. reproduced by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Outdoor Activities\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.\n\n^ \"Your Safety\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87842-063-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-063-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3516367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3516367"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-33218-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-33218-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39922059","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39922059"},{"link_name":"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Rocks & Hard Places: Historic Resources Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/hrs/hrs.htm"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"47958562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47958562"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150705021330/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/hrs/hrs.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88192-789-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-789-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"51614008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51614008"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89886-485-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-485-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"47008924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008924"},{"link_name":"\"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Museum Management Plan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140713152654/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/joda/joda_mmp.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/joda/joda_mmp.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-914019-40-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914019-40-6"},{"link_name":"Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/adhi/adhi.htm"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"439789407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/439789407"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150705022702/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/adhi/adhi.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87595-277-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-277-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"636774573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/636774573"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7872-6608-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7872-6608-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42944922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42944922"}],"text":"Alt, David D.; Hyndman, Donald W. (1978). Roadside Geology of Oregon (19th ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. ISBN 0-87842-063-0. OCLC 3516367.\nKiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-33218-3. OCLC 39922059.\nBeckham, Stephen Dow; Lentz, Florence K. (2000). John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Rocks & Hard Places: Historic Resources Study. Seattle, Washington: National Park Service. OCLC 47958562. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2011.\nBishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-789-4. OCLC 51614008.\nBishop, Ellen Morris; Allen, John Eliot (1996). Hiking Oregon's Geology. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-485-2. OCLC 47008924.\nDeRooy, Carola; McDonald, Greg; Floray, Steve; Meyer, Herbert; Fremd, Ted; Nicholson, Diane L.; Shelton, Sally (2008). \"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Museum Management Plan\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2011.\nFremd, Theodore; Bestland, Erick A.; Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). John Day Basin Paleontology: Field Trip Guide and Road Log. Seattle: Northwest Interpretive Association. ISBN 0-914019-40-6.\nMark, Stephen R. (1996). Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. National Park Service. OCLC 439789407. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011.\nMcArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1. OCLC 636774573.\nOrr, Elizabeth L.; Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon (5th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-6608-6. OCLC 42944922.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nynyAAAAMAAJ&q=paleontology%20oregon&pg=PA1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4247365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4247365"},{"link_name":"Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fossilflorajohn00knowgoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"249508984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/249508984"}],"text":"Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365.\nKnowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Clarno Unit map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clarno_Unit_map.png/390px-Clarno_Unit_map.png"},{"image_text":"Painted Hills Unit map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Painted_Hills_Unit_map.png/390px-Painted_Hills_Unit_map.png"},{"image_text":"Palisades at the Clarno Unit of the monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Clarno_palisades_2.jpg/220px-Clarno_palisades_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue Basin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Blue_Basin_in_John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument_17.jpg/220px-Blue_Basin_in_John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument_17.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Condon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Thomas_condon_of_oregon.jpg/170px-Thomas_condon_of_oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cant Ranch House in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cant_Ranch_House_in_2011.jpg/220px-Cant_Ranch_House_in_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Timeline showing the major rock strata and fossil groups (assemblages) in the park in the order they were deposited, from bottom (oldest) to top (youngest) as they appear in nature. \"Ma\" stands for megaannus, \"million years ago\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Joda_geologic_timeline.png/180px-Joda_geologic_timeline.png"},{"image_text":"Fossil preparation in the laboratory at the Condon Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Fossil_preparation_at_the_Condon_Center_lab.jpg/220px-Fossil_preparation_at_the_Condon_Center_lab.jpg"},{"image_text":"Applegate's Indian paintbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IndianPaintbrush1.jpg/220px-IndianPaintbrush1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The common nighthawk is one of more than 50 species of birds seen in the monument.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chordeiles_minor_-British_Columbia_-Canada-8c.jpg/220px-Chordeiles_minor_-British_Columbia_-Canada-8c.jpg"},{"image_text":"The great spangled fritillary is one of 55 species of butterfly recorded in the park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Speyeria_cybele_Great_Spangled_Fritillary_8.9.2008.jpg/170px-Speyeria_cybele_Great_Spangled_Fritillary_8.9.2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Sheep Rock Unit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sheep_Rock_Unit_map.png/220px-Sheep_Rock_Unit_map.png"}]
[{"title":"Oregon portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oregon"},{"title":"List of fossil sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites"},{"title":"List of national monuments of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"Land Resources Division (December 31, 2016). \"National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/FileDownload/1297","url_text":"\"National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220020352/https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/FileDownload/1297","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cant Ranch\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 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Retrieved July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/trails-at-the-painted-hills.htm","url_text":"\"Trails at the Painted Hills\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100530113827/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/trails-at-the-painted-hills.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clarno Trails\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/clarno-trails.htm","url_text":"\"Clarno Trails\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713110014/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/clarno-trails.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Park Regulations\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/park-regulations.htm","url_text":"\"Park Regulations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230509/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/park-regulations.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indoor Activities\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/indooractivities.htm","url_text":"\"Indoor Activities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230458/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/indooractivities.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ranger Guided Activities\". National Park Service. 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/ranger-guided-activities.htm","url_text":"\"Ranger Guided Activities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903022701/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/ranger-guided-activities.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"For Teachers\". National Park Service. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/forteachers/index.htm","url_text":"\"For Teachers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011140436/http://www.nps.gov/joda/forteachers/index.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pets\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/pets.htm","url_text":"\"Pets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230518/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/pets.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Park Regulations\". National Park Service. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/park-regulations.htm","url_text":"\"Park Regulations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230509/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/park-regulations.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramsayer, Kate (December 19, 2007). \"Stolen Treasure: Theft Is a Problem at Oregon Monument\". The Bend Bulletin. reproduced by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Stolen-Treasure-Theft-is-a-problem-at-Oregon-1259164.php","url_text":"\"Stolen Treasure: Theft Is a Problem at Oregon Monument\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018122122/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Stolen-Treasure-Theft-is-a-problem-at-Oregon-1259164.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Outdoor Activities\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/outdooractivities.htm","url_text":"\"Outdoor Activities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110806012524/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/outdooractivities.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Your Safety\". National Park Service. 2006. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/yoursafety.htm","url_text":"\"Your Safety\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230550/http://www.nps.gov/joda/planyourvisit/yoursafety.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alt, David D.; Hyndman, Donald W. (1978). Roadside Geology of Oregon (19th ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. ISBN 0-87842-063-0. OCLC 3516367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-063-0","url_text":"0-87842-063-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3516367","url_text":"3516367"}]},{"reference":"Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-33218-3. OCLC 39922059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-33218-3","url_text":"978-0-471-33218-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39922059","url_text":"39922059"}]},{"reference":"Beckham, Stephen Dow; Lentz, Florence K. (2000). John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Rocks & Hard Places: Historic Resources Study. Seattle, Washington: National Park Service. OCLC 47958562. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/hrs/hrs.htm","url_text":"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument: Rocks & Hard Places: Historic Resources Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47958562","url_text":"47958562"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021330/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/hrs/hrs.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-789-4. OCLC 51614008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-789-4","url_text":"978-0-88192-789-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51614008","url_text":"51614008"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Ellen Morris; Allen, John Eliot (1996). Hiking Oregon's Geology. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-485-2. OCLC 47008924.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-485-2","url_text":"0-89886-485-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008924","url_text":"47008924"}]},{"reference":"DeRooy, Carola; McDonald, Greg; Floray, Steve; Meyer, Herbert; Fremd, Ted; Nicholson, Diane L.; Shelton, Sally (2008). \"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Museum Management Plan\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713152654/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/joda/joda_mmp.pdf","url_text":"\"John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Museum Management Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/joda/joda_mmp.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fremd, Theodore; Bestland, Erick A.; Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). John Day Basin Paleontology: Field Trip Guide and Road Log. Seattle: Northwest Interpretive Association. ISBN 0-914019-40-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914019-40-6","url_text":"0-914019-40-6"}]},{"reference":"Mark, Stephen R. (1996). Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. National Park Service. OCLC 439789407. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/adhi/adhi.htm","url_text":"Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/439789407","url_text":"439789407"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705022702/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/joda/adhi/adhi.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1. OCLC 636774573.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-277-1","url_text":"0-87595-277-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/636774573","url_text":"636774573"}]},{"reference":"Orr, Elizabeth L.; Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon (5th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-6608-6. OCLC 42944922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7872-6608-6","url_text":"0-7872-6608-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42944922","url_text":"42944922"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_High_School_(Winnipeg)
St. Paul's High School (Winnipeg)
["1 History","2 Academics","3 Notable alumni","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°51′24″N 97°13′36″W / 49.8567°N 97.2267°W / 49.8567; -97.2267This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St. Paul's High School" Winnipeg – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Private school in Manitoba Saint Paul's High SchoolSchool coat of armsAddress2200 Grant AvenueWinnipeg, Manitoba, R3P 0P8CanadaCoordinates49°51′24″N 97°13′36″W / 49.8567°N 97.2267°W / 49.8567; -97.2267InformationTypePrivate Roman Catholic (Jesuit) Non-profit All-male Secondary (grades 9–12) education institutionMottoSicut Miles Christi(" As a Soldier of Christ")Religious affiliation(s)Roman Catholic (Jesuit)Established1926; 98 years ago (1926)Faculty46Enrollment619Student to teacher ratio14:1Color(s)Maroon   and   WhiteMascotCaptain CruWebsitewww.stpauls.mb.ca St. Paul's High School is a Jesuit Roman Catholic all-boys university preparatory high school in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The school has more than 600 students and has an active alumni community numbering more than 12,000. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) St. Paul's High School was founded in 1926 in a location on Selkirk Avenue. In 1931, the school moved to a larger campus on Ellice Avenue, allowing for dormitory and field space. The college section moved to the University of Manitoba Fort Garry campus in 1958, where it remains to this day. The high school subsequently moved to its current location at 2200 Grant Avenue in 1964. During the early 1980s, the Jesuit residence was converted into the Monaghan Wing to create additional classroom and teacher preparation space; at the same time, the science laboratories were improved. At the turn of the century, the school responded to the need for more diverse education, and so the Jesuit Legacy Campaign led to the Angus Reid Centre, which includes new classrooms, art, and band rooms, a multimedia lab, a new cafeteria and Crusader locker rooms. By 2007, the burgeoning number of extramural sports teams, fueled by the almost doubled school population from the 1970s, led to the June 2013 opening of the Paul Albrechtsen Multiplex, which holds a state-of-the-art fitness facility, regulation-size basketball court, athletic therapy centre, and a beach volleyball court. Today, the school has a 14-acre campus, 33,000 square feet of classroom space, and a 1,800-square-foot music and art room. Academics St. Paul's High School exceeds the requirements of the Manitoba Provincial High School curriculum. Course offerings include over 60 elective courses. The school also offers Advanced Placement courses and examinations in subjects such as mathematics, language arts, French, and physics. Notable alumni This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reg Alcock '66, federal cabinet minister under Paul Martin Donovan Alexander '03, Edmonton Eskimos defensive back Paul Baxter, NHL and WHA defenceman, NHL assistant coach Greg Bryk, actor (A History of Violence, Saw V, Men With Brooms) Mark Chipman '78, founder and chairman of True North Sports & Entertainment, Governor of Winnipeg Jets Gary Doer '66, former premier of Manitoba and former ambassador to the U.S. Chris Driedger '12, professional hockey player for the Seattle Kraken John Ferguson Jr., ex-general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs, MHSAA Darts semi-finalist (1986) George R. D. Goulet, best-selling Métis author Glenn Joyal '78, chief justice of the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba Mark Kingwell, political philosopher, University of Toronto Angus Reid, founder of the Angus Reid Group, now known as Ipsos-Reid Paul Soubry '80, CEO of NFI Group Michael St. Croix '11, New York Rangers Duvie Westcott, Columbus Blue Jackets defenceman Daniel Woolf '76, principal of Queen's University References St. Paul's High School Admissions Handbook ^ "About". St. Paul's High School. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "History". St. Paul's High School. Retrieved 28 July 2023. External links https://www.stpauls.mb.ca/ vteJesuit Schools NetworkMembers Arrupe Jesuit High School (CO) Belen Jesuit Preparatory School (FL) Bellarmine College Preparatory (CA) Bellarmine Preparatory School (WA) Boston College High School (MA) Brebeuf College School (ON) Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School (IN) Brooklyn Jesuit Prep (NY) Brophy College Preparatory School (AZ) Canisius High School (NY) Cheverus High School (ME) Chicago Jesuit Academy (IL) Christ the King Jesuit College Prep High School (IL) Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (PR) Creighton Preparatory School (NE) Cristo Rey Atlanta High School (GA) Cristo Rey Jesuit College Preparatory School (TX) Cristo Rey High School (Sacramento) (CA) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Baltimore) (MD) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Chicago) (IL) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Milwaukee) (WI) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Minneapolis) (MN) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (San Jose) (CA) Cristo Rey New York High School (NY) Cristo Rey Research Triangle (NC) De Smet Jesuit High School (MO) Fairbanks Catholic High School (AK) Fairfield College Preparatory School (CT) Fordham Preparatory School (NY) Georgetown Preparatory School (MD) Gesu School (PA) Gonzaga College High School (DC) Gonzaga Middle School (MB) Gonzaga Preparatory School (WA) Jesuit Academy (NE) Jesuit College Preparatory School (Dallas) (TX) Jesuit High School (New Orleans) (LA) Jesuit High School (Portland) (OR) Jesuit High School (Sacramento) (CA) Jesuit High School (Tampa) (FL) Loyola Academy (IL) Loyola Blakefield (MD) Loyola Academy of St. Louis (MO) Loyola High School (MI) Loyola High School (CA) Loyola High School (QC) Loyola Sacred Heart High School (MT) Loyola School (NY) The Loyola School (MD) Marquette University High School (WI) McQuaid Jesuit (NY) Mother Teresa Middle School (SK) Nativity Jesuit Academy (WI) NativityMiguel Middle School (NY) Nativity Preparatory School (Boston) (MA) Nativity Preparatory School (Worcester) (MA) Red Cloud Indian School (SD) Regis High School (NY) Regis Jesuit High School (CO) Rockhurst High School (MO) Sacred Heart Nativity School (CA) St. Andrew Nativity School (OR) St. Bonaventure's College (NL) St. Ignatius School (NY) St. Ignatius College Preparatory (CA) St. Ignatius College Preparatory School (IL) St. Ignatius High School (Cleveland) (OH) St. Ignatius Loyola Academy (MD) St. John's College (BZ) St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy (OH) St. Joseph's Preparatory School (PA) St. Louis University High School (MO) St Martin de Porres (OH) St. Paul's High School (MB) St. Peter's Preparatory School (NJ) St. Xavier High School (OH) Scranton Preparatory School (PA) Seattle Nativity School (WA) Seattle Preparatory School (WA) Strake Jesuit College Preparatory School (TX) University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy (MI) Verbum Dei Jesuit High School (CA) Walsh Jesuit High School (OH) Washington Jesuit Academy (DC) Xavier High School (NY) Xavier High School (Chuuk, FSM) Xavier Jesuit Academy (OH) Xavier Jesuit College Preparatory School (CA) Yap Catholic High School (Yap, FSM) Former Former Jesuit secondary schools in the United States Catholicism portal Society of Jesus vteSociety of Jesus in CanadaEducation St. Ignatius of Loyola School, Guelph Gonzaga High School, St. John's St. Bonaventure's College, St. John's Loyola High School, Montreal Mother Teresa Middle School, Regina St. Ignatius School, Winnipeg St. Paul's High School, Winnipeg Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, Montréal Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal St. Charles Garnier College, Québec Higher education Campion College, Regina Regis College, Toronto St. Paul's College, Manitoba Social justice Jesuit Forum for Social Faith and Justice Centre for Justice and Faith, Montreal Churches Holy Rosary Church, Guelph Lake Huron First Nation Parishes Martyrs' Shrine, Midland St. Pius X Church, St. John's Thunder Bay First Nation Parishes Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Toronto St. Mark's Church, Vancouver Holy Cross Church, Wiikwemkoong St. Ignatius Church, Winnipeg Church of the Gesù, Montreal Jesuit Chapel, Québec Spirituality Anishinabe Spiritual Centre Loyola House, Guelph Jesuit Centre of Spirituality, Halifax Ignatian Centre, Montreal Manresa Jesuit Spiritual Renewal Centre, Pickering Manresa Spirituality Centre, Québec Villa Loyola, Sudbury Villa Saint Martin, Montreal Summer camp Camp Ekon Catholicism portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
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The school has more than 600 students[1] and has an active alumni community numbering more than 12,000.","title":"St. Paul's High School (Winnipeg)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College_(Manitoba)"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"St. Paul's High School was founded in 1926 in a location on Selkirk Avenue. In 1931, the school moved to a larger campus on Ellice Avenue, allowing for dormitory and field space. The college section moved to the University of Manitoba Fort Garry campus in 1958, where it remains to this day. 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Goulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._D._Goulet"},{"link_name":"Glenn Joyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Joyal"},{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Mark Kingwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kingwell"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Angus Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Reid_(market_research)"},{"link_name":"Ipsos-Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos-Reid"},{"link_name":"Paul Soubry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Soubry"},{"link_name":"NFI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFI_Group"},{"link_name":"Michael St. Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_St._Croix"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Duvie Westcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvie_Westcott"},{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Daniel Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"}],"text":"Reg Alcock '66, federal cabinet minister under Paul Martin\nDonovan Alexander '03, Edmonton Eskimos defensive back\nPaul Baxter, NHL and WHA defenceman, NHL assistant coach\nGreg Bryk, actor (A History of Violence, Saw V, Men With Brooms)\nMark Chipman '78, founder and chairman of True North Sports & Entertainment, Governor of Winnipeg Jets\nGary Doer '66, former premier of Manitoba and former ambassador to the U.S.\nChris Driedger '12, professional hockey player for the Seattle Kraken\nJohn Ferguson Jr., ex-general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs, MHSAA Darts semi-finalist (1986)\nGeorge R. D. Goulet, best-selling Métis author\nGlenn Joyal '78, chief justice of the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba\nMark Kingwell, political philosopher, University of Toronto\nAngus Reid, founder of the Angus Reid Group, now known as Ipsos-Reid\nPaul Soubry '80, CEO of NFI Group\nMichael St. Croix '11, New York Rangers\nDuvie Westcott, Columbus Blue Jackets defenceman\nDaniel Woolf '76, principal of Queen's University","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron
41st Airlift Squadron
["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Occupation of Japan and Berlin Airlift","1.3 Airlift operations and Vietnam War","1.4 European deployments and expeditionary operations","1.5 Modern Era","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography"]
"41st Transport Squadron" redirects here. For the 41st Transport Squadron (formerly 41st Ferrying Squadron), see 41st Military Airlift Squadron. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2018) 41st Airlift SquadronA squadron C-130J Super Hercules flies past DenaliActive1942–1949; 1952–1971; 1971–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAirliftPart ofAir Mobility CommandGarrison/HQLittle Rock Air Force BaseNickname(s)BlackcatsEngagementsSouthwest Pacific TheaterOperation Just CauseDesert StormGlobal War on TerrorDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationPresidential Unit CitationAir Force Meritorious Unit AwardAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardPhilippine Presidential Unit CitationRepublic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with PalmCommandersNotablecommandersAlfred G. HansenInsignia41st Airlift Squadron emblem (17 August 2007)Military unit The 41st Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command's 19th Airlift Wing at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. It operates Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules aircraft. The 41st AS became Air Mobility Command's first active-duty C-130J combat unit during 2007. History World War II The squadron was constituted as 41 Transport Squadron on 2 Feb 1942. Activated on 18 Feb 1942 at Duncan Field, Texas. Redesignated as: 41 Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 July 1942. The 41st participated in airborne drops on Nadzab, Noemfoor, Tagaytay, Corregidor, and Aparri, as well as aerial transportation in South, Southwest, and Western Pacific, during World War II. While stationed at the Hollandia Airfield Complex, the squadron rebuilt a captured Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar fighter. Occupation of Japan and Berlin Airlift Redesignated 41 Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy, on 30 June 1948 and participated in the Berlin Airlift in 1948. The 41st was inactivated on 14 Sep 1949. Airlift operations and Vietnam War Redesignated as 41 Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium, on 3 July 1952 and activated on 14 July 1952. The 41st transported United Nations troops to the Congo in 1960, Redesignated as: 41 Troop Carrier Squadron on 8 Dec 1965. Airlifted personnel and equipment to Southeast Asia from Ryukyu Islands from, 1965–1971. The 41 Troop Carrier Squadron was renamed 41 Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 August 1967. Supported airlift operations in Korea during Pueblo crisis in January 1968. European deployments and expeditionary operations The squadron was inactivated on 28 February 1971. Activated on 31 August 1971. It has supported U.S. Army training and performed rotational duty throughout Europe, since 1971. The 41st airlifted personnel, special forces and supplies during operations in Grenada in 1983, Panama from December 1989 – January 1990, and in Southwest Asia from, 11 August 1990 – 21 March 1991. Redesignated as the 41st Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1992. Modern Era The 'Blackcats' received their first on 13 March 2007, this marked the start of the squadron's replacement of their elderly C-130H Hercules transporters. On 26 July 2019, the 41st Airlift Squadron was awarded the 2018 General Joseph Smith Trophy for being the most outstanding airlift squadron in Air Mobility Command for 2018. The squadron led the largest wing exercises in a decade, delivered the most prevalent overseas airdrop in five years, and had the Air Force's lowest C-130J mishap rate for eight years. Lineage Constituted as the 41st Transport Squadron on 2 February 1942 Activated on 18 February 1942 Redesignated 41st Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 July 1942 Redesignated 41st Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy on 30 June 1948 Inactivated on 14 September 1949 Redesignated 41st Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 3 July 1952 Activated on 14 July 1952 Redesignated 41st Troop Carrier Squadron on 8 December 1965 Redesignated 41st Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 August 1967 Inactivated on 28 February 1971 Activated on 31 August 1971 Redesignated 41st Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1992 Assignments San Antonio Air Depot, 18 February 1942 317th Transport Group (later 317th Troop Carrier Group), 22 February 1942 – 14 September 1949 317th Troop Carrier Group, 14 July 1952 317th Troop Carrier Wing, 12 March 1957 322d Air Division, 25 September 1958 317th Troop Carrier Wing, 15 April 1963 (attached to Detachment 1, 322d Air Division 6 September–21 December 1964) 315th Air Division, 21 November 1965 (attached to 6315 Operations Group) 374th Tactical Airlift Wing, 8 August 1966 – 28 February 1971 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, 31 August 1971 Attached to 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 6 November 1971 – 12 January 1972, 11 March–16 May 1974, 11 November 1974 – 15 January 1975 Attached to 322d Tactical Airlift Wing, 4 June–16 August 1972, 5 February–14 April 1973, 9 August–15 October 1973 Attached to 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 4 October–15 December 1975, 13 July–10 September 1976, 5 March–25 April 1977, 2 May–22 July 1978 Attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Wing, 5 December 1979 – 12 February 1980, 3 April–14 June 1981, 3 August–14 October 1982, 4 December 1983 – 15 February 1984, 10 February–10 April 1985, 25 May–13 August 1986, 1 August–14 October 1987, 3 December 1989 – 15 February 1992 Attached to Airlift Division, Provisional, 1610th, 1 November 1990; Tactical Airlift Wing, Provisional, 1660th, 17 December 1990; Tactical Airlift Group, Provisional, 1675th, 15 January–21 March 1991 317th Operations Group, 1 January 1992 23d Operations Group, 16 July 1993 43d Operations Group, 1 April 1997 463d Airlift Group, 5 April 2007 19th Operations Group, 1 October 2008 – present Stations Duncan Field, Texas, 18 February 1942 Bowman Field, Kentucky, 20 June 1942 Laurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base, North Carolina, 3–12 December 1942 Garbutt Field, Australia, 23 January 1943 Port Moresby Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 5 October 1953 Finschhafen Airfield, New Guinea, 24 April 1944 Hollandia Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 13 May 1944 Leyte, Philippines, 17 November 1944 Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 6 March 1945 Okinawa, August 1945 Kimpo Air Base, South Korea, October 1945 Seoul Air Base, South Korea, 7 January 1946 Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, 19 January 1946 Nagoya Air Base, Japan, 30 April 1947 Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, September 1947– 22 September 1948 Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany, 30 September 1948 RAF Celle, Germany, 19 December 1948 – 14 September 1949 Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 14 July 1952 Neubiberg Air Base, Germany, 21 March 1953 Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France, 15 March 1957 – 20 June 1964 Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, 20 June 1964 – 21 November 1965 (deployed to Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France 6 September-21 December 1964) Naha Air Base, Okinawa, 21 November 1965 – 28 February 1971 Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 31 August 1971 Deployed to RAF Mildenhall, England, 6 November 1971 – 12 January 1972, 11 March-16 May 1974, 11 November 1974 – 15 January 1975, 13 July-10 September 1976, 5 March-25 April 1977, 2 May-22 July 1978, 5 December 1979 – 12 February 1980, 3 April-14 June 1981, 3 August-14 October 1982, 4 December 1983 – 15 February 1984, 10 February-10 April 1985, 25 May-13 August 1986, 1 August-14 October 1987, 3 December 1989 – 15 February 1990, 2 December 1991 – 15 February 1992 Deployed to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 4 June-16 August 1972, 5 February-14 April 1973, 9 August-15 October 1973, 4 October-15 December 1975 Deployed to RAF Sculthorpe, England, 2 October-15 December 1988 Deployed to Thumrait Air Base, Oman, 11 August 1990 – 12 January 1991 Deployed to King Fahd Air Base, Saudi Arabia, 13 January-21 March 1991 Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 5 April 2007 – present Aircraft Wikimedia Commons has media related to 41st Airlift Squadron (United States Air Force). Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1942–1946) Curtiss C-46 Commando (1946–1948) Douglas C-54 Skymaster (1948–1949) Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1952–1958) Lockheed C-130 Hercules (1957–1971, 1971–2007) Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules (2007–present) References Notes ^ a b No byline (9 April 2007). "New combat squadron stands up at Little Rock". 19th Airlift Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). "Factsheet 41 Airlift Squadron (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 6 January 2018. ^ "USAF gets active-duty C-130J". Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Pluth, Dave. "The Captured Oscars of Hollandia". j-aircraft.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ "AMC's first C-130J delivered to LRAFB". Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "41st AS: Most outstanding Airlift Squadron in AMC". Retrieved 1 March 2020. Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016. vte Air Mobility CommandNumbered Air Forces Eighteenth (Transportation) CommandOrganizations 618th Air and Space Operations Center (Tanker Airlift Control Center) USAF Expeditionary Center Special Air Mission Bases Andrews Charleston Dover Dyess Fairchild Hickam Little Rock MacDill McChord McConnell McGuire Pope Ramstein Scott Travis Group 43d Air Mobility Operations 317th Airlift Group WingsAir Base 87th 628th Air Mobility 60th 305th 375th Air Refueling (Tanker) 6th 22d 92d Airlift 19th 62d 89th 436th 437th Air Mobility Operations 515th 521st Contingency Response 621st vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Air Staff Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Director of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four-star generals Three-star generals 1940–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces StructureCommands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE–AFAFRICA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Expeditionary Fifteenth Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-Second Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Personnel Rank officers cadets enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training: Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Aircraft Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces "The U.S. Air Force" Air Force Band Airman's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One / Air Force Two Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Air & Space Forces Association Category
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For the 41st Transport Squadron (formerly 41st Ferrying Squadron), see 41st Military Airlift Squadron.Military unitThe 41st Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command's 19th Airlift Wing at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. It operates Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules aircraft.[1]The 41st AS became Air Mobility Command's first active-duty C-130J combat unit during 2007.[3]","title":"41st Airlift Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"},{"link_name":"airborne drops on Nadzab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Nadzab"},{"link_name":"Noemfoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor"},{"link_name":"Tagaytay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_at_Los_Ba%C3%B1os"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Hollandia Airfield Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandia_Airfield_Complex"},{"link_name":"Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"The squadron was constituted as 41 Transport Squadron on 2 Feb 1942. Activated on 18 Feb 1942 at Duncan Field, Texas. Redesignated as: 41 Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 July 1942.[2] The 41st participated in airborne drops on Nadzab, Noemfoor, Tagaytay, Corregidor, and Aparri, as well as aerial transportation in South, Southwest, and Western Pacific, during World War II.[2]While stationed at the Hollandia Airfield Complex, the squadron rebuilt a captured Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar fighter.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Occupation of Japan and Berlin Airlift","text":"Redesignated 41 Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy, on 30 June 1948 and participated in the Berlin Airlift in 1948.[2] The 41st was inactivated on 14 Sep 1949.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Pueblo crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Airlift operations and Vietnam War","text":"Redesignated as 41 Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium, on 3 July 1952 and activated on 14 July 1952. The 41st transported United Nations troops to the Congo in 1960, Redesignated as: 41 Troop Carrier Squadron on 8 Dec 1965. Airlifted personnel and equipment to Southeast Asia from Ryukyu Islands from, 1965–1971. The 41 Troop Carrier Squadron was renamed 41 Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 August 1967. Supported airlift operations in Korea during Pueblo crisis in January 1968.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"European deployments and expeditionary operations","text":"The squadron was inactivated on 28 February 1971. Activated on 31 August 1971. It has supported U.S. Army training and performed rotational duty throughout Europe, since 1971. The 41st airlifted personnel, special forces and supplies during operations in Grenada in 1983, Panama from December 1989 – January 1990, and in Southwest Asia from, 11 August 1990 – 21 March 1991.[2] Redesignated as the 41st Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1992.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Modern Era","text":"The 'Blackcats' received their first on 13 March 2007, this marked the start of the squadron's replacement of their elderly C-130H Hercules transporters.[5]On 26 July 2019, the 41st Airlift Squadron was awarded the 2018 General Joseph Smith Trophy for being the most outstanding airlift squadron in Air Mobility Command for 2018. 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Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Air_Depot"},{"link_name":"317th Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"317th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"322d Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322d_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"315th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/315th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"374th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/374th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"513th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/513th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"322d Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322d_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"435th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/435th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"313th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/313th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"23d Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23d_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"43d Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43d_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"463d Airlift Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/463d_Airlift_Group"},{"link_name":"19th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"San Antonio Air Depot, 18 February 1942\n317th Transport Group (later 317th Troop Carrier Group), 22 February 1942 – 14 September 1949\n317th Troop Carrier Group, 14 July 1952\n317th Troop Carrier Wing, 12 March 1957\n322d Air Division, 25 September 1958\n317th Troop Carrier Wing, 15 April 1963 (attached to Detachment 1, 322d Air Division 6 September–21 December 1964)\n315th Air Division, 21 November 1965 (attached to 6315 Operations Group)\n374th Tactical Airlift Wing, 8 August 1966 – 28 February 1971\n317th Tactical Airlift Wing, 31 August 1971\nAttached to 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 6 November 1971 – 12 January 1972, 11 March–16 May 1974, 11 November 1974 – 15 January 1975\nAttached to 322d Tactical Airlift Wing, 4 June–16 August 1972, 5 February–14 April 1973, 9 August–15 October 1973\nAttached to 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 4 October–15 December 1975, 13 July–10 September 1976, 5 March–25 April 1977, 2 May–22 July 1978\nAttached to 313th Tactical Airlift Wing, 5 December 1979 – 12 February 1980, 3 April–14 June 1981, 3 August–14 October 1982, 4 December 1983 – 15 February 1984, 10 February–10 April 1985, 25 May–13 August 1986, 1 August–14 October 1987, 3 December 1989 – 15 February 1992\nAttached to Airlift Division, Provisional, 1610th, 1 November 1990; Tactical Airlift Wing, Provisional, 1660th, 17 December 1990; Tactical Airlift Group, Provisional, 1675th, 15 January–21 March 1991\n317th Operations Group, 1 January 1992\n23d Operations Group, 16 July 1993\n43d Operations Group, 1 April 1997\n463d Airlift Group, 5 April 2007\n19th Operations Group, 1 October 2008 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duncan Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Field"},{"link_name":"Bowman Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Laurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurinburg-Maxton_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Garbutt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbutt_Field"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby Airfield Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby_Airfield_Complex"},{"link_name":"Finschhafen Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finschhafen_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Clark Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Field"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Kimpo Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimpo_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Seoul Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"RAF Celle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Celle"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Neubiberg Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubiberg_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Évreux-Fauville Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vreux-Fauville_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Lockbourne Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockbourne_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Naha Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Pope Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"RAF Mildenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall"},{"link_name":"RAF Sculthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Sculthorpe"},{"link_name":"Thumrait Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumrait_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"King Fahd Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Fahd_Air_Base&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Little Rock Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Duncan Field, Texas, 18 February 1942\nBowman Field, Kentucky, 20 June 1942\nLaurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base, North Carolina, 3–12 December 1942\nGarbutt Field, Australia, 23 January 1943\nPort Moresby Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 5 October 1953\nFinschhafen Airfield, New Guinea, 24 April 1944\nHollandia Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 13 May 1944\nLeyte, Philippines, 17 November 1944\nClark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 6 March 1945\nOkinawa, August 1945\nKimpo Air Base, South Korea, October 1945\nSeoul Air Base, South Korea, 7 January 1946\nTachikawa Air Base, Japan, 19 January 1946\nNagoya Air Base, Japan, 30 April 1947\nTachikawa Air Base, Japan, September 1947– 22 September 1948\nWiesbaden Air Base, Germany, 30 September 1948\nRAF Celle, Germany, 19 December 1948 – 14 September 1949\nRhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 14 July 1952\nNeubiberg Air Base, Germany, 21 March 1953\nÉvreux-Fauville Air Base, France, 15 March 1957 – 20 June 1964\nLockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, 20 June 1964 – 21 November 1965 (deployed to Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France 6 September-21 December 1964)\nNaha Air Base, Okinawa, 21 November 1965 – 28 February 1971\nPope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 31 August 1971\nDeployed to RAF Mildenhall, England, 6 November 1971 – 12 January 1972, 11 March-16 May 1974, 11 November 1974 – 15 January 1975, 13 July-10 September 1976, 5 March-25 April 1977, 2 May-22 July 1978, 5 December 1979 – 12 February 1980, 3 April-14 June 1981, 3 August-14 October 1982, 4 December 1983 – 15 February 1984, 10 February-10 April 1985, 25 May-13 August 1986, 1 August-14 October 1987, 3 December 1989 – 15 February 1990, 2 December 1991 – 15 February 1992\nDeployed to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 4 June-16 August 1972, 5 February-14 April 1973, 9 August-15 October 1973, 4 October-15 December 1975\nDeployed to RAF Sculthorpe, England, 2 October-15 December 1988\nDeployed to Thumrait Air Base, Oman, 11 August 1990 – 12 January 1991\nDeployed to King Fahd Air Base, Saudi Arabia, 13 January-21 March 1991\nLittle Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 5 April 2007 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41st Airlift Squadron (United States Air Force)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:41st_Airlift_Squadron_(United_States_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-54 Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41ASfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130J_Super_Hercules"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to 41st Airlift Squadron (United States Air Force).Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1942–1946)\nCurtiss C-46 Commando (1946–1948)\nDouglas C-54 Skymaster (1948–1949)\nFairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1952–1958)\nLockheed C-130 Hercules (1957–1971, 1971–2007)[2]\nLockheed C-130J Super Hercules (2007–present)","title":"Lineage"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"No byline (9 April 2007). \"New combat squadron stands up at Little Rock\". 19th Airlift Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175206/http://www.littlerock.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123048096","url_text":"\"New combat squadron stands up at Little Rock\""},{"url":"http://www.littlerock.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123048096","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). \"Factsheet 41 Airlift Squadron (USAFE)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434065/41-airlift-squadron/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 41 Airlift Squadron (USAFE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAF gets active-duty C-130J\". Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/usaf-gets-active-duty-c-130j-/72522.article","url_text":"\"USAF gets active-duty C-130J\""}]},{"reference":"Pluth, Dave. \"The Captured Oscars of Hollandia\". j-aircraft.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.j-aircraft.com/research/dave_pluth/hollandia_oscars.htm","url_text":"\"The Captured Oscars of Hollandia\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMC's first C-130J delivered to LRAFB\". Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.littlerock.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001716744/","url_text":"\"AMC's first C-130J delivered to LRAFB\""}]},{"reference":"\"41st AS: Most outstanding Airlift Squadron in AMC\". Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.littlerock.af.mil/News/Article/1918396/41st-as-most-outstanding-airlift-squadron-in-amc/","url_text":"\"41st AS: Most outstanding Airlift Squadron in AMC\""}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lia_Xakriab%C3%A1
Célia Xakriabá
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Educational career","2.2 Political career","3 Views","4 Notes","5 References"]
Brazilian indigenous educator and activist (born 1990) Célia XakriabáXakriabá in 2018Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Minas GeraisIncumbentAssumed office 1 February 2023ConstituencyAt-large Personal detailsBornCélia Nunes Correa (1990-05-09) 9 May 1990 (age 34)Itacarambi, Minas Gerais, BrazilPolitical partyPSOL (2022–present)Alma mater Federal University of Minas Gerais (BA) University of Brasília (MSc) OccupationEducator, activist Célia Nunes Correa (born 9 May 1990), better known as Célia Xakriabá , is an indigenous educator and activist of the Xakriabá people of Brazil. She is best known for holding debates and lectures at universities in Brazil promoting, among other things, advancement of the status and rights of indigenous women, indigenous land rights, and indigenous education. Early life Xakriabá was born in the municipality of São João das Missões in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. She attended school at the Xukurnuk Indigenous State School. Later, she both attended and taught indigenous education at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in 2013. Attending from 2016, Xakriabá earned her master's degree in education from the University of Brasília in 2018. She is the first member of her tribe to receive a graduate degree. Xakriabá has been an activist for indigenous rights since she was 13 years old. Career Xakriabá giving a lecture at the University of Brasília in 2018 Educational career In 2015, Xakriabá became the first individual of indigenous descent to represent indigenous Brazilians in the Minas Gerais Department of Education. She held the position from 2015 to 2017. Xakriabá claims that the education indigenous youths in Brazil receive is not adequate because it does not teach them their rights to the land and their history. She also says that in western education all the knowledge comes from the teacher, but that in indigenous education everyone brings knowledge to share. Since 2017, Xakriabá has spoken at various conferences and debates at universities in Brazil centered on indigenous rights, such as promoting indigenous education, and encouraging the revitalization of native languages in Brazil. Political career Xakriabá was opposed to a bill proposed in the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais that would prohibit speakers from wearing headdresses or "outlandish" costumes. She says that this bill was intended to limit the visibility of native speakers. In February 2019, she joined the advisory board for Socialism and Liberty Party representative Áurea Carolina from Minas Gerais. in the 2022 general election, Xakriabá became the first indigenous woman from Minas Gerais to be elected to the Federal Congress. Views Xakriabá argues that present-day Brazilian education does not do enough to explore the history of minorities such as indigenous and African Brazilians, which she says results in these peoples feeling disconnected from their own history and ancestry. Xakriabá claims that education for indigenous Brazilian youth must make the connection between their ancestral land to their heritage, identity, and spirituality. Xakriabá has also been a critic of the observance of the Gregorian calendar holidays in Brazilian education, saying that western and Christian holidays have no significance for indigenous Brazilians. She says that the absence of Brazilian women from positions of authority, in general, and indigenous women in particular, has to do with colonialism and western values. Xakriabá says that the lack of female representation is one of the causes for violence against indigenous women in Brazil. According to her, women's influence also is limited by the way Brazilian schools present the history of colonization, which makes native societies seem more primitive and patriarchal than what she believes they were. Xakriabá says that the colonial processes of genocide and ethnocide begin with killing off the indigenous peoples, followed by the destruction of indigenous identity, and lastly, the destruction of indigenous knowledge. Xakriabá has defended indigenously directed and produced cinema, saying that it promotes native knowledge. She is a strong critic of the policies of the government of Jair Bolsonaro, saying that it is the legacy of white supremacy and indigenous genocide that stems from colonialism. During the 2018 election, Xakriabá took part in protests against Bolsonaro in São Paulo. Notes ^ At the time, Itacarambi was a district of the municipality of São João das Missões. References ^ a b c Garonce, Luiza (27 March 2018). "Não é privilégio, é dívida histórica', diz professora indígena sobre demarcação de terras no Brasil". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Alberti, Mia (25 April 2019). "'Now belongs to us': Women take lead in Brazil's indigenous fight". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 July 2019. ^ a b "Servidora indígena na Secretaria de Educação". Coleguium: Rede de Ensino (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ a b Darverson, Julyerme (27 March 2018). ""Vivemos um momento de retrocesso", diz professora e ativista indígena Célia Xakriabá". Brasília Encontro (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ a b Rabelo, Nair (9 August 2018). "UnB recebe estudantes com palestra de Célia Xakriabá" . UnB Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ "Women Take the Lead in the Fight for Indigenous Rights in Brazil". Giving Compass. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019. ^ "Primeira indígena na Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais faz panorama do papel da mulher na defesa dos povos indígenas". APIB (in Portuguese). 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019. ^ a b c Damázio, Malú (17 July 2017). "Representante de indígenas na Educação defende modelo diferenciado de aprendizagem". Hoje Em dia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Alves, Guilherme (28 March 2018). "Líder indígena defende preservação cultural de povos tradicionais" . UnB Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ Falabella, Cida (18 April 2019). "A quem interessa barrar o uso de um cocar?". Gabinetona (in Portuguese). BHAZ. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Áurea Carolina - Respeito à cultura indígena (Video)". Facebook (in Portuguese). 19 April 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ "Célia Xakriabá" (in Portuguese). Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ Leite, Letícia (10 January 2023). "Célia Xakriabá: "Congress will no longer be gray. It will be the same color as us, the color of genipap and annatto"". Sumaúma. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ "Juventude indígena - Célia Xakriabá". Futura Play (in Portuguese). Canal Futura. 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ a b Braga, Carol (8 June 2018). "Cineop: Célia Xakriabá em defesa do cinema indígena". culturadoria (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Xakriabá, Célia (26 March 2019). "A ditadura da supremacia branca e o genocídio indígena". Mídia Ninja (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ Faiola, Anthony; Lopes, Marina (8 October 2018). "Echoes of White House: Far-right Trump fan wins first round in divided Brazil". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈsɛli.ɐ ʃɐˌkɾi.ɐˈba]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Xakriabá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Célia Nunes Correa (born 9 May 1990), better known as Célia Xakriabá [ˈsɛli.ɐ ʃɐˌkɾi.ɐˈba], is an indigenous educator and activist of the Xakriabá people of Brazil. She is best known for holding debates and lectures at universities in Brazil promoting, among other things, advancement of the status and rights of indigenous women, indigenous land rights, and indigenous education.[1][2]","title":"Célia Xakriabá"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São João das Missões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_das_Miss%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coleguium-4"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g1-2"},{"link_name":"University of Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-correioweb-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnB-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Xakriabá was born in the municipality of São João das Missões in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. She attended school at the Xukurnuk Indigenous State School.[3] Later, she both attended and taught indigenous education at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in 2013.[1] Attending from 2016, Xakriabá earned her master's degree in education from the University of Brasília in 2018.[4] She is the first member of her tribe to receive a graduate degree.[5]Xakriabá has been an activist for indigenous rights since she was 13 years old.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:-inspiraUnB_-_2%C2%BA_2018_(44072636851).jpg"}],"text":"Xakriabá giving a lecture at the University of Brasília in 2018","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-correioweb-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coleguium-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoje-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoje-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnB-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Educational career","text":"In 2015, Xakriabá became the first individual of indigenous descent to represent indigenous Brazilians in the Minas Gerais Department of Education.[4][7] She held the position from 2015 to 2017.[3] Xakriabá claims that the education indigenous youths in Brazil receive is not adequate because it does not teach them their rights to the land and their history.[8] She also says that in western education all the knowledge comes from the teacher, but that in indigenous education everyone brings knowledge to share.[8]Since 2017, Xakriabá has spoken at various conferences and debates at universities in Brazil centered on indigenous rights, such as promoting indigenous education,[5] and encouraging the revitalization of native languages in Brazil.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Socialism and Liberty Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_and_Liberty_Party"},{"link_name":"Áurea Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81urea_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suma%C3%BAma-14"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"Xakriabá was opposed to a bill proposed in the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais that would prohibit speakers from wearing headdresses or \"outlandish\" costumes. She says that this bill was intended to limit the visibility of native speakers.[10] In February 2019, she joined the advisory board for Socialism and Liberty Party representative Áurea Carolina from Minas Gerais.[11] in the 2022 general election, Xakriabá became the first indigenous woman from Minas Gerais to be elected to the Federal Congress.[12][13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Brazilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Brazilians"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoje-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g1-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineop-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cineop-16"},{"link_name":"Jair Bolsonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Xakriabá argues that present-day Brazilian education does not do enough to explore the history of minorities such as indigenous and African Brazilians, which she says results in these peoples feeling disconnected from their own history and ancestry. Xakriabá claims that education for indigenous Brazilian youth must make the connection between their ancestral land to their heritage, identity, and spirituality. Xakriabá has also been a critic of the observance of the Gregorian calendar holidays in Brazilian education, saying that western and Christian holidays have no significance for indigenous Brazilians.[8]She says that the absence of Brazilian women from positions of authority, in general, and indigenous women in particular, has to do with colonialism and western values. Xakriabá says that the lack of female representation is one of the causes for violence against indigenous women in Brazil.[1] According to her, women's influence also is limited by the way Brazilian schools present the history of colonization, which makes native societies seem more primitive and patriarchal than what she believes they were.[14]Xakriabá says that the colonial processes of genocide and ethnocide begin with killing off the indigenous peoples, followed by the destruction of indigenous identity, and lastly, the destruction of indigenous knowledge.[15] Xakriabá has defended indigenously directed and produced cinema, saying that it promotes native knowledge.[15]She is a strong critic of the policies of the government of Jair Bolsonaro, saying that it is the legacy of white supremacy and indigenous genocide that stems from colonialism.[16] During the 2018 election, Xakriabá took part in protests against Bolsonaro in São Paulo.[17]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"São João das Missões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_das_Miss%C3%B5es"}],"text":"^ At the time, Itacarambi was a district of the municipality of São João das Missões.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Xakriabá giving a lecture at the University of Brasília in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/-inspiraUnB_-_2%C2%BA_2018_%2844072636851%29.jpg/240px--inspiraUnB_-_2%C2%BA_2018_%2844072636851%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Garonce, Luiza (27 March 2018). \"Não é privilégio, é dívida histórica', diz professora indígena sobre demarcação de terras no Brasil\". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/nao-e-privilegio-e-divida-historica-diz-professora-indigena-sobre-demarcacao-de-terras-no-brasil.ghtml","url_text":"\"Não é privilégio, é dívida histórica', diz professora indígena sobre demarcação de terras no Brasil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_(website)","url_text":"G1"}]},{"reference":"Alberti, Mia (25 April 2019). \"'Now belongs to us': Women take lead in Brazil's indigenous fight\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/belongs-women-lead-brazil-indigenous-fight-190425120740156.html","url_text":"\"'Now belongs to us': Women take lead in Brazil's indigenous fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Servidora indígena na Secretaria de Educação\". Coleguium: Rede de Ensino (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010146/https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/","url_text":"\"Servidora indígena na Secretaria de Educação\""},{"url":"https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Darverson, Julyerme (27 March 2018). \"\"Vivemos um momento de retrocesso\", diz professora e ativista indígena Célia Xakriabá\". Brasília Encontro (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sites.correioweb.com.br/app/noticia/encontro/revista/2018/06/06/interna_revista,4470/vivemos-um-momento-de-retrocesso-diz-professora-e-ativista-indigena.shtml","url_text":"\"\"Vivemos um momento de retrocesso\", diz professora e ativista indígena Célia Xakriabá\""}]},{"reference":"Rabelo, Nair (9 August 2018). \"UnB recebe estudantes com palestra de Célia Xakriabá\" [UnB welcomes students with lecture by Celia Xakriabá]. UnB Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2426-unb-recebe-estudantes-com-palestra-de-celia-xakriaba","url_text":"\"UnB recebe estudantes com palestra de Célia Xakriabá\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women Take the Lead in the Fight for Indigenous Rights in Brazil\". Giving Compass. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://givingcompass.org/article/women-take-the-lead-in-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-brazil/","url_text":"\"Women Take the Lead in the Fight for Indigenous Rights in Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primeira indígena na Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais faz panorama do papel da mulher na defesa dos povos indígenas\". APIB (in Portuguese). 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728115735/http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/","url_text":"\"Primeira indígena na Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais faz panorama do papel da mulher na defesa dos povos indígenas\""},{"url":"http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Damázio, Malú (17 July 2017). \"Representante de indígenas na Educação defende modelo diferenciado de aprendizagem\". Hoje Em dia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/mais/representante-de-ind%C3%ADgenas-na-educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-defende-modelo-diferenciado-de-aprendizagem-1.543666/c%C3%A9lia-xakriab%C3%A1-1.543667","url_text":"\"Representante de indígenas na Educação defende modelo diferenciado de aprendizagem\""}]},{"reference":"Alves, Guilherme (28 March 2018). \"Líder indígena defende preservação cultural de povos tradicionais\" [Indigenous leader defends cultural preservation of traditional peoples]. UnB Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2172-lider-indigena-defende-preservacao-cultural-de-povos-tradicionais&xid=17259,15700022,15700186,15700190,15700256,15700259,15700262,15700265&usg=ALkJrhgM5lYitimowzjHGJ3Q6Phz0Zk5jw","url_text":"\"Líder indígena defende preservação cultural de povos tradicionais\""}]},{"reference":"Falabella, Cida (18 April 2019). \"A quem interessa barrar o uso de um cocar?\". Gabinetona (in Portuguese). BHAZ. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190727232417/https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/","url_text":"\"A quem interessa barrar o uso de um cocar?\""},{"url":"https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Áurea Carolina - Respeito à cultura indígena (Video)\". Facebook (in Portuguese). 19 April 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ms-my.facebook.com/aureacarolina/videos/382975662535104/?video_source=permalink","url_text":"\"Áurea Carolina - Respeito à cultura indígena (Video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Célia Xakriabá\" (in Portuguese). Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/206018","url_text":"\"Célia Xakriabá\""}]},{"reference":"Leite, Letícia (10 January 2023). \"Célia Xakriabá: \"Congress will no longer be gray. It will be the same color as us, the color of genipap and annatto\"\". Sumaúma. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sumauma.com/en/celia-xakriaba-o-congresso-nao-vai-mais-ser-cinza-ele-vai-ter-a-nossa-cor-jenipapo-e-urucum/","url_text":"\"Célia Xakriabá: \"Congress will no longer be gray. It will be the same color as us, the color of genipap and annatto\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juventude indígena - Célia Xakriabá\". Futura Play (in Portuguese). Canal Futura. 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.futuraplay.org/video/juventude-indigena-celia-xakriaba/342425/","url_text":"\"Juventude indígena - Célia Xakriabá\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futura_(TV_channel)","url_text":"Canal Futura"}]},{"reference":"Braga, Carol (8 June 2018). \"Cineop: Célia Xakriabá em defesa do cinema indígena\". culturadoria (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://culturadoria.com.br/celia-xakriaba-na-cineop/","url_text":"\"Cineop: Célia Xakriabá em defesa do cinema indígena\""}]},{"reference":"Xakriabá, Célia (26 March 2019). \"A ditadura da supremacia branca e o genocídio indígena\". Mídia Ninja (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://midianinja.org/colunistaninja/celia-xakriaba-a-ditadura-da-supremacia-branca-e-o-genocidio-indigena/","url_text":"\"A ditadura da supremacia branca e o genocídio indígena\""}]},{"reference":"Faiola, Anthony; Lopes, Marina (8 October 2018). \"Echoes of White House: Far-right Trump fan wins first round in divided Brazil\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/world/south-america/echoes-of-white-house-far-right-trump-fan-wins-first-round-in-divided-brazil-20181008-p508b1.html","url_text":"\"Echoes of White House: Far-right Trump fan wins first round in divided Brazil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/nao-e-privilegio-e-divida-historica-diz-professora-indigena-sobre-demarcacao-de-terras-no-brasil.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Não é privilégio, é dívida histórica', diz professora indígena sobre demarcação de terras no Brasil\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/belongs-women-lead-brazil-indigenous-fight-190425120740156.html","external_links_name":"\"'Now belongs to us': Women take lead in Brazil's indigenous fight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010146/https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/","external_links_name":"\"Servidora indígena na Secretaria de Educação\""},{"Link":"https://coleguium.com.br/noticias/servidora-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sites.correioweb.com.br/app/noticia/encontro/revista/2018/06/06/interna_revista,4470/vivemos-um-momento-de-retrocesso-diz-professora-e-ativista-indigena.shtml","external_links_name":"\"\"Vivemos um momento de retrocesso\", diz professora e ativista indígena Célia Xakriabá\""},{"Link":"https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2426-unb-recebe-estudantes-com-palestra-de-celia-xakriaba","external_links_name":"\"UnB recebe estudantes com palestra de Célia Xakriabá\""},{"Link":"https://givingcompass.org/article/women-take-the-lead-in-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-brazil/","external_links_name":"\"Women Take the Lead in the Fight for Indigenous Rights in Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728115735/http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/","external_links_name":"\"Primeira indígena na Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais faz panorama do papel da mulher na defesa dos povos indígenas\""},{"Link":"http://apib.info/2018/03/26/primeira-indigena-na-secretaria-de-educacao-de-minas-gerais-faz-panorama-do-papel-da-mulher-na-defesa-dos-povos-indigenas/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/mais/representante-de-ind%C3%ADgenas-na-educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-defende-modelo-diferenciado-de-aprendizagem-1.543666/c%C3%A9lia-xakriab%C3%A1-1.543667","external_links_name":"\"Representante de indígenas na Educação defende modelo diferenciado de aprendizagem\""},{"Link":"https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/112-extensao-e-comunidade/2172-lider-indigena-defende-preservacao-cultural-de-povos-tradicionais&xid=17259,15700022,15700186,15700190,15700256,15700259,15700262,15700265&usg=ALkJrhgM5lYitimowzjHGJ3Q6Phz0Zk5jw","external_links_name":"\"Líder indígena defende preservação cultural de povos tradicionais\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190727232417/https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/","external_links_name":"\"A quem interessa barrar o uso de um cocar?\""},{"Link":"https://bhaz.com.br/2019/04/18/gabinetona-a-quem-interessa-barrar-o-uso-de-um-cocar/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ms-my.facebook.com/aureacarolina/videos/382975662535104/?video_source=permalink","external_links_name":"\"Áurea Carolina - Respeito à cultura indígena (Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/206018","external_links_name":"\"Célia Xakriabá\""},{"Link":"https://sumauma.com/en/celia-xakriaba-o-congresso-nao-vai-mais-ser-cinza-ele-vai-ter-a-nossa-cor-jenipapo-e-urucum/","external_links_name":"\"Célia Xakriabá: \"Congress will no longer be gray. It will be the same color as us, the color of genipap and annatto\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.futuraplay.org/video/juventude-indigena-celia-xakriaba/342425/","external_links_name":"\"Juventude indígena - Célia Xakriabá\""},{"Link":"https://culturadoria.com.br/celia-xakriaba-na-cineop/","external_links_name":"\"Cineop: Célia Xakriabá em defesa do cinema indígena\""},{"Link":"http://midianinja.org/colunistaninja/celia-xakriaba-a-ditadura-da-supremacia-branca-e-o-genocidio-indigena/","external_links_name":"\"A ditadura da supremacia branca e o genocídio indígena\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/world/south-america/echoes-of-white-house-far-right-trump-fan-wins-first-round-in-divided-brazil-20181008-p508b1.html","external_links_name":"\"Echoes of White House: Far-right Trump fan wins first round in divided Brazil\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lear
John Lear
["1 Early life","2 Aviator career","3 Influence on UFO conspiracy theories","3.1 UFO conspiracy theories before Lear","3.2 Statement by John Lear","3.3 Relationship with Bill Cooper","3.4 Introduction of Bob Lazar and Area 51","3.5 Role in 1989 symposium","3.6 Legacy","4 Personal life and death","5 References","6 Notes"]
American conspiracy theorist (1942–2022) John Olsen LearLear (right) photographed with Watergate burglar G. Gordon Liddy in 1986BornDecember 3, 1942 (1942-12-03)DiedMarch 29, 2022 (2022-03-30) (aged 79)NationalityAmericanOccupationpilot John Olsen Lear (December 3, 1942 – March 29, 2022), son of Learjet magnate Bill Lear, was an aviator who set multiple records, later flying cargo planes for the CIA during the Vietnam era. In the 1980s, Lear began speaking of alien collusion with secret governmental forces. In the second half of the 1980s, Lear was "probably the most influential source" of UFO conspiracy theories. Early life John Olsen Lear was born on December 3, 1942, to industrialist and future Learjet founder Bill Lear and his wife Moya Marie Olsen Lear. He was named after his maternal grandfather, famous comedian John Olsen. His second and third birthday parties were covered in the "Society" page of an Ohio paper. Lear graduated from the Institut Le Rosey boarding school in Switzerland and attended Wichita State University. Aviator career In 1956, Lear flew his first flight at age 14. His first solo flight was at 16, and in 1960, Lear was hired as a pilot and public relationship representative by his father's company. In 1962, Lear crashed a biplane during stunt flying at his boarding school; He underwent an emergency tracheotomy, a five hour surgery, and a long convalescence. That year, Lear agreed to attend a Pasadena, California Art College, but lost the $5,000 he had been given for tuition in the stock market. Lear and his father remain estranged -- when his father died in 1979, John Lear was excluded from the will, which was generous to John's children. In 1965, Lear was employed by the Paul Kelly Flying Service when its founder was killed while piloting a LearJet. Lear testified at the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation into the crash. Between May 23 and 26, 1966, Lear and a crewmate flew a record-breaking flight around the world in a LearJet that covered 22,000 miles in 50 hours and 39 minutes. In August 1966, Lear was featured in the Wichita Press after he piloted a LearJet carrying the rock band The Byrds and the trip inspired them to write a song about the plane. The track, titled "2-4-2 Foxtrot (The Lear Jet Song)", samples Lear's voice as he speaks over the radio. In 1968, Air Force personnel from Hamilton Air Force Base launched a rescue effort to help Lear land after heavy San Francisco fog interfered with landing. Traffic was cleared from the Golden Gate Bridge in anticipation of a forced landing. After a helicopter pilot established visual contact, Lear was able to successfully land at the base. Lear flew planes for the CIA between 1967 and 1983. In 1980, Lear was covered in local press when he lost a billing dispute with his natural gas provider. That November, Lear ran for Nevada State Senate, earning the endorsement of a "Coalition for Affordable Energy". Influence on UFO conspiracy theories Lear has been described as "a divisive figure whose claims often crumbled under scrutiny." UFO conspiracy theories before Lear Since the 1947 flying disc craze, Americans had reported seeing unidentified objects in the skies, and by 1955, UFO researchers were accusing the US Government of a cover-up. In the 1950s and 60s, many UFO and contactee groups professed belief in Space Brothers, benevolent aliens eager to improve life on Earth. During a 1964 hypnotic regression, Barney Hill became the first person to report recollections of Gray Aliens and Alien Abductions. By 1973, UFO mythology told of a UFO landing at Holloman Air Force Base; By 1978, UFO mythology included a crashed flying saucer near Roswell. In 1980, cattle mutilations near Dulce, New Mexico were linked to UFOs in popular media. MJ-12 In 1984, Bill Moore's partner Jaime Shandera received an envelope containing film which, when developed, showed images of eight pages of documents that appeared to be briefing papers describing "Operation Majestic 12", a top-level UFO group with the US Government. Statement by John Lear External media George Knapp interview of John Lear, KLAS TV 1987 Statement by John Lear (rev. August 25, 1988) hosted by the Internet Sacred Text Archive On December 29, 1987, Lear posted a Statement to ParaNet, an early bulletin board system dedicated to the paranormal, claiming that the US government has close contacts with extraterrestrials and were secretly "promoting" films like E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial and Close Encounters of the Third Kind to influence the public to see extraterrestrials as "space brothers". The document was revised on January 14, again in March, with a final revision dated August 25, 1988. The document describing a secret government committee, Majestic 12, making a treaty with Gray aliens, only to later realize they've been deceived by the aliens. The Statement claims a UFO coverup has been underway for 40 years. Lear argues that "Germany may have recovered a flying saucer in 1939" and discusses the 1946 American military investigation into the Ghost rockets reported over Sweden. The Statement argues that many in the "original group" of insiders committed suicide, most notably James Forrestal. According to the narrative, Truman formed a group of twelve insiders, known as Majestic 12, to investigate the matter. The Statement lists three saucer crashes: one near Roswell. another near Aztec, New Mexico and a third near Laredo, Texas. According to the Statement, the US government covered a "total, thorough and sweeping cover-up to include the use of 'deadly force'." The Statement references the 1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident and a 1964 meeting with aliens at Holloman Air Force Base. Lear's Statement includes government-sanctioned alien abductions, alien implants, and Alien-Human hybrids. The Statement asserts that "some of the nations missing children had been used for secretions and other parts required by the aliens". Lear described UFOs in connect with cattle mutilations and even claims that human mutilations have occurred. Lear talks about Dulce Base and an altercation between aliens and the US military that led to 66 human casualties. Lear's statement influenced Thomas Allen LeVesque, pen name "Jason Bishop III", who later admitted to fabricating stories about Dulce Base. Mirage Men author Mark Pilkington later described Lear's Statement as "a perfect synthesis of the Aquarius and MJ-12 disinformation and the chthonic , paranoiac horrors of Paul Bennewitz." On January 28, 1988, Lear was interviewed by TV journalist George Knapp. Relationship with Bill Cooper This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023) External documents Bill Cooper's first post to the ParaNet Bulletin Board System discussing USS Tiru incident Cooper's "Petition to Indict" written with Lear's help Lear had been posting "wild conspiracies about secret government relations with aliens" to Paranet. The New Republic argues Lear's theories were "the kind of thing no one took very seriously". That changed in the Summer of 1988, when UFO witness Bill Cooper made his first public comments on the ParaNet Bulletin Board System. According to Cooper's first post, in 1966 he was serving aboard the USS Tiru when he and fellow Navy personnel witnessed a metal craft "larger than a football field" repeatedly enter and exit the water. Cooper claimed he was instructed by superiors to never speak about the incident. Biographer Mark Jacobson argues "the Tiru incident itself would not have done much to make Cooper’s name in ufology. That opportunity came only a few days later" when he was contacted by fellow ParaNet poster John Olsen Lear. The two began a collaboration. In 1989, the pair issued an "indictment" demanding that the US "cease aiding and abetting and concealing this Alien Nation which exists in our borders." Introduction of Bob Lazar and Area 51 This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023) In March 1989, Lear journeyed to the outskirts of "Area 51". Lear introduced journalist George Knapp to UFO whistle-blower Bob Lazar and his tales of Area 51. On May 15, 1989, KLAS-TV broadcast a live interview between George Knapp and a man clad in shadow and using the pseudonym "Dennis". The following November, Lazar again appeared, this time unmasked and under his own name. Lazar's claims were widely discredited. His supposed employment at a Nellis Air Force Base subsidiary has also been discredited by skeptics, as well as by the United States Air Force. Role in 1989 symposium External videos Bill Moore addresses MUFON, July 1 1989 In 1989, Lear served as State Director for The Mutual UFO Network, hosting their 1989 annual convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, on July 1, 1989. The symposium was titled: "The UFO Cover-Up: A Government Conspiracy?" Despite initial objections from MUFON founder Walt Andrus, Lear was able to submit a slate of speakers after he threatened to split the symposium. Lear's speakers were slated to provide allegedly-independent verification of the Bennewitz claims. One of those speakers, Bill Cooper, would later break with Lear after accusing him of being an intelligence agent. The Ufologist Bill Moore was scheduled as the main speaker, and he refused to submit his paper for review prior to the convention, and also announced that he would not answer any follow-up questions as was common practice. Unlike most of the convention's attendees, Moore did not stay at the same hotel that was hosting the convention. When he spoke, Moore said that he and others had been part of an elaborate, long-term disinformation campaign begun primarily to discredit Paul Bennewitz: "My role in the affair ... was primarily that of a freelancer providing information on Paul's (Bennewitz) current thinking and activities". Air Force Sergeant Richard C. Doty was also involved, said Moore, though Moore thought Doty was "simply a pawn in a much larger game, as was I." One of their goals, Moore said, was to disseminate information and watch as it was passed from person to person in order to study information channels. Moore said that he "was in a rather unique position" in the disinformation campaign: "judging by the positions of the people I knew to be directly involved in it, definitely had something to do with national security. There was no way I was going to allow the opportunity to pass me by ... I would play the disinformation game, get my hands dirty just often enough to lead those directing the process into believing I was doing what they wanted me to do, and all the while continuing to burrow my way into the matrix so as to learn as much as possible about who was directing it and why." Once he finished the speech, Moore immediately left the hotel and Las Vegas that same night. Moore's claims sent shock waves through the small, tight-knit UFO community, which remains divided as to the reliability of his assertions. Legacy Lear remained a prominent voice in the UFO conspiracy theory community until his death. Lear made multiple appearances on TV shows, including Ancient Aliens, America's Book of Secrets, Brad Meltzer's Decoded, and The Unexplained Files. From 2003 to 2015, Lear was a regular guest on Coast to Coast AM. Lear's claims left a lasting influence on the UFO movement—one author observed "in the early years did not, by and large, embrace strong political positions. Cooper and Lear were the tip of a spear asserting that the number one thing we had to fear was not little green men, but the government that colluded with them, appropriating their technology against us." Personal life and death In 1970, Lear married Marilee Higginbotham, owner of a California fashion modelling agency, at a ceremony in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles. Lear died on March 29, 2022. References ^ "UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79". 31 March 2022. ^ a b c Dickey, Colin (August 28, 2018). "A Pioneer of Paranoia". The New Republic. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Pilkington, Mark (July 29, 2010). Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781849012409. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books. ^ a b "5 May 1943, Page 10 - Arizona Republic at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "9 Dec 1942, 5 - The Dayton Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "8 Dec 1944, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "5 Feb 1943, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ a b "14 Sep 1970, 42 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "24 Jun 1971, Page 16 - Reno Gazette-Journal at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606. ^ Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606. ^ Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606. ^ "2 Mar 1966, 10 - The Wichita Beacon at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "Lear Jet 23". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b "28 Aug 1966, 63 - The Wichita Eagle at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "23 Oct 1968, Page 24 - News Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ a b c "UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79". 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ Affadaviit Archived 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine by John Lear ^ Mirage Men ^ "Reno Gazette-Journal 05 Feb 1980, page Page 18". ^ "Reno Gazette-Journal 03 Nov 1980, page Page 44". ^ Gulyas, Aaron (11 June 2015). The Paranormal and the Paranoid: Conspiratorial Science Fiction Television. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. ISBN 9781442251144. ^ Donald Keyhoe (1955) The Flying Saucer Conspiracy ^ UFOs: Past, Present, and Future ^ Robert Alan Goldberg (2008), Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America, Yale University Press, pp. 195–, ISBN 978-0300132946 ^ Barkun, Michael (March 31, 2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780520248120. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books. ^ Bishop, Greg (8 February 2005). Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743470926. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. ^ Watch the skies! : A chronicle of the flying saucer myth. Smithsonian. 1994. ISBN 9781560983439. ^ Gulyas, Aaron John (February 8, 2016). Conspiracy Theories: The Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9726-3 – via Google Books. ^ Gorightly, Adam (February 3, 2021). Saucers, Spooks and Kooks: UFO Disinformation in the Age of Aquarius. Daily Grail Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9946176-8-2 – via Google Books. ^ Mirage Men ^ "UFO researcher John Lear goes 'On the Record' on aliens — Part 1". 7 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ a b c d e f g Jacobson, Mark (2018). Pale Horse Rider: William Cooper, the Rise of Conspiracy, and the Fall of Trust in America. Blue Rider Press. ISBN 978-0399169953. ^ Dickey, Colin (28 August 2018). "A Pioneer of Paranoia". The New Republic. ^ "Famed aviator John Lear, 79, departs on 'his next adventure'". YouTube. April 2022. ^ Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606. ^ George Knapp (November 1, 2014). "Out there". KNPR. ^ Knapp, George (2019-11-08). Lazar describes alien technology housed at secret S-4 base in Nevada -- Part 5. KLAS-TV/8 News NOW Las Vegas. Section 4:38 - 7:25. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-18. ^ Donald R. Prothero; Timothy D. Callahan (August 2, 2017). UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says. Indiana University Press. pp. 57–58, 166–169. ISBN 978-0-253-03338-3. ^ Radford, Benjamin (September 27, 2012). "Area 51: Secrets, Yes; Aliens, No". Live Science. Retrieved September 19, 2019. ^ a b Clark The UFO Book, p. 163 ^ Clark The UFO Book, p. 164 ^ "John Lear". Coast to Coast AM. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ Bishop, Greg (February 8, 2005). Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743470926. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books. Notes ^ According to spotlight by KLAS-TV: The schools in which Lazar claims to have studied "say they've never heard of him" (6:05) Lazar alleges he worked at Los Alamos, "where he experimented with the world's largest particle beam accelerators" (6:13) George Knapp: Los Alamos officials say they had no records of him ever working there (6:25) George Knapp: "they were either mistaken or were lying: a 1982 phonebook from the lab lists Lazar right there among the other scientists and technicians" (news section shows the cover of a Los Alamos national laboratory phone directory, and then a list of names which includes "Lazar Robert") (6:30) George Knapp: "we called Los Alamos again. An exasperated official told us he still had no records on Lazar. EG&G, which is where Lazar says he was interviewed for the job at S4, also has no records." (6:48) The news section cuts to Lazar who claims he called the schools he attended, the hospital he was born in, and his past job to get records, but to no avail. (7:00) Lazar alleges his employer at S4 was the US Navy. (7:21)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pioneer-2"},{"link_name":"UFO conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"John Olsen Lear (December 3, 1942 – March 29, 2022), son of Learjet magnate Bill Lear, was an aviator who set multiple records, later flying cargo planes for the CIA during the Vietnam era.[1]In the 1980s, Lear began speaking of alien collusion with secret governmental forces.[2] In the second half of the 1980s, Lear was \"probably the most influential source\" of UFO conspiracy theories.[3]","title":"John Lear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Learjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet"},{"link_name":"Bill Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lear"},{"link_name":"Moya Marie Olsen Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moya_Lear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1943a-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Olsen_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1943a-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Institut Le Rosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Le_Rosey"},{"link_name":"Wichita State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_State_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"John Olsen Lear was born on December 3, 1942, to industrialist and future Learjet founder Bill Lear and his wife Moya Marie Olsen Lear.[4][5] He was named after his maternal grandfather, famous comedian John Olsen.[4] His second and third birthday parties were covered in the \"Society\" page of an Ohio paper.[6][7]Lear graduated from the Institut Le Rosey boarding school in Switzerland and attended Wichita State University.[8][9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Civil Aeronautics Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"2-4-2 Foxtrot (The Lear Jet Song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Dimension_(album)#Music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"planes for the CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_America_(airline)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8news-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 1956, Lear flew his first flight at age 14.[10] His first solo flight was at 16, and in 1960, Lear was hired as a pilot and public relationship representative by his father's company. In 1962, Lear crashed a biplane during stunt flying at his boarding school; He underwent an emergency tracheotomy, a five hour surgery, and a long convalescence. [11]That year, Lear agreed to attend a Pasadena, California Art College, but lost the $5,000 he had been given for tuition in the stock market. Lear and his father remain estranged -- when his father died in 1979, John Lear was excluded from the will, which was generous to John's children.[12]In 1965, Lear was employed by the Paul Kelly Flying Service when its founder was killed while piloting a LearJet. Lear testified at the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation into the crash.[13]Between May 23 and 26, 1966, Lear and a crewmate flew a record-breaking flight around the world in a LearJet that covered 22,000 miles in 50 hours and 39 minutes.[14] In August 1966, Lear was featured in the Wichita Press after he piloted a LearJet carrying the rock band The Byrds and the trip inspired them to write a song about the plane.[15] The track, titled \"2-4-2 Foxtrot (The Lear Jet Song)\", samples Lear's voice as he speaks over the radio.[15]In 1968, Air Force personnel from Hamilton Air Force Base launched a rescue effort to help Lear land after heavy San Francisco fog interfered with landing. Traffic was cleared from the Golden Gate Bridge in anticipation of a forced landing. After a helicopter pilot established visual contact, Lear was able to successfully land at the base.[16]Lear flew planes for the CIA between 1967 and 1983.[17][18][19]In 1980, Lear was covered in local press when he lost a billing dispute with his natural gas provider.[20] That November, Lear ran for Nevada State Senate, earning the endorsement of a \"Coalition for Affordable Energy\".[21]","title":"Aviator career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Lear has been described as \"a divisive figure whose claims often crumbled under scrutiny.\"[22]","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1947 flying disc craze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"contactee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactee"},{"link_name":"Space Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Adamski"},{"link_name":"Gray Aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_alien"},{"link_name":"Alien Abductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"crashed flying saucer near Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_incident"},{"link_name":"cattle mutilations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilations"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg2008-25"}],"sub_title":"UFO conspiracy theories before Lear","text":"Since the 1947 flying disc craze, Americans had reported seeing unidentified objects in the skies, and by 1955, UFO researchers were accusing the US Government of a cover-up.[23] In the 1950s and 60s, many UFO and contactee groups professed belief in Space Brothers, benevolent aliens eager to improve life on Earth. During a 1964 hypnotic regression, Barney Hill became the first person to report recollections of Gray Aliens and Alien Abductions. By 1973, UFO mythology told of a UFO landing at Holloman Air Force Base;[24] By 1978, UFO mythology included a crashed flying saucer near Roswell. In 1980, cattle mutilations near Dulce, New Mexico were linked to UFOs in popular media.MJ-12In 1984, Bill Moore's partner Jaime Shandera received an envelope containing film which, when developed, showed images of eight pages of documents that appeared to be briefing papers describing \"Operation Majestic 12\", a top-level UFO group with the US Government.[25]","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bulletin board system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system"},{"link_name":"E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T.:_The_Extra-Terrestrial"},{"link_name":"Close Encounters of the Third Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Majestic 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12"},{"link_name":"Gray aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_alien"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ghost rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_rockets"},{"link_name":"James Forrestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forrestal"},{"link_name":"Majestic 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12"},{"link_name":"one near Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_incident"},{"link_name":"another near Aztec, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax"},{"link_name":"1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C.,_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"meeting with aliens at Holloman Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFOs:_Past,_Present,_and_Future#Holloman_landing_story"},{"link_name":"alien abductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abductions"},{"link_name":"alien implants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_implants"},{"link_name":"Alien-Human hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction#Child_presentation"},{"link_name":"cattle mutilations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilations"},{"link_name":"Dulce Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_Base"},{"link_name":"Thomas Allen LeVesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Allen_LeVesque"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gulyas1-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorightly-30"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Doty"},{"link_name":"MJ-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MJ-12"},{"link_name":"chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chthonic"},{"link_name":"Paul Bennewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bennewitz"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"George Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Knapp_(television_journalist)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Statement by John Lear","text":"On December 29, 1987, Lear posted a Statement to ParaNet, an early bulletin board system dedicated to the paranormal, claiming that the US government has close contacts with extraterrestrials and were secretly \"promoting\" films like E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial and Close Encounters of the Third Kind to influence the public to see extraterrestrials as \"space brothers\".[26] \nThe document was revised on January 14, again in March, with a final revision dated August 25, 1988. The document describing a secret government committee, Majestic 12, making a treaty with Gray aliens, only to later realize they've been deceived by the aliens.[27][28]The Statement claims a UFO coverup has been underway for 40 years. Lear argues that \"Germany may have recovered a flying saucer in 1939\" and discusses the 1946 American military investigation into the Ghost rockets reported over Sweden. \nThe Statement argues that many in the \"original group\" of insiders committed suicide, most notably James Forrestal. According to the narrative, Truman formed a group of twelve insiders, known as Majestic 12, to investigate the matter. \nThe Statement lists three saucer crashes: one near Roswell. another near Aztec, New Mexico and a third near Laredo, Texas. According to the Statement, the US government covered a \"total, thorough and sweeping cover-up to include the use of 'deadly force'.\"The Statement references the 1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident and a 1964 meeting with aliens at Holloman Air Force Base. Lear's Statement includes government-sanctioned alien abductions, alien implants, and Alien-Human hybrids. The Statement asserts that \"some of the nations missing children had been used for secretions and other parts required by the aliens\". Lear described UFOs in connect with cattle mutilations and even claims that human mutilations have occurred. Lear talks about Dulce Base and an altercation between aliens and the US military that led to 66 human casualties.Lear's statement influenced Thomas Allen LeVesque, pen name \"Jason Bishop III\", who later admitted to fabricating stories about Dulce Base. [29][30]Mirage Men author Mark Pilkington later described Lear's Statement as \"a perfect synthesis of the Aquarius and MJ-12 disinformation and the chthonic [subterranean], paranoiac horrors of Paul Bennewitz.\"[31]\nOn January 28, 1988, Lear was interviewed by TV journalist George Knapp.[32]","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Tiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tiru"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with Bill Cooper","text":"Lear had been posting \"wild conspiracies about secret government relations with aliens\" to Paranet. The New Republic argues Lear's theories were \"the kind of thing no one took very seriously\". That changed in the Summer of 1988, when UFO witness Bill Cooper made his first public comments on the ParaNet Bulletin Board System. According to Cooper's first post, in 1966 he was serving aboard the USS Tiru when he and fellow Navy personnel witnessed a metal craft \"larger than a football field\" repeatedly enter and exit the water.[33] Cooper claimed he was instructed by superiors to never speak about the incident.[33]Biographer Mark Jacobson argues \"the Tiru incident itself would not have done much to make Cooper’s name in ufology. That opportunity came only a few days later\" when he was contacted by fellow ParaNet poster John Olsen Lear.[33] The two began a collaboration.In 1989, the pair issued an \"indictment\" demanding that the US \"cease aiding and abetting and concealing this Alien Nation which exists in our borders.\"[34]","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bob Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lazar"},{"link_name":"Area 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8news-17"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtheroCallahan2017-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadfordSeptember2017-41"}],"sub_title":"Introduction of Bob Lazar and Area 51","text":"In March 1989, Lear journeyed to the outskirts of \"Area 51\".[35]\nLear introduced journalist George Knapp to UFO whistle-blower Bob Lazar and his tales of Area 51.[17][36]\nOn May 15, 1989, KLAS-TV broadcast a live interview between George Knapp and a man clad in shadow and using the pseudonym \"Dennis\". The following November, Lazar again appeared, this time unmasked and under his own name.[37]Lazar's claims were widely discredited.[a] His supposed employment at a Nellis Air Force Base subsidiary has also been discredited by skeptics, as well as by the United States Air Force.[39][40]","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mutual UFO Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pioneer-2"},{"link_name":"Bill Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Moore_(ufologist)"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"Paul Bennewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bennewitz"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark163-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark163-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Role in 1989 symposium","text":"In 1989, Lear served as State Director for The Mutual UFO Network, hosting their 1989 annual convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, on July 1, 1989. The symposium was titled: \"The UFO Cover-Up: A Government Conspiracy?\"[33] Despite initial objections from MUFON founder Walt Andrus, Lear was able to submit a slate of speakers after he threatened to split the symposium.[33] Lear's speakers were slated to provide allegedly-independent verification of the Bennewitz claims.[33] One of those speakers, Bill Cooper, would later break with Lear after accusing him of being an intelligence agent.[2]The Ufologist Bill Moore was scheduled as the main speaker, and he refused to submit his paper for review prior to the convention, and also announced that he would not answer any follow-up questions as was common practice. Unlike most of the convention's attendees, Moore did not stay at the same hotel that was hosting the convention.When he spoke, Moore said that he and others had been part of an elaborate, long-term disinformation campaign begun primarily to discredit Paul Bennewitz: \"My role in the affair ... was primarily that of a freelancer providing information on Paul's (Bennewitz) current thinking and activities\".[41] Air Force Sergeant Richard C. Doty was also involved, said Moore, though Moore thought Doty was \"simply a pawn in a much larger game, as was I.\"[41] One of their goals, Moore said, was to disseminate information and watch as it was passed from person to person in order to study information channels.Moore said that he \"was in a rather unique position\" in the disinformation campaign: \"judging by the positions of the people I knew to be directly involved in it, [the disinformation] definitely had something to do with national security. There was no way I was going to allow the opportunity to pass me by ... I would play the disinformation game, get my hands dirty just often enough to lead those directing the process into believing I was doing what they wanted me to do, and all the while continuing to burrow my way into the matrix so as to learn as much as possible about who was directing it and why.\"[42] Once he finished the speech, Moore immediately left the hotel and Las Vegas that same night.Moore's claims sent shock waves through the small, tight-knit UFO community[citation needed], which remains divided as to the reliability of his assertions.","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens"},{"link_name":"America's Book of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Book_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"Brad Meltzer's Decoded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Meltzer%27s_Decoded"},{"link_name":"The Unexplained Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unexplained_Files"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pioneer-2"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider-33"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Lear remained a prominent voice in the UFO conspiracy theory community until his death. Lear made multiple appearances on TV shows, including Ancient Aliens, America's Book of Secrets, Brad Meltzer's Decoded, and The Unexplained Files. [citation needed] From 2003 to 2015, Lear was a regular guest on Coast to Coast AM.[43]Lear's claims left a lasting influence on the UFO movement—one author observed \"in the early years [UFO writers] did not, by and large, embrace strong political positions. Cooper and Lear were the tip of a spear asserting that the number one thing we had to fear was not little green men, but the government that colluded with them, appropriating their technology against us.\"[2][33][44]","title":"Influence on UFO conspiracy theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8news-17"}],"text":"In 1970, Lear married Marilee Higginbotham, owner of a California fashion modelling agency, at a ceremony in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles.[8]Lear died on March 29, 2022.[17]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"KLAS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLAS-TV"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLAS_interview-38"}],"text":"^ According to spotlight by KLAS-TV:\nThe schools in which Lazar claims to have studied \"say they've never heard of him\" (6:05)\nLazar alleges he worked at Los Alamos, \"where he experimented with the world's largest particle beam accelerators\" (6:13)\nGeorge Knapp: Los Alamos officials say they had no records of him ever working there (6:25)\nGeorge Knapp: \"they were either mistaken or were lying: a 1982 phonebook from the lab lists Lazar right there among the other scientists and technicians\" (news section shows the cover of a Los Alamos national laboratory phone directory, and then a list of names which includes \"Lazar Robert\") (6:30)\nGeorge Knapp: \"we called Los Alamos again. An exasperated official told us he still had no records on Lazar. EG&G, which is where Lazar says he was interviewed for the job at S4, also has no records.\" (6:48)\nThe news section cuts to Lazar who claims he called the schools he attended, the hospital he was born in, and his past job to get records, but to no avail. (7:00)\nLazar alleges his employer at S4 was the US Navy. (7:21)[38]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79\". 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/","url_text":"\"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79\""}]},{"reference":"Dickey, Colin (August 28, 2018). \"A Pioneer of Paranoia\". The New Republic. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia","url_text":"\"A Pioneer of Paranoia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172145/https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pilkington, Mark (July 29, 2010). Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781849012409. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ3BBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849012409","url_text":"9781849012409"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170834/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ3BBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"5 May 1943, Page 10 - Arizona Republic at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/116888221/","url_text":"\"5 May 1943, Page 10 - Arizona Republic at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172318/http://www.newspapers.com/image/116888221/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"9 Dec 1942, 5 - The Dayton Herald at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/391944501/","url_text":"\"9 Dec 1942, 5 - The Dayton Herald at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172538/http://www.newspapers.com/image/391944501/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"8 Dec 1944, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/45780916/","url_text":"\"8 Dec 1944, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172322/http://www.newspapers.com/image/45780916/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Feb 1943, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/47035669/","url_text":"\"5 Feb 1943, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172542/http://www.newspapers.com/image/47035669/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"14 Sep 1970, 42 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/384761900/","url_text":"\"14 Sep 1970, 42 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170608/http://www.newspapers.com/image/384761900/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"24 Jun 1971, Page 16 - Reno Gazette-Journal at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/148040498/","url_text":"\"24 Jun 1971, Page 16 - Reno Gazette-Journal at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172407/http://www.newspapers.com/image/148040498/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","url_text":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307828606","url_text":"9780307828606"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","url_text":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307828606","url_text":"9780307828606"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","url_text":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307828606","url_text":"9780307828606"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Mar 1966, 10 - The Wichita Beacon at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/694531330/","url_text":"\"2 Mar 1966, 10 - The Wichita Beacon at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172404/http://www.newspapers.com/image/694531330/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lear Jet 23\". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.edu/object/lear-jet-23%3Anasm_A19780122000","url_text":"\"Lear Jet 23\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171758/https://www.si.edu/object/lear-jet-23:nasm_A19780122000","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"28 Aug 1966, 63 - The Wichita Eagle at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/695745835/","url_text":"\"28 Aug 1966, 63 - The Wichita Eagle at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172207/http://www.newspapers.com/image/695745835/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"23 Oct 1968, Page 24 - News Record at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/41570448/","url_text":"\"23 Oct 1968, Page 24 - News Record at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174206/http://www.newspapers.com/image/41570448/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79\". 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/","url_text":"\"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331210308/https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Reno Gazette-Journal 05 Feb 1980, page Page 18\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/147561114/","url_text":"\"Reno Gazette-Journal 05 Feb 1980, page Page 18\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reno Gazette-Journal 03 Nov 1980, page Page 44\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/149035061/","url_text":"\"Reno Gazette-Journal 03 Nov 1980, page Page 44\""}]},{"reference":"Gulyas, Aaron (11 June 2015). The Paranormal and the Paranoid: Conspiratorial Science Fiction Television. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. ISBN 9781442251144.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=81LpCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Paranormal and the Paranoid: Conspiratorial Science Fiction Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442251144","url_text":"9781442251144"}]},{"reference":"Robert Alan Goldberg (2008), Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America, Yale University Press, pp. 195–, ISBN 978-0300132946","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC&pg=PA195","url_text":"Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300132946","url_text":"978-0300132946"}]},{"reference":"Barkun, Michael (March 31, 2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780520248120. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC","url_text":"A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520248120","url_text":"9780520248120"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116214646/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Greg (8 February 2005). Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743470926. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC&pg=PA267","url_text":"Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743470926","url_text":"9780743470926"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220403234655/https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC&pg=PA267","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Watch the skies! : A chronicle of the flying saucer myth. Smithsonian. 1994. ISBN 9781560983439.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/watchskieschroni0000peeb_k3q2/page/272/","url_text":"Watch the skies! : A chronicle of the flying saucer myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560983439","url_text":"9781560983439"}]},{"reference":"Gulyas, Aaron John (February 8, 2016). Conspiracy Theories: The Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9726-3 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=afcEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92","url_text":"Conspiracy Theories: The Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9726-3","url_text":"978-0-7864-9726-3"}]},{"reference":"Gorightly, Adam (February 3, 2021). Saucers, Spooks and Kooks: UFO Disinformation in the Age of Aquarius. Daily Grail Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9946176-8-2 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uuI9zgEACAAJ","url_text":"Saucers, Spooks and Kooks: UFO Disinformation in the Age of Aquarius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9946176-8-2","url_text":"978-0-9946176-8-2"}]},{"reference":"\"UFO researcher John Lear goes 'On the Record' on aliens — Part 1\". 7 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/ufo-researcher-john-lear-goes-on-the-record-on-aliens-part-1/","url_text":"\"UFO researcher John Lear goes 'On the Record' on aliens — Part 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220401073212/https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/ufo-researcher-john-lear-goes-on-the-record-on-aliens-part-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Mark (2018). Pale Horse Rider: William Cooper, the Rise of Conspiracy, and the Fall of Trust in America. Blue Rider Press. ISBN 978-0399169953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399169953","url_text":"978-0399169953"}]},{"reference":"Dickey, Colin (28 August 2018). \"A Pioneer of Paranoia\". The New Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia","url_text":"\"A Pioneer of Paranoia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Famed aviator John Lear, 79, departs on 'his next adventure'\". YouTube. April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSSTfbbreT4","url_text":"\"Famed aviator John Lear, 79, departs on 'his next adventure'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Phil (31 October 2012). Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780307828606.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","url_text":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307828606","url_text":"9780307828606"}]},{"reference":"George Knapp (November 1, 2014). \"Out there\". KNPR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Knapp_(journalist)","url_text":"George Knapp"},{"url":"https://knpr.org/desert-companion/2014-11/out-there","url_text":"\"Out there\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNPR","url_text":"KNPR"}]},{"reference":"Knapp, George (2019-11-08). Lazar describes alien technology housed at secret S-4 base in Nevada -- Part 5. KLAS-TV/8 News NOW Las Vegas. Section 4:38 - 7:25. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Knapp_(television_journalist)","url_text":"Knapp, George"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UjqFaQq_7I","url_text":"Lazar describes alien technology housed at secret S-4 base in Nevada -- Part 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLAS-TV","url_text":"KLAS-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118192025/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UjqFaQq_7I","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Donald R. Prothero; Timothy D. Callahan (August 2, 2017). UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says. Indiana University Press. pp. 57–58, 166–169. ISBN 978-0-253-03338-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G5SFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57","url_text":"UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03338-3","url_text":"978-0-253-03338-3"}]},{"reference":"Radford, Benjamin (September 27, 2012). \"Area 51: Secrets, Yes; Aliens, No\". Live Science. Retrieved September 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Radford","url_text":"Radford, Benjamin"},{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/23514-area-51.html","url_text":"\"Area 51: Secrets, Yes; Aliens, No\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science","url_text":"Live Science"}]},{"reference":"\"John Lear\". Coast to Coast AM. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/lear-john-6252/","url_text":"\"John Lear\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171836/https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/lear-john-6252/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Greg (February 8, 2005). Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743470926. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC","url_text":"Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743470926","url_text":"9780743470926"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331175014/https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGQkkHuwm6w","external_links_name":"George Knapp interview of John Lear"},{"Link":"https://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/coverup.htm","external_links_name":"Statement by John Lear"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lear&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/usstiru.htm","external_links_name":"Bill Cooper's first post"},{"Link":"https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/alien.ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2325.ufo","external_links_name":"Cooper's \"Petition to Indict\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lear&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCsKMZKgeHY","external_links_name":"Bill Moore addresses MUFON, July 1 1989"},{"Link":"https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/","external_links_name":"\"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79\""},{"Link":"https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia","external_links_name":"\"A Pioneer of Paranoia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172145/https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ3BBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170834/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ3BBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/116888221/","external_links_name":"\"5 May 1943, Page 10 - Arizona Republic at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172318/http://www.newspapers.com/image/116888221/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/391944501/","external_links_name":"\"9 Dec 1942, 5 - The Dayton Herald at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172538/http://www.newspapers.com/image/391944501/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/45780916/","external_links_name":"\"8 Dec 1944, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172322/http://www.newspapers.com/image/45780916/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/47035669/","external_links_name":"\"5 Feb 1943, Page 2 - The Piqua Daily Call at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172542/http://www.newspapers.com/image/47035669/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/384761900/","external_links_name":"\"14 Sep 1970, 42 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170608/http://www.newspapers.com/image/384761900/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/148040498/","external_links_name":"\"24 Jun 1971, Page 16 - Reno Gazette-Journal at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172407/http://www.newspapers.com/image/148040498/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","external_links_name":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","external_links_name":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","external_links_name":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/694531330/","external_links_name":"\"2 Mar 1966, 10 - The Wichita Beacon at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172404/http://www.newspapers.com/image/694531330/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.si.edu/object/lear-jet-23%3Anasm_A19780122000","external_links_name":"\"Lear Jet 23\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171758/https://www.si.edu/object/lear-jet-23:nasm_A19780122000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/695745835/","external_links_name":"\"28 Aug 1966, 63 - The Wichita Eagle at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172207/http://www.newspapers.com/image/695745835/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/41570448/","external_links_name":"\"23 Oct 1968, Page 24 - News Record at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174206/http://www.newspapers.com/image/41570448/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/","external_links_name":"\"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331210308/https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wanttoknow.nl/wp-content/uploads/911-lear-affidavit.pdf","external_links_name":"Affadaviit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171546/https://www.wanttoknow.nl/wp-content/uploads/911-lear-affidavit.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/147561114/","external_links_name":"\"Reno Gazette-Journal 05 Feb 1980, page Page 18\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/149035061/","external_links_name":"\"Reno Gazette-Journal 03 Nov 1980, page Page 44\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=81LpCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Paranormal and the Paranoid: Conspiratorial Science Fiction Television"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC","external_links_name":"A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116214646/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC&pg=PA267","external_links_name":"Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220403234655/https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC&pg=PA267","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/watchskieschroni0000peeb_k3q2/page/272/","external_links_name":"Watch the skies! : A chronicle of the flying saucer myth"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=afcEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92","external_links_name":"Conspiracy Theories: The Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uuI9zgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Saucers, Spooks and Kooks: UFO Disinformation in the Age of Aquarius"},{"Link":"https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/ufo-researcher-john-lear-goes-on-the-record-on-aliens-part-1/","external_links_name":"\"UFO researcher John Lear goes 'On the Record' on aliens — Part 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220401073212/https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/ufo-researcher-john-lear-goes-on-the-record-on-aliens-part-1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia","external_links_name":"\"A Pioneer of Paranoia\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSSTfbbreT4","external_links_name":"\"Famed aviator John Lear, 79, departs on 'his next adventure'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WM6IxZvr0E4C","external_links_name":"Dreamland: Travels Inside the Secret World of Roswell and Area 51"},{"Link":"https://knpr.org/desert-companion/2014-11/out-there","external_links_name":"\"Out there\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UjqFaQq_7I","external_links_name":"Lazar describes alien technology housed at secret S-4 base in Nevada -- Part 5"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118192025/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UjqFaQq_7I","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G5SFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57","external_links_name":"UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says"},{"Link":"https://www.livescience.com/23514-area-51.html","external_links_name":"\"Area 51: Secrets, Yes; Aliens, No\""},{"Link":"https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/lear-john-6252/","external_links_name":"\"John Lear\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171836/https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/lear-john-6252/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC","external_links_name":"Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331175014/https://books.google.com/books?id=UugAST0XW9gC","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyresthia_pulchella
Argyresthia pulchella
["1 References"]
Species of moth Argyresthia pulchella Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Argyresthiidae Genus: Argyresthia Species: A. pulchella Binomial name Argyresthia pulchellaLienig & Zeller, 1846 Argyresthia pulchella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Fennoscandia, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia. The wingspan is 10–13 mm. Adults are on wing from the beginning of June to August. The larvae feed on rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and sometimes apple (Malus species) and hazel (Corylus avellana), feeding on the fruit of their host plant. References ^ Fauna Europaea ^ microlepidoptera.nl Archived February 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Taxon identifiersArgyresthia pulchella Wikidata: Q2410191 BioLib: 45877 BOLD: 286084 CoL: GJHG EoL: 952872 EUNIS: 299877 Fauna Europaea: 433999 Fauna Europaea (new): 595704a5-1c86-44bc-9918-7db76c6fcdf1 GBIF: 1830266 iNaturalist: 973903 IRMNG: 10265556 LepIndex: 123104 NCBI: 2560984 Observation.org: 25670 Open Tree of Life: 3219122 This article on a moth of the family Yponomeutidae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurins
Ankylosaurinae
["1 Features","2 Phylogeny","3 References"]
Extinct subfamily of dinosaurs It has been suggested that this article be merged into Ankylosauridae. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2024. AnkylosaurinesTemporal range: Cretaceous, 105–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Skeleton of Scolosaurus thronus, once referred to Euoplocephalus. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: †Ornithischia Clade: †Thyreophora Clade: †Ankylosauria Family: †Ankylosauridae Subfamily: †AnkylosaurinaeBrown, 1908 Genera †Ahshislepelta? †Crichtonpelta †Datai †Jinyunpelta †Minotaurasaurus †Pinacosaurus †Saichania †Shanxia? †Tarchia †Tsagantegia †Zaraapelta †Zhongyuansaurus? †Ankylosaurini †Akainacephalus †Ankylosaurus †Anodontosaurus †Dyoplosaurus †Euoplocephalus †Nodocephalosaurus †Oohkotokia? †Platypelta †Scolosaurus †Talarurus †Tianzhenosaurus? †Ziapelta †Zuul Ankylosaurinae is a subfamily of ankylosaurid dinosaurs, existing from the Early Cretaceous about 105 million years ago until the end of the Late Cretaceous, about 66 mya. Many genera are included in the clade, such as Ankylosaurus, Pinacosaurus, Euoplocephalus, and Saichania. Features Ankylosaurines are defined as being closer relatives to Ankylosaurus than to Shamosaurus. Diagnostic features of ankylosaurines include the nuchal shelf that obscures the occiput in dorsal view, and the quadrate condyle which is obscured lightly by the quadratojugal boss. Phylogeny The following cladogram is based on the 50% majority rule phylogenetic analysis of Arbour & Currie (2015): Ankylosaurinae Crichtonpelta Tsagantegia Pinacosaurus Saichania Tarchia Zaraapelta Ankylosaurini Dyoplosaurus Talarurus Nodocephalosaurus Ankylosaurus Anodontosaurus Euoplocephalus Scolosaurus Ziapelta References ^ a b c Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (2015). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (5): 1. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985. S2CID 214625754. ^ a b Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (2004). The Dinosauria. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA and London, England: University of California Press. pp. 389, 861. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. Retrieved April 9, 2010. ^ Xing, Lida; Niu, Kecheng; Mallon, Jordan; Miyashita, Tetsuto (2023). "A new armored dinosaur with double cheek horns from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern China". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 11. doi:10.18435/vamp29396 (inactive 2024-05-13). ISSN 2292-1389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link) Portal: Dinosaurs vteAnkylosauria Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Ornithischia Clade: Thyreophora Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Ornithischia see Ornithischia Ankylosauria see below↓ AnkylosauriaAnkylosauria Cryptosaurus Dracopelta Minmi Priodontognathus Sarcolestes Serendipaceratops? Sinankylosaurus Spicomellus Stegosaurides? Tianchisaurus Vectipelta Parankylosauria Antarctopelta Kunbarrasaurus? Stegouros EuankylosauriaNodosauridae Acanthopholis Anoplosaurus Dongyangopelta Gargoyleosaurus? Gastonia? Glyptodontopelta Horshamosaurus Hylaeosaurus? Invictarx Mymoorapelta? Polacanthoides? Priconodon? Propanoplosaurus Rhadinosaurus Sauroplites Polacanthinae Gargoyleosaurus? Gastonia? Hoplitosaurus Peloroplites? Polacanthus Taohelong? Nodosaurinae Acantholipan Ahshislepelta? Borealopelta Niobrarasaurus Nodosaurus Patagopelta Peloroplites? Sauropelta Silvisaurus Tatankacephalus Panoplosaurini Animantarx Denversaurus Edmontonia Panoplosaurus Texasetes Struthiosaurini Europelta Hungarosaurus Pawpawsaurus Stegopelta Struthiosaurus Ankylosauridae Ahshislepelta? Aletopelta? Cedarpelta Chuanqilong Hylaeosaurus? Liaoningosaurus Zhejiangosaurus Shamosaurinae Gobisaurus Shamosaurus Zhongyuansaurus? Ankylosaurinae Bissektipelta Crichtonpelta Crichtonsaurus Datai Jinyunpelta Minotaurasaurus Pinacosaurus Saichania Shanxia? Tarchia Tianzhenosaurus? Tsagantegia Zaraapelta Ankylosaurini Akainacephalus Ankylosaurus Anodontosaurus Dyoplosaurus Euoplocephalus Nodocephalosaurus Oohkotokia Platypelta Scolosaurus Talarurus Ziapelta Zuul See also: Timeline Category Taxon identifiersAnkylosaurinae Wikidata: Q4534096 Wikispecies: Ankylosaurinae Paleobiology Database: 52798 This article related to ankylosaur dinosaurs is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ankylosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurid"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Ankylosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus"},{"link_name":"Pinacosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacosaurus"},{"link_name":"Euoplocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euoplocephalus"},{"link_name":"Saichania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saichania"}],"text":"Ankylosaurinae is a subfamily of ankylosaurid dinosaurs, existing from the Early Cretaceous about 105 million years ago until the end of the Late Cretaceous, about 66 mya. Many genera are included in the clade, such as Ankylosaurus, Pinacosaurus, Euoplocephalus, and Saichania.","title":"Ankylosaurinae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ankylosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus"},{"link_name":"Shamosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamosaurus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlebooks-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datai-3"},{"link_name":"quadratojugal boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadratojugal_boss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlebooks-2"}],"text":"Ankylosaurines are defined as being closer relatives to Ankylosaurus than to Shamosaurus.[2][3]Diagnostic features of ankylosaurines include the nuchal shelf that obscures the occiput in dorsal view, and the quadrate condyle which is obscured lightly by the quadratojugal boss.[2]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-systematics_ankylosaurid-1"},{"link_name":"Crichtonpelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichtonpelta"},{"link_name":"Tsagantegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsagantegia"},{"link_name":"Pinacosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacosaurus"},{"link_name":"Saichania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saichania"},{"link_name":"Tarchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarchia"},{"link_name":"Zaraapelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaraapelta"},{"link_name":"Ankylosaurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurini"},{"link_name":"Dyoplosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyoplosaurus"},{"link_name":"Talarurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talarurus"},{"link_name":"Nodocephalosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus"},{"link_name":"Ankylosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus"},{"link_name":"Anodontosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodontosaurus"},{"link_name":"Euoplocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euoplocephalus"},{"link_name":"Scolosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolosaurus"},{"link_name":"Ziapelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziapelta"}],"text":"The following cladogram is based on the 50% majority rule phylogenetic analysis of Arbour & Currie (2015):[1]Ankylosaurinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrichtonpelta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTsagantegia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPinacosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSaichania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTarchia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZaraapelta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnkylosaurini\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDyoplosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTalarurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNodocephalosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnkylosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnodontosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEuoplocephalus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScolosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZiapelta","title":"Phylogeny"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_for_Teacher
Hot for Teacher
["1 Musical style","2 Music video","3 Reception","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
1984 single by Van Halen "Hot for Teacher"Single by Van Halenfrom the album 1984 B-side"Little Dreamer"ReleasedOctober 1984 (US)June 3, 1985 (UK)Recorded1983Studio5150 Studios, Studio City, CaliforniaGenre Glam metal heavy metal hard rock Length3:58 (single version) 4:44 (album version)LabelWarner Bros.Songwriter(s) Eddie Van Halen Alex Van Halen Michael Anthony David Lee Roth Producer(s)Ted TemplemanVan Halen singles chronology "Panama" (1984) "Hot for Teacher" (1984) "Why Can't This Be Love" (1986) Music video"Hot for Teacher" on YouTube "Hot for Teacher" is a song by the American rock band Van Halen, taken from their sixth studio album, 1984. The song was written by band members Eddie Van Halen, Alex Van Halen, Michael Anthony and David Lee Roth, and produced by Ted Templeman. It was released as the fourth and final single from the album in October 1984, and was the final single released during the band's 1974–1985 era. The song features Alex Van Halen's double bass drum performance, and its music video, featuring the band as both adults and young students. Unusually for a single, it begins with a 30-second drum solo, followed by another 30 seconds of instrumental introduction. The ending of this song comes from a studio demo from the band's club days, entitled "Voodoo Queen". Musical style The song has been described as a mixture of glam metal, heavy metal, and hard rock. The song's drum solo introduction composed and performed by Alex Van Halen starts with a speedy double kick drum half-time shuffle reminiscent of drummer Billy Cobham's tune "Quadrant 4" from 1973's Spectrum album, then borrows from the manic boogie rock–style of drummer Simon Phillips on the Jeff Beck song "Space Boogie" (1980) with added tom drums. Music video The music video (directed by Pete Angelus and David Lee Roth, and produced by Jerry Kramer and Glenn Goodwin, choreographed by Vincent Paterson with concept/treatment by Anthony Nasch) was filmed at John Marshall High School, with Phil Hartman performing the voice of Waldo, the video's protagonist. Waldo, an awkward boy with large glasses and a bow tie, is put on the school bus by his over-protective mother. He is terrified by the unruly kids on the bus; the driver played by Roth, tells him "si'down, Waldo!" as the opening drums begin. Along with Waldo, the "kid versions" of Van Halen face the trials and tribulations of grade school. Two models appear as teachers in the video, Donna Rupert (1981 Miss Canada pageant runner up), who plays the chemistry teacher, and Lillian Müller, who plays the Phys Ed teacher. Both teachers tear off their dresses to reveal a bikini, to the cheers of the students. At the end of the video, the kids are shown to have grown up to become a gynecologist (Alex Van Halen), a sumo wrestler (Michael Anthony), a psychiatric hospital patient (Eddie Van Halen), and a game show host (Roth). While it is said that no one was sure what Waldo grew up to be, the video hints at him becoming a pimp, the total opposite of his child self. This is intercut with scenes with the band members dressed in red suits and dancing to the song under a disco ball. An initial controversy arose when the video showed all the band members performing a quick crotch-grab during the "...so bad..." part of the chorus; at first, the 1980s NBC late-night show Friday Night Videos added black-box censor bars to the crotch-grabs but eventually relented and removed the black-box from their video. One potentially controversial scene managed to go unnoticed for many years, until Angelus unveiled it in the 2011 book MTV Ruled the World: The Early Years of Music Video by Greg Prato: "One thing I remember about that video that a lot people don’t know or maybe didn’t see. When Dave turns into the television show host, we had an idea. I thought, 'You know ... there hasn’t been a really substantial urine stain on MTV. Ever, when you really think about it. So let’s pour a lot of water on David’s crotch. Let’s make it look like he really just pissed himself. And then let’s see if anyone sees it when we hand the video into the record company and MTV.' And nobody did! I know this sounds absolutely pathetic to say, but we probably pulled off the first and most substantial urine stain in the history of television. So we’ve got that going for us." Reception Cash Box said that the song "shows at their absolute zenith," saying that "multi-watt voltage surges through this speeding hard rock anthem, with Eddie Van Halen again proving why he is the best." In 2009 it was named the 36th best hard rock song of all time by VH1. Chuck Klosterman of Vulture.com ranked it the sixth-best Van Halen song, calling it "the encapsulation of almost everything Van Halen is known for, all within the space of five minutes: Athletic drumming, an extended guitar introduction that transitions into a thick principal riff, vocals that are spoken more than sung, two interlocked solos, and lyrics that are technically demeaning but somehow come across as non-toxic and guileless." Personnel David Lee Roth – lead vocals Eddie Van Halen – lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals Alex Van Halen – drums Michael Anthony – bass guitar, backing vocals Charts Chart (1984) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 89 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 83 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 56 Chart (2020) Peakposition US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) 23 References ^ ""Hot For Teacher" Anniversary & Fun Facts!". vhnd.com. 27 October 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "Music Week" (PDF). p. 16. ^ a b Dean, Matt (2011). The Drum: A History. Scarecrow Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-8108-8171-6. ^ Popoff, Martin (2014). The Big Book of Hair Metal. Voyageur Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-62788-375-7. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo (November 22, 2018). "11 More of the Heaviest Hair Metal Songs". Loudwire. Retrieved February 27, 2021. ^ Bukszpan, Daniel (2003). The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal. Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7607-4218-1. The album also featured plenty of guitar-dominated heavy metal, such as "Hot for Teacher" and "Panama." which became hits in their own right. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (January 9, 2016). "Van Halen 1984 anniversary". Loudwire. Retrieved August 11, 2018. ^ Elliott, Paul (November 29, 2020). "Van Halen: a guide to their best albums". Classic Rock. Retrieved October 4, 2021. ^ "mvdbase.com – Van Halen – "Hot for teacher"". ^ "Hot For Teacher, Van Halen". VH1's Pop-up Video. 1997. ^ "Hot for Teacher" Anniversary & Fun Facts!, Van Halen News Desk ^ Prato, Greg (2011). MTV Ruled the World: The Early Years of Music Video. Kindle Direct Publishing. p. 241-242. ISBN 9780578071978. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ "Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. October 27, 1984. p. 8. Retrieved 2022-07-26. ^ "spreadit.org music". Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009. ^ Klosterman, Chuck (October 6, 2020). "All 131 Van Halen Songs, Ranked From Worst to Best A look back at the band's formidable legacy". Vulture.com. Retrieved October 9, 2020. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Top Singles - Volume 41, No. 15". RPM. December 15, 1984. Retrieved June 12, 2017. ^ "Van Halen Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2020. Further reading Van Halen Guitar Anthology. Van Nuys, California: Alfred. 2006. pp. 132–42. ISBN 9780897246729. OCLC 605214049. External links "Hot For Teacher" Anniversary & Fun Facts! on Van Halen News Desk vteVan Halen Eddie Van Halen Alex Van Halen David Lee Roth Michael Anthony Sammy Hagar Gary Cherone Wolfgang Van Halen Studio albums Van Halen Van Halen II Women and Children First Fair Warning Diver Down 1984 5150 OU812 For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge Balance Van Halen III A Different Kind of Truth Compilation albums Best Of – Volume I The Best of Both Worlds Live albums Live: Right Here, Right Now Tokyo Dome Live in Concert Singles "You Really Got Me" "Runnin' with the Devil" "Jamie's Cryin'" "Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love" "Dance the Night Away" "Somebody Get Me a Doctor" "Beautiful Girls" "And the Cradle Will Rock..." "So This Is Love?" "Unchained" "(Oh) Pretty Woman" "Dancing in the Street" "Where Have All the Good Times Gone!" "Jump" "I'll Wait" "Panama" "Hot for Teacher" "Why Can't This Be Love" "Dreams" "Love Walks In" "Best of Both Worlds" "When It's Love" "Black and Blue" "Finish What Ya Started" "Poundcake" "Top of the World" "Right Now" "Don't Tell Me (What Love Can Do)" "Can't Stop Lovin' You" "Amsterdam" "Humans Being" "Me Wise Magic" "Can't Get This Stuff No More" "Without You" "Tattoo" "She's the Woman" Other songs "Eruption" "Everybody Wants Some!!" "Little Guitars" Videography Live Without a Net Live: Right Here, Right Now Video Hits Volume I Tours 1978 World Tour World Vacation Tour World Invasion Tour Fair Warning Tour Hide Your Sheep Tour 1984 Tour 5150 Tour OU812 Tour For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge Tour Right Here Right Now Tour Balance Tour III Tour Summer Tour 2004 North America 2007–2008 A Different Kind of Truth Tour North America 2015 Related Discography Awards Guitar Hero: Van Halen 5150 Studios Frankenstrat Planet Us Chickenfoot Sammy Hagar and the Circle Mammoth WVH Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(Van_Halen_album)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"Alex Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"Michael Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anthony_(musician)"},{"link_name":"David Lee Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_Roth"},{"link_name":"Ted Templeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Templeman"},{"link_name":"Alex Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"double bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass_drum"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"drum solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_solo"}],"text":"\"Hot for Teacher\" is a song by the American rock band Van Halen, taken from their sixth studio album, 1984. The song was written by band members Eddie Van Halen, Alex Van Halen, Michael Anthony and David Lee Roth, and produced by Ted Templeman. It was released as the fourth and final single from the album in October 1984, and was the final single released during the band's 1974–1985 era.The song features Alex Van Halen's double bass drum performance, and its music video, featuring the band as both adults and young students. Unusually for a single, it begins with a 30-second drum solo, followed by another 30 seconds of instrumental introduction. The ending of this song comes from a studio demo from the band's club days, entitled \"Voodoo Queen\".","title":"Hot for Teacher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glam metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_metal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DrumHistory-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loudwire-5"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alex Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"half-time shuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-time_shuffle"},{"link_name":"Billy Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(Billy_Cobham_album)"},{"link_name":"boogie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_rock"},{"link_name":"Simon Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Phillips_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"},{"link_name":"tom drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_drum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DrumHistory-3"}],"text":"The song has been described as a mixture of glam metal,[3][4][5] heavy metal,[6] and hard rock.[7][8] The song's drum solo introduction composed and performed by Alex Van Halen starts with a speedy double kick drum half-time shuffle reminiscent of drummer Billy Cobham's tune \"Quadrant 4\" from 1973's Spectrum album, then borrows from the manic boogie rock–style of drummer Simon Phillips on the Jeff Beck song \"Space Boogie\" (1980) with added tom drums.[3]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Angelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Angelus"},{"link_name":"David Lee Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_Roth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vincent Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Paterson"},{"link_name":"John Marshall High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Phil Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hartman"},{"link_name":"Miss Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Canada"},{"link_name":"Lillian Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gynecologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologist"},{"link_name":"Alex Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo"},{"link_name":"Michael Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anthony_(musician)"},{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"Eddie Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"pimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Friday Night Videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Night_Videos"},{"link_name":"black-box censor bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censor_bars"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_Ruled_the_World-12"}],"text":"The music video (directed by Pete Angelus and David Lee Roth,[9] and produced by Jerry Kramer and Glenn Goodwin, choreographed by Vincent Paterson with concept/treatment by Anthony Nasch) was filmed at John Marshall High School,[10] with Phil Hartman performing the voice of Waldo, the video's protagonist. Waldo, an awkward boy with large glasses and a bow tie, is put on the school bus by his over-protective mother. He is terrified by the unruly kids on the bus; the driver played by Roth, tells him \"si'down, Waldo!\" as the opening drums begin. Along with Waldo, the \"kid versions\" of Van Halen face the trials and tribulations of grade school. Two models appear as teachers in the video, Donna Rupert (1981 Miss Canada pageant runner up), who plays the chemistry teacher, and Lillian Müller, who plays the Phys Ed teacher.[11] Both teachers tear off their dresses to reveal a bikini, to the cheers of the students. At the end of the video, the kids are shown to have grown up to become a gynecologist (Alex Van Halen), a sumo wrestler (Michael Anthony), a psychiatric hospital patient (Eddie Van Halen), and a game show host (Roth). While it is said that no one was sure what Waldo grew up to be, the video hints at him becoming a pimp, the total opposite of his child self. This is intercut with scenes with the band members dressed in red suits and dancing to the song under a disco ball.An initial controversy arose when the video showed all the band members performing a quick crotch-grab during the \"...so bad...\" part of the chorus; at first, the 1980s NBC late-night show Friday Night Videos added black-box censor bars to the crotch-grabs but eventually relented and removed the black-box from their video.One potentially controversial scene managed to go unnoticed for many years, until Angelus unveiled it in the 2011 book MTV Ruled the World: The Early Years of Music Video by Greg Prato: \"One thing I remember about that video that a lot people don’t know or maybe didn’t see. When Dave turns into the television show host, we had an idea. I thought, 'You know ... there hasn’t been a really substantial urine stain on MTV. Ever, when you really think about it. So let’s pour a lot of water on David’s crotch. Let’s make it look like he really just pissed himself. And then let’s see if anyone sees it when we hand the video into the record company and MTV.' And nobody did! I know this sounds absolutely pathetic to say, but we probably pulled off the first and most substantial urine stain in the history of television. So we’ve got that going for us.\"[12]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-13"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vulture.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Cash Box said that the song \"shows [Van Halen] at their absolute zenith,\" saying that \"multi-watt voltage surges through this speeding hard rock anthem, with Eddie Van Halen again proving why he is the best.\"[13]In 2009 it was named the 36th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.[14] Chuck Klosterman of Vulture.com ranked it the sixth-best Van Halen song, calling it \"the encapsulation of almost everything Van Halen is known for, all within the space of five minutes: Athletic drumming, an extended guitar introduction that transitions into a thick principal riff, vocals that are spoken more than sung, two interlocked solos, and lyrics that are technically demeaning but somehow come across as non-toxic and guileless.\"[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Lee Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_Roth"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"Eddie Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Alex Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"Michael Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anthony_(musician)"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"}],"text":"David Lee Roth – lead vocals\nEddie Van Halen – lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nAlex Van Halen – drums\nMichael Anthony – bass guitar, backing vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780897246729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897246729"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"605214049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/605214049"}],"text":"Van Halen Guitar Anthology. Van Nuys, California: Alfred. 2006. pp. 132–42. ISBN 9780897246729. OCLC 605214049.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"\"Hot For Teacher\" Anniversary & Fun Facts!\". vhnd.com. 27 October 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vhnd.com/1984-1984/hot-for-teacher/","url_text":"\"\"Hot For Teacher\" Anniversary & Fun Facts!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Week\" (PDF). p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1985/Music-Week-1985-06-01-I.pdf","url_text":"\"Music Week\""}]},{"reference":"Dean, Matt (2011). The Drum: A History. Scarecrow Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-8108-8171-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9RmN7w8kVpAC&pg=PA273","url_text":"The Drum: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8171-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-8171-6"}]},{"reference":"Popoff, Martin (2014). The Big Book of Hair Metal. Voyageur Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-62788-375-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Popoff","url_text":"Popoff, Martin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rfNzBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58","url_text":"The Big Book of Hair Metal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageur_Press","url_text":"Voyageur Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62788-375-7","url_text":"978-1-62788-375-7"}]},{"reference":"Rivadavia, Eduardo (November 22, 2018). \"11 More of the Heaviest Hair Metal Songs\". Loudwire. Retrieved February 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/11-more-of-the-heaviest-hair-metal-songs/","url_text":"\"11 More of the Heaviest Hair Metal Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"Bukszpan, Daniel (2003). The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal. Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7607-4218-1. The album also featured plenty of guitar-dominated heavy metal, such as \"Hot for Teacher\" and \"Panama.\" which became hits in their own right.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YaDDsg0H35gC&pg=PA256","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Publishing","url_text":"Barnes & Noble Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4218-1","url_text":"978-0-7607-4218-1"}]},{"reference":"Wiederhorn, Jon (January 9, 2016). \"Van Halen 1984 anniversary\". Loudwire. Retrieved August 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://loudwire.com/van-halen-1984-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Van Halen 1984 anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Paul (November 29, 2020). \"Van Halen: a guide to their best albums\". Classic Rock. Retrieved October 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/buyers-guide-van-halen","url_text":"\"Van Halen: a guide to their best albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"\"mvdbase.com – Van Halen – \"Hot for teacher\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=28944","url_text":"\"mvdbase.com – Van Halen – \"Hot for teacher\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot For Teacher, Van Halen\". VH1's Pop-up Video. 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_Video","url_text":"VH1's Pop-up Video"}]},{"reference":"Prato, Greg (2011). MTV Ruled the World: The Early Years of Music Video. Kindle Direct Publishing. p. 241-242. ISBN 9780578071978. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/MTV-Ruled-World-Early-Years/dp/0578071975","url_text":"MTV Ruled the World: The Early Years of Music Video"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing","url_text":"Kindle Direct Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780578071978","url_text":"9780578071978"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. October 27, 1984. p. 8. Retrieved 2022-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1984/CB-1984-10-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"spreadit.org music\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212180319/http://music.spreadit.org/vh1-top-100-hard-rock-songs/","url_text":"\"spreadit.org music\""},{"url":"http://music.spreadit.org/vh1-top-100-hard-rock-songs/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klosterman, Chuck (October 6, 2020). \"All 131 Van Halen Songs, Ranked From Worst to Best A look back at the band's formidable legacy\". Vulture.com. Retrieved October 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/best-van-halen-songs-chuck-klosterman.html","url_text":"\"All 131 Van Halen Songs, Ranked From Worst to Best A look back at the band's formidable legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture.com"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Singles - Volume 41, No. 15\". RPM. December 15, 1984. Retrieved June 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=5203&","url_text":"\"Top Singles - Volume 41, No. 15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"Van Halen Guitar Anthology. Van Nuys, California: Alfred. 2006. pp. 132–42. ISBN 9780897246729. OCLC 605214049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897246729","url_text":"9780897246729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605214049","url_text":"605214049"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et-Tell
Et-Tell
["1 Location","2 Settlement phases","2.1 Early Bronze I","2.2 Early Bronze II","2.3 Early Bronze III","2.4 Iron Age","3 Excavation history","4 Comparisons with biblical Ai","5 External links","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
This article is about the West Bank archaeological site of et-Tell. For other uses, see al-Tall (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) et-TellShown within the West BankLocationWest BankCoordinates31°55′00″N 35°17′18″E / 31.916667°N 35.288333°E / 31.916667; 35.288333 Et-Tell (Arabic: التل, lit. 'the ruin-heap') or Khirbet et-Tell (also meaning "heap of ruins") is an archaeological site in the West Bank, commonly identified with the biblical city of Ai. Location The site of et-Tell is just beside the modern village of Deir Dibwan and about 3 km east of Beitin (ancient Bethel), atop a watershed plateau overlooking the Jordan Valley and the city of Jericho 14 km east. Settlement phases Et-Tell ruins Early Bronze I The earliest settlement phase known at et-Tell, called "Pre-Urban", coincides with the Early Bronze Age I (EBI) and lasted from about 3200 to 3100 BC. In this period, an unfortified village (about 200 m in diameter, large for the EBI) was settled at the site, with accompanying tombs dug in caves on the northeastern slopes of the hill. Pottery styles from this period show both indigenous and foreign cultural influences and may signify a mingling of peoples from nearby areas and newcomers imigrating from more distant regions. Over time, the foreign elements tended to predominate over indigenous ones. About 3100 BC, et-Tell entered the "Urban A" phase. A large, well-planned walled city, about 110,000 square metres (~11 ha) in area, was built on the site. Some notable buildings from this time include a great acropolis complex consisting of a temple-palace compound, a market and residential area, and four fortified city gates. Sometime between 2950 and 2860 BC, the Urban A city was brought to an end by violent destruction. Most of the main buildings were burned to the ground; a layer of scorched stones and ash covers the floors of the EBI buildings. Early Bronze II Following this destruction, the city was rebuilt and entered into the "Urban B" phase, which coincides with the Early Bronze II (EBII) period. Buildings were repaired and modified, and the fortifications were strengthened. Two distinctive new pottery shapes that first appear in this period suggest that new leadership was imposed on the city; these newcomers may also have been responsible for the destruction of the Urban A/EBI settlement. The Urban B city, like its forerunner, was destroyed violently by fire. Excavations uncovered the ruins of buildings, collapsed stones and beams at every site investigated. Fire trapped under the debris of collapsed roofs smoldered hotly enough to change the chemical composition of the stone, a process called calcination. The walls of the compound on the acropolis were tilted and displaced by a rift in the bedrock, suggesting that an earthquake may have been responsible for the destruction. This happened around 2720 BC, based on carbon-14 dating. Early Bronze III Following this destruction, the city lay in ruins for some time. Erosion channels cut through the debris; based on their depth and spread, the city was most likely abandoned for between 20 and 40 years. Finally, in the Early Bronze Age III (EBIII), et-Tell was rebuilt and entered the "Urban C" phase. Egyptian influence in this stage is evident, attested by the use of stone pillars shaped with copper saws as well as other typically Egyptian building techniques. Two gates in the city wall, along with a great open reservoir designed to capture rainwater, are known. Around 2550 BC, there was a temporary disruption at the site, based on damage and rebuilding to the fortifications and major changes in the temple area. Finally, about 2400 BC, complete destruction again overtook the site. Callaway has proposed that a local Canaanite ruler may have managed to conquer the city away from the Egyptians, following which it was destroyed in an Egyptian counterattack. Iron Age After the destruction of the "Urban C" layer, et-Tell was abandoned and lay in ruins for over a thousand years. The next settlement period did not begin until the Iron Age I, about 1200 BC, when a wave of settlers came and peacefully began a new occupation there. This new village was unfortified and took up only a small region of the mound, smaller by far than the Early Bronze cities. This level is marked by the digging of rock-cut cisterns into the hill to catch rainwater and the use of terrace farming on the slopes of the mound. The discovery of farming tools and great quantities of animal bones in every house suggests that these people were both farmers and shepherds. About 1050 BC, this village was abandoned without burning or destruction. Excavation history The first archaeological exploration of et-Tell was undertaken in September 1928 under the supervision of John Garstang. Eight trenches were dug, five against the outer side of the southern city wall and three within the city itself. The outcome of this excavation was never formally published, and the only report known is a three-page summary filed by Garstang at the end of the work. In a later book, Garstang claimed that Late Bronze Age pottery, dating to c. 1400 BC, was found in this excavation, but this pottery was not mentioned in his earlier summary of the work and cannot now be located. The next excavation at et-Tell took place during three seasons between 1933 and 1935 and was led by Judith Marquet-Krause, with backing from Baron Edmond de Rothschild. A fourth season of excavation was cut short by Marquet-Krause's untimely death in July 1936; however, her husband compiled a catalog of objects found in the excavation and published it in 1949. This campaign concentrated on the upper region of the mound and exposed regions of the acropolis and a village dating to the Iron Age. The most recent campaign at et-Tell, the Joint Archaeological Expedition, was undertaken in nine seasons from 1964 to 1970 and overseen by Joseph Callaway and the American Schools of Oriental Research. Eight new sites were opened at et-Tell in areas next to Marquet-Krause's expedition and along the lower east city walls, and three smaller sites in the neighborhood were surveyed to create a more whole archaeological profile of the region. Comparisons with biblical Ai Edward Robinson suggested in 1838 that et-Tell could be the location of the biblical city of Ai, as did Charles Wilson in 1866, on the evidence of biblical references and nearby topography. This identification was backed by the American scholar William Foxwell Albright, who further argued in a 1924 paper that the site of et-Tell held the ruins of a great Canaanite city, corresponding with the biblical tradition that the Israelite commander Joshua "burnt Ai and made it a heap for ever" (Joshua 8:28). Another point in favor of this hypothesis is that the Hebrew word "Ai" means "the ruin", which is more or less the same meaning as the modern Arabic name, et-Tell. Albright's identification has been accepted by the majority of the archaeological community, and today et-Tell is widely believed to be one and the same as the Biblical Ai. If et-Tell is indeed Ai, this poses a problem for defenders of the literal historicity of the biblical accounts concerning the origin of ancient Israel. The reason for this is that traditional dating schemes place the Exodus from Egypt and Joshua's conquest around 1400 BC. In this version of events, Joshua and the invading Israelites are depicted as conquering Ai, killing its residents and burning the city; however, et-Tell was unoccupied at this time according to the established archaeological chronology, and the later Iron Age I village appeared with no evidence of initial conquest. The Iron I settlers seem to have peacefully built their village on the forsaken mound, without meeting resistance. One proposal to resolve this difficulty holds that the Bible's description of Ai, whose Hebrew name הָעַי means "the ruin", seems to imply that it was indeed a ruined settlement at the time of the Israelite conquest. Ralph K. Hawkins has proposed that Ai was destroyed by Joshua in a scaled-down attack against the Cannanite people who were living in the ruins of the previous Middle Bronze Age city. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Et-Tell. Callaway, Joseph. "Ai." In David Noel Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol.1, p. 125–130. Doubleday, 1992. Callaway, Joseph. "Ai." In Ephraim Stern (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, p. 39–45. Simon & Schuster, 1993. References ^ Wagemakers 2014, p. 40. ^ Naeh, Liat (2020-09-25). "#EOTalks 10: Archaeological Display and Omission: The 1936 Exhibition of Judith Krause-Marquet's Finds from A-Tell (Biblical Ha-Ai) at the Crossroad of British, Palestinian, and Israeli Perspectives". Everyday Orientalism. Retrieved 2022-12-22. ^ Wagemakers (2014), p. 47. ^ Hawkins, Ralph (2013). How Israel Became a People. Abingdon Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4267-5487-6. Bibliography Wagemakers, Bart (2014). "Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)". Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-782-97245-7. vteSites of the Israelite settlementSites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite SettlementNew settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries Bull Site Tel Dor Izbet Sartah Tell el-Ful (Gibeah) Giloh Heshbon Khirbet ed-Dawwara Khirbet el-Mastarah Khirbet Ghuraba Khirbet Ibn Nasir Tel Arad Tel Be'er Sheva (Beersheba) Tel Esdar Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Zaretan) Tell Radanna New settlements at long deserted sites in 12th/11th centuries Bethzur Tel Dan Et-Tell (Ai) Gibeon Khirbet Marjameh Shiloh Tel Kinrot (Kinneret) Tel Masos Tell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah) Tel Rumeida (Hebron) Destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries Azekah Ashdod Beit Shemesh Bethel Deir Alla (Succoth) Lachish Rabud Tell Beit Mirsim Tel 'Eton Tel Hazor Tel Megiddo Not destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries Beth-shan Gezer Jerusalem Shechem Taanach
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Tall (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tall_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Khirbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagemakers201440-1"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_(Bible)"}],"text":"This article is about the West Bank archaeological site of et-Tell. For other uses, see al-Tall (disambiguation).Et-Tell (Arabic: التل, lit. 'the ruin-heap') or Khirbet et-Tell (also meaning \"heap of ruins\")[1] is an archaeological site in the West Bank, commonly identified with the biblical city of Ai.","title":"Et-Tell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deir Dibwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Dibwan"},{"link_name":"Beitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitin"},{"link_name":"Bethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_divide"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"Jordan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"}],"text":"The site of et-Tell is just beside the modern village of Deir Dibwan and about 3 km east of Beitin (ancient Bethel), atop a watershed plateau overlooking the Jordan Valley and the city of Jericho 14 km east.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Et-Tell_(Ai)_ruins.jpg"}],"text":"Et-Tell ruins","title":"Settlement phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"temple-palace compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple-palace_compound&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fortified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"}],"sub_title":"Early Bronze I","text":"The earliest settlement phase known at et-Tell, called \"Pre-Urban\", coincides with the Early Bronze Age I (EBI) and lasted from about 3200 to 3100 BC. In this period, an unfortified village (about 200 m in diameter, large for the EBI) was settled at the site, with accompanying tombs dug in caves on the northeastern slopes of the hill. Pottery styles from this period show both indigenous and foreign cultural influences and may signify a mingling of peoples from nearby areas and newcomers imigrating from more distant regions. Over time, the foreign elements tended to predominate over indigenous ones.About 3100 BC, et-Tell entered the \"Urban A\" phase. A large, well-planned walled city, about 110,000 square metres (~11 ha) in area, was built on the site. Some notable buildings from this time include a great acropolis complex consisting of a temple-palace compound, a market and residential area, and four fortified city gates. Sometime between 2950 and 2860 BC, the Urban A city was brought to an end by violent destruction. Most of the main buildings were burned to the ground; a layer of scorched stones and ash covers the floors of the EBI buildings.","title":"Settlement phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calcination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"carbon-14 dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14_dating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early Bronze II","text":"Following this destruction, the city was rebuilt and entered into the \"Urban B\" phase, which coincides with the Early Bronze II (EBII) period. Buildings were repaired and modified, and the fortifications were strengthened. Two distinctive new pottery shapes that first appear in this period suggest that new leadership was imposed on the city; these newcomers may also have been responsible for the destruction of the Urban A/EBI settlement.The Urban B city, like its forerunner, was destroyed violently by fire. Excavations uncovered the ruins of buildings, collapsed stones and beams at every site investigated. Fire trapped under the debris of collapsed roofs smoldered hotly enough to change the chemical composition of the stone, a process called calcination. The walls of the compound on the acropolis were tilted and displaced by a rift in the bedrock, suggesting that an earthquake may have been responsible for the destruction. This happened around 2720 BC, based on carbon-14 dating.[citation needed]","title":"Settlement phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"}],"sub_title":"Early Bronze III","text":"Following this destruction, the city lay in ruins for some time. Erosion channels cut through the debris; based on their depth and spread, the city was most likely abandoned for between 20 and 40 years. Finally, in the Early Bronze Age III (EBIII), et-Tell was rebuilt and entered the \"Urban C\" phase. Egyptian influence in this stage is evident, attested by the use of stone pillars shaped with copper saws as well as other typically Egyptian building techniques. Two gates in the city wall, along with a great open reservoir designed to capture rainwater, are known.Around 2550 BC, there was a temporary disruption at the site, based on damage and rebuilding to the fortifications and major changes in the temple area. Finally, about 2400 BC, complete destruction again overtook the site. Callaway has proposed that a local Canaanite ruler may have managed to conquer the city away from the Egyptians, following which it was destroyed in an Egyptian counterattack.","title":"Settlement phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"cisterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistern"},{"link_name":"terrace farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_farming"}],"sub_title":"Iron Age","text":"After the destruction of the \"Urban C\" layer, et-Tell was abandoned and lay in ruins for over a thousand years. The next settlement period did not begin until the Iron Age I, about 1200 BC, when a wave of settlers came and peacefully began a new occupation there. This new village was unfortified and took up only a small region of the mound, smaller by far than the Early Bronze cities. This level is marked by the digging of rock-cut cisterns into the hill to catch rainwater and the use of terrace farming on the slopes of the mound. The discovery of farming tools and great quantities of animal bones in every house suggests that these people were both farmers and shepherds. About 1050 BC, this village was abandoned without burning or destruction.","title":"Settlement phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Garstang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garstang"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"Judith Marquet-Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Marquet-Krause"},{"link_name":"Edmond de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naeh-2"},{"link_name":"acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W47-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Callaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Schools of Oriental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research"}],"text":"The first archaeological exploration of et-Tell was undertaken in September 1928 under the supervision of John Garstang. Eight trenches were dug, five against the outer side of the southern city wall and three within the city itself. The outcome of this excavation was never formally published, and the only report known is a three-page summary filed by Garstang at the end of the work. In a later book, Garstang claimed that Late Bronze Age pottery, dating to c. 1400 BC, was found in this excavation, but this pottery was not mentioned in his earlier summary of the work and cannot now be located.The next excavation at et-Tell took place during three seasons between 1933 and 1935 and was led by Judith Marquet-Krause, with backing from Baron Edmond de Rothschild. A fourth season of excavation was cut short by Marquet-Krause's untimely death in July 1936; however, her husband compiled a catalog of objects found in the excavation and published it in 1949.[2] This campaign concentrated on the upper region of the mound and exposed regions of the acropolis and a village dating to the Iron Age.[3]The most recent campaign at et-Tell, the Joint Archaeological Expedition, was undertaken in nine seasons from 1964 to 1970 and overseen by Joseph Callaway and the American Schools of Oriental Research. Eight new sites were opened at et-Tell in areas next to Marquet-Krause's expedition and along the lower east city walls, and three smaller sites in the neighborhood were surveyed to create a more whole archaeological profile of the region.","title":"Excavation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Charles Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"William Foxwell Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Foxwell_Albright"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite"},{"link_name":"Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"Joshua 8:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%208:28&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"the Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Edward Robinson suggested in 1838 that et-Tell could be the location of the biblical city of Ai, as did Charles Wilson in 1866, on the evidence of biblical references and nearby topography. This identification was backed by the American scholar William Foxwell Albright, who further argued in a 1924 paper that the site of et-Tell held the ruins of a great Canaanite city, corresponding with the biblical tradition that the Israelite commander Joshua \"burnt Ai and made it a heap for ever\" (Joshua 8:28). Another point in favor of this hypothesis is that the Hebrew word \"Ai\" means \"the ruin\", which is more or less the same meaning as the modern Arabic name, et-Tell. Albright's identification has been accepted by the majority of the archaeological community, and today et-Tell is widely believed to be one and the same as the Biblical Ai.If et-Tell is indeed Ai, this poses a problem for defenders of the literal historicity of the biblical accounts concerning the origin of ancient Israel. The reason for this is that traditional dating schemes place the Exodus from Egypt and Joshua's conquest around 1400 BC. In this version of events, Joshua and the invading Israelites are depicted as conquering Ai, killing its residents and burning the city; however, et-Tell was unoccupied at this time according to the established archaeological chronology, and the later Iron Age I village appeared with no evidence of initial conquest. The Iron I settlers seem to have peacefully built their village on the forsaken mound, without meeting resistance.One proposal to resolve this difficulty holds that the Bible's description of Ai, whose Hebrew name הָעַי means \"the ruin\", seems to imply that it was indeed a ruined settlement at the time of the Israelite conquest. Ralph K. Hawkins has proposed that Ai was destroyed by Joshua in a scaled-down attack against the Cannanite people who were living in the ruins of the previous Middle Bronze Age city.[4]","title":"Comparisons with biblical Ai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tNIVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"},{"link_name":"Oxbow Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-782-97245-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-97245-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sites_of_the_Israelite_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Israelite settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement"},{"link_name":"Bull Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Site"},{"link_name":"Tel Dor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dor"},{"link_name":"Izbet Sartah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben-Ezer"},{"link_name":"Gibeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeah"},{"link_name":"Giloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giloh"},{"link_name":"Heshbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshbon"},{"link_name":"Khirbet el-Mastarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_el-Mastarah"},{"link_name":"Tel Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Arad"},{"link_name":"Tel Be'er Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba"},{"link_name":"Tell es-Sa'idiyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaretan"},{"link_name":"Zaretan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaretan"},{"link_name":"Bethzur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethzur"},{"link_name":"Tel Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan"},{"link_name":"Et-Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)"},{"link_name":"Gibeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)"},{"link_name":"Tel Kinrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)"},{"link_name":"Tell en-Nasbeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_en-Nasbeh"},{"link_name":"Mizpah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Tel Rumeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Rumeida"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Azekah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azekah"},{"link_name":"Ashdod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asdudu"},{"link_name":"Beit Shemesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Shemesh"},{"link_name":"Bethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel"},{"link_name":"Deir Alla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Alla"},{"link_name":"Lachish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish"},{"link_name":"Rabud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabud"},{"link_name":"Tell Beit Mirsim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Beit_Mirsim"},{"link_name":"Tel 'Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglon,_Canaan"},{"link_name":"Tel Hazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Hazor"},{"link_name":"Tel Megiddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Megiddo"},{"link_name":"Beth-shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth-shan"},{"link_name":"Gezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Shechem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechem"},{"link_name":"Taanach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taanach"}],"text":"Wagemakers, Bart (2014). \"Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)\". Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-782-97245-7.vteSites of the Israelite settlementSites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite SettlementNew settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries\nBull Site\nTel Dor\nIzbet Sartah\nTell el-Ful (Gibeah)\nGiloh\nHeshbon\nKhirbet ed-Dawwara\nKhirbet el-Mastarah\nKhirbet Ghuraba\nKhirbet Ibn Nasir\nTel Arad\nTel Be'er Sheva (Beersheba)\nTel Esdar\nTell es-Sa'idiyeh (Zaretan)\nTell Radanna\nNew settlements at long deserted sites in 12th/11th centuries\nBethzur\nTel Dan\nEt-Tell (Ai)\nGibeon\nKhirbet Marjameh\nShiloh\nTel Kinrot (Kinneret)\nTel Masos\nTell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah)\nTel Rumeida (Hebron)\nDestroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries\nAzekah\nAshdod\nBeit Shemesh\nBethel\nDeir Alla (Succoth)\nLachish\nRabud\nTell Beit Mirsim\nTel 'Eton\nTel Hazor\nTel Megiddo\nNot destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries\nBeth-shan\nGezer\nJerusalem\nShechem\nTaanach","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Et-Tell ruins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Et-Tell_%28Ai%29_ruins.jpg/220px-Et-Tell_%28Ai%29_ruins.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Naeh, Liat (2020-09-25). \"#EOTalks 10: Archaeological Display and Omission: The 1936 Exhibition of Judith Krause-Marquet's Finds from A-Tell (Biblical Ha-Ai) at the Crossroad of British, Palestinian, and Israeli Perspectives\". Everyday Orientalism. Retrieved 2022-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://everydayorientalism.wordpress.com/2020/09/25/eotalks-10-archaeological-display-and-omission-the-1936-exhibition-of-judith-krause-marquets-finds-from-a-tell-biblical-ha-ai-at-the-crossroad-of-british-palestinian-and-israeli-per/","url_text":"\"#EOTalks 10: Archaeological Display and Omission: The 1936 Exhibition of Judith Krause-Marquet's Finds from A-Tell (Biblical Ha-Ai) at the Crossroad of British, Palestinian, and Israeli Perspectives\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Ralph (2013). How Israel Became a People. Abingdon Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4267-5487-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7QU7GFNe7nsC&pg=PT193","url_text":"How Israel Became a People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5487-6","url_text":"978-1-4267-5487-6"}]},{"reference":"Wagemakers, Bart (2014). \"Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)\". Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-782-97245-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tNIVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","url_text":"\"Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers","url_text":"Oxbow Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-97245-7","url_text":"978-1-782-97245-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Et-Tell&params=31.916667_N_35.288333_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°55′00″N 35°17′18″E / 31.916667°N 35.288333°E / 31.916667; 35.288333"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%208:28&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Joshua 8:28"},{"Link":"https://everydayorientalism.wordpress.com/2020/09/25/eotalks-10-archaeological-display-and-omission-the-1936-exhibition-of-judith-krause-marquets-finds-from-a-tell-biblical-ha-ai-at-the-crossroad-of-british-palestinian-and-israeli-per/","external_links_name":"\"#EOTalks 10: Archaeological Display and Omission: The 1936 Exhibition of Judith Krause-Marquet's Finds from A-Tell (Biblical Ha-Ai) at the Crossroad of British, Palestinian, and Israeli Perspectives\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNAVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"47"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7QU7GFNe7nsC&pg=PT193","external_links_name":"How Israel Became a People"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tNIVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"\"Khirbet Et-Tell (Ai?)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Denbighshire
List of places in Denbighshire
[]
Map of places in Denbighshire compiled from this list See the list of places in Wales for places in other principal areas. This is a list of towns and villages in the principal area of Denbighshire, Wales. Contents:  Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) A Aberwheeler B Berwyn, Denbighshire Betws Gwerfil Goch Bodelwyddan Bodfari Bontuchel Bryneglwys Bylchau C Carrog Castell, Denbighshire Cefnmeriadog Cerrigydrudion Chirk Clocaenog Corwen Crogen Cwm, Denbighshire Cyffylliog Cynwyd D Denbigh Derwen Druid, Denbighshire Dyserth E Efenechtyd F This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) G Garth, Denbighshire Gellifor Gellioedd Glasfryn Glyndyfrdwy Gronant Gwaenysgor Gwyddelwern H Henllan Hirwaen I This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) J This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) K This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) L Llanarmon-yn-Iâl Llanbedr-Dyffryn-Clwyd Llandegla Llandrillo Llandyrnog Llannefydd Llanelidan Llanferres Llanfwrog Llangollen Llangwyfan Llangyhafal Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch Llanychan Llanynys Llwynmawr M Maerdy, Denbighshire Maeshafn Meliden N Nantglyn O This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) P Prestatyn Prion Pentrecelyn Peniel Q This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) R Rhewl (on the River Clywedog) Rhewl (on the River Dee) Rhewl (near the Nant Mawr) Rhuallt Rhuddlan Rhyl Ruthin S Saron St. Asaph T Tafarn Y Gelyn Trefnant Trelawnyd Tremeirchion U This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) V This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) W This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) X This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Y This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Z This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) See also List of places in Denbighshire (categorised) List of places in Wales
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Map of places in Denbighshire compiled from this list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//toolserver.org/~para/cgi-bin/kmlexport?article=List_of_places_in_Denbighshire&linksfrom=1&redir=google"},{"link_name":"list of places in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"principal 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of places in Denbighshire compiled from this list\nSee the list of places in Wales for places in other principal areas.This is a list of towns and villages in the principal area of Denbighshire, Wales.Contents: \n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of places in Denbighshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberwheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberwheeler"}],"text":"Aberwheeler","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berwyn, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwyn,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Betws Gwerfil Goch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betws_Gwerfil_Goch"},{"link_name":"Bodelwyddan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodelwyddan"},{"link_name":"Bodfari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodfari"},{"link_name":"Bontuchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontuchel"},{"link_name":"Bryneglwys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryneglwys"},{"link_name":"Bylchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylchau"}],"text":"Berwyn, Denbighshire\nBetws Gwerfil Goch\nBodelwyddan\nBodfari\nBontuchel\nBryneglwys\nBylchau","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrog"},{"link_name":"Castell, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Cefnmeriadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnmeriadog"},{"link_name":"Cerrigydrudion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrigydrudion"},{"link_name":"Chirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk"},{"link_name":"Clocaenog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocaenog"},{"link_name":"Corwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwen"},{"link_name":"Crogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crogen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cwm, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwm,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Cyffylliog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyffylliog"},{"link_name":"Cynwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynwyd,_Denbighshire"}],"text":"Carrog\nCastell, Denbighshire\nCefnmeriadog\nCerrigydrudion\nChirk\nClocaenog\nCorwen\nCrogen\nCwm, Denbighshire\nCyffylliog\nCynwyd","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denbigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbigh"},{"link_name":"Derwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwen"},{"link_name":"Druid, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Dyserth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyserth"}],"text":"Denbigh\nDerwen\nDruid, Denbighshire\nDyserth","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Efenechtyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efenechtyd"}],"text":"Efenechtyd","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garth, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garth,_Denbighshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gellifor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellifor"},{"link_name":"Gellioedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gellioedd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glasfryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasfryn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glyndyfrdwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndyfrdwy"},{"link_name":"Gronant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gronant"},{"link_name":"Gwaenysgor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaenysgor"},{"link_name":"Gwyddelwern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddelwern"}],"text":"Garth, Denbighshire\nGellifor\nGellioedd\nGlasfryn\nGlyndyfrdwy\nGronant\nGwaenysgor\nGwyddelwern","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henllan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henllan"},{"link_name":"Hirwaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirwaen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Henllan\nHirwaen","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanarmon-yn-Iâl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanarmon-yn-I%C3%A2l"},{"link_name":"Llanbedr-Dyffryn-Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanbedr-Dyffryn-Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Llandegla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandegla"},{"link_name":"Llandrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandrillo,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Llandyrnog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandyrnog"},{"link_name":"Llannefydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llannefydd"},{"link_name":"Llanelidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelidan"},{"link_name":"Llanferres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanferres"},{"link_name":"Llanfwrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfwrog,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangollen"},{"link_name":"Llangwyfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llangwyfan,_Denbighshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Llangyhafal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llangyhafal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch"},{"link_name":"Llanychan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanychan"},{"link_name":"Llanynys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanynys"},{"link_name":"Llwynmawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llwynmawr"}],"text":"Llanarmon-yn-Iâl\nLlanbedr-Dyffryn-Clwyd\nLlandegla\nLlandrillo\nLlandyrnog\nLlannefydd\nLlanelidan\nLlanferres\nLlanfwrog\nLlangollen\nLlangwyfan\nLlangyhafal\nLlanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch\nLlanychan\nLlanynys\nLlwynmawr","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maerdy, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maerdy,_Denbighshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maeshafn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeshafn"},{"link_name":"Meliden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliden"}],"text":"Maerdy, Denbighshire\nMaeshafn\nMeliden","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nantglyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantglyn"}],"text":"Nantglyn","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prestatyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestatyn"},{"link_name":"Prion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prion,_Denbighshire&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Prestatyn\nPrion\nPentrecelynPeniel","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhewl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhewl_(River_Clywedog,_Denbighshire)"},{"link_name":"Rhewl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhewl_(River_Dee,_Denbighshire)"},{"link_name":"Rhewl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhewl_(Nant_Mawr,_Denbighshire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhuallt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuallt"},{"link_name":"Rhuddlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddlan"},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl"},{"link_name":"Ruthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthin"}],"text":"Rhewl (on the River Clywedog)\nRhewl (on the River Dee)\nRhewl (near the Nant Mawr)\nRhuallt\nRhuddlan\nRhyl\nRuthin","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saron,_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Asaph"}],"text":"Saron\nSt. Asaph","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tafarn Y Gelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafarn_Y_Gelyn"},{"link_name":"Trefnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefnant"},{"link_name":"Trelawnyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelawnyd"},{"link_name":"Tremeirchion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremeirchion"}],"text":"Tafarn Y Gelyn\nTrefnant\nTrelawnyd\nTremeirchion","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Z"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castorocauda
Castorocauda
["1 Discovery and etymology","2 Description","3 Taxonomy","4 Paleoecology","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Jurassic beaver-like mammal from China CastorocaudaTemporal range: Middle Jurassic, 164 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Order: †Docodonta Family: †Docodontidae Genus: †CastorocaudaJi et al., 2006 Type species †Castorocauda lutrasimilisJi et al., 2006 Castorocauda is an extinct, semi-aquatic, superficially otter-like genus of docodont mammaliaforms with one species, C. lutrasimilis. It is part of the Yanliao Biota, found in the Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China dating to the Middle to Late Jurassic. It was part of an explosive Middle Jurassic radiation of Mammaliaformes moving into diverse habitats and niches. Its discovery in 2006, along with the discovery of other unusual mammaliaforms, disproves the previous hypothesis of Mammaliaformes remaining evolutionarily stagnant until the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. Weighing an estimated 500–800 g (1.1–1.8 lb), Castorocauda is the largest known Jurassic mammaliaform. It is the earliest known mammaliaform with aquatic adaptations or a fur pelt. It was also adapted for digging, and its teeth are similar to those of seals and Eocene whales, collectively suggesting it behaved similarly to the modern-day platypus and river otters and ate primarily fish. It lived in a wet, seasonal, cool temperate environment – which possibly had an average temperature not exceeding 15 °C (59 °F) – alongside salamanders, pterosaurs, birdlike dinosaurs, and other mammaliaforms. Discovery and etymology The holotype specimen, JZMP04117, was discovered in the Daohugou Beds of the Jiulongshan Formation in the Inner Mongolia region of China, which dates to about 159–164 million years ago (mya) in the Middle to Late Jurassic. It comprises a partial skeleton including an incomplete skull but well-preserved lower jaws, most of the ribs, the limbs (save for the right hind leg), the pelvis and the tail. The remains are so well preserved that there are elements of its soft anatomy and hair. The genus name Castorocauda derives from Latin Castor "beaver" and cauda "tail", in reference to its presumed beaver-like tail. The species name lutrasimilis derives from Latin lutra "otter" and similis "similar", because some aspects of its teeth and vertebrae are similar to modern otters. Description Castorocauda was the largest of known docodonts. The preserved length from head to tail is 425 mm (16.7 in), but in life it was much larger. Based on the dimensions of the platypus, the lower weight limit was estimated to be 518 g (1.1 lb) in life, and the upper 700 to 800 g (1.5 to 1.8 lb), making it the largest known Jurassic mammaliaform, surpassing the previous record of 500 g (1.1 lb) for Sinoconodon. It had specialized teeth that curve backwards to help it hold onto slippery fish, as seen in modern seals and also ancestral whales. The first two molars have cusps in a straight row, and interlocked during biting. This feature is similar to the ancestral condition in Mammaliaformes (such as in triconodonts) but is a derived character (it was specially evolved instead of inherited) in Castorocauda. The lower jaw contained 4 incisors, 1 canine, 5 premolars and 6 molars. The forelimbs of Castorocauda are very similar to those of the modern platypus: the humerus widens towards the elbow; the forearm bones have hypertrophied (large) epicondyles (where the joint attaches); the radial and ulnar joints are widely separated; the ulna has a massive olecranon (where it attaches to the elbow); the wrist bones are block-like; and the finger bones are robust. Docodontans were likely burrowing creatures and had a sprawling gait, and Castorocauda may have also used its arms for rowing, similar to the platypus. There are traces of soft tissue between the toes, suggesting webbed hind feet. It likely also had claws, and the holotype shows a spur on the hind ankle, which, in male platypuses, is venomous. Castorocauda likely had 14 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral and 25 tail vertebrae. Like some mammals, it had plated ribs, and the ribs extended into the lumbar vertebrae. Plating occurred on the proximal margins (the part of the rib closest to the vertebra), and, in Castorocauda, they may have served to increase the insertion area (the part of a muscle which moves while contracting) of the iliocostalis muscle on the back, which would interlock nearby ribs and better support the torso of the animal. Plated ribs are present in arboreal (tree-dwelling) and fossorial (burrowing) xenarthrans (sloths, anteaters, armadillos and relatives). The tail vertebrae are flattened dorsoventrally (shortened vertically and widened more horizontally); and each centrum has two pairs of transverse processes (which jut out diagonally from the centrum) on the headward side and another on the tailward side, making the centrum appear somewhat like the letter H from the top-view looking down. This tail anatomy is similar to beavers and otters, which use their tails for paddling and propulsion. Fur was preserved on the holotype, and it is the earliest known pelt; this showed that fur, with its many uses including heat retention and as a tactile sense, was an ancestral trait of mammals. Mammals preserved with fur from the Chinese Yixian Formation show little hair on the tail, whereas the fur outline preserved on the Castorocauda tail was 50% wider than the pelvis. The first quarter is covered by guard hairs, the middle half by scales and little hair cover and the last quarter by scales with some guard hair. Beavers have a very similar tail. Evidence of fur and assumed heightened tactile senses indicate it had a well-developed neocortex, a portion of the brain unique to mammals which, among other things, controls sensory perception. Taxonomy Stem Mammaliaformes Adelobasileus Sinoconodon Morganucodon Megazostrodon Haramiyavia Thomasia Megaconus Eleutherodon Sineleutherus Docodonta Sibirotherium Tegotherium Hutegotherium Itatodon Krusatodon Agilodocodon Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Castorocauda Dsungarodon Borealestes Docofossor Docodon Haldanodon Hadrocodium Crown mammals Castorocauda with other mammaliaforms Castorocauda is a member of the order Docodonta, an extinct group of mammaliaforms. Mammaliaformes includes mammal-like creatures and the crown mammals (all descendants, living or extinct, of the last common ancestor of all living mammals). Docodonts are not crown mammals. When Castorocauda was first described in 2006, it was thought to be most closely related to the European Krusatodon and Simpsonodon. In a 2010 review of docodonts, Docodonta was split into Docodontidae, Simpsonodontidae and Tegotheriidae, with Castorocauda considered incertae sedis with indeterminate affinities. Simpsonodontidae is now considered to be paraphyletic and thus invalid, and Castorocauda appears to have been most closely related to Dsungarodon, which came from the Junggar Basin of China and probably ate plants and soft invertebrates. Castorocauda is part of a Middle Jurassic mammaliaform diversification event, wherein mammaliaforms radiated into a wide array of niches and evolved several modern traits, such as more modern mammalian teeth and middle ear bones. It was previously thought that mammals were small and ground-dwelling until the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary) when dinosaurs went extinct. The discovery of Castorocauda, and evidence for an explosive diversification in the Middle Jurassic – such as the appearance of eutriconodontans, multituberculates, australosphenidans, metatherians and eutherians, among others – disproves this notion. This may have been caused by the breakup of Pangaea, which started in the Early to Middle Jurassic and diversified habitats and niches, or modern traits that had been slowly accumulating since mammaliaforms evolved until reaching a critical point which allowed for a massive expansion into different habitats. Paleoecology Castorocauda is the earliest known aquatic mammaliaform, pushing back the first appearance of mammaliaform aquatic adaptations by over 100 million years. The teeth interlocked while biting, suggesting that they were strictly used for gripping; the recurved molars were likely used to hold slippery prey; and the teeth shapes are convergent with seals and Eocene whales, suggesting a similar ecological standing. Based on these, its adaptations to swimming and digging and its large size, Castorocauda was probably comparable to the modern day platypus, river otters and similar semi-aquatic mammals in ecology and fed primarily on fish (piscivory). Map of the Middle Jurassic The Daohugou Beds also include several salamanders, numerous pterosaur species (of which many likely were piscivorous), several insects, the clam shrimp Euestheria and some birdlike dinosaurs. No fish are known from specifically the Daohugou Beds, but the related Linglongta locality contains undetermined ptycholepiformes. Other mammals include the flying-squirrel-like Volaticotherium, the burrowing Pseudotribos, the oldest known eutherian Juramaia. the rat-like Megaconus and the gliding Arboroharamiya. The plant life of the Tiaojishan Formation was dominated by cycadeoids (mainly Nilssonia and Ctenis), leptosporangiate ferns and ginkgophytes and has pollen remains predominantly from pteridophytes and gymnosperms, which indicate a cool temperate and wet climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, possibly with an annual temperature of below 15 °C (59 °F). See also Haldanodon Borealestes References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ji, Q.; Luo, Z.-X.; Yuan, C.-X.; Tabrum, A. R. (2006). "A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals". Science. 311 (5, 764): 1, 123–1, 127. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1123J. doi:10.1126/science.1123026. PMID 16497926. S2CID 46067702. ^ a b c Sullivan, C.; Wang, Y.; Hone, D. W. E.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2013). "The vertebrates of the Jurassic Daohugou Biota of northeastern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 243–280. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.787316. S2CID 84944844. ^ Rose 2006, p. 56 ^ "Mammal evolution: ancient mammals that lived in the age of dinosaurs". BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved 2023-03-26. ^ a b c d Martin, T. (2006). "Early Mammalian Evolutionary Experiments" (PDF). Science. 311 (5, 764): 1, 109–1, 110. doi:10.1126/science.1124294. PMID 16497922. S2CID 83027037. ^ a b Meng, Q.-J.; Ji, Q.; Zhang, Y.-G.; Lui, D.; Grossnickle, D. M.; Luo, Z.-X. (2015). "An arboreal docodont from the Jurassic and mammaliaform ecological diversification". Science. 347 (6, 223): 764–768. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..764M. doi:10.1126/science.1260879. PMID 25678661. S2CID 206562565. ^ a b Rowe, T. B.; Macrini, T. E.; Luo, Z.-X. (2011). "Fossil Evidence on Origin of the Mammalian Brain". Science. 332 (6, 062): 955–957. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..955R. doi:10.1126/science.1203117. PMID 21596988. S2CID 940501. ^ a b Panciroli, E.; Benson, R. B. J.; Luo, Z.-X. (2019). "The Mandible and Dentition of Borealestes serendipitus (Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1621884. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1621884. hdl:20.500.11820/75714386-2baa-4512-b4c8-add5719f129b. S2CID 199637122. ^ a b c Close, R. A.; Friedman, M.; Lloyd, G. T.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015). "Evidence for a Mid-Jurassic Adaptive Radiation in Mammals". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2, 137–2, 142. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.047. PMID 26190074. S2CID 527196. ^ Averianov, A. O.; Lopatin, A. V.; Krasnolutskii, S. A.; Ivantsov, S. V. (2010). "New docodonts from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia and reanalysis of Docodonta interrelationships" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute. 34 (2): 121–148. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.2.121. S2CID 35820076. ^ Pfretzschner, H.-U.; Martin, T.; Maisch, M. W.; Matzke, A. T. (2005). "A new docodont mammal from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 799–808. ^ Luo, Z.-X.; Martin, T. G. (2007). "Analysis of Molar Structure and Phylogeny of Docodont Genera". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 39: 27–47. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)392.0.CO;2. S2CID 29846648. ^ Zhou, C. F.; Wu, S.; Martin, T.; Luo, Z. X. (2013). "A Jurassic mammaliaform and the earliest mammalian evolutionary adaptations". Nature. 500 (7461): 163–7. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..163Z. doi:10.1038/nature12429. PMID 23925238. S2CID 4346751. ^ Han, G.; Mao, F.; Bi, S.; Wang, Y.; Meng, J. (2017). "A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones". Nature. 551 (7681): 451–456. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..451H. doi:10.1038/nature24483. PMID 29132143. S2CID 4466953. ^ Yongdong, W.; Ken'ichi, S.; Wu, Z.; Shaolin, Z. (2006). "Biodiversity and palaeoclimate of the Middle Jurassic floras from the Tiaojishan Formation in western Liaoning, China". Geology. 16: 222–230. doi:10.1080/10020070612330087A (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) ^ a b Ning, T.; Xie, A.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Li, L.; Yin, Y.-L.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, J. (2015). "New records of Jurassic petrified wood in Jianchang of western Liaoning, China and their palaeoclimate implications". Science China Earth Sciences. 58 (12): 2154–2164. Bibcode:2015ScChD..58.2154T. doi:10.1007/s11430-015-5208-1. S2CID 131558706. Further reading Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0801884726. External links Carnegie Museum's Press release Restoration of the Tiaojishan Formation vteCynodontia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ CynodontiaCynodontia †Dvinia †Nanocynodon †Madysaurus †Uralocynodon †Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon †Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica Epicynodontia †Bolotridon †Cynosaurus †Nanictosaurus †Nythosaurus †Platycraniellus †Thrinaxodon †Vetusodon †Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia †Kataigidodon †Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ ProbainognathiaProbainognathia †Agudotherium †Candelariodon †Charruodon †Lumkuia †Protheriodon †Tessellatia †Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon? Riojanodon †Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus †Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Prozostrodontia †Alemoatherium †Deccanodon †Dromatherium †Inditherium †Microconodon †Polonodon †Pseudotriconodon †Rewaconodon †Santacruzgnathus †Therioherpeton †Tricuspes †Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium †Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha †Adelobasileus †Botucaraitherium †Brasilodon †Sinoconodon †Tikiodon †Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ MammaliaformesMammaliaformes †Bocaconodon †Brachyzostrodon †Bridetherium †Cherwellia †Cifellilestes †Delsatia †Dianoconodon †Dinnetherium †Dyskritodon †Eozostrodon †Erythrotherium †Gondwanadon †Hadrocodium †Hallautherium †Helvetiodon †Indotherium †Indozostrodon †Megazostrodon †Morganucodon †Paceyodon †Paikasigudodon †Purbeckodon †Rosierodon †Sinoconodon? †Storchodon †Stylidens †Wareolestes †Woutersia †Kuehneotheriidae Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium †Shuotheriidae Feredocodon Itatodon? Paritatodon? Pseudotribos Shuotherium †Docodonta Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium †Haramiyida Avashishta? Hypsiprymnopsis? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon? Mojo? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon? Maiopatagium Megaconus? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria? Hahnodontidae? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Crown-Mammalia see Mammalia See alsoIncertae sedis †Cistecynodon †Eoraetia †Gaumia †"Hahnia" †Kunminia †Lepagia †Meurthodon †Mitredon †Panchetocynodon †Redondagnathus †Saurodesmus? Paraphyletic /Polyphyletic groups Dromatheriidae Morganucodonta Symmetrodonta Triconodonta Category Taxon identifiersCastorocauda Wikidata: Q131336 Wikispecies: Castorocauda BioLib: 155837 EoL: 4529763 GBIF: 4574468 IRMNG: 1026581 Open Tree of Life: 3616734 Paleobiology Database: 72003
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"docodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docodont"},{"link_name":"mammaliaforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammaliaforms"},{"link_name":"Yanliao Biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanliao_Biota"},{"link_name":"Daohugou Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daohugou_Beds"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation"},{"link_name":"niches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelt"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"platypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"}],"text":"Jurassic beaver-like mammal from ChinaCastorocauda is an extinct, semi-aquatic, superficially otter-like genus of docodont mammaliaforms with one species, C. lutrasimilis. It is part of the Yanliao Biota, found in the Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China dating to the Middle to Late Jurassic. It was part of an explosive Middle Jurassic radiation of Mammaliaformes moving into diverse habitats and niches. Its discovery in 2006, along with the discovery of other unusual mammaliaforms, disproves the previous hypothesis of Mammaliaformes remaining evolutionarily stagnant until the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.Weighing an estimated 500–800 g (1.1–1.8 lb), Castorocauda is the largest known Jurassic mammaliaform. It is the earliest known mammaliaform with aquatic adaptations or a fur pelt. It was also adapted for digging, and its teeth are similar to those of seals and Eocene whales, collectively suggesting it behaved similarly to the modern-day platypus and river otters and ate primarily fish. It lived in a wet, seasonal, cool temperate environment – which possibly had an average temperature not exceeding 15 °C (59 °F) – alongside salamanders, pterosaurs, birdlike dinosaurs, and other mammaliaforms.","title":"Castorocauda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holotype specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype_specimen"},{"link_name":"JZMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinzhou_Museum_of_Paleontology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daohugou Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daohugou_Beds"},{"link_name":"Jiulongshan Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifanggou_Formation"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"million years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2013-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"genus name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_name"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"species name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_name"},{"link_name":"otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"}],"text":"The holotype specimen, JZMP04117, was discovered in the Daohugou Beds of the Jiulongshan Formation in the Inner Mongolia region of China, which dates to about 159–164 million years ago (mya) in the Middle to Late Jurassic.[1][2] It comprises a partial skeleton including an incomplete skull but well-preserved lower jaws, most of the ribs, the limbs (save for the right hind leg), the pelvis and the tail. The remains are so well preserved that there are elements of its soft anatomy and hair.[1]The genus name Castorocauda derives from Latin Castor \"beaver\" and cauda \"tail\", in reference to its presumed beaver-like tail. The species name lutrasimilis derives from Latin lutra \"otter\" and similis \"similar\", because some aspects of its teeth and vertebrae are similar to modern otters.[1]","title":"Discovery and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sinoconodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoconodon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"molars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"cusps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusp_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ancestral condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy"},{"link_name":"triconodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triconodont"},{"link_name":"derived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphy_and_apomorphy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2006-5"},{"link_name":"incisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor"},{"link_name":"canine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"premolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"},{"link_name":"hypertrophied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophied"},{"link_name":"epicondyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicondyle"},{"link_name":"radial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(bone)"},{"link_name":"ulnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"olecranon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon"},{"link_name":"wrist bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_bones"},{"link_name":"sprawling gait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion#Posture"},{"link_name":"webbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbed_foot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"claws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meng2015-6"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"thoracic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebra"},{"link_name":"lumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra"},{"link_name":"sacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_vertebra"},{"link_name":"contracting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction"},{"link_name":"iliocostalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliocostalis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"fossorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossorial"},{"link_name":"xenarthrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenarthra"},{"link_name":"sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth"},{"link_name":"anteaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteater"},{"link_name":"armadillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo"},{"link_name":"tail vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vertebra"},{"link_name":"centrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_centrum"},{"link_name":"transverse processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_processes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2006-5"},{"link_name":"pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowe2011-7"},{"link_name":"heat retention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation"},{"link_name":"tactile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_system"},{"link_name":"Yixian Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixian_Formation"},{"link_name":"pelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis"},{"link_name":"guard hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_hair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"sensory perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_perception"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowe2011-7"}],"text":"Castorocauda was the largest of known docodonts.[3] The preserved length from head to tail is 425 mm (16.7 in), but in life it was much larger. Based on the dimensions of the platypus, the lower weight limit was estimated to be 518 g (1.1 lb) in life, and the upper 700 to 800 g (1.5 to 1.8 lb), making it the largest known Jurassic mammaliaform, surpassing the previous record of 500 g (1.1 lb) for Sinoconodon.[1]It had specialized teeth that curve backwards to help it hold onto slippery fish, as seen in modern seals and also ancestral whales.[4] The first two molars have cusps in a straight row, and interlocked during biting. This feature is similar to the ancestral condition in Mammaliaformes (such as in triconodonts) but is a derived character (it was specially evolved instead of inherited) in Castorocauda.[1][5] The lower jaw contained 4 incisors, 1 canine, 5 premolars and 6 molars.[1]The forelimbs of Castorocauda are very similar to those of the modern platypus: the humerus widens towards the elbow; the forearm bones have hypertrophied (large) epicondyles (where the joint attaches); the radial and ulnar joints are widely separated; the ulna has a massive olecranon (where it attaches to the elbow); the wrist bones are block-like; and the finger bones are robust. Docodontans were likely burrowing creatures and had a sprawling gait, and Castorocauda may have also used its arms for rowing, similar to the platypus. There are traces of soft tissue between the toes, suggesting webbed hind feet.[1] It likely also had claws,[6] and the holotype shows a spur on the hind ankle, which, in male platypuses, is venomous.[1]Castorocauda likely had 14 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral and 25 tail vertebrae. Like some mammals, it had plated ribs, and the ribs extended into the lumbar vertebrae. Plating occurred on the proximal margins (the part of the rib closest to the vertebra), and, in Castorocauda, they may have served to increase the insertion area (the part of a muscle which moves while contracting) of the iliocostalis muscle on the back, which would interlock nearby ribs and better support the torso of the animal.[1] Plated ribs are present in arboreal (tree-dwelling) and fossorial (burrowing) xenarthrans (sloths, anteaters, armadillos and relatives). The tail vertebrae are flattened dorsoventrally (shortened vertically and widened more horizontally); and each centrum has two pairs of transverse processes (which jut out diagonally from the centrum) on the headward side and another on the tailward side, making the centrum appear somewhat like the letter H from the top-view looking down. This tail anatomy is similar to beavers and otters, which use their tails for paddling and propulsion.[1][5]Fur was preserved on the holotype, and it is the earliest known pelt;[7] this showed that fur, with its many uses including heat retention and as a tactile sense, was an ancestral trait of mammals. Mammals preserved with fur from the Chinese Yixian Formation show little hair on the tail, whereas the fur outline preserved on the Castorocauda tail was 50% wider than the pelvis. The first quarter is covered by guard hairs, the middle half by scales and little hair cover and the last quarter by scales with some guard hair. Beavers have a very similar tail.[1] Evidence of fur and assumed heightened tactile senses indicate it had a well-developed neocortex, a portion of the brain unique to mammals which, among other things, controls sensory perception.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Docodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docodonta"},{"link_name":"mammaliaforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammaliaforms"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Krusatodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusatodon"},{"link_name":"Simpsonodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpsonodon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"Docodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docodontidae"},{"link_name":"Simpsonodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simpsonodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tegotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegotheriidae"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"affinities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Dsungarodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dsungarodon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panciroli2019-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meng2015-6"},{"link_name":"Junggar Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junggar_Basin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"radiated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation"},{"link_name":"niches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"middle ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Close2015-9"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2006-5"},{"link_name":"eutriconodontans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutriconodonta"},{"link_name":"multituberculates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multituberculate"},{"link_name":"australosphenidans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australosphenida"},{"link_name":"metatherians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria"},{"link_name":"eutherians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria"},{"link_name":"Pangaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea"},{"link_name":"Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Close2015-9"}],"text":"Castorocauda is a member of the order Docodonta, an extinct group of mammaliaforms. Mammaliaformes includes mammal-like creatures and the crown mammals (all descendants, living or extinct, of the last common ancestor of all living mammals). Docodonts are not crown mammals. When Castorocauda was first described in 2006, it was thought to be most closely related to the European Krusatodon and Simpsonodon.[1] In a 2010 review of docodonts, Docodonta was split into Docodontidae, Simpsonodontidae and Tegotheriidae, with Castorocauda considered incertae sedis with indeterminate affinities.[10] Simpsonodontidae is now considered to be paraphyletic and thus invalid, and Castorocauda appears to have been most closely related to Dsungarodon,[8][6] which came from the Junggar Basin of China and probably ate plants and soft invertebrates.[11]Castorocauda is part of a Middle Jurassic mammaliaform diversification event, wherein mammaliaforms radiated into a wide array of niches and evolved several modern traits, such as more modern mammalian teeth and middle ear bones.[9] It was previously thought that mammals were small and ground-dwelling until the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary) when dinosaurs went extinct. The discovery of Castorocauda,[5] and evidence for an explosive diversification in the Middle Jurassic – such as the appearance of eutriconodontans, multituberculates, australosphenidans, metatherians and eutherians, among others – disproves this notion. This may have been caused by the breakup of Pangaea, which started in the Early to Middle Jurassic and diversified habitats and niches, or modern traits that had been slowly accumulating since mammaliaforms evolved until reaching a critical point which allowed for a massive expansion into different habitats.[9]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2006-5"},{"link_name":"convergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"platypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"piscivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscivory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MiddleJurassicMap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"salamanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2013-2"},{"link_name":"clam shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam_shrimp"},{"link_name":"Euestheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euestheria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji2006-1"},{"link_name":"ptycholepiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptycholepiformes"},{"link_name":"flying-squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying-squirrel"},{"link_name":"Volaticotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volaticotherium"},{"link_name":"Pseudotribos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotribos"},{"link_name":"Juramaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juramaia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2013-2"},{"link_name":"rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"Megaconus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaconus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arboroharamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboroharamiya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cycadeoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadeoids"},{"link_name":"Nilssonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilssonia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Ctenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenis"},{"link_name":"leptosporangiate ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosporangiate_fern"},{"link_name":"ginkgophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgophyte"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"pteridophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyte"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"cool temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_temperate"},{"link_name":"wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season"},{"link_name":"dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ning2015-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ning2015-16"}],"text":"Castorocauda is the earliest known aquatic mammaliaform,[12] pushing back the first appearance of mammaliaform aquatic adaptations by over 100 million years.[5] The teeth interlocked while biting, suggesting that they were strictly used for gripping; the recurved molars were likely used to hold slippery prey; and the teeth shapes are convergent with seals and Eocene whales, suggesting a similar ecological standing. Based on these, its adaptations to swimming and digging and its large size, Castorocauda was probably comparable to the modern day platypus, river otters and similar semi-aquatic mammals in ecology and fed primarily on fish (piscivory).[1]Map of the Middle JurassicThe Daohugou Beds also include several salamanders, numerous pterosaur species (of which many likely were piscivorous),[2] several insects, the clam shrimp Euestheria[1] and some birdlike dinosaurs. No fish are known from specifically the Daohugou Beds, but the related Linglongta locality contains undetermined ptycholepiformes. Other mammals include the flying-squirrel-like Volaticotherium, the burrowing Pseudotribos, the oldest known eutherian Juramaia.[2] the rat-like Megaconus[13] and the gliding Arboroharamiya.[14] The plant life of the Tiaojishan Formation was dominated by cycadeoids (mainly Nilssonia and Ctenis), leptosporangiate ferns and ginkgophytes and has pollen remains predominantly from pteridophytes and gymnosperms, which indicate a cool temperate and wet climate with distinct wet and dry seasons,[15][16] possibly with an annual temperature of below 15 °C (59 °F).[16]","title":"Paleoecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The beginning of the age of mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0801884726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801884726"}],"text":"Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0801884726.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the Middle Jurassic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MiddleJurassicMap.jpg/220px-MiddleJurassicMap.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Haldanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldanodon"},{"title":"Borealestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borealestes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Maker_XP
RPG Maker
["1 PC versions","1.1 RPG Tsukūru Dante 98","1.2 RPG Maker 95","1.3 RPG Maker 2000 and 2003","1.4 RPG Maker XP","1.5 RPG Maker VX and VX Ace","1.6 RPG Maker MV and MZ","1.7 RPG Maker Unite","2 Console versions","2.1 RPG Tsukūru Super Dante","2.2 RPG Maker","2.3 RPG Maker Fes","3 English versions","4 Reception and legacy","4.1 RPG Maker as a machinima form","5 RPG Maker series timeline","6 Notable games","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Franchise of role-playing video game creation system software series This article is about the series. For the first entry for the PlayStation, see RPG Maker (video game). RPG MakerOriginal author(s)ASCIIDeveloper(s)Enterbrain, Gotcha Gotcha GamesInitial release17 December 1992; 31 years ago (1992-12-17) as RPG Tsukūru Dante 98Stable releaseRPG Maker MZ / August 27, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-08-27) Written inJavaScript, HTML5PlatformPlayStationPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PlayStation 4Super FamicomGame Boy ColorGame Boy AdvanceNintendo DSNintendo 3DSNintendo SwitchSega SaturnPC-8801PC-9801MSX2Microsoft WindowsmacOSLinuxAvailable inJapanese, English, Korean, ChineseTypeGame creation softwareLicenseProprietaryWebsitewww.rpgmakerweb.com RPG Maker, known in Japan as RPG Tsukūru (RPGツクール, sometimes romanized as RPG Tkool), is a series of programs for the development of role-playing video games (RPGs) with story-driven elements, created by the Japanese group ASCII, succeeded by Enterbrain. The Japanese name, Tsukūru, is a pun mixing the Japanese word tsukuru (作る), which means "make" or "create", with tsūru (ツール), the Japanese transliteration of the English word "tool". The RPG Maker series was originally released primarily in Japan, but it was translated by fans in Taiwan, South Korea, China, Russia, and North America with RPG Maker 2000 and RPG Maker 2003. Most of the later engines have been officially translated. PC versions RPG Maker is a program that allows users to create their own role-playing video games. Most versions include a tile set based map editor (tilesets are called chipsets in pre-XP versions), a simple scripting language for scripting events, and a battle editor. All versions include initial premade tilesets, characters, and events which can be used in creating new games. One feature of the PC versions of RPG Maker programs is that a user can create new tilesets and characters, and add any new graphics the user wants. Despite being geared towards creating role-playing video games, the engine also has the capability to create games of other genres, such as adventure games (like Yume Nikki), story-driven games or visual novels with minimal tweaking. Some video games made in RPG Maker engine (such as Super Columbine Massacre RPG! and Heartbeat) garnered controversy by many audiences. RPG Tsukūru Dante 98 According to Enterbrain, RPG Tsukūru Dante 98, released on December 17, 1992, was the first software of the RPG Maker series, although there were a few versions of RPG making software by ASCII preceding it, dating back to 1988. This, along with its follow-up RPG Tsukūru Dante 98 II, was made for NEC PC-9801, and games created with these programs can be played on a Windows computer with emulators called Dante for Windows and D2win, respectively. RPG Maker was a product that came from various programs that ASCII Corporation had included in ASCII along with other users' code submitted to it, which the company decided to expand and publish into the standalone game-making toolkit. RPG Maker 95 RPG Maker 95 was the first Microsoft Windows-based RPG Maker software. Despite being an early version, RPG Maker 95 has both a higher screen resolution, and higher sprite and tile resolution than the several following versions. RPG Maker 2000 and 2003 RPG Maker 2000, also referred to as RM2k, was the second release of RPG Maker for Microsoft Windows and is the most popular and used RPG Maker so far. While it is possible to do more with RM2k, it uses lower resolution sprites and tiles than RPG Maker 95, but it does not have a noticeable limit of 'sprites'. Unlike RM95, which can only use one 'set', RM2k can use an unlimited number of sprite sheets with specific sizes for each type. The tilesets also have a similar non-limitation, but because tiles must be entered into a database, there is a limit on tiles. This limit however is rarely a problem (normally 5000), and even when it is, an unofficial patch exists which can bump most limits much higher at the risk of potential game corruption. It does not support text output and can program only two buttons, Z and X. There is text in dialog boxes, by manner of overlaying sprites, or maps lain with text, but not plainly on the screen. RPG Maker 2003, also referred to as RM2k3, is largely an improvement of RM2k. RM2k games can be ported to RM2k3 (but not back to RM2k, the conversion is permanent), and most resources are interchangeable. The main difference is the introduction of a side-view battle system similar to that found in the Final Fantasy games on the Super NES and the Sony PlayStation. This was the first version made by Enterbrain, which had previously been a part of ASCII. RPG Maker XP RPG Maker XP (also referred to as RMXP) was released on 16 September 2005. It is the first RPG Maker which can use Ruby, making it far more powerful than previous versions programming-wise. However, many normal, simplified features present in RM2k(3) have been removed. Most of these features have been programmed with Ruby, and distributed online. RMXP runs at 1024x768 resolution (though games made in it run at 640x480), while offering four times the playable area of its predecessors. By default, games ran at 40 frames per second, though the game's scripts can be modified to set the framerate to any value. Additionally, it allows greater user control over sprite size (there is no specific image size regulation for sprite sheets) and other aspects of game design. This more open-ended arrangement, coupled with the inclusion of the Ruby Game Scripting System (RGSS ), makes RPG Maker XP more versatile than older versions in the series, at the cost of a steeper learning curve. This was named after Windows XP which was active from 2001-2014. The Pokémon Essentials pack, one of the main methods of making Pokémon fan games, was exclusive to RPG Maker XP and never ported to any later engine, causing XP to be widely used for such games more than a decade later, such as in making Pokémon Uranium. It was taken down in 2018 due to a cease and desist by Nintendo, though it continues to circulate the Internet. RPG Maker VX and VX Ace A screenshot of a user-created map in RPG Maker VX. RPG Maker VX (RPGツクールVX, RPG Tsukūru VX) was released in Japan on December 27, 2007, and in the West on February 29, 2008. The frame rate was increased to 60 frames per second, providing smoother animation. The engine still used the Ruby programming language, but the game's default programming was overhauled to allow more freedom for scripting in new features. A new editor and RTP were included, this time in a much simpler "blocky" style. The default battle system is comparable to that of the Dragon Quest series or its predecessor RM2k, with a head-on view of the battlefield and detailed text descriptions of each action taken. However, the lack of support for multiple tilesets when mapping represented a notable downgrade from the engine's predecessor, leaving the player with only a finite number of unique tiles with which to depict all the game's environments. Multiple player-made workarounds were created. RPG Maker VX Ace was released in Japan on December 15, 2011, and the West on March 15, 2012. It was later made available through Steam, and is also available physically. VX Ace, an upgraded version of VX, addressed the tileset issue. Battle backgrounds were re-introduced, and are separated into top and bottom halves. Spells, skills, and items can all now have their own damage and recovery formulas, although a quick calculation method reminiscent of the older RPG Makers is available. The VX RTP was redesigned for VX Ace, and a new soundtrack featuring higher quality techno-pop tracks was included. With VX Ace came a large quantity of DLC Resource Packages offered by Enterbrain, also available through Steam. RPG Maker MV and MZ Released by Degica on October 23, 2015, RPG Maker MV includes a large number of changes over previous versions, with multiplatform support, side-view battles, and high-resolution features. It is the first engine in the series to use JavaScript instead of Ruby, with the addition of plugins. Completed games can be played on PC and mobile devices. RPG Maker MV also goes back to layered tilesets, a feature that was removed in RPG Maker VX and VX Ace. Unlike RPG Maker XP, which allowed users to manually choose which layers to build on, MV automatically stacks tiles on top of other tiles. It also came out on consoles under the name RPG Tsukūru MV Trinity. It was originally announced to only be on PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch but was later announced to also be on Xbox One. This release was later cancelled. It was released on Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 in Japan on November 15, 2018, and was released in North America and Europe in September 2020. RPG Maker MZ, a minor upgrade to the engine of MV, was released worldwide on August 20, 2020. MZ's new features include the Effekseer particle system, an autosave function, and often-requested XP-style autolayer mechanics. Like MV, it allows users to develop plugins using JavaScript. RPG Maker MZ received mostly positive feedback from users, who praised its additional features and the return of the XP layer mechanics, though its similarity to RPG Maker MV drew a mixed response. RPG Maker Unite RPG Maker Unite is an asset for the Unity game engine based on RPG Maker. It was released on the Unity store in May 2023. Console versions RPG Tsukūru Super Dante Victor Reetz created the first console RPG Maker, RPG Tsukūru Super Dante, which debuted in 1995 for the Super Famicom, as a port of RPG Tsukūru Dante 98. RPG Tsukūru Super Dante was later broadcast via the Super Famicom's Satellaview accessory. RPG Maker GB is the first console portable version of RPG Maker. RPG Maker Main article: RPG Maker (video game) In 2000, RPG Maker was released for the Sony PlayStation, but only a limited number of copies were made for releases outside of Japan. The software allowed user-made characters, and monsters through Anime Maker which was separate from the RPG Maker, which required saving to an external memory card. However, there was a limit to how many user-made sprites and monsters could be used in RPG Maker. Also, in Anime Maker, the user could create larger sprites for a theater-type visual novel in which the player could animate and control characters, but these sprites were much larger and unusable in RPG Maker. The RPG Maker interface was somewhat user-friendly, and battles were front-view style only. Item, Monster, Skill/Magic, and Dungeons had a small limit cap, as did the effects of any given Item, Magic or Skill (9,999). Items were all inclusive; Weapons and Armors were created in the Items interface. The types of items were as follows: None (mainly used for Key Items), Weapon, Armor, Key (up to eight sub types), Magic (for binding Magic created in the Magic interface to an item), Healing, and Food (which raises stats and EXP, or experience points in which this particular software is the only one of the series to do so natively). Events were a separate save file from the System file, and are referred to as Scenario files. This is how the user could make multiple parts to one game, provided the user had enough memory cards and card space to create the files. RPG Maker Fes A version for the Nintendo 3DS was released by NIS America on June 27, 2017. While it remains portable on a small screen, users can create games on-the-go and also download games to play as well. The game received some criticism, with NintendoWorldReport saying that the title would be more suitable to hardcore RPG fans, who want to create their own game, rather than for every type of player. Games completed can be uploaded to the RPG Maker Fes Player app for those to download and play on their own systems. It is the second RPG Maker to receive a limited edition (the previous one being RPG Tsukūru DS) which includes a CD soundtrack in a jewel case containing all the soundtracks in the game, and a full-color paperback artbook. It is the first RPG Maker on consoles/handhelds to receive a digital release. English versions Historically, few early RPG Maker versions had official English releases. Each Windows version has, however, been subject to unlicensed distribution through the internet in some form or other. RPG Maker 95, as well as translation patches for the Super Famicom titles RPG Maker Super Dante and RPG Maker 2, were translated and distributed by a group called KanjiHack. In 1999, KanjiHack closed upon receiving a cease-and-desist e-mail from ASCII's lawyers. RPG Maker 95 was re-released with a more complete translation under the name RPG Maker 95+ by a Russian programmer, under the alias of Don Miguel, who later translated and released RPG Maker 2000. Later versions, RPG Maker 2003, and RPG Maker XP, were similarly translated and distributed by a programmer under the alias of RPG Advocate. The first official English release of the PC series was of RPG Maker XP on September 16, 2005. The next two versions of the software, RPG Maker VX and RPG Maker VX Ace both received official English releases. Since 2010 English versions of RPG Maker have been published by Degica, who have also officially released English versions of the older titles RPG Maker 2000 and RPG Maker 2003. The first official English language of a console version was the PlayStation version in 2000, simply called RPG Maker, by Agetec. Agetec also localized RPG Maker 2 and 3. Reception and legacy By August 2005, the series had sold more than two million copies worldwide. Later Steam releases are estimated to have sold nearly 1 million units by April 2018, according to Steam Spy. Since its first release, the series has been used to create numerous titles, both free and commercial. According to PC Gamer, it has become "the go-to tool for aspiring developers who want to make a game and sell it", due to being "the most accessible game engine around". In addition to games, the series has been used for other purposes, such as studies involving students learning mathematics through the creation of role-playing games, and programming. With the release of 2012 video game Ib, it has been credited with helping popularize its engine's use in developing more story-driven and horror games than role-playing games. Some RPG Maker video games received critical acclaim, and later adapted into multimedia franchises only produced in Japan including Angels of Death, Ao Oni and Corpse Party. RPG Maker variants are re-implemented by the open-source Open RPG Maker, MKXP and EasyRPG editors and interpreters. RPG Maker as a machinima form Main article: List of machinima works RPG Maker engine is sometimes used for machinima, rather than making video games. Short films and series made in RPG Maker engine include Decisive Destiny (2018), Yanzilla (2019), and Alley (2023). RPG Maker series timeline Japanese title English title Developer Platform(s) Japanese release date English release date Publisher(s) Mamirin PC-8801 1988 ASCII Dungeon Manjirou MSX2 1988 ASCII RPG Construction Tool: Dante MSX2 February 8, 1990 ASCII Dante 2 MSX2 February 8, 1992 ASCII Chimes Quest PC-9801 1992 ASCII RPG Tsukūru Dante 98 PC-9801 December 19, 1992 ASCII Dungeon RPG Tsukūru Dan-Dan Dungeon PC-9801 April 28, 1994 ASCII RPG Tsukūru: Super Dante Kuusou Kagaku Super Famicom, Satellaview March 31, 1995 (Super Famicom)April 4, 1996 (Satellaview) ASCII RPG Tsukūru Dante 98 II PC-9801 July 14, 1996 ASCII RPG Tsukūru 2 Kuusou Kagaku Super Famicom, Satellaview January 31, 1996 (Super Famicom)April 22, 1996 (Satellaview) ASCII RPG Tsukūru 95 Microsoft Windows March 28, 1997 ASCII RPG Tsukūru 95 Value! Microsoft Windows November 21, 2001 Enterbrain Simulation RPG Tsukūru Pegasus Japan Sega Saturn, PlayStation September 17, 1998 ASCII Enterbrain Collection: Simulation RPG Tsukūru Pegasus Japan PlayStation November 29, 2001 Enterbrain Simulation RPG Tsukūru 95 Microsoft Windows May 29, 1998 ASCII Simulation RPG Tsukūru 95 Value! Microsoft Windows November 21, 2001 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru 3 RPG Maker Kuusou Kagaku PlayStation November 27, 1997 October 2, 2000 ASCII (Japan)Agetec (North America) PlayStation the Best: RPG Tsukūru 3 Kuusou Kagaku PlayStation November 19, 1998 ASCII RPG Tsukūru GB Kuusou Kagaku Game Boy Color March 17, 2000 ASCII RPG Tsukūru 2000 RPG Maker 2000 Microsoft Windows April 5, 2000 ASCII RPG Tsukūru 2000 Value! Microsoft Windows May 14, 2003 July 7, 2015 Enterbrain (Japan)Degica (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru 4 Agenda PlayStation December 7, 2000 Enterbrain Uchūjin Tanaka Tarou de RPG Tsukūru GB 2 Game Boy Color July 20, 2001 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru 5 RPG Maker 2 Kuusou Kagaku PlayStation 2 August 8, 2002 October 28, 2003 Enterbrain (Japan)Agetec (North America) RPG Tsukūru 2003 RPG Maker 2003 Microsoft Windows December 18, 2002 April 24, 2015 Enterbrain (Japan)Degica (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru α Microsoft Windows, Mobile phone December 18, 2002 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru Advance Game Boy Advance April 25, 2003 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru XP RPG Maker XP Microsoft Windows July 22, 2004 September 16, 2005 Enterbrain (Worldwide)Degica (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru RPG Maker 3 Run Time PlayStation 2 December 16, 2004 September 20, 2005 Enterbrain (Japan)Agetec (North America) RPG Tsukūru for Mobile Mobile phone April 17, 2006 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru VX RPG Maker VX Microsoft Windows December 27, 2007 February 29, 2008 Enterbrain (Worldwide)Degica (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru DS Nintendo DS March 11, 2010 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru VX Ace RPG Maker VX Ace Microsoft Windows December 15, 2011 March 15, 2012 Enterbrain (Worldwide)Degica (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru DS Plus Nintendo DS December 15, 2011 Enterbrain RPG Tsukūru MV RPG Maker MV Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux December 17, 2015 October 23, 2015 Kadokawa GamesDegica (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru Fes RPG Maker Fes Nintendo 3DS November 24, 2016 June 23, 2017 Kadokawa GamesNIS America (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru MV Trinity RPG Maker MV PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch November 15, 2018 September 8, 2020 Kadokawa GamesNIS America (Worldwide) RPG Tsukūru MZ RPG Maker MZ Microsoft Windows August 20, 2020 August 20, 2020 Kadokawa GamesDegica (Worldwide) RPG Maker With RPG Maker With PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Nintendo Switch April 11, 2024 October 11, 2024 Gatcha Gotcha GamesNIS America (Worldwide) Notable games Main page: Category:RPG Maker games A number of developers who have created notable games via RPG Maker include: Developer Game(s) RPG Maker Genre Sen Mad Father WOLF Survival horror, role-playing, puzzle 773 Cherry Tree High Comedy Club XP Adventure Danny Ledonne Super Columbine Massacre RPG! 2000 Role-playing Dark Gaia Studios One Night Trilogy VX Horror Freebird Games To the Moon XP Adventure, psychological drama Fummy The Witch's House VX, MV Horror, puzzle Ghosthunter Grimm's Hollow 2003 Adventure role-playing Hoshikuzu KRNKRN Angels of Death VXA Psychological horror Kikiyama Yume Nikki 2003 Psychological horror-adventure Kouri Ib 2000 Psychological horror Laura Shigihara Rakuen XP Adventure FutureCat Games OneShot 2003, XP Adventure Mason Lindroth Hylics VXA Surreal role-playing Mortis Ghost Off 2003 Surreal role-playing Noprops Ao Oni XP Horror Nishida Yoshitaka "Yubiningyō" Palette 95 Psychological horror OMOCAT Omori MV Psychological horror Sherman3D Alpha Kimori VX Role-playing Stephen "thecatamites" Gillmurphy Space Funeral 2003 Surreal role-paying Temmie Chang Escaped Chasm MV Adventure Team GrisGris Corpse Party 98 Adventure Dancing Dragon Games Symphony of War: The Nephilim Saga customized Tactical role-playing Miro Haverinen Fear & Hunger MV Survival horror Nemlei The Coffin of Andy and Leyley MV Psychological horror See also Fighter Maker Game Maker Sim RPG Maker Sound Novel Tsukūru RPG creation software References ^ Outline of Tsukūru Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine at the official Tsukūru website (in Japanese) (Retrieved on 2010-3-6) ^ Zavarise, Giada (2018-09-01). "Are RPG Maker games as bad as people think?". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2021-06-30. ^ "International Licensing Business" Archived 2007-09-23 at the Wayback Machine at Enterbrain's website ^ a b "『RPGツクールXP』英語版 海外サイトにてダウンロード販売を開始" (PDF). Enterbrain (in Japanese). 2005-08-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-08. Retrieved March 27, 2024. ^ a b c d "Maker web - History of RPG Maker" (in Japanese). 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved March 27, 2024. ^ Griliopoulos, Daniel (December 2016). "Engines of Creation". Maximum PC. 21 (12): 48–53. ^ (in Japanese) at Digital Famitsu Homepage ^ Ito, Kenji (2005). Possibilities of Non-Commercial Games: The Case of Amateur Role Playing Games Designers in Japan. Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views – Worlds in Play. Digital Games Research Association. ^ "RPG Maker XP on Steam". ^ O'Connor, Alice (2018-08-29). "Nintendo's lawyers shut down tool used to make Pokémon fan games". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 2023-11-02. ^ Archived January 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ "RPG Maker VX Ace Release | The Official RPG Maker Blog". Retrieved 2012-08-10. ^ "RPG Maker MV announced for PC, Mac". Gematsu. August 4, 2015. ^ "RPG Maker MV | RPG Maker | Make Your Own Video Games!". www.rpgmakerweb.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21. ^ "RPG Maker MV cancelled for Xbox One". 11 March 2019. ^ "RPG Maker MV for PS4, Xbox One, and Switch launches November 15 in Japan". Gematsu. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018. ^ "RPG Maker MV for PS4 and Switch launches September 8 in North America, September 11 in Europe". Gematsu. July 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020. ^ "On top of unveiling new features like the Event List, the mouse optimized game UI, and many System options, it is finally time to announce the RELEASE DATE AND PRICE!". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-07-13. ^ Romano, Sal (15 February 2022). "RPG Maker Unite announced for PC". Gematsu. Retrieved 19 September 2022. ^ "ツクールweb - RPGツクールの歴史". August 25, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. ^ "RPG Maker FES Review – Review. (2017, June 20). Retrieved December 05, 2017". ^ "Sad Fact" at Enterbrain's website ^ A look at RPGmaker 2000, translated by Don Miguel at gfxartist.com (archived copy) ^ "KADOKAWA – Company Stats". Steam Spy. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Sayer, Matt (April 12, 2017). "The surprising explosion of RPG Maker on Steam". PC Gamer. ^ Maltempi, Marcus Vinicius; Rosa, Maurício. "Learning Vortex, Games and Technologies: A New Approach to the Teaching of Mathematics" (PDF). International Congress on Mathematical Education. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-06-09. ^ Ralph, Tiffany; Barnes, Tiffany. "The Catacombs: A study on the usability of games to teach" (PDF). Unknown. Colorado State University, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-09. One of the versions was developed using RPG Maker XP and provides students with a more exploratory gaming experience than the other, which was created using the BioWare Aurora Neverwinter Nights Toolset and has the user follow linear stages of game play. ^ Larabel, Michael (2014-01-08). "MKXP: Open-Source, Linux Engine To RPG Maker XP". Phoronix. Retrieved 2023-09-16. ^ Schaff, Tobias (July 2016). "EasyRPG - An RPG Maker 2000 and 2003 engine". ODROID Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-06. ^ Dungeon Manjiro at Generation MSX ^ Dante at Generation MSX ^ Dante II at Generation MSX ^ "ゲームを作ろう！（２）RPGツクールでつくーる". www.uraken.net. ^ "yananayika" (The Tsukūru Museum) Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine at the official Tsukūru website (in Japanese) ^ Agenda-Game: Products Archived 2010-07-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese). Retrieved on 2010-11-10. ^ RPGツクール2003製品情報 at Enterbrain's website (in Japanese) ^ RPGツクールDS Archived 2015-03-17 at the Wayback Machine(in Japanese) Retrieved on 2010-1-12. ^ Stringer, Jonathan (2022-06-30). "Symphony of War: The Nephilim Saga Interview". RPGamer. Retrieved 2023-05-22. External links Official website vteRPG Maker seriesConsole titles RPG Maker 2 3 Related titles Fighter Maker Sim RPG Maker Other topics ASCII Corporation Enterbrain vteKadokawa CorporationPublishing Kadokawa Future Publishing ASCII Media Works Enterbrain Fujimi Shobo Kadokawa Shoten Media Factory Other Anime News Network Dwango Niconico ENGI Glovision Kadokawa Gempak Starz Kadokawa Daiei Studio Tokorozawa Sakura Town Yen Press (51%) J-Novel Club BookWalker Kinema Citrus (31.8%) Video gamesDevelopers Acquire FromSoftware (69.6%) Spike Chunsoft Franchises Akiba's Trip Armored Core Conception Danganronpa Derby Stallion Echo Night Fire Pro Wrestling King's Field Lost Kingdoms Mystery Dungeon Otogi Panzer Front RPG Maker Shadow Tower Shinobido Tenchu Twilight Syndrome Way of the Samurai Zero Escape Defunct ASCII Corporation Chunsoft Daiei Film MediaWorks Niwango Spike Former subsidiaries Asmik Ace Mages vteGame engines (list) Source port First-person shooter engine list Game engine recreation list Game creation system Game IDE List of visual novel engines id Tech Proprietary1980s Filmation Freescape Gold Box SCUMM 1990s 3D GameStudio Clickteam Dark Engine GameMaker Genie Engine GoldSrc Jedi LithTech Mugen Pie in the Sky Reality Lab RenderWare RPG Maker Sim RPG Maker Unreal Engine Virtual Theatre Voxel Space Zero Zillions of Games 2000s Anvil C4 Engine Chrome Engine CryEngine Crystal Tools Diesel Ego Essence Engine Euphoria Flare3D Frostbite Gamebryo GameSalad HeroEngine IW Leadwerks Marmalade MT Framework PhyreEngine Q RAGE Retro Engine SAGE Shark 3D Silent Storm engine Source Titan Unigine Unity Vicious Engine Vision Visual3D Game Engine 2010s 4A Engine Amazon Lumberyard Bitsquid Buildbox Construct Creation Engine Decima Defold Felgo Fox Engine id Tech 5 id Tech 6 Ignite Kynapse Luminous Engine Nvidia GameWorks Panta Rhei Pixel Game Maker MV RE Engine Snowdrop Stencyl Source 2 UbiArt Framework 2020s id Tech 7 Free andopen-source1970s Z-machine 1990s Adventure Game Studio Build Crystal Space Doom engine Game-Maker OHRRPGCE Quake engine Quake II engine Stratagus 2000s Away3D Blender Game Engine Bork3D Game Engine Cocos2d Dim3 Game Editor GDevelop id Tech 3 id Tech 4 Irrlicht Engine jMonkeyEngine Lightweight Java Game Library Löve OGRE Open Wonderland Panda3D Papervision3D Plasma Platinum Arts Sandbox Pygame Ren'Py Scratch Solar2D Spring Engine Thousand Parsec Torque Vassal Engine Wintermute Engine 2010s Delta3D Godot GPUOpen Horde3D libGDX Moai OpenFL ORX PlayCanvas Raylib Snap! 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RPG Maker (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Maker_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_development_tool"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_games"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_(company)"},{"link_name":"Enterbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the series. For the first entry for the PlayStation, see RPG Maker (video game).RPG Maker, known in Japan as RPG Tsukūru (RPGツクール, sometimes romanized as RPG Tkool), is a series of programs for the development of role-playing video games (RPGs) with story-driven elements, created by the Japanese group ASCII, succeeded by Enterbrain. The Japanese name, Tsukūru, is a pun mixing the Japanese word tsukuru (作る), which means \"make\" or \"create\", with tsūru (ツール), the Japanese transliteration of the English word \"tool\".[1]The RPG Maker series was originally released primarily in Japan, but it was translated by fans[2] in Taiwan, South Korea, China, Russia, and North America with RPG Maker 2000 and RPG Maker 2003.[3] Most of the later engines have been officially translated.","title":"RPG Maker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"scripting language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_games"},{"link_name":"Yume Nikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yume_Nikki"},{"link_name":"Super Columbine Massacre RPG!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Columbine_Massacre_RPG!"}],"text":"RPG Maker is a program that allows users to create their own role-playing video games. Most versions include a tile set based map editor (tilesets are called chipsets in pre-XP versions), a simple scripting language for scripting events, and a battle editor. All versions include initial premade tilesets, characters, and events which can be used in creating new games. One feature of the PC versions of RPG Maker programs is that a user can create new tilesets and characters, and add any new graphics the user wants.Despite being geared towards creating role-playing video games, the engine also has the capability to create games of other genres, such as adventure games (like Yume Nikki), story-driven games or visual novels with minimal tweaking. Some video games made in RPG Maker engine (such as Super Columbine Massacre RPG! and Heartbeat) garnered controversy by many audiences.","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hst-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NEC PC-9801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_PC-9801"},{"link_name":"emulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"RPG Tsukūru Dante 98","text":"According to Enterbrain, RPG Tsukūru Dante 98, released on December 17, 1992, was the first software of the RPG Maker series,[4][5] although there were a few versions of RPG making software by ASCII preceding it, dating back to 1988.[6] This, along with its follow-up RPG Tsukūru Dante 98 II, was made for NEC PC-9801, and games created with these programs can be played on a Windows computer with emulators called Dante for Windows and D2win, respectively.[7] RPG Maker was a product that came from various programs that ASCII Corporation had included in ASCII along with other users' code submitted to it, which the company decided to expand and publish into the standalone game-making toolkit.[8]","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker 95","text":"RPG Maker 95 was the first Microsoft Windows-based RPG Maker software. Despite being an early version, RPG Maker 95 has both a higher screen resolution, and higher sprite and tile resolution than the several following versions.","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"unofficial patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_patch"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Enterbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_(company)"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker 2000 and 2003","text":"RPG Maker 2000, also referred to as RM2k, was the second release of RPG Maker for Microsoft Windows and is the most popular and used RPG Maker so far.[citation needed] While it is possible to do more with RM2k, it uses lower resolution sprites and tiles than RPG Maker 95, but it does not have a noticeable limit of 'sprites'. Unlike RM95, which can only use one 'set', RM2k can use an unlimited number of sprite sheets with specific sizes for each type. The tilesets also have a similar non-limitation, but because tiles must be entered into a database, there is a limit on tiles. This limit however is rarely a problem (normally 5000), and even when it is, an unofficial patch exists which can bump most limits much higher at the risk of potential game corruption. It does not support text output and can program only two buttons, Z and X. There is text in dialog boxes, by manner of overlaying sprites, or maps lain with text, but not plainly on the screen.RPG Maker 2003, also referred to as RM2k3, is largely an improvement of RM2k. RM2k games can be ported to RM2k3 (but not back to RM2k, the conversion is permanent), and most resources are interchangeable. The main difference is the introduction of a side-view battle system similar to that found in the Final Fantasy games on the Super NES and the Sony PlayStation. This was the first version made by Enterbrain, which had previously been a part of ASCII.","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"1024x768 resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution"},{"link_name":"RGSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGSS"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGSS"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Essentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Essentials"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"fan games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_game"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Uranium"},{"link_name":"cease and desist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease_and_desist"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker XP","text":"RPG Maker XP (also referred to as RMXP) was released on 16 September 2005.[9] It is the first RPG Maker which can use Ruby, making it far more powerful than previous versions programming-wise. However, many normal, simplified features present in RM2k(3) have been removed. Most of these features have been programmed with Ruby, and distributed online. RMXP runs at 1024x768 resolution (though games made in it run at 640x480), while offering four times the playable area of its predecessors. By default, games ran at 40 frames per second, though the game's scripts can be modified to set the framerate to any value. Additionally, it allows greater user control over sprite size (there is no specific image size regulation for sprite sheets) and other aspects of game design. This more open-ended arrangement, coupled with the inclusion of the Ruby Game Scripting System (RGSS [ja]), makes RPG Maker XP more versatile than older versions in the series, at the cost of a steeper learning curve. This was named after Windows XP which was active from 2001-2014.The Pokémon Essentials pack, one of the main methods of making Pokémon fan games, was exclusive to RPG Maker XP and never ported to any later engine, causing XP to be widely used for such games more than a decade later, such as in making Pokémon Uranium. It was taken down in 2018 due to a cease and desist by Nintendo, though it continues to circulate the Internet.[10]","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RPGMakerVXscreenshot.PNG"},{"link_name":"frame rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"Dragon Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Quest"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker VX and VX Ace","text":"A screenshot of a user-created map in RPG Maker VX.RPG Maker VX (RPGツクールVX, RPG Tsukūru VX) was released in Japan on December 27, 2007, and in the West on February 29, 2008. The frame rate was increased to 60 frames per second, providing smoother animation. The engine still used the Ruby programming language, but the game's default programming was overhauled to allow more freedom for scripting in new features. A new editor and RTP were included, this time in a much simpler \"blocky\" style. The default battle system is comparable to that of the Dragon Quest series or its predecessor RM2k, with a head-on view of the battlefield and detailed text descriptions of each action taken.However, the lack of support for multiple tilesets when mapping represented a notable downgrade from the engine's predecessor, leaving the player with only a finite number of unique tiles with which to depict all the game's environments. Multiple player-made workarounds were created.RPG Maker VX Ace was released in Japan on December 15, 2011,[11] and the West on March 15, 2012. It was later made available through Steam, and is also available physically.[12] VX Ace, an upgraded version of VX, addressed the tileset issue. Battle backgrounds were re-introduced, and are separated into top and bottom halves. Spells, skills, and items can all now have their own damage and recovery formulas, although a quick calculation method reminiscent of the older RPG Makers is available. The VX RTP was redesigned for VX Ace, and a new soundtrack featuring higher quality techno-pop tracks was included. With VX Ace came a large quantity of DLC Resource Packages offered by Enterbrain, also available through Steam.","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"autosave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosave"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker MV and MZ","text":"Released by Degica on October 23, 2015, RPG Maker MV includes a large number of changes over previous versions, with multiplatform support, side-view battles, and high-resolution features.[13] It is the first engine in the series to use JavaScript instead of Ruby, with the addition of plugins. Completed games can be played on PC and mobile devices. RPG Maker MV also goes back to layered tilesets, a feature that was removed in RPG Maker VX and VX Ace. Unlike RPG Maker XP, which allowed users to manually choose which layers to build on, MV automatically stacks tiles on top of other tiles.[14] It also came out on consoles under the name RPG Tsukūru MV Trinity. It was originally announced to only be on PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch but was later announced to also be on Xbox One. This release was later cancelled.[15] It was released on Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 in Japan on November 15, 2018, and was released in North America and Europe in September 2020.[16][17]RPG Maker MZ, a minor upgrade to the engine of MV, was released worldwide on August 20, 2020.[18] MZ's new features include the Effekseer particle system, an autosave function, and often-requested XP-style autolayer mechanics. Like MV, it allows users to develop plugins using JavaScript. RPG Maker MZ received mostly positive feedback from users, who praised its additional features and the return of the XP layer mechanics, though its similarity to RPG Maker MV drew a mixed response.","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(game_engine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker Unite","text":"RPG Maker Unite is an asset for the Unity game engine based on RPG Maker.[19] It was released on the Unity store in May 2023.","title":"PC versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Console versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hst-5"},{"link_name":"Satellaview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellaview"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"RPG Tsukūru Super Dante","text":"Victor Reetz created the first console RPG Maker, RPG Tsukūru Super Dante, which debuted in 1995 for the Super Famicom, as a port of RPG Tsukūru Dante 98.[5] RPG Tsukūru Super Dante was later broadcast via the Super Famicom's Satellaview accessory.RPG Maker GB is the first console[20] portable version of RPG Maker.","title":"Console versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"RPG Maker","text":"In 2000, RPG Maker was released for the Sony PlayStation, but only a limited number of copies were made for releases outside of Japan. The software allowed user-made characters, and monsters through Anime Maker which was separate from the RPG Maker, which required saving to an external memory card. However, there was a limit to how many user-made sprites and monsters could be used in RPG Maker. Also, in Anime Maker, the user could create larger sprites for a theater-type visual novel in which the player could animate and control characters, but these sprites were much larger and unusable in RPG Maker.The RPG Maker interface was somewhat user-friendly, and battles were front-view style only. Item, Monster, Skill/Magic, and Dungeons had a small limit cap, as did the effects of any given Item, Magic or Skill (9,999). Items were all inclusive; Weapons and Armors were created in the Items interface. The types of items were as follows: None (mainly used for Key Items), Weapon, Armor, Key (up to eight sub types), Magic (for binding Magic created in the Magic interface to an item), Healing, and Food (which raises stats and EXP, or experience points in which this particular software is the only one of the series to do so natively).Events were a separate save file from the System file, and are referred to as Scenario files. This is how the user could make multiple parts to one game, provided the user had enough memory cards and card space to create the files.","title":"Console versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"NIS America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS_America"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker Fes","text":"A version for the Nintendo 3DS was released by NIS America on June 27, 2017. While it remains portable on a small screen, users can create games on-the-go and also download games to play as well. The game received some criticism, with NintendoWorldReport saying that the title would be more suitable to hardcore RPG fans, who want to create their own game, rather than for every type of player.[21] Games completed can be uploaded to the RPG Maker Fes Player app for those to download and play on their own systems. It is the second RPG Maker to receive a limited edition (the previous one being RPG Tsukūru DS) which includes a CD soundtrack in a jewel case containing all the soundtracks in the game, and a full-color paperback artbook. It is the first RPG Maker on consoles/handhelds to receive a digital release.","title":"Console versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"cease-and-desist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease_and_desist"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"RPG Maker 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Maker_2000"},{"link_name":"RPG Maker 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Maker_2003"},{"link_name":"RPG Maker XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Maker_XP"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"RPG Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_Maker_(PlayStation)"},{"link_name":"Agetec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agetec"}],"text":"Historically, few early RPG Maker versions had official English releases. Each Windows version has, however, been subject to unlicensed distribution through the internet in some form or other.[22] RPG Maker 95, as well as translation patches for the Super Famicom titles RPG Maker Super Dante and RPG Maker 2, were translated and distributed by a group called KanjiHack. In 1999, KanjiHack closed upon receiving a cease-and-desist e-mail from ASCII's lawyers. RPG Maker 95 was re-released with a more complete translation under the name RPG Maker 95+ by a Russian programmer, under the alias of Don Miguel,[23] who later translated and released RPG Maker 2000. Later versions, RPG Maker 2003, and RPG Maker XP, were similarly translated and distributed by a programmer under the alias of RPG Advocate.The first official English release of the PC series was of RPG Maker XP on September 16, 2005. The next two versions of the software, RPG Maker VX and RPG Maker VX Ace both received official English releases. Since 2010 English versions of RPG Maker have been published by Degica, who have also officially released English versions of the older titles RPG Maker 2000 and RPG Maker 2003.The first official English language of a console version was the PlayStation version in 2000, simply called RPG Maker, by Agetec. Agetec also localized RPG Maker 2 and 3.","title":"English versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR-4"},{"link_name":"Steam Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Spy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamer-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Angels of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_of_Death_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Ao Oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao_Oni"},{"link_name":"Corpse Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse_Party"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"By August 2005, the series had sold more than two million copies worldwide.[4] Later Steam releases are estimated to have sold nearly 1 million units by April 2018, according to Steam Spy.[24] Since its first release, the series has been used to create numerous titles, both free and commercial. According to PC Gamer, it has become \"the go-to tool for aspiring developers who want to make a game and sell it\", due to being \"the most accessible game engine around\".[25] In addition to games, the series has been used for other purposes, such as studies involving students learning mathematics through the creation of role-playing games,[26] and programming.[27]With the release of 2012 video game Ib, it has been credited with helping popularize its engine's use in developing more story-driven and horror games than role-playing games.Some RPG Maker video games received critical acclaim, and later adapted into multimedia franchises only produced in Japan including Angels of Death, Ao Oni and Corpse Party.RPG Maker variants are re-implemented by the open-source Open RPG Maker, MKXP and EasyRPG editors and interpreters.[28][29]","title":"Reception and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machinima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinima"}],"sub_title":"RPG Maker as a machinima form","text":"RPG Maker engine is sometimes used for machinima, rather than making video games. Short films and series made in RPG Maker engine include Decisive Destiny (2018), Yanzilla (2019), and Alley (2023).","title":"Reception and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RPG Maker series timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:RPG Maker games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:RPG_Maker_games"}],"text":"Main page: Category:RPG Maker gamesA number of developers who have created notable games via RPG Maker include:","title":"Notable games"}]
[{"image_text":"A screenshot of a user-created map in RPG Maker VX.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/RPGMakerVXscreenshot.PNG/220px-RPGMakerVXscreenshot.PNG"}]
[{"title":"Fighter Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_Maker"},{"title":"Game Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameMaker:_Studio"},{"title":"Sim RPG Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim_RPG_Maker"},{"title":"Sound Novel Tsukūru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Novel_Tsuk%C5%ABru"},{"title":"RPG creation software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_creation_software"}]
[{"reference":"Zavarise, Giada (2018-09-01). \"Are RPG Maker games as bad as people think?\". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-09-01-are-rpg-maker-games-as-bad-as-people-think","url_text":"\"Are RPG Maker games as bad as people think?\""}]},{"reference":"\"『RPGツクールXP』英語版 海外サイトにてダウンロード販売を開始\" (PDF). Enterbrain (in Japanese). 2005-08-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-08. Retrieved March 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208105128/http://www.enterbrain.co.jp/jp/c_outline/pdf/tkoolxp_global.pdf","url_text":"\"『RPGツクールXP』英語版 海外サイトにてダウンロード販売を開始\""},{"url":"http://www.enterbrain.co.jp/jp/c_outline/pdf/tkoolxp_global.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maker web - History of RPG Maker\" (in Japanese). 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved March 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090218155028/http://www.enterbrain.co.jp/tkool/histry.html","url_text":"\"Maker web - History of RPG Maker\""},{"url":"http://www.enterbrain.co.jp/tkool/histry.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Griliopoulos, Daniel (December 2016). \"Engines of Creation\". Maximum PC. 21 (12): 48–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_PC","url_text":"Maximum PC"}]},{"reference":"Ito, Kenji (2005). Possibilities of Non-Commercial Games: The Case of Amateur Role Playing Games Designers in Japan. Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views – Worlds in Play. Digital Games Research Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Games_Research_Association","url_text":"Digital Games Research Association"}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker XP on Steam\".","urls":[{"url":"https://store.steampowered.com/app/235900/RPG_Maker_XP/","url_text":"\"RPG Maker XP on Steam\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Alice (2018-08-29). \"Nintendo's lawyers shut down tool used to make Pokémon fan games\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 2023-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/nintendo-shut-down-pokemon-essentials","url_text":"\"Nintendo's lawyers shut down tool used to make Pokémon fan games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker VX Ace Release | The Official RPG Maker Blog\". Retrieved 2012-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.rpgmakerweb.com/announcements/rmvx-ace-release/","url_text":"\"RPG Maker VX Ace Release | The Official RPG Maker Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker MV announced for PC, Mac\". Gematsu. August 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2015/08/rpg-maker-mv-announced-pc-mac","url_text":"\"RPG Maker MV announced for PC, Mac\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker MV | RPG Maker | Make Your Own Video Games!\". www.rpgmakerweb.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rpgmakerweb.com/products/programs/rpg-maker-mv","url_text":"\"RPG Maker MV | RPG Maker | Make Your Own Video Games!\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker MV cancelled for Xbox One\". 11 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gematsu.com/2019/03/rpg-maker-mv-cancelled-for-xbox-one","url_text":"\"RPG Maker MV cancelled for Xbox One\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker MV for PS4, Xbox One, and Switch launches November 15 in Japan\". Gematsu. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://gematsu.com/2018/07/rpg-maker-mv-for-ps4-xbox-one-and-switch-launches-november-15-in-japan","url_text":"\"RPG Maker MV for PS4, Xbox One, and Switch launches November 15 in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker MV for PS4 and Switch launches September 8 in North America, September 11 in Europe\". Gematsu. July 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2020/07/rpg-maker-mv-for-ps4-and-switch-launches-september-8-in-north-america-september-11-in-europe","url_text":"\"RPG Maker MV for PS4 and Switch launches September 8 in North America, September 11 in Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"On top of unveiling new features like the Event List, the mouse optimized game UI, and many System options, it is finally time to announce the RELEASE DATE AND PRICE!\". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/rpgmakerweb/status/1283658202425561088","url_text":"\"On top of unveiling new features like the Event List, the mouse optimized game UI, and many System options, it is finally time to announce the RELEASE DATE AND PRICE!\""}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (15 February 2022). \"RPG Maker Unite announced for PC\". Gematsu. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/02/rpg-maker-unite-announced-for-pc","url_text":"\"RPG Maker Unite announced for PC\""}]},{"reference":"\"ツクールweb - RPGツクールの歴史\". August 25, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825121948/http://www.enterbrain.co.jp/tkool/histry.html","url_text":"\"ツクールweb - RPGツクールの歴史\""},{"url":"http://www.enterbrain.co.jp/tkool/histry.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RPG Maker FES Review – Review. (2017, June 20). Retrieved December 05, 2017\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/44888/rpg-maker-fes-3ds-review","url_text":"\"RPG Maker FES Review – Review. (2017, June 20). Retrieved December 05, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"KADOKAWA – Company Stats\". Steam Spy. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412015037/http://steamspy.com/dev/KADOKAWA","url_text":"\"KADOKAWA – Company Stats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Spy","url_text":"Steam Spy"},{"url":"http://steamspy.com/dev/KADOKAWA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sayer, Matt (April 12, 2017). \"The surprising explosion of RPG Maker on Steam\". PC Gamer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/the-surprising-explosion-of-rpg-maker-on-steam/","url_text":"\"The surprising explosion of RPG Maker on Steam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Maltempi, Marcus Vinicius; Rosa, Maurício. \"Learning Vortex, Games and Technologies: A New Approach to the Teaching of Mathematics\" (PDF). International Congress on Mathematical Education. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009133547/http://www.icme-organisers.dk/tsg14/TSG14-08.pdf","url_text":"\"Learning Vortex, Games and Technologies: A New Approach to the Teaching of Mathematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Estadual_Paulista","url_text":"Universidade Estadual Paulista"},{"url":"http://www.icme-organisers.dk/tsg14/TSG14-08.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ralph, Tiffany; Barnes, Tiffany. \"The Catacombs: A study on the usability of games to teach\" (PDF). Unknown. Colorado State University, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-09. One of the versions was developed using RPG Maker XP and provides students with a more exploratory gaming experience than the other, which was created using the BioWare Aurora Neverwinter Nights Toolset and has the user follow linear stages of game play.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041419/http://www.cra.org/Activities/craw/dmp/awards/2006/Ralph/TiffanyRalph_FinalReport.pdf","url_text":"\"The Catacombs: A study on the usability of games to teach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_University","url_text":"Colorado State University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte","url_text":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte"},{"url":"http://www.cra.org/Activities/craw/dmp/awards/2006/Ralph/TiffanyRalph_FinalReport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larabel, Michael (2014-01-08). \"MKXP: Open-Source, Linux Engine To RPG Maker XP\". Phoronix. Retrieved 2023-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/news/MTU2Mzg","url_text":"\"MKXP: Open-Source, Linux Engine To RPG Maker XP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix","url_text":"Phoronix"}]},{"reference":"Schaff, Tobias (July 2016). \"EasyRPG - An RPG Maker 2000 and 2003 engine\". ODROID Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-mqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"\"EasyRPG - An RPG Maker 2000 and 2003 engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODROID","url_text":"ODROID"}]},{"reference":"\"ゲームを作ろう！（２）RPGツクールでつくーる\". www.uraken.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uraken.net/zatsugaku/zatsugaku_60.html","url_text":"\"ゲームを作ろう！（２）RPGツクールでつくーる\""}]},{"reference":"Stringer, Jonathan (2022-06-30). \"Symphony of War: The Nephilim Saga Interview\". RPGamer. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://rpgamer.com/2022/06/symphony-of-war-the-nephilim-saga-interview/","url_text":"\"Symphony of War: The Nephilim Saga Interview\""}]}]
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