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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Cr%C3%A9pu
Michel Crépu
["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Articles","4 References","5 External links"]
French writer and literary critic Michel Crépu In November 2012 during Le Masque et la Plume. Michel Crépu (born 24 August 1954, in Étampes) is a French writer and literary critic as well as the editor-in-chief of Nouvelle Revue française since 2015. Biography As a journalist, Michel Crépu is a literary critic. He was responsible for the literary pages of the Catholic newspaper La Croix before becoming editor in 2002 and then in 2010 the director of the Revue des deux Mondes. He is also a literary critic at Le Masque et la Plume  on France Inter, Tout arrive  on France Culture and collaborates on a variety of newspapers including the Romanian Observator Cultural. Michel Crépu is also a writer, an essayist and novelist. He has published Le Tombeau de Bossuet which received the "Prix Femina Vacaresco" now replaced by the prix Femina essai and the Grand prix de la Critique littéraire of the Académie française as well as Le Souvenir du monde , rewarded by the prix des Deux Magots. In January 2015, he was appointed chief editor of Nouvelle Revue française by Antoine Gallimard and to the reading committee of the éditions Gallimard. Work 1988: La Force de l'admiration, Autrement  1990: Charles Du Bos ou la Tentation de l'irréprochable, éditions du Félin 1995: Dieu est avec celui qui ne s'en fait pas (chronique autobiographique), NiL Éditions, 1995. 1997: Le Tombeau de Bossuet (essay), éditions Grasset – (Prix Femina Vacaresco) Prix Femina essai and Grand Prix de la critique 1998: Bourdieu et les Forces du mal 1999: La Confusion des lettres (essay), éditions Grasset 2001: Sainte-Beuve : portrait d'un sceptique, éditions Perrin  2004: Quartier général (noel), éditions Grasset 2006: Solitude de la grenouille, éditions Flammarion 2006: Le Silence des livres suivi de Ce vice encore impuni, with George Steiner, Arléa, 2006. 2009: Lecture : journal littéraire 2002-2009, éditions Gallimard, series L'Infini 2011: Le Souvenir du monde: essai sur Chateaubriand, éditions Grasset – prix des Deux Magots 2012. 2012: En découdre avec le pré (essay on Philippe Jaccottet), éditions des Crépuscules 2014: Écrire, écrire, pourquoi ? Linda Lê: Interview with Michel Crépu 2014: Écrire, écrire, pourquoi ? Yannick Haenel: Interview with Michel Crépu 2015: Un jour, éditions Gallimard, series "Blanche" Articles "Cioran, le barbare subtil," in L'Atelier du roman, n° 64, Flammarion, 2010, pp. 105-107 "L'apparition de Michel Houellebecq," in Le Débat, n° 210, Gallimard, 2020, pp. 217-22 References ^ Notice d'autorité personne sur le site du catalogue général de la BNF ^ Michel Crépu, tête de la NRF in Libération 29 November 2014. External links Michel Crépu : copinages, connivences et renvois d’ascenseur on ACRIMED Micjhel Crépu on France Culture Michel Crépu on Babelio + podcast Conférence de Michel Crépu sur la littérature russe video on LCDR Les nouveaux habits de "La Nouvelle Revue française" on Gallimard Blog de michel Crépu on Nouvelle Revue Française Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michel Crépu. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Cr%C3%A9pu_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Le Masque et la Plume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Masque_et_la_Plume&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Étampes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tampes"},{"link_name":"literary critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_critic"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle Revue française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Revue_fran%C3%A7aise"}],"text":"Michel Crépu In November 2012 during Le Masque et la Plume.Michel Crépu (born 24 August 1954,[1] in Étampes) is a French writer and literary critic as well as the editor-in-chief of Nouvelle Revue française since 2015.","title":"Michel Crépu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Revue des deux Mondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_deux_Mondes"},{"link_name":"Le Masque et la Plume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Masque_et_la_Plume&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Masque_et_la_Plume"},{"link_name":"France Inter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Inter"},{"link_name":"Tout arrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tout_arrive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tout_arrive"},{"link_name":"France Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Culture"},{"link_name":"Observator Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observator_Cultural"},{"link_name":"prix Femina essai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Femina_essai"},{"link_name":"Grand prix de la Critique littéraire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_prix_de_la_Critique_litt%C3%A9raire"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Le Souvenir du monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Souvenir_du_monde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Souvenir_du_monde"},{"link_name":"prix des Deux Magots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_des_Deux_Magots"},{"link_name":"Antoine Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"éditions Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As a journalist, Michel Crépu is a literary critic. He was responsible for the literary pages of the Catholic newspaper La Croix before becoming editor in 2002 and then in 2010 the director of the Revue des deux Mondes. He is also a literary critic at Le Masque et la Plume [fr] on France Inter, Tout arrive [fr] on France Culture and collaborates on a variety of newspapers including the Romanian Observator Cultural.Michel Crépu is also a writer, an essayist and novelist. He has published Le Tombeau de Bossuet which received the \"Prix Femina Vacaresco\" now replaced by the prix Femina essai and the Grand prix de la Critique littéraire of the Académie française as well as Le Souvenir du monde [fr], rewarded by the prix des Deux Magots.In January 2015, he was appointed chief editor of Nouvelle Revue française by Antoine Gallimard and to the reading committee of the éditions Gallimard.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autrement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autrement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autrement"},{"link_name":"Charles Du Bos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Du_Bos"},{"link_name":"NiL Éditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiL_%C3%89ditions"},{"link_name":"éditions Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset"},{"link_name":"Prix Femina essai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Femina_essai"},{"link_name":"éditions Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Perrin"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%A9ditions_Perrin"},{"link_name":"éditions Flammarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Flammarion"},{"link_name":"George Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Arléa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arl%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"éditions Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"L'Infini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Infini"},{"link_name":"prix des Deux Magots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_des_Deux_Magots"},{"link_name":"Philippe Jaccottet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Jaccottet"},{"link_name":"Linda Lê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_L%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Yannick Haenel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Haenel"}],"text":"1988: La Force de l'admiration, Autrement [fr]\n1990: Charles Du Bos ou la Tentation de l'irréprochable, éditions du Félin\n1995: Dieu est avec celui qui ne s'en fait pas (chronique autobiographique), NiL Éditions, 1995.\n1997: Le Tombeau de Bossuet (essay), éditions Grasset – (Prix Femina Vacaresco) Prix Femina essai and Grand Prix de la critique\n1998: Bourdieu et les Forces du mal\n1999: La Confusion des lettres (essay), éditions Grasset\n2001: Sainte-Beuve : portrait d'un sceptique, éditions Perrin [fr]\n2004: Quartier général (noel), éditions Grasset\n2006: Solitude de la grenouille, éditions Flammarion\n2006: Le Silence des livres suivi de Ce vice encore impuni, with George Steiner, Arléa, 2006.\n2009: Lecture : journal littéraire 2002-2009, éditions Gallimard, series L'Infini\n2011: Le Souvenir du monde: essai sur Chateaubriand, éditions Grasset – prix des Deux Magots 2012.\n2012: En découdre avec le pré (essay on Philippe Jaccottet), éditions des Crépuscules\n2014: Écrire, écrire, pourquoi ? Linda Lê: Interview with Michel Crépu\n2014: Écrire, écrire, pourquoi ? Yannick Haenel: Interview with Michel Crépu\n2015: Un jour, éditions Gallimard, series \"Blanche\"","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cioran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioran"},{"link_name":"L'Atelier du roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Atelier_du_roman"},{"link_name":"Michel Houellebecq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq"},{"link_name":"Le Débat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9bat"}],"text":"\"Cioran, le barbare subtil,\" in L'Atelier du roman, n° 64, Flammarion, 2010, pp. 105-107\n\"L'apparition de Michel Houellebecq,\" in Le Débat, n° 210, Gallimard, 2020, pp. 217-22","title":"Articles"}]
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null
[]
[{"Link":"http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12073418s/PUBLIC","external_links_name":"Notice d'autorité personne"},{"Link":"http://www.liberation.fr/culture/2014/12/01/michel-crepu-tete-de-la-nrf_1154685","external_links_name":"Michel Crépu, tête de la NRF"},{"Link":"http://www.acrimed.org/Michel-Crepu-copinages-connivences-et-renvois-d-ascenseur","external_links_name":"Michel Crépu : copinages, connivences et renvois d’ascenseur"},{"Link":"https://www.franceculture.fr/personne/michel-crepu","external_links_name":"Micjhel Crépu"},{"Link":"http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Michel-Crepu/8751","external_links_name":"Michel Crépu"},{"Link":"http://www.lecourrierderussie.com/videos/conference-lcdr/2016/03/video-conference-michel-crepu-litterature-russe/","external_links_name":"Conférence de Michel Crépu sur la littérature russe"},{"Link":"http://www.gallimard.fr/Footer/Ressources/Entretiens-et-documents/Paroles-d-editeur-La-Nouvelle-Revue-francaise-par-Michel-Crepu/(sourceeditor)/210195","external_links_name":"Les nouveaux habits de \"La Nouvelle Revue française\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanrf.fr/blog/michel-crepu-c1","external_links_name":"Blog de michel Crépu"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1463714/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121281110","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/36941784","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktkxjYrwCwrxM3wkJCcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90379773","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12073418s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12073418s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11940964X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14482050","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84120174","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000011828&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0245308&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074641980","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029020816","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Refinery
Wood River Refinery
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°50′28″N 90°03′58″W / 38.841°N 90.066°W / 38.841; -90.066Oil refinery in Roxana, Illinois Wood River RefineryWood River Refinery looking west towards the Mississippi RiverLocation of Wood River RefineryCountryUSACityRoxana, IllinoisCoordinates38°50′28″N 90°03′58″W / 38.841°N 90.066°W / 38.841; -90.066Refinery detailsOperatorPhillips 66Owner(s)Phillips 66 Cenovus EnergyCommissioned1917 (1917)Area2,200 acres (890 ha)Capacity173,000 bbl/d (27,500 m3/d)Complexity index11.0No. of employees1,100 The Wood River Refinery is an oil refinery located in Roxana, Illinois, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of St. Louis, Missouri, on the east side of the Mississippi River. The refinery is currently owned by Phillips 66 and Cenovus Energy and operated by the joint-venture company WRB Refining, LLC (WRB). WRB was formed on 1 July 2007, with Encana taking a 49% interest in Wood River and also Phillips 66's Borger refinery. Encana subsequently spun off oil sands producer Cenovus and ConocoPhillips spun off Phillips 66. In return for a 49% stake in the refinery, ConocoPhillips gained a joint interest in two Alberta oil sands (bitumen) heavy oil projects: Christina Lake (Alberta) and Foster Creek. ConocoPhillips’ interest was sold to Cenovus in May 2017, leaving Cenovus as the sole owner of the assets. The complex is capable of refining 173,000 barrels (27,500 m3) of crude oil per day. Oil is supplied from the GoM, Canada, and domestic sources through pipelines. The facility produces 85,000 barrels per day (13,500 m3/d) of gasoline along with 70,000 barrels per day (11,000 m3/d) of distillates (diesel and aviation fuel), along with petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, and coke. A new four-drum coker unit, part of Wood River Refinery's Coker and Refinery Expansion (CORE) was completed in November 2011. The new coker has a capacity of 75,000 barrels per day and is expected to expand the capacity to handle the bitumen from the Alberta oil sands by nearly 700%. The new Wood River coker's processing capacity is approximately 200,000 - 220,000 barrels per day. The CORE project took about three years to build, with a total cost of US $3.8 billion (US $1.9 billion to Cenovus), and has increased clean product yield by 5% to approximately 85%. The expansion was undertaken specifically to handle heavy oil imported from Alberta. The refined transportation fuels products are destined for the U.S. Midwest market, including St. Louis and Chicago. An RO filtration system upgrade to treat boiler water was also completed in 2011. 3500 total feet of pipe on 800 feet of modular pipe rack was installed along movable trailers containing the filtration system. This expansion increased the amount of steam available to the refinery. Thermal cracking, stripping and power generation are some of the major processes within a refinery that use steam. Wood River Refinery was originally built by Shell in 1917. In the late 1990s, Shell and Texaco merged their downstream segments to form the Motiva (with Saudi national oil company Saudi Aramco) and Equilon joint ventures. During a prolonged period of low refining profit margins, Equilon sold the refinery to Tosco in 2003. Shortly thereafter, Phillips Petroleum acquired Tosco. When Conoco and Phillips merged, the refinery became an asset of ConocoPhillips. References ^ a b c "Wood River Refinery". Phillips 66. ^ Cenovus completes acquisition of assets in Western Canada from ConocoPhillips ^ a b "Refineries". Cenovus. Retrieved March 5, 2012. ^ "Off Site Pipe Rack Fabrication". EPIC. Retrieved September 24, 2013. External links Wood River Refinery History Museum Phillips 66 refineries Central Corridor Cenovus's refineries Cenovus's technology: SAGD vtePhillips 66 CompanyPredecessors ConocoPhillips Phillips Petroleum Co. Brands Phillips 66 Conoco Jet 76 SubsidiariesCurrent Chevron Phillips Chemical Former Tidewater Petroleum Tosco Corporation FacilitiesCurrent Bayway Refinery Billings Refinery Humber Refinery Rockies Express Pipeline Rodeo San Francisco Refinery Wood River Refinery Former Immingham Power Station Industrial disasters 1989 Phillips disaster 1999 Phillips explosion 2000 Phillips explosion 2001 Humber Refinery explosion Related topics Phillips 66ers Phillips Petroleum Process Phillips, Texas Category Commons
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The refinery is currently owned by Phillips 66 and Cenovus Energy and operated by the joint-venture company WRB Refining, LLC (WRB). WRB was formed on 1 July 2007, with Encana taking a 49% interest in Wood River and also Phillips 66's Borger refinery. Encana subsequently spun off oil sands producer Cenovus and ConocoPhillips spun off Phillips 66. In return for a 49% stake in the refinery, ConocoPhillips gained a joint interest in two Alberta oil sands (bitumen) heavy oil projects: Christina Lake (Alberta) and Foster Creek. ConocoPhillips’ interest was sold to Cenovus in May 2017, leaving Cenovus as the sole owner of the assets.[2]The complex is capable of refining 173,000 barrels (27,500 m3)[1] of crude oil per day. Oil is supplied from the GoM, Canada, and domestic sources through pipelines. The facility produces 85,000 barrels per day (13,500 m3/d) of gasoline along with 70,000 barrels per day (11,000 m3/d) of distillates (diesel and aviation fuel), along with petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, and coke.A new four-drum coker unit, part of Wood River Refinery's Coker and Refinery Expansion (CORE) was completed in November 2011.[3] The new coker has a capacity of 75,000 barrels per day and is expected to expand the capacity to handle the bitumen from the Alberta oil sands by nearly 700%. The new Wood River coker's processing capacity is approximately 200,000 - 220,000 barrels per day. The CORE project took about three years to build, with a total cost of US $3.8 billion (US $1.9 billion to Cenovus), and has increased clean product yield by 5% to approximately 85%. The expansion was undertaken specifically to handle heavy oil imported from Alberta. The refined transportation fuels products are destined for the U.S. Midwest market, including St. Louis and Chicago.[3]An RO filtration system upgrade to treat boiler water was also completed in 2011. 3500 total feet of pipe on 800 feet of modular pipe rack was installed along movable trailers containing the filtration system. This expansion increased the amount of steam available to the refinery. Thermal cracking, stripping and power generation are some of the major processes within a refinery that use steam.[4]Wood River Refinery was originally built by Shell in 1917. In the late 1990s, Shell and Texaco merged their downstream segments to form the Motiva (with Saudi national oil company Saudi Aramco) and Equilon joint ventures. During a prolonged period of low refining profit margins, Equilon sold the refinery to Tosco in 2003. Shortly thereafter, Phillips Petroleum acquired Tosco. When Conoco and Phillips merged, the refinery became an asset of ConocoPhillips.","title":"Wood River Refinery"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatish_Taseer
Aatish Taseer
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Citizenship","4 Works","5 Bibliography","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]
British-Indian journalist and writer (born 1980) Aatish TaseerBornAatish Ali Taseer (1980-11-27) 27 November 1980 (age 43)London, EnglandOccupationWriter, journalistAlma materAmherst College (B.A., 2001)Spouse Ryan Davis ​(m. 2016)​ParentsSalmaan TaseerTavleen SinghRelativesM. D. Taseer (paternal grandfather) Aatish Ali Taseer (born 27 November 1980) is a British-American writer and journalist. Taseer was born in London and raised by his mother Tavleen Singh in New Delhi. Taseer had no contact with his father, Salman Taseer, until he was 21. He received his education at Kodaikanal International School and Amherst College, where he earned degrees in French and Political Science. Taseer's early life and estrangement from his father were central themes in his first book, Stranger to History (2009). Taseer has contributed to Time magazine and other publications, gaining recognition for his pieces on feudal Pakistan, the "Ground Zero Mosque" controversy, and situation in Pakistan following his father's assassination. His article arguing Pakistan has an obsession with India, published in The Wall Street Journal, sparked widespread debate and controversy, leading to a notable exchange between journalists and politicians across India and Pakistan. Personal aspects of his life include his marriage to lawyer Ryan Davis in New York, and his cultural and religious identity, which he describes as culturally and historically Hindu, worshiping Shiva. In 2019, Taseer's Overseas Citizenship of India was revoked, a move he claims was retaliatory for his critical coverage of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Taseer became a US citizen in 2020. Taseer's work includes translations of Saadat Hasan Manto's short stories and several novels, with Stranger to History being translated into 14 languages. His literary contributions have earned him a place on the 2010 Costa First Novel Award shortlist for "The Temple-Goers." Early life Taseer was born in London, England, to Pakistani businessman and politician Salman Taseer and Indian journalist Tavleen Singh. His parents had a brief extramarital relationship and never married; he was raised by his mother and had no contact with his father until he was aged 21. According to Taseer, his father met his mother during a book promotion trip to India in 1980 and the affair lasted "little more than a week." His father served as the 26th Governor of Punjab from 2008 until his assassination in 2011. Taseer was raised in New Delhi, before attending Kodaikanal International School, a residential school in Kodaikanal. Taseer later studied at Amherst College in Massachusetts, earning dual Bachelor of Arts degrees in French and Political Science in 2001. In his first book Stranger to History (2009), which received many reviews in India, he wrote about his estrangement from his father. Career Taseer has worked for Time, and as a freelance journalist also written for Prospect, The Sunday Times, The Sunday Telegraph, Financial Times, TAR magazine and Esquire. Taseer's opinion pieces have garnered both attention and critical appreciation. David Goodhart drew attention to Taseer's piece on feudal Pakistan, Travels with the mango king in his article "Prospect's 10 Most Influential Articles". In 2010, he wrote a piece on the controversy surrounding the possible construction of the "Ground Zero Mosque" in Manhattan, Tolerance test for New York. Since his father's assassination on 6 January 2011, Taseer has written about the situation in Pakistan leading up to and following the incident. These pieces attempt to go far beyond the immediate events surrounding his father's murder. A piece for The Daily Telegraph published just two days after, extended his view from the incident. On 5 May 2011, a few days after the death of Osama bin Laden, Taseer wrote a piece for the Financial Times titled "Pakistan’s Rogue Army Runs a Shattered State". It was one of the first pieces of journalism to point to the significance that Osama bin Laden had been killed in a Pakistani cantonment town, Abbottabad. In the article, Taseer stated that "he was found in this garrison town because he was the guest of the army." On 16 July 2011, The Wall Street Journal published a piece its editors provocatively, and somewhat misleadingly, titled "Why My Father Hated India". Although Taseer used his father's distaste for all things Indian as an example, or metaphor, the article attempted to explain a much bigger question – a question about Pakistan's apparent unhealthy obsession with India. It argued that "to understand the Pakistani obsession with India, to get a sense of its special edge – its hysteria – it is necessary to understand the rejection of India, its culture and past, that lies at the heart of the idea of Pakistan", He continued: "In the absence of a true national identity, Pakistan defined itself by its opposition to India." The article remained the most emailed and commented-on on The Wall Street Journal website for days and at the end of July it was by far the most emailed of the month. The controversy spread when, following an exchange on Twitter between Pakistani journalist, Ejaz Haider and Indian Member of Parliament and former Indian Union Minister and Under-secretary at the UN, Shashi Tharoor. Haider wrote a column in The Express Tribune titled "Aatish’s Personal Fire", Haider stated that Taseer himself seemed to suffer from an identity crisis accusing Taseer of employing "everything except the kitchen sink in order to construct a supposedly linear reality". His central argument was that India – with its massive army arrayed along its border with Pakistan – left Pakistan with no choice but to be deeply concerned with its every move. Tharoor rose to Aatish Taseer's defense; writing in the Deccan Chronicle, in a piece titled "Delusional liberals", he quoted Taseer's original piece extensively and said in general he "admired the young man’s writing", and felt he had made "his point in language that was both sharp heartfelt and accurate". He said that in their vitriolic response to Taseer's piece Pakistan's liberals had exposed themselves and took on Haider point-for-point, saying "that there is not and cannot be an "Indian threat" to Pakistan, simply because there is absolutely nothing Pakistan possesses that India wants." Ejaz Haider subsequently responded strongly stating "Like every other state in the world, Pakistan is also a self-interested state and the rest of the world must live with this fact; three, we have no intention of defenestrating our military, even as we would continue to kick them to extract obedience; four, we don’t need advice from across the border, especially because the Indian pundits crawled on their bellies when Mrs Indira Gandhi slapped her two-year emergency rule. We have seen worse without giving up or giving in. Thank you!" Personal life Taseer divides his time between London and New York. In 2016, he married lawyer Ryan Davis in New York. Previously, he was in a relationship with Lady Gabriella Windsor, daughter of the Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, whom he had met when she was an undergraduate at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and he at Amherst College in Massachusetts. Although his father was Muslim and his mother a Sikh, Taseer considers himself culturally and historically Hindu. He worships Shiva. Citizenship On 8 November 2019, Taseer's Overseas Citizenship of India was revoked by the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs claiming he attempted to "conceal information that his father was of Pakistani origin". Taseer has said this is untrue, he never concealed the identity of his father with whom he had no contact and his mother was always the only legal guardian as a minor. Taseer alleged that the ministry didn't give him enough time and that it was an act of reprisal. In his May 2019 cover article for Time magazine, published during the Indian election entitled "India’s divider in chief" he was highly critical of the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi. He claimed to The Guardian that his citizenship issue had not caused him any problems before the Time article was published. The Home ministry had rejected the claim that the Time article had any connection to the rejection of Taseer's citizenship. Taseer became a US citizen on 27 July 2020. Works Taseer's first book Stranger to History: A Son's Journey Through Islamic Lands (2009), His part memoir-part travelogue, has been translated into more than 14 languages and hailed as a "must-read" for anyone attempting to understand the Muslim world. Taseer's well received translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's short stories from the original Urdu, Manto: Selected Stories, was published in 2008. Bibliography Manto Selected Stories. Random House. ISBN 81-8400-049-9. Stranger to History: A Son's Journey Through Islamic Lands, McClelland & Stewart. 2009. ISBN 0-7710-8425-0. Translated from the English: Terra Islamica. Auf der Suche nach der Welt meines Vaters, translated by Rita Seuß, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 2009 The Temple-Goers, Viking. 2010. ISBN 978-0-670-91850-8. Noon, Faber & Faber in the US; by Picador in India and the UK. 2011. ISBN 978-0-86547-858-9. The Way Things Were, Pan Macmillan in UK and India 2014, ISBN 9789382616337. The Twice-Born: Life and Death on the Ganges (2019) Awards "2010 Costa First Novel Award shortlist" for The Temple-Goers. References ^ a b c "Aatish Taseer Twitter". Retrieved 25 September 2020. ^ a b Taseer, Aatish (28 July 2020). "Aatish Taseer becomes US citizen, months after Modi govt revoked his OCI card". The Print. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ A Correspondent Date: 6 January 2011 Place: Mumbai (6 January 2011). "A son in search of his father". Mid-day.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Lunch with BS: Aatish Taseer: Passage through Islam Kishore Singh/ New Delhi, Business Standard, 14 April 2009. ^ Taseer, Aatish (1 July 2016). "The Day I Got My Green Card". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2019. ^ Dinesh, Chethana (25 November 2018). "Quick Take: Aatish Taseer". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 14 May 2019. ^ "Say 'Cheese'!" by Aatish Taseer Sunday, Time, 11 January 2004. ^ Aatish Taseer article Prospect, July 2005. ^ "Aatish Taseer". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 14 May 2019. ^ "Travels with the mango king". Prospect. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ David Goodhart (23 November 2010). "Prospect's 10 most influential articles". Prospect. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ "Tolerance test for New York". Prospect. 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ Taseer, Aatish (8 January 2011). "The killer of my father, Salman Taseer, was showered with rose petals by fanatics. How could they do this?". The Daily Telegraph. London. ^ "Pakistan's rogue army runs a shattered state". Financial Times. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2019. ^ Taseer, Aatish (16 July 2011). "Why My Father Hated India". The Wall Street Journal. ^ "Wall Street Journal home page (search required)". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Haider, Ejaz (18 July 2011). Aatish’s personal fire. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 18 August 2013 ^ "Deccan Chronicle". Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. ^ Haider, Ejaz (16 July 2011). It’s not just Mr Tharoor!. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 18 August 2013 ^ "The Twice-Born". Hurst. Retrieved 21 August 2019. A contributor to The International New York Times, he lives in New Delhi and New York. ^ Roy, Amit. "Royal who dumped Taseer to wed long-time love". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 21 September 2018. ^ Taseer, Aatish (9 October 2016). "A Country Road Trip, From Nashville to Asheville". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ...Ryan—the tall white man from Tennessee I had married a few weeks earlier in New York... ^ Aatish Taseer, Lady Windsor part ways: Report DNA India – 29 October 2006 ^ "People with Michelle Henery". The Times. 8 December 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2019.(subscription required) ^ "In conversation with Aatish Taseer". ^ a b Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (8 November 2019). "India strips overseas citizenship from journalist who criticised Modi regime". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ "आतिश तासीर ने OCI कार्ड रद्द होने पर क्या कहा?". 8 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ "I am Indian, but my govt has exiled me: Aatish Taseer responds to revocation of OIC by Centre". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ "Can the World's Largest Democracy Endure Another Five Years of a Modi Government?". Time. ^ "Writer Aatish Taseer conceals father's Pakistani origin, to lose OCI card". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ "Aatish Taseer becomes US citizen, months after Modi govt revoked his OCI card". Twitter. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ Book Review The Guardian, Saturday, 14 March 2009. ^ Book Review The Independent, Friday, 17 April 2009. ^ Kumar, Divya (31 March 2010). "A question of identity". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 May 2019. ^ Costa Book Awards Archived 3 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Brown, Mark (16 November 2010). "Costa prize shortlist falls short on biographies". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2019. ^ Akbar, Arifa (17 November 2010). "Costa judge laments a weak year for fiction". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ "Two books on India in UK literary award shortlist". The Times of India. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011. External links Official website "Studying Sanskrit", an article by the author about his search for his roots. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Portugal Other IdRef
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Taseer had no contact with his father, Salman Taseer, until he was 21. He received his education at Kodaikanal International School and Amherst College, where he earned degrees in French and Political Science. Taseer's early life and estrangement from his father were central themes in his first book, Stranger to History (2009).Taseer has contributed to Time magazine and other publications, gaining recognition for his pieces on feudal Pakistan, the \"Ground Zero Mosque\" controversy, and situation in Pakistan following his father's assassination. His article arguing Pakistan has an obsession with India, published in The Wall Street Journal, sparked widespread debate and controversy, leading to a notable exchange between journalists and politicians across India and Pakistan.Personal aspects of his life include his marriage to lawyer Ryan Davis in New York, and his cultural and religious identity, which he describes as culturally and historically Hindu, worshiping Shiva. In 2019, Taseer's Overseas Citizenship of India was revoked, a move he claims was retaliatory for his critical coverage of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Taseer became a US citizen in 2020.Taseer's work includes translations of Saadat Hasan Manto's short stories and several novels, with Stranger to History being translated into 14 languages. His literary contributions have earned him a place on the 2010 Costa First Novel Award shortlist for \"The Temple-Goers.\"","title":"Aatish Taseer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Salman Taseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Taseer"},{"link_name":"Tavleen Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavleen_Singh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC081119-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taseer081119-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_International_School"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bs-4"},{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Political Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Science"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taseer081119-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC081119-1"}],"text":"Taseer was born in London, England, to Pakistani businessman and politician Salman Taseer and Indian journalist Tavleen Singh. His parents had a brief extramarital relationship and never married; he was raised by his mother and had no contact with his father until he was aged 21.[1][2] According to Taseer, his father met his mother during a book promotion trip to India in 1980 and the affair lasted \"little more than a week.\"[3] His father served as the 26th Governor of Punjab from 2008 until his assassination in 2011.Taseer was raised in New Delhi, before attending Kodaikanal International School, a residential school in Kodaikanal.[4] Taseer later studied at Amherst College[5] in Massachusetts, earning dual Bachelor of Arts degrees in French and Political Science in 2001.[6] In his first book Stranger to History (2009), which received many reviews in India, he wrote about his estrangement from his father. [2][1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Prospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"David Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodhart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ground Zero Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Zero_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Shashi Tharoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor"},{"link_name":"The Express Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Express_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Deccan Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Taseer has worked for Time,[7] and as a freelance journalist also written for Prospect,[8] The Sunday Times, The Sunday Telegraph, Financial Times, TAR magazine and Esquire.[9] Taseer's opinion pieces have garnered both attention and critical appreciation. David Goodhart drew attention to Taseer's piece on feudal Pakistan, Travels with the mango king[10] in his article \"Prospect's 10 Most Influential Articles\".[11] In 2010, he wrote a piece on the controversy surrounding the possible construction of the \"Ground Zero Mosque\" in Manhattan, Tolerance test for New York.[12]Since his father's assassination on 6 January 2011, Taseer has written about the situation in Pakistan leading up to and following the incident. These pieces attempt to go far beyond the immediate events surrounding his father's murder. A piece for The Daily Telegraph[13] published just two days after, extended his view from the incident.On 5 May 2011, a few days after the death of Osama bin Laden, Taseer wrote a piece for the Financial Times titled \"Pakistan’s Rogue Army Runs a Shattered State\".[14] It was one of the first pieces of journalism to point to the significance that Osama bin Laden had been killed in a Pakistani cantonment town, Abbottabad. In the article, Taseer stated that \"he was found in this garrison town because he was the guest of the army.\"On 16 July 2011, The Wall Street Journal published a piece its editors provocatively, and somewhat misleadingly, titled \"Why My Father Hated India\".[15] Although Taseer used his father's distaste for all things Indian as an example, or metaphor, the article attempted to explain a much bigger question – a question about Pakistan's apparent unhealthy obsession with India. It argued that \"to understand the Pakistani obsession with India, to get a sense of its special edge – its hysteria – it is necessary to understand the rejection of India, its culture and past, that lies at the heart of the idea of Pakistan\", He continued: \"In the absence of a true national identity, Pakistan defined itself by its opposition to India.\" The article remained the most emailed and commented-on on The Wall Street Journal website[16] for days and at the end of July it was by far the most emailed of the month.The controversy spread when, following an exchange on Twitter between Pakistani journalist, Ejaz Haider and Indian Member of Parliament and former Indian Union Minister and Under-secretary at the UN, Shashi Tharoor. Haider wrote a column in The Express Tribune titled \"Aatish’s Personal Fire\", Haider stated that Taseer himself seemed to suffer from an identity crisis[17] accusing Taseer of employing \"everything except the kitchen sink in order to construct a supposedly linear reality\". His central argument was that India – with its massive army arrayed along its border with Pakistan – left Pakistan with no choice but to be deeply concerned with its every move. Tharoor rose to Aatish Taseer's defense; writing in the Deccan Chronicle, in a piece titled \"Delusional liberals\",[18] he quoted Taseer's original piece extensively and said in general he \"admired the young man’s writing\", and felt he had made \"his point in language that was both sharp [...] heartfelt and accurate\". He said that in their vitriolic response to Taseer's piece Pakistan's liberals had exposed themselves and took on Haider point-for-point, saying \"that there is not and cannot be an \"Indian threat\" to Pakistan, simply because there is absolutely nothing Pakistan possesses that India wants.\" Ejaz Haider subsequently responded strongly stating \"Like every other state in the world, Pakistan is also a self-interested state and the rest of the world must live with this fact; three, we have no intention of defenestrating our military, even as we would continue to kick them to extract obedience; four, we don’t need advice from across the border, especially because the Indian pundits crawled on their bellies when Mrs Indira Gandhi slapped her two-year emergency rule. We have seen worse without giving up or giving in. Thank you!\"[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marriage-22"},{"link_name":"Lady Gabriella Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gabriella_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Princess Michael of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Michael_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Taseer divides his time between London and New York.[20] In 2016, he married lawyer[21] Ryan Davis in New York.[22] Previously, he was in a relationship with Lady Gabriella Windsor, daughter of the Prince and Princess Michael of Kent,[23] whom he had met when she was an undergraduate at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and he at Amherst College in Massachusetts.[24] Although his father was Muslim and his mother a Sikh, Taseer considers himself culturally and historically Hindu. He worships Shiva.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Overseas Citizenship of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC081119-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-Petersen-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-Petersen-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"}],"sub_title":"Citizenship","text":"On 8 November 2019, Taseer's Overseas Citizenship of India was revoked by the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs claiming he attempted to \"conceal information that his father was of Pakistani origin\".[1] Taseer has said this is untrue, he never concealed the identity of his father with whom he had no contact and his mother was always the only legal guardian as a minor.[26]Taseer alleged that the ministry didn't give him enough time and that it was an act of reprisal.[27][28] In his May 2019 cover article for Time magazine, published during the Indian election entitled \"India’s divider in chief\" he was highly critical of the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi.[29]He claimed to The Guardian that his citizenship issue had not caused him any problems before the Time article was published.[26] The Home ministry had rejected the claim that the Time article had any connection to the rejection of Taseer's citizenship.[30]Taseer became a US citizen on 27 July 2020.[31]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Saadat Hasan Manto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Manto"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Taseer's first book Stranger to History: A Son's Journey Through Islamic Lands (2009), His part memoir-part travelogue, has been translated into more than 14 languages and hailed as a \"must-read\" for anyone attempting to understand the Muslim world.[32][33] Taseer's well received translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's short stories from the original Urdu, Manto: Selected Stories, was published in 2008.[34]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-8400-049-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8400-049-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7710-8425-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-8425-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-670-91850-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91850-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86547-858-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-858-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789382616337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382616337"}],"text":"Manto Selected Stories. Random House. ISBN 81-8400-049-9.\nStranger to History: A Son's Journey Through Islamic Lands, McClelland & Stewart. 2009. ISBN 0-7710-8425-0.\nTranslated from the English: Terra Islamica. Auf der Suche nach der Welt meines Vaters, translated by Rita Seuß, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 2009\nThe Temple-Goers, Viking. 2010. ISBN 978-0-670-91850-8.\nNoon, Faber & Faber in the US; by Picador in India and the UK. 2011. ISBN 978-0-86547-858-9.\nThe Way Things Were, Pan Macmillan in UK and India 2014, ISBN 9789382616337.\nThe Twice-Born: Life and Death on the Ganges (2019)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"\"2010 Costa First Novel Award shortlist\" for The Temple-Goers.[35][36][37][38]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aatish Taseer Twitter\". Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/AatishTaseer/status/1309209682351923206","url_text":"\"Aatish Taseer Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Taseer, Aatish (28 July 2020). \"Aatish Taseer becomes US citizen, months after Modi govt revoked his OCI card\". The Print. Retrieved 28 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/world/aatish-taseer-becomes-us-citizen-months-after-modi-govt-revoked-his-oci-card/469610/","url_text":"\"Aatish Taseer becomes US citizen, months after Modi govt revoked his OCI card\""}]},{"reference":"A Correspondent Date: 6 January 2011 Place: Mumbai (6 January 2011). \"A son in search of his father\". Mid-day.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122134700/https://archive.mid-day.com/news/2011/jan/060111-Aatish-Taseer-Salman-Taseer-Tavleen-Singh-relationship.htm","url_text":"\"A son in search of his father\""},{"url":"http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/jan/060111-Aatish-Taseer-Salman-Taseer-Tavleen-Singh-relationship.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taseer, Aatish (1 July 2016). \"The Day I Got My Green Card\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-i-got-my-green-card-1467385905","url_text":"\"The Day I Got My Green Card\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160712061838/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-i-got-my-green-card-1467385905","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dinesh, Chethana (25 November 2018). \"Quick Take: Aatish Taseer\". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-articulations/quick-take-aatish-taseer-704710.html","url_text":"\"Quick Take: Aatish Taseer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aatish Taseer\". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/author-page/aatish-taseer/#!","url_text":"\"Aatish Taseer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travels with the mango king\". Prospect. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120909070312/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/04/travelswiththemangoking","url_text":"\"Travels with the mango king\""},{"url":"http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/04/travelswiththemangoking","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Goodhart (23 November 2010). \"Prospect's 10 most influential articles\". Prospect. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120908224131/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/11/prospects-10-most-influential-articles","url_text":"\"Prospect's 10 most influential articles\""},{"url":"http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/11/prospects-10-most-influential-articles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tolerance test for New York\". Prospect. 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505061414/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/10/ground-zero-islamic-centre-new-york-tolerance/","url_text":"\"Tolerance test for New York\""},{"url":"http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/10/ground-zero-islamic-centre-new-york-tolerance/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taseer, Aatish (8 January 2011). \"The killer of my father, Salman Taseer, was showered with rose petals by fanatics. How could they do this?\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8248162/The-killer-of-my-father-Salman-Taseer-was-showered-with-rose-petals-by-fanatics.-How-could-they-do-this.html","url_text":"\"The killer of my father, Salman Taseer, was showered with rose petals by fanatics. How could they do this?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan's rogue army runs a shattered state\". Financial Times. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/ed7622b4-773e-11e0-aed6-00144feabdc0","url_text":"\"Pakistan's rogue army runs a shattered state\""}]},{"reference":"Taseer, Aatish (16 July 2011). \"Why My Father Hated India\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304911104576445862242908294","url_text":"\"Why My Father Hated India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wall Street Journal home page (search required)\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/home-page","url_text":"\"Wall Street Journal home page (search required)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deccan Chronicle\". Archived from the original on 16 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111016005035/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/columnists/shashi-tharoor/delusional-liberals","url_text":"\"Deccan Chronicle\""},{"url":"http://www.deccanchronicle.com/columnists/shashi-tharoor/delusional-liberals","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Twice-Born\". Hurst. Retrieved 21 August 2019. A contributor to The International New York Times, he lives in New Delhi and New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/the-twice-born/","url_text":"\"The Twice-Born\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Amit. \"Royal who dumped Taseer to wed long-time love\". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/royal-who-dumped-aatish-to-marry-king-ston/cid/1669710","url_text":"\"Royal who dumped Taseer to wed long-time love\""}]},{"reference":"Taseer, Aatish (9 October 2016). \"A Country Road Trip, From Nashville to Asheville\". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ...Ryan—the tall white man from Tennessee I had married a few weeks earlier in New York...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/road-trips/tennessee-road-trip","url_text":"\"A Country Road Trip, From Nashville to Asheville\""}]},{"reference":"\"People with Michelle Henery\". The Times. 8 December 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/people-with-michelle-henery-zh6n3c8dx6v","url_text":"\"People with Michelle Henery\""}]},{"reference":"\"In conversation with Aatish Taseer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ianslife.in/culture/conversation-aatish-taseer","url_text":"\"In conversation with Aatish Taseer\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (8 November 2019). \"India strips overseas citizenship from journalist who criticised Modi regime\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/08/india-strips-citizenship-journalist-aatish-taseer-criticised-modi-regime","url_text":"\"India strips overseas citizenship from journalist who criticised Modi regime\""}]},{"reference":"\"आतिश तासीर ने OCI कार्ड रद्द होने पर क्या कहा?\". 8 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-50340387","url_text":"\"आतिश तासीर ने OCI कार्ड रद्द होने पर क्या कहा?\""}]},{"reference":"\"I am Indian, but my govt has exiled me: Aatish Taseer responds to revocation of OIC by Centre\". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aatish-taseer-journalist-time-magazine-oic-status-new-article-1616980-2019-11-08","url_text":"\"I am Indian, but my govt has exiled me: Aatish Taseer responds to revocation of OIC by Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can the World's Largest Democracy Endure Another Five Years of a Modi Government?\". Time.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/5586415/india-election-narendra-modi-2019/","url_text":"\"Can the World's Largest Democracy Endure Another Five Years of a Modi Government?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writer Aatish Taseer conceals father's Pakistani origin, to lose OCI card\". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/writer-aatish-taseer-stands-to-lose-oci-card-119110701824_1.html","url_text":"\"Writer Aatish Taseer conceals father's Pakistani origin, to lose OCI card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aatish Taseer becomes US citizen, months after Modi govt revoked his OCI card\". Twitter. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/world/aatish-taseer-becomes-us-citizen-months-after-modi-govt-revoked-his-oci-card/469610/","url_text":"\"Aatish Taseer becomes US citizen, months after Modi govt revoked his OCI card\""}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Divya (31 March 2010). \"A question of identity\". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-question-of-identity/article16651395.ece","url_text":"\"A question of identity\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mark (16 November 2010). \"Costa prize shortlist falls short on biographies\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/nov/16/costa-book-prize-shortlist-unfilled","url_text":"\"Costa prize shortlist falls short on biographies\""}]},{"reference":"Akbar, Arifa (17 November 2010). \"Costa judge laments a weak year for fiction\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/costa-judge-laments-a-weak-year-for-fiction-2136069.html","url_text":"\"Costa judge laments a weak year for fiction\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119012442/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/costa-judge-laments-a-weak-year-for-fiction-2136069.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Two books on India in UK literary award shortlist\". The Times of India. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/india/28218925_1_books-meghnad-desai-shortlist","url_text":"\"Two books on India in UK literary award shortlist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/india/28218925_1_books-meghnad-desai-shortlist","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Awards"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101003133038/http://www.costabookawards.co.uk/awards/thisyearshortlist2008.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/nov/16/costa-book-prize-shortlist-unfilled","external_links_name":"\"Costa prize shortlist falls short on biographies\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/costa-judge-laments-a-weak-year-for-fiction-2136069.html","external_links_name":"\"Costa judge laments a weak year for fiction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119012442/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/costa-judge-laments-a-weak-year-for-fiction-2136069.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/india/28218925_1_books-meghnad-desai-shortlist","external_links_name":"\"Two books on India in UK literary award shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/india/28218925_1_books-meghnad-desai-shortlist","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aatishtaseer.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/a-historical-sense","external_links_name":"Studying Sanskrit"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1917322/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078517422","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/83517573","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCFVPVxvtdfDqytBvJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9023853","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161587571","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161587571","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/140501967","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007597866105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009211374","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p321820185","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1443758","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/13714170X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River_Performing_Group
HotHouse Theatre
["1 References","2 External links"]
HotHouse Theatre is a professional theatre company based in the Albury-Wodonga region on the border of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. It evolved from the Murray River Performing Group which was established in 1979. HotHouse Theatre is resident in the Butter Factory Theatre in Wodonga, and also manages a farmhouse outside Albury for the company’s residency programs. References ^ Blake, Elissa (23 November 2015). "Hothouse Theatre: getting up close and personal in the regions". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ Gallasch, Keith (April–May 2014). "Enjoying the heat in the kitchen". RealTime. Retrieved 29 September 2017. RealTime Arts - Magazine - Special Feature External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wodonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodonga"},{"link_name":"Albury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"It evolved from the Murray River Performing Group which was established in 1979.HotHouse Theatre is resident in the Butter Factory Theatre in Wodonga, and also manages a farmhouse outside Albury for the company’s residency programs.[2]","title":"HotHouse Theatre"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Blake, Elissa (23 November 2015). \"Hothouse Theatre: getting up close and personal in the regions\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/stage/hothouse-theatre-20151123-gl5mkg.html","url_text":"\"Hothouse Theatre: getting up close and personal in the regions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Gallasch, Keith (April–May 2014). \"Enjoying the heat in the kitchen\". RealTime. Retrieved 29 September 2017. RealTime Arts - Magazine - Special Feature","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realtimearts.net/feature/RealTime_Regional/11537","url_text":"\"Enjoying the heat in the kitchen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealTime","url_text":"RealTime"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/stage/hothouse-theatre-20151123-gl5mkg.html","external_links_name":"\"Hothouse Theatre: getting up close and personal in the regions\""},{"Link":"http://www.realtimearts.net/feature/RealTime_Regional/11537","external_links_name":"\"Enjoying the heat in the kitchen\""},{"Link":"https://www.hothousetheatre.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Crane_House
Gerard Crane House
["1 Property","1.1 House","1.2 Outbuildings and landscape","2 History","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°20′22″N 73°40′23″W / 41.33944°N 73.67306°W / 41.33944; -73.67306Historic house in New York, United States United States historic placeGerard Crane HouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district East elevation, 2008Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesInteractive map showing the location of Gerald Crane HouseLocationSomers, New YorkNearest cityPeekskill, New YorkCoordinates41°20′22″N 73°40′23″W / 41.33944°N 73.67306°W / 41.33944; -73.67306Area25 acres (10 ha)Built1849ArchitectJ.R. Dickenson, W.R. WatersArchitectural styleGreek RevivalNRHP reference No.85001954Added to NRHPSeptember 5, 1985 The Gerard Crane House is a private home located on Somerstown Turnpike (U.S. Route 202) opposite Old Croton Falls Road in Somers, New York, United States. It is a stone house dating to the mid-19th century, built by an early circus entrepreneur in his later years. The house itself is an unusually sophisticated late application of the Greek Revival architectural style. The interior features a high level of decoration, particularly English Renaissance-style plaster moldings on the ceilings that are not commonly found in rural Greek Revival houses. It is the center of a 25-acre (10 ha) estate that includes not only the original outbuildings but an original section of Somerstown Turnpike and one of its mileposts. It remains largely as it was originally built. In 1985 the area was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the northernmost such listing in Westchester County. Property The estate is located on the west side of the road, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of downtown Somers, just opposite Old Croton Falls Road. At the oblique intersection a grassy stretch of the old route of Somerstown Turnpike continues across the front yard and parallel to Route 202 for approximately 800 feet (240 m) north of the house until the road resumes that course. The house itself is located on a small rise, with outbuildings and a garden to the south. There are 10 other contributing properties to the listing on the parcel, five buildings and five structures. A portion of Rhinoceros Brook flows through the property on its way to East Branch Reservoir. House The house is a two-and-a-half-story five-bay stone building on a raised basement with a shallow hipped roof with small cupola and identical chimneys on the north and south. It is sided in a locally quarried granite with an unusual natural marbleized appearance in a smooth-faced ashlar pattern with quoins on the front (reverting to random ashlar on the rear and sides). The roofline has a plain frieze, simple cornice and is set off by a stringcourse. The east (front) facade has a central entrance portico featuring classical ornamentation. Fluted Doric columns and consoles support an entablature with denticulated cornice. A transom, sidelights, and ornate frontispiece frame the slightly recessed four-inch–thick (10 cm), 500-pound (230 kg) mahogany door. In the rear is a similar portico with a less elaborate door, chamfered Doric columns and a molded entablature. There is much decoration inside the house. On the north side of the central hall are library and parlor with high ceilings. Their plaster molding features a band with a talon motif over a cornice with an acanthus band and a broad ribbon of flowers and leaves. Below that is a frieze with meticulously detailed plaster heads of noteworthy literary figures encircled and connected by oak leaves and acorns. The doorways and windows are framed by fluted Corinthian pilasters with foliated entablatures atop. A chandelier hangs from an ornate plaster medallion in the library ceiling. Also in the library is an Italian marble fireplace with colonnettes, paneled spandrels and finely carved friezes and cartouches. It has a cast iron fireboard ornamented with a brass crane. On the south side, the dining room has a similarly foliated band around the ceiling. The original music room has since been converted into a kitchen. There is a less ornate fireplace on the south side. The mahogany staircase has turned balusters, a chamfered newel post and a scroll motif on the risers. The second floor has a similar layout although it is less ornate. All the bedrooms have cast-iron heat registers and a brass nameplate on the door with the manufacturer's name. The third story's garret was used as a ballroom. Four queen posts surround the area under the skylight in the middle of an L-shaped set of servants' quarters on the north and east. In the basement is the original kitchen, with a large fireplace and bread ovens. Below it is a sub-basement with a datestone giving the names of the contractors and a built-in safe. Outbuildings and landscape Five original buildings remain on the property besides the house. Immediately to the rear is the original summer kitchen, now converted to a two-car garage. It is a one-story building cut into the hillside, sided in granite with a flat roof and stepped parapet. Farther to the rear, and also cut into the hill (steeper at this point), is the gambrel roofed barn with stone foundation and vertical wood siding. It has an elliptical fanlight in its east gable, among other varied fenestration, and a silo to the northwest. Also attached is a deep stone foundation that may be the remains of the original icehouse. A frame springhouse is slightly to the south, and a one-story granite shop to the northwest, also now in use as a garage. Just off the house's southwest corner is the privy, made of dressed granite with a flat roof, overhanging wooden cornice, mahogany door and six-over-six double-hung sash window. Contributing structures include the iron fence along the original front lot line of the house, a stone wall between the summer kitchen and barn and a stone bridge over the brook. The original alignment of Somerstown Turnpike, which now serves in part as a driveway for the property, is included, as is one of its stone mileposts. History Crane and his brother Thaddeus, descendants of a colonel in the Revolutionary War, moved to Somers from their hometown, nearby North Salem, in 1823. They had become active in the new business of exhibiting exotic animals, and records show that they had taken a lion to the Carolinas three years earlier. They bought land from Hachaliah Bailey, whose exhibition of Old Bet at the building now known as the Elephant Hotel is considered the beginning of the circus in America, that they would later build on. They added to their menagerie, got partners, and exhibited as far as west as the Mississippi River. They were among the founders of an early trade organization called the Zoological Institute, which collapsed in the Panic of 1837. Crane himself was more fortunate; he served as a director, and later president of a local bank, and had just concluded four years as town supervisor at the outset of the panic. In 1849, having married Roxana Purdy, he had the house built. Its extensive detailing and finely crafted stonework are features of a country manor house in the highest Greek Revival tradition. The English Renaissance-style molded plasterwork on the first floor ceilings, common in urban homes of this type but rare in rural variants, reflects Crane's cosmopolitan tastes. The next year's census shows the Cranes at that address, with their six children and one other woman. He died in 1872. The house and estate have remained a private residence since then. Other than the barn's gambrel roof and the conversion of the main house's music room into a kitchen in 1964, there have been no significant alterations to the property. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Larson, Neil (June 1985). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, Gerard Crane House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2009. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal
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It is a stone house dating to the mid-19th century, built by an early circus entrepreneur in his later years.The house itself is an unusually sophisticated late application of the Greek Revival architectural style. The interior features a high level of decoration, particularly English Renaissance-style plaster moldings on the ceilings that are not commonly found in rural Greek Revival houses. It is the center of a 25-acre (10 ha) estate that includes not only the original outbuildings but an original section of Somerstown Turnpike and one of its mileposts.It remains largely as it was originally built. In 1985 the area was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the northernmost such listing in Westchester County.","title":"Gerard Crane House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somers_Hamlet_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"contributing properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_property"},{"link_name":"East Branch Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"}],"text":"The estate is located on the west side of the road, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of downtown Somers, just opposite Old Croton Falls Road. At the oblique intersection a grassy stretch of the old route of Somerstown Turnpike continues across the front yard and parallel to Route 202 for approximately 800 feet (240 m) north of the house until the road resumes that course. The house itself is located on a small rise, with outbuildings and a garden to the south. There are 10 other contributing properties to the listing on the parcel, five buildings and five structures. A portion of Rhinoceros Brook flows through the property on its way to East Branch Reservoir.[2]","title":"Property"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"hipped roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_roof"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"quarried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"marbleized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbleizing"},{"link_name":"ashlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"quoins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoin_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"stringcourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"facade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"ornamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Fluted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"entablature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entablature"},{"link_name":"transom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(architectural)"},{"link_name":"frontispiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontispiece_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany"},{"link_name":"chamfered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamfer"},{"link_name":"molded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"parlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlor"},{"link_name":"talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talon_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"acanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"acorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"chandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"cartouches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"fireboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireboard"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"turned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning"},{"link_name":"balusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"newel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newel"},{"link_name":"risers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_riser"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"garret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garret"},{"link_name":"ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom"},{"link_name":"queen posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_post"},{"link_name":"skylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylight_(window)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"datestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datestone"},{"link_name":"safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"}],"sub_title":"House","text":"The house is a two-and-a-half-story five-bay stone building on a raised basement with a shallow hipped roof with small cupola and identical chimneys on the north and south. It is sided in a locally quarried granite with an unusual natural marbleized appearance in a smooth-faced ashlar pattern with quoins on the front (reverting to random ashlar on the rear and sides). The roofline has a plain frieze, simple cornice and is set off by a stringcourse.[2]The east (front) facade has a central entrance portico featuring classical ornamentation. Fluted Doric columns and consoles support an entablature with denticulated cornice. A transom, sidelights, and ornate frontispiece frame the slightly recessed four-inch–thick (10 cm), 500-pound (230 kg) mahogany door. In the rear is a similar portico with a less elaborate door, chamfered Doric columns and a molded entablature.[2]There is much decoration inside the house. On the north side of the central hall are library and parlor with high ceilings. Their plaster molding features a band with a talon motif over a cornice with an acanthus band and a broad ribbon of flowers and leaves. Below that is a frieze with meticulously detailed plaster heads of noteworthy literary figures encircled and connected by oak leaves and acorns. The doorways and windows are framed by fluted Corinthian pilasters with foliated entablatures atop. A chandelier hangs from an ornate plaster medallion in the library ceiling. Also in the library is an Italian marble fireplace with colonnettes, paneled spandrels and finely carved friezes and cartouches. It has a cast iron fireboard ornamented with a brass crane.[2]On the south side, the dining room has a similarly foliated band around the ceiling. The original music room has since been converted into a kitchen. There is a less ornate fireplace on the south side. The mahogany staircase has turned balusters, a chamfered newel post and a scroll motif on the risers.[2]The second floor has a similar layout although it is less ornate. All the bedrooms have cast-iron heat registers and a brass nameplate on the door with the manufacturer's name. The third story's garret was used as a ballroom. Four queen posts surround the area under the skylight in the middle of an L-shaped set of servants' quarters on the north and east.[2]In the basement is the original kitchen, with a large fireplace and bread ovens. Below it is a sub-basement with a datestone giving the names of the contractors and a built-in safe.[2]","title":"Property"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"converted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reuse"},{"link_name":"sided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"gambrel roofed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambrel_roof"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"fanlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanlight"},{"link_name":"fenestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window"},{"link_name":"silo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silo"},{"link_name":"icehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehouse_(building)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(construction)"},{"link_name":"springhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springhouse"},{"link_name":"privy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"sash window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sash_window"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"driveway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveway"},{"link_name":"mileposts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milepost"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"}],"sub_title":"Outbuildings and landscape","text":"Five original buildings remain on the property besides the house. Immediately to the rear is the original summer kitchen, now converted to a two-car garage. It is a one-story building cut into the hillside, sided in granite with a flat roof and stepped parapet. Farther to the rear, and also cut into the hill (steeper at this point), is the gambrel roofed barn with stone foundation and vertical wood siding. It has an elliptical fanlight in its east gable, among other varied fenestration, and a silo to the northwest. Also attached is a deep stone foundation that may be the remains of the original icehouse.[2]A frame springhouse is slightly to the south, and a one-story granite shop to the northwest, also now in use as a garage. Just off the house's southwest corner is the privy, made of dressed granite with a flat roof, overhanging wooden cornice, mahogany door and six-over-six double-hung sash window.[2]Contributing structures include the iron fence along the original front lot line of the house, a stone wall between the summer kitchen and barn and a stone bridge over the brook. The original alignment of Somerstown Turnpike, which now serves in part as a driveway for the property, is included, as is one of its stone mileposts.[2]","title":"Property"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"North Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Salem,_New_York"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Old Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bet"},{"link_name":"Elephant Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Hotel"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie"},{"link_name":"partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837"},{"link_name":"town supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_supervisor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"English Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"},{"link_name":"next year's census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_1850"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-2"}],"text":"Crane and his brother Thaddeus, descendants of a colonel in the Revolutionary War, moved to Somers from their hometown, nearby North Salem, in 1823. They had become active in the new business of exhibiting exotic animals, and records show that they had taken a lion to the Carolinas three years earlier. They bought land from Hachaliah Bailey, whose exhibition of Old Bet at the building now known as the Elephant Hotel is considered the beginning of the circus in America, that they would later build on.[2]They added to their menagerie, got partners, and exhibited as far as west as the Mississippi River. They were among the founders of an early trade organization called the Zoological Institute, which collapsed in the Panic of 1837. Crane himself was more fortunate; he served as a director, and later president of a local bank, and had just concluded four years as town supervisor at the outset of the panic.[2]In 1849, having married Roxana Purdy, he had the house built. Its extensive detailing and finely crafted stonework are features of a country manor house in the highest Greek Revival tradition. The English Renaissance-style molded plasterwork on the first floor ceilings, common in urban homes of this type but rare in rural variants, reflects Crane's cosmopolitan tastes.[2]The next year's census shows the Cranes at that address, with their six children and one other woman. He died in 1872. The house and estate have remained a private residence since then. Other than the barn's gambrel roof and the conversion of the main house's music room into a kitchen in 1964, there have been no significant alterations to the property.[2]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Westchester_County,_New_York"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings:_Conquest
The Lord of the Rings: Conquest
["1 Gameplay","2 Development and release","3 Reception","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
2009 video gameThe Lord of the Rings: ConquestDeveloper(s)Pandemic StudiosPublisher(s)Electronic ArtsDirector(s)Eric GewirtzDesigner(s)Sean SoucyPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsPlayStation 3Xbox 360 Nintendo DSReleaseNA: January 13, 2009PAL: January 16, 2009Genre(s)ActionMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer The Lord of the Rings: Conquest is a 2009 action game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It is derived from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, and borrows many gameplay mechanics from Pandemic's Star Wars: Battlefront games. The game allows the player to play as both the forces of good and evil. Pandemic was aided by Weta Digital in developing the game. They provided many of their digital models, including the fell beasts. Pandemic used elements that were cut from the films, and have taken inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien's original fantasy series, such as a level based loosely around Balin's conquest of Moria, in which Gimli attempts to retake the dwarven city from the orcs. Some inspiration was less direct: the armies of Rohan and Gondor decide not to attack Minas Morgul in the novel, but a level in the game is based on what might possibly have happened if they had. The game uses Howard Shore's score to the films as its soundtrack. The Lord of the Rings: Conquest received mixed reviews, with criticism focusing on its combat, graphics, voice acting, balance issues, artificial intelligence, bugs, and multiplayer. Gameplay Players have the ability to ride animal mounts and slay large enemies, such as the Oliphaunt. The player takes the role of a soldier of Rohan, Gondor, Rivendell, Harad, Mordor or Isengard, depending on the campaign or side the player chooses. The game is generally objective based, requiring the player to defeat a certain number of enemies, or hold a position until a timer runs out. If a soldier dies, the game continues from the point of death and the death has no impact on the storyline or flow of the game. However, players have a certain number of lives and must repeat the entire level if their lives run out. In the War of the Ring campaign, containing eight levels, the player loosely follows the major battles of the films with some additions such as the Mines of Moria and Minas Morgul. In the Rise of Sauron campaign, the player controls the forces of Sauron in a reworking of the storyline set over seven levels of a film called The final war for Middle Earth. In this story, the Dark Lord reclaims the ring when Frodo Baggins was corrupted by and failed to destroy the One Ring. The hobbit is then killed by the Witchking of Angmar, leading to Sauron subsequently conquering Middle Earth. Both campaigns are narrated by Hugo Weaving, who played Elrond in Peter Jackson's film trilogy. The game uses a class-based character system, similar to the system found in Pandemic's previous game Star Wars: Battlefront. There are four playable classes. Warriors are a melee combat unit which focus on swordsmanship. Unlike the other classes, whose special attacks recharge over time, warriors can only gain energy by defeating enemies, which allows them to unleash more powerful attacks with a flaming sword, such as spinning to hit every adjacent enemy. They are the only class that can block or perform counterattacks with special moves. The warrior also has a throwing axe as a secondary, medium ranged weapon. Archers are better suited for long range combat and are equipped with a bow and arrow. Different types of arrows can be equipped: fire arrows, which can knock down enemies and deal explosive damage; poison arrows, which slow enemies down and do damage over time, and the ability to fire a volley of three normal arrows at multiple enemies at once. They also have a kick for use in close-quarters, which knocks back the enemy. They can also hit concealed Scouts with the multiple arrow skill. A headshot will allow the archer to kill most enemies in a single hit. Scouts are masters in the art of moving unseen. The scout's primary weapons are two daggers, and he has the ability to become temporarily invisible and assassinate units instantly from behind with a sneak attack. As a secondary attack, he carries satchel bombs filled with blasting powder as a ranged attack. The scout can also block melee attacks. Finally, Mages serve as the magic class. A mage's primary attack is a bolt of lightning, which can be charged up for a more powerful attack that can also damage other enemies in close proximity to the target. He also wields a "firewall" attack, which creates an expanding circle of flames that will heavily damage if not kill enemies who are within the circle. For close range attacks, they have a shockwave attack, which knocks enemies back and allows the mage to finish them off with his staff. Mages can also heal allies. For defensive purposes, a mage can create a magical shield around himself to protect anyone inside from ranged attacks of any sort, provided the attacker is outside of the shield, which allows people to walk through. While the shield ability is active, the mage is unable to do anything else and is therefore highly vulnerable to melee attacks. The player can occasionally gain the opportunity to play as a Troll or an Ent, which are also used by non-player characters and, while far stronger than any normal class, are vulnerable to instantaneous kills by Warriors and Scouts through the use of quick time events. Any class can ride a mount: horses for the Men of the West and wargs and Oliphaunts for Sauron and Saruman's forces. Mounts are useful for quickly traversing large areas, but are highly vulnerable and a single hit against one will result in the player being knocked off (with the exception of the oliphaunt, which has an enormous amount of health). The player wields a sword when mounted, regardless of their class, and is only allowed to use basic attacks. Mounts also have the power to trample enemies when riding at top speed. Depending on the game's settings during multiplayer matches, or during certain periods of the campaign, players will have the opportunity to control heroes, many of whom include the heroes and villains of Lord of the Rings. The heroes are usually based on the four primary class archetypes, controlling very similarly to their standard non-hero counterparts, but are also far more powerful, though not invincible. In the Nintendo DS version, gameplay features are greatly reduced. The Scout class is unavailable and mounts are non-existent. In addition, the playing perspective is isometric and six maps were shipped with the game. All classes start out relatively weak, but fallen enemies will drop orbs that allow the player to power-up their current character's attack power and speed, resetting after the player respawns. After a level is over, a post-game statistics screen will appear to show the player's performance and to award them in-game achievements for their accomplishments (not allowing allies to die, for instance). Development and release Hugo Weaving reprises his role as Elrond. He is the only original cast member to appear in the game outside of cutscenes. The Lord of the Rings: Conquest was announced on May 8, 2008 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. It was promoted at E3 2008, where the press were able to play a build of the game. It made an appearance at German Games Convention in that same year. Pandemic Studios began by creating the battlefields seen in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, then included additional locales. They cited the films as their primary source of inspiration, but noted that when necessary they took liberties to apply those stories to an action video game. Pandemic sought to create a "hyper real" experience according to Gewirtz. In an example he stated that rather than take Aragorn actor Viggo Mortensen's performance, the character in the game performs moves which Mortensen himself may not have been able to capture. The books were a secondary source of inspiration for locales and battles. In early hands-on demos to the press several features, such as animal mounts, were not yet available. During subsequent demonstrations the press noticed vast improvements, and eventually the inclusion of mounts. Developers updated their engine to allow for 150 units to be on the battlefield at one time. The game is powered by an upgraded version of Pandemic Studios' Zero engine, and was developed by the same team that worked on the first two Star Wars: Battlefront installments. Conquest director Eric Gewirtz said the team was "throwing around these ideas, and in perfect serendipity, happened to get access to the Lord of the Rings license, and that was just the center for us on making this game." Howard Shore's music, composed for the film trilogy, was used in the game. The film actors reprise their roles in cutscenes, which are archived footage from the film. In-game likenesses are based on their film counterparts. Hugo Weaving reprises his role as Elrond and serves as the game's narrator. All other cast members were replaced by voice doubles. Chris Edgerly voices Aragorn, Crispin Freeman voices Legolas, Martin Jarvis voices the white wizard Gandalf, and Yuri Lowenthal stands in for Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins. The game was first released in North America on January 13, 2009, with a European release following three days later on January 16, 2009. The first downloadable content (DLC) was released on January 29, 2009, for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. It featured two maps for the game mode Hero Arena, which was not in the shipped game due to time constraints. This mode allows for arena-style battles with up to three friends. The maps themselves are merely broken down versions of levels in the campaigns, specifically sections of Osgiliath and Moria. A second pack of downloadable content was released February 26, 2009, on the same platforms which contained three new heroes, Boromir, Arwen and Gothmog, two new maps, Amon Hen and Last Alliance, and two new Hero Arenas, Minas Tirith and Weathertop. On March 16, 2010, just over a year after the game's release, the online multiplayer modes of Conquest were shut down by publisher Electronic Arts. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic55/100Review scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video Games4/10Eurogamer5/10Game Informer4.75/10GameSpot6.5/10GameSpy2.5/5GamesRadar+2/10IGNXbox 360/PlayStation 3: 6.0/10PC: 7.0/10DS: 6.7/10Official Xbox Magazine (US)4/10PC Gamer (UK)61%VideoGamer.com6/10 Reception for The Lord of the Rings: Conquest was mixed, with critics unfavorably comparing the game to Star Wars: Battlefront. IGN felt the game "offers much sound and fury but little substance the single-player campaign is rudimentary and brief and the multiplayer modes are fairly few", although complimented the presentation as " a pretty good job of evoking the rich universe of Middle Earth". Game Informer called the game "a joyless trip through familiar territories, and sadly, nothing more than that". GamesRadar+ panned the game as lacking even "one redeeming quality" and built on "foundations of poor mechanics, horrible presentation, dull combat, worthless maps, and total contempt for the mythology". The game's combat was criticized by reviewers. CVG found battles to be repetitive and becoming mere "hack 'n slash scuffles". IGN complained about the "poorly designed" combat as a whole, in that the player can " buttons and no result". They further criticized it as redundant, stating that all four classes were essentially identical to play as, even between the two separate campaigns, and that heroes were merely "class characters on steroids". GamesRadar+ lamented the "intangible and repetitive" combat and the "incompetent" combo system. GameSpy described it as "lacking So many other games have executed third-person combat in more engaging ways that it's hard to settle for less." Eurogamer also mentioned the movement system as being unrealistic, highlighting that if the player falls from a high position they "won't so much as buckle at the knee". Balance issues were also commented on. IGN found the mage class to be overpowered and The A.V. Club similarly felt that, due to the mage's ability to heal himself, the class was "the correct choice 90 percent of the time". The scout class was also labelled as "a griefer's dream" in multiplayer. Both GameInformer and GameSpy criticized that the player was often unable to defend themselves against an onslaught of enemies, with the latter writing "It's entirely too easy for you to be knocked helpless and killed in an instant, resulting in many moments where you've lost control of your character." Official Xbox Magazine lamented the objectives where the player must hold a position for a certain length of time while being besieged by enemies, a common problem being that, if the player is killed, by the time the player has respawned, the location has been overrun before they have a chance to fight back. Similarly, the lack of mid-level saves or a checkpoint system was also disliked by IGN, forcing the player to restart a level if they fail an objective. The game was criticized for its technical issues, in particular the AI. IGN listed glitches such as an enemy boss walking off a cliff and "saving us the bother of having to defeat him in combat". Eurogamer stated that the player's allies were "AI-impoverished", stepping into the player's line of fire "before sauntering off unscathed and oblivious", while Game Informer felt the AI appeared to be "tripping on acid as they stare blankly at walls and sunsets". Game Informer also cited other technical issues, such as the player character being "yanked off of a ledge by a mysterious force" and the game failing to register button-inputs. The graphics and animations of the game were considered substandard. GamesRadar+ chastised the game as presenting "a band of wooden-legged freaks who moonwalk like the Former King of Pop the gimpiest horses since Two Worlds", and likened some of the creature character models to "claymation diarrhea." IGN stated that "friend and foe alike blend into one messy brown blur". GameSpy called the graphics "lackluster" and the environments "bland", feeling that the backgrounds were lacking in detail. Some reviewers also complained about the lack of enemies on screen, CVG saying that the "cardboard cut-outs in the background" were the most exciting part of a battle. Reviewers cited poor characterization and plot, with CVG criticizing Wormtongue's participation in the battle of Isengard. IGN wrote that the narrative was "decently presented" and praised the game for its "easily recognizable" locations, but felt the plot for the Rise of Sauron campaign "could have been stronger". Game Informer believed that there was no story of any kind "outside of clips stolen from the motion picture". IGN commended the musical score and claimed that dedicated fans of online, class-based games and The Lord of the Rings would enjoy the game, a view not shared by Official Xbox Magazine who believed that fans of the books would be the most likely to hate it. The voice acting was panned by IGN as being "universally bad", with the exception of Hugo Weaving's narration. Another common source of annoyance was the in-game announcer, who "bellow" objectives and hints to the player incessantly "in one of the most insanely irritating voices in videogame history". The game's multiplayer was regarded as a disappointment by Eurogamer, finding that the game's servers were marred by connection problems and lag, even without the maximum numbers of players. They also cited a lack of bots as a weakness, the "wide, open levels sparse and under-populated" without them. The A.V. Club slated online play as "glitchy", sometimes placing the player "in a one-on-one match of capture the flag". IGN found that the multiplayer to a lesser extent "is hit by many of the same pitfalls as the single-player, which is to say that it gets redundant a little too quickly." GamesRadar wrote that "There isn't an online gamer, Battlefront player, Dynasty Warriors nerd, movie buff, or Lord of the Rings fanatic on Earth who could be satisfied with Conquest." The DS version of the game was also criticized for similar complaints. IGN marred the version as having AI problems, with the player's allies " around like a Hobbit with its head cut off". The lack of checkpoints and sub-standard graphics were also raised, along with lag during multiplayer and combat being unsatisfying, not getting "a sense that you are clashing swords and armor with your opponents". IGN also pointed out that the game seems much as though "the license is really just skinned onto capture the flag". Notes ^ Additional development of the Nintendo DS version by Artificial Mind & Movement. References ^ "Page 2 | The Lord of the Rings: Conquest". Eurogamer.net. December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2023. ^ Press Release (October 30, 2008). "Prepare to Choose the Path of Good or Evil with Pandemic Studios' Lord of the Rings: Conquest". IGN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2007. ^ Goldstein, Maarten (October 30, 2008). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Conquers January". Shacknews. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2008. ^ a b c d Hatfield, Daemon (January 13, 2009). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review". IGN. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest," Previews, Game Informer Issue #183, pages 54–55. ^ a b c d e f Parkin, Simon (January 16, 2009). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b c d Roper, Chris (August 21, 2008). "GC 2008: The Lord of the Rings: Conquest hands-on". IGN. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2017. ^ a b c Watters, Chris (December 9, 2008). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2009. ^ a b c Roper, Chris (May 8, 2008). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest unveiled". IGN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ a b Ahearn, Nate (December 11, 2008). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest progress report". IGN. Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest cast and crew". IMDb. Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ "Hero Arena Bonus". IGN. February 24, 2009. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ "Online Play Shut Down". EA. February 16, 2010. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2010. ^ "Lord of the Rings: Conquest, The". Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2009. ^ a b c d e f Robinson, Andy (January 15, 2009). "Gandalf, forgive me". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b c d e f Reiner, Andrew (January 13, 2009). "Worse than a job as a hobbit pedicurist". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b c d e f Reiner, Andrew (January 13, 2009). "Worse than a job as a hobbit pedicurist". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b c d Villoria, Gerald (January 20, 2009). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (X360)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h Gapper, Michael (January 16, 2009). "One ring to screw it all up". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h i McCarthy, Dave (January 16, 2009). "Lord of the Rings Conquest UK Review". IGN. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ a b c d e Ahearn, Nate (January 16, 2009). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review". IGN. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ^ a b c d e Talbot, Ben (January 16, 2009). "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest". OXM. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^ Rossignol, Jim (February 12, 2009), Lord of the Rings Conquest, PC Gamer UK ^ Kelly, Neon (January 16, 2009). "LotR: Conquest Review". VideoGamer. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ a b Teti, John (January 26, 2009). "Lord Of The Rings: Conquest". A.V. Club. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2009. External links The Lord of the Rings: Conquest official site vtePandemic StudiosDestroy All Humans! series Destroy All Humans! 2 Full Spectrum Warrior series Full Spectrum Warrior Ten Hammers Mercenaries series Playground of Destruction 2: World in Flames Star Wars: Battlefront series Battlefront II Other games Battlezone II: Combat Commander Dark Reign 2 Triple Play 2002 Army Men: RTS Star Wars: The Clone Wars Batman: The Dark Knight canceled The Lord of the Rings: Conquest The Saboteur People Josh Resnick Related Activision Electronic Arts Battlezone Dark Reign: The Future of War vteMiddle-earth in video games List of Middle-earth video games Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings Adaptations of The Hobbit Based onJ. R. R. Tolkien's books The Hobbit (1982) Journey to Rivendell Lord of the Rings: Game One Shadows of Mordor: Game Two of Lord of the Rings War in Middle Earth J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990) Vol. II: The Two Towers J. R. R. 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R. R. Tolkien About Volumes The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Stories "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" Translating List of translations Russian Swedish Reception Literary Fandom Oxonmoot Tolkienmoot Works inspired Tolkien's impact on fantasy AnalysisElements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Maps Poetry A Elbereth Gilthoniel Namárië Song of Eärendil The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Road Goes Ever On A Walking Song Proverbs Themes Addiction to power Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Death and immortality Decline and fall Economy England Environmentalism Forests Heroism Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Race Sexuality Sound and language Time Trees Women Influences Antiquarianism Beowulf Celtic Classical world First World War Norse Medieval Modern sources Modernism A mythology for England Philology Shakespeare Techniques Anachronism Character pairing Editorial framing Frame stories Pseudotranslation Impression of depth Narrative structure Interlacing Prose style Ambiguity Epic Pooh PeoplesMaiar Balrogs Sauron Wizards Gandalf Radagast Saruman Freepeoples Dwarves Balin Gimli Elves Galadriel Glorfindel Half-elven Arwen Elrond Legolas Thranduil Ents Treebeard Hobbits Bilbo Frodo Merry Pippin Sam Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Aragorn of Gondor Boromir Denethor Faramir of Rohan Éomer Éowyn Théoden Wormtongue Monsters Barrow-wight Gollum Nazgûl Witch-king of Angmar Old Man Willow Orcs Shelob Trolls Wargs Watcher in the Water Other Eagles Goldberry Tom Bombadil WorldGeography Eriador Bree Old Forest Rivendell The Shire Bag End Gondor Harad Lothlórien Mirkwood Moria Mordor Rohan Isengard Battles Helm's Deep Pelennor Fields Morannon Objects Mithril Palantírs Phial of Galadriel Rings of Power One Ring List of weapons and armour Relatedworks The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth Adaptations and derivative worksBooks Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Illustrations A Map of Middle-earth Pauline Baynes Barbara Remington John Howe Alan Lee Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Theatre Fellowship! (2005) Lord of the Rings (2006) Music Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972) Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988) Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (1969) "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971) "The Battle of Evermore" (1971) Radio The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955) The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) FilmAnimated The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978) The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980) The War of the Rohirrim (2024) Peter Jacksonseries The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Two Towers (2002) The Return of the King (2003) Music "Concerning Hobbits" "Into the West" "May It Be" Approach Production Peter Jackson's interpretation Picturing Tolkien Other Sagan om ringen (1971) Khraniteli (1991) Hobitit (1993) The Rings of Power (2022) music Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Vol. II: The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age Game Boy Advance The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Shadow of Mordor Shadow of War Gollum Return to Moria The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Mordor Minas Morgul War of Three Peaks Fate of Gundabad Before the Shadow Tabletop role-playing games Middle-earth Role Playing The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game The One Ring Roleplaying Game Adventures in Middle-earth Board games Middle Earth War of the Ring Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith Sauron Lord of the Rings War of the Ring Card games Middle-earth Collectible Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game Other games Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Lego The Lord of the Rings Authority control databases: National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandemic Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_Studios"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Battlefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Battlefront_(series)"},{"link_name":"Weta Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Digital"},{"link_name":"fell beasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell_beasts"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Balin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Moria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Gimli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"dwarven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"orcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Gondor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor"},{"link_name":"Minas Morgul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Morgul"},{"link_name":"Howard Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Shore"},{"link_name":"balance issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_balance"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch#Video_game_glitches"}],"text":"2009 video gameThe Lord of the Rings: Conquest is a 2009 action game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It is derived from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, and borrows many gameplay mechanics from Pandemic's Star Wars: Battlefront games. The game allows the player to play as both the forces of good and evil.Pandemic was aided by Weta Digital in developing the game. They provided many of their digital models, including the fell beasts. Pandemic used elements that were cut from the films, and have taken inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien's original fantasy series, such as a level based loosely around Balin's conquest of Moria, in which Gimli attempts to retake the dwarven city from the orcs. Some inspiration was less direct: the armies of Rohan and Gondor decide not to attack Minas Morgul in the novel, but a level in the game is based on what might possibly have happened if they had. The game uses Howard Shore's score to the films as its soundtrack. The Lord of the Rings: Conquest received mixed reviews, with criticism focusing on its combat, graphics, voice acting, balance issues, artificial intelligence, bugs, and multiplayer.","title":"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotr_conquest_oliphant.png"},{"link_name":"War of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_review-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi183-6"},{"link_name":"Hugo Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Weaving"},{"link_name":"Elrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrond"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Battlefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Battlefront"},{"link_name":"flaming sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_sword_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCC_IGN-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_review-7"},{"link_name":"Mages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)"},{"link_name":"heal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healer_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCC_IGN-8"},{"link_name":"Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Ent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"quick time events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_time_event"},{"link_name":"wargs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warg_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Saruman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamespot_review-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamespot_review-9"},{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_projection#Isometric_projection_in_video_games_and_pixel_art"},{"link_name":"power-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"respawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning_(computer_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_DS_review-4"}],"text":"Players have the ability to ride animal mounts and slay large enemies, such as the Oliphaunt.The player takes the role of a soldier of Rohan, Gondor, Rivendell, Harad, Mordor or Isengard, depending on the campaign or side the player chooses. The game is generally objective based, requiring the player to defeat a certain number of enemies, or hold a position until a timer runs out. If a soldier dies, the game continues from the point of death and the death has no impact on the storyline or flow of the game. However, players have a certain number of lives and must repeat the entire level if their lives run out.In the War of the Ring campaign, containing eight levels, the player loosely follows the major battles of the films with some additions such as the Mines of Moria and Minas Morgul. In the Rise of Sauron campaign, the player controls the forces of Sauron in a reworking of the storyline set over seven levels of a film called The final war for Middle Earth.[6] In this story, the Dark Lord reclaims the ring when Frodo Baggins was corrupted by and failed to destroy the One Ring. The hobbit is then killed by the Witchking of Angmar, leading to Sauron subsequently conquering Middle Earth.[5] Both campaigns are narrated by Hugo Weaving, who played Elrond in Peter Jackson's film trilogy.The game uses a class-based character system, similar to the system found in Pandemic's previous game Star Wars: Battlefront. There are four playable classes. Warriors are a melee combat unit which focus on swordsmanship. Unlike the other classes, whose special attacks recharge over time, warriors can only gain energy by defeating enemies, which allows them to unleash more powerful attacks with a flaming sword, such as spinning to hit every adjacent enemy. They are the only class that can block or perform counterattacks with special moves. The warrior also has a throwing axe as a secondary, medium ranged weapon.[7] Archers are better suited for long range combat and are equipped with a bow and arrow. Different types of arrows can be equipped: fire arrows, which can knock down enemies and deal explosive damage; poison arrows, which slow enemies down and do damage over time, and the ability to fire a volley of three normal arrows at multiple enemies at once. They also have a kick for use in close-quarters, which knocks back the enemy. They can also hit concealed Scouts with the multiple arrow skill. A headshot will allow the archer to kill most enemies in a single hit.[6]Scouts are masters in the art of moving unseen. The scout's primary weapons are two daggers, and he has the ability to become temporarily invisible and assassinate units instantly from behind with a sneak attack. As a secondary attack, he carries satchel bombs filled with blasting powder as a ranged attack. The scout can also block melee attacks. Finally, Mages serve as the magic class. A mage's primary attack is a bolt of lightning, which can be charged up for a more powerful attack that can also damage other enemies in close proximity to the target. He also wields a \"firewall\" attack, which creates an expanding circle of flames that will heavily damage if not kill enemies who are within the circle. For close range attacks, they have a shockwave attack, which knocks enemies back and allows the mage to finish them off with his staff. Mages can also heal allies. For defensive purposes, a mage can create a magical shield around himself to protect anyone inside from ranged attacks of any sort, provided the attacker is outside of the shield, which allows people to walk through. While the shield ability is active, the mage is unable to do anything else and is therefore highly vulnerable to melee attacks.[7]The player can occasionally gain the opportunity to play as a Troll or an Ent, which are also used by non-player characters and, while far stronger than any normal class, are vulnerable to instantaneous kills by Warriors and Scouts through the use of quick time events. Any class can ride a mount: horses for the Men of the West and wargs and Oliphaunts for Sauron and Saruman's forces. Mounts are useful for quickly traversing large areas, but are highly vulnerable and a single hit against one will result in the player being knocked off (with the exception of the oliphaunt, which has an enormous amount of health). The player wields a sword when mounted, regardless of their class, and is only allowed to use basic attacks. Mounts also have the power to trample enemies when riding at top speed.[8] Depending on the game's settings during multiplayer matches, or during certain periods of the campaign, players will have the opportunity to control heroes, many of whom include the heroes and villains of Lord of the Rings. The heroes are usually based on the four primary class archetypes, controlling very similarly to their standard non-hero counterparts, but are also far more powerful, though not invincible.[8]In the Nintendo DS version, gameplay features are greatly reduced. The Scout class is unavailable and mounts are non-existent. In addition, the playing perspective is isometric and six maps were shipped with the game. All classes start out relatively weak, but fallen enemies will drop orbs that allow the player to power-up their current character's attack power and speed, resetting after the player respawns. After a level is over, a post-game statistics screen will appear to show the player's performance and to award them in-game achievements for their accomplishments (not allowing allies to die, for instance).[4]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hugo_w_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Weaving"},{"link_name":"Elrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrond"},{"link_name":"E3 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2008"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCC_IGN-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_interview-10"},{"link_name":"Aragorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragorn"},{"link_name":"Viggo Mortensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggo_Mortensen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_interview-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCC_IGN-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_update-11"},{"link_name":"Pandemic Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_Studios"},{"link_name":"Zero engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(game_engine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_interview-10"},{"link_name":"Howard Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Shore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_update-11"},{"link_name":"Hugo Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Weaving"},{"link_name":"Elrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrond"},{"link_name":"Chris Edgerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Edgerly"},{"link_name":"Crispin Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Legolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legolas"},{"link_name":"Martin Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"Yuri Lowenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Lowenthal"},{"link_name":"Elijah Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Wood"},{"link_name":"Frodo Baggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frodo_Baggins"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-12"},{"link_name":"Osgiliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgiliath"},{"link_name":"Boromir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boromir"},{"link_name":"Arwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwen"},{"link_name":"Amon Hen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Hen"},{"link_name":"Minas Tirith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Tirith"},{"link_name":"Weathertop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathertop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_DLC_review-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlineshutdown-14"}],"text":"Hugo Weaving reprises his role as Elrond. He is the only original cast member to appear in the game outside of cutscenes.The Lord of the Rings: Conquest was announced on May 8, 2008 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. It was promoted at E3 2008, where the press were able to play a build of the game. It made an appearance at German Games Convention in that same year.[7] Pandemic Studios began by creating the battlefields seen in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, then included additional locales. They cited the films as their primary source of inspiration, but noted that when necessary they took liberties to apply those stories to an action video game. Pandemic sought to create a \"hyper real\" experience according to Gewirtz.[9] In an example he stated that rather than take Aragorn actor Viggo Mortensen's performance, the character in the game performs moves which Mortensen himself may not have been able to capture. The books were a secondary source of inspiration for locales and battles.[9] In early hands-on demos to the press several features, such as animal mounts, were not yet available. During subsequent demonstrations the press noticed vast improvements, and eventually the inclusion of mounts.[7][10]Developers updated their engine to allow for 150 units to be on the battlefield at one time. The game is powered by an upgraded version of Pandemic Studios' Zero engine, and was developed by the same team that worked on the first two Star Wars: Battlefront installments. Conquest director Eric Gewirtz said the team was \"throwing around these ideas, and in perfect serendipity, happened to get access to the Lord of the Rings license, and that was just the center for us on making this game.\"[9] Howard Shore's music, composed for the film trilogy, was used in the game.[10] The film actors reprise their roles in cutscenes, which are archived footage from the film. In-game likenesses are based on their film counterparts. Hugo Weaving reprises his role as Elrond and serves as the game's narrator. All other cast members were replaced by voice doubles. Chris Edgerly voices Aragorn, Crispin Freeman voices Legolas, Martin Jarvis voices the white wizard Gandalf, and Yuri Lowenthal stands in for Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins.[11]The game was first released in North America on January 13, 2009, with a European release following three days later on January 16, 2009. The first downloadable content (DLC) was released on January 29, 2009, for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. It featured two maps for the game mode Hero Arena, which was not in the shipped game due to time constraints. This mode allows for arena-style battles with up to three friends. The maps themselves are merely broken down versions of levels in the campaigns, specifically sections of Osgiliath and Moria. A second pack of downloadable content was released February 26, 2009, on the same platforms which contained three new heroes, Boromir, Arwen and Gothmog, two new maps, Amon Hen and Last Alliance, and two new Hero Arenas, Minas Tirith and Weathertop.[12] On March 16, 2010, just over a year after the game's release, the online multiplayer modes of Conquest were shut down by publisher Electronic Arts.[13]","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-15"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG_review-16"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_review-7"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_360_review-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_PS3_review-18"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamespot_review-9"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_review-19"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_PC_review-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_DS_review-4"},{"link_name":"Official Xbox Magazine (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OXM_review-23"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCG_Review-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer_review-25"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG_review-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_360_review-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_PS3_review-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OXM_review-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_360_review-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_PS3_review-18"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"CVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG_review-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_PC_review-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_review-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_review-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"griefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griefer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.V._Club_review-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_360_review-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_PS3_review-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_review-19"},{"link_name":"besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OXM_review-23"},{"link_name":"saves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"checkpoint system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_review-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_360_review-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_PS3_review-18"},{"link_name":"moonwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Former King of Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Two Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Worlds_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"claymation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_review-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG_review-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OXM_review-23"},{"link_name":"Wormtongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue"},{"link_name":"Isengard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isengard"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG_review-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_PC_review-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_360_review-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_PS3_review-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_PC_review-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OXM_review-23"},{"link_name":"Hugo Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Weaving"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG_review-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_X360/PS3_review-21"},{"link_name":"bots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_game_bot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_review-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.V._Club_review-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_PC_review-22"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar_review-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_DS_review-4"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic55/100[14]Review scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video Games4/10[15]Eurogamer5/10[6]Game Informer4.75/10[16][17]GameSpot6.5/10[8]GameSpy2.5/5[18]GamesRadar+2/10[19]IGNXbox 360/PlayStation 3: 6.0/10[20]PC: 7.0/10[21]DS: 6.7/10[4]Official Xbox Magazine (US)4/10[22]PC Gamer (UK)61%[23]VideoGamer.com6/10[24]Reception for The Lord of the Rings: Conquest was mixed, with critics unfavorably comparing the game to Star Wars: Battlefront.[15][16][17][19][20][22] IGN felt the game \"offers much sound and fury but little substance [...] the single-player campaign is rudimentary and brief and the multiplayer modes are fairly few\", although complimented the presentation as \"[doing] a pretty good job of evoking the rich universe of Middle Earth\".[20] Game Informer called the game \"a joyless trip through familiar territories, and sadly, nothing more than that\".[16][17] GamesRadar+ panned the game as lacking even \"one redeeming quality\" and built on \"foundations of poor mechanics, horrible presentation, dull combat, worthless maps, and total contempt for the mythology\".[19]The game's combat was criticized by reviewers. CVG found battles to be repetitive and becoming mere \"hack 'n [sic] slash scuffles\".[15] IGN complained about the \"poorly designed\" combat as a whole, in that the player can \"[slam] buttons and [see] no result\". They further criticized it as redundant, stating that all four classes were essentially identical to play as, even between the two separate campaigns, and that heroes were merely \"class characters on steroids\".[21] GamesRadar+ lamented the \"intangible and repetitive\" combat and the \"incompetent\" combo system.[19] GameSpy described it as \"lacking [...] So many other games have executed third-person combat in more engaging ways that it's hard to settle for less.\"[18] Eurogamer also mentioned the movement system as being unrealistic, highlighting that if the player falls from a high position they \"won't so much as buckle at the knee\".[6]Balance issues were also commented on. IGN found the mage class to be overpowered[20] and The A.V. Club similarly felt that, due to the mage's ability to heal himself, the class was \"the correct choice 90 percent of the time\". The scout class was also labelled as \"a griefer's dream\" in multiplayer.[25] Both GameInformer and GameSpy criticized that the player was often unable to defend themselves against an onslaught of enemies, with the latter writing \"It's entirely too easy for you to be knocked helpless and killed in an instant, resulting in many moments where you've lost control of your character.\"[16][17][18] Official Xbox Magazine lamented the objectives where the player must hold a position for a certain length of time while being besieged by enemies, a common problem being that, if the player is killed, by the time the player has respawned, the location has been overrun before they have a chance to fight back.[22] Similarly, the lack of mid-level saves or a checkpoint system was also disliked by IGN, forcing the player to restart a level if they fail an objective.[20]The game was criticized for its technical issues, in particular the AI. IGN listed glitches such as an enemy boss walking off a cliff and \"saving us the bother of having to defeat him in combat\".[20] Eurogamer stated that the player's allies were \"AI-impoverished\", stepping into the player's line of fire \"before sauntering off unscathed and oblivious\",[6] while Game Informer felt the AI appeared to be \"tripping on acid as they stare blankly at walls and sunsets\". Game Informer also cited other technical issues, such as the player character being \"yanked off of a ledge by a mysterious force\" and the game failing to register button-inputs.[16][17]The graphics and animations of the game were considered substandard. GamesRadar+ chastised the game as presenting \"a band of wooden-legged freaks who moonwalk like the Former King of Pop [...] the gimpiest horses since Two Worlds\", and likened some of the creature character models to \"claymation diarrhea.\"[19] IGN stated that \"friend and foe alike blend into one messy brown blur\".[20] GameSpy called the graphics \"lackluster\" and the environments \"bland\", feeling that the backgrounds were lacking in detail.[18] Some reviewers also complained about the lack of enemies on screen, CVG saying that the \"cardboard cut-outs in the background\" were the most exciting part of a battle.[15][22]Reviewers cited poor characterization and plot, with CVG criticizing Wormtongue's participation in the battle of Isengard.[15][19] IGN wrote that the narrative was \"decently presented\" and praised the game for its \"easily recognizable\" locations, but felt the plot for the Rise of Sauron campaign \"could have been stronger\".[21] Game Informer believed that there was no story of any kind \"outside of clips stolen from the motion picture\".[16][17] IGN commended the musical score and claimed that dedicated fans of online, class-based games and The Lord of the Rings would enjoy the game,[21] a view not shared by Official Xbox Magazine who believed that fans of the books would be the most likely to hate it.[22] The voice acting was panned by IGN as being \"universally bad\", with the exception of Hugo Weaving's narration.[20] Another common source of annoyance was the in-game announcer, who \"bellow[s]\" objectives and hints to the player incessantly[15][19] \"in one of the most insanely irritating voices in videogame history\".[20]The game's multiplayer was regarded as a disappointment by Eurogamer, finding that the game's servers were marred by connection problems and lag, even without the maximum numbers of players. They also cited a lack of bots as a weakness, the \"wide, open levels [feeling] sparse and under-populated\" without them.[6] The A.V. Club slated online play as \"glitchy\", sometimes placing the player \"in a one-on-one match of capture the flag\".[25] IGN found that the multiplayer to a lesser extent \"is hit by many of the same pitfalls as the single-player, which is to say that it gets redundant a little too quickly.\"[21] GamesRadar wrote that \"There isn't an online gamer, Battlefront player, Dynasty Warriors nerd, movie buff, or Lord of the Rings fanatic on Earth who could be satisfied with Conquest.\"[19]The DS version of the game was also criticized for similar complaints. IGN marred the version as having AI problems, with the player's allies \"[running] around like a Hobbit with its head cut off\". The lack of checkpoints and sub-standard graphics were also raised, along with lag during multiplayer and combat being unsatisfying, not getting \"a sense that you are clashing swords and armor with your opponents\". IGN also pointed out that the game seems much as though \"the license is really just skinned onto capture the flag\".[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Artificial Mind & Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Mind_%26_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_DS_review-4"}],"text":"^ Additional development of the Nintendo DS version by Artificial Mind & Movement.[4]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Players have the ability to ride animal mounts and slay large enemies, such as the Oliphaunt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Lotr_conquest_oliphant.png/220px-Lotr_conquest_oliphant.png"},{"image_text":"Hugo Weaving reprises his role as Elrond. He is the only original cast member to appear in the game outside of cutscenes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Hugo_w_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Page 2 | The Lord of the Rings: Conquest\". Eurogamer.net. December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-hands-on?page=2","url_text":"\"Page 2 | The Lord of the Rings: Conquest\""}]},{"reference":"Press Release (October 30, 2008). \"Prepare to Choose the Path of Good or Evil with Pandemic Studios' Lord of the Rings: Conquest\". IGN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120035714/http://pc.ign.com/articles/925/925513p1.html","url_text":"\"Prepare to Choose the Path of Good or Evil with Pandemic Studios' Lord of the Rings: Conquest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/925/925513p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Maarten (October 30, 2008). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Conquers January\". Shacknews. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/55639","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Conquers January\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419191146/http://www.shacknews.com/article/55639/the-lord-of-the-rings","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Daemon (January 13, 2009). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds.ign.com/articles/944/944770p1.html","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120611082734/http://ds.ign.com/articles/944/944770p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parkin, Simon (January 16, 2009). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120725175621/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roper, Chris (August 21, 2008). \"GC 2008: The Lord of the Rings: Conquest hands-on\". IGN. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/21/gc-2008-the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-hands-on","url_text":"\"GC 2008: The Lord of the Rings: Conquest hands-on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101061408/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/21/gc-2008-the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-hands-on","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Watters, Chris (December 9, 2008). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review/1900-6203224/","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165704/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review/1900-6203224/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roper, Chris (May 8, 2008). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest unveiled\". IGN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/08/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-unveiled","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170316211919/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/08/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-unveiled","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ahearn, Nate (December 11, 2008). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest progress report\". IGN. Retrieved March 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/11/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-progress-report","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest progress report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest cast and crew\". IMDb. 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Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121181359/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=205568","url_text":"\"Gandalf, forgive me\""},{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=205568","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reiner, Andrew (January 13, 2009). \"Worse than a job as a hobbit pedicurist\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820004436/http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/FADFCF36-F841-4E48-9B2E-D28550FBAD46.htm?CS_pid=200506","url_text":"\"Worse than a job as a hobbit pedicurist\""},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/FADFCF36-F841-4E48-9B2E-D28550FBAD46.htm?CS_pid=200506","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reiner, Andrew (January 13, 2009). \"Worse than a job as a hobbit pedicurist\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. 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GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-10/","url_text":"\"One ring to screw it all up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190607124541/https://www.gamesradar.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-10/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Dave (January 16, 2009). \"Lord of the Rings Conquest UK Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.ign.com/articles/2009/01/16/lord-of-the-rings-conquest-uk-review","url_text":"\"Lord of the Rings Conquest UK Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230927083944/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/16/lord-of-the-rings-conquest-uk-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ahearn, Nate (January 16, 2009). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/16/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201204090102/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/16/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Talbot, Ben (January 16, 2009). \"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest\". OXM. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090119230226/http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=7911","url_text":"\"The Lord of the Rings: Conquest\""},{"url":"http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=7911","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rossignol, Jim (February 12, 2009), Lord of the Rings Conquest, PC Gamer UK","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kelly, Neon (January 16, 2009). \"LotR: Conquest Review\". VideoGamer. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review","url_text":"\"LotR: Conquest Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165704/https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-conquest-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teti, John (January 26, 2009). \"Lord Of The Rings: Conquest\". A.V. Club. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://games.avclub.com/lord-of-the-rings-conquest-1798215579/","url_text":"\"Lord Of The Rings: Conquest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165707/https://games.avclub.com/lord-of-the-rings-conquest-1798215579","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Augustan_Confession_in_Romania
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania
["1 History","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 20th century","2 Churches","3 References","4 External links"]
Lutheran church in Romania You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Romanian. (August 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Romanian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Romanian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ro|Biserica Evanghelică de Confesiune Augustană din România}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in RomaniaEvangelische Kirche Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses in Rumänien (de)Biserica Evanghelică de Confesiune Augustană în România (ro)Black Church, BrașovAbbreviationBECARTypeWestern ChristianityClassificationProtestantOrientationLutheranismScriptureBiblePolitySynodalBishopReinhart GuibDistricts5Parishes233Associations Lutheran World Federation Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe Conference of European Churches World Council of Churches RegionRomaniaLanguageGermanHeadquartersStr. General Magheru nr.4, SibiuFounderJohannes HonterOrigin1542Separated fromRoman Catholic ChurchSeparationsEvangelical Lutheran Church of Romania (1920)Congregations254Members3,373 (2022)Priests44Tertiary institutionsProtestant Theological Institute of ClujOfficial websiteevang.ro The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania (German: Evangelische Kirche A.B. in Rumänien, Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică de Confesiune Augustană în România) is a German-speaking Lutheran church in Romania, mainly based in Transylvania. As a Lutheran church, it adheres to the Augsburg Confession. Its history goes back to the 12th century when the Transylvanian Saxons arrived in the region, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The church has altar and pulpit fellowship with, but is distinct from, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Romania, which is mainly Hungarian-speaking. It also cooperates with the Calvinist Reformed Church in Romania. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2021) Beginnings The history of the Evangelical (Lutheran) Church in the territory of today's Romania finds its beginnings in the mid-16th century, through the humanist cartographer and reformer Johannes Honterus. Martin Luther's writings had been brought and spread in Transylvania as early as 1519, but the real reformation among the German Catholic population took place in 1542 (or 1543) with the publication of Reformationsbüchlein by Honterus in his own printing house in Brașov (German: Kronstadt). In 1572, the Synod of Mediasch (Romanian: Mediaș) accepted the "Augsburg Confession", one of the most important doctrinal documents of Evangelical Lutheranism (presented in 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg), as the basis for preaching and church life. In the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania (under Turkish control), the church enjoyed much religious freedom. However this changed when it came under Habsburg control, with the Catholic Church having privileged status. 20th century The organization of the German and Hungarian Lutheran church in Transylvania in 1904 The Lutheran German minority was highly persecuted during the communist era. The church activities were surveyed by the Securitate, its school system and the diaconal institutions were dismantled. This resulted in an increasing emigration of members. After the 1989 revolution (and the opening of the borders), many Germans left the country, which decimated the number of members in the church. Since 1994 female ordination is allowed. Churches One of the Lutheran fortified churches in Biertan Church on the Hill, Sighișoara Saint Mary Cathedral, Sibiu Black Church, Brașov Lutheran Church, Bucharest Valea Viilor fortified church, Sibiu County Saint Bartholomew Church, Brașov References ^ "Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-11-27. ^ a b c "World Council of Churches: Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania". Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-08-25. ^ a b c "Secretariatul de stat pentru culte: Biserica Evanghelică C.A. din România" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2021-08-25. ^ (Latin: "Reformatio ecclesiae Coronensis ac totius Barcensis provinciae" (1543), German: "Reformationsbüchlein für Kronstadt und das Burzenland", Romanian: "Cărticica de reformă pentru Brașov și Țara Bârsei") ^ "Geschichte" (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-05-01. Retrieved 2023-05-01. External links Official website (in German and Romanian) vteChristianity in RomaniaEastern ChristianityEastern OrthodoxEasternOrthodoxChurch Romanian Orthodox Church Army of the Lord Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara Old Believers Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church True Orthodox Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolic Church Catholic Armenian Catholic Church Greek Catholic Church Protestant Evangelical Church of Romania Western ChristianityCatholic Roman Catholic Church ProtestantMagisterialLutheran Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession Evangelical Lutheran Church Calvinist Reformed Church Reformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe Anglican Anglican Church of the Resurrection RadicalAnabaptist Mennonites Nazarene Unitarian Unitarian Church of Transylvania EvangelicalBaptist Baptist Union of Romania Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania PlymouthBrethren Christian Evangelical Church of Romania Pentecostal Assemblies of God Apostolic Church of God Adventist Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement RestorationistMormonism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Romania Irvingism New Apostolic Church BibleStudents Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania ^ a b c Part of the Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe ^ a b c Part of the Romanian Evangelical Alliance vtePrincipal religions of RomaniaState-recognised Armenian Apostolic Church Baptist Union of Romania Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches Christian Evangelical Church Evangelical Church Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession Evangelical Lutheran Church Islam Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania Judaism Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church Pentecostal Union of Romania Reformed Church Roman Catholic Church Armenian Catholic Vicariate Romanian Greek Catholic Church Romanian Orthodox Church Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate Army of the Lord Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara Unitarian Church of Transylvania Main religions in the localities (2002)Semi-recognised(as a religious association,but not a denomination) Assemblies of God Baháʼí Faith Harvest Nazarene New Apostolic Church Old Calendar Orthodox Church Pentecostal Church of God Renovatio Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Not state-recognised Anglicanism Hinduism Inochentism Mormonism Zalmoxianism Others Irreligion in Romania vteLutheran World FederationAfricaCentral and Eastern AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo Evangelical Lutheran Church in Congo Eritrea Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea Ethiopia Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Kenya Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya Kenya Evangelical Lutheran Church Madagascar Malagasy Lutheran Church Rwanda Lutheran Church of Rwanda Tanzania Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania Southern AfricaAngola Evangelical Lutheran Church of 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Lutheran Church Pakpak Dairi Christian Protestant Church Protestant Christian Batak Church Protestant Christian Church Protestant Christian Church in Mentawai Simalungun Protestant Christian Church United Protestant Church Malaysia Basel Christian Church of Malaysia Evangelical Lutheran Church in Malaysia Lutheran Church in Malaysia Protestant Church in Sabah Papua New Guinea Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea Gutnius Lutheran Church Philippines Lutheran Church in the Philippines Singapore Lutheran Church in Singapore Thailand Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thailand EuropeAustria Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria Belarus Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia and Other States Belgium Lutheran Church of Belgium: Arlon and Christian Mission Croatia Evangelical Church in the Republic of Croatia Czech Republic Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession Denmark Church of Denmark Estonia Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church Finland Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland France Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine United Protestant Church of France Malagasy Protestant Church in France Germany Evangelical Lutheran Church in Baden Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church Abroad Church of Lippe (Lutheran classis) Evangelical Church in Middle Germany Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe Lutheran Church in Württemberg Hungary Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary Iceland Church of Iceland Ireland Lutheran Church in Ireland Italy Lutheran Evangelical Church in Italy Latvia Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia Lithuania Evangelical Lutheran Church in Lithuania Netherlands Protestant Church in the Netherlands Norway Church of Norway 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in America Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada Latin America Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chile Salvadorean Lutheran Synod United Evangelical Lutheran Church Mar Thoma ChurchGlobal Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar MethodismAfrica Methodist Church Ghana Methodist Church in Kenya Methodist Church in Zimbabwe Methodist Church Nigeria United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast Asia Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands Korean Methodist Church Methodist Church in India Methodist Church in Indonesia Methodist Church in Malaysia Methodist Church in Singapore Methodist Church in Sri Lanka Methodist Church, Upper Myanmar Protestant Methodist Church in Benin Europe Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy Methodist Church Methodist Church in Ireland North America African Methodist Episcopal Church African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Christian Methodist Episcopal Church United 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Old-CatholicEurope Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany Old Catholic Church of Austria Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland Old Catholic Mariavite Church in Poland Polish Catholic Church in Poland PentecostalAfrica Evangelical Pentecostal Mission of Angola Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa North America International Evangelical Church Latin America Association The Church of God Christian Biblical Church Free Pentecostal Missions Church of Chile Pentecostal Church of Chile Pentecostal Mission Church Oriental OrthodoxyAfrica Coptic Orthodox Church Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Eastern Asia Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Europe & Western Asia Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East Armenian Apostolic Church (Holy See of Cilicia) Armenian Apostolic Church (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin) ReformedAfrica African Protestant Church Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod Evangelical Community in Congo Presbyterian Community in Congo Presbyterian Community in Kinshasa Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar Evangelical Church of Cameroon Evangelical Church of Congo Evangelical Church of Gabon Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana Evangelical Presbyterian Church in South Africa Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Togo Evangelical Reformed Church of Angola Lesotho Evangelical Church Presbyterian Church in Cameroon Presbyterian Church in Rwanda Presbyterian Church of Africa Presbyterian Church of Cameroon Presbyterian Church of East Africa Presbyterian Church of Ghana Presbyterian Church in Liberia Presbyterian Church of Mozambique Presbyterian Church of Nigeria Presbyterian Church of South Sudan Protestant Church of Algeria Reformed Church in Zambia Reformed Church in Zimbabwe Reformed Church of Christ for Nations Reformed Presbyterian Church of Equatorial Guinea Asia Central Sulawesi Christian Church Christian Church of Sumba Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa Christian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud Church of Christ in Thailand Church of North India Church of Pakistan Church of South India East Java Christian Church Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Iran Evangelical Church in Kalimantan Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China Indonesian Christian Church Synod Javanese Christian Churches Karo Batak Protestant Church Korean Christian Church in Japan Mara Evangelical Church National Evangelical Synod of Syria and Lebanon Pasundan Christian Church Presbyterian Church in Taiwan Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea Presbyterian Church of Korea Presbyterian Church of Pakistan Protestant Christian Church in Bali Protestant Church in Indonesia Protestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi Protestant Church in the Moluccas Protestant Church in Western Indonesia Protestant Church in East Timor Protestant Evangelical Church in Timor Toraja Church Europe Church of Scotland Czechoslovak Hussite Church Dutch Reformed Church Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren Evangelical Church of the Augsburg and Helvetic Confessions in Austria Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal Greek Evangelical Church Presbyterian Church of Wales Protestant Church in Germany Church of Lippe Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany Protestant Church in the Netherlands Protestant Church of Switzerland Reformed Christian Church in Serbia Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia Reformed Church in Hungary Reformed Church in Romania Remonstrant Brotherhood Spanish Evangelical Church North America Hungarian Reformed Church in America Presbyterian Church in Canada Presbyterian Church (USA) Reformed Church in America Latin America Evangelical Church of the River Plate Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil Presbyterian Church of Colombia Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago Presbyterian-Reformed Church in Cuba Oceania Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa Congregational Christian Church in Samoa Congregational Christian Church of Niue Congregational Christian Church of Tuvalu Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands Kiribati Uniting Church Maohi Protestant Church Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu United christianityAfrica United Church of Christ in Zimbabwe United Church of Zambia United Congregational Church of Southern Africa Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa Asia China Christian Council Church of Bangladesh Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East United Church of Christ in Japan United Church of Christ in the Philippines Europe Protestant Church in Germany Bremen Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Oberlausitz Rhineland Anhalt Kurhessen-Waldeck Palatinate Westphalia Baden Hesse and Nassau Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine Union of Welsh Independents United Free Church of Scotland United Protestant Church in Belgium United Protestant Church of France Uniting Church in Sweden Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches North America International Council of Community Churches United Church of Canada United Church of Christ Latin America United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands United Presbyterian Church of Brazil United Protestant Church of Curaçao Oceania United Church in Papua New Guinea United Church in the Solomon Islands United Church of Christ - Congregational in the Marshall Islands Uniting Church in Australia Africa AACC OAIC Asia CCA NCCA NCCP MECC PCC Europe CEC CCCAAE Latin America CCC LACC North America CCE NCC This article relating to Lutheranism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Christian denomination is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Romania-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"German-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"altar and pulpit fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_and_pulpit_fellowship"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Reformed Church in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCC-2"}],"text":"The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania (German: Evangelische Kirche A.B. [Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses] in Rumänien, Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică de Confesiune Augustană în România) is a German-speaking Lutheran church in Romania, mainly based in Transylvania. As a Lutheran church, it adheres to the Augsburg Confession. Its history goes back to the 12th century when the Transylvanian Saxons arrived in the region, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary.[1]The church has altar and pulpit fellowship with, but is distinct from, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Romania, which is mainly Hungarian-speaking. It also cooperates with the Calvinist Reformed Church in Romania.[2]","title":"Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"cartographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Johannes Honterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Honter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secretariat_stat-3"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"Mediasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Diet of Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg#The_Diet_of_1530_and_the_Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secretariat_stat-3"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Turkish control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCC-2"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secretariat_stat-3"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"The history of the Evangelical (Lutheran) Church in the territory of today's Romania finds its beginnings in the mid-16th century, through the humanist cartographer and reformer Johannes Honterus.[3] Martin Luther's writings had been brought and spread in Transylvania as early as 1519, but the real reformation among the German Catholic population took place in 1542 (or 1543) with the publication of Reformationsbüchlein by Honterus in his own printing house in Brașov (German: Kronstadt).[4]In 1572, the Synod of Mediasch (Romanian: Mediaș) accepted the \"Augsburg Confession\", one of the most important doctrinal documents of Evangelical Lutheranism (presented in 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg), as the basis for preaching and church life.[3]In the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania (under Turkish control), the church enjoyed much religious freedom.[2] However this changed when it came under Habsburg control, with the Catholic Church having privileged status.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evangelische_Kirche_in_Siebenbuergen_1904.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"communist era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Securitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitate"},{"link_name":"1989 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCC-2"},{"link_name":"female ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Protestant_denominations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"The organization of the German and Hungarian Lutheran church in Transylvania in 1904The Lutheran German minority was highly persecuted during the communist era. The church activities were surveyed by the Securitate, its school system and the diaconal institutions were dismantled. This resulted in an increasing emigration of members. After the 1989 revolution (and the opening of the borders), many Germans left the country, which decimated the number of members in the church.[2]Since 1994 female ordination is allowed.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirchenburg_Birth%C3%A4lm.jpg"},{"link_name":"fortified churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_with_fortified_churches_in_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Biertan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biertan_fortified_church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_chiesa_sulla_collina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_on_the_Hill_(Sighi%C8%99oara)"},{"link_name":"Sighișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_SB_Saint_Mary_Lutheran_church_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu_Lutheran_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biserica_Neagra_Brasov.JPG"},{"link_name":"Black Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Neagr%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biserica_Lutherana_din_Bucuresti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheran_Church_(Bucharest)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valea_Viilor_Biserica_fortificata.JPG"},{"link_name":"Valea Viilor fortified church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Viilor_fortified_church"},{"link_name":"Sibiu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biserica_Sfantul_Bartolomeu_Brasov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"}],"text":"One of the Lutheran fortified churches in Biertan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch on the Hill, Sighișoara\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Mary Cathedral, Sibiu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Church, Brașov\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLutheran Church, Bucharest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tValea Viilor fortified church, Sibiu County\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Bartholomew Church, Brașov","title":"Churches"}]
[{"image_text":"The organization of the German and Hungarian Lutheran church in Transylvania in 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Evangelische_Kirche_in_Siebenbuergen_1904.JPG/220px-Evangelische_Kirche_in_Siebenbuergen_1904.JPG"},{"image_text":"Main religions in the localities (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Romania_harta_religiilor_2002.PNG/200px-Romania_harta_religiilor_2002.PNG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013044518/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/romania/evangelical-lutheran-church-of-the-augsburg-confession-in-romania.html","url_text":"\"Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania\""},{"url":"http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/romania/evangelical-lutheran-church-of-the-augsburg-confession-in-romania.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Council of Churches: Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania\". Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/evangelical-church-of-the-augsburg-confession-in-romania","url_text":"\"World Council of Churches: Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825185035/https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/evangelical-church-of-the-augsburg-confession-in-romania","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretariatul de stat pentru culte: Biserica Evanghelică C.A. din România\" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181120135728/http://culte.gov.ro/?page_id=726","url_text":"\"Secretariatul de stat pentru culte: Biserica Evanghelică C.A. din România\""},{"url":"http://culte.gov.ro/?page_id=726","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geschichte\" (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-05-01. Retrieved 2023-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evang.ro/geschichte/","url_text":"\"Geschichte\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230501191032/https://www.evang.ro/geschichte/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodollars
Eurodollar
["1 History","2 Market size","3 Futures contracts","3.1 How the Eurodollar futures contract works","3.2 History","3.3 Eurodollar futures contract as synthetic loan","3.4 Other features of Eurodollar futures","4 Sweeps","5 See also","6 References"]
U.S. dollars held in banks outside the U.S. This article is about the time deposits. For the currency of the European Union, see Euro. Eurodollars are U.S. dollars held in time deposit accounts in banks outside the United States, which are not subject to the legal jurisdiction of the U.S. Federal Reserve. Consequently, such deposits are subject to much less regulation than deposits within the U.S. The term was originally applied to U.S. dollar accounts held in banks situated in Europe, but it expanded over the years to cover US dollar accounts held anywhere outside the U.S. Thus, a U.S. dollar-denominated deposit in Tokyo or Beijing would likewise be deemed a Eurodollar deposit (sometimes an Asiadollar). The offshore locations of the Eurodollar make it exposed to potential country risk and economic risk. There is no connection with the euro currency of the European Union. More generally, the euro- prefix can be used to indicate any currency held in a country where it is not the official currency, broadly termed "eurocurrency", for example, Euroyen or even Euroeuro. History After World War II, the quantity of physical U.S. dollar banknotes outside the United States increased significantly, as a result of both the dollar funding of the Marshall Plan and from dollar proceeds of European exports to the U.S., which had become the largest consumer market. As a result, large amounts of U.S. dollar banknotes were in the custody of foreign banks outside the United States. Some foreign countries, including the Soviet Union, also had deposits in U.S. dollars in American banks, evidenced by certificates of deposit. Various narrations are given of the creation of the first eurodollar account, but most trace back to Communist governments keeping dollar deposits abroad. In one version, the first eurodollar account was created in France in favour of Communist China, which in 1949 managed to move almost all of its U.S. dollar banknotes to the Soviet-owned Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord in Paris before the United States froze its remaining U.S. situated assets during the Korean War. In another version, the first eurodollar account was created by an English bank in favour of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, following the invasion of Hungary in 1956, as the Soviet Union feared that its deposits in North American banks would be frozen as a sanction. It therefore decided to move some of its U.S. dollars held directly in North American banks to the Moscow Narodny Bank, an English limited liability company registered in London in 1919, whose shares were owned by the Soviet Union. The English bank would then re-deposit the dollars into U.S. banks. Thus although in reality the dollars never left North America, there would be no chance of the U.S. confiscating that money, because now it belonged legally to the British bank and not directly to the Soviets, the beneficial owners. Accordingly, on 28 February 1957, the sum of $800,000 was duly transferred, creating the first eurodollars. Initially dubbed "Eurobank dollars" after the bank's telex address, they eventually became known as "eurodollars" as such deposits were at first held mostly by European banks and financial institutions. City of London banks, such as Midland Bank, now part of HSBC, and their offshore holding companies also played a major role in holding the deposits. In the mid-1950s, Eurodollar trading and its development into a dominant world currency began when the Soviet Union wanted better interest rates on their Eurodollars and convinced an Italian banking cartel to give them more interest than could have been earned if the dollars were deposited in the U.S. The Italian bankers then had to find customers ready to borrow the Soviet dollars and pay above the U.S. legal interest-rate caps for their use, and were able to do so; thus, Eurodollars began to be used increasingly in global finance. Being a riskier asset than dollars held directly in U.S. bank accounts, Eurodollars demand in compensation a higher interest rate. U.S. banks, which hold required reserve accounts at the U.S. Federal Reserve, can receive unlimited financial support from the Fed if necessary, and are thus unlikely to become bankrupt. Thus, U.S. dollar deposits in U.S. banks are inherently less risky than Eurodollar deposits in banks which have no possibility of financial support from the Fed. By the end of 1970, 385 billion eurodollars were held in offshore bank accounts. These deposits were lent on as U.S. dollar loans to businesses in other countries where interest rates on loans were perhaps much higher in the local currency, and where the businesses were exporting to the U.S. and receiving payment in dollars, thereby avoiding foreign exchange risk on their funding arrangements. Several factors led eurodollars to overtake certificates of deposit (CDs) issued by U.S. banks as the primary private short-term money market instruments by the 1980s, including: The successive balance of payments deficits of the United States, causing a net outflow of dollars; Regulation Q, the U.S. Federal Reserve's ceiling on interest payable on domestic deposits during the high inflation of the 1970s Eurodollar deposits were a cheaper source of funds because they were free of reserve requirements and deposit insurance assessments Market size Since the Eurodollar market is not run by any government agency its growth is hard to estimate. However, the Eurodollar market is by a wide margin the largest source of global finance. In 1997, nearly 90% of all international loans were made this way. In December 1985 the Eurodollar market was estimated by J.P. Morgan Guaranty bank to have a net size of 1.668 trillion. In 2016, the Eurodollar market size was estimated at around 13.833 trillion. Futures contracts The Eurodollar futures contract refers to the financial futures contract based upon these deposits, traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). More specifically, Eurodollar futures contracts are derivatives on the interest rate paid on those deposits. A Eurodollar future is a cash settled futures contract whose price moves in response to the LIBOR interest rate. Eurodollar futures are a way for companies and banks to lock in an interest rate today, for money they intend to borrow or lend in the future. Each CME Eurodollar futures contract has a notional or "face value" of $1 million, though the leverage used in futures allows one contract to be traded with a margin of about one thousand dollars. CME Eurodollar futures prices are determined by the market's forecast of the 3-month USD LIBOR interest rate expected to prevail on the settlement date. A price of 95.00 implies an interest rate of 100.00 - 95.00, or 5%. The settlement price of a contract is defined to be 100.00 minus the official British Bankers' Association fixing of 3-month LIBOR on the day the contract is settled. How the Eurodollar futures contract works For example, if on a particular day an investor buys a single three-month contract at 95.00 (implied settlement LIBOR of 5.00%): if at the close of business on that day, the contract price has risen to 95.01 (implying a LIBOR decrease to 4.99%), US$25 will be bought from the investor's margin account; or if at the close of business on that day, the contract price has fallen to 94.99 (implying a LIBOR increase to 5.01%), US$25 will be sold from the investor's margin account. On the settlement date, the settlement price is determined by the actual LIBOR fixing for that day rather than a market-determined contract price. History The Eurodollar futures contract was launched in 1981, as the first cash-settled futures contract. People reportedly camped out the night before the contract's open, flooding the pit when the CME opened the doors. That trading pit was the largest pit ever, nearly the size of a football field, and quickly became one of the most active on the trading floor, with over 1500 traders and clerks coming to work every day on what was then known as the CME's upper trading floor. That floor is no longer, with the CME having moved over to the CBOT's trading floor and 98% of Eurodollar trading now done electronically. Eurodollar futures contract as synthetic loan A single Eurodollar future is similar to a forward rate agreement to borrow or lend US$1,000,000 for three months starting on the contract settlement date. Buying the contract is equivalent to lending money, and selling the contract short is equivalent to borrowing money. Consider an investor who agreed to lend US$1,000,000 on a particular date for three months at 5.00% per annum (months are calculated on a 30/360 basis). Interest received in 3 months' time would be US$1,000,000 × 5.00% × 90 / 360 = US$12,500. If the following day, the investor is able to lend money from the same start date at 5.01%, he or she would be able to earn US$1,000,000 × 5.01% × 90 / 360 = US$12,525 of interest. Since the investor only is earning US$12,500 of interest, he or she has lost US$25 as a result of interest rate moves. On the other hand, if the following day, the investor is able to lend money from the same start date only at 4.99%, he or she would be able to earn only US$1,000,000 × 4.99% × 90 / 360 = US$12,475 of interest. Since the investor is in fact earning US$12,500 of interest, he or she has gained US$25 as a result of interest rate moves. This demonstrates the similarity. However, the contract is also different from a loan in several important respects: In an actual loan, the US$25 per basis point is earned or lost at the end of the three-month loan, not up front. That means that the profit or loss per 0.01% change in interest rate as of the start date of the loan (i.e., its present value) is less than US$25. Moreover, the present value change per 0.01% change in interest rate is higher in low interest rate environments and lower in high interest rate environments. This is to say that an actual loan has convexity. A Eurodollar future pays US$25 per 0.01% change in interest rate no matter what the interest rate environment, which means it does not have convexity. This is one reason that Eurodollar futures are not a perfect proxy for expected interest rates. This difference can be adjusted for by reference to the implied volatility of options on Eurodollar futures. In an actual loan, the lender takes credit risk to a borrower. In Eurodollar futures, the principal of the loan is never disbursed, so the credit risk is only on the margin account balance. Moreover, even that risk is the risk of the clearinghouse, which is considerably lower than even unsecured single-A credit risk. Other features of Eurodollar futures 40 quarterly expirations and 4 serial expirations are listed in the Eurodollar contract. This means that on 1 January 2011, the exchange will list 40 quarterly expirations (March, June, September, December for 2011 through 2020), the exchange will also list another four serial (monthly) expirations (January, February, April, May 2011). This extends tradeable contracts over ten years, which provides an excellent picture of the shape of the yield curve. The front-month contracts are among the most liquid futures contracts in the world, with liquidity decreasing for the further out contracts. Total open interest for all contracts is typically over 10 million. The CME Eurodollar futures contract is used to hedge interest rate swaps. There is an arbitrage relationship between the interest rate swap market, the forward rate agreement market and the Eurodollar contract. CME Eurodollar futures can be traded by implementing a spread strategy among multiple contracts to take advantage of movements in the forward curve for future pricing of interest rates. Sweeps This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2013) In United States banking, Eurodollars are a popular option for what are known as "sweeps". Until 21 July 2011, banks were not allowed to pay interest on corporate checking accounts. To accommodate larger businesses, banks may automatically transfer, or sweep, funds from a corporation's checking account into an overnight investment option to effectively earn interest on those funds. Banks usually allow these funds to be swept either into money market mutual funds, or alternately they may be used for bank funding by transferring to an offshore branch of a bank. Today, commercial banks continue to offer many forms of sweep services which tend to give a higher rate of return whilst smaller entities may use a sweep account simply out of convenience. See also Eurobond International status and usage of the euro Petroeuro Swap TED spread References ^ Chen, James. "Eurodollar Definition". Investopedia. Retrieved 23 October 2020. ^ a b Garson, Barbara (2001). Money Makes the World Go Around. Penguin Books. p. 29. ISBN 0-670-86660-1. ^ a b "Adam Smith" (George J.W. George) (1982). Paper Money. London: Macdonald & Co. p. 122. ISBN 0-356-08573-2. ^ Schenk, Catherine R. (April 1998). "The Origins of the Eurodollar Market in London: 1955–1963" (PDF). Explorations in Economic History. 35 (2): 221–238. doi:10.1006/exeh.1998.0693. ^ Willette, Jeff (3 April 2014). "What is a Eurodollar and Why Does it Have a Different Interest Rate?". traderbrains.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014. ^ William Brittain-Catlin: Offshore – The Dark Side of the Global Economy; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, p.8-9 ^ Schenk, p.223 "the supply of Eurodollar facilities is interpreted as a response to a demand for a new way to accommodate US$ surpluses" ^ Regulation Q, Schenk, p.222 ^ a b Galen Burghardt (2003). The Eurodollar Futures and Options Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-141855-5. ^ Nicholas Shaxson (2011). Treasure Islands. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-1-84792-110-9. ^ Harold G. Vatter and John F. Walker (editors): History of the U.S. Economy since World War II; Sharpe, 1996. ^ Nedbank. "The rise and fall of the eurodollar system" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ "Eurodollar Futures Contract Specs - CME Group". www.cmegroup.com. Retrieved 17 April 2020. ^ Eurodollar futures on Wikinvest ^ "Outrights/Vol Scans for Performance Bonds - Margins - CME Group". cmegroup.com. ^ Maidenberg, H.J. (14 December 1981). "Commodities; New Eurodollar Market". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ "Futures & Options Trading". cme.com. vteCurrencies named dollar or similarCirculating Australian dollar Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Brunei dollar Canadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cook Islands dollar Eastern Caribbean dollar Fijian dollar Guyanese dollar Hong Kong dollar Jamaican dollar Kiribati dollar Liberian dollar Namibian dollar New Zealand dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Surinamese dollar New Taiwan dollar Trinidad and Tobago dollar Tuvaluan dollar United States dollar Circulating,but renamed Chinese yuan Ethiopian birr Malaysian ringgit Defunct Antigua dollar British Columbia dollar British North Borneo dollar British West Indies dollar Ceylonese rixdollar Confederate States dollar Continental dollar Danish rigsdaler Danish West Indian daler Danish West Indian rigsdaler Dominican dollar Dutch rijksdaalder Greenlandic rigsdaler Grenadian dollar Hawaiian dollar Japanese occupation dollar Kiautschou dollar Malaya and British Borneo dollar Malayan dollar Mauritian dollar Mongolian dollar Nevisian dollar New Brunswick dollar Newfoundland dollar Norwegian rigsdaler Norwegian speciedaler Nova Scotian dollar Penang dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Puerto Rican dollar Rhodesian dollar Saint Kitts dollar Saint Lucia dollar Saint Vincent dollar Sarawak dollar Sierra Leonean dollar Slovenian tolar Spanish dollar Straits dollar Sumatran dollar Swedish riksdaler Old Taiwan dollar Texas dollar Trinidadian dollar Tobagonian dollar Zimbabwean dollar Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024) Noncirculating Niue dollar Pitcairn Islands dollar Conceptual Eurodollar Petrodollar International dollar (Geary–Khamis dollar) Virtual Linden dollar Project Entropia Dollar Fictional Angus Bucks Private Calgary dollar Canadian Tire money Disney Dollars Liberty dollar Salt Spring dollar Toronto dollar See also Dollar sign Half dollar Quarter dollar Holey dollar Thaler Tolar Trade dollar Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"U.S. dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollar"},{"link_name":"time deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_deposit"},{"link_name":"banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"eurocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocurrency"}],"text":"This article is about the time deposits. For the currency of the European Union, see Euro.Eurodollars are U.S. dollars held in time deposit accounts in banks outside the United States, which are not subject to the legal jurisdiction of the U.S. Federal Reserve. Consequently, such deposits are subject to much less regulation than deposits within the U.S.[citation needed] The term was originally applied to U.S. dollar accounts held in banks situated in Europe, but it expanded over the years to cover US dollar accounts held anywhere outside the U.S. Thus, a U.S. dollar-denominated deposit in Tokyo or Beijing would likewise be deemed a Eurodollar deposit (sometimes an Asiadollar). The offshore locations of the Eurodollar make it exposed to potential country risk and economic risk.[1]There is no connection with the euro currency of the European Union. More generally, the euro- prefix can be used to indicate any currency held in a country where it is not the official currency, broadly termed \"eurocurrency\", for example, Euroyen or even Euroeuro.","title":"Eurodollar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"U.S. dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollar"},{"link_name":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Marshall Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Communist China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Commerciale_pour_l%27Europe_du_Nord_%E2%80%93_Eurobank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garson_2001-2"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"invasion of Hungary in 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956"},{"link_name":"Moscow Narodny Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Narodny_Bank_Limited"},{"link_name":"beneficial owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficial_owner"},{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-3"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"financial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-3"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Midland Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Bank"},{"link_name":"HSBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC"},{"link_name":"holding companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garson_2001-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willette-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_risk"},{"link_name":"certificates of deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_deposit"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"balance of payments deficits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system#The_U.S._balance_of_payments_crisis_.281958.E2.80.9368.29"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burghardt-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burghardt-9"}],"text":"After World War II, the quantity of physical U.S. dollar banknotes outside the United States increased significantly, as a result of both the dollar funding of the Marshall Plan and from dollar proceeds of European exports to the U.S., which had become the largest consumer market.As a result, large amounts of U.S. dollar banknotes were in the custody of foreign banks outside the United States. Some foreign countries, including the Soviet Union, also had deposits in U.S. dollars in American banks, evidenced by certificates of deposit. Various narrations are given of the creation of the first eurodollar account, but most trace back to Communist governments keeping dollar deposits abroad.In one version, the first eurodollar account was created in France in favour of Communist China, which in 1949 managed to move almost all of its U.S. dollar banknotes to the Soviet-owned Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord in Paris before the United States froze its remaining U.S. situated assets during the Korean War.[2]In another version, the first eurodollar account was created by an English bank in favour of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, following the invasion of Hungary in 1956, as the Soviet Union feared that its deposits in North American banks would be frozen as a sanction. It therefore decided to move some of its U.S. dollars held directly in North American banks to the Moscow Narodny Bank, an English limited liability company registered in London in 1919, whose shares were owned by the Soviet Union. The English bank would then re-deposit the dollars into U.S. banks. Thus although in reality the dollars never left North America, there would be no chance of the U.S. confiscating that money, because now it belonged legally to the British bank and not directly to the Soviets, the beneficial owners. Accordingly, on 28 February 1957, the sum of $800,000 was duly transferred, creating the first eurodollars. Initially dubbed \"Eurobank dollars\" after the bank's telex address, they eventually became known as \"eurodollars\"[3] as such deposits were at first held mostly by European banks and financial institutions.[3] City of London banks, such as Midland Bank, now part of HSBC, and their offshore holding companies[4] also played a major role in holding the deposits.In the mid-1950s, Eurodollar trading and its development into a dominant world currency began when the Soviet Union wanted better interest rates on their Eurodollars and convinced an Italian banking cartel to give them more interest than could have been earned if the dollars were deposited in the U.S. The Italian bankers then had to find customers ready to borrow the Soviet dollars and pay above the U.S. legal interest-rate caps for their use, and were able to do so; thus, Eurodollars began to be used increasingly in global finance.[2]Being a riskier asset than dollars held directly in U.S. bank accounts, Eurodollars demand in compensation a higher interest rate. U.S. banks, which hold required reserve accounts at the U.S. Federal Reserve, can receive unlimited financial support from the Fed if necessary, and are thus unlikely to become bankrupt. Thus, U.S. dollar deposits in U.S. banks are inherently less risky than Eurodollar deposits in banks which have no possibility of financial support from the Fed.[5]By the end of 1970, 385 billion eurodollars were held in offshore bank accounts.[6] These deposits were lent on as U.S. dollar loans to businesses in other countries where interest rates on loans were perhaps much higher in the local currency, and where the businesses were exporting to the U.S. and receiving payment in dollars, thereby avoiding foreign exchange risk on their funding arrangements.Several factors led eurodollars to overtake certificates of deposit (CDs) issued by U.S. banks as the primary private short-term money market instruments by the 1980s, including:[clarification needed]The successive balance of payments deficits of the United States, causing a net outflow of dollars;[7]\nRegulation Q, the U.S. Federal Reserve's ceiling on interest payable[8] on domestic deposits during the high inflation of the 1970s[9]\nEurodollar deposits were a cheaper source of funds because they were free of reserve requirements and deposit insurance assessments[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaxson-10"},{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Since the Eurodollar market is not run by any government agency its growth is hard to estimate. However, the Eurodollar market is by a wide margin the largest source of global finance. In 1997, nearly 90% of all international loans were made this way.[10]In December 1985 the Eurodollar market was estimated by J.P. Morgan Guaranty bank to have a net size of 1.668 trillion.[11] In 2016, the Eurodollar market size was estimated at around 13.833 trillion.[12]","title":"Market size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"futures contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_contract"},{"link_name":"Chicago Mercantile Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange"},{"link_name":"LIBOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"leverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverage_(finance)"},{"link_name":"margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"LIBOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Interbank_Offered_Rate"},{"link_name":"interest rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate"},{"link_name":"settlement date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_date"},{"link_name":"British Bankers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association"}],"text":"The Eurodollar futures contract refers to the financial futures contract based upon these deposits, traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). More specifically, Eurodollar futures contracts are derivatives on the interest rate paid on those deposits. A Eurodollar future is a cash settled futures contract whose price moves in response to the LIBOR interest rate.[13]\nEurodollar futures are a way for companies and banks to lock in an interest rate today, for money they intend to borrow or lend in the future.[14] Each CME Eurodollar futures contract has a notional or \"face value\" of $1 million, though the leverage used in futures allows one contract to be traded with a margin of about one thousand dollars.[15]CME Eurodollar futures prices are determined by the market's forecast of the 3-month USD LIBOR interest rate expected to prevail on the settlement date. A price of 95.00 implies an interest rate of 100.00 - 95.00, or 5%. The settlement price of a contract is defined to be 100.00 minus the official British Bankers' Association fixing of 3-month LIBOR on the day the contract is settled.","title":"Futures contracts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"How the Eurodollar futures contract works","text":"For example, if on a particular day an investor buys a single three-month contract at 95.00 (implied settlement LIBOR of 5.00%):if at the close of business on that day, the contract price has risen to 95.01 (implying a LIBOR decrease to 4.99%), US$25 will be bought from the investor's margin account; or\nif at the close of business on that day, the contract price has fallen to 94.99 (implying a LIBOR increase to 5.01%), US$25 will be sold from the investor's margin account.On the settlement date, the settlement price is determined by the actual LIBOR fixing for that day rather than a market-determined contract price.","title":"Futures contracts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The Eurodollar futures contract was launched in 1981, as the first cash-settled futures contract.[16] People reportedly camped out the night before the contract's open, flooding the pit when the CME opened the doors. That trading pit was the largest pit ever, nearly the size of a football field, and quickly became one of the most active on the trading floor, with over 1500 traders and clerks coming to work every day on what was then known as the CME's upper trading floor. That floor is no longer, with the CME having moved over to the CBOT's trading floor and 98% of Eurodollar trading now done electronically.[citation needed]","title":"Futures contracts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forward rate agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_rate_agreement"},{"link_name":"present value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_value"},{"link_name":"convexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_convexity"},{"link_name":"implied volatility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_volatility"},{"link_name":"clearinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)"}],"sub_title":"Eurodollar futures contract as synthetic loan","text":"A single Eurodollar future is similar to a forward rate agreement to borrow or lend US$1,000,000 for three months starting on the contract settlement date. Buying the contract is equivalent to lending money, and selling the contract short is equivalent to borrowing money.Consider an investor who agreed to lend US$1,000,000 on a particular date for three months at 5.00% per annum (months are calculated on a 30/360 basis). Interest received in 3 months' time would be US$1,000,000 × 5.00% × 90 / 360 = US$12,500.If the following day, the investor is able to lend money from the same start date at 5.01%, he or she would be able to earn US$1,000,000 × 5.01% × 90 / 360 = US$12,525 of interest. Since the investor only is earning US$12,500 of interest, he or she has lost US$25 as a result of interest rate moves.\nOn the other hand, if the following day, the investor is able to lend money from the same start date only at 4.99%, he or she would be able to earn only US$1,000,000 × 4.99% × 90 / 360 = US$12,475 of interest. Since the investor is in fact earning US$12,500 of interest, he or she has gained US$25 as a result of interest rate moves.This demonstrates the similarity. However, the contract is also different from a loan in several important respects:In an actual loan, the US$25 per basis point is earned or lost at the end of the three-month loan, not up front. That means that the profit or loss per 0.01% change in interest rate as of the start date of the loan (i.e., its present value) is less than US$25. Moreover, the present value change per 0.01% change in interest rate is higher in low interest rate environments and lower in high interest rate environments. This is to say that an actual loan has convexity. A Eurodollar future pays US$25 per 0.01% change in interest rate no matter what the interest rate environment, which means it does not have convexity. This is one reason that Eurodollar futures are not a perfect proxy for expected interest rates. This difference can be adjusted for by reference to the implied volatility of options on Eurodollar futures.\nIn an actual loan, the lender takes credit risk to a borrower. In Eurodollar futures, the principal of the loan is never disbursed, so the credit risk is only on the margin account balance. Moreover, even that risk is the risk of the clearinghouse, which is considerably lower than even unsecured single-A credit risk.","title":"Futures contracts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurodollar_Contract_Specifications-17"},{"link_name":"yield curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_curve"},{"link_name":"open interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_interest"},{"link_name":"interest rate swaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate_swap"},{"link_name":"arbitrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage"},{"link_name":"forward rate agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_rate_agreement"}],"sub_title":"Other features of Eurodollar futures","text":"40 quarterly expirations and 4 serial expirations are listed in the Eurodollar contract.[17]\nThis means that on 1 January 2011, the exchange will list 40 quarterly expirations (March, June, September, December for 2011 through 2020), the exchange will also list another four serial (monthly) expirations (January, February, April, May 2011). This extends tradeable contracts over ten years, which provides an excellent picture of the shape of the yield curve. The front-month contracts are among the most liquid futures contracts in the world, with liquidity decreasing for the further out contracts. Total open interest for all contracts is typically over 10 million.The CME Eurodollar futures contract is used to hedge interest rate swaps. There is an arbitrage relationship between the interest rate swap market, the forward rate agreement market and the Eurodollar contract. CME Eurodollar futures can be traded by implementing a spread strategy among multiple contracts to take advantage of movements in the forward curve for future pricing of interest rates.","title":"Futures contracts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"sweeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep_account"},{"link_name":"checking accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_account"},{"link_name":"money market mutual funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market_fund"}],"text":"In United States banking, Eurodollars are a popular option for what are known as \"sweeps\". Until 21 July 2011, banks were not allowed to pay interest on corporate checking accounts. To accommodate larger businesses, banks may automatically transfer, or sweep, funds from a corporation's checking account into an overnight investment option to effectively earn interest on those funds. Banks usually allow these funds to be swept either into money market mutual funds, or alternately they may be used for bank funding by transferring to an offshore branch of a bank. Today, commercial banks continue to offer many forms of sweep services which tend to give a higher rate of return whilst smaller entities may use a sweep account simply out of convenience.","title":"Sweeps"}]
[]
[{"title":"Eurobond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobond_(international)"},{"title":"International status and usage of the euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro"},{"title":"Petroeuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroeuro"},{"title":"Swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_(finance)"},{"title":"TED spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_spread"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandaker_Mushtaq_Ahmed
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
["1 Background","2 Political career","2.1 Government of Bangladesh in exile","3 Presidency","4 Later life and legacy","5 See also","6 References"]
President of Bangladesh in 1975 This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Khondaker Mostaq Ahmadখন্দকার মোশতাক আহমেদ4th President of BangladeshIn office15 August 1975 – 6 November 1975Preceded bySheikh Mujibur RahmanSucceeded byAbu Sadat Mohammad Sayem Personal detailsBorn27 February 1919Dashpara, Bengal, British India (now Comilla,Chittagong, Bangladesh)Died5 March 1996(1996-03-05) (aged 77)Dhaka, BangladeshPolitical partyAwami League (1949–1975)Other politicalaffiliationsAll-India Muslim League (Before 1949)Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (1975-1996)Alma materUniversity of Dhaka Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad (also spelled Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed; 27 February 1919 – 5 March 1996) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the fourth president of Bangladesh from 15 August to 6 November 1975, after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was involved in the assassination of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August 1975. He took on the role of president immediately after the assassination, praised the assassins as "sons of the sun" and put cabinet ministers loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in jail. Background Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad was born in February 27, 1919, into a Bengali Muslim family of Khondakars in the village of Dashpara in Daudkandi, Tipperah district (now Comilla District, Bangladesh). He completed his Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of Dhaka and entered politics in 1942. He was one of the founder joint secretaries of the East Pakistan Awami Muslim League. Political career Ahmad was elected a member of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly in 1954 as a candidate of the United Front. After the central government of Pakistan dissolved the United Front, Ahmad was jailed in 1954 along with other Bengali leaders. He was released in 1955 and elected the chief whip of the United Front parliamentary party. In 1958, with the promulgation of martial law, he was arrested by the regime of Ayub Khan. During the 6 Point Movement, Ahmad was again jailed in 1966. Following his release, Ahmad accompanied Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (then the most senior leader of the Awami League) to the all-parties conference called by Ayub Khan in Rawalpindi in 1969. In 1970 he was elected a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Government of Bangladesh in exile At the onset of the Bangladesh War of Independence and Mujib's arrest, Ahmad and other Awami League leaders gathered in Mujibnagar, Meherpur to form the Government of Bangladesh in exile. Syed Nazrul Islam served as the acting president while Mujib was declared president, Tajuddin Ahmad was appointed prime minister and Khondakar Mostaq Ahmed was made the foreign minister. In this capacity, Ahmad was to build international support for the cause of Bangladesh's independence. But his role as the Foreign Minister became controversial as he wanted a peaceful solution, remaining within Pakistan in line with the Six Point Charter of his leader Sheikh Mujib. He was sidelined after his maneuverings came to light, left out of a visit to the United Nations General Assembly and dismissed by Prime Minister Ahmad shortly before the end of the provisional government, when the war had already ended. He was replaced by Abdus Samad Azad. Zafrullah Chowdhury alleges that Ahmad did not act alone in this regard and that Awami League leaders were involved. After the liberation, Ahmad was appointed the Minister of Power, Irrigation and Flood Control in 1972 as part of the Second Sheikh Mujib cabinet. In 1973, he took charge of the Ministry of Commerce in the Third Sheikh Mujib cabinet. He was a member of the executive committee of Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL) which was formed in 1975. Presidency Sheikh Mujib and all members of his family, except his two daughters, who were in West Germany at the time, were assassinated by a group of army personnel on 15 August. Ahmad immediately took control of the government, proclaiming himself President. All three services chiefs were dismissed and replaced by next in line seniors. Major General Ziaur Rahman was appointed Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army, replacing K M Shafiullah. Air Vice Marshal A. K. Khandekar was replaced by AVM M G Ghulam Tawab. Mushtaq reportedly praised the plotters who killed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman calling them Shurjo Shontan (sons of the sun). Mushtaq Ahmad also ordered the imprisonment of leaders Syed Nazrul Islam, Tajuddin Ahmad, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman and Muhammad Mansur Ali. He replaced the national slogan of Joy Bangla with Bangladesh Zindabad slogan and changed the name Bangladesh Betar to 'Radio Bangladesh'. He proclaimed the Indemnity Ordinance, which granted immunity from prosecution to the assassins of Mujib. Mujib's daughters Sheikh Hasina Wazed and Sheikh Rehana were barred from returning to Bangladesh from abroad. BAKSAL and pro-Mujib political groups were dissolved. On 3 November, in what became infamously known as the "Jail Killing Day", the four imprisoned leaders Tajuddin Ahmad, Syed Nazrul Islam, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, and Muhammad Mansur Ali, who had refused to co-operate with Mostaq, were killed inside Dhaka Central Jail by a group of army officers on the instruction of President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. However, Mushtaq Ahmad was ousted from power on 6 November following a coup on 3 November led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafat Jamil among others. Later life and legacy Sculpture of Khondakar Mostaque Ahmad in Mujibnagar, Khulna Ahmad was imprisoned by Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf and later by the Ziaur Rahman administration until 1978. Upon his release, he formed Democratic League and attempted to resuscitate his political career, but to no avail. He spent his last years in Dhaka and died on 5 March 1996. Ahmad was named in the investigation of the murder of Sheikh Mujib launched in 1996 by his daughter Sheikh Hasina, who had just won the national elections to become Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Hasina blamed Ahmad for her father's death. Due to his death, he was not charged or tried. Historians and critics assert that Ahmad was one of the key plotters of Mujib's murder. He has been criticized by Bangladeshi liberal public for legitimizing political murders by protecting Mujib's killers. See also BM Abbas References ^ Haque, Ahmed (12 August 2014). "Khondaker Mostaque Ahmed" . ^ Sheikh, Emran (15 August 2019). "Khondaker Mostaq er uthan poton" (in Bengali). ^ a b c d e Khan, Saleh Athar (2012). "Ahmad, Khondakar Mostaq". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ "PM pays homage to Bangabandhu to mark Mujibnagar Day". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 12 July 2015. ^ "Historic Mujibnagar Day being observed". Dhaka Tribune. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2016. ^ Ahmed, Taib; Islam, Khadimul (16 December 2014). "'Mujib Bahini didn't fight liberation war'". New Age. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. ^ "Muhammad Ali in Bangladesh: 35 Years Ago The Champ Visited A New Nation In Turmoil". International Business Times. Retrieved 5 March 2016. ^ Tripathi, Salil. "Of course, we killed him ... he had to go". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 12 July 2015. ^ Habib, Haroon (4 November 2006). "Hasina extends deadline". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1. ^ Dasgupta, Sukharanjan (1978). Midnight Massacre in Dacca. New Delhi: Vikas. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-7069-0692-6. Khondakar also knew that the situation was bound to be grave once Nazrul Islam, Tajuddin Ahmed, Kamaruzzaman and Mansur Ali were released ... Khondakar had them arrested under various pretexts shortly after Mujib's assassination, who remained in Dacca Jail. Khondakar ordered the assassination of the jailed four leaders. ^ Borders, William (6 November 1975). "President of Bangladesh Resigns, Nearly 3 Months After Coup, in Confrontation With Military Officers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 August 2020 – via NYTimes.com. ^ Khaled, Mahjabeen (6 November 2015). "A matter of national interest". Dhaka Tribune (Op-ed). Retrieved 5 March 2016. ^ "Zia involved in Mujib killing: PM". New Age. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2016. vtePresidents of Bangladesh (List) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Syed Nazrul Islam† Abu Sayeed Chowdhury Mohammad Mohammadullah Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem Ziaur Rahman Abdus Sattar Hussain Muhammad Ershad A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury Hussain Muhammad Ershad Shahabuddin AhmedI Abdur Rahman Biswas Shahabuddin Ahmed A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury Muhammad Jamiruddin SircarI Iajuddin Ahmed Zillur Rahman Mohammad Abdul Hamid Mohammed Shahabuddin Seal of the President of Bangladesh (I) interim (†) acting Category Commons
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He completed his Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of Dhaka and entered politics in 1942. He was one of the founder joint secretaries of the East Pakistan Awami Muslim League.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Pakistan Provincial Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan_Provincial_Assembly"},{"link_name":"United Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"Ayub Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)"},{"link_name":"6 Point Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Point_Movement"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mujibur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpedia-3"}],"text":"Ahmad was elected a member of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly in 1954 as a candidate of the United Front. After the central government of Pakistan dissolved the United Front, Ahmad was jailed in 1954 along with other Bengali leaders. He was released in 1955 and elected the chief whip of the United Front parliamentary party.In 1958, with the promulgation of martial law, he was arrested by the regime of Ayub Khan.During the 6 Point Movement, Ahmad was again jailed in 1966. Following his release, Ahmad accompanied Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (then the most senior leader of the Awami League) to the all-parties conference called by Ayub Khan in Rawalpindi in 1969.In 1970 he was elected a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan.[3]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"Mujibnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujibnagar"},{"link_name":"Meherpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meherpur"},{"link_name":"Government of Bangladesh in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujibnagar_Government"},{"link_name":"Syed Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"Tajuddin Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Six Point Charter of his leader Sheikh Mujib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_point_movement"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Abdus Samad Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Samad_Azad"},{"link_name":"Zafrullah Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafrullah_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Second Sheikh Mujib cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sheikh_Mujib_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Third Sheikh Mujib cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Sheikh_Mujib_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpedia-3"}],"sub_title":"Government of Bangladesh in exile","text":"At the onset of the Bangladesh War of Independence and Mujib's arrest, Ahmad and other Awami League leaders gathered in Mujibnagar, Meherpur to form the Government of Bangladesh in exile. Syed Nazrul Islam served as the acting president while Mujib was declared president, Tajuddin Ahmad was appointed prime minister and Khondakar Mostaq Ahmed was made the foreign minister.[4][5] In this capacity, Ahmad was to build international support for the cause of Bangladesh's independence. But his role as the Foreign Minister became controversial as he wanted a peaceful solution, remaining within Pakistan in line with the Six Point Charter of his leader Sheikh Mujib. He was sidelined after his maneuverings came to light, left out of a visit to the United Nations General Assembly and dismissed by Prime Minister Ahmad shortly before the end of the provisional government, when the war had already ended. He was replaced by Abdus Samad Azad. Zafrullah Chowdhury alleges that Ahmad did not act alone in this regard and that Awami League leaders were involved.[6]After the liberation, Ahmad was appointed the Minister of Power, Irrigation and Flood Control in 1972 as part of the Second Sheikh Mujib cabinet. In 1973, he took charge of the Ministry of Commerce in the Third Sheikh Mujib cabinet. He was a member of the executive committee of Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL) which was formed in 1975.[3]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ziaur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_of_the_Bangladesh_Army"},{"link_name":"K M Shafiullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_M_Shafiullah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Syed Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"Tajuddin Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Qamaruzzaman"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Mansur Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Betar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Betar"},{"link_name":"Indemnity Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity_Act,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpedia-3"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hasina Wazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina_Wazed"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Rehana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Rehana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasina_extends_deadline-9"},{"link_name":"Tajuddin Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Syed Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Qamaruzzaman"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Mansur Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newton2014-10"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Central Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Central_Jail"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Khaled Mosharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf"},{"link_name":"Shafat Jamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafat_Jamil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borders_1975-12"}],"text":"Sheikh Mujib and all members of his family, except his two daughters, who were in West Germany at the time, were assassinated by a group of army personnel on 15 August.Ahmad immediately took control of the government, proclaiming himself President.[7] All three services chiefs were dismissed and replaced by next in line seniors. Major General Ziaur Rahman was appointed Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army, replacing K M Shafiullah. Air Vice Marshal A. K. Khandekar was replaced by AVM M G Ghulam Tawab. Mushtaq reportedly praised the plotters who killed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman calling them Shurjo Shontan (sons of the sun).[8] Mushtaq Ahmad also ordered the imprisonment of leaders Syed Nazrul Islam, Tajuddin Ahmad, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman and Muhammad Mansur Ali. He replaced the national slogan of Joy Bangla with Bangladesh Zindabad slogan and changed the name Bangladesh Betar to 'Radio Bangladesh'. He proclaimed the Indemnity Ordinance, which granted immunity from prosecution to the assassins of Mujib.[3] Mujib's daughters Sheikh Hasina Wazed and Sheikh Rehana were barred from returning to Bangladesh from abroad. BAKSAL and pro-Mujib political groups were dissolved.On 3 November, in what became infamously known as the \"Jail Killing Day\",[9] the four imprisoned leaders Tajuddin Ahmad, Syed Nazrul Islam, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, and Muhammad Mansur Ali, who had refused to co-operate with Mostaq,[10] were killed inside Dhaka Central Jail by a group of army officers on the instruction of President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad.[11] However, Mushtaq Ahmad was ousted from power on 6 November following a coup on 3 November led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafat Jamil among others.[12]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mujibnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujibnagar"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division"},{"link_name":"Khaled Mosharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sculpture of Khondakar Mostaque Ahmad in Mujibnagar, KhulnaAhmad was imprisoned by Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf[13] and later by the Ziaur Rahman administration until 1978. Upon his release, he formed Democratic League and attempted to resuscitate his political career, but to no avail. He spent his last years in Dhaka and died on 5 March 1996.Ahmad was named in the investigation of the murder of Sheikh Mujib launched in 1996 by his daughter Sheikh Hasina, who had just won the national elections to become Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Hasina blamed Ahmad for her father's death.[14] Due to his death, he was not charged or tried. Historians and critics[who?] assert that Ahmad was one of the key plotters of Mujib's murder. He has been criticized by Bangladeshi liberal public for legitimizing political murders by protecting Mujib's killers.[citation needed]","title":"Later life and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Sculpture of Khondakar Mostaque Ahmad in Mujibnagar, Khulna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seal of the President of Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Seal_of_the_President_of_Bangladesh.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Bangladesh.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"BM Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM_Abbas"}]
[{"reference":"Haque, Ahmed (12 August 2014). \"Khondaker Mostaque Ahmed\" [Biography of Khandakar Mostak Ahmed].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Ahmad,_Khondakar_Mostaq","url_text":"\"Khondaker Mostaque Ahmed\""}]},{"reference":"Sheikh, Emran (15 August 2019). \"Khondaker Mostaq er uthan poton\" [Rise and fall of Khondoker Mostaq] (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.banglatribune.com/527945/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"\"Khondaker Mostaq er uthan poton\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, Saleh Athar (2012). \"Ahmad, Khondakar Mostaq\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmad,_Khondakar_Mostaq","url_text":"\"Ahmad, Khondakar Mostaq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"PM pays homage to Bangabandhu to mark Mujibnagar Day\". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 12 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/04/17/pm-pays-homage-to-bangabandhu-to-mark-mujibnagar-day","url_text":"\"PM pays homage to Bangabandhu to mark Mujibnagar Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Mujibnagar Day being observed\". Dhaka Tribune. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/04/17/historic-mujibnagar-day-being-observed","url_text":"\"Historic Mujibnagar Day being observed\""}]},{"reference":"Ahmed, Taib; Islam, Khadimul (16 December 2014). \"'Mujib Bahini didn't fight liberation war'\". New Age. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150211144858/http://newagebd.net/77152/mujib-bahini-didnt-fight-liberation-war/","url_text":"\"'Mujib Bahini didn't fight liberation war'\""},{"url":"http://newagebd.net/77152/mujib-bahini-didnt-fight-liberation-war/#sthash.ZMNsQNLM.dpbs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Muhammad Ali in Bangladesh: 35 Years Ago The Champ Visited A New Nation In Turmoil\". International Business Times. Retrieved 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.com/muhammad-ali-bangladesh-35-years-ago-champ-visited-new-nation-turmoil-1382005","url_text":"\"Muhammad Ali in Bangladesh: 35 Years Ago The Champ Visited A New Nation In Turmoil\""}]},{"reference":"Tripathi, Salil. \"Of course, we killed him ... he had to go\". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 12 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/11/18/of-course-we-killed-him-he-had-to-go","url_text":"\"Of course, we killed him ... he had to go\""}]},{"reference":"Habib, Haroon (4 November 2006). \"Hasina extends deadline\". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/hasina-extends-deadline/article3043128.ece","url_text":"\"Hasina extends deadline\""}]},{"reference":"Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-286-1","url_text":"978-1-61069-286-1"}]},{"reference":"Dasgupta, Sukharanjan (1978). Midnight Massacre in Dacca. New Delhi: Vikas. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-7069-0692-6. Khondakar also knew that the situation was bound to be grave once Nazrul Islam, Tajuddin Ahmed, Kamaruzzaman and Mansur Ali were released ... Khondakar had them arrested under various pretexts shortly after Mujib's assassination, who remained in Dacca Jail. Khondakar ordered the assassination of the jailed four leaders.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-0692-6","url_text":"0-7069-0692-6"}]},{"reference":"Borders, William (6 November 1975). \"President of Bangladesh Resigns, Nearly 3 Months After Coup, in Confrontation With Military Officers\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 August 2020 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/06/archives/president-of-bangladesh-resigns-nearly-3-months-after-coup-in.html","url_text":"\"President of Bangladesh Resigns, Nearly 3 Months After Coup, in Confrontation With Military Officers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Khaled, Mahjabeen (6 November 2015). \"A matter of national interest\". Dhaka Tribune (Op-ed). Retrieved 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/11/06/a-matter-of-national-interest","url_text":"\"A matter of national interest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zia involved in Mujib killing: PM\". New Age. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806113345/http://newagebd.net/25515/zia-involved-in-mujib-killing-pm/","url_text":"\"Zia involved in Mujib killing: PM\""},{"url":"http://newagebd.net/25515/zia-involved-in-mujib-killing-pm/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tel_Aviv_central_bus_station
Old Tel Aviv central bus station
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°3′37.08″N 34°46′42.96″E / 32.0603000°N 34.7786000°E / 32.0603000; 34.7786000Former bus station in Tel Aviv, Israel Old Tel Aviv central bus stationהתחנה המרכזית הישנה של תל אביבGeneral informationLocationIsraelCoordinates32°03′37″N 34°46′43″E / 32.06028°N 34.77861°E / 32.06028; 34.77861Other informationStatusInactive stationHistoryOpened1941 (opened)May 1942 (inaugurated)Closed31 July 2009 (2009-07-31) The Old Tel Aviv central bus station was the main bus station of Tel Aviv from 1941 until 1993. The station served intercity bus routes as well as local city and suburban buses. On August 18, 1993, Tel Aviv's New central bus station became the city's new transportation hub. The old station was demolished in July 2009. History When the station opened in 1941, it was intended to serve 60,000 passengers a day. It had six departure platforms linked by underground passages and another platform for arrivals. Soon after its opening, it was found to be inadequate and poorly planned. The canopies over the platforms were too narrow to protect passengers from rain and sun, and interfered with loading of baggage onto the roofs of the buses. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the station was bombed by Egyptian planes, killing 42 persons, including four members of the Dan cooperative, and wounding 100. On November 6, 1970, two bombs exploded in Tel Aviv at the central bus station killing one person and injuring 24. On August 18, 1993, the main terminus for buses and taxis moved to the new Tel Aviv bus station and the old station was used mainly as a parking lot. On 31 July 2009, Egged rerouted all remaining bus lines passing through the station. On 2 August 2009 the last platforms were demolished. In the 2000s the area became a centre for prostitution. In 2010s the area became populated by foreign workers. In 2015, a new housing development project began and is expected to signify a new era of gentrification for the area. This has resulted in many raids and closures of premises used for prostitution. See also Transport in Tel Aviv References ^ a b Last tickets, please ^ "Tel Aviv Bombings Kill One and Hurt 24; 2 Blasts Rock Central Bus Station Al Fatah Aide Claims Responsibility". AP. The New York Times. November 7, 1970. Retrieved 9 October 2011. ^ a b Lee, Vered (2 October 2017). "Empty Streets and Locked Doors: Prostitution Is Disappearing From Tel Aviv's Underbelly". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ Real estate around Tel Aviv's decrepit bus station yields handsome returns ^ "Tel Aviv sex workers resist gentrification and raids". Global Network of Sex Work Projects. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018. External links The Place of the Mediterranean in Modern Israeli Identity, Alexandra Nocke 32°3′37.08″N 34°46′42.96″E / 32.0603000°N 34.7786000°E / 32.0603000; 34.7786000
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv's New central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_central_bus_station"}],"text":"Former bus station in Tel Aviv, IsraelThe Old Tel Aviv central bus station was the main bus station of Tel Aviv from 1941 until 1993. The station served intercity bus routes as well as local city and suburban buses. On August 18, 1993, Tel Aviv's New central bus station became the city's new transportation hub. The old station was demolished in July 2009.","title":"Old Tel Aviv central bus station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost1-1"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egged_(company)"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz-3"},{"link_name":"foreign workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_worker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"When the station opened in 1941, it was intended to serve 60,000 passengers a day. It had six departure platforms linked by underground passages and another platform for arrivals. Soon after its opening, it was found to be inadequate and poorly planned. The canopies over the platforms were too narrow to protect passengers from rain and sun, and interfered with loading of baggage onto the roofs of the buses.[1]During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the station was bombed by Egyptian planes, killing 42 persons, including four members of the Dan cooperative, and wounding 100.[1]On November 6, 1970, two bombs exploded in Tel Aviv at the central bus station killing one person and injuring 24.[2]On August 18, 1993, the main terminus for buses and taxis moved to the new Tel Aviv bus station and the old station was used mainly as a parking lot. On 31 July 2009, Egged rerouted all remaining bus lines passing through the station. On 2 August 2009 the last platforms were demolished.In the 2000s the area became a centre for prostitution.[3]In 2010s the area became populated by foreign workers.[4] In 2015, a new housing development project began and is expected to signify a new era of gentrification for the area. This has resulted in many raids and closures of premises used for prostitution.[3][5]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Transport in Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Tel_Aviv"}]
[{"reference":"\"Tel Aviv Bombings Kill One and Hurt 24; 2 Blasts Rock Central Bus Station Al Fatah Aide Claims Responsibility\". AP. The New York Times. November 7, 1970. Retrieved 9 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/07/archives/tel-aviv-bombings-kill-one-and-hurt-24-2-blasts-rock-central-bus.html","url_text":"\"Tel Aviv Bombings Kill One and Hurt 24; 2 Blasts Rock Central Bus Station Al Fatah Aide Claims Responsibility\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Vered (2 October 2017). \"Empty Streets and Locked Doors: Prostitution Is Disappearing From Tel Aviv's Underbelly\". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-prostitution-disappearing-from-an-old-tel-aviv-haunt-1.5454762","url_text":"\"Empty Streets and Locked Doors: Prostitution Is Disappearing From Tel Aviv's Underbelly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tel Aviv sex workers resist gentrification and raids\". Global Network of Sex Work Projects. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nswp.org/news/tel-aviv-sex-workers-resist-%5b%5bgentrification%5d%5d-and-raids","url_text":"\"Tel Aviv sex workers resist gentrification and raids\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield_Oaks_Trial
Lingfield Oaks Trial
["1 History","2 Records","3 Winners since 1971","4 Earlier winners","5 See also","6 References"]
Flat horse race in Britain Horse race Oaks Trial StakesListed raceLocationLingfield ParkLingfield, EnglandRace typeFlat / ThoroughbredSponsorWilliam HillWebsiteLingfield ParkRace informationDistance1m 3f 133y (2,334m)SurfaceTurfTrackLeft-handedQualificationThree-year-old filliesWeight9 st 2lbPenalties5 lb for Group winners *3 lb for Listed winners ** after 31 August 2023Purse£60,000 (2024)1st: £34,488 Lingfield Oaks Trial 2024 You Got To Me Rubies Are Red Danielle Previous years 2023 Eternal Hope Be Happy Ferrari Queen 2022 Rogue Millennium Mystic Wells Makinmedoit 2021 Sherbet Lemon Save A Forest Ocean Road 2020-2011 2020 Miss Yoda Golden Lips West End Girl 2019 Anapurna Tauteke King Power 2018 Perfect Clarity Cecchini Flattering 2017 Hertford Dancer Pocketfullofdreams The Sky Is Blazing 2016 Seventh Heaven Architecture Mountain Bell 2015 Toujours L'amour Bellajeu Wedding Vow 2014 Honor Bound Criteria Momentus 2013 Secret Gesture Miss You Too Whippy Cream 2012 Vow Colima Estrela 2011 Zain Al Boldan Field Of Miracles Date With Destiny 2010-2001 2010 Dyna Waltz Timepiece Ceilidh House 2009 Midday July Jasmine Tottie 2008 Miracle Seeker Look Here Presbyterian Nun 2007 Kayah Brisk Breeze Folk Opera 2006 Sindirana Fusili Summer's Eve 2005 Cassydora Seven Magicians Ayam Zaman 2004 Baraka Bowstring Rio De Jumeirah 2003 Santa Sophia Midsummer Heavenly Bay 2002 Birdie Barzah Mubkera 2001 Double Crossed Silver Grey Lady Charmer Venture 2000-1991 2000 Film Script Dollar Bird Dream Quest 1999 Ramruma Credit-A-Plenty Noushkey 1998 Bristol Channel Trigger Happy Virtuous 1997 Crown Of Light Book At Bedtime Ukraine Venture 1996 Lady Carla Flame Valley Moody's Cat 1995 Asterita Bunting Kshessinskaya 1994 Munnaya Las Flores Brentwood 1993 Oakmead Talented Dancing Prize 1992 User Friendly Niodini Venturina 1991 Ausherra Gai Bulga Subtle Change 1990-1983 1990 Rafha Knight's Baroness Idle Chat 1989 Aliysa Wrapping Chouchounova 1988 Bahamian Shuddabot Triste Oeil 1987 Port Helene Iosifa Queen Midas 1986 Mill On the Floss Laughter Singletta 1985 Kiliniski Grace Note Little Deep Water 1984 Out of Shot Spinelle Media Luna 1983 Give Thanks Cormorant Wood Hardihostess   The Oaks Trial Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It is run over a distance of 1 mile, 3 furlongs and 133 yards (2,334 metres) at Lingfield Park in May. History The event serves as a trial for the Epsom Oaks. Prior to World War II, it was called the Oaks Trial Plate. It became the Oaks Trial Stakes after the war. The left-handed track at Lingfield Park is similar to that at Epsom. It has an undulating, cambered terrain with a sharp downhill turn into the home straight. The Oaks Trial Stakes was formerly contested over 1 mile and 4 furlongs. It held Group 3 status from 1971 to 1985, and was relegated to Listed level in 1986. It was cut to its present distance in 1990. Several contenders have subsequently won the Oaks. The most recent was Anapurna, the winner in 2019. Records Leading jockey since 1960 (6 wins): Pat Eddery – Suni (1978), Out of Shot (1984), Bahamian (1988), Asterita (1995), Lady Carla (1996), Santa Sophia (2003) Leading trainer since 1960 (7 wins): Henry Cecil – Tants (1982), Mill on the Floss (1986), Rafha (1990), Lady Carla (1996), Ramruma (1999), Double Crossed (2001), Midday (2009) Winners since 1971 Year Winner Jockey Trainer Time 1971 Maina Lester Piggott Noel Murless 2:39.00 1972 Ginevra Tony Murray Ryan Price 2:49.40 1973 Syrona Brian Taylor Harry Wragg 2:46.30 1974 Riboreen Brian Taylor John Winter 2:39.80 1975 Juliette Marny Lester Piggott Jeremy Tree 2:45.70 1976 Heaven Knows Eric Eldin Ron Smyth 2:40.50 1977 Lucent Brian Taylor Ryan Price 2:48.40 1978 Suni Pat Eddery Peter Walwyn 1979 Reprocolor Greville Starkey Michael Stoute 1980 Gift Wrapped Philip Robinson Frankie Durr 1981 Leap Lively John Matthias Ian Balding 1982 Tants Lester Piggott Henry Cecil 1983 Give Thanks Declan Gillespie Jim Bolger 1984 Out of Shot Pat Eddery John Dunlop 1985 Kiliniski Brian Rouse John Dunlop 1986 Mill on the Floss Steve Cauthen Henry Cecil 2:41.98 1987 Port Helene Willie Carson Dick Hern 2:34.88 1988 Bahamian Pat Eddery Jeremy Tree 2:39.67 1989 Aliysa Walter Swinburn Michael Stoute 2:32.06 1990 Rafha Steve Cauthen Henry Cecil 2:28.97 1991 Ausherra Alan Munro Paul Cole 2:29.92 1992 User Friendly George Duffield Clive Brittain 2:30.27 1993 Oakmead John Reid Peter Chapple-Hyam 2:28.13 1994 Munnaya Walter Swinburn Michael Stoute 2:33.95 1995 Asterita Pat Eddery Richard Hannon Sr. 2:28.54 1996 Lady Carla Pat Eddery Henry Cecil 2:25.03 1997 Crown of Light Olivier Peslier Michael Stoute 2:35.72 1998 Bristol Channel Darryll Holland Barry Hills 2:29.18 1999 Ramruma Kieren Fallon Henry Cecil 2:31.48 2000 Film Script Richard Hughes Roger Charlton 2:32.36 2001 Double Crossed Richard Quinn Henry Cecil 2:31.63 2002 Birdie Richard Quinn Michael Bell 2:30.38 2003 Santa Sophia Pat Eddery John Dunlop 2:33.84 2004 Baraka Jamie Spencer Aidan O'Brien 2:41.68 2005 Cassydora Seb Sanders John Dunlop 2:30.21 2006 Sindirana Christophe Soumillon Sir Michael Stoute 2:28.27 2007 Kayah Richard Hughes Ralph Beckett 2:31.52 2008 Miracle Seeker Adam Kirby Clive Cox 2:28.99 2009 Midday Tom Queally Henry Cecil 2:30.49 2010 Dyna Waltz Ryan Moore John Gosden 2:32.46 2011 Zain Al Boldan Sam Hitchcott Mick Channon 2:29.66 2012 Vow Johnny Murtagh William Haggas 2:30.56 2013 Secret Gesture Jim Crowley Ralph Beckett 2:33.82 2014 Honor Bound Joe Fanning Ralph Beckett 2:32.42 2015 Toujours L'Amour Harry Bentley William Haggas 2:37.53 2016 Seventh Heaven Ryan Moore Aidan O'Brien 2:33.36 2017 Hertford Dancer Frankie Dettori John Gosden 2:32.07 2018 Perfect Clarity Adam Kirby Clive Cox 2:28.32 2019 Anapurna Frankie Dettori John Gosden 2:31.77 2020 Miss Yoda Robert Havlin John Gosden 2:27.19 2021 Sherbet Lemon Paul Mulrennan Archie Watson 2:40.99 2022 Rogue Millennium Jack Mitchell Tom Clover 2:28.80 2023 Eternal Hope William Buick Charlie Appleby 2:30.89 2024 You Got To Me Hector Crouch Ralph Beckett 2:26.25 ^ The 2012 & 2023 runnings took place on Lingfield's all-weather track over 1 mile and 4 furlongs ^ The 2020 race was run in June, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom ^ The 2012 & 2023 runnings took place on Lingfield's all-weather track over 1 mile and 4 furlongs Earlier winners 1933: Look Alive 1934: Shining Cloud 1935: Milldoria 1936: Miss Windsor 1937: Ruby Red 1938: Night Bird 1939: Foxcraft 1940–45: no race 1946: Iona 1947: Solpax 1948: Angelola 1949: Squall 1950: Stella Polaris 1951: Chinese Cracker 1952: Zabara 1953: Nectarine 1954: Angel Bright 1955: Ark Royal 1956: No Pretender 1957: Crotchet 1958: None Nicer 1959: Mirnaya 1960: Running Blue 1961: Impudent 1962: Nortia 1963: Amicable 1964: Beaufront 1965: Quita 1966: Varinia 1967: Javata 1968: Our Ruby 1969: Sleeping Partner 1970: Pulchra See also Horse racing in Great Britain List of British flat horse races References ^ "1938 Oaks Trial Plate". Glasgow Herald. 21 May 1938. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "1947 Oaks Trial Stakes". Glasgow Herald. 17 May 1947. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "1985 Oaks Trial Stakes". Glasgow Herald. 11 May 1985. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "1986 Oaks Trial Stakes". Glasgow Herald. 10 May 1986. Retrieved 1 April 2013. Paris-Turf: "1983"., "1984"., "1985"., "1986"., "1987". Racing Post: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 galopp-sieger.de – Lingfield Oaks Trial Stakes. pedigreequery.com – Lingfield Oaks Trial Stakes – Lingfield Park. vteLingfield Derby Trial Day Chartwell Fillies' Stakes Derby Trial Stakes Oaks Trial Stakes
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Padua
Lords of Padua
["1 See also","2 Sources"]
The Lords of Padua ruled the city from 1308 until 1405. The commune of Padua became a hereditary one-man lordship (signoria) with the election of Jacopo I da Carrara as capitano del popolo in 1308. His descendants, the Carraresi, ruled the city and its vicinity, with short interruptions, until they were defeated by the Republic of Venice in the War of Padua, which resulted in the annexation of the city by Venice. Signore Rule Notes(s) Jacopo I 'the Great' da Carrara 25 July 1318 22/23 November 1324 De jure abdicated in November 1319 in favour of imperial vicars, de facto remained in control of the city until his death. Marsilio da Carrara 22/23 November 1324 21 March 1338 Nephew of Jacopo I. Between 1328 and 1337 formally as vicar of Cangrande I della Scala, Lord of Verona. Ubertino I da Carrara 21 March 1338 27 March 1345 Cousin of Marsilio. Marsilietto Papafava da Carrara  27 March 1345 6 May 1345 Distant relative of Ubertino, from the Papafava branch of the Carrara family. Assassinated by Jacopo II. Jacopo II da Carrara 6 May 1345 19 December 1350 Nephew of Ubertino I. Assassinated by Guglielmo da Carrara, illegitimate son of Jacopo I. Jacopino da Carrara  19 December 1350 1355 Brother of Jacopo II. Co-ruler with his nephew, Francesco I da Carrara Francesco I 'il Vecchio' da Carrara 19 December 1350 29 June 1388 Son of Jacopo II. Co-ruler with his uncle, Jacopino da Carrara, until 1355. Forced to abdicate by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, ruler of Milan. Francesco II 'il Novello' da Carrara 29 June 1388 11 February 1389 Son of Francesco I. Lost rule of Padua to the Visconti troops, but recovered the city in 1390 and ruled it until defeated by the Republic of Venice in 1405. Gian Galeazzo Visconti 11 February 1389 8 September 1390 Duke of Milan. Francesco II 'il Novello' da Carrara 8 September 1390 22 November 1405 Son of Francesco I. Lost rule of Padua to the Visconti troops, but recovered the city in 1390 and ruled it until defeated by the Republic of Venice in 1405. He and his sons were executed in early 1406, thus ending the Carrara line. See also Timeline of Padua Sources Kohl, Benjamin G. (1998). Padua under the Carrara, 1318–1405. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801857031.
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[]
[{"title":"Timeline of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Padua"}]
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[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_olympics
Summer Olympic Games
["1 Hosting","2 History","2.1 Early years","2.2 Interwar era","2.3 After World War II","2.4 End of the 20th century","2.5 Start of the 21st century","2.6 Recent Games","2.7 Future Games","3 Sports","3.1 Qualification","3.2 Popularity of Olympic sports","4 All-time medal table","4.1 Medal leaders by year","5 List of Summer Olympic Games","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Major international multi-sport event "Olympic Summer Games" redirects here. For the video game, see Olympic Summer Games (video game). Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Olympism Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Television Torch relays Venues Women participation Games Summer Winter Youth Esports African Asian European Pacific Pan-American Ancient Intercalated vte The Summer Olympic Games, also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years on leap years (except 2021). The inaugural Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and the most recent Games were held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for organising the Games and for overseeing the host city's preparations. The tradition of awarding medals began in 1904; in each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals for second place, and bronze medals for third place. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympic Games, which are regarded as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport international event in the world. The Summer Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition programme in 1896 with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations, to 339 events in 2021 with 11,420 competitors (almost half of whom were women) from 206 nations. The Games have been held in nineteen countries over five continents: four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996); three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), Australia (1956 and 2000), and Japan (1964 and 2020); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), the Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Russia (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016). London was the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. As of 2022, Paris, Los Angeles, Athens and Tokyo have each hosted twice; Paris will host for the third time in 2024, followed by Los Angeles which will host the Games in 2028. Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games: Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. Australia, France and Great Britain have won at least a medal at every edition of the Games, with Great Britain as the only one to win gold each time. The United States leads the all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics, and has topped the medal table on 18 separate occasions—followed by the USSR (six times), and France, Great Britain, Germany, China, and the ex-Soviet 'Unified Team' (once each). Hosting Map of Summer Olympic Games locations – countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue. The United States hosted the Summer Olympic Games four times: the 1904 Games were held in St. Louis, Missouri; the 1932 and 1984 Games were both held in Los Angeles, California, and the 1996 Games were held in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2028 Games in Los Angeles will mark the fifth occasion on which the Summer Games have been hosted by the U.S. In 2012, Great Britain hosted its third Summer Olympic Games in London, which became the first city ever to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens (excluding 1906) have each hosted two Summer Olympic Games. In 2024, France will host its third Summer Olympic Games in its capital, making Paris the second city ever to have hosted three Summer Olympics. In 2028, Los Angeles will in turn become the third city ever to have hosted the Games three times. Australia, France, Germany, Greece and Japan all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice (with France and Australia planned to host in 2024 and 2032, respectively, taking both countries to three each). Tokyo, Japan, hosted the 2020 Games and became the first city outside the predominantly English-speaking and European nations to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice, having already hosted the Games in 1964; it is also the largest city ever to have hosted, having grown considerably since 1964. The other countries to have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Soviet Union, Spain, and Sweden, with each of these countries having hosted the Summer Games on one occasion. Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics four times: in Tokyo (1964 and 2020), Seoul (1988), and Beijing (2008). The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first that was held completely during the local "winter" season. The only two countries in the Southern Hemisphere to have hosted the Summer Olympics have been Australia (1956, 2000, and upcoming 2032) and Brazil (2016), with Africa having yet to host any Summer Olympics. Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympics, having been sole host of the 1912 Games, and hosting the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics (which they are credited as jointly hosting with Melbourne, Australia). Amsterdam, Netherlands, has also hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having been sole host of the 1928 Games and previously hosting two of the sailing races at the 1920 Summer Olympics. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong provided the venues for the equestrian events, which took place in Sha Tin and Kwu Tung. History Early years The opening ceremony of the first modern Olympic Games in the Panathenaic Stadium, Athens The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded in 1894 when Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. The first edition of The Olympic Games was held in Athens in 1896 and attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on her own, saying "If the committee doesn't let me compete I will go after them regardless". The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first Olympic Games held in the modern era. About 100,000 people attended for the opening of the games. The athletes came from 14 nations, with most coming from Greece. Although Greece had the most athletes, the U.S. finished with the most champions. 11 Americans placed first in their events vs. the 10 from Greece. Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organised by Pierre de Coubertin in Paris, on 23 June 1894. The IOC was also established during this congress. Despite many obstacles and setbacks, the 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. Panathinaiko Stadium, the first big stadium in the modern world, overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event. The highlight for the Greeks was the Marathon victory by their compatriot Spiridon Louis, a water carrier. He won in 2 hours, 58 minutes and 50 seconds, setting off wild celebrations at the stadium. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four gold medals. Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city. The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world. The second Olympics was held in Paris. Four years later the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 20 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in croquet, golf, sailing, and tennis. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's Fair and lasted over five months. It has been disputed which exact events were Olympic, as some events were for professionals, some had restricted eligibility, and others lacked international competitors. Francis Olympic Field of Washington University in St. Louis during the 1904 Summer Olympics Dorando Pietri finishes the modern marathon in 1908 at the current distance. Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and the difficulty of getting to St. Louis may have contributed to the fact that very few top-ranked athletes from outside the US and Canada took part in the 1904 Games. The "Second International Olympic Games in Athens", as they were called at the time, were held in 1906. The IOC does not currently recognise these games as being official Olympic Games, although many historians do and credit the 1906 games with preventing the demise of the Olympics. The 1906 Athens games were the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens in even non-Olympic years, but the series failed to materialise. The games were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games, with over 850 athletes competing, and contributed positively to the success of future games. The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195  km (26 miles 385 yards). The first Olympic Marathon in 1896 (a male-only race) was raced at a distance of 40  km (24 miles 85 yards). The new marathon distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon had been 40 km (24.9 mi) for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km (1.2 mi) due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six distances. The Games saw Great Britain winning 146 medals, 99 more than second-placed Americans, its best result to this day. At the end of the 1908 marathon, the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials and later disqualified for that. As compensation for the missing medal, Queen Alexandra gave Pietri a gilded silver cup. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a special report about the race in the Daily Mail. The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this 'breach' of amateurism after complaints from Avery Brundage. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. The Games at Stockholm were the first to fulfil Pierre de Coubertin's original idea. For the first time since the Games started in 1896, all five inhabited continents were represented with athletes competing in the same stadium. The scheduled 1916 Summer Olympics were cancelled following the onset of World War I. Interwar era The 1920 Antwerp Games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games involved 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. The "Flying Finn" won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 meter runs, the latter two on the same day. The 1928 Amsterdam Games was notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from the Coca-Cola Company. The 1928 games saw the introduction of a standard medal design with the IOC, choosing Giuseppe Cassioli's depiction of Greek goddess Nike with a winner being carried by a crowd of people. This design was used up until 1972. The 1932 Los Angeles Games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the low number of competitors. Olympiastadion in Berlin, during the 1936 Games The 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. The result, Olympia, was widely considered to be a masterpiece, despite the infusion of Adolf Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority. Individually, African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won four gold medals, while the host nation won the most gold and overall medals. The 1936 Berlin Games also saw the introduction of the Torch Relay. Due to World War II, the 1940 Games (due to be held in Tokyo and temporarily relocated to Helsinki upon the outbreak of war) were cancelled. The 1944 Games were due to be held in London but were also cancelled; instead, London hosted the first games after the end of the war, in 1948. After World War II The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded. Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin. At the 1952 Helsinki Games, the USSR team competed for the first time and quickly emerged as one of the dominant teams, finishing second in the number of gold and overall medals won. Their immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis, hence violating amateur rules. Finland made a legend of an amiable Czechoslovak Army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000- and 5,000-meter races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other race leaders, Zátopek led from about halfway, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins. The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, with the exception of a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which ended in a pitched battle between the teams on account of the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The equestrian events were held in Stockholm due to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Britain at the time and the strict quarantine laws of Australia. At the 1960 Rome Games, a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, arrived on the scene. Ali would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town of Louisville, Kentucky. He was awarded a new medal 36 years later at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Other notable performers in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medallist in the 100 meters, 200 meters, and 4 × 100 meters relay events. The 1964 Tokyo Games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites. These Games marked a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics and are credited for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. Judo debuted as an official sport, and Dutch judoka Anton Geesink caused a stir when he won the final of the open weight division, defeating Akio Kaminaga in front of his home crowd. The opening ceremony for the 1968 Games, in Mexico City, the first held in Latin America Performances at the 1968 Games in Mexico City were affected by the altitude of the host city. These Games introduced the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal. In the medal award ceremony for the men's 200-meter race, black American athletes Tommie Smith (gold medal winner) and John Carlos (bronze medal winner) took a stand for civil rights by raising their black-gloved fists and wearing black socks in lieu of shoes. The two athletes were subsequently expelled from the Games by the IOC. Věra Čáslavská, in protest against the 1968 Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the controversial decision by the judges on the balance beam and floor, turned her head down and away from the Soviet flag while the national anthem was played during the medal ceremony. She returned home as a heroine of the Czechoslovak people but was made an outcast by the Soviet-dominated government. The Olympic flag at halfmast in Kiel (host city of the sailing events), after the Munich massacre at 1972 Games Politics again intervened at the 1972 Games in Munich, but this time with lethal consequences. A Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and broke into the apartment of the Israeli delegation. They killed two Israelis and held nine others as hostages, demanding that Israel release numerous prisoners. When the Israeli government refused the terrorists' demands, the situation developed into a tense stand-off while negotiations continued. Eventually, the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the ensuing firefight, 15 people were killed, including the nine captive Israeli athletes and five of the terrorists. After much debate, the decision was taken to continue the Games, but the proceedings were understandably dominated by these events. Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a then-record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, Finland's Lasse Virén taking back-to-back gold medals in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, and the winning of three gold medals by Soviet gymnastic star Olga Korbut, who achieved a historic backflip off the high bar. In the final of the men's basketball, the United States lost to the Soviet Union in what is widely considered as the most controversial game in international basketball history. In a close-fought match, the U.S. team appeared to have won by a score of 50–49. However, the final three seconds of the game were replayed three times by judges until the Soviet team came out on top and claimed a 51–50 victory. Ultimately the U.S team refused to accept their silver medals. There was no such tragedy at the 1976 Montreal Games, but bad planning and fraud led to the cost of these Games far exceeding the budget. Costing $1.5 billion (equivalent to $7.58 billion in 2023), the 1976 Summer Games were the most expensive in Olympic history (until the 2014 Winter Olympics) and it seemed, for a time, that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. In retrospect, it is believed that contractors (suspected of being members of the Montreal Mafia) skimmed large sums of money from all levels of contracts while also profiting from the substitution of cheaper building materials of lesser quality, which may have contributed to the delays, poor construction, and excessive costs. In 1988, one such contractor, Giuseppe Zappia "was cleared of fraud charges that resulted from his work on Olympic facilities after two key witnesses died before testifying at his trial". The 1976 Games were boycotted by many African nations as a protest against a recent tour of apartheid-run South Africa by the New Zealand national rugby union team. Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci made history when she won the women's individual all-around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores. She won two other individual events, with two perfect scores in the balance beam and all perfect scores in the uneven bars. Lasse Virén repeated his double gold in the 5,000 and 10,000 meters, making him the first athlete to ever win the distance double twice. End of the 20th century Following the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany, and Japan, boycotted the 1980 Games held in Moscow. Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. The boycott contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicised and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country. In 1984, the Soviet Union and 13 Soviet allies retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Romania and Yugoslavia, notably are the only two countries from the Eastern Bloc that did attend the 1984 Olympics. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era to make a profit. Although a boycott led by the Soviet Union depleted the field in certain sports, 140 National Olympic Committees took part, which was a record at the time. The Games were also the first time mainland China (People's Republic) participated. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the IOC to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with tremendous efforts". On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games." Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the programme, along with suggestions for further enhancements. The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping programme prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics. The 1988 Games, in Seoul, was very well planned but the games were tainted when many of the athletes, most notably men's 100 metres winner Ben Johnson, failed mandatory drug tests. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games. The 1992 Barcelona Games featured the admittance of players from one of the North American top leagues, the NBA, exemplified by but not limited to US basketball's "Dream Team". The 1992 games also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been annexed into the Soviet Union during World War II. At these games, gymnast Vitaly Scherbo set an inaugural medal record of five individual gold medals at a Summer Olympics, and equaled the inaugural record set by Eric Heiden at the 1980 Winter Olympics. By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had become a commercial concern; there were widespread allegations of corruption potentially affecting the IOC's decision process. At the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics, the highlight was 200 meters runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Canadians savoured Donovan Bailey's recording gold medal run in the 100-meter dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place in the basketball arena. The atmosphere at the Games was marred, however, when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Olympic Park. In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was arrested. The 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, were known as the "Games of the New Millennium". The 2000 Summer Olympics, held in Sydney, Australia, showcased individual performances by locals favorites Ian Thorpe in the pool and Cathy Freeman, an Indigenous Australian whose triumph in the 400 meters united a packed stadium., Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, received wide media coverage when he completed the 100 meter freestyle swim in by far the slowest time in Olympic history. He nevertheless won the heat as both his opponents had been disqualified for false starts. His female compatriot Paula Barila Bolopa also received media attention for her record-slow and struggling but courageous performance. The Sydney Games also saw the first appearance of a joint North and South Korean contingent at the opening ceremonies, though they competed in all events as different teams. Controversy occurred in the Women's Artistic Gymnastics when the vaulting horse was set to the wrong height during the All-Around Competition. Start of the 21st century In 2004, the Olympic Games returned to their birthplace in Athens, Greece. At least $7.2 billion was spent on the 2004 Games, including $1.5 billion on security. Michael Phelps won his first Olympic medals, tallying six gold and two bronze medals. Pyrros Dimas, winning a bronze medal, became the most decorated weightlifter of all time with four Olympic medals, three gold and one bronze. Although unfounded reports of potential terrorism drove crowds away from the preliminary competitions at the first weekend of the Olympics (14–15 August 2004), attendance picked up as the Games progressed. A third of the tickets failed to sell, but ticket sales still topped figures from the Seoul and Barcelona Olympics (1988 and 1992). IOC President Jacques Rogge characterised Greece's organisation as outstanding and its security precautions as flawless. All 202 NOCs participated at the Athens Games with over 11,000 participants. The 2008 Summer Olympics was held in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Several new events were held, including the new discipline of BMX for both men and women. Women competed in the steeplechase for the first time. The fencing programme was expanded to include all six events for both men and women; previously, women had not been able to compete in team foil or sabre events, although women's team épée and men's team foil were dropped for these Games. Marathon swimming events were added, over the distance of 10 km (6.2 mi). Also, the doubles events in table tennis were replaced by team events. American swimmer Michael Phelps set a record for gold medals at a single Games with eight, and tied the record of most gold medals by a single competitor previously held by both Eric Heiden and Vitaly Scherbo. Another notable star of the Games was Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, who became the first male athlete ever to set world records in the finals of both the 100 and 200 metres in the same Games. Equestrian events were held in Hong Kong. London held the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first city to host the Olympic Games three times. In his closing address, Jacques Rogge described the Games as "Happy and glorious". The host nation won 29 gold medals, the best haul for Great Britain since the 1908 Games in London. The United States returned to the top of the medal table after China dominated in 2008. The IOC had removed baseball and softball from the 2012 programme. The London Games were successful on a commercial level because they were the first in history to completely sell out every ticket, with as many as 1 million applications for 40,000 tickets for both the Opening Ceremony and the 100m Men's Sprint Final. Such was the demand for tickets to all levels of each event that there was controversy over seats being set aside for sponsors and National Delegations which went unused in the early days. A system of reallocation was put in place so the empty seats were filled throughout the Games. Recent Games The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, had few attendees as a result of excluding public spectators amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics, becoming the first South American city to host the Olympics, the second Olympic host city in Latin America, after Mexico City in 1968, as well as the third city in the Southern Hemisphere to host the Olympics after Melbourne, Australia, in 1956 and Sydney, Australia, in 2000. The preparation for these Games was overshadowed by controversies, including political instability and an economic crisis in the host country, health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika virus, and significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay. However, these concerns were superseded by a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russian athletes at the Winter Olympics held two years earlier, which affected the participation of its athletes in these Games. The 2020 Summer Olympics were originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo, Japan. The city was the fifth in history to host the Games twice and the first Asian city to have this title. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the then-Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the IOC and the Tokyo Organising Committee announced that the 2020 Games were to be delayed until 2021, marking the first time that the Olympic Games have been postponed. Unlike previous Olympics, these Games took place without spectators due to concerns over COVID-19 and a state of emergency imposed in the host city. Nevertheless, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games featured many memorable moments and feats of technical excellence. One star of the Games, U.S. gymnast Simone Biles, gracefully bowed out to focus on her mental health, but later returned to claim an individual bronze medal. Norway's Karsten Warholm smashed his own world record in the 400m hurdles. Future Games The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, making it the second city after London to host the Summer Olympics three times (the other times being 1900 and 1924). This will be the first of any Olympic Games after the pandemic to allow spectators to attend. In a first, the opening ceremonies will be staged outside the main stadium with the athletes parading down boats along the Seine River. Following this, the open water swimming competitions will also occur in the River. The 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States, making it the third city to host the Games three times (the other times being 1932 and 1984), with the U.S. hosting the Summer Olympics for the fifth time. The 2032 Summer Olympics will be held in Brisbane, Australia, which is the third city to host the Games in Australia and the fourth south of the equator. Sports Main article: Olympic sports There has been a total of 42 sports, spanning 55 disciplines, included in the Olympic programme at one point or another in the history of the Games. The schedule has comprised 33 sports for the recent Summer Olympics (2020), with 32 sports planned for the next Summer Olympics (2024). The various Olympic Sports federations are grouped under a common umbrella association, called the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).   Current sport     No longer included Sport Years 3x3 Basketball Since 2020 Archery 1900–1908, 1920, since 1972 Artistic swimming Since 1984 Athletics All Badminton Since 1992 Baseball 1992–2008, 2020, 2028 Basketball Since 1936 Basque pelota 1900 Breaking 2024 Boxing 1904, 1908, since 1920 Canoeing Since 1936 Cricket 1900, 2028 Croquet 1900 Cycling All Diving Since 1904 Equestrian 1900, since 1912 Fencing All Field hockey 1908, 1920, since 1928 Flag football 2028 Football 1900–1928, since 1936 Golf 1900, 1904, since 2016 Gymnastics All Handball 1936, since 1972 Jeu de paume 1908 Judo 1964, since 1972 Karate 2020 Lacrosse 1904, 1908, 2028 Modern pentathlon Since 1912 Polo 1900, 1908, 1920, 1924, 1936 Rackets 1908 Roque 1904 Rowing Since 1900 Rugby union 1900, 1908, 1920, 1924 Rugby sevens Since 2016 Sailing 1900, since 1908 Shooting 1896, 1900, 1908–1924, since 1932 Skateboarding Since 2020 Softball 1996–2008, 2020, 2028 Sport climbing Since 2020 Squash 2028 Surfing Since 2020 Swimming All Table tennis Since 1988 Taekwondo Since 2000 Tennis 1896–1924, since 1988 Triathlon Since 2000 Tug of war 1900–1920 Volleyball Since 1964 Water motorsports 1908 Water polo Since 1900 Weightlifting 1896, 1904, since 1920 Wrestling 1896, since 1904 Qualification Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Sports Federation (IF) that governs that sport's international competition. For individual sports, competitors typically qualify by attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IF's ranking list. There is a general rule that a maximum of three individual athletes may represent each nation per competition. National Olympic Committees (NOCs) may enter a limited number of qualified competitors in each event, and the NOC decides which qualified competitors to select as representatives in each event if more have attained the benchmark than can be entered. Nations most often qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, in which each continental association is given a certain number of spots in the Olympic tournament. Each nation may be represented by no more than one team per competition; a team consists of just two people in some sports. Popularity of Olympic sports The IOC divides Summer Olympic sports into five categories (A – E) based on popularity, gauged by six criteria: television viewing figures (40%), internet popularity (20%), public surveys (15%), ticket requests (10%), press coverage (10%), and number of national federations (5%). The category of a sport determines the share of Olympic revenue received by that sport's International Federation. Sports that were new to the 2016 Olympics (rugby and golf) have been placed in Category E. The current categories are: Cat. No. Sport A 3 athletics, aquatics, gymnastics B 5 basketball, cycling, football, tennis, volleyball C 8 archery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing, shooting, table tennis, weightlifting D 9 canoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing, handball, field hockey, sailing, taekwondo, triathlon, wrestling E 3 modern pentathlon, golf, rugby F 6 baseball/softball, karate, skateboarding, sport climbing, surfing a Aquatics encompasses artistic swimming, diving, swimming, and water polo. All-time medal table Main article: All-time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC.    Defunct nation No. Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Games 1  United States 1065 835 738 2638 28 2  Soviet Union 395 319 296 1010 9 3  Great Britain 285 319 314 918 29 4  China 262 199 173 634 11 5  France 223 251 277 751 29 6  Italy 217 188 213 618 28 7  Germany 201 207 247 655 17 8  Hungary 181 154 176 511 27 9  Japan 169 150 178 497 23 10  Australia 164 173 210 547 27 11  East Germany 153 129 127 409 5 12  Russia 149 126 151 426 6 13  Sweden 148 176 179 503 28 14  Finland 101 85 119 305 26 15  South Korea 96 91 100 287 18 16  Netherlands 95 105 122 322 27 17  Romania 90 97 121 308 22 18  Cuba 84 69 82 235 21 19  Poland 72 89 137 298 22 20  Canada 71 109 146 326 27 Medal leaders by year vte Summer Olympics medal table leaders by year 1896:  United States 1900:  France 1904:  United States 1908:  Great Britain 1912:  United States 1920:  United States 1924:  United States 1928:  United States 1932:  United States 1936:  Germany 1948:  United States 1952:  United States 1956:  Soviet Union 1960:  Soviet Union 1964:  United States 1968:  United States 1972:  Soviet Union 1976:  Soviet Union 1980:  Soviet Union 1984:  United States 1988:  Soviet Union 1992:  Unified Team 1996:  United States 2000:  United States 2004:  United States 2008:  China 2012:  United States 2016:  United States 2020:  United States Number of occurrences  United States — 18 times  Soviet Union — 6 times  France — once  Great Britain — once  Germany — once  China — once  Unified Team — once List of Summer Olympic Games The IOC has never decided which events of the early Games were "Olympic" and which were not. The founder of the modern Olympics, Pierre de Coubertin, ceded that determination to the organisers of those Games. Olympiad No. Host Games dates /Opened by Sports(Disciplines) Competitors Events Nations Top nation Total Men Women 1896 I Athens 6-15 April 1896King George I 9 (10) 241 241 0 43 14  United States 1900 II Paris 14 May – 28 October 1900Baron Pierre de Coubertin 19 (21) 1226 1202 24 95 26  France 1904 III St. Louis 1 July – 23 November 1904GovernorDavid R. Francis 16 (18) 651 645 6 95 12  United States 1908 IV London 27 April – 31 October 1908King Edward VII 22 (25) 2008 1971 37 110 22  Great Britain 1912 V Stockholm 5 May – 27 July 1912King Gustaf V 14 (18) 2407 2359 48 102 28  United States 1916 VI Awarded to Germany (Berlin). Cancelled due to World War I 1920 VII Antwerp 19 April – 12 September 1920King Albert I 22 (29) 2626 2561 65 156 39  United States 1924 VIII Paris 3 May - 27 July 1924President Gaston Doumergue 17 (23) 3089 2954 135 126 44  United States 1928 IX Amsterdam 16 May – 12 August 1928Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 14 (20) 2883 2606 277 109 46  United States 1932 X Los Angeles 30 July – 14 August 1932Vice President Charles Curtis 1332 1206 126 117 37  United States 1936 XI Berlin 1–16 August 1936Chancellor Adolf Hitler 19 (25) 3963 3632 331 129 49  Germany 1940 XII Originally awarded to Japan (Tokyo), then awarded to Finland (Helsinki). Cancelled due to World War II 1944 XIII Awarded to United Kingdom (London). Cancelled due to World War II 1948 XIV London 29 July – 14 August 1948King George VI 17 (23) 4104 3714 390 136 59  United States 1952 XV Helsinki 19 July – 3 August 1952President Juho Kusti Paasikivi 4955 4436 519 149 69  United States 1956 XVI Melbourne 22 November – 8 December 1956Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 3314 2938 376 151 72  Soviet Union 1960 XVII Rome 25 August – 11 September 1960President Giovanni Gronchi 5338 4727 611 150 83  Soviet Union 1964 XVIII Tokyo 10–24 October 1964Emperor Hirohito 19 (25) 5151 4473 678 163 93  United States 1968 XIX Mexico City 12–27 October 1968President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 18 (24) 5516 4735 781 172 112  United States 1972 XX Munich 26 August – 11 September 1972President Gustav Heinemann 21 (28) 7134 6075 1059 195 121  Soviet Union 1976 XXI Montreal 17 July – 1 August 1976Queen Elizabeth II 21 (27) 6084 4824 1260 198 92  Soviet Union 1980 XXII Moscow 19 July – 3 August 1980Chairman of the Presidium Leonid Brezhnev 5179 4064 1115 203 80  Soviet Union 1984 XXIII Los Angeles 28 July – 12 August 1984President Ronald Reagan 21 (29) 6829 5263 1566 221 140  United States 1988 XXIV Seoul 17 September – 2 October 1988President Roh Tae-woo 23 (31) 8391 6197 2194 237 159  Soviet Union 1992 XXV Barcelona 25 July – 9 August 1992King Juan Carlos I 25 (34) 9356 6652 2704 257 169  Soviet Union 1996 XXVI Atlanta 19 July – 4 August 1996President Bill Clinton 26 (37) 10318 6806 3512 271 197  United States 2000 XXVII Sydney 15 September – 1 October 2000Governor-General Sir William Deane 28 (40) 10651 6582 4069 300 199  United States 2004 XXVIII Athens 13–29 August 2004President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos 10625 6296 4329 301 201  United States 2008 XXIX Beijing 8–24 August 2008President Hu Jintao 28 (41) 10942 6305 4637 302 204  China 2012 XXX London 27 July – 12 August 2012Queen Elizabeth II 26 (39) 10768 5992 4776 302 204  United States 2016 XXXI Rio de Janeiro 5–21 August 2016Acting President Michel Temer 28 (42) 11238 6179 5059 306 207  United States 2020 XXXII Tokyo 23 July – 8 August 2021Emperor Naruhito 33 (50) 11676 5982 5494 339 206  United States 2024 XXXIII Paris 26 July – 11 August 2024President Emmanuel Macron (expected) 32 (48) 10500 5250 5250 329 TBA TBA 2028 XXXIV Los Angeles 14–30 July 2028TBA 35 (51) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 2032 XXXV Brisbane 23 July – 8 August 2032TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA A.1 2 3 The IOC site for the 1896, 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympic Games does not include Mixed teams (teams of athletes from different nations) as separate "nation" when counting participating nations. At the same time the IOC shows Mixed team in the results of competitions where these teams competed. Thus, specified number of national teams plus Mixed teams participated in the Games. B.^ At an earlier time the IOC database for the 1900 Summer Olympics listed 85 medal events, 24 participating countries and 997 athletes (22 women, 975 men). The Olympic historian and author, Bill Mallon, whose studies have shed light on the topic, suggested the number 95 events satisfying all four retrospective selection criteria (restricted to amateurs, international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping) and now should be considered as Olympic events. In July 2021, the IOC upgraded its complete online database of all Olympic results explicitly to incorporate the data of the Olympic historians website, Olympedia.org, thus accepting Mallon's recommendation (based on four applied criteria) for events of the 1900 Olympic Games. The eleven events, the results of which had nevertheless been shown within the earlier IOC database, have been added over the former total of 85. Оne shooting event (20 metre military pistol, which was an event for professionals) have been removed. Acceptance of Mallon's recommendation increased the number of events to 95, and also entailed increasing the number of participating countries up to 26 and athletes up to 1226. After upgrading of the IOC online database the IOC web site results section contains 95 events. The IOC webpage for the 1900 Summer Olympics shows a total of 95 medal events, 26 participating countries and 1226 athletes. Furthermore, the IOC factsheet "The Games of the Olympiad" of November 2021 refers to 95 events, but still refers to old numbers of participating countries (24) and athletes (997). C.^ According to the International Olympic Committee, 26 nations sent competitors to this edition. The concept of "national teams" chosen by National Olympic Committees did not exist at this point in time. When counting the number of participating countries in the early Olympic Games, the IOC does not take into account otherwise unrepresented countries whose citizens competed for other countries. Modern research shows that at the 1900 Olympics, the athletes of at least four otherwise unrepresented countries (Canada, Luxembourg, Colombia, New Zealand) competed for other countries in both individual and team sports. The IOC website lists all of them in the results section under their nationalities, but does not include their countries among the 26 participating countries. D.^ The IOC webpage for the 1904 Summer Olympics sets the number at 95 events, while at one time the IOC webpage listed 91. The figure of 91 is sourced to a work by Olympic historian and author, Bill Mallon, whose studies have shed light on the topic. Events satisfying all four of these retrospective selection criteria of the early 20th century — restricted to amateurs, allowing international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping — are now regarded as Olympic events. E.1 2 3 Although the Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 were cancelled, the Roman numerals for those Games were still applied because the official titles of the Summer Games count the Olympiads, not the Games themselves, per the Olympic Charter. This contrasts with the Winter Olympics, which ignore the cancelled Winter Games of 1940 and 1944 in their numeric count. F.^ The IOC webpage for the 1920 Summer Olympics gives the figure of 156 events, while at one time the IOC webpage listed 154 (difference was two sailing events in Amsterdam). G.^ The IOC webpage for the 1956 Summer Olympics gives a total of 151 events (145 events in Melbourne and six equestrian events in Stockholm). H.^ Owing to Australian quarantine laws, six equestrian events were held in Stockholm for the 1956 Summer Olympics several months before the other events in Melbourne; five of the 72 nations that competed in the equestrian events in Stockholm did not attend the main Games in Melbourne. I.^ The 1972 Summer Olympics was originally scheduled to end on 10 September 1972, but was postponed to a day on 11 September after events had been suspended for 34 hours due to the Munich massacre, which happened after day 9. K.^ IOC records state Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as "President", a title used at that time by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.) L.^ Originally scheduled for 24 July – 9 August 2020, the Games were postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the event was still referred to as the 2020 Summer Olympics (marking the 32nd Olympiad) to preserve the four-year Olympiad cycle. M.^ Number of athletes will be in limited quota into an equal number of gender participants. See also Olympic Games portal List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies Lists of Olympic medalists Olympic Games ceremony Olympic Stadium Summer Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Winter Olympic Games References ^ Isom, David. "Guides: Olympics and International Sports Law Research Guide: Organization & Legal Structure of the Olympic Games". guides.ll.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ "IOC makes historic decision in agreeing to award 2024 and 2028 Olympic Games at the same time". IOC. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ Schaffer, Kay (2000). The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games. p. 271. ^ a b c "Melbourne 1956". IOC. 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1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Bobsleigh 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Cross-country skiing 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Curling 1924 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Figure skating 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Freestyle skiing 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Ice hockey 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Luge 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Nordic combined 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Short track speed skating 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Skeleton 1928 1948 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Ski jumping 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Snowboarding 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Speed skating 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Olympic Games portal vteSummer Olympic Games host cities 1896: Athens 1900: Paris 1904: St. Louis 1908: London 1912: Stockholm 1916: None 1920: Antwerp 1924: Paris 1928: Amsterdam 1932: Los Angeles 1936: Berlin 1940: None 1944: None 1948: London 1952: Helsinki 1956: Melbourne 1960: Rome 1964: Tokyo 1968: Mexico City 1972: Munich 1976: Montreal 1980: Moscow 1984: Los Angeles 1988: Seoul 1992: Barcelona 1996: Atlanta 2000: Sydney 2004: Athens 2008: Beijing 2012: London 2016: Rio de Janeiro 2020: Tokyo 2024: Paris 2028: Los Angeles 2032: Brisbane Cancelled due to World War I; Cancelled due to World War II; Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic vteMulti-sport eventsGlobalOlympics Olympic Games Summer Winter Youth Olympic Games Parasports Paralympic Games Summer Winter Deaflympics Summer Winter Défi sportif IBSA World Games INAS Global Games Invictus Games World Dwarf Games Special Olympics Summer Winter World Abilitysport Games Professions FIS Games 2021 World Para Snow Sports Championships UCI Cycling World Championships International Army Games Lumberjack World Championship World Air Games Military World Games World Police and Fire Games World Firefighters Games Youth and students FISU World University Games (Universiade) World School Sport Games (Gymnasiade) International Youth Green Games International Children's Games SELL Student Games World Interuniversity Games World School Sport Games Commonwealth Youth Games CPLP Games University International Sports Festival Other types Arafura Games CSIT World Sports Games Dew Tour Mind Sports Olympiad World Mind Sports Games World Mind Games World Beach Games World Combat Games World Games World Masters Games World Nomad Games World Skate Games World Urban Games X Games Intercommunity Arab Games BRICS Games Commonwealth Games Croatian World Games Gay Games Highland games Islamic Solidarity Games Jeux de la Francophonie Lusofonia Games Maccabiah Games Pan-Armenian Games World Transplant Games World Eskimo Indian Olympics World Indigenous Games World Outgames World Polonia Games RegionalAfrica African Games African Para Games African Youth Games All-Africa University Games West African University Games Americas Pan American Pan American Games Parapan American Games Junior Pan American Games Americas Masters Games Central American and the Caribbean Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Latin American ALBA Games Bolivarian Games North American CANUSA Games North American Indigenous Games North American Outgames South American South American Games South American Beach Games South American Para Games South American University Games South American Youth Games Caribbean Caribbean Games Asia Pan Asian Asian Games Summer Winter Asian Para Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games Asian Youth Games Southeast Asian SEA Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN Para Games Central Asian Games East Asian Youth Games South Asian Games West Asian Games1 Europe Black Sea Games1 European Games European Masters Games European Championships European Para Championships European Para Youth Games European Youth Olympic Festival EuroGames European Universities Championships European Universities Games Games of the Small States of Europe International Erasmus Games Oceania Australian Youth Olympic Festival Micronesian Games Pacific Games Pacific Mini Games Arafura Games Pan Pacific Masters Games Intercontinental Arab Games Arctic Winter Games Asia Pacific Deaf Games Asia Pacific Masters Games Isles Indian Ocean Island Games Island Games Jeux des îles Mediterranean Games NationalAfrica South African Games1 Americas Canada British Columbia Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan Western Colombia United States amateur juniors seniors Warrior Games NCSG,United States3 Alabama California Florida Massachusetts Missouri Montana Nebraska New York North Carolina North Dakota1 Lakota Nation Texas Wisconsin Asia Bangladesh China All-China Games National Games National Peasants' Games National Youth Games National Ethnic Games India Youth University Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Pakistan Philippines National Games Student Youth Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand Youth Vietnam Taiwan National Amateur Youth University Europe Netherlands1 Poland (youth) Spartakiad of Albania1 Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR1 youth1 WheelPower Historical1Pre-Modern Olympics(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD) Tailteann Games (ancient) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to theModern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People's Olympiad Workers' Olympiads Spartakiad Defunct regional orcommunity events Afro-Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Baltic Sea Games Black Sea Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games FESPIC Games Games of the New Emerging Forces Pacific Ocean Games Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR Tailteann Games (modern) West African Games Women's Islamic Games World Youth Games IWAS World Games Cerebral Palsy Games Winter gamesInternational Olympics Paralympics Winter University Games FIS Games Nordic Games1 Commonwealth1 World Scout Arctic Winter Games Kennedy Memorial1 New Zealand Winter Games Winter World Masters Games Regional National Winter Games of China Asian Winter Games European Youth Olympic Festival Winter X Games Europe Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games 1 Defunct 2 Sub-national 3 51 component games in 36 U.S. states Category List WikiProject Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Other IdRef
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Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table#Top_ten_medal_rankings_(combined_NOCs)"},{"link_name":"medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table#Medal_leaders_by_year"}],"text":"\"Olympic Summer Games\" redirects here. For the video game, see Olympic Summer Games (video game).The Summer Olympic Games, also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years on leap years (except 2021). The inaugural Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and the most recent Games were held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for organising the Games and for overseeing the host city's preparations.[1] The tradition of awarding medals began in 1904; in each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals for second place, and bronze medals for third place. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympic Games, which are regarded as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport international event in the world.The Summer Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition programme in 1896 with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations, to 339 events in 2021 with 11,420 competitors (almost half of whom were women) from 206 nations. The Games have been held in nineteen countries over five continents: four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996); three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), Australia (1956 and 2000), and Japan (1964 and 2020); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), the Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Russia (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016).London was the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. As of 2022[update], Paris, Los Angeles, Athens and Tokyo have each hosted twice; Paris will host for the third time in 2024, followed by Los Angeles which will host the Games in 2028.[2] Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games: Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. Australia, France and Great Britain have won at least a medal at every edition of the Games, with Great Britain as the only one to win gold each time. The United States leads the all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics, and has topped the medal table on 18 separate occasions—followed by the USSR (six times), and France, Great Britain, Germany, China, and the ex-Soviet 'Unified Team' (once each).","title":"Summer Olympic Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Summer_Olympics.svg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1904 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Los 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Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"English-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_countries"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"having grown considerably since 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo#1973-Present"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"1912 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"equestrian events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1956-4"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"1928 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"sailing races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1920 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"equestrian events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town"},{"link_name":"Kwu Tung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwu_Tung"}],"text":"Map of Summer Olympic Games locations – countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue.The United States hosted the Summer Olympic Games four times: the 1904 Games were held in St. Louis, Missouri; the 1932 and 1984 Games were both held in Los Angeles, California, and the 1996 Games were held in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2028 Games in Los Angeles will mark the fifth occasion on which the Summer Games have been hosted by the U.S.In 2012, Great Britain hosted its third Summer Olympic Games in London, which became the first city ever to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens (excluding 1906) have each hosted two Summer Olympic Games. In 2024, France will host its third Summer Olympic Games in its capital, making Paris the second city ever to have hosted three Summer Olympics. In 2028, Los Angeles will in turn become the third city ever to have hosted the Games three times.Australia, France, Germany, Greece and Japan all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice (with France and Australia planned to host in 2024 and 2032, respectively, taking both countries to three each). Tokyo, Japan, hosted the 2020 Games and became the first city outside the predominantly English-speaking and European nations to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice, having already hosted the Games in 1964;[3] it is also the largest city ever to have hosted, having grown considerably since 1964. The other countries to have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Soviet Union, Spain, and Sweden, with each of these countries having hosted the Summer Games on one occasion.Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics four times: in Tokyo (1964 and 2020), Seoul (1988), and Beijing (2008).The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first that was held completely during the local \"winter\" season. The only two countries in the Southern Hemisphere to have hosted the Summer Olympics have been Australia (1956, 2000, and upcoming 2032) and Brazil (2016), with Africa having yet to host any Summer Olympics.Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympics, having been sole host of the 1912 Games, and hosting the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics (which they are credited as jointly hosting with Melbourne, Australia).[4] Amsterdam, Netherlands, has also hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having been sole host of the 1928 Games and previously hosting two of the sailing races at the 1920 Summer Olympics. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong provided the venues for the equestrian events, which took place in Sha Tin and Kwu Tung.","title":"Hosting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1896_Olympic_opening_ceremony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panathenaic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Coubertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin"},{"link_name":"pedagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogue"},{"link_name":"Athens in 1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stamata Revithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamata_Revithi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revithi-5"},{"link_name":"1896 Summer 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Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiridon_Louis"},{"link_name":"wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_wrestling"},{"link_name":"gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnast"},{"link_name":"Carl Schuhmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schuhmann"},{"link_name":"second Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1900 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"croquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paris World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Field_1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Olympic Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Olympic_Field"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"1904 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorando_Pietri_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorando Pietri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorando_Pietri"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russo–Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"1904 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FactsheetGames-9"},{"link_name":"Second International Olympic Games in Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lennartz-10"},{"link_name":"1908 London Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dorando Pietri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorando_Pietri"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alexandra"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Stockholm in 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"amateurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sports#Olympics"},{"link_name":"Avery Brundage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Brundage"},{"link_name":"1916 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The opening ceremony of the first modern Olympic Games in the Panathenaic Stadium, AthensThe International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded in 1894 when Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. The first edition of The Olympic Games was held in Athens in 1896 and attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on her own, saying \"If the committee doesn't let me compete I will go after them regardless\".[5]The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first Olympic Games held in the modern era. About 100,000 people attended for the opening of the games. The athletes came from 14 nations, with most coming from Greece. Although Greece had the most athletes, the U.S. finished with the most champions. 11 Americans placed first in their events vs. the 10 from Greece.[6] Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organised by Pierre de Coubertin in Paris, on 23 June 1894. The IOC was also established during this congress.Despite many obstacles and setbacks, the 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. Panathinaiko Stadium, the first big stadium in the modern world, overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event.[7] The highlight for the Greeks was the Marathon victory by their compatriot Spiridon Louis, a water carrier. He won in 2 hours, 58 minutes and 50 seconds, setting off wild celebrations at the stadium. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four gold medals.Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city. The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world. The second Olympics was held in Paris.[8]Four years later the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 20 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in croquet, golf, sailing, and tennis. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's Fair and lasted over five months. It has been disputed which exact events were Olympic, as some events were for professionals, some had restricted eligibility, and others lacked international competitors.Francis Olympic Field of Washington University in St. Louis during the 1904 Summer OlympicsDorando Pietri finishes the modern marathon in 1908 at the current distance.Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and the difficulty of getting to St. Louis may have contributed to the fact that very few top-ranked athletes from outside the US and Canada took part in the 1904 Games.[9]The \"Second International Olympic Games in Athens\", as they were called at the time, were held in 1906.[10] The IOC does not currently recognise these games as being official Olympic Games, although many historians do and credit the 1906 games with preventing the demise of the Olympics. The 1906 Athens games were the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens in even non-Olympic years, but the series failed to materialise. The games were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games, with over 850 athletes competing, and contributed positively to the success of future games.The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195  km (26 miles 385 yards). The first Olympic Marathon in 1896 (a male-only race) was raced at a distance of 40  km (24 miles 85 yards). The new marathon distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon had been 40 km (24.9 mi) for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km (1.2 mi) due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six distances. The Games saw Great Britain winning 146 medals, 99 more than second-placed Americans, its best result to this day.At the end of the 1908 marathon, the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials and later disqualified for that. As compensation for the missing medal, Queen Alexandra gave Pietri a gilded silver cup. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a special report about the race in the Daily Mail.[11]The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this 'breach' of amateurism after complaints from Avery Brundage. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. The Games at Stockholm were the first to fulfil Pierre de Coubertin's original idea. For the first time since the Games started in 1896, all five inhabited continents were represented with athletes competing in the same stadium.The scheduled 1916 Summer Olympics were cancelled following the onset of World War I.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1920 Antwerp Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Paris Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paavo Nurmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi"},{"link_name":"Flying Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Finn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1928 Amsterdam Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Cassioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cassioli"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1932 Los Angeles Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532,_Berlin,_Olympia-Stadion_(Luftaufnahme).jpg"},{"link_name":"Olympiastadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"1936 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936 Berlin Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Berlin_Games"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Leni Riefenstahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race"},{"link_name":"Jesse Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1940 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"1944 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Interwar era","text":"The 1920 Antwerp Games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games involved 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. The \"Flying Finn\" won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 meter runs, the latter two on the same day.[12]The 1928 Amsterdam Games was notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from the Coca-Cola Company. The 1928 games saw the introduction of a standard medal design with the IOC, choosing Giuseppe Cassioli's depiction of Greek goddess Nike with a winner being carried by a crowd of people. This design was used up until 1972.[citation needed]The 1932 Los Angeles Games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the low number of competitors.Olympiastadion in Berlin, during the 1936 GamesThe 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. The result, Olympia, was widely considered to be a masterpiece, despite the infusion of Adolf Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority. Individually, African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won four gold medals, while the host nation won the most gold and overall medals. The 1936 Berlin Games also saw the introduction of the Torch Relay.[13]Due to World War II, the 1940 Games (due to be held in Tokyo and temporarily relocated to Helsinki upon the outbreak of war) were cancelled. The 1944 Games were due to be held in London but were also cancelled; instead, London hosted the first games after the end of the war, in 1948.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Fanny Blankers-Koen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Blankers-Koen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1952 Helsinki Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"USSR team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Real_Pro-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Army"},{"link_name":"Emil Zátopek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Z%C3%A1topek"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1956 Melbourne Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"water polo match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_in_the_Water_match"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"foot-and-mouth disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"1960 Rome Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"whites-only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"1996 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Wilma Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"1964 Tokyo Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Anton Geesink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Geesink"},{"link_name":"Akio Kaminaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akio_Kaminaga"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_Ceremony_Mexico_87_University_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"1968 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1968-28"},{"link_name":"Fosbury flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosbury_flop"},{"link_name":"Dick Fosbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Fosbury"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"black American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_American"},{"link_name":"Tommie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommie_Smith"},{"link_name":"John Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carlos"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"black-gloved fists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Věra Čáslavská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_%C4%8C%C3%A1slavsk%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"1968 Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"balance beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_beam"},{"link_name":"floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"Soviet flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_flag"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_die_Opfer_des_Attentats_in_M%C3%BCnchen_(Kiel_53.824).jpg"},{"link_name":"Olympic flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_flag"},{"link_name":"Munich massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre"},{"link_name":"1972 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"lethal consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre"},{"link_name":"Black September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_(group)"},{"link_name":"Israeli delegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1972-33"},{"link_name":"Mark Spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Spitz"},{"link_name":"Lasse Virén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Vir%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Olga Korbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Korbut"},{"link_name":"high bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_bar"},{"link_name":"final of the men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Olympic_Men%27s_Basketball_final&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"1976 Montreal Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"a recent tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"New Zealand national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nadia Comăneci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"After World War II","text":"The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded.[14] Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin.[15]At the 1952 Helsinki Games, the USSR team competed for the first time and quickly emerged as one of the dominant teams, finishing second in the number of gold and overall medals won. Their immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored \"full-time amateur athlete\". The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis, hence violating amateur rules.[16][17][18][19][20] Finland made a legend of an amiable Czechoslovak Army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000- and 5,000-meter races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other race leaders, Zátopek led from about halfway, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins.[21]The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, with the exception of a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which ended in a pitched battle between the teams on account of the Soviet invasion of Hungary.[22] The equestrian events were held in Stockholm due to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Britain at the time and the strict quarantine laws of Australia.At the 1960 Rome Games, a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, arrived on the scene. Ali would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town of Louisville, Kentucky.[23] He was awarded a new medal 36 years later at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.[24] Other notable performers in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medallist in the 100 meters, 200 meters, and 4 × 100 meters relay events.[25]The 1964 Tokyo Games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites.[26] These Games marked a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics and are credited for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. Judo debuted as an official sport, and Dutch judoka Anton Geesink caused a stir when he won the final of the open weight division, defeating Akio Kaminaga in front of his home crowd.[27]The opening ceremony for the 1968 Games, in Mexico City, the first held in Latin AmericaPerformances at the 1968 Games in Mexico City were affected by the altitude of the host city.[28] These Games introduced the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal.[29] In the medal award ceremony for the men's 200-meter race, black American athletes Tommie Smith (gold medal winner) and John Carlos (bronze medal winner) took a stand for civil rights by raising their black-gloved fists and wearing black socks in lieu of shoes.[30] The two athletes were subsequently expelled from the Games by the IOC. Věra Čáslavská, in protest against the 1968 Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the controversial decision by the judges on the balance beam and floor, turned her head down and away from the Soviet flag while the national anthem was played during the medal ceremony.[31] She returned home as a heroine of the Czechoslovak people but was made an outcast by the Soviet-dominated government.The Olympic flag at halfmast in Kiel (host city of the sailing events), after the Munich massacre at 1972 GamesPolitics again intervened at the 1972 Games in Munich, but this time with lethal consequences. A Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and broke into the apartment of the Israeli delegation. They killed two Israelis and held nine others as hostages, demanding that Israel release numerous prisoners. When the Israeli government refused the terrorists' demands, the situation developed into a tense stand-off while negotiations continued. Eventually, the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the ensuing firefight, 15 people were killed, including the nine captive Israeli athletes and five of the terrorists.[32] After much debate, the decision was taken to continue the Games, but the proceedings were understandably dominated by these events.[33] Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a then-record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, Finland's Lasse Virén taking back-to-back gold medals in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, and the winning of three gold medals by Soviet gymnastic star Olga Korbut, who achieved a historic backflip off the high bar. In the final of the men's basketball, the United States lost to the Soviet Union in what is widely considered as the most controversial game in international basketball history.[34] In a close-fought match, the U.S. team appeared to have won by a score of 50–49. However, the final three seconds of the game were replayed three times by judges until the Soviet team came out on top and claimed a 51–50 victory.[35] Ultimately the U.S team refused to accept their silver medals.There was no such tragedy at the 1976 Montreal Games, but bad planning and fraud led to the cost of these Games far exceeding the budget. Costing $1.5 billion (equivalent to $7.58 billion in 2023),[36][37] the 1976 Summer Games were the most expensive in Olympic history (until the 2014 Winter Olympics) and it seemed, for a time, that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. In retrospect, it is believed that contractors (suspected of being members of the Montreal Mafia) skimmed large sums of money from all levels of contracts while also profiting from the substitution of cheaper building materials of lesser quality, which may have contributed to the delays, poor construction, and excessive costs. In 1988, one such contractor, Giuseppe Zappia \"was cleared of fraud charges that resulted from his work on Olympic facilities after two key witnesses died before testifying at his trial\".[38] The 1976 Games were boycotted by many African nations as a protest against a recent tour of apartheid-run South Africa by the New Zealand national rugby union team.[39] Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci made history when she won the women's individual all-around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores. She won two other individual events, with two perfect scores in the balance beam and all perfect scores in the uneven bars.[40] Lasse Virén repeated his double gold in the 5,000 and 10,000 meters, making him the first athlete to ever win the distance double twice.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"1980 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1984-42"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jennings"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"doping tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_test"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG2011-43"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DG2011-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT160813-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT160813-45"},{"link_name":"1988 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ben Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)"},{"link_name":"1992 Barcelona Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dream Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"annexed into the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Scherbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Scherbo"},{"link_name":"Eric Heiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Heiden"},{"link_name":"1980 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"200 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_meters"},{"link_name":"Michael Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(sprinter)"},{"link_name":"Donovan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"bomb exploded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing"},{"link_name":"Eric Robert Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Robert_Rudolph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2000_Sydney_Women%27s_long_jump_final.jpg"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ian Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Cathy Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"400 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_meters"},{"link_name":"Steve Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Eric \"the Eel\" Moussambani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Moussambani"},{"link_name":"Paula Barila Bolopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Barila_Bolopa"}],"sub_title":"End of the 20th century","text":"Following the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany, and Japan, boycotted the 1980 Games held in Moscow. Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. The boycott contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicised and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country.In 1984, the Soviet Union and 13 Soviet allies retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Romania and Yugoslavia, notably are the only two countries from the Eastern Bloc that did attend the 1984 Olympics. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era to make a profit. Although a boycott led by the Soviet Union depleted the field in certain sports, 140 National Olympic Committees took part, which was a record at the time.[42] The Games were also the first time mainland China (People's Republic) participated.According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the IOC to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were \"rescued with [these] tremendous efforts\".[43] On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said \"There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games.\"[43][44]Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the programme, along with suggestions for further enhancements.[45] The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping programme prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.[45]The 1988 Games, in Seoul, was very well planned but the games were tainted when many of the athletes, most notably men's 100 metres winner Ben Johnson, failed mandatory drug tests. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games.The 1992 Barcelona Games featured the admittance of players from one of the North American top leagues, the NBA, exemplified by but not limited to US basketball's \"Dream Team\". The 1992 games also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been annexed into the Soviet Union during World War II. At these games, gymnast Vitaly Scherbo set an inaugural medal record of five individual gold medals at a Summer Olympics, and equaled the inaugural record set by Eric Heiden at the 1980 Winter Olympics.By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had become a commercial concern; there were widespread allegations of corruption potentially affecting the IOC's decision process.At the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics, the highlight was 200 meters runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Canadians savoured Donovan Bailey's recording gold medal run in the 100-meter dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place in the basketball arena. The atmosphere at the Games was marred, however, when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Olympic Park. In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was arrested.The 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, were known as the \"Games of the New Millennium\".The 2000 Summer Olympics, held in Sydney, Australia, showcased individual performances by locals favorites Ian Thorpe in the pool and Cathy Freeman, an Indigenous Australian whose triumph in the 400 meters united a packed stadium., Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Eric \"the Eel\" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, received wide media coverage when he completed the 100 meter freestyle swim in by far the slowest time in Olympic history. He nevertheless won the heat as both his opponents had been disqualified for false starts. His female compatriot Paula Barila Bolopa also received media attention for her record-slow and struggling but courageous performance. The Sydney Games also saw the first appearance of a joint North and South Korean contingent at the opening ceremonies, though they competed in all events as different teams. Controversy occurred in the Women's Artistic Gymnastics when the vaulting horse was set to the wrong height during the All-Around Competition.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Michael Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Pyrros Dimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrros_Dimas"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jacques Rogge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rogge"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX"},{"link_name":"steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008program-48"},{"link_name":"Usain Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1908 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"}],"sub_title":"Start of the 21st century","text":"In 2004, the Olympic Games returned to their birthplace in Athens, Greece. At least $7.2 billion was spent on the 2004 Games, including $1.5 billion on security. Michael Phelps won his first Olympic medals, tallying six gold and two bronze medals. Pyrros Dimas, winning a bronze medal, became the most decorated weightlifter of all time with four Olympic medals, three gold and one bronze. Although unfounded reports of potential terrorism drove crowds away from the preliminary competitions at the first weekend of the Olympics (14–15 August 2004), attendance picked up as the Games progressed. A third of the tickets failed to sell,[46] but ticket sales still topped figures from the Seoul and Barcelona Olympics (1988 and 1992).[citation needed] IOC President Jacques Rogge characterised Greece's organisation as outstanding and its security precautions as flawless.[47] All 202 NOCs participated at the Athens Games with over 11,000 participants.The 2008 Summer Olympics was held in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Several new events were held, including the new discipline of BMX for both men and women. Women competed in the steeplechase for the first time. The fencing programme was expanded to include all six events for both men and women; previously, women had not been able to compete in team foil or sabre events, although women's team épée and men's team foil were dropped for these Games. Marathon swimming events were added, over the distance of 10 km (6.2 mi). Also, the doubles events in table tennis were replaced by team events.[48] American swimmer Michael Phelps set a record for gold medals at a single Games with eight, and tied the record of most gold medals by a single competitor previously held by both Eric Heiden and Vitaly Scherbo. Another notable star of the Games was Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, who became the first male athlete ever to set world records in the finals of both the 100 and 200 metres in the same Games. Equestrian events were held in Hong Kong.London held the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first city to host the Olympic Games three times. In his closing address, Jacques Rogge described the Games as \"Happy and glorious\". The host nation won 29 gold medals, the best haul for Great Britain since the 1908 Games in London. The United States returned to the top of the medal table after China dominated in 2008. The IOC had removed baseball and softball from the 2012 programme. The London Games were successful on a commercial level because they were the first in history to completely sell out every ticket, with as many as 1 million applications for 40,000 tickets for both the Opening Ceremony and the 100m Men's Sprint Final. Such was the demand for tickets to all levels of each event that there was controversy over seats being set aside for sponsors and National Delegations which went unused in the early days. A system of reallocation was put in place so the empty seats were filled throughout the Games.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drones_durante_a_abertura_das_Olimp%C3%ADadas_de_T%C3%B3quio.jpg"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Zika virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus"},{"link_name":"Guanabara Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanabara_Bay"},{"link_name":"state-sponsored doping scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian athletes at the Winter Olympics held two years earlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Shinzo Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abe"},{"link_name":"without spectators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postponement-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postponement2-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Karsten Warholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Warholm"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Recent Games","text":"The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, had few attendees as a result of excluding public spectators amid the COVID-19 pandemic.Rio de Janeiro in Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics, becoming the first South American city to host the Olympics, the second Olympic host city in Latin America, after Mexico City in 1968, as well as the third city in the Southern Hemisphere to host the Olympics after Melbourne, Australia, in 1956 and Sydney, Australia, in 2000. The preparation for these Games was overshadowed by controversies, including political instability and an economic crisis in the host country, health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika virus, and significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay. However, these concerns were superseded by a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russian athletes at the Winter Olympics held two years earlier, which affected the participation of its athletes in these Games.[49]The 2020 Summer Olympics were originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo, Japan. The city was the fifth in history to host the Games twice and the first Asian city to have this title. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the then-Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the IOC and the Tokyo Organising Committee announced that the 2020 Games were to be delayed until 2021, marking the first time that the Olympic Games have been postponed. Unlike previous Olympics, these Games took place without spectators due to concerns over COVID-19 and a state of emergency imposed in the host city.[50][51][52] Nevertheless, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games featured many memorable moments and feats of technical excellence. One star of the Games, U.S. gymnast Simone Biles, gracefully bowed out to focus on her mental health, but later returned to claim an individual bronze medal.[53] Norway's Karsten Warholm smashed his own world record in the 400m hurdles.[54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"2028 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"2032 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Future Games","text":"The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, making it the second city after London to host the Summer Olympics three times (the other times being 1900 and 1924). This will be the first of any Olympic Games after the pandemic to allow spectators to attend. In a first, the opening ceremonies will be staged outside the main stadium with the athletes parading down boats along the Seine River. Following this, the open water swimming competitions will also occur in the River.[55]The 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States, making it the third city to host the Games three times (the other times being 1932 and 1984), with the U.S. hosting the Summer Olympics for the fifth time.[56]The 2032 Summer Olympics will be held in Brisbane, Australia, which is the third city to host the Games in Australia and the fourth south of the equator.[57]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Association of Summer Olympic International Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations"}],"text":"There has been a total of 42 sports, spanning 55 disciplines, included in the Olympic programme at one point or another in the history of the Games. The schedule has comprised 33 sports for the recent Summer Olympics (2020), with 32 sports planned for the next Summer Olympics (2024).The various Olympic Sports federations are grouped under a common umbrella association, called the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).Current sport  \n  No longer included","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Sports Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_governing_body"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Qualification","text":"Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Sports Federation (IF) that governs that sport's international competition.[58]For individual sports, competitors typically qualify by attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IF's ranking list. There is a general rule that a maximum of three individual athletes may represent each nation per competition. National Olympic Committees (NOCs) may enter a limited number of qualified competitors in each event, and the NOC decides which qualified competitors to select as representatives in each event if more have attained the benchmark than can be entered.[59]Nations most often qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, in which each continental association is given a certain number of spots in the Olympic tournament. Each nation may be represented by no more than one team per competition; a team consists of just two people in some sports.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Popularity of Olympic sports","text":"The IOC divides Summer Olympic sports into five categories (A – E) based on popularity, gauged by six criteria: television viewing figures (40%), internet popularity (20%), public surveys (15%), ticket requests (10%), press coverage (10%), and number of national federations (5%). The category of a sport determines the share of Olympic revenue received by that sport's International Federation.[60][61] Sports that were new to the 2016 Olympics (rugby and golf) have been placed in Category E.The current categories are:a Aquatics encompasses artistic swimming, diving, swimming, and water polo.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"}],"text":"The table below uses official data provided by the IOC.Defunct nation","title":"All-time medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Top_Summer_Olympics_medal-winning_nations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Top_Summer_Olympics_medal-winning_nations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Top_Summer_Olympics_medal-winning_nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"leaders by year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_teams_by_medals_won#Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Medal leaders by year","text":"vte Summer Olympics medal table leaders by year\n1896:  United States\n1900:  France\n1904:  United States\n1908:  Great Britain\n1912:  United States\n1920:  United States\n1924:  United States\n1928:  United States\n1932:  United States\n1936:  Germany\n1948:  United States\n1952:  United States\n1956:  Soviet Union\n1960:  Soviet Union\n1964:  United States\n1968:  United States\n1972:  Soviet Union\n1976:  Soviet Union\n1980:  Soviet Union\n1984:  United States\n1988:  Soviet Union\n1992:  Unified Team\n1996:  United States\n2000:  United States\n2004:  United States\n2008:  China\n2012:  United States\n2016:  United States\n2020:  United StatesNumber of occurrencesUnited States — 18 times\n Soviet Union — 6 times\n France — once\n Great Britain — once\n Germany — once\n China — once\n Unified Team — once","title":"All-time medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLWT-62"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_MixedTeam18961"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_MixedTeam19002"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_MixedTeam19043"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/en/olympic-games/athens-1896"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-louis-1904"},{"link_name":"Mixed teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_team_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Events1900^"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Bill Mallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC1900Results-93"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1900-64"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FactsheetGames-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Nations1900^"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1900-64"},{"link_name":"National Olympic Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-92"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC1900Results-93"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1900-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Events1904^"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1904-65"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Bill Mallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_No19161"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_No19402"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_No19443"},{"link_name":"Olympiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Events1920^"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1920-68"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Events1956^"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games1956-4"},{"link_name":"equestrian events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Nations1956^"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Dates1972^"},{"link_name":"Munich massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_OpenedBy1980^"},{"link_name":"President of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"broke up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FactsheetSOG-98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Dates2020^"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postponement-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Competitors2024^"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"The IOC has never decided which events of the early Games were \"Olympic\" and which were not.[62] The founder of the modern Olympics, Pierre de Coubertin, ceded that determination to the organisers of those Games.A.1 2 3 The IOC site for the 1896, 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympic Games does not include Mixed teams (teams of athletes from different nations) as separate \"nation\" when counting participating nations. At the same time the IOC shows Mixed team in the results of competitions where these teams competed. Thus, specified number of national teams plus Mixed teams participated in the Games.\nB.^ At an earlier time the IOC database for the 1900 Summer Olympics listed 85 medal events, 24 participating countries and 997 athletes (22 women, 975 men).[91] The Olympic historian and author, Bill Mallon,[92] whose studies have shed light on the topic, suggested the number 95 events satisfying all four retrospective selection criteria (restricted to amateurs, international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping) and now should be considered as Olympic events. In July 2021, the IOC upgraded its complete online database of all Olympic results explicitly to incorporate the data of the Olympic historians website, Olympedia.org, thus accepting Mallon's recommendation (based on four applied criteria) for events of the 1900 Olympic Games. The eleven events, the results of which had nevertheless been shown within the earlier IOC database, have been added over the former total of 85. Оne shooting event (20 metre military pistol, which was an event for professionals) have been removed. Acceptance of Mallon's recommendation increased the number of events to 95, and also entailed increasing the number of participating countries up to 26 and athletes up to 1226. After upgrading of the IOC online database the IOC web site results section contains 95 events.[93] The IOC webpage for the 1900 Summer Olympics shows a total of 95 medal events, 26 participating countries and 1226 athletes.[64] Furthermore, the IOC factsheet \"The Games of the Olympiad\" of November 2021 refers to 95 events, but still refers to old numbers of participating countries (24) and athletes (997).[9]\nC.^ According to the International Olympic Committee, 26 nations sent competitors to this edition.[64] The concept of \"national teams\" chosen by National Olympic Committees did not exist at this point in time. When counting the number of participating countries in the early Olympic Games, the IOC does not take into account otherwise unrepresented countries whose citizens competed for other countries. Modern research shows[92] that at the 1900 Olympics, the athletes of at least four otherwise unrepresented countries (Canada, Luxembourg, Colombia, New Zealand) competed for other countries in both individual and team sports. The IOC website lists all of them in the results section under their nationalities,[93] but does not include their countries among the 26 participating countries.[64]\nD.^ The IOC webpage for the 1904 Summer Olympics[65] sets the number at 95 events, while at one time the IOC webpage[94] listed 91. The figure of 91 is sourced to a work by Olympic historian and author, Bill Mallon,[95] whose studies have shed light on the topic. Events satisfying all four of these retrospective selection criteria of the early 20th century — restricted to amateurs, allowing international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping — are now regarded as Olympic events.\nE.1 2 3 Although the Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 were cancelled, the Roman numerals for those Games were still applied because the official titles of the Summer Games count the Olympiads, not the Games themselves, per the Olympic Charter.[96] This contrasts with the Winter Olympics, which ignore the cancelled Winter Games of 1940 and 1944 in their numeric count.\nF.^ The IOC webpage for the 1920 Summer Olympics[68] gives the figure of 156 events, while at one time the IOC webpage[97] listed 154 (difference was two sailing events in Amsterdam).\nG.^ The IOC webpage for the 1956 Summer Olympics[4] gives a total of 151 events (145 events in Melbourne and six equestrian events in Stockholm).\nH.^ Owing to Australian quarantine laws, six equestrian events were held in Stockholm for the 1956 Summer Olympics several months before the other events in Melbourne; five of the 72 nations that competed in the equestrian events in Stockholm did not attend the main Games in Melbourne.\nI.^ The 1972 Summer Olympics was originally scheduled to end on 10 September 1972, but was postponed to a day on 11 September after events had been suspended for 34 hours due to the Munich massacre, which happened after day 9.\nK.^ IOC records state Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as \"President\", a title used at that time by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.)[98]\nL.^ Originally scheduled for 24 July – 9 August 2020, the Games were postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the event was still referred to as the 2020 Summer Olympics (marking the 32nd Olympiad) to preserve the four-year Olympiad cycle.[50]\nM.^ Number of athletes will be in limited quota into an equal number of gender participants.[99]","title":"List of Summer Olympic Games"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Summer Olympic Games locations – countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics are shaded green, while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Summer_Olympics.svg/400px-Summer_Olympics.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The opening ceremony of the first modern Olympic Games in the Panathenaic Stadium, Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1896_Olympic_opening_ceremony.jpg/310px-1896_Olympic_opening_ceremony.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francis Olympic Field of Washington University in St. Louis during the 1904 Summer Olympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Francis_Field_1904.jpg/260px-Francis_Field_1904.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dorando Pietri finishes the modern marathon in 1908 at the current distance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dorando_Pietri_1908.jpg/260px-Dorando_Pietri_1908.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olympiastadion in Berlin, during the 1936 Games","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R82532%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympia-Stadion_%28Luftaufnahme%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The opening ceremony for the 1968 Games, in Mexico City, the first held in Latin America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Opening_Ceremony_Mexico_87_University_Stadium.jpg/280px-Opening_Ceremony_Mexico_87_University_Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Olympic flag at halfmast in Kiel (host city of the sailing events), after the Munich massacre at 1972 Games","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_die_Opfer_des_Attentats_in_M%C3%BCnchen_%28Kiel_53.824%29.jpg/220px-Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_die_Opfer_des_Attentats_in_M%C3%BCnchen_%28Kiel_53.824%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, were known as the \"Games of the New Millennium\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2000_Sydney_Women%27s_long_jump_final.jpg/300px-2000_Sydney_Women%27s_long_jump_final.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, had few attendees as a result of excluding public spectators amid the COVID-19 pandemic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Drones_durante_a_abertura_das_Olimp%C3%ADadas_de_T%C3%B3quio.jpg/290px-Drones_durante_a_abertura_das_Olimp%C3%ADadas_de_T%C3%B3quio.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Olympic Games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games"},{"title":"List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_participating_nations_at_the_Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"title":"List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_scandals_and_controversies"},{"title":"Lists of Olympic medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists"},{"title":"Olympic Games ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony"},{"title":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium"},{"title":"Summer Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games"},{"title":"Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games"},{"title":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"}]
[{"reference":"Isom, David. \"Guides: Olympics and International Sports Law Research Guide: Organization & Legal Structure of the Olympic Games\". guides.ll.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=364665&p=2463479","url_text":"\"Guides: Olympics and International Sports Law Research Guide: Organization & Legal Structure of the Olympic Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOC makes historic decision in agreeing to award 2024 and 2028 Olympic Games at the same time\". IOC. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-makes-historic-decision-in-agreeing-to-award-2024-and-2028-olympic-games-at-the-same-time","url_text":"\"IOC makes historic decision in agreeing to award 2024 and 2028 Olympic Games at the same time\""}]},{"reference":"Schaffer, Kay (2000). The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games. p. 271.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne 1956\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/melbourne-1956","url_text":"\"Melbourne 1956\""}]},{"reference":"Tarasouleas, Athanasios (Summer 1993). \"The Female Spiridon Loues\" (PDF). Citius, Altius, Fortius. 1 (3): 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080625162746/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n3/JOHv1n3e.pdf","url_text":"\"The Female Spiridon Loues\""},{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n3/JOHv1n3e.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Macy, Sue (2004). Swifter, Higher, Stronger. Washington D.C, United States: National Geographic. pp. 16. ISBN 0-7922-6667-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/swifterhigherstr00macy/page/16","url_text":"Swifter, Higher, Stronger"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/swifterhigherstr00macy/page/16","url_text":"16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-6667-6","url_text":"0-7922-6667-6"}]},{"reference":"Young, David C. (1996). The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8018-5374-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5374-6","url_text":"978-0-8018-5374-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1896 Athina Summer Games\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. 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The Sports Museum of Finland. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://paavonurmi.fi/en/life-story/","url_text":"\"Paavo Nurmi – Life Story\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140114141920/https://paavonurmi.fi/en/life-story/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Olympic torch's shadowy past\". BBC News. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7330949.stm","url_text":"\"The Olympic torch's shadowy past\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090112104421/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7330949.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany and Japan Are Banned As Participants in '48 Olympics; Other Enemy Countries, Including Italy, Are Likely to Receive Bids, However-- Organizing Group Reveals Plans\". The New York Times. 24 January 1947. p. 25. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. 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Amateur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schantz, Otto. \"The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses – from Coubertin to Samaranch\" (PDF). coubertin.ch. Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052232/http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf","url_text":"\"The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses – from Coubertin to Samaranch\""},{"url":"http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vinokur, Boris (15 April 1980). \"How the Russians break the Olympic rules\". The Christian Science Monitor. 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If not, don't blame the 1976 Montreal Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240506231806/https://nationalpost.com/news/will-canada-ever-host-another-olympics-if-not-dont-blame-the-1976-montreal-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Paula (19 July 2012). \"Olympics worth the price tag? The Montreal Legacy\". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/19/world/canada-montreal-olympic-legacy/index.html","url_text":"\"Olympics worth the price tag? The Montreal Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306090945/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/19/world/canada-montreal-olympic-legacy/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Stephen H. (2009). Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 551. 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Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225193733/https://www.rferl.org/a/the-1980-moscow-olympics-rank-as-the-cleanest-in-history-athletes-recall-how-the-u-s-s-r-cheated-the-system-/30741567.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). \"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. 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Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1078621/los-angeles-2028-releases-privately-funded-balanced-budget-for-olympic-and-paralympic-games","url_text":"\"Los Angeles 2028 releases \"privately-funded, balanced budget\" for Olympic and Paralympic Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211015105932/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1078621/los-angeles-2028-releases-privately-funded-balanced-budget-for-olympic-and-paralympic-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Snape, Jack (10 September 2021). \"Billion-dollar Brisbane Cricket Ground redevelopment that 'almost lost' 2032 Games bid at heart of new Olympics funding fight\". ABC News. Retrieved 5 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-11/brisbane-olympics-2032-gabba-redevelopment-funding/100453934","url_text":"\"Billion-dollar Brisbane Cricket Ground redevelopment that 'almost lost' 2032 Games bid at heart of new Olympics funding fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Sports Federations\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/ioc/international-federations","url_text":"\"International Sports Federations\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Olympic Committees\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/ioc/national-olympic-committees","url_text":"\"National Olympic Committees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics to share limelight as one of top Olympic sports\". The Queensland Times. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qt.com.au/news/atheltics-share-limelight-one-top-olympic-sports/1889097/","url_text":"\"Athletics to share limelight as one of top Olympic sports\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Callum (29 May 2013). \"Winners Include Gymnastics, Swimming – and Wrestling – as IOC Announces New Funding Distribution Groupings\". ASOIF. St Petersburg. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225220/http://asoif.com/News/News_Article.aspx?ID=3392","url_text":"\"Winners Include Gymnastics, Swimming – and Wrestling – as IOC Announces New Funding Distribution Groupings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations","url_text":"ASOIF"},{"url":"http://asoif.com/News/News_Article.aspx?ID=3392","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995). Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147. ISBN 3-928562-20-7. In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928562-20-7","url_text":"3-928562-20-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Athens 1896\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/athens-1896","url_text":"\"Athens 1896\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris 1900\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900","url_text":"\"Paris 1900\""}]},{"reference":"\"St.Louis 1904\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-louis-1904","url_text":"\"St.Louis 1904\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 1908\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-1908","url_text":"\"London 1908\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stockholm 1912\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/stockholm-1912","url_text":"\"Stockholm 1912\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antwerp 1920\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/antwerp-1920","url_text":"\"Antwerp 1920\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris 1924\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1924","url_text":"\"Paris 1924\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amsterdam 1928\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/amsterdam-1928","url_text":"\"Amsterdam 1928\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles 1932\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/los-angeles-1932","url_text":"\"Los Angeles 1932\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin 1936\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/berlin-1936","url_text":"\"Berlin 1936\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 1948\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-1948","url_text":"\"London 1948\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helsinki 1952\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/helsinki-1952","url_text":"\"Helsinki 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome 1960\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/rome-1960","url_text":"\"Rome 1960\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo 1964\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-1964","url_text":"\"Tokyo 1964\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montreal 1976\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/montreal-1976","url_text":"\"Montreal 1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moscow 1980\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980","url_text":"\"Moscow 1980\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seoul 1988\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/seoul-1988","url_text":"\"Seoul 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barcelona 1992\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/barcelona-1992","url_text":"\"Barcelona 1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta 1996\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/atlanta-1996","url_text":"\"Atlanta 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney 2000\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000","url_text":"\"Sydney 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athens 2004\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/athens-2004","url_text":"\"Athens 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beijing 2008\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2008","url_text":"\"Beijing 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-2012","url_text":"\"London 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rio 2016\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/rio-2016","url_text":"\"Rio 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo 2020\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-2020","url_text":"\"Tokyo 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris 2024\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-2024","url_text":"\"Paris 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles 2028\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/los-angeles-2028","url_text":"\"Los Angeles 2028\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brisbane 2032\". IOC. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/brisbane-2032","url_text":"\"Brisbane 2032\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes|Médailles, Résultats, Sports et Athlètes des Jeux Olympiques\". Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224150828/http://www.olympic.org/content/results-and-medalists/eventresultpagegeneral/?athletename=&country=&sport2=&games2=1900%2f1&event2=&mengender=true&womengender=true&mixedgender=true&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=true&olympicrecord=false&teamclassification=true&individualclassification=true&winter=true&summer=true","url_text":"\"Olympic Games Medals, Results, Sports, Athletes|Médailles, Résultats, Sports et Athlètes des Jeux Olympiques\""},{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/content/results-and-medalists/eventresultpagegeneral/?athletename=&country=&sport2=&games2=1900%2f1&event2=&mengender=true&womengender=true&mixedgender=true&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=true&olympicrecord=false&teamclassification=true&individualclassification=true&winter=true&summer=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-0-7864-4064-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=inAwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25","url_text":"The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4064-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-4064-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Paris 1900 Results\". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/results","url_text":"\"Paris 1900 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Louis 1904 (archived)\". Olympic.org. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602114217/https://www.olympic.org/st-louis-1904","url_text":"\"St. Louis 1904 (archived)\""},{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/st-louis-1904","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mallon, Bill (1999). The 1904 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 16. ISBN 9781476621609.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll16/id/1/","url_text":"The 1904 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476621609","url_text":"9781476621609"}]},{"reference":"Lennox, Doug (2009). Now You Know Big Book of Sports. Dundurn Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-55488-454-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Lennox","url_text":"Lennox, Doug"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nowyouknowbigboo0000lenn_j6r9","url_text":"Now You Know Big Book of Sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundurn_Press","url_text":"Dundurn Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nowyouknowbigboo0000lenn_j6r9/page/223","url_text":"223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-454-4","url_text":"978-1-55488-454-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Antwerp 1920 (archived)\". Olympic.org. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602125827/http://www.olympic.org/antwerp-1920","url_text":"\"Antwerp 1920 (archived)\""},{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/antwerp-1920","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad\" (PDF). 6 October 2021. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/The-opening-ceremony-of-the-Games-of-the-Olympiad.pdf","url_text":"\"Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723212924/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Factsheets/The-opening-ceremony-of-the-Games-of-the-Olympiad.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gender equality and youth at the heart of the Paris 2024 Olympic Sports Programme\". www.olympics.com/. International Olympic Committee. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020. The 10,500-athlete quota set for Paris 2024, including new sports, will lead to an overall reduction in the number of athletes","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/ioc/news/gender-equality-and-youth-at-the-heart-of-the-paris-2024-olympic-sports-programme","url_text":"\"Gender equality and youth at the heart of the Paris 2024 Olympic Sports Programme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"International Olympic Committee"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Amateur_Team_Championship
2009 European Amateur Team Championship
["1 Venue","2 Format","3 Teams","4 Winners","5 Results","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Golf competition Golf tournament2009 European Amateur Team ChampionshipClubhouse at Conwy Golf ClubTournament informationDates30 June – 4 July 2009LocationConwy, Wales, United Kingdom53°17′28″N 3°50′37″W / 53.2912°N 3.8435°W / 53.2912; -3.8435Course(s)Conwy Golf ClubOrganized byEuropean Golf AssociationFormatQualification round: 36 holes stroke playKnock-out match-playStatisticsPar72Length6,910 yards (6,320 m)Field20 teams120 playersChampion ScotlandWallace Booth, Glenn Campbell,Gavin Dear, Ross Kellett,Paul O'Hara, Michael StewartQualification round: 716 (−4)Final match: 5–2Location mapConwy GCLocation in EuropeShow map of EuropeConwy GCLocation on the British IslesShow map of British IslesConwy GCLocation in WalesShow map of Wales← 20082010 → The 2009 European Amateur Team Championship took place 30 June – 4 July at Conwy Golf Club in Conwy County Borough, Wales, United Kingdom. It was the 27th men's golf European Amateur Team Championship. Venue Main article: Conwy Golf Club Conwy Golf Club was formed in 1890. Its links course in Conwy County Borough, on the north coast of Wales, was designed by Jack Morris, club professional at Royal Liverpool Golf Club and nephew of Old Tom Morris, the first nine holes in 1875 and additional nine holes in 1895. The championship course was set up with par 72. Format Each team consisted of 6 players, playing two rounds of stroke-play over two days, counting the five best scores each day for each team. The eight best teams formed flight A, in knock-out match-play over the next three days. The teams were seeded based on their positions after the stroke play. The first placed team were drawn to play the quarter-final against the eight placed team, the second against the seventh, the third against the sixth and the fourth against the fifth. Teams were allowed to use six players during the team matches, selecting four of them in the two morning foursome games and five players in to the afternoon single games. Teams knocked out after the quarter-finals played one foursome game and four single games in each of their remaining matches. Games all square at the 18th hole were declared halved, if the team match was already decided. The eight teams placed 9–16 in the qualification stroke-play formed flight B, to play similar knock-out play, with one foursome game and four single games in each match, to decide their final positions. The four teams placed 17–20 formed flight C, to play each other in a round-robin system, with one foursome game and four single games in each match, to decide their final positions. Teams 20 nation teams contested the event, the same number of teams as at the previous event one year earlier. Each team consisted of six players. Players in the leading teams Country Players  Denmark Sebastian Cappelen, Joachim B. Hansen, Andreas Hartø, Morten Ørum Madsen, Jacob Roth, Kristian Nielsen  England Tommy Fleetwood, Charlie Ford, Luke Goddard, Matt Haines, Sam Hutsby, Dale Whitnell  Finland Toni Hakula, Janne Kaske, Tapio Pulkkanen, Kalle Samooja, Henri Satama, Miro Veijalainen  France Guillaume Cambis, Victor Dubuisson, Alexandre Kaleka, Alexander Levy, Johan Lopez Lazaro, Romain Wattel  Germany Sean Einhaus, Max Glauert, Stephan Gross, Allen John, Maximilian Kieffer, Alexander Knappe  Iceland Axel Bóasson, Kristjan Einarsson, Hlynur Hjartarson, Sigurthór Jónsson, Ólafur Loftsson, Sigmundur Masson  Ireland Clan Curley, Paul Cutler, Alan Dunbar, Niall Kearney, Dara Lernihan, Simon Ward  Italy Nino Bertasio, Joon Kim, Matteo Manassero, Leonardo Motto, Andrea Pavan, Niccolò Quintarelli  Netherlands Tristan Bierenbroodspot, Sven Maurits, Reinier Saxton, Tim Sluiter, Jurrian Van Der Vaart, Willem Vork  Norway Elias Bertheussen, Knut Børsheim, Are Friestad, Espen Kofstad, Anders Kristiansen, Joakim Mikkelsen  Scotland Wallace Booth, Glenn Campbell, Gavin Dear, Ross Kellett, Paul O'Hara, Michael Stewart  Spain Moises Cobo, Nacho Elvira, Sebastian Garcia Rodriguez, Pedro Oriol, Carlos Pigem, Juan Francisco Sarasti  Sweden Pontus Gad, Jesper Kennegård, David Lingmerth, Henrik Norlander, Pontus Widegren, Robin Wingårdh  Wales Nigel Edwards, Rhys Enoch, Oliver Farr, Adam Runcie, Ben Westgate, Joe Vickery Other participating teams Country  Austria  Belgium  Czech Republic  Greece  Portugal  Turkey Winners Team Norway won the opening 36-hole competition, with a 30-under-par score of 690, three strokes ahead of team Italy. Neither host nation Wales or defending champions Ireland mad it to the quarter-finals, finishing 10th and 11th respectively. There was no official award for the lowest individual score, but tied individual leaders were 16-year-old Matteo Manassero, Italy and Pontus Widegren, Sweden, each with a 10-under-par score of 134, one stroke ahead of Andrea Pavan, Italy. Team Scotland won the gold medal, earning their sixth title, beating team England in the final 5–2. Team Italy, earned the bronze on third place, after beating Norway 5–2 in the bronze match. Results Qualification round Team standings Place Country Score To par 1  Norway 347-343=690 −30 2  Italy 347-346=693 −27 3  Sweden 348-349=697 −23 4  England 344-356=700 −20 5  France 351-356=707 −13 T6  Scotland * 355-361=716 −4  Germany 358-358=716 8  Finland 364-354=718 −2 9  Netherlands 364-355=719 −1 10  Wales 354-366=720 E 11  Ireland 372-356=728 +8 12  Denmark 358-371=729 +9 13  Belgium 372-364=736 +16 T14  Portugal * 373-365=738 +18  Iceland 370-368=738 16  Spain 376-366=742 +22 17  Austria 377-369=746 +26 18  Czech Republic 391-393=784 +64 19  Greece 397-389=786 +66 20  Turkey 410-401=811 +91 * Note: In the event of a tie the order was determined by the best total of the two non-counting scores of the two rounds. Individual leaders Place Player Country Score To par T1 Matteo Manassero  Italy 66-68=134 −10 Pontus Widegren  Sweden 67-67=134 3 Andrea Pavan  Italy 67-68=135 −9 4 Matt Haines  England 67-69=136 −8 T5 Espen Kofstad  Norway 72-65=137 −7 David Lingmerth  Sweden 68-69=137 Joakim Mikkelsen  Norway 68-69=137 Romain Wattel  France 69-68=137 T9 Wallace Booth  Scotland 72-66=138 −6 Allen John  Germany 67-71=138 Note: There was no official award for the lowest individual score. Flight A Bracket  Quarter finalsSemi finalsFinal                Italy5.5    Germany1.5   Scotland4.5    Italy2.5   Scotland4    Sweden3   Scotland5    England2   England5.5    France1.5   England4    Norway3 Bronze match  Norway5    Finland2   Italy5   Norway2    Elimination matchesMatch for 5th place            Sweden3    Germany2   France3    Sweden2   France3   Finland2  Match for 7th place      Finland3   Germany2 Final games  Scotland  England 5 2 G. Dear / G. Campbell 1 hole D. Whitnell / C. Ford W. Booth / M. Stewart 2 & 1 M. Haines / T. Fleetwood Gavin Dear Matt Haines 19th hole Wallace Booth Sam Hutsby 5 & 4 Michael Stewart 5 & 4 Dale Whitnell Ross Kellett 1 hole Tommy Fleetwood Paul O'Hara 2 & 1 Luke Goddard Flight B Bracket  Round 1Round 2Match for 9th place                Spain3    Netherlands2   Denmark3    Spain2   Denmark3    Belgium2   Ireland3    Denmark2   Ireland3    Portugal2   Ireland4    Iceland1 Match for 11th place  Iceland3    Wales2   Spain3   Iceland2    Elimination matchesMatch for 13th place            Netherlands3    Belgium2   Netherlands4    Portugal1   Portugal3.5   Wales1.5  Match for 15th place      Belgium3   Wales2 Flight C First round  Czech Republic  Greece 4 1  Austria  Turkey 4 1 Second round  Czech Republic  Turkey 5 0  Austria  Greece 3 2 Third round  Austria  Czech Republic 3 2  Greece  Turkey 3 2 Final standings Place Country  Scotland  England  Italy 4  Norway 5  France 6  Sweden 7  Finland 8  Germany 9  Ireland 10  Denmark 11  Spain 12  Iceland 13  Netherlands 14  Portugal 15  Belgium 16  Wales 17  Austria 18  Czech Republic 19  Greece 20  Turkey Sources: See also Eisenhower Trophy – biennial world amateur team golf championship for men organized by the International Golf Federation. European Ladies' Team Championship – European amateur team golf championship for women organised by the European Golf Association. References ^ Jones, Dave (25 June 2009). "Golf: Conwy hosts European Amateur Team Golf Championships". North Wales Live. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "One of the finest links courses in Wales, Explore the Course". Conwy Golf Club. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "European Amateur Team Championship , Results, 2009 - Conwy GC, Conwy, Wales". European Golf Association. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Mannschafts-Europameisterschaften" (PDF). golf.de, German Golf Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Golf: Great start for Wales In European Amateur Team Championship". WalesOnline. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2021. External links European Golf Association: Full results vteEuropean Amateur Team Championship 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conwy Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Conwy County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"European Amateur Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Golf tournamentThe 2009 European Amateur Team Championship took place 30 June – 4 July at Conwy Golf Club in Conwy County Borough, Wales, United Kingdom. It was the 27th men's golf European Amateur Team Championship.[1]","title":"2009 European Amateur Team Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conwy County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Royal Liverpool Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Old Tom Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tom_Morris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Conwy Golf Club was formed in 1890. Its links course in Conwy County Borough, on the north coast of Wales, was designed by Jack Morris, club professional at Royal Liverpool Golf Club and nephew of Old Tom Morris, the first nine holes in 1875 and additional nine holes in 1895.[2]The championship course was set up with par 72.","title":"Venue"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each team consisted of 6 players, playing two rounds of stroke-play over two days, counting the five best scores each day for each team.The eight best teams formed flight A, in knock-out match-play over the next three days. The teams were seeded based on their positions after the stroke play. The first placed team were drawn to play the quarter-final against the eight placed team, the second against the seventh, the third against the sixth and the fourth against the fifth. Teams were allowed to use six players during the team matches, selecting four of them in the two morning foursome games and five players in to the afternoon single games. Teams knocked out after the quarter-finals played one foursome game and four single games in each of their remaining matches. Games all square at the 18th hole were declared halved, if the team match was already decided.The eight teams placed 9–16 in the qualification stroke-play formed flight B, to play similar knock-out play, with one foursome game and four single games in each match, to decide their final positions.The four teams placed 17–20 formed flight C, to play each other in a round-robin system, with one foursome game and four single games in each match, to decide their final positions.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"20 nation teams contested the event, the same number of teams as at the previous event one year earlier. Each team consisted of six players.Players in the leading teamsOther participating teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Matteo Manassero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Manassero"},{"link_name":"Pontus Widegren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Widegren"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Andrea Pavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Pavan"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Team Norway won the opening 36-hole competition, with a 30-under-par score of 690, three strokes ahead of team Italy. Neither host nation Wales or defending champions Ireland mad it to the quarter-finals, finishing 10th and 11th respectively.There was no official award for the lowest individual score, but tied individual leaders were 16-year-old Matteo Manassero, Italy and Pontus Widegren, Sweden, each with a 10-under-par score of 134, one stroke ahead of Andrea Pavan, Italy.Team Scotland won the gold medal, earning their sixth title, beating team England in the final 5–2.Team Italy, earned the bronze on third place, after beating Norway 5–2 in the bronze match.","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Matteo Manassero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Manassero"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pontus Widegren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Widegren"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Andrea Pavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Pavan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Matt Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Haines"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Espen Kofstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espen_Kofstad"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"David Lingmerth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lingmerth"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Joakim Mikkelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joakim_Mikkelsen_(golfer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Romain Wattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Wattel"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Wallace Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Booth_(golfer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Allen John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_John"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Qualification roundTeam standings\n\n\n\nPlace\n\nCountry\n\nScore\n\nTo par\n\n\n1\n\n Norway\n\n347-343=690\n\n−30\n\n\n2\n\n Italy\n\n347-346=693\n\n−27\n\n\n3\n\n Sweden\n\n348-349=697\n\n−23\n\n\n4\n\n England\n\n344-356=700\n\n−20\n\n\n5\n\n France\n\n351-356=707\n\n−13\n\n\nT6\n\n Scotland *\n\n355-361=716\n\n−4\n\n\n Germany\n\n358-358=716\n\n\n8\n\n Finland\n\n364-354=718\n\n−2\n\n\n9\n\n Netherlands\n\n364-355=719\n\n−1\n\n\n10\n\n Wales\n\n354-366=720\n\nE\n\n\n11\n\n Ireland\n\n372-356=728\n\n+8\n\n\n12\n\n Denmark\n\n358-371=729\n\n+9\n\n\n13\n\n Belgium\n\n372-364=736\n\n+16\n\n\nT14\n\n Portugal *\n\n373-365=738\n\n+18\n\n\n Iceland\n\n370-368=738\n\n\n16\n\n Spain\n\n376-366=742\n\n+22\n\n\n17\n\n Austria\n\n377-369=746\n\n+26\n\n\n18\n\n Czech Republic\n\n391-393=784\n\n+64\n\n\n19\n\n Greece\n\n397-389=786\n\n+66\n\n\n20\n\n Turkey\n\n410-401=811\n\n+91\n\n* Note: In the event of a tie the order was determined by the best total of the two non-counting scores of the two rounds.\n\n\n\nIndividual leaders\n\n\n\nPlace\n\nPlayer\n\nCountry\n\nScore\n\nTo par\n\n\nT1\n\nMatteo Manassero\n\n Italy\n\n66-68=134\n\n−10\n\n\nPontus Widegren\n\n Sweden\n\n67-67=134\n\n\n3\n\nAndrea Pavan\n\n Italy\n\n67-68=135\n\n−9\n\n\n4\n\nMatt Haines\n\n England\n\n67-69=136\n\n−8\n\n\nT5\n\nEspen Kofstad\n\n Norway\n\n72-65=137\n\n−7\n\n\nDavid Lingmerth\n\n Sweden\n\n68-69=137\n\n\nJoakim Mikkelsen\n\n Norway\n\n68-69=137\n\n\nRomain Wattel\n\n France\n\n69-68=137\n\n\nT9\n\nWallace Booth\n\n Scotland\n\n72-66=138\n\n−6\n\n\nAllen John\n\n Germany\n\n67-71=138\n\n Note: There was no official award for the lowest individual score.Flight ABracket\n\n Quarter finalsSemi finalsFinal                Italy5.5    Germany1.5\n  Scotland4.5    Italy2.5\n  Scotland4    Sweden3\n  Scotland5    England2\n  England5.5    France1.5\n  England4    Norway3\nBronze match  Norway5    Finland2\n  Italy5   Norway2\n \n Elimination matchesMatch for 5th place            Sweden3    Germany2\n  France3    Sweden2\n  France3   Finland2\n Match for 7th place      Finland3   Germany2\n\n\n\nFinal games\n\n\n\n Scotland\n\n England\n\n\n5\n\n2\n\n\nG. Dear / G. Campbell 1 hole\n\nD. Whitnell / C. Ford\n\n\nW. Booth / M. Stewart 2 & 1\n\nM. Haines / T. Fleetwood\n\n\nGavin Dear\n\nMatt Haines 19th hole\n\n\nWallace Booth\n\nSam Hutsby 5 & 4\n\n\nMichael Stewart 5 & 4\n\nDale Whitnell\n\n\nRoss Kellett 1 hole\n\nTommy Fleetwood\n\n\nPaul O'Hara 2 & 1\n\nLuke GoddardFlight BBracketRound 1Round 2Match for 9th place                Spain3    Netherlands2\n  Denmark3    Spain2\n  Denmark3    Belgium2\n  Ireland3    Denmark2\n  Ireland3    Portugal2\n  Ireland4    Iceland1\nMatch for 11th place  Iceland3    Wales2\n  Spain3   Iceland2\n \n\n\n Elimination matchesMatch for 13th place            Netherlands3    Belgium2\n  Netherlands4    Portugal1\n  Portugal3.5   Wales1.5\n Match for 15th place      Belgium3   Wales2Flight CFirst round\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\n Greece\n\n\n4\n\n1\n\n\n\n Austria\n\n Turkey\n\n\n4\n\n1\n\n\n\nSecond round\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\n Turkey\n\n\n5\n\n0\n\n\n\n Austria\n\n Greece\n\n\n3\n\n2\n\n\n\nThird round\n\n\n\n Austria\n\n Czech Republic\n\n\n3\n\n2\n\n\n\n Greece\n\n Turkey\n\n\n3\n\n2Final standingsSources:[3][4][5]","title":"Results"}]
[]
[{"title":"Eisenhower Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Trophy"},{"title":"International Golf Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Golf_Federation"},{"title":"European Ladies' Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Ladies%27_Team_Championship"},{"title":"European Golf Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Golf_Association"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2022_European_Championships
Germany at the 2022 European Championships
["1 Medallists","2 Competitors","3 Athletics","3.1 Men","3.2 Women","4 Beach volleyball","4.1 Men","4.2 Women","5 Canoeing","6 Cycling","6.1 Road","6.2 Track","6.3 Mountain bike","6.4 BMX freestyle","7 Gymnastics","7.1 Men","7.2 Women","8 Rowing","9 Sport climbing","10 Table tennis","10.1 Men","10.2 Women","10.3 Mixed","11 Triathlon","11.1 Men","11.2 Women","11.3 Mixed","12 References"]
Sporting event delegationGermany at the2022 European Championshipsin Munich11 August 2022 (2022-08-11) – 22 August 2022 (2022-08-22)Competitors342 in 12 sportsMedalsRanked 1st Gold 26 Silver 20 Bronze 14 Total 60 European Championships appearances20182022 Germany is the host nation of the 2022 European Championships in Munich. It competed with 336 athletes across all 9 sports in the Championships. The team finished with 60 medals, amongst them 26 gold medals, which ranked them 1st at the conclusion of the Championships. Medallists Medal Name Sport Event Date  Gold Lisa BrennauerFranziska BraußeMieke KrögerLisa Klein Cycling Women's team pursuit 12 August  Gold Emma HinzePauline GraboschLea Sophie Friedrich Cycling Women's team sprint 12 August  Gold Emma Hinze Cycling Women's 500 m time trial 13 August  Gold Mieke Kröger Cycling Women's individual pursuit 13 August  Gold Nicolas Heinrich Cycling Men's individual pursuit 13 August  Gold Elisabeth Seitz Gymnastics Women's uneven bars 14 August  Gold Emma Malewski Gymnastics Women's balance beam 14 August  Gold Miriam DattkeKristina HendelDomenika MayerDeborah SchönebornRabea SchönebornKatharina Steinruck Athletics Women's marathon team 15 August  Gold Richard Ringer Athletics Men's marathon 15 August  Gold Emma Hinze Cycling Women's sprint 15 August  Gold Lea Sophie Friedrich Cycling Women's keirin 16 August  Gold Roger KlugeTheo Reinhardt Cycling Men's madison 16 August  Gold Niklas Kaul Athletics Men's decathlon 16 August  Gold Gina Lückenkemper Athletics Women's 100 metres 16 August  Gold Konstanze Klosterhalfen Athletics Women's 5000 metres 18 August  Gold Tobias SchultzTom LiebscherMartin HillerFelix Frank Canoeing Men's K–4 1000 metres 19 August  Gold Sebastian BrendelTim Hecker Canoeing Men's C–2 1000 metres 19 August  Gold Jacob Schopf Canoeing Men's K–1 500 metres 19 August  Gold Lillemor Köper Canoeing Women's VL1 200 metres 19 August  Gold Max RendschmidtTom LiebscherJacob SchopfMax Lemke Canoeing Men's K–4 500 metres 20 August  Gold Sebastian Brendel Canoeing Men's C–1 5000 metres 20 August  Gold Edina Müller Canoeing Women's KL1 200 metres 21 August  Gold Martin HillerTamás Grossmann Canoeing Men's K–2 1000 metres 21 August  Gold Dang Qiu Table tennis Men's singles 21 August  Gold Julian Weber Athletics Men's javelin throw 21 August  Gold Alexandra BurghardtRebekka HaaseGina LückenkemperLisa MayerJessica-Bianca Wessolly (heats only) Athletics Women's 4 × 100 metres relay 21 August  Silver Kim Lea Müller Cycling Women's BMX freestyle 12 August  Silver Laura Lindemann Triathlon Women's 12 August  Silver Manuela Diening Rowing Women's PR1 single sculls 13 August  Silver Lisa Brennauer Cycling Women's individual pursuit 13 August  Silver Moritz Malcharek Cycling Men's scratch 13 August  Silver Hannah Meul Sport climbing Women's boulder 14 August  Silver Valentin WernzNina EimSimon HenseleitLaura Lindemann Triathlon Mixed relay 14 August  Silver Theo Reinhardt Cycling Men's elimination race 14 August  Silver Simon BochJohannes MotschmannAmanal PetrosHendrik PfeifferRichard RingerKonstantin Wedel Athletics Men's marathon team 15 August  Silver Christopher Linke Athletics Men's 35 kilometres walk 16 August  Silver Maximilian Dörnbach Cycling Men's keirin 16 August  Silver Kristin Pudenz Athletics Women's discus throw 16 August  Silver Tobias Potye Athletics Men's high jump 18 August  Silver Malaika Mihambo Athletics Women's long jump 18 August  Silver Esther Bode Canoeing Women's VL1 200 metres 19 August  Silver Bo Kanda Lita Baehre Athletics Men's pole vault 20 August  Silver Lea Meyer Athletics Women's 3000 metres steeplechase 20 August  Silver Felix FrankMoritz Florstedt Canoeing Men's K–2 500 metres 21 August  Silver Nina Mittelham Table tennis Women's singles 21 August  Silver Annika Loske Canoeing Women's C–1 5000 metres 21 August  Bronze Kim BuiEmma MalewskiPauline Schäfer-BetzElisabeth SeitzSarah Voss Gymnastics Women's team all-around 13 August  Bronze Jan HelmichSusanne LacknerKatharina MarchandMarc LembeckInga Thöne Rowing Mixed PR3 coxed four 14 August  Bronze Alexandra Föster Rowing Women's single sculls 14 August  Bronze Maximilian Dörnbach Cycling Men's 1 km time trial 15 August  Bronze Claudine Vita Athletics Women's discus throw 16 August  Bronze Katharina Bauernschmidt Canoeing Women's VL2 200 metres 19 August  Bronze Saskia Feige Athletics Women's 20 kilometres walk 20 August  Bronze Paulina PaszekJule Hake Canoeing Women's K–2 500 metres 20 August  Bronze Sabine Winter Table tennis Women's singles 20 August  Bronze Shan Xiaona Table tennis Women's singles 20 August  Bronze Lisa JahnSophie Koch Canoeing Women's C–2 200 metres 21 August  Bronze Paulina PaszekJule Hake Canoeing Women's K–2 200 metres 21 August  Bronze Sebastian BrendelTim Hecker Canoeing Men's C–2 500 metres 21 August  Bronze Nils Dunkel Gymnastics Men's pommel horse 21 August Medals by sport Sport Total Cycling 8 5 1 14 Canoeing 8 3 5 16 Athletics 7 7 2 16 Gymnastics 2 0 2 4 Table tennis 1 1 2 4 Triathlon 0 2 0 2 Rowing 0 1 2 3 Sport climbing 0 1 0 1 Total 26 20 14 60 Medals by gender Gender Total Female 14 11 10 35 Male 12 8 3 23 Mixed 0 1 1 2 Total 26 20 14 60 Multiple medalists Name Sport Total Emma Hinze Cycling 3 0 0 3 Sebastian Brendel Canoeing 2 0 1 3 Gina Lückenkemper Athletics 2 0 0 2 Martin Hiller Canoeing 2 0 0 2 Tom Liebscher 2 0 0 2 Jacob Schopf 2 0 0 2 Lea Sophie Friedrich Cycling 2 0 0 2 Mieke Kröger 2 0 0 2 Richard Ringer Athletics 1 1 0 2 Felix Frank Canoeing 1 1 0 2 Lisa Brennauer Cycling 1 1 0 2 Theo Reinhardt 1 1 0 2 Tim Hecker Canoeing 1 0 1 2 Emma Malewski Gymnastics 1 0 1 2 Elisabeth Seitz 1 0 1 2 Laura Lindemann Triathlon 0 2 0 2 Maximilian Dörnbach Cycling 0 1 1 2 Jule Hake Canoeing 0 0 2 2 Paulina Paszek 0 0 2 2 Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Championships: Sport Men Women Total Athletics 60 59 119 Beach Volleyball 8 10 18 Canoeing 17 15 32 Cycling BMX 3 3 6 Cycling mountain bike 6 3 9 Cycling road 10 8 18 Cycling track 10 9 19 Gymnastics (men and women) 5 5 10 Rowing 30 37 67 Sport climbing 10 9 19 Table tennis 5 7 12 Triathlon 7 6 13 Total 171 171 342 Athletics Main article: 2022 European Athletics Championships Main article: Germany at the 2022 European Athletics Championships Germany entered the following athletes. Key Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record PB = Personal best SB = Season best N/A = Round not applicable for the event Men Track and road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Owen Ansah 100 metres Bye 10.20 10 did not advance Lucas Ansah-Peprah Bye 10.19 9 did not advance Julian Wagner Bye 10.21 13 did not advance Owen Ansah 200 metres Bye 20.48 12 did not advance Robin Erewa 21.12 21 did not advance Joshua Hartmann Bye 20.33 PB 4 Q 20.50 5 Manuel Sanders 400 metres 46.19 19 did not advance Marvin Schlegel 46.21 20 did not advance Patrick Schneider 45.58 6 Q 45.92 15 did not advance Christoph Kessler 800 metres 1:47.72 17 did not advance Marc Reuther 1:48.33 28 did not advance Christoph Kessler 1500 metres 3:39.32 13 — did not advance Mohamed Mohumed 3:45.53 26 — did not advance Davor Aaron Bienenfeld 5000 metres — 13:45.70 20 Sam Parsons — 13:30.38 6 Filimon Abraham 10,000 metres — 28:53.54 19 Samuel Fitwi Sibhatu — 28:03.92 PB 9 Nils Voigt — 28:02.19 8 Simon Boch Marathon — 2:21:39 SB 50 Johannes Motschmann — 2:14:52 SB 15 Amanal Petros — 2:10:39 SB 4 Hendrik Pfeiffer — 2:16:04 24 Richard Ringer — 2:10:21 SB Konstantin Wedel — 2:16:09 25 Simon BochJohannes MotschmannAmanal PetrosHendrik PfeifferRichard RingerKonstantin Wedel Marathon team — 6:35:52 Gregor Traber 110 metres hurdles 13.69 3 Q 13.72 16 did not advance Joshua Abuaku 400 metres hurdles Bye 49.05 5 Q 48.79 PB 5 Constantin Preis 49.63 SB 6 Q 49.55 SB 15 did not advance Karl Bebendorf 3000 metres steeplechase 8:31.67 4 Q — 8:26.49 5 Niklas Buchholz 8:33.89 12 q — 8:37.51 14 Frederik Ruppert 9:01.93 28 — did not advance Nils Brembach 20 kilometres walk — DQ Karl Junghannß — 1:28:21 20 Leo Köpp — 1:21:36 SB 9 Carl Dohmann 35 kilometres walk — 2:36:52 8 Jonathan Hilbert — 2:32:44 PB 5 Christopher Linke — 2:29:30 PB Owen AnsahLucas Ansah-PeprahJoshua HartmannKevin Kranz 4 × 100 metres relay 37.97 NR 1 Q — DNF Marc KochManuel SandersMarvin SchlegelPatrick Schneider 4 × 400 metres relay 3:01.80 SB 3 Q — 3:02.51 7 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Position Distance Position Tobias Potye High jump 2.21 1 q 2.27 Mateusz Przybylko 2.21 7 q 2.23 6 Jonas Wagner 2.21 5 q NM Torben Blech Pole vault 5.65 5 q 5.50 8 Bo Kanda Lita Baehre 5.65 1 q 5.85 Oleg Zernikel 5.65 1 q 5.50 9 Maximilian Entholzner Long jump 5.63 21 did not advance Fabian Heinle 7.64 15 did not advance Simon Bayer Shot put 19.91 12 q 19.83 11 Torben Brandt Discus throw 56.33 24 did not advance Henrik Janssen 62.60 7 q 61.11 10 Martin Wierig DNS Andreas Hofmann Javelin throw 77.29 11 q 74.75 11 Thomas Röhler 71.31 22 did not advance Julian Weber 80.99 2 q 87.66 Combined events – Decathlon Athlete Event 100 m LJ SP HJ 400 m 110H DT PV JT 1500 m Final Rank Arthur Abele Result 11.24 7.01 15.06 SB 1.81 50.37 14.50 42.38 4.50 SB 60.98 SB 4:40.94 SB 7662 SB 15 Points 808 816 793 636 798 911 713 760 753 674 Niklas Kaul Result 11.16 PB 7.10 14.90 SB 2.02 47.87 PB 14.45 41.80 4.90 76.05 CB 4:10.04 PB 8545 SB Points 825 838 784 822 915 917 701 880 982 881 Kai Kazmirek Result 11.15 7.25 14.09 2.02 48.24 SB 14.42 45.18 5.00 =SB 61.23 4:46.82 8151 8 Points 827 874 734 822 898 921 771 910 756 638 Tim Nowak Result 11.51 6.97 14.27 2.08 PB DNS DNF Points 750 807 745 878 Women Track and road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Rebekka Haase 100 metres 11.50 13 Q 11.52 18 did not advance Gina Lückenkemper Bye 11.11 3 Q 10.99 =SB Tatjana Pinto 11.43 5 Q 11.55 21 did not advance Alexandra Burghardt 200 metres 23.16 8 Q 23.05 6 q 23.24 8 Corinna Schwab Bye 23.44 15 did not advance Jessica-Bianca Wessolly 23.14 SB 7 Q 23.47 17 did not advance Alica Schmidt 400 metres 52.52 12 Q 53.12 23 did not advance Corinna Schwab Bye 52.70 21 did not advance Christina Hering 800 metres 2:03.00 15 Q 2:00.86 5 q 2:00.82 7 Majtie Kolberg 2:02.52 9 q 2:01.20 SB 9 did not advance Tanja Spill 2:04.60 27 did not advance Hanna Klein 1500 metres 4:03.46 SB 3 Q — 4:05.49 5 Katharina Trost 4:07.20 13 Q — 4:06.95 10 Sara Benfarès 5000 metres — 15:20.94 PB 11 Konstanze Klosterhalfen — 14:50.47 Alina Reh — DNF Konstanze Klosterhalfen 10,000 metres — 31:05.21 4 Alina Reh — 32:14.02 8 Miriam Dattke Marathon — 2:28:52 4 Domenika Meyer — 2:29:21 6 Kristina Hendel — 2:35:14 20 Deborah Schöneborn — 2:30:35 10 Rabea Schöneborn — 2:31:36 12 Katharina Steinruck — 2:32:41 SB 15 Miriam DattkeKristina HendelDomenika MeyerDeborah SchönebornRabea SchönebornKatharina Steinruck Marathon team — 7:28:48 Monika Zapalska 100 metres hurdles 13.39 12 did not advance Eileen Demes 400 metres hurdles 57.11 17 did not advance Carolina Krafzik 54.32 PB 1 Q 55.29 8 Q 56.02 8 Gisèle Wender 57.09 15 did not advance Elena Burkard 3000 metres steeplechase 9:43.97 11 q — 9:39.63 SB 12 Olivia Gürth 9:50.95 16 — did not advance Lea Meyer 9:39.55 5 Q — 9:15.35 PB Saskia Feige 20 kilometres walk — 1:29:25 PB Katrin Schusters 35 kilometres walk — 3:18:38 17 Alexandra BurghardtRebekka HaaseGina LückenkemperLisa MayerJessica-Bianca Wessolly (*) 4 × 100 metres relay 43.33 5 Q — 42.34 Carolina KrafzikMona MayerAlica SchmidtLuna ThielJessica-Bianca Wessolly (*) 4 × 400 metres relay 3:27.92 8 q — 3:26.09 SB 5 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Position Distance Position Marie-Laurence Jungfleisch High jump 1.87 1 q 1.90 SB 6 Bianca Stichling 1.83 18 did not advance Anjuli Knäsche Pole vault 4.40 14 did not advance Jacqueline Otchere 4.10 23 did not advance Mikaelle Assani Long jump 6.46 13 did not advance Merle Homeier 6.49 12 q 6.42 9 Maryse Luzolo 6.28 18 did not advance Malaika Mihambo 6.99 1 Q 7.03 Neele Eckhardt-Noack Triple jump 14.53 PB 1 Q 14.45 4 Kristin Gierisch 13.59 16 did not advance Jessie Maduka 12.11 22 did not advance Sara Gambetta Shot put 18.53 5 q 18.48 5 Katharina Maisch 18.65 3 Q 18.01 8 Julia Ritter 17.80 7 q 18.29 6 Shanice Craft Discus throw 62.64 5 q 62.78 7 Kristin Pudenz 64.25 3 Q 67.87 PB Claudine Vita 63.51 4 Q 65.20 SB Annika Marie Fuchs Javelin throw 59.90 6 q 54.52 11 Jana Marie Lowka 52.98 21 did not advance Lea Wipper 55.07 17 did not advance Samantha Borutta Hammer throw 67.40 15 did not advance Combined events – Heptathlon Athlete Event 100H HJ SP 200 m LJ JT 800 m Final Rank Carolin Schäfer Result 13.39 SB 1.74 SB 13.68 24.16 SB 5.82 50.18 SB 2:17.55 6223 SB 6 Points 1066 903 773 965 795 864 857 Sophie Weißenberg Result 13.72 1.80 =SB 13.26 24.16 6.35 46.73 DNS DNF Points 1018 978 745 965 959 797 Beach volleyball Main article: 2022 European Beach Volleyball Championships Germany has qualified 4 male and 5 female pairs. Men Athlete Event Preliminary round Round of 24 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Nils EhlersClemens Wickler Men's  Abell – Brinck (DEN)W 2–1 (18–21, 21–14, 20–18)  Hörl – Horst (AUT)L 1–2 (16–21, 21–15, 14–16) 2 Q  Huber – Dressler (AUT)W 2–1 (21–17, 19–21, 15–12)  Krattiger – Breer (SUI)W 2–0 (21–15, 32–30)  Mol – Sørum (NOR)L 0–2 (15–21, 14–21) did not advance Simon PfretzschnerPhilipp Huster  Brouwer – Meeuwsen (NED)L 0–2 (14–21, 13–21)  Samoilovs – Šmēdiņš (LAT)L 0–2 (15–21, 17–21) 4 did not advance Robin SowaLukas Pfretzschner  Perušič – Schweiner (CZE)L 1–2 (24–26, 21–17, 9–15)  Ermacora – Pristauz (AUT)W 2–1 (19–21, 25–23, 15–13) 3 Q  Nõlvak – Tiisaar (EST)L 0–2 (14–21, 17–21) did not advance Sven WinterPaul Henning  Bryl – Łosiak (POL)L 0–2 (14–21, 15–21)  Huber – Dressler (AUT)L 1–2 (21–13, 18–21, 12–15) 4 did not advance Women Athlete Event Preliminary round Round of 24 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Karla BorgerJulia Sude Women's  Baieva – Lazarenko (UKR)W 2–0 (21–13, 21–14)  Gottardi – Menegatti (ITA)W 2–0 (21–19, 21–19) 1 Q Bye  Scampoli – Bianchin (ITA)W 2–1 (18–21, 21–14, 15–8)  Graudiņa – Kravčenoka (LAT)L 0–2 (18–21, 18–21) did not advance Sandra IttlingerIsabel Schneider  van Driel – Ypma (NED)W 2–0 (21–15, 22–20)  Kociołek – Łodej (POL)W 2–1 (19–21, 21–16, 15–13) 1 Q Bye  Gottardi – Menegatti (ITA)L 1–2 (21–16, 16–21, 12–15) did not advance Chantal LaboureurSarah Schulz  Klinger – Klinger (AUT)W 2–0 (21–10, 21–13)  Kotnik – Lovšin (SLO)W 2–1 (19–21, 23–21, 30–28) 1 Q Bye  Böbner – Vergé-Dépré (SUI)W 2–1 (18–21, 21–13, 15–9)  Brunner – Hüberli (SUI)L 0–2 (12–21, 15–21) did not advance Svenja MüllerCinja Tillmann  Vieira – Chamereau (FRA)W 2–0 (21–14, 21–15)  Álvarez – Moreno (ESP)L 1–2 (14–21, 21–19, 12–15) 2 Q  Scampoli – Bianchin (ITA)L 1–2 (21–12, 19–21, 17–21) did not advance Kira WalkenhorstLouisa Lippmann  Brunner – Hüberli (SUI)L 0–2 (19–21, 9–21)  Paulikienė – Kliokmanaitė (LTU)W 2–1 (21–15, 17–21, 15–12) 3 Q  Böbner – Vergé-Dépré (SUI)L 0–2 (19–21, 20–22) did not advance Canoeing Main article: 2022 Canoe Sprint European Championships Archived 2022-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Men Athlete Event Heats Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Fabien Schatz C-1 200 m 42.319 7 SF 41.140 6 did not advance Sebastian Brendel C-1 5000 m — 22:50.803 Sebastian BrendelTim Hecker C-2 500 m 1:44.970 1 F Bye 1:45.510 Sebastian BrendelTim Hecker C-2 1000 m — 3:32.896 Jonas Draeger K-1 200 m 36.213 4 SF 35.868 1 F 37.309 7 Jacob Schopf K-1 500 m 1:43.083 1 F Bye 1:38.012 Jakob Thordsen K-1 1000 m 3:34.741 2 SF 3:34.797 1 F 3:34.754 4 Max Rendschmidt K-1 5000 m — 21:08.548 7 Jonas DraegerMoritz Florstedt K-2 200 m 32.585 4 SF 32.506 1 F 32.024 4 Felix FrankMoritz Florstedt K-2 500 m 1:32.209 1 F Bye 1:31.434 Martin HillerTamás Grossmann K-2 1000 m 3:15.562 1 F Bye 3:13.812 Max RendschmidtTom LiebscherJacob SchopfMax Lemke K-4 500 m 1:20.967 1 F Bye 1:20.282 Tobias SchultzTom LiebscherMartin HillerFelix Frank K-4 1000 m — 2:53.174 Anas Al Khalifa KL1 200 m — 50.305 5 Anas Al Khalifa VL2 200 m — 1:02.870 7 Women Athlete Event Heats Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Lisa Jahn C-1 200 m 48.090 2 F Bye 50.410 5 Annika Loske C-1 500 m — 2:11.811 7 Annika Loske C-1 5000 m — 26:42.746 Lisa JahnSophie Koch C-2 200 m — 44.879 Lisa JahnSophie Koch C-2 500 m — 2:00.708 4 Jule Hake K-1 500 m 1:53.719 1 F Bye 1:55.386 5 Paulina PaszekJule Hake K-2 200 m — 38.690 Paulina PaszekJule Hake K-2 500 m 1:44.968 1 F Bye 1:42.702 Julia HergertCaroline Arft K-2 1000 m 3:47.035 3 F Bye 3:40.120 5 Paulina PaszekLena RöhlingsCaroline ArftKatharina Diederichs K-4 500 m 1:36.661 3 F Bye 1:37.792 4 Edina Müller KL1 200 m — 52.776 Anja Adler KL2 200 m — 51.132 4 Felicia Laberer KL3 200 m — 48.566 4 Esther Bode VL1 200 m — 1:22.677 Lillemor Köper — 1:20.886 Katharina Bauernschmidt VL2 200 m — 1:04.521 Anja Adler VL3 200 m — 1:05.352 4 Cycling Road Main article: 2022 European Road Championships Men Athlete Event Time Rank Pascal Ackermann Road race DNF Phil Bauhaus Road race 4:38:49 18 John Degenkolb Road race 4:41:14 96 Nico Denz Road race 4:45:52 123 Miguel Heidemann Time trial 28:51.42 16 Roger Kluge Road race 4:39:55 83 Alexander Krieger Road race 4:39:55 84 Nils Politt Road race 4:41:14 95 Michael Schwarzmann Road race 4:42:01 103 Maximilian Walscheid Time trial 29:47.17 25 Women Athlete Event Time Rank Franziska Brauße Road race 3:02:12 82 Lisa Brennauer Road race 2:59:20 4 Time trial 32:57.73 12 Romy Kasper Road race 2:59:30 38 Lisa Klein Road race 3:02:12 81 Time trial 34:35.26 22 Franziska Koch Road race 3:02:12 80 Mieke Kröger Road race 2:59:44 49 Liane Lippert Road race 2:59:30 31 Lea Lin Teutenberg Road race 3:00:26 58 Track Main article: 2022 UEC European Track Championships Elimination race Athlete Event Final Rank Theo Reinhardt Men's elimination race Lea Lin Teutenberg Women's elimination race 7 Keirin Athlete Event 1st Round Repechage 2nd Round Final Rank Rank Rank Rank Maximilian Dörnbach Men's keirin 1 SF Bye 1 F1-6 Marc Jurczyk 1 SF Bye 1 F1-6 6 Lea Sophie Friedrich Women's keirin 1 SF Bye 1 F1-6 Emma Hinze DNS Madison Athlete Event Final Points Rank Roger KlugeTheo Reinhardt Men's madison 101 Franziska BraußeLea Lin Teutenberg Women's madison 6 6 Omnium Athlete Event Qualification Scratch Race Tempo Race Elimination Race Points Race Total points Rank Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Moritz Malcharek Men's omnium 3 Q 7 11 20 11 20 7 28 7 23 91 9 Lea Lin Teutenberg Women's omnium — 6 30 12 18 6 30 6 48 126 6 Points race Athlete Event Final Points Rank Roger Kluge Men's points race 104 4 Lena Charlotte Reißner Women's points race −19 12 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Semifinals Final Time Rank OpponentResults Rank OpponentResults Rank Tobias Buck-Gramcko Men's individual pursuit 4:16.778 8 — did not advance Nicolas Heinrich 4:08.995 1 QG —  Plebani (ITA)W 4:09.320 Lisa Brennauer Women's individual pursuit 3:21.138 1 QG —  Kröger (GER)L 3:23.566 Mieke Kröger 3:23.569 2 QG —  Brennauer (GER)W 3:22.469 Tobias Buck-GramckoNicolas HeinrichTheo ReinhardtLeon Rohde Men's team pursuit 3:56.239 5 Q  BelgiumW 3:53.167 3 QB  Great BritainL 3:55.841 4 Franziska BraußeLisa BrennauerLisa KleinMieke Kröger Women's team pursuit 4:14.688 1 Q  Great BritainW 4:14.665 2 QG  ItalyW 4:10.872 Scratch Athlete Event Final Laps down Rank Moritz Malcharek Men's scratch -2 Lea Lin Teutenberg Women's scratch 0 15 Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Round 2 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final TimeSpeed (km/h) Rank OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h) OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h) OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h) OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h) OppositionTimeSpeed (km/h) Rank Maximilian Dörnbach Men's sprint 9.78573.582 6 Bye  Čechman (CZE)W 10.53668.337  Vigier (FRA)W 10.570,L,L did not advance Marc Jurczyk 9.83973.138 7 Bye  Turnbull (GBR)L 10.52668.402 did not advance Lea Sophie Friedrich Women's sprint 10.54368.291 4 Bye  Walsh (IRL)W 11.39563.185  Lohviniuk (UKR)W 10.916,W 10.894  Gros (FRA)L,L  van Riessen (NED)L,L 4 Emma Hinze 10.37269.417 2 Bye  Jaborníková (CZE)W 11.25363.982  Capewell (GBR)W 11.057,W 11.198  van Riessen (NED)W 11.168,W 11.195  Gros (FRA)W 11.130,L,W 11.081 Team sprint Athlete Event Qualification Semifinals Final Time Rank OpponentResults Rank OpponentResults Rank Maximilian DörnbachMarc JurczykNik Schröter Men's team sprint 36.096 5 Q  PolandL 35.915 5 did not advance Lea Sophie FriedrichPauline GraboschEmma Hinze Women's team sprint 38.097 1 No opponent38.114 1 QG  NetherlandsW 38.061 Time trial Athlete Event Qualifying Final Time Rank Time Rank Maximilian Dörnbach Men's 1 km time trial 59.918 3 Q 1:00.225 Marc Jurczyk 1:00.590 6 Q 1:00.879 6 Pauline Grabosch Women's 500 m time trial 33.544 4 Q 33.684 5 Emma Hinze 32.732 1 Q 32.667 Mountain bike Main article: 2022 European Mountain Bike Championships Athlete Event Time Rank Maximilian Brandl Men's cross-country 1:21:09 28 Georg Egger 1:21:17 31 David List 1:19:22 13 Niklas Schehl DNF Julian Schelb 1:20:33 21 Luca Schwarzbauer 1:18:57 10 Leonie Daubermann Women's cross-country 1:35:51 17 Nadine Rieder 1:36:26 18 Lia Schrievers 1:38:11 26 BMX freestyle Main article: 2022 European BMX Championships Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Michael Meisel Men's 58.20 15 did not advance Timo Schulze 71.20 8 Q 78.60 6 Paul Thölen 70.70 9 Q 78.00 8 Rebecca Gruhn Women's 46.80 8 Q 59.20 7 Lara Lessmann 73.40 3 Q 75.30 4 Kim Lea Müller 63.60 5 Q 78.60 Gymnastics Germany has entered 5 men and 5 women. Men Main article: 2022 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships Qualification Athlete Event Qualification Final Apparatus Total Rank Apparatus Total Rank F PH R V PB HB F PH R V PB HB Lukas Dauser Team 13.766 13.166 13.333 13.633 14.766 Q 13.500 82.164 9 13.733 — 13.066 13.966 15.533 13.300 — Nils Dunkel — 14.366 Q 13.400 — 13.566 — — — 14.466 12.000 — 14.066 — Lucas Kochan 13.233 — 14.200 — 13.733 — 11.366 — 14.500 — 13.500 Andreas Toba 13.166 13.866 13.966 12.866 12.766 11.933 78.563 33 — 13.666 13.566 14.066 — 13.266 Glenn Trebing 13.800 13.666 13.133 13.766 12.366 12.333 79.064 29 10.900 13.633 — 12.766 — Total 40.799 41.898 40.699 41.599 41.098 39.566 245.659 7 Q 35.999 41.765 38.632 42.532 42.365 40.066 241.359 7 Individual finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank F PH R V PB HB Lukas Dauser Parallel bars — 13.633 — 13.633 8 Nils Dunkel Pommel horse — 14.633 — 14.633 Women Main article: 2022 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships Qualification Athlete Event Qualification Final Apparatus Total Rank Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB F V UB BB F Kim Bui Team 13.100 14.200 Q 12.833 12.866 52.999 9 13.266 13.433 — 13.033 — Emma Malewski 12.966 13.100 13.500 Q 12.466 52.032 14 — 13.100 12.700 — Elisabeth Seitz 13.100 14.200 Q — 13.333 14.300 — Pauline Schäfer-Betz — 13.166 Q 12.766 — — 13.733 12.433 Sarah Voss 13.433 13.100 12.266 12.100 50.899 17 14.333 — 13.500 11.266 Total 39.633 41.500 39.499 38.098 158.730 4 Q 40.932 40.833 39.933 36.732 158.430 Individual finals Athlete Event Apparatus Rank V UB BB F Kim Bui Uneven bars — 14.066 — 5 Emma Malewski Balance beam — 13.466 — Pauline Schäfer-Betz Balance beam — 13.200 — 5 Elisabeth Seitz Uneven bars — 14.433 — Rowing Main article: 2022 European Rowing Championships Men Athlete Event Heats Repechage Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Oliver Zeidler Single sculls 7:54.70 1 SA/B Bye 7:12.00 1 FA 7:19.67 4 Theis HagemeisterMalte GroßmannMax JohnMarc Kammann Coxless four 6:46.39 4 R 6:35.32 3 FB — 6:10.41 7 Olaf RoggensackJasper AnglJulian GarthLaurits FollertBenedict EggelingTorben JohannesenWolf-Niclas SchröderMattes SchönherrJonas Wiesen Eight 6:01.68 2 — 5:55.45 4 Simon KlüterJohannes UrsprungFabio KressJoachim Agne Lightweight quadruple sculls 7:08.91 2 — 6:24.14 2 Women Athlete Event Heats Repechage Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Alexandra Föster Single sculls 9:13.83 4 R 8:32.98 1 SA/B 8:06.85 2 FA 8:09.86 Judith GuhseSophie Leupold Double sculls 8:04.87 4 R 7:48.13 2 SA/B 7:40.04 5 FB 7:20.39 9 Sarah WibberenzFrauke HundelingMarie-Sophie ZeidlerPia Greiten Quadruple sculls 7:19.80 3 R 6:53.00 3 FA — 7:10.63 6 Lena OsterkampMarie-Cathérine Arnold Coxless pair 8:08.74 5 R 7:50.85 6 FB — 7:44.08 10 Christin StöhnerPaula RossenPaula HartmannHanna Winter Coxless four 7:43.72 5 R 7:22.10 6 'FB — 7:13.39 10 Hannah ReifLena SarassaMelanie GöldnerAlyssa MeyerNora PeuserTabea KuhnertLisa GutfleischKatja FuhrmannLarina Hillemann Eight 6:59.09 4 R Bye — 6:46.28 5 Marie-Louise Dräger Lightweight single sculls 9:01.67 4 R 8:18.10 2 FA — 8:24.81 6 Marion ReichardtJohanna Reichardt Lightweight double sculls 8:03.89 5 R 7:41.46 3 FB — 7:44.62 9 Rieke HülsenRomy DreherKatrin VolkCosima Clotten Lightweight quadruple sculls 7:04.21 2 — 7:03.81 2 Manuela Diening PR1 single sculls 11:53.89 2 — 11:07.89 Mixed Athlete Event Heats Final Time Rank Time Rank Leopold ReimannSylvia Pille-Steppat PR2 double sculls 10:22.27 5 9:46.35 5 Jan HelmichSusanne LacknerKatharina MarchandMarc LembeckInga Thöne PR3 coxed four 8:15.74 4 7:33.17 Sport climbing Main article: 2022 IFSC Climbing European Championships Boulder Athlete Event Qualification Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Yannick Flohé Men's boulder 3T5z 11 18 4 Q 0T2z 0 2 13 did not advance Max Kleesattel 1T4z 2 6 11 did not advance Philipp Martin 0T2z 0 7 26 did not advance Alexander Megos 2T4z 2 12 7 Q 0T2z 0 6 14 did not advance Christoph Schweiger 3T5z 9 10 3 Q 1T2z 7 8 8 did not advance Alma Bestvater Women's boulder 2T5z 6 13 4 Q 0T2z 0 2 16 did not advance Afra Hönig 2T3z 10 12 12 did not advance Leonie Lochner 1T2z 1 2 20 did not advance Hannah Meul 3T4z 14 17 7 Q 3T4z 8 10 3 Q 2T3z 3 4 Roxana Wienand 2T4z 15 19 11 did not advance Combined Athlete Event Qualification Final Total Rank Boulder Lead Total Rank Points Place Hold Points Place Yannick Flohé Men's 775 10 did not advance Philipp Martin 55 27 did not advance Alexander Megos 785 9 did not advance Hannah Meul Women's 1260 2 Q 80.9 2 43 85.0 5 165.9 4 Lead Athlete Event Qualification Semifinal Final Hold Time Rank Hold Time Rank Points Rank Hold Time Rank Hold Time Rank Yannick Flohé Men's lead 46+ 3:15 =3 Top 5:41 =1 3.74 3 Q 40+ 3:49 7 Q 29+ 3:02 6 Sebastian Halenke 14+ 3:10 =46 38+ 4:02 =28 36.92 38 did not advance Philipp Martin 30+ 3:01 24 33 3:27 =31 27.50 30 did not advance Alexander Megos 47+ 4:03 =1 Top 5:23 =1 2.29 1 Q 42 4:30 5 Q 30+ 3:09 5 Käthe Atkins Women's lead 35+ 3:11 =22 22+ 1:48 =34 28.98 29 did not advance Hannah Meul 46 3:40 =8 24+ 2:14 =15 12.71 13 Q 27 2:39 5 Q 37 3:31 7 Speed Athlete Event Qualification Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank OppositionTime OppositionTime OppositionTime OppositionTime Rank Linus Bader Men's 7.248 21 did not advance Leander Carmanns 6.180 13 Q  Mawem (FRA)L 6.828 did not advance Sebastian Lucke 5.973 9 Q  Boulos (ITA)L 9.172 did not advance Dorian Zedler 6.668 20 did not advance Anna Apel Women's 9.015 15 Q  Kalucka (POL)L 8.420 did not advance Nuria Brockfeld 8.565 10 Q  Viglione (FRA)W 8.151  Kalucka (POL)L 10.564 did not advance Julia Koch 8.908 13 Q  Brożek (POL)L 9.919 did not advance Table tennis Main article: 2022 European Table Tennis Championships Germany entered 5 men and 7 women. Men Athlete Event Qualification stage Preliminary Round 1 Preliminary Round 2 Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Timo Boll Singles Bye  Kulczycki (POL)W 4–3  Jančařík (CZE)W 4–0  Wang (SVK)W 4–0  Qiu (GER)L 0–4 did not advance Benedikt Duda Bye  Piccolin (ITA)W 4–1  Habesohn (AUT)W 4–3  Qiu (GER)L 1–4 did not advance Patrick Franziska Bye  Sirucek (CZE)W 4–0  Dyjas (POL)W 4–1  Apolónia (POR)L 2–4 did not advance Dimitrij Ovtcharov Bye  Andersen (DEN)W 4–1  András (HUN)W 4–0  Freitas (POR)W 4–3  Karlsson (SWE)L 2–4 did not advance Dang Qiu Bye  Gündüz (TUR)W 4–3  Sgouropoulos (GRE)W 4–0  Duda (GER)W 4–1  Boll (GER)W 4–0  Falck (SWE)W 4–1  Jorgić (SLO)W 4–1 Benedikt DudaDang Qiu Doubles — Bye  Konstantinopoulos /Sgouropoulos (GRE)W 3–1  Pištej (SVK) / Karakašević (SRB)W 3–1  Gardos /Habesohn (AUT)L 2–3 did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification stage Preliminary Round 1 Preliminary Round 2 Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Han Ying Singles Bye  Vignjević (SRB)W 4–0  Källberg (SWE)W 4–0  Winter (GER)L w/o did not advance Annett Kaufmann  Avameri (EST)W 3–1  Terpou (GRE)W 3–0 — 1 Q Bye  Bajor (POL)L 3–4 did not advance Nina Mittelham Bye  Lutz (FRA)W 4–1  Wan (GER)W 4–1  Dragoman (ROU)W 4–2  Yuan (FRA)W 4–3  Shan (GER)W 4–1  Polcanova (AUT)L retired Franziska Schreiner  Chiriacova (MDA)W 3–0  Yılmaz (TUR)W 3–0  Gnjatić (BIH)W 3–0 1 Q Bye  Xiao (ESP)L 3–4 did not advance Shan Xiaona Bye  Plaian (ROU)W 4–0  Węgrzyn (POL)W 4–0  Samara (ROU)W 4–0  Shao (POR)W 4–3  Mittelham (GER)L 1–4 Did not advance Wan Yuan Bye  Novakovska (CZE)W 4–2  Mittelham (GER)L 1–4 did not advance Sabine Winter Bye  Guisnel (FRA)W 4–0  Ciobanu (ROU)W 4–3  Han (GER)W w/o  Piccolin (ITA)W 4–0  Polcanova (AUT)L 3–4 Did not advance Annett KaufmannFranziska Schreiner Doubles — Bye  Barbosa /Gonderinger (LUX)W 3–1  Gaponova /Bilenko (UKR)W 3–0  Mittelham /Winter (GER)L 0–3 did not advance Nina MittelhamSabine Winter — Bye  Węgrzyn /Wegrzyn (POL)W 3–2  Kaufmann /Schreiner (GER)W 3–0  Xiao (ESP) / Diaconu (ROU)L 1–3 did not advance Mixed Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Benedikt DudaSabine Winter Doubles  Piccolin /Vivarelli (ITA)W 3–1  Glod /de Nutte (LUX)W 3–1  Pištej /Balážová (SVK)L 0–3 did not advance Qiu DangNina Mittelham Bye  Möreghård /Bergström (SWE)W 3–2  Gardos /Polcanova (AUT)L 1–3 did not advance Triathlon Main article: 2022 European Triathlon Championships Men Athlete Event Swim (1.5 km) Trans 1 Bike (40 km) Trans 2 Run (10 km) Total Time Rank Tim Hellwig Men's 17:37 0:35 51:24 0:25 34:06 1:44:07 21 Lasse Lührs 18:30 0:36 51:14 0:24 32:56 1:43:38 18 Lasse Nygaard Priester 18:33 0:34 51:16 0:21 DNF Jannik Schaufler 18:10 0:33 51:39 0:21 34:58 1:45:41 35 Jonas Schomburg 17:41 0:34 51:20 0:24 32:09 1:42:08 7 Women Athlete Event Swim (1.5 km) Trans 1 Bike (40 km) Trans 2 Run (10 km) Total Time Rank Nina Eim Women's 19:57 0:36 56:50 0:26 35:02 1:52:51 4 Marlene Gomez-Göggel 19:59 0:33 58:18 0:27 36:56 1:56:13 19 Anabel Knoll 19:47 0:36 57:01 0:27 DNF Annika Koch 20:03 0:33 56:46 0:27 35:55 1:53:44 10 Laura Lindemann 19:22 0:37 57:20 0:26 34:34 1:52:19 Lisa Tertsch 19:32 0:33 57:14 0:26 36:18 1:54:03 13 Mixed Athlete Event Swim (300 m) Trans 1 Bike (6.8 km) Trans 2 Run (2 km) Total Group Time Rank Valentin WernzNina EimSimon HenseleitLaura Lindemann Mixed relay 15:31 2:51 46:15 1:32 19:46 1:26:03 References ^ Medal Standings ^ "Nations Entries - Team Germany | European Championships". Archived from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ "Athletics - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ "Final Entries - Athletes List by event" (PDF). European Athletics. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022. ^ "Beach Volleyball - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". ^ "Cycling Road - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ "Cycling Track - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ "Cycling Mountain Bike - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ "Cycling BMX Freestyle - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ Entries ^ "Artistic Gymnastics - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". ^ "Rowing - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". ^ "Sport Climbing - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-22. ^ "Table Tennis - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". ^ "Triathlon - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022". vteNations at the 2022 European Championships Albania Andorra Armenia Athlete Refugee Team Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Great Britain and Northern Ireland Greece Greenland Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine World Triathlon
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The team finished with 60 medals, amongst them 26 gold medals, which ranked them 1st at the conclusion of the Championships.[1]","title":"Germany at the 2022 European Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Brennauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennauer"},{"link_name":"Franziska Brauße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska_Brau%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Mieke Kröger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieke_Kr%C3%B6ger"},{"link_name":"Lisa Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Klein_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's team pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Emma Hinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hinze"},{"link_name":"Pauline Grabosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Grabosch"},{"link_name":"Lea Sophie 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marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"Emma Hinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hinze"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint"},{"link_name":"Lea Sophie Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Sophie_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's keirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_keirin"},{"link_name":"Roger Kluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kluge"},{"link_name":"Theo 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metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"Kim Lea Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Lea_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_BMX_Freestyle_Championships"},{"link_name":"Laura Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Triathlon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Triathlon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Manuela Diening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuela_Diening&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Lisa Brennauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennauer"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's individual pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Moritz Malcharek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Malcharek"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_scratch"},{"link_name":"Hannah Meul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Meul"},{"link_name":"Sport climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_IFSC_European_Climbing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Valentin Wernz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Wernz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nina Eim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina_Eim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Henseleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Henseleit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laura Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Triathlon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Theo Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's elimination race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_elimination_race"},{"link_name":"Simon Boch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Boch"},{"link_name":"Johannes Motschmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Motschmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amanal Petros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanal_Petros"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Pfeiffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Pfeiffer"},{"link_name":"Richard Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ringer"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Wedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Wedel"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's marathon team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Marathon_Cup"},{"link_name":"Christopher Linke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Linke"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's 35 kilometres walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_35_kilometres_walk"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Dörnbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_D%C3%B6rnbach"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's keirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_keirin"},{"link_name":"Kristin Pudenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Pudenz"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's discus throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_discus_throw"},{"link_name":"Tobias Potye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Potye"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_high_jump"},{"link_name":"Malaika Mihambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaika_Mihambo"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_long_jump"},{"link_name":"Esther Bode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther_Bode&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Bo Kanda Lita Baehre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Kanda_Lita_Baehre"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's pole vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_pole_vault"},{"link_name":"Lea Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 3000 metres steeplechase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_3000_metres_steeplechase"},{"link_name":"Felix Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frank_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"Moritz Florstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Florstedt"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Nina Mittelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Mittelham"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Annika Loske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annika_Loske"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kim Bui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Bui"},{"link_name":"Emma Malewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Malewski"},{"link_name":"Pauline Schäfer-Betz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Sch%C3%A4fer"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Seitz"},{"link_name":"Sarah Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Voss"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Jan Helmich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Helmich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susanne Lackner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Lackner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katharina Marchand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katharina_Marchand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marc Lembeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Lembeck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inga Thöne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inga_Th%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Föster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_F%C3%B6ster"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Dörnbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_D%C3%B6rnbach"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's 1 km time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1_km_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Claudine Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Vita"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's discus throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_discus_throw"},{"link_name":"Katharina Bauernschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katharina_Bauernschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Saskia Feige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Feige"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's 20 kilometres walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_20_kilometres_walk"},{"link_name":"Paulina Paszek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Paszek"},{"link_name":"Jule Hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Hake"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Sabine Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Winter"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Shan Xiaona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Xiaona"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Lisa Jahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Jahn"},{"link_name":"Sophie Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Koch_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Paulina Paszek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Paszek"},{"link_name":"Jule Hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Hake"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Brendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Brendel"},{"link_name":"Tim Hecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hecker_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Nils Dunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Dunkel"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cycling"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canoeing"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Athletics"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rowing"},{"link_name":"Sport climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sport_climbing"},{"link_name":"Emma Hinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hinze"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cycling"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Brendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Brendel"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canoeing"},{"link_name":"Gina Lückenkemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_L%C3%BCckenkemper"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Athletics"},{"link_name":"Martin Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hiller_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canoeing"},{"link_name":"Tom Liebscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Liebscher"},{"link_name":"Jacob Schopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Schopf"},{"link_name":"Lea Sophie Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Sophie_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cycling"},{"link_name":"Mieke Kröger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieke_Kr%C3%B6ger"},{"link_name":"Richard Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ringer"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Athletics"},{"link_name":"Felix Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frank_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canoeing"},{"link_name":"Lisa Brennauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Brennauer"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cycling"},{"link_name":"Theo Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Tim Hecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hecker_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canoeing"},{"link_name":"Emma Malewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Malewski"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Seitz"},{"link_name":"Laura Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Dörnbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_D%C3%B6rnbach"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cycling"},{"link_name":"Jule Hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Hake"},{"link_name":"Canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canoeing"},{"link_name":"Paulina Paszek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Paszek"}],"text":"Medal\n\nName\n\nSport\n\nEvent\n\nDate\n\n\n Gold\nLisa BrennauerFranziska BraußeMieke KrögerLisa Klein\nCycling\nWomen's team pursuit\n12 August\n\n\n Gold\nEmma HinzePauline GraboschLea Sophie Friedrich\nCycling\nWomen's team sprint\n12 August\n\n\n Gold\nEmma Hinze\nCycling\nWomen's 500 m time trial\n13 August\n\n\n Gold\nMieke Kröger\nCycling\nWomen's individual pursuit\n13 August\n\n\n Gold\nNicolas Heinrich\nCycling\nMen's individual pursuit\n13 August\n\n\n Gold\nElisabeth Seitz\nGymnastics\nWomen's uneven bars\n14 August\n\n\n Gold\nEmma Malewski\nGymnastics\nWomen's balance beam\n14 August\n\n\n Gold\nMiriam DattkeKristina HendelDomenika MayerDeborah SchönebornRabea SchönebornKatharina Steinruck\nAthletics\nWomen's marathon team\n15 August\n\n\n Gold\nRichard Ringer\nAthletics\nMen's marathon\n15 August\n\n\n Gold\nEmma Hinze\nCycling\nWomen's sprint\n15 August\n\n\n Gold\nLea Sophie Friedrich\nCycling\nWomen's keirin\n16 August\n\n\n Gold\nRoger KlugeTheo Reinhardt\nCycling\nMen's madison\n16 August\n\n\n Gold\nNiklas Kaul\nAthletics\nMen's decathlon\n16 August\n\n\n Gold\nGina Lückenkemper\nAthletics\nWomen's 100 metres\n16 August\n\n\n Gold\nKonstanze Klosterhalfen\nAthletics\nWomen's 5000 metres\n18 August\n\n\n Gold\nTobias SchultzTom LiebscherMartin HillerFelix Frank\nCanoeing\nMen's K–4 1000 metres\n19 August\n\n\n Gold\nSebastian BrendelTim Hecker\nCanoeing\nMen's C–2 1000 metres\n19 August\n\n\n Gold\nJacob Schopf\nCanoeing\nMen's K–1 500 metres\n19 August\n\n\n Gold\nLillemor Köper\nCanoeing\nWomen's VL1 200 metres\n19 August\n\n\n Gold\nMax RendschmidtTom LiebscherJacob SchopfMax Lemke\nCanoeing\nMen's K–4 500 metres\n20 August\n\n\n Gold\nSebastian Brendel\nCanoeing\nMen's C–1 5000 metres\n20 August\n\n\n Gold\nEdina Müller\nCanoeing\nWomen's KL1 200 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Gold\nMartin HillerTamás Grossmann\nCanoeing\nMen's K–2 1000 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Gold\nDang Qiu\nTable tennis\nMen's singles\n21 August\n\n\n Gold\nJulian Weber\nAthletics\nMen's javelin throw\n21 August\n\n\n Gold\nAlexandra BurghardtRebekka HaaseGina LückenkemperLisa MayerJessica-Bianca Wessolly (heats only)\nAthletics\nWomen's 4 × 100 metres relay\n21 August\n\n\n Silver\nKim Lea Müller\nCycling\nWomen's BMX freestyle\n12 August\n\n\n Silver\nLaura Lindemann\nTriathlon\nWomen's\n12 August\n\n\n Silver\nManuela Diening\nRowing\nWomen's PR1 single sculls\n13 August\n\n\n Silver\nLisa Brennauer\nCycling\nWomen's individual pursuit\n13 August\n\n\n Silver\nMoritz Malcharek\nCycling\nMen's scratch\n13 August\n\n\n Silver\nHannah Meul\nSport climbing\nWomen's boulder\n14 August\n\n\n Silver\nValentin WernzNina EimSimon HenseleitLaura Lindemann\nTriathlon\nMixed relay\n14 August\n\n\n Silver\nTheo Reinhardt\nCycling\nMen's elimination race\n14 August\n\n\n Silver\nSimon BochJohannes MotschmannAmanal PetrosHendrik PfeifferRichard RingerKonstantin Wedel\nAthletics\nMen's marathon team\n15 August\n\n\n Silver\nChristopher Linke\nAthletics\nMen's 35 kilometres walk\n16 August\n\n\n Silver\nMaximilian Dörnbach\nCycling\nMen's keirin\n16 August\n\n\n Silver\nKristin Pudenz\nAthletics\nWomen's discus throw\n16 August\n\n\n Silver\nTobias Potye\nAthletics\nMen's high jump\n18 August\n\n\n Silver\nMalaika Mihambo\nAthletics\nWomen's long jump\n18 August\n\n\n Silver\nEsther Bode\nCanoeing\nWomen's VL1 200 metres\n19 August\n\n\n Silver\nBo Kanda Lita Baehre\nAthletics\nMen's pole vault\n20 August\n\n\n Silver\nLea Meyer\nAthletics\nWomen's 3000 metres steeplechase\n20 August\n\n\n Silver\nFelix FrankMoritz Florstedt\nCanoeing\nMen's K–2 500 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Silver\nNina Mittelham\nTable tennis\nWomen's singles\n21 August\n\n\n Silver\nAnnika Loske\nCanoeing\nWomen's C–1 5000 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Bronze\nKim BuiEmma MalewskiPauline Schäfer-BetzElisabeth SeitzSarah Voss\nGymnastics\nWomen's team all-around\n13 August\n\n\n Bronze\nJan HelmichSusanne LacknerKatharina MarchandMarc LembeckInga Thöne\nRowing\nMixed PR3 coxed four\n14 August\n\n\n Bronze\nAlexandra Föster\nRowing\nWomen's single sculls\n14 August\n\n\n Bronze\nMaximilian Dörnbach\nCycling\nMen's 1 km time trial\n15 August\n\n\n Bronze\nClaudine Vita\nAthletics\nWomen's discus throw\n16 August\n\n\n Bronze\nKatharina Bauernschmidt\nCanoeing\nWomen's VL2 200 metres\n19 August\n\n\n Bronze\nSaskia Feige\nAthletics\nWomen's 20 kilometres walk\n20 August\n\n\n Bronze\nPaulina PaszekJule Hake\nCanoeing\nWomen's K–2 500 metres\n20 August\n\n\n Bronze\nSabine Winter\nTable tennis\nWomen's singles\n20 August\n\n\n Bronze\nShan Xiaona\nTable tennis\nWomen's singles\n20 August\n\n\n Bronze\nLisa JahnSophie Koch\nCanoeing\nWomen's C–2 200 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Bronze\nPaulina PaszekJule Hake\nCanoeing\nWomen's K–2 200 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Bronze\nSebastian BrendelTim Hecker\nCanoeing\nMen's C–2 500 metres\n21 August\n\n\n Bronze\nNils Dunkel\nGymnastics\nMen's pommel horse\n21 August\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by sport\n\n\nSport\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nCycling\n\n8\n\n5\n\n1\n\n14\n\n\nCanoeing\n\n8\n\n3\n\n5\n\n16\n\n\nAthletics\n\n7\n\n7\n\n2\n\n16\n\n\nGymnastics\n\n2\n\n0\n\n2\n\n4\n\n\nTable tennis\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n4\n\n\nTriathlon\n\n0\n\n2\n\n0\n\n2\n\n\nRowing\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n\nSport climbing\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\nTotal\n\n26\n\n20\n\n14\n\n60\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by gender\n\n\nGender\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nFemale\n\n14\n\n11\n\n10\n\n35\n\n\nMale\n\n12\n\n8\n\n3\n\n23\n\n\nMixed\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n\nTotal\n\n26\n\n20\n\n14\n\n60\n\n\n\n\n\nMultiple medalists\n\n\nName\n\nSport\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nEmma Hinze\nCycling\n\n3\n0\n0\n3\n\n\nSebastian Brendel\nCanoeing\n\n2\n0\n1\n3\n\n\nGina Lückenkemper\nAthletics\n\n2\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nMartin Hiller\nCanoeing\n\n2\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nTom Liebscher\n\n2\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nJacob Schopf\n\n2\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nLea Sophie Friedrich\nCycling\n\n2\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nMieke Kröger\n\n2\n0\n0\n2\n\n\nRichard Ringer\nAthletics\n\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\nFelix Frank\nCanoeing\n\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\nLisa Brennauer\nCycling\n\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\nTheo Reinhardt\n\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\nTim Hecker\nCanoeing\n\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nEmma Malewski\nGymnastics\n\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nElisabeth Seitz\n\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nLaura Lindemann\nTriathlon\n\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\nMaximilian Dörnbach\nCycling\n\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\nJule Hake\nCanoeing\n\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nPaulina Paszek\n\n0\n0\n2\n2","title":"Medallists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The following is the list of number of competitors in the Championships:[2]","title":"Competitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"[3]Germany entered the following athletes.[4]Key\nQ = Qualified for the next round\nq = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target\nNR = National record\nPB = Personal best\nSB = Season best\nN/A = Round not applicable for the event","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_decathlon"}],"sub_title":"Men","text":"Track and road eventsField eventsCombined events – Decathlon","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heptathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_heptathlon"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"Track and road eventsField eventsCombined events – Heptathlon","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Germany has qualified 4 male and 5 female pairs.[5]","title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/canoe-sprint/daily-schedule.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220817223522/https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/canoe-sprint/daily-schedule.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"[1] Archived 2022-08-17 at the Wayback MachineMenWomen","title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"[6]MenWomen","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Track","text":"[7]Elimination raceKeirinMadisonOmniumPoints racePursuitScratchSprintTeam sprintTime trial","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Mountain bike","text":"[8]","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"BMX freestyle","text":"[9]","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Germany has entered 5 men and 5 women.[10][11]","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","text":"QualificationIndividual finals","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","text":"QualificationIndividual finals","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"[12]MenWomenMixed","title":"Rowing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"[13]BoulderCombinedLeadSpeed","title":"Sport climbing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Germany entered 5 men and 7 women.[14]","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"[15]","title":"Triathlon"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Triathlon"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Triathlon"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Triathlon"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 2022-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816175637/https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/athletics/daily-schedule.htm","url_text":"\"Athletics - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022\""},{"url":"https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/athletics/daily-schedule.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Entries - Athletes List by event\" (PDF). European Athletics. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220930121540/https://directus.european-athletics.com/downloads/8861cd54-4478-48a0-a2a0-ba9199333e4b/ECH%202022%20-%20Final%20Entries%20Athletes%20List%20By%20Event.pdf","url_text":"\"Final Entries - Athletes List by event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Athletics","url_text":"European Athletics"},{"url":"https://directus.european-athletics.com/downloads/8861cd54-4478-48a0-a2a0-ba9199333e4b/ECH%202022%20-%20Final%20Entries%20Athletes%20List%20By%20Event.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beach Volleyball - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/beach-volleyball/daily-schedule.htm","url_text":"\"Beach Volleyball - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cycling Road - Schedule and Results | European Championships 2022\". Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team
1954 Georgia Bulldogs football team
["1 Schedule","2 References"]
American college football season 1954 Georgia Bulldogs footballConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceRecord6–3–1 (3–2–1 SEC)Head coachWally Butts (16th season)Home stadiumSanford StadiumSeasons← 19531955 → 1954 Southeastern Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T No. 6 Ole Miss $ 5 – 0 – 0 9 – 2 – 0 Georgia Tech 6 – 2 – 0 8 – 3 – 0 Florida 5 – 2 – 0 5 – 5 – 0 Kentucky 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 Georgia 3 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1 No. 13 Auburn 3 – 3 – 0 8 – 3 – 0 Mississippi State 3 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 0 Alabama 3 – 3 – 2 4 – 5 – 2 LSU 2 – 5 – 0 5 – 6 – 0 Tulane 1 – 6 – 1 1 – 6 – 3 Vanderbilt 1 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0 Tennessee 1 – 5 – 0 4 – 6 – 0 $ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll The 1954 Georgia Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the University of Georgia as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1954 college football season. In their 16th year under head coach Wally Butts, the Bulldogs complied an overall record of 6–3–1, with a conference record of 3–2–1, and finished fifth in the SEC. Schedule DateOpponentRankSiteResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 18at Florida State*Doak Campbell StadiumTallahassee, FLW 14–015,000 September 25Clemson*Sanford StadiumAthens, GA (rivalry)W 14–728,000 October 2Texas A&M*Sanford StadiumAthens, GAL 0–623,000 October 9at North Carolina*Kenan Memorial StadiumChapel Hill, NCW 21–720,000 October 16VanderbiltSanford StadiumAthens, GA (rivalry)W 16–14 October 23at TulaneTulane StadiumNew Orleans, LAW 7–018,000 October 30at AlabamaLegion FieldBirmingham, AL (rivalry)T 0–030,000 November 6vs. FloridaGator Bowl StadiumJacksonville, FL (rivalry)W 14–1339,000 November 13vs. AuburnNo. 20Memorial StadiumColumbus, GA (rivalry)L 0–35 November 27at Georgia TechSanford StadiumAthens, GA (rivalry)L 3–750,000 *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from Coaches' Poll released prior to the game References ^ "1954 Georgia Bulldogs Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 6, 2023. ^ "Georgia scores 14–0 win over Seminoles". Tampa Sunday Tribune. September 19, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Clemson bows 14–6". Greensboro Daily News. September 26, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Texas Aggies beat Georgia". Chattanooga Sunday Times. October 3, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Georgia defeats North Carolina, 21–7". Evening Star. October 10, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Late Georgia field goal beats weary Vandy, 16–14". The Birmingham News. October 17, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Ga. turns Wave fumble to 7–0 win". The Birmingham News. October 24, 1954. Retrieved September 19, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Georgia ties Alabama, 0–0". The Montgomery Advertiser. October 31, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Bulldogs trip Florida, 14–13". The Birmingham News. November 7, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Auburn routs Georgia, 35–0". The Roanoke Times. November 14, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Jackets pass crumples fighting Bulldogs, 7–3". The Atlanta Journal. November 28, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "1954 Football Schedule". GeorgiaDogs.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2012. vteGeorgia Bulldogs footballVenues Herty Field (1892–1910) Sanford Field (1911–1928) Sanford Stadium (1929–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Auburn: Deep South's Oldest Rivalry Clemson Florida Georgia Tech: Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate South Carolina Tennessee Vanderbilt Culture & lore History Hairy Dawg Uga "Glory, Glory" Georgia Redcoat Marching Band First forward pass 1927 Yale game Prayer at Jordan-Hare Squidbillies People Head coaches Steadman V. Sanford Georgia Joker Larry Munson Morgan Blake NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917–1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold This college football 1950s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"1954 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Wally Butts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Butts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1954 Georgia Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the University of Georgia as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1954 college football season. In their 16th year under head coach Wally Butts, the Bulldogs complied an overall record of 6–3–1, with a conference record of 3–2–1, and finished fifth in the SEC.[1]","title":"1954 Georgia Bulldogs football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1954schedule-12"}],"text":"[12]","title":"Schedule"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1954 Georgia Bulldogs Schedule and Results\". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/georgia/1954-schedule.html","url_text":"\"1954 Georgia Bulldogs Schedule and Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia scores 14–0 win over Seminoles\". Tampa Sunday Tribune. September 19, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-georgia-scores-140-wi/132997527/","url_text":"\"Georgia scores 14–0 win over Seminoles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Clemson bows 14–6\". Greensboro Daily News. September 26, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-and-record-clemson-bows-146/132997605/","url_text":"\"Clemson bows 14–6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Aggies beat Georgia\". Chattanooga Sunday Times. October 3, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/chattanooga-daily-times-texas-aggies-bea/132997713/","url_text":"\"Texas Aggies beat Georgia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia defeats North Carolina, 21–7\". Evening Star. October 10, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-georgia-defeats-north-carol/132997791/","url_text":"\"Georgia defeats North Carolina, 21–7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Late Georgia field goal beats weary Vandy, 16–14\". The Birmingham News. October 17, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-birmingham-news-late-georgia-field-g/132997899/","url_text":"\"Late Georgia field goal beats weary Vandy, 16–14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ga. turns Wave fumble to 7–0 win\". The Birmingham News. October 24, 1954. Retrieved September 19, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85625978/ga-turns-wave-fumble-to-70-win/","url_text":"\"Ga. turns Wave fumble to 7–0 win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia ties Alabama, 0–0\". The Montgomery Advertiser. October 31, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montgomery-advertiser-georgia-ties-a/132997988/","url_text":"\"Georgia ties Alabama, 0–0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bulldogs trip Florida, 14–13\". The Birmingham News. November 7, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-birmingham-news-bulldogs-trip-florid/132994210/","url_text":"\"Bulldogs trip Florida, 14–13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Auburn routs Georgia, 35–0\". The Roanoke Times. November 14, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-roanoke-times-auburn-routs-georgia/132998109/","url_text":"\"Auburn routs Georgia, 35–0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Jackets pass crumples fighting Bulldogs, 7–3\". The Atlanta Journal. November 28, 1954. Retrieved October 6, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-jackets-pass-crumple/132993572/","url_text":"\"Jackets pass crumples fighting Bulldogs, 7–3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1954 Football Schedule\". GeorgiaDogs.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101024251/http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/1954-schedule.html","url_text":"\"1954 Football Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/1954-schedule.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Elbphilharmonie_Orchester
NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra
["1 History","2 Principal conductors","3 Awards","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
German radio orchestra based in the Elbphilharmonie concert hall in Hamburg For the symphony orchestra of the broadcaster in Hannover, see NDR Radiophilharmonie. NDR Elbphilharmonie OrchestraRadio orchestraNative nameNDR Elbphilharmonie OrchesterFormer nameNWDR SinfonieorchesterFounded1945 (1945)LocationRothenbaumchaussee 132 20149 Hamburg, GermanyConcert hallElbphilharmoniePrincipal conductorAlan GilbertWebsitendr.de The NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra (German: NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchester) is a German radio orchestra. Affiliated with the Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR; North German Broadcasting), the orchestra is based at the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, Germany. Earlier the ensemble was called the NDR Symphony Orchestra (Sinfonieorchester des Norddeutschen Rundfunks), and was also known in English as the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra. History British occupation authorities founded the orchestra after World War II as part of Radio Hamburg (NWDR), which was the only radio station in what would become West Germany not destroyed during the war. The first musicians came mostly from the ranks of the old Nazi-controlled Großes Rundfunkorchester des Reichssenders Hamburg. Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt, who was living near Hamburg, was given the task of assembling the members, something he accomplished over a period of six months. Schmidt-Isserstedt conducted the orchestra's first concert in November 1945, with Yehudi Menuhin as soloist. Schmidt-Isserstedt served as the first chief conductor of the orchestra, through 1971. The orchestra first visited the UK in 1951, as part of the concerts celebrating the re-opening in Manchester of the Free Trade Hall. In addition to its performances of the core classical and romantic repertoire by composers such as Beethoven and Bruckner, the orchestra also has a focus on contemporary works by Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Wolfgang Rihm and Hans Werner Henze. It rose to particular significance during the chief conductorship of Günter Wand, from 1982 to 1990. Wand conducted several commercial recordings with the orchestra for the RCA Victor Red Seal and EMI labels. The orchestra has also recorded for the Deutsche Grammophon and CPO labels. Thomas Hengelbrock became chief conductor of the orchestra with the 2011–2012 season, with an initial contract of three years. In January 2017, the orchestra took up its new residence at the newly opened Elbphilharmonie, and formally changed its name to the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchester. In June 2017, the orchestra announced the scheduled conclusion of Hengelbrock's tenure with the ensemble at the close of the 2018–2019 season. Alan Gilbert had served as principal guest conductor of the orchestra from 2004 to 2015. In June 2017, the orchestra announced the appointment of Gilbert as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2019–2020 season, with an initial contract of 5 seasons. He took the title of chief conductor-designate in the autumn of 2017. In December 2017, Hengelbrock expressed his displeasure with the timing of the announcement of Gilbert as his designated successor, within the same month as the original announcement of the previously scheduled conclusion of his tenure. Hengelbrock thus announced his intention to stand down as chief conductor of the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra at the end of the 2017–2018 season, one season earlier than originally planned. Other principal guest conductors of the orchestra have included Krzysztof Urbanski, who served from 2015 to 2020. In February 2023, the orchestra announced the extension of Gilbert's contract as chief conductor through the summer of 2029. Principal conductors Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (1945–1971) Moshe Atzmon (1972–1976) Klaus Tennstedt (1979–1981) Günter Wand (1982–1990) John Eliot Gardiner (1991–1994) Herbert Blomstedt (1996–1998) Christoph Eschenbach (1998–2004) Christoph von Dohnányi (2004–2011) Thomas Hengelbrock (2011–2018) Alan Gilbert (2019–present) Awards 1998: Johannes Brahms Medal of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg 2000: Award for best live performance in Japan 2014: Grammy for the category "Best Classical Compendium" (Hindemith: Violinkonzert – Symphonic Metamorphosis – Konzertmusik op. 50) See also Elbphilharmonie References ^ Potts, Joseph E., "European Radio Orchestras: Western Germany" (September 1955). The Musical Times, 96 (1351): 473–475. ^ "Thomas Hengelbrock wird neuer Chefdirigent" (Press release). NDR Symphony Orchestra. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009. ^ "Hengelbrock nur noch bis 2019 Chefdirigent". NDR. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017. ^ "Alan Gilbert ab 2019/20 neuer Chefdirigent des NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchesters" (Press release). NDR. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ Michael Cooper (23 June 2017). "Alan Gilbert to Lead NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra in Hamburg". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ "Alan Gilbert named Chief Conductor of Hamburg's NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra". Gramophone. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ "Nach Streit: Hengelbrock verlässt Elbphilharmonie schon 2018". Hamburger Abendblatt. 9 December 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018. ^ "Alan Gilbert bleibt bis 2029 Chefdirigent" (Press release). NDR. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023. External links Artsbird.com article on the NDR Symphony Orchestra Musicweb International Review of CPO 7771632, Bruno Walter, Symphony in d, NDR Sinfonieorchester, Leon Botstein; 20 May 2010 vteOrchestras based in Hamburg Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra Hamburg Symphony Orchestra Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NDR Radiophilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDR_Radiophilharmonie"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"radio orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Norddeutscher Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"Elbphilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"For the symphony orchestra of the broadcaster in Hannover, see NDR Radiophilharmonie.The NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra (German: NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchester) is a German radio orchestra. Affiliated with the Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR; North German Broadcasting), the orchestra is based at the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, Germany. Earlier the ensemble was called the NDR Symphony Orchestra (Sinfonieorchester des Norddeutschen Rundfunks), and was also known in English as the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra.","title":"NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#British_Zone"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Radio Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestdeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schmidt-Isserstedt"},{"link_name":"conducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducted"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"soloist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Free Trade Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Bernd Alois Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Alois_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Rihm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Günter Wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wand"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor Red Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor_Red_Seal"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hengelbrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hengelbrock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Elbphilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gilbert_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Urbanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Urbanski"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"British occupation authorities founded the orchestra after World War II as part of Radio Hamburg (NWDR), which was the only radio station in what would become West Germany not destroyed during the war. The first musicians came mostly from the ranks of the old Nazi-controlled Großes Rundfunkorchester des Reichssenders Hamburg. Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt, who was living near Hamburg, was given the task of assembling the members, something he accomplished over a period of six months. Schmidt-Isserstedt conducted the orchestra's first concert in November 1945, with Yehudi Menuhin as soloist. Schmidt-Isserstedt served as the first chief conductor of the orchestra, through 1971.The orchestra first visited the UK in 1951, as part of the concerts celebrating the re-opening in Manchester of the Free Trade Hall.[1] In addition to its performances of the core classical and romantic repertoire by composers such as Beethoven and Bruckner, the orchestra also has a focus on contemporary works by Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Wolfgang Rihm and Hans Werner Henze. It rose to particular significance during the chief conductorship of Günter Wand, from 1982 to 1990. Wand conducted several commercial recordings with the orchestra for the RCA Victor Red Seal and EMI labels. The orchestra has also recorded for the Deutsche Grammophon and CPO labels.Thomas Hengelbrock became chief conductor of the orchestra with the 2011–2012 season, with an initial contract of three years.[2] In January 2017, the orchestra took up its new residence at the newly opened Elbphilharmonie, and formally changed its name to the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchester. In June 2017, the orchestra announced the scheduled conclusion of Hengelbrock's tenure with the ensemble at the close of the 2018–2019 season.[3]Alan Gilbert had served as principal guest conductor of the orchestra from 2004 to 2015. In June 2017, the orchestra announced the appointment of Gilbert as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2019–2020 season, with an initial contract of 5 seasons.[4][5] He took the title of chief conductor-designate in the autumn of 2017.[6] In December 2017, Hengelbrock expressed his displeasure with the timing of the announcement of Gilbert as his designated successor, within the same month as the original announcement of the previously scheduled conclusion of his tenure. Hengelbrock thus announced his intention to stand down as chief conductor of the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra at the end of the 2017–2018 season, one season earlier than originally planned.[7]Other principal guest conductors of the orchestra have included Krzysztof Urbanski, who served from 2015 to 2020. In February 2023, the orchestra announced the extension of Gilbert's contract as chief conductor through the summer of 2029.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schmidt-Isserstedt"},{"link_name":"Moshe Atzmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Atzmon"},{"link_name":"Klaus Tennstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Tennstedt"},{"link_name":"Günter Wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wand"},{"link_name":"John Eliot Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Herbert Blomstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Blomstedt"},{"link_name":"Christoph Eschenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach"},{"link_name":"Christoph von Dohnányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hengelbrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hengelbrock"},{"link_name":"Alan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gilbert_(conductor)"}],"text":"Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (1945–1971)\nMoshe Atzmon (1972–1976)\nKlaus Tennstedt (1979–1981)\nGünter Wand (1982–1990)\nJohn Eliot Gardiner (1991–1994)\nHerbert Blomstedt (1996–1998)\nChristoph Eschenbach (1998–2004)\nChristoph von Dohnányi (2004–2011)\nThomas Hengelbrock (2011–2018)\nAlan Gilbert (2019–present)","title":"Principal conductors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms_Medal"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"}],"text":"1998: Johannes Brahms Medal of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg\n2000: Award for best live performance in Japan\n2014: Grammy for the category \"Best Classical Compendium\" (Hindemith: Violinkonzert – Symphonic Metamorphosis – Konzertmusik op. 50)","title":"Awards"}]
[]
[{"title":"Elbphilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbphilharmonie"}]
[{"reference":"\"Thomas Hengelbrock wird neuer Chefdirigent\" (Press release). NDR Symphony Orchestra. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.ndr.de/sinfonieorchester/orchester/chefdirigent100.html","url_text":"\"Thomas Hengelbrock wird neuer Chefdirigent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hengelbrock nur noch bis 2019 Chefdirigent\". NDR. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndr.de/orchester_chor/elbphilharmonieorchester/orchester/Hengelbrock-nur-noch-bis-2019-Chefdirigent,hengelbrock526.html","url_text":"\"Hengelbrock nur noch bis 2019 Chefdirigent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Gilbert ab 2019/20 neuer Chefdirigent des NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchesters\" (Press release). NDR. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndr.de/der_ndr/presse/mitteilungen/Alan-Gilbert-ab-201920-neuer-Chefdirigent-des-NDR-Elbphilharmonie-Orchesters,pressemeldungndr18682.html","url_text":"\"Alan Gilbert ab 2019/20 neuer Chefdirigent des NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchesters\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Cooper (23 June 2017). \"Alan Gilbert to Lead NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra in Hamburg\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/arts/music/alan-gilbert-hamburg-elbphilharmonie-new-york-philharmonicl.html","url_text":"\"Alan Gilbert to Lead NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra in Hamburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Gilbert named Chief Conductor of Hamburg's NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra\". Gramophone. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gramophone.co.uk/classical-music-news/alan-gilbert-named-chief-conductor-ndr-elbphilharmonie-orchestra","url_text":"\"Alan Gilbert named Chief Conductor of Hamburg's NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nach Streit: Hengelbrock verlässt Elbphilharmonie schon 2018\". Hamburger Abendblatt. 9 December 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article212786249/Dirigent-Hengelbrock-verlaesst-Elbphilharmonie-im-Streit.html","url_text":"\"Nach Streit: Hengelbrock verlässt Elbphilharmonie schon 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Gilbert bleibt bis 2029 Chefdirigent\" (Press release). NDR. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndr.de/orchester_chor/elbphilharmonieorchester/orchester/Alan-Gilbert-bleibt-bis-2029-Chefdirigent-,alangilbert226.html","url_text":"\"Alan Gilbert bleibt bis 2029 Chefdirigent\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_287
Arkansas Highway 287
["1 Route description","1.1 Morrilton to Highway 92","1.2 Solgohachia to Highway 95","2 Major intersections","3 See also","4 References"]
Route map: State highway in Arkansas, United States Highway 287AR 287 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by ArDOTSection 1Length4.84 mi (7.79 km)West end AR 9East end AR 92Section 2Length9.03 mi (14.53 km)South end AR 9, SolgohachiaNorth end AR 95, Prairie View LocationCountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountiesConway Highway system Arkansas Highway System Interstate US State Business Spurs Suffixed Scenic Heritage ← AR 286→ AR 288 Arkansas Highway 287 begins just north of Morrilton Arkansas Highway 287 (AR 287 and Hwy. 287) is a designation for two state highways in Conway County. One segment of 4.84 miles (7.79 km) runs east–west from Arkansas Highway 9 near Morrilton east to Arkansas Highway 92. A second segment of 9.03 miles (14.53 km) runs north–south connecting Highway 9 to Arkansas Highway 95. Route description Morrilton to Highway 92 AR 287 begins at AR 9 just north of Morrilton and an interchange with Interstate 40. The route runs past the Oak Grove Cemetery before terminating at AR 92 north of Plumerville. A second segment of 9.03 miles (14.53 km) runs north–south connecting Highway 9 to Arkansas Highway 95. The road is two–lane undivided for its entire length. Solgohachia to Highway 95 The highway begins at the unincorporated community of Solgohachia at Highway 9. AR 287 heads north through the communities of McClaren and Lanty before it terminates at AR 95. The road is two–lane undivided for its entire length. Major intersections The entire route is in Conway County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.000.00 AR 9 – Morrilton, Center RidgeWestern terminus ​4.847.79 AR 92 – Springfield, PlumervilleEastern terminus AR 287 northern segment begins at AR 9 Solgohachia0.000.00 AR 9 – Birdtown, MorriltonSouthern terminus ​9.0314.53 AR 95 – Clinton, MorriltonNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also Solgohachia Bridge, bridge listed on the National Register of Historic Places near Solgohachia References KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Arkansas Highway 287KML is from Wikidata ^ a b c d e Planning and Research Division (2010). "Arkansas Road Log Database". Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original (Database) on 23 June 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011. ^ Route and Section Map (PDF) (Map) (Conway County ed.). Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ a b c General Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (Conway County ed.). Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
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[{"title":"Solgohachia Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solgohachia_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"title":"Solgohachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solgohachia,_Arkansas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBF4
DBF4
["1 Interactions","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens DBF4Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes4F99, 4F9A, 4F9B, 4F9CIdentifiersAliasesDBF4, ASK, CHIF, DBF4A, ZDBF1, DBF4 zinc fingerExternal IDsOMIM: 604281; MGI: 1351328; HomoloGene: 40892; GeneCards: DBF4; OMA:DBF4 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 7 (human)Band7q21.12Start87,876,216 bpEnd87,909,553 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)Band5|5 A1Start8,446,973 bpEnd8,472,716 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed intesticlegonadventricular zoneleft testisright testissecondary oocyteganglionic eminencebone marrowspermbone marrow cellsTop expressed inabdominal walltail of embryoprimitive streakmandibular prominencemaxillary prominenceendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselgenital tubercleprimary oocytedermisspermatocyteMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function zinc ion binding enzyme activator activity metal ion binding nucleic acid binding protein binding protein kinase binding protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity Cellular component nucleoplasm nucleus nuclear body Dbf4-dependent protein kinase complex Biological process DNA replication cell cycle positive regulation of catalytic activity G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle positive regulation of DNA replication positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication regulation of cell cycle phase transition Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez1092627214EnsemblENSG00000006634ENSMUSG00000002297UniProtQ9UBU7Q9QZ41RefSeq (mRNA)NM_006716NM_001318060NM_001318061NM_001318062NM_001190717NM_013726RefSeq (protein)NP_001304989NP_001304990NP_001304991NP_006707NP_001177646NP_038754Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 87.88 – 87.91 MbChr 5: 8.45 – 8.47 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Protein DBF4 homolog A is a protein that is encoded by the DBF4 gene in humans. Interactions DBF4 has been shown to interact with: Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase, MCM3, MCM7, ORC2L, and ORC6L. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000006634 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002297 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b Kumagai H, Sato N, Yamada M, Mahony D, Seghezzi W, Lees E, Arai K, Masai H (Jul 1999). "A novel growth- and cell cycle-regulated protein, ASK, activates human Cdc7-related kinase and is essential for G1/S transition in mammalian cells". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (7): 5083–95. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.7.5083. PMC 84351. PMID 10373557. ^ Lepke M, Pütter V, Staib C, Kneissl M, Berger C, Hoehn K, Nanda I, Schmid M, Grummt F (Sep 1999). "Identification, characterization and chromosomal localization of the cognate human and murine DBF4 genes". Molecular & General Genetics. 262 (2): 220–9. doi:10.1007/s004380051078. PMID 10517317. S2CID 24878962. ^ "Entrez Gene: DBF4 DBF4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)". ^ a b c d e Kneissl M, Pütter V, Szalay AA, Grummt F (Mar 2003). "Interaction and assembly of murine pre-replicative complex proteins in yeast and mouse cells". Journal of Molecular Biology. 327 (1): 111–28. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00079-2. PMID 12614612. ^ Jiang W, McDonald D, Hope TJ, Hunter T (Oct 1999). "Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication". The EMBO Journal. 18 (20): 5703–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703. PMC 1171637. PMID 10523313. Further reading Jiang W, McDonald D, Hope TJ, Hunter T (Oct 1999). "Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication". The EMBO Journal. 18 (20): 5703–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703. PMC 1171637. PMID 10523313. Yamada M, Sato N, Taniyama C, Ohtani K, Arai K, Masai H (Aug 2002). "A 63-base pair DNA segment containing an Sp1 site but not a canonical E2F site can confer growth-dependent and E2F-mediated transcriptional stimulation of the human ASK gene encoding the regulatory subunit for human Cdc7-related kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (31): 27668–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202884200. PMID 12015319. Wu X, Lee H (Nov 2002). "Human Dbf4/ASK promoter is activated through the Sp1 and MluI cell-cycle box (MCB) transcription elements". Oncogene. 21 (51): 7786–96. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205914. PMID 12420215. S2CID 745681. Duncker BP, Shimada K, Tsai-Pflugfelder M, Pasero P, Gasser SM (Dec 2002). "An N-terminal domain of Dbf4p mediates interaction with both origin recognition complex (ORC) and Rad53p and can deregulate late origin firing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (25): 16087–92. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916087D. doi:10.1073/pnas.252093999. PMC 138569. PMID 12441400. Costanzo V, Shechter D, Lupardus PJ, Cimprich KA, Gottesman M, Gautier J (Jan 2003). "An ATR- and Cdc7-dependent DNA damage checkpoint that inhibits initiation of DNA replication". Molecular Cell. 11 (1): 203–13. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00799-2. PMID 12535533. Kneissl M, Pütter V, Szalay AA, Grummt F (Mar 2003). "Interaction and assembly of murine pre-replicative complex proteins in yeast and mouse cells". Journal of Molecular Biology. 327 (1): 111–28. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00079-2. PMID 12614612. Lehner B, Sanderson CM (Jul 2004). "A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation". Genome Research. 14 (7): 1315–23. doi:10.1101/gr.2122004. PMC 442147. PMID 15231747. Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (Aug 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935. Schnepp RW, Hou Z, Wang H, Petersen C, Silva A, Masai H, Hua X (Sep 2004). "Functional interaction between tumor suppressor menin and activator of S-phase kinase". Cancer Research. 64 (18): 6791–6. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0724. PMID 15374998. S2CID 17231177. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026. Gérard A, Koundrioukoff S, Ramillon V, Sergère JC, Mailand N, Quivy JP, Almouzni G (Aug 2006). "The replication kinase Cdc7-Dbf4 promotes the interaction of the p150 subunit of chromatin assembly factor 1 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen". EMBO Reports. 7 (8): 817–23. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400750. PMC 1525143. PMID 16826239. Tsuji T, Ficarro SB, Jiang W (Oct 2006). "Essential role of phosphorylation of MCM2 by Cdc7/Dbf4 in the initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (10): 4459–72. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-03-0241. PMC 1635350. PMID 16899510. Heffernan TP, Unsal-Kaçmaz K, Heinloth AN, Simpson DA, Paules RS, Sancar A, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK (Mar 2007). "Cdc7-Dbf4 and the human S checkpoint response to UVC". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (13): 9458–68. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611292200. PMC 1839878. PMID 17276990. This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division_cycle_7-related_protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10373557-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12614612-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10523313-9"},{"link_name":"MCM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12614612-8"},{"link_name":"MCM7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12614612-8"},{"link_name":"ORC2L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORC2L"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12614612-8"},{"link_name":"ORC6L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORC6L"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12614612-8"}],"text":"DBF4 has been shown to interact with:Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase,[5][8][9]\nMCM3,[8]\nMCM7,[8]\nORC2L,[8] and\nORC6L.[8]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171637"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.20.5703"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1171637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171637"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10523313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523313"},{"link_name":"\"A 63-base pair DNA segment containing an Sp1 site but not a canonical E2F site can confer growth-dependent and E2F-mediated 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degradation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442147"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.2122004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2122004"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"442147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442147"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15231747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15231747"},{"link_name":"\"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2004PNAS..10112130B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112130B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0404720101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404720101"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"514446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15302935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302935"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-04-0724"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15374998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15374998"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17231177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17231177"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005Natur.437.1173R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature04209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16189514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4427026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026"},{"link_name":"\"The replication kinase Cdc7-Dbf4 promotes the interaction of the p150 subunit of chromatin assembly factor 1 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525143"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.embor.7400750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400750"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1525143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525143"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16826239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16826239"},{"link_name":"\"Essential role of phosphorylation of MCM2 by Cdc7/Dbf4 in the initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635350"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1091/mbc.E06-03-0241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.E06-03-0241"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1635350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635350"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16899510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16899510"},{"link_name":"\"Cdc7-Dbf4 and the human S checkpoint response to UVC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839878"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M611292200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M611292200"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1839878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839878"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17276990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DBF4&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protein-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Protein-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protein-stub"}],"text":"Jiang W, McDonald D, Hope TJ, Hunter T (Oct 1999). \"Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (20): 5703–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703. PMC 1171637. PMID 10523313.\nYamada M, Sato N, Taniyama C, Ohtani K, Arai K, Masai H (Aug 2002). \"A 63-base pair DNA segment containing an Sp1 site but not a canonical E2F site can confer growth-dependent and E2F-mediated transcriptional stimulation of the human ASK gene encoding the regulatory subunit for human Cdc7-related kinase\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (31): 27668–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202884200. PMID 12015319.\nWu X, Lee H (Nov 2002). \"Human Dbf4/ASK promoter is activated through the Sp1 and MluI cell-cycle box (MCB) transcription elements\". Oncogene. 21 (51): 7786–96. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205914. PMID 12420215. S2CID 745681.\nDuncker BP, Shimada K, Tsai-Pflugfelder M, Pasero P, Gasser SM (Dec 2002). \"An N-terminal domain of Dbf4p mediates interaction with both origin recognition complex (ORC) and Rad53p and can deregulate late origin firing\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (25): 16087–92. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916087D. doi:10.1073/pnas.252093999. PMC 138569. PMID 12441400.\nCostanzo V, Shechter D, Lupardus PJ, Cimprich KA, Gottesman M, Gautier J (Jan 2003). \"An ATR- and Cdc7-dependent DNA damage checkpoint that inhibits initiation of DNA replication\". Molecular Cell. 11 (1): 203–13. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00799-2. PMID 12535533.\nKneissl M, Pütter V, Szalay AA, Grummt F (Mar 2003). \"Interaction and assembly of murine pre-replicative complex proteins in yeast and mouse cells\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 327 (1): 111–28. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00079-2. PMID 12614612.\nLehner B, Sanderson CM (Jul 2004). \"A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation\". Genome Research. 14 (7): 1315–23. doi:10.1101/gr.2122004. PMC 442147. PMID 15231747.\nBeausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (Aug 2004). \"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.\nSchnepp RW, Hou Z, Wang H, Petersen C, Silva A, Masai H, Hua X (Sep 2004). \"Functional interaction between tumor suppressor menin and activator of S-phase kinase\". Cancer Research. 64 (18): 6791–6. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0724. PMID 15374998. S2CID 17231177.\nRual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.\nGérard A, Koundrioukoff S, Ramillon V, Sergère JC, Mailand N, Quivy JP, Almouzni G (Aug 2006). \"The replication kinase Cdc7-Dbf4 promotes the interaction of the p150 subunit of chromatin assembly factor 1 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen\". EMBO Reports. 7 (8): 817–23. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400750. PMC 1525143. PMID 16826239.\nTsuji T, Ficarro SB, Jiang W (Oct 2006). \"Essential role of phosphorylation of MCM2 by Cdc7/Dbf4 in the initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells\". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (10): 4459–72. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-03-0241. PMC 1635350. PMID 16899510.\nHeffernan TP, Unsal-Kaçmaz K, Heinloth AN, Simpson DA, Paules RS, Sancar A, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK (Mar 2007). \"Cdc7-Dbf4 and the human S checkpoint response to UVC\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (13): 9458–68. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611292200. PMC 1839878. PMID 17276990.This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=10926","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=27214","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Kumagai H, Sato N, Yamada M, Mahony D, Seghezzi W, Lees E, Arai K, Masai H (Jul 1999). \"A novel growth- and cell cycle-regulated protein, ASK, activates human Cdc7-related kinase and is essential for G1/S transition in mammalian cells\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (7): 5083–95. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.7.5083. PMC 84351. PMID 10373557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84351","url_text":"\"A novel growth- and cell cycle-regulated protein, ASK, activates human Cdc7-related kinase and is essential for G1/S transition in mammalian cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.19.7.5083","url_text":"10.1128/MCB.19.7.5083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84351","url_text":"84351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373557","url_text":"10373557"}]},{"reference":"Lepke M, Pütter V, Staib C, Kneissl M, Berger C, Hoehn K, Nanda I, Schmid M, Grummt F (Sep 1999). \"Identification, characterization and chromosomal localization of the cognate human and murine DBF4 genes\". Molecular & General Genetics. 262 (2): 220–9. doi:10.1007/s004380051078. PMID 10517317. S2CID 24878962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004380051078","url_text":"10.1007/s004380051078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517317","url_text":"10517317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24878962","url_text":"24878962"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: DBF4 DBF4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10926","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: DBF4 DBF4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)\""}]},{"reference":"Kneissl M, Pütter V, Szalay AA, Grummt F (Mar 2003). \"Interaction and assembly of murine pre-replicative complex proteins in yeast and mouse cells\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 327 (1): 111–28. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00079-2. PMID 12614612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-2836%2803%2900079-2","url_text":"10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00079-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12614612","url_text":"12614612"}]},{"reference":"Jiang W, McDonald D, Hope TJ, Hunter T (Oct 1999). \"Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (20): 5703–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703. PMC 1171637. PMID 10523313.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171637","url_text":"\"Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.20.5703","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171637","url_text":"1171637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523313","url_text":"10523313"}]},{"reference":"Jiang W, McDonald D, Hope TJ, Hunter T (Oct 1999). \"Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (20): 5703–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703. PMC 1171637. PMID 10523313.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171637","url_text":"\"Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.20.5703","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/18.20.5703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171637","url_text":"1171637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523313","url_text":"10523313"}]},{"reference":"Yamada M, Sato N, Taniyama C, Ohtani K, Arai K, Masai H (Aug 2002). \"A 63-base pair DNA segment containing an Sp1 site but not a canonical E2F site can confer growth-dependent and E2F-mediated transcriptional stimulation of the human ASK gene encoding the regulatory subunit for human Cdc7-related kinase\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (31): 27668–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202884200. PMID 12015319.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202884200","url_text":"\"A 63-base pair DNA segment containing an Sp1 site but not a canonical E2F site can confer growth-dependent and E2F-mediated transcriptional stimulation of the human ASK gene encoding the regulatory subunit for human Cdc7-related kinase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202884200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M202884200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12015319","url_text":"12015319"}]},{"reference":"Wu X, Lee H (Nov 2002). \"Human Dbf4/ASK promoter is activated through the Sp1 and MluI cell-cycle box (MCB) transcription elements\". Oncogene. 21 (51): 7786–96. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205914. PMID 12420215. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Ardilaun
Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun
["1 Background and education","2 Political life","3 Landlord","4 Philanthropy","5 In \"Ulysses\"","6 Personal life","7 Notes","8 References"]
Irish businessman, politician and philanthropist Lord Ardilaun (statue in St Stephen's Green) Arthur Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, 2nd Baronet (1 November 1840 – 20 January 1915), known as Sir Arthur Guinness, Bt, between 1868 and 1880, was an Irish businessman, politician, and philanthropist, best known for giving St Stephen's Green to the Dublin Corporation for public use. Background and education Guinness was born at St Anne's, Raheny, near Dublin, the eldest son of Sir Benjamin Guinness, 1st Baronet, and elder brother of Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh. He was the great-grandson of Arthur Guinness. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, and in 1868 succeeded his father as second Baronet. Political life In 1868 Guinness was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for the City of Dublin, a seat he held for only a year. His election was voided because of his election agent's unlawful efforts, which the court found were unknown to him. He was re-elected at the next election in 1874. A supporter of Disraeli's "one nation" conservatism, his politics were typical of "constructive unionism", the belief that the union between Ireland and Britain should be more beneficial to the people of Ireland after centuries of difficulties. In 1872 he was a sponsor of the "Irish Exhibition" at Earlsfort Terrace in Dublin, which was arranged to promote Irish trade. Correcting a mistake about the exhibition in the Freeman's Journal led to a death threat from a religious extremist, which he did not report to the police. In the 1890s he supported the Irish Unionist Alliance. After withdrawing from the Guinness company in 1876, when he sold his half-share to his brother Edward for £600,000, he was in 1880 raised to the peerage as Baron Ardilaun, of Ashford in the County of Galway. His home there was at Ashford Castle on Lough Corrib, and his title derived from the Gaelic Ard Oileáin, a 'high island' on the lake. Landlord Ashford Castle In 1852, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, 1st Baronet (1798–1868), heir to the Guinness brewery fortune and father of Arthur Guinness, "acquired several Connacht estates that were up for sale in the Encumbered Estates' Court. He bought the Ashford estate from Lord Oranmore and Browne, the Doon estate from Sir Richard O'Donnell, the Cong estate from Alexander Lambert, part of the Rosshill estate from Lords Charlemont and Leitrim, parts of Connemara from Christopher St George. In 1859, he bought Kylemore from a banking consortium. With these purchases, Benjamin Guinness became landlord to 670 tenants, 316 of whom rented at less than £5 per annum. With his father’s death in 1868, Arthur Guinness, 2nd Baronet and oldest son and heir, continued in his father’s footsteps, purchasing vast swaths of Galway. "He bought the Elwood estate of Strandhill, just across the river from Ashford, Cong, in 1871, and Lord Kilmaine sold him the Inishdoorus islands on Lough Corrib, and lands in the barony of Ross, part of Nymphsfield near Cong in 1875. William Burke of Lisloughry was his agent". When Arthur's acquisitions were combined with those of his father, total acreage for the Ashford estate was 33,298 with the result that Lord Ardilaun owned most of County Galway between Maam (Maum) Bridge and Lough Mask. Owning 31,000 acres recently bought by his father or himself in Counties Galway and Mayo, Ardilaun was placed in a difficult and unusual position during the Land War of the 1880s. Tenant farmers had started rent strikes and boycotting against absentee landlords who cared little about their estates. In contrast, Ardilaun lived at Ashford for much of the year, and invested heavily in his lands, but was forced to sell land from the 1880s and saw two of his bailiffs assassinated in what became known as the Lough Mask Murders in January 1882. His attempt to preserve the landscape at Muckross, Killarney from 1899 for aesthetic reasons was under challenge as soon as 1905. With the Digby family he was a joint owner of the Aran Islands that were compulsorily purchased by the Congested Districts Board in 1916. Philanthropy Arms of Lord Ardilaun : Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Per saltire Gules and Azure a Lion rampant Or on a Chief Ermine a Dexter Hand couped at the wrist of the first, a crescent for difference (for Guinness); 2nd and 3rd, Argent on a Fess between three Crescents Sable a Trefoil slipped Or (for Lee) Ardilaun was, like many in the Guinness family, a generous philanthropist, devoting himself to a number of public causes, including the restoration of Marsh's Library in Dublin and the extension of the city's Coombe Women's Hospital. In buying and keeping intact the estate around Muckross House in 1899, he assisted the movement to preserve the lake and mountain landscape around Killarney, now a major tourist destination. From 1875 he was a sponsor of the "Dublin Artizan's Dwellings Company", which built cottages for poor Dubliners at reasonable rents, and was the forerunner of the Iveagh Trust later set up by his brother Edward. In his best-known achievement, he also bought, landscaped, and gave to the capital, the central public park of St Stephen's Green, where his statue commissioned by the city can be seen opposite the Royal College of Surgeons. To do so he sponsored a Private bill that was passed as the Saint Stephen’s Green (Dublin) Act 1877, and after the landscaping it was formally opened to the public on 27 July 1880. It has been maintained since then by the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland (now the Office of Public Works) In 1913 Ardilaun was approached by Sir Hugh Lane, who wanted to build a new modern art gallery in the Green where the statue of Lord Ardilaun was placed. Ardilaun replied: "Are you mad? I will not have myself stand sentry to a picture palace like some giddy huckster". An intermission in Ardilaun's philanthropy provoked Yeats's powerful poem "To a Wealthy Man...." He was also elected President of the Royal Dublin Society from 1892 to 1913. In "Ulysses" Ulysses by James Joyce includes several references to Ardilaun, as Joyce considered him to be a prime Irish example of Victorian conventional respectability. The porter brewed by the "cunning brothers" – he and his brother Lord Iveagh – was: "a crystal cup full of the foamy ebon ale which the noble twin brothers Bungiveagh and Bungardilaun brew ever in their divine alevats, cunning as the sons of deathless Leda. For they garner the succulent berries of the hop and mass and sift and bruise and brew them and they mix therewith sour juices and bring the must to the sacred fire and cease not night or day from their toil, those cunning brothers, lords of the vat." "Bung" referred to the stopper in a wooden barrel of beer. In the "Nighttown" section, the breasts of a girl who is undressing are "Two ardilauns", meaning "two high islands", a play on the Gaelic meaning of the word. In 1902-03 Joyce also wrote literary reviews in the Irish Daily Express which was owned by Ardilaun. Personal life "A practical patriot". Caricature by Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1880. In 1871 Lord Ardilaun married Lady Olivia Hedges-White, daughter of The 3rd Earl of Bantry, whose family home is Bantry House in County Cork; this was a happy but childless marriage. He died on 20 January 1915 at his home at St Anne's, Raheny, and was buried at All Saints Church, Raheny, whose construction he had sponsored. Those present at the funeral included representatives of the Royal Dublin Society, of which Lord Ardilaun was president for many years, the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance, and the Primrose League. His barony became extinct at his death, but the baronetcy devolved upon his nephew Algernon. On his widow's death Saint Anne's Park passed to Algernon's cousin Rev. Benjamin Plunket former Bishop of Meath, who sold most of the estate to Dublin Corporation in 1937, keeping Sybil Hill as his residence. The corporation has preserved much of the estate as one of Dublin's most important public parks, though the house itself burnt down in 1943, with the remaining lands used for housing. The outcome of Ardilaun's extensive tree plantings came into focus a century after his death, when in 2019 the park was given Green Flag status, and was listed as one of the world's top five urban public parks. Notes ^ *Sharkey, Joan. St. Anne's The Story of a Guinness Estate Woodfield Press, Dublin 2002. ISBN 978-0-9534293-4-9. ^ Commons debate June 1869 ^ Death threat read out in the Commons July 1872 ^ "No. 24838". The London Gazette. 27 April 1880. p. 2725. ^ In modern Irish it would be "Ard Oilean". ^ National University of Ireland Connacht and Munster Landed Estates Database ^ The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland ^ See: Lough Mask Murders : Report of Commission, 1882. ^ Commons mention June 1905 ^ "List of properties on the landed estates database". Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2009. ^ Howard, Joseph Jackson; Crisp, Frederick Arthur (1898). Visitation of Ireland. Priv. print. p. 75. Retrieved 2 August 2017. ^ Dublin Artizans' Dwellings Company assessed in 1884 ^ Saint Stephen's Green discussion in the House of Commons, 1876 ^ "ST. STEPHEN’S GREEN – 125 YEARS IN OPW CARE", 2005 ^ As quoted in "Citizen Lane", RTE documentary, 2018 https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-reviews/citizen-lane-review-beautifully-shot-and-structurally-innovative-docudrama-its-a-real-pleasure-37287586.html ^ Online source for quotation ^ "James Joyce timeline". Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010. ^ "Probate of will" (PDF). ^ The Times (London), "Funeral of Lord Ardilaun", 26 January 1915. ^ "St Anne’s Park in Dublin named among world’s top five parks" Irish Times, 26 October 2019 References Wilson, Derek. Dark and Light Weidenfeld, London 1998. ISBN 0-297-81718-3. Saint Stephen's Green (Dublin) Act; enacted 1877 Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded bySir Benjamin Guinness, BtJonathan Pim Member of Parliament for Dublin 1868–1870 With: Jonathan Pim Succeeded byJonathan PimSir Dominic Corrigan, Bt Preceded byJonathan PimSir Dominic Corrigan, Bt Member of Parliament for Dublin 1874–1880 With: Maurice Brooks Succeeded byMaurice BrooksRobert Dyer Lyons Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded byBenjamin Guinness Baronet(of Ashford) 1868–1915 Succeeded byAlgernon Guinness Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Ardilaun 1880–1915 Extinct Authority control databases International VIAF People Ireland
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He was the great-grandson of Arthur Guinness. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, and in 1868 succeeded his father as second Baronet.","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"was elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"City of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"voided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Dublin_City_by-election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"in 1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_1st_Earl_of_Beaconsfield"},{"link_name":"\"one nation\" conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_nation_conservatism"},{"link_name":"Freeman's Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman%27s_Journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Irish Unionist Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Guinness,_1st_Earl_of_Iveagh"},{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ashford Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lough Corrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Corrib"},{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1868 Guinness was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for the City of Dublin, a seat he held for only a year. His election was voided because of his election agent's unlawful efforts, which the court found were unknown to him.[2] He was re-elected at the next election in 1874.A supporter of Disraeli's \"one nation\" conservatism, his politics were typical of \"constructive unionism\", the belief that the union between Ireland and Britain should be more beneficial to the people of Ireland after centuries of difficulties. In 1872 he was a sponsor of the \"Irish Exhibition\" at Earlsfort Terrace in Dublin, which was arranged to promote Irish trade. Correcting a mistake about the exhibition in the Freeman's Journal led to a death threat from a religious extremist, which he did not report to the police.[3] In the 1890s he supported the Irish Unionist Alliance.After withdrawing from the Guinness company in 1876, when he sold his half-share to his brother Edward for £600,000, he was in 1880 raised to the peerage as Baron Ardilaun, of Ashford in the County of Galway.[4] His home there was at Ashford Castle on Lough Corrib, and his title derived from the Gaelic Ard Oileáin, a 'high island' on the lake.[5]","title":"Political life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashford_castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lee Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Guinness"},{"link_name":"Encumbered Estates' Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encumbered_Estates%27_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Land War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_War"},{"link_name":"rent strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_strike"},{"link_name":"boycotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycotting"},{"link_name":"absentee landlords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absentee_landlords"},{"link_name":"Lough Mask Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Mask"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Aran Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Islands"},{"link_name":"Congested Districts Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Ashford CastleIn 1852, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, 1st Baronet (1798–1868), heir to the Guinness brewery fortune and father of Arthur Guinness, \"acquired several Connacht estates that were up for sale in the Encumbered Estates' Court. He bought the Ashford estate from Lord Oranmore and Browne, the Doon estate from Sir Richard O'Donnell, the Cong estate from Alexander Lambert, part of the Rosshill estate from Lords Charlemont and Leitrim, parts of Connemara from Christopher St George. In 1859, he bought Kylemore from a banking consortium. With these purchases, Benjamin Guinness became landlord to 670 tenants, 316 of whom rented at less than £5 per annum. With his father’s death in 1868, Arthur Guinness, 2nd Baronet and oldest son and heir, continued in his father’s footsteps, purchasing vast swaths of Galway. \"He bought the Elwood estate of Strandhill, just across the river from Ashford, Cong, in 1871, and Lord Kilmaine sold him the Inishdoorus islands on Lough Corrib, and lands in the barony of Ross, part of Nymphsfield near Cong in 1875. William Burke of Lisloughry was his agent\".[6] When Arthur's acquisitions were combined with those of his father, total acreage for the Ashford estate was 33,298 with the result that Lord Ardilaun owned most of County Galway between Maam (Maum) Bridge and Lough Mask.Owning 31,000 acres recently bought by his father or himself in Counties Galway and Mayo,[7] Ardilaun was placed in a difficult and unusual position during the Land War of the 1880s. Tenant farmers had started rent strikes and boycotting against absentee landlords who cared little about their estates. In contrast, Ardilaun lived at Ashford for much of the year, and invested heavily in his lands, but was forced to sell land from the 1880s and saw two of his bailiffs assassinated in what became known as the Lough Mask Murders in January 1882.[8] His attempt to preserve the landscape at Muckross, Killarney from 1899 for aesthetic reasons was under challenge as soon as 1905.[9] With the Digby family he was a joint owner of the Aran Islands that were compulsorily purchased by the Congested Districts Board in 1916.[10]","title":"Landlord"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Guinness,_Baronet_of_Ashford.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Guinness family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_family"},{"link_name":"Marsh's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Coombe Women's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe_Women%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Muckross House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckross_House"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney"},{"link_name":"Iveagh Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveagh_Trust"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Private bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_bill"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lane"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Royal Dublin Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society"}],"text":"Arms of Lord Ardilaun : Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Per saltire Gules and Azure a Lion rampant Or on a Chief Ermine a Dexter Hand couped at the wrist of the first, a crescent for difference (for Guinness); 2nd and 3rd, Argent on a Fess between three Crescents Sable a Trefoil slipped Or (for Lee)[11]Ardilaun was, like many in the Guinness family, a generous philanthropist, devoting himself to a number of public causes, including the restoration of Marsh's Library in Dublin and the extension of the city's Coombe Women's Hospital. In buying and keeping intact the estate around Muckross House in 1899, he assisted the movement to preserve the lake and mountain landscape around Killarney, now a major tourist destination. From 1875 he was a sponsor of the \"Dublin Artizan's Dwellings Company\", which built cottages for poor Dubliners at reasonable rents, and was the forerunner of the Iveagh Trust later set up by his brother Edward.[12]In his best-known achievement, he also bought, landscaped, and gave to the capital, the central public park of St Stephen's Green, where his statue commissioned by the city can be seen opposite the Royal College of Surgeons.[13] To do so he sponsored a Private bill that was passed as the Saint Stephen’s Green (Dublin) Act 1877, and after the landscaping it was formally opened to the public on 27 July 1880. It has been maintained since then by the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland (now the Office of Public Works)[14]In 1913 Ardilaun was approached by Sir Hugh Lane, who wanted to build a new modern art gallery in the Green where the statue of Lord Ardilaun was placed. Ardilaun replied:\"Are you mad? I will not have myself stand sentry to a picture palace like some giddy huckster\".[15]An intermission in Ardilaun's philanthropy provoked Yeats's powerful poem \"To a Wealthy Man....\"He was also elected President of the Royal Dublin Society from 1892 to 1913.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_morality"},{"link_name":"porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(beer)"},{"link_name":"sons of deathless Leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Ulysses by James Joyce includes several references to Ardilaun, as Joyce considered him to be a prime Irish example of Victorian conventional respectability. The porter brewed by the \"cunning brothers\" – he and his brother Lord Iveagh – was: \"a crystal cup full of the foamy ebon ale which the noble twin brothers Bungiveagh and Bungardilaun brew ever in their divine alevats, cunning as the sons of deathless Leda. For they garner the succulent berries of the hop and mass and sift and bruise and brew them and they mix therewith sour juices and bring the must to the sacred fire and cease not night or day from their toil, those cunning brothers, lords of the vat.\"[16] \"Bung\" referred to the stopper in a wooden barrel of beer. In the \"Nighttown\" section, the breasts of a girl who is undressing are \"Two ardilauns\", meaning \"two high islands\", a play on the Gaelic meaning of the word.In 1902-03 Joyce also wrote literary reviews in the Irish Daily Express which was owned by Ardilaun.[17]","title":"In \"Ulysses\""},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Edward_Guinness,_Vanity_Fair,_1880-05-08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Lady Olivia Hedges-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Charlotte_Guinness,_Baroness_Ardilaun"},{"link_name":"The 3rd Earl of Bantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hedges-White,_3rd_Earl_of_Bantry"},{"link_name":"Bantry House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantry_House"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny"},{"link_name":"All Saints Church, Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Raheny"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_baronets#Guinness_baronets,_of_Ashford_(1867;_reverted)"},{"link_name":"Saint Anne's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anne%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Plunket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Plunket"},{"link_name":"Dublin Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Green Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Flag_Award"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"\"A practical patriot\". Caricature by Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1880.In 1871 Lord Ardilaun married Lady Olivia Hedges-White, daughter of The 3rd Earl of Bantry, whose family home is Bantry House in County Cork; this was a happy but childless marriage.He died on 20 January 1915 at his home at St Anne's, Raheny, and was buried at All Saints Church, Raheny, whose construction he had sponsored.[18] Those present at the funeral included representatives of the Royal Dublin Society, of which Lord Ardilaun was president for many years, the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance, and the Primrose League.[19] His barony became extinct at his death, but the baronetcy devolved upon his nephew Algernon.On his widow's death Saint Anne's Park passed to Algernon's cousin Rev. Benjamin Plunket former Bishop of Meath, who sold most of the estate to Dublin Corporation in 1937, keeping Sybil Hill as his residence. The corporation has preserved much of the estate as one of Dublin's most important public parks, though the house itself burnt down in 1943, with the remaining lands used for housing. The outcome of Ardilaun's extensive tree plantings came into focus a century after his death, when in 2019 the park was given Green Flag status, and was listed as one of the world's top five urban public parks.[20]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9534293-4-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9534293-4-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Commons debate June 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1869/jun/14/motion-for-new-writ#S3V0196P0_18690614_HOC_216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Death threat read out in the Commons July 1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1872/jul/12/question#S3V0212P0_18720712_HOC_13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"No. 24838\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24838/page/2725"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatlandownerso00bateuoft/page/13/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Commons mention June 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1905/jun/01/lord-ardilauns-estate#S4V0147P0_19050601_HOC_171"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"List of properties on the landed estates database\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171103141958/http://www.landedestates.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/family-show.jsp?id=175"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.landedestates.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/family-show.jsp?id=175"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Visitation of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R-4KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Dublin Artizans' Dwellings Company assessed in 1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/8520/1/jssisiVolVIIIPartLXII_508522.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Saint Stephen's Green discussion in the House of Commons, 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1876/jun/29/question#S3V0230P0-01216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"ST. STEPHEN’S GREEN – 125 YEARS IN OPW CARE\", 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.opw.ie/media/december%202005%20issue%2014.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-reviews/citizen-lane-review-beautifully-shot-and-structurally-innovative-docudrama-its-a-real-pleasure-37287586.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-reviews/citizen-lane-review-beautifully-shot-and-structurally-innovative-docudrama-its-a-real-pleasure-37287586.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Online source for quotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//othemts.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/reading-james-joyces-ulysses-part-iv/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"James Joyce timeline\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101005071002/http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/timeline.html#1902"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/timeline.html#1902"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Probate of will\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.willcalendars.nationalarchives.ie/reels/cwa/005014919/005014919_00013.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"St Anne’s Park in Dublin named among world’s top five parks\" Irish Times, 26 October 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/st-anne-s-park-in-dublin-named-among-world-s-top-five-parks-1.4063962"}],"text":"^ *Sharkey, Joan. St. Anne's The Story of a Guinness Estate Woodfield Press, Dublin 2002. ISBN 978-0-9534293-4-9.\n\n^ Commons debate June 1869\n\n^ Death threat read out in the Commons July 1872\n\n^ \"No. 24838\". The London Gazette. 27 April 1880. p. 2725.\n\n^ In modern Irish it would be \"Ard Oilean\".\n\n^ National University of Ireland Connacht and Munster Landed Estates Database\n\n^ The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland\n\n^ See: Lough Mask Murders : Report of Commission, 1882.\n\n^ Commons mention June 1905\n\n^ \"List of properties on the landed estates database\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2009.\n\n^ Howard, Joseph Jackson; Crisp, Frederick Arthur (1898). Visitation of Ireland. Priv. print. p. 75. Retrieved 2 August 2017.\n\n^ Dublin Artizans' Dwellings Company assessed in 1884\n\n^ Saint Stephen's Green discussion in the House of Commons, 1876\n\n^ \"ST. STEPHEN’S GREEN – 125 YEARS IN OPW CARE\", 2005\n\n^ As quoted in \"Citizen Lane\", RTE documentary, 2018 https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-reviews/citizen-lane-review-beautifully-shot-and-structurally-innovative-docudrama-its-a-real-pleasure-37287586.html\n\n^ Online source for quotation\n\n^ \"James Joyce timeline\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.\n\n^ \"Probate of will\" (PDF).\n\n^ The Times (London), \"Funeral of Lord Ardilaun\", 26 January 1915.\n\n^ \"St Anne’s Park in Dublin named among world’s top five parks\" Irish Times, 26 October 2019","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Lord Ardilaun (statue in St Stephen's Green)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lord_Ardilaun_Sir_Arthur_Edward_Guinness_%28Close_Up%29.jpg/260px-Lord_Ardilaun_Sir_Arthur_Edward_Guinness_%28Close_Up%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashford Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ashford_castle.jpg/260px-Ashford_castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arms of Lord Ardilaun : Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Per saltire Gules and Azure a Lion rampant Or on a Chief Ermine a Dexter Hand couped at the wrist of the first, a crescent for difference (for Guinness); 2nd and 3rd, Argent on a Fess between three Crescents Sable a Trefoil slipped Or (for Lee)[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Arms_of_Guinness%2C_Baronet_of_Ashford.svg/220px-Arms_of_Guinness%2C_Baronet_of_Ashford.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"A practical patriot\". Caricature by Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1880.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arthur_Edward_Guinness%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1880-05-08.jpg/220px-Arthur_Edward_Guinness%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1880-05-08.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"No. 24838\". The London Gazette. 27 April 1880. p. 2725.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24838/page/2725","url_text":"\"No. 24838\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"List of properties on the landed estates database\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171103141958/http://www.landedestates.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/family-show.jsp?id=175","url_text":"\"List of properties on the landed estates database\""},{"url":"http://www.landedestates.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/family-show.jsp?id=175","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Joseph Jackson; Crisp, Frederick Arthur (1898). Visitation of Ireland. Priv. print. p. 75. Retrieved 2 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R-4KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"Visitation of Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"James Joyce timeline\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005071002/http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/timeline.html#1902","url_text":"\"James Joyce timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/timeline.html#1902","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Probate of will\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.willcalendars.nationalarchives.ie/reels/cwa/005014919/005014919_00013.pdf","url_text":"\"Probate of will\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiesma
Amphiesma
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of snakes Amphiesma Buff striped keelback (Amphiesma stolatum) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Subfamily: Natricinae Genus: AmphiesmaA.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 Species 2 recognized species, see article. Amphiesma is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. They are found across Asia. Species Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758) – buff striped keelback Amphiesma monticola (Jerdon, 1853) – Wynad keelback References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amphiesma. Wikispecies has information related to Amphiesma. ^ Bisby F.A.; Roskov Y.R.; Orrell T.M.; Nicolson D.; Paglinawan L.E.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.M.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 19 February 2016. Taxon identifiersAmphiesma Wikidata: Q2370818 Wikispecies: Amphiesma CoL: 62BBY EoL: 35424 GBIF: 2457989 iNaturalist: 29831 IRMNG: 1276481 ITIS: 700256 NCBI: 183597 This article relating to Natricinae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"Colubridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Amphiesma is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae.[1] They are found across Asia.","title":"Amphiesma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphiesma stolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiesma_stolatum"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"Amphiesma monticola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiesma_monticola"},{"link_name":"Jerdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Jerdon"}],"text":"Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758) – buff striped keelback\nAmphiesma monticola (Jerdon, 1853) – Wynad keelback","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bisby F.A.; Roskov Y.R.; Orrell T.M.; Nicolson D.; Paglinawan L.E.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.M.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). \"Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist\". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 19 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/adelophis/match/1","url_text":"\"Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling_Eardley
Culling Eardley
["1 Early life","2 Politics and campaigning","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 Further reading","6.1 Obituaries","7 External links"]
Sir Culling Eardley Eardley, 3rd Baronet (born Smith; 21 April 1805 – 21 May 1863) was a British Christian campaigner for religious freedom and for the Protestant cause, one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance. Early life Born in London, his father, Sir Culling Smith, 2nd Baronet (1768–1829), was of Huguenot extraction and his mother, Charlotte Elizabeth (d. 15 Sept 1826) was the daughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley, and hence the granddaughter of Jewish financier Sampson Gideon. Though the title Baron Eardley had not survived, Charlotte Elizabeth was heiress to much of the Eardley estate. Smith attended Eton College and Oriel College, Oxford where, though he passed his BA examinations, he never graduated, having become a convinced evangelical Christian. He succeeded to his baronetcy on his father's death in 1829 and married Isabella Carr (died 1 May 1860) in 1832. They had one son, Eardley Gideon Culling Eardley (1838–1875), and two daughters. He inherited Bedwell Park, Hertfordshire from his father. From his cousin William Thomas Eardley-Twisleton-Fiennes, 15th Baron Saye and Sele he inherited Belvedere, Erith, Kent and the Eardley estates in 1847 and changed his name from Smith to Eardley by royal licence.He served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1838. Politics and campaigning An instinctive campaigner with an interest in reform of the poor laws, Eardley was briefly Whig Member of Parliament for Pontefract from 1830 to 1831. Though he stood again, unsuccessfully, in the 1837 general election, his principal driver was his religious faith. Eardley was raised in the Church of England and despite his subsequent convictions, in particular his condemnation of State religion, remained a member. His beliefs were closely related to Congregationalism, though he never left the Anglican church. In 1839 he became chairman and treasurer of the Evangelical Voluntary Church Association, which campaigned for disestablishment. When the Association was dissolved in 1844, Eardley became chairman of the Anti-Maynooth Committee and Conference which campaigned, without success, against the Maynooth Grant. In 1845/ 6, with evangelists Ridley Haim Herschell and Edward Steane, he became, one of the founders, and first chairman, of the Evangelical Alliance. Francesco and Rosa Madiai - sent to jail in Tuscany for being Protestants He attempted to return to politics to create a platform for his campaigning zeal, fighting Edinburgh in 1846, against Thomas Babington Macaulay who supported Maynooth, and the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1848. However Eardley and the Evangelical Alliance had become interested in campaigning internationally for freedom of religion. In 1852 he campaigned on behalf of the Tuscan prisoners of conscience Francesco Madiai and Rosa Madiai. They had been imprisoned when they announced that they had become Protestants causing such international interest that Lord Palmerston had offered to pay their legal fees. He established an influential international network that included Giuseppe Garibaldi, Christian Charles Josias Bunsen and Frederick William IV of Prussia. He was treasurer of the London Missionary Society from 1844 to 1863, and of a fund for relief of Lebanese Christians after the 1861 massacres. He worked hard to maintain broad friendly relationships with all creeds and strove to improve relationships between the Church of England and nonconformists. In 1844, he gave financial support to Ridley Haim Herschell's Trinity Chappel in Edgware Road, London. However, he was a particularly strong supporter of those who felt themselves excluded from the Church of England by the practices of the Anglo Catholics. From 1850 to 1853, he sponsored, and gave financial support, to the construction of an evangelical church at Furrough Cross, Babbacombe, defying Henry Phillpotts Bishop of Exeter. He also built a church on his Erith estate. He was also a prominent supporter of Giacinto Achilli's, ultimately discredited, evangelical campaign in Britain. In July 1854 Eardley was a founder member and chairman of the Turkish Missions Aid Society, an evangelical charity set up to support missionary work among Armenian Christians in Turkey. The charity is known today as Embrace the Middle East. Personal life Mostly resident at Bedwell, he lived at Belvedere from 1848 to 1858 and also had a house at Frognel, Torquay in the 1850s. He suffered from poor health in later life and died, aged 58, at Bedwell from an adverse reaction to a smallpox vaccination. Bibliography Eardley, C. E. (1835). Suggestions Addressed, by Permission of the Board, to the Secretary of the Poor Law Commissioners. Roake & Varty. Eardley, C. E. (1841). An Englishman's Thoughts on the Scotch Church. W. Tyler. Eardley, C. E. (1846a). A Few Words to the Electors of Edinburgh: With a Corrected Report of Some Speeches Delivered During the Late Contest. Roake & Varty. Eardley, C. E. (1846b). City Election: Speech of Sir Culling Eardley Smith, Delivered on the Hustings at his Nomination, on Friday, 10th July, 1846. s.n. Eardley, C. E. (1849). An Appeal to my Fellow Townsmen in Torquay: And through them to the People of Devonshire and of the Three kingdoms on Behalf of the Rev. James Shore, ..., ... of the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Exeter. Partridge & Oakey. Eardley, C. E. (1855). Christianity in Turkey: Correspondence of the Governments of Christendom Relating to Executions in Turkey for Apostacy from Islamism. Partridge & Oakey. Eardley, C. E. (1856a). The Rights of the Laity in the Universities: A Letter to the Rt. Hon. Lord Monteagle, and a Correspondence with the Rev. Dr. Hawkins, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, 1854-5. Daniel F. Oakey. Eardley, C. E. (1856b). The Rights of the Laity in the Church: A Letter to the Rev. Henry Newland, M.A. James Ridgway. Eardley, C. E. (1863). The Spanish prisoners: Our Duties, Encouragements, and Prospects: A Letter to the Earl of Roden. James Nisbet & Co. References ^ a b c d e f g h John Wolffe, 'Eardley , Sir Culling Eardley, third baronet (1805–1863)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 30 July 2014 (subscription or UK public library membership required) ^ "No. 19586". The London Gazette. 1 February 1838. p. 232. ^ a b Stooks Smith, Henry (1973) . Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 418. ISBN 0-900178-13-2. ^ Rosemary Chadwick, 'Steane, Edward (1798–1882)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 30 July 2014 ^ a b Madial, studivaldesi.org, retrieved 30 July 2014 ^ Stunt, T. C. F. (2004) "Herschell, Ridley Haim (1807–1864)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 4 March 2008 (subscription or UK public library membership required) ^ Gilley, S. (2004) "Achilli, (Giovanni) Giacinto (b. c.1803)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 22 July 2007 (subscription or UK public library membership required) ^ "Embrace the Middle East | Our history" retrieved 3 October 2014 ^ Hatton, Jean (2003). The Light Bearers. p. 33. Monarch Books. Further reading Lewis, D. M., ed. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography, 1730–1860 (2 vols. ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0631173846. Mackintosh, W. H. (1972). Disestablishment and Liberation: The Movement for the Separation of the Anglican Church from State Control. Epworth Press. ISBN 0716202026. Wolffe, J. (1991). The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198201990. Wolffe, J. (2004). "Eardley, Sir Culling Eardley, third baronet (1805–1863), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8393. Retrieved 4 August 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Obituaries The Times, 22 May 1863 The Record , 22 May 1863 Evangelical Christendom, 17 (1863), 257–60 External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir Culling Eardley Belvedere at Bexley Council website Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byThomas HouldsworthLe Gendre Starkie Member of Parliament for Pontefract 1830–1831 With: Hon. Henry Stafford-Jerningham Succeeded byHon. Henry Stafford-JerninghamThe Earl of Mexborough Honorary titles Preceded bySir Thomas Whichcote, Bt High Sheriff of Lincolnshire 1838 Succeeded byGeorge Fieschi Heneage Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded byCulling Smith Baronet(of Hadley) 1829–1863 Succeeded byEardley Eardley Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culling Eardley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Culling Smith, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Culling_Smith,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_Eardley,_1st_Baron_Eardley"},{"link_name":"financier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financier"},{"link_name":"Sampson Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_Gideon"},{"link_name":"Baron Eardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Eardley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"graduated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"link_name":"evangelical Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Christian"},{"link_name":"Bedwell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedwell_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Eardley-Twisleton-Fiennes, 15th Baron Saye and Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Thomas_Eardley-Twisleton-Fiennes,_15th_Baron_Saye_and_Sele&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born in London, his father, Sir Culling Smith, 2nd Baronet (1768–1829), was of Huguenot extraction and his mother, Charlotte Elizabeth (d. 15 Sept 1826) was the daughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley, and hence the granddaughter of Jewish financier Sampson Gideon. Though the title Baron Eardley had not survived, Charlotte Elizabeth was heiress to much of the Eardley estate.[1]Smith attended Eton College and Oriel College, Oxford where, though he passed his BA examinations, he never graduated, having become a convinced evangelical Christian. He succeeded to his baronetcy on his father's death in 1829 and married Isabella Carr (died 1 May 1860) in 1832. They had one son, Eardley Gideon Culling Eardley (1838–1875), and two daughters. He inherited Bedwell Park, Hertfordshire from his father. From his cousin William Thomas Eardley-Twisleton-Fiennes, 15th Baron Saye and Sele he inherited Belvedere, Erith, Kent and the Eardley estates in 1847 and changed his name from Smith to Eardley by royal licence.[1]He served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1838.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poor laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_law"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Pontefract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefract_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stooks-smith-3"},{"link_name":"1837 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stooks-smith-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"State religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"Congregationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalist_polity"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Voluntary Church Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Voluntary_Church_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"disestablishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disestablishment"},{"link_name":"Anti-Maynooth Committee and Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Maynooth_Conference"},{"link_name":"Maynooth Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_Grant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Ridley Haim Herschell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Haim_Herschell"},{"link_name":"Edward Steane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Steane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francesco_and_Rosa_Madiai.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italian-5"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Babington Macaulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"prisoners of conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience"},{"link_name":"Francesco Madiai and Rosa Madiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Madiai_and_Rosa_Madiai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italian-5"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Christian Charles Josias Bunsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Charles_Josias_Bunsen"},{"link_name":"Frederick William IV of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"London Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"1861 massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Sectarian_conflict:_European_Powers_begin_to_intervene"},{"link_name":"nonconformists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Ridley Haim Herschell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Haim_Herschell"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anglo Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Babbacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbacombe"},{"link_name":"Henry Phillpotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Phillpotts"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Giacinto Achilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacinto_Achilli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Embrace the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrace_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An instinctive campaigner with an interest in reform of the poor laws, Eardley was briefly Whig Member of Parliament for Pontefract from 1830 to 1831.[3] Though he stood again, unsuccessfully, in the 1837 general election,[3] his principal driver was his religious faith.[1]Eardley was raised in the Church of England and despite his subsequent convictions, in particular his condemnation of State religion, remained a member. His beliefs were closely related to Congregationalism, though he never left the Anglican church. In 1839 he became chairman and treasurer of the Evangelical Voluntary Church Association, which campaigned for disestablishment. When the Association was dissolved in 1844, Eardley became chairman of the Anti-Maynooth Committee and Conference which campaigned, without success, against the Maynooth Grant.[1]In 1845/ 6, with evangelists Ridley Haim Herschell and Edward Steane,[4] he became, one of the founders, and first chairman, of the Evangelical Alliance.Francesco and Rosa Madiai - sent to jail in Tuscany for being Protestants[5]He attempted to return to politics to create a platform for his campaigning zeal, fighting Edinburgh in 1846, against Thomas Babington Macaulay who supported Maynooth, and the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1848. However Eardley and the Evangelical Alliance had become interested in campaigning internationally for freedom of religion. In 1852 he campaigned on behalf of the Tuscan prisoners of conscience Francesco Madiai and Rosa Madiai.[1] They had been imprisoned when they announced that they had become Protestants causing such international interest that Lord Palmerston had offered to pay their legal fees.[5]He established an influential international network that included Giuseppe Garibaldi, Christian Charles Josias Bunsen and Frederick William IV of Prussia. He was treasurer of the London Missionary Society from 1844 to 1863, and of a fund for relief of Lebanese Christians after the 1861 massacres. He worked hard to maintain broad friendly relationships with all creeds and strove to improve relationships between the Church of England and nonconformists.[1] In 1844, he gave financial support to Ridley Haim Herschell's Trinity Chappel in Edgware Road, London.[6]However, he was a particularly strong supporter of those who felt themselves excluded from the Church of England by the practices of the Anglo Catholics. From 1850 to 1853, he sponsored, and gave financial support, to the construction of an evangelical church at Furrough Cross, Babbacombe, defying Henry Phillpotts Bishop of Exeter. He also built a church on his Erith estate.[1] He was also a prominent supporter of Giacinto Achilli's, ultimately discredited, evangelical campaign in Britain.[7] In July 1854 Eardley was a founder member and chairman of the Turkish Missions Aid Society, an evangelical charity set up to support missionary work among Armenian Christians in Turkey. The charity is known today as Embrace the Middle East.[8][9]","title":"Politics and campaigning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay"},{"link_name":"smallpox vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccination"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Mostly resident at Bedwell, he lived at Belvedere from 1848 to 1858 and also had a house at Frognel, Torquay in the 1850s. He suffered from poor health in later life and died, aged 58, at Bedwell from an adverse reaction to a smallpox vaccination.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Eardley, C. E. (1835). Suggestions Addressed, by Permission of the Board, to the Secretary of the Poor Law Commissioners. Roake & Varty.\nEardley, C. E. (1841). An Englishman's Thoughts on the Scotch Church. W. Tyler.\nEardley, C. E. (1846a). A Few Words to the Electors of Edinburgh: With a Corrected Report of Some Speeches Delivered During the Late Contest. Roake & Varty.\nEardley, C. E. (1846b). City Election: Speech of Sir Culling Eardley Smith, Delivered on the Hustings at his Nomination, on Friday, 10th July, 1846. s.n.\nEardley, C. E. (1849). An Appeal to my Fellow Townsmen in Torquay: And through them to the People of Devonshire and of the Three kingdoms on Behalf of the Rev. James Shore, ..., ... of the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Exeter. Partridge & Oakey.\nEardley, C. E. (1855). Christianity in Turkey: Correspondence of the Governments of Christendom Relating to Executions in Turkey for Apostacy from Islamism. Partridge & Oakey.\nEardley, C. E. (1856a). The Rights of the Laity in the Universities: A Letter to the Rt. Hon. Lord Monteagle, and a Correspondence with the Rev. Dr. Hawkins, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, 1854-5. Daniel F. Oakey.\nEardley, C. E. (1856b). The Rights of the Laity in the Church: A Letter to the Rev. Henry Newland, M.A. James Ridgway.\nEardley, C. E. (1863). The Spanish prisoners: Our Duties, Encouragements, and Prospects: A Letter to the Earl of Roden. James Nisbet & Co.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0631173846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631173846"},{"link_name":"Disestablishment and Liberation: The Movement for the Separation of the Anglican Church from State Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/disestablishment0000mack"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0716202026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716202026"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0198201990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198201990"},{"link_name":"\"Eardley, Sir Culling Eardley, third baronet (1805–1863), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8393"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8393"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"}],"text":"Lewis, D. M., ed. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography, 1730–1860 (2 vols. ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0631173846.\nMackintosh, W. H. (1972). Disestablishment and Liberation: The Movement for the Separation of the Anglican Church from State Control. Epworth Press. ISBN 0716202026.\nWolffe, J. (1991). The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198201990.\nWolffe, J. (2004). \"Eardley, Sir Culling Eardley, third baronet (1805–1863), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8393. Retrieved 4 August 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"}],"sub_title":"Obituaries","text":"The Times, 22 May 1863\nThe Record [magazine of Oriel College, Oxford], 22 May 1863\nEvangelical Christendom, 17 (1863), 257–60","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Francesco and Rosa Madiai - sent to jail in Tuscany for being Protestants[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Francesco_and_Rosa_Madiai.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1835). Suggestions Addressed, by Permission of the Board, to the Secretary of the Poor Law Commissioners. Roake & Varty.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1841). An Englishman's Thoughts on the Scotch Church. W. Tyler.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1846a). A Few Words to the Electors of Edinburgh: With a Corrected Report of Some Speeches Delivered During the Late Contest. Roake & Varty.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1846b). City Election: Speech of Sir Culling Eardley Smith, Delivered on the Hustings at his Nomination, on Friday, 10th July, 1846. s.n.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1849). An Appeal to my Fellow Townsmen in Torquay: And through them to the People of Devonshire and of the Three kingdoms on Behalf of the Rev. James Shore, ..., ... of the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Exeter. Partridge & Oakey.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1855). Christianity in Turkey: Correspondence of the Governments of Christendom Relating to Executions in Turkey for Apostacy from Islamism. Partridge & Oakey.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1856a). The Rights of the Laity in the Universities: A Letter to the Rt. Hon. Lord Monteagle, and a Correspondence with the Rev. Dr. Hawkins, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, 1854-5. Daniel F. Oakey.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1856b). The Rights of the Laity in the Church: A Letter to the Rev. Henry Newland, M.A. James Ridgway.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eardley, C. E. (1863). The Spanish prisoners: Our Duties, Encouragements, and Prospects: A Letter to the Earl of Roden. James Nisbet & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 19586\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1838. p. 232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19586/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19586\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Stooks Smith, Henry (1973) [1844-1850]. Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 418. ISBN 0-900178-13-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parliaments_of_England","url_text":"The Parliaments of England"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsofeng0000smit/page/418","url_text":"418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-13-2","url_text":"0-900178-13-2"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, D. M., ed. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography, 1730–1860 (2 vols. ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0631173846.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631173846","url_text":"0631173846"}]},{"reference":"Mackintosh, W. H. (1972). Disestablishment and Liberation: The Movement for the Separation of the Anglican Church from State Control. Epworth Press. ISBN 0716202026.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/disestablishment0000mack","url_text":"Disestablishment and Liberation: The Movement for the Separation of the Anglican Church from State Control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716202026","url_text":"0716202026"}]},{"reference":"Wolffe, J. (1991). The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198201990.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198201990","url_text":"0198201990"}]},{"reference":"Wolffe, J. (2004). \"Eardley, Sir Culling Eardley, third baronet (1805–1863), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8393. Retrieved 4 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8393","url_text":"\"Eardley, Sir Culling Eardley, third baronet (1805–1863), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8393","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8393"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholian
The Tholian Web
["1 Plot","2 Subsequent appearances","3 Reception","4 Popular culture","5 Home video","6 References","7 External links"]
9th episode of the 3rd season of Star Trek: The Original Series "The Tholian Web"Star Trek: The Original Series episodeThe Tholians weave an energy web around the Enterprise.Episode no.Season 3Episode 9Directed byHerb WallersteinRalph Senensky (uncredited)Written byJudy BurnsChet RichardsFeatured musicFred SteinerCinematography byAl FrancisProduction code064Original air dateNovember 15, 1968 (1968-11-15)Guest appearances Sean Morgan - Lt. O'Neil Barbara Babcock - Voice of Loskene(Tholian commander) Paul Baxley - Defiant Captain Frank da Vinci - Lt. Brent Robert Bralver - Crazed Engineer Jay D. Jones - Dizzy Engineer Lou Elias - Crazed Crewman William Blackburn - Lt. Hadley Roger Holloway - Lt. Lemli Episode chronology ← Previous"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky" Next →"Plato's Stepchildren" Star Trek: The Original Series season 3List of episodes "The Tholian Web" is the ninth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Judy Burns and Chet Richards and directed by Herb Wallerstein, it was first broadcast on November 15, 1968. In the episode, Captain Kirk is caught between dimensions while the crew of the Enterprise works to retrieve him. All the while, the Tholians are weaving a destructive energy web around the Enterprise. Plot The starship USS Enterprise enters an uncharted region of space searching for her sister ship, the USS Defiant. Sensors detect fractures in space, and a power loss affects all systems. Defiant is found adrift, and Captain Kirk, First Officer Spock, Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy, and Navigator Ensign Chekov transport across wearing environmental suits for protection. Aboard Defiant, they find the crew dead, apparently having killed one another. The boarding party discovers that Defiant is slowly fading out of our universe. At one point, McCoy passes his hand through an almost invisible man and a table. With limited transporter functionality due to the unexplained malfunctions, Kirk orders his men to return to Enterprise first. The beaming takes longer than usual, and as Chief Engineer Scott tries to beam Kirk aboard, the Defiant vanishes. Spock determines that the local space is experiencing periods of "interphase", when two parallel dimensions touch each other and objects in one universe can shift into the other, and he believes Kirk will reappear during the next one. As he explains the situation, Chekov lashes out in anger, a symptom that McCoy believes is due to their proximity to Defiant. Spock, however, refuses to move the ship, fearful of disrupting local space, which could result in the loss of the Captain. A view of Loskene, one of the Tholian aliens With two hours before the next interphase, the Enterprise is approached by a small, unfamiliar ship. Its captain, Commander Loskene of the Tholian Assembly, asserts that Enterprise has violated Tholian space and must leave. Spock persuades Loskene to wait one hour and fifty-three minutes. When the time is up, Kirk does not reappear, and Spock concludes that the arrival of the Tholian ship disrupted the interphase. When the Enterprise is attacked by Loskene, McCoy again urges Spock to leave, believing Kirk is lost. Spock chooses to return fire and the Tholian ship is disabled, but the Enterprise takes damage as well. Scott warns that because of the damage he cannot guarantee that he can hold their position. A second Tholian ship joins the first, and the two begin weaving an energy web that cages the Enterprise. Spock determines that if the web is completed before repairs are done, they will be unable to escape. Spock conducts a memorial service for Kirk, during which another man goes insane. Spock and McCoy then view a tape left by Kirk, to be played in the event of his death, which implores the two of them to work together for the benefit of the ship. Lieutenant Uhura and Scott both report seeing ghostly manifestations of Kirk. Finally, the apparition is seen on the bridge; Kirk is still in his environmental suit and appears to be urging Spock to "hurry". With the Tholian web nearly complete, McCoy dispenses an antidote to the effects of the local space, and Spock determines the time of Kirk's next appearance. They lock onto Kirk's coordinates, and Spock orders the activation of the ship's engines, which carries them through the spatial rift to a point 2.72 parsecs away. Kirk is brought along by the transporter lock, and beamed aboard just as his oxygen runs out. On the bridge, Kirk questions Spock and McCoy about their handling of the emergency, particularly concerning the tape with his final orders. McCoy claims they did not have time to watch it, Spock confirms that they were very busy, and Kirk accepts their answers. Subsequent appearances The completed Tholian web around the alternate universe ISS Enterprise (NX-01) from Star Trek: Enterprise. In a two-part episode of Star Trek: Enterprise called "In a Mirror, Darkly", it is revealed that the Defiant has reappeared in the Mirror Universe of Archer's time, where it is first salvaged by the Tholians and then stolen by the Terran Empire. Reception In 2015, SyFy ranked this episode as one of the top ten essential Star Trek original series Spock episodes. In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated "The Tholian Web" the 75th best television episode of all Star Trek franchise television shows prior to Star Trek: Discovery. A 2018 Star Trek binge-watching guide by Den of Geek, recommended this episode for featuring the trio of characters Kirk, Spock, and Bones of the original series. Popular culture In 1997 it became known that United States Customs investigators had used the name Tholian Web for a sting operation designed to root out and arrest child porn criminals. By 1997 it had triggered hundreds of prosecutions. In 2010 Gerry W. Beyer, of the Texas Tech University School of Law, cited a video recording introduced in this episode, which Captain Kirk, Captain of the starship Enterprise, had left for his two most senior officers to play in the event of his death, urging them to overcome their personal animosity. Beyer described this fictional recording as one of the first recorded instances of what he called a video-will. Political scientists have compared the metaphor of the entrapment in this episode with the deep challenges politicians and administrators feel when confronted with competing factions and lobby groups. Home video "The Tholian Web" was released in 1988 on LaserDisc in the United States. It was published by Paramount Home Video, and was released as a pair with "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky". Star Trek titles were popular on the growing home video market in the 1980s, and the Star Trek II film had helped establish the home video market. This episode was released in Japan on December 21, 1993, as part of the complete season 3 LaserDisc set, Star Trek: Original Series log.3. A trailer for this and the other episodes was also included on an additional disc, and the episode had English and Japanese audio tracks. The cover script was スター・トレック TVサードシーズン for the set. References ^ "The Tholian Web". March 10, 2011. ^ Kaye, Don (February 27, 2015). "Long Live Spock: 10 essential Star Trek: The Original Series episodes". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019. ^ ""Homefront" and "Paradise Lost" - 'Star Trek': 100 Greatest Episodes". The Hollywood Reporter. September 8, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2019. ^ "Star Trek: An Episode Roadmap for Beginners". Den of Geek. September 8, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2020. ^ DM Hughes (1999). "Pimps and Predators on the Internet". Women's International Network News. p. 30. Retrieved July 14, 2015. In a joint investigation and sting, known as the "Tholian Web," agents of the US Customs Service and the New York State Attorney General Dennis C. Vacco's office spent eighteen months tracking and gathering evidence on child pornography traffickers in the United States, Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain. By the end of 1997 the operation had resulted in 120 prosecution referrals and 32 convictions across the United States. ^ Nancy Garland (September 18, 1997). "Child-porn trial focuses on internet". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. pp. 2, 12, 16, B6. Retrieved July 14, 2015. Named for a device used to ensnare spaceships in a "Star Trek" television show episode, the earthbound Tholian Web has resulted in hundreds of prosecution. ^ Gerry W. Beyer (April 1, 2010). "Video-Recording the Will Execution Ceremony". Texas Tech University School of Law. SSRN 1609462. From Star Trek's Captain Kirk leaving a video to be watched upon his death in his attempt to get Spock and McCoy to work together in an emergency situation to Rodrigo Rosenberg making an 18-minute video to be viewed upon his disappearance in May 2009, which allegedly named his murderer, people have wanted to "speak from the great beyond" to their family and friends. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Chad R. Miller (May 4, 2006). "THE THOLIAN WEB: THE POLITICAL/INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CLUSTER-BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. Going back to the metaphor of Captain Kirk and the Tholian web that started off this story, this dissertation was not meant to be about "high" public administration theory and network governance, but it could be the basis for research in that area. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Chris Hergesheimer, Emily Huddart Kennedy (2010). "Farmers Markets, Local Food Systems and the Social Economy: A Thematic Literature Review" (PDF). Athabasca University. p. 64. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ Ward Ooms, Miranda Ebbekink (June 15, 2015). "Buddies or foes: the importance of personal proximity and personal '(dis)clicks' to cluster governance". Rome, Italy: Druid Society. p. 36. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ Miranda Ebbekink (April 2015). "Eindproduct Leewarden" (in Dutch). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. p. 29. Retrieved July 15, 2015. ^ a b "LaserDisc Database - Star Trek #112: For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky/The Tholian Web: Disc #32 ". www.lddb.com. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ "How Star Trek II changed the home entertainment business forever". Film Stories. April 28, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ a b c "LaserDisc Database - Star Trek: Original Series log.3 ". www.lddb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to "The Tholian Web". "The Tholian Web" at Wayback Machine (archived from the original at StarTrek.com) "The Tholian Web" at IMDb "The Tholian Web" at Memory Alpha "The Tholian Web" Remastered FX reel at TrekMovie.com Star Trek Transcripts - The Tholian Web Portals: Speculative fiction Television vteStar Trek: The Original Series episodes Seasons 1 2 3 "The Cage" Season 3 "Spock's Brain" "The Enterprise Incident" "The Paradise Syndrome" "And the Children Shall Lead" "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" "Spectre of the Gun" "Day of the Dove" "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky" "The Tholian Web" "Plato's Stepchildren" "Wink of an Eye" "The Empath" "Elaan of Troyius" "Whom Gods Destroy" "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield" "The Mark of Gideon" "That Which Survives" "The Lights of Zetar" "Requiem for Methuselah" "The Way to Eden" "The Cloud Minders" "The Savage Curtain" "All Our Yesterdays" "Turnabout Intruder"
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Sensors detect fractures in space, and a power loss affects all systems. Defiant is found adrift, and Captain Kirk, First Officer Spock, Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy, and Navigator Ensign Chekov transport across wearing environmental suits for protection. Aboard Defiant, they find the crew dead, apparently having killed one another.The boarding party discovers that Defiant is slowly fading out of our universe. At one point, McCoy passes his hand through an almost invisible man and a table. With limited transporter functionality due to the unexplained malfunctions, Kirk orders his men to return to Enterprise first. The beaming takes longer than usual, and as Chief Engineer Scott tries to beam Kirk aboard, the Defiant vanishes.Spock determines that the local space is experiencing periods of \"interphase\", when two parallel dimensions touch each other and objects in one universe can shift into the other, and he believes Kirk will reappear during the next one. As he explains the situation, Chekov lashes out in anger, a symptom that McCoy believes is due to their proximity to Defiant. Spock, however, refuses to move the ship, fearful of disrupting local space, which could result in the loss of the Captain.A view of Loskene, one of the Tholian aliensWith two hours before the next interphase, the Enterprise is approached by a small, unfamiliar ship. Its captain, Commander Loskene of the Tholian Assembly, asserts that Enterprise has violated Tholian space and must leave. Spock persuades Loskene to wait one hour and fifty-three minutes. When the time is up, Kirk does not reappear, and Spock concludes that the arrival of the Tholian ship disrupted the interphase.When the Enterprise is attacked by Loskene, McCoy again urges Spock to leave, believing Kirk is lost. Spock chooses to return fire and the Tholian ship is disabled, but the Enterprise takes damage as well. Scott warns that because of the damage he cannot guarantee that he can hold their position. A second Tholian ship joins the first, and the two begin weaving an energy web that cages the Enterprise. Spock determines that if the web is completed before repairs are done, they will be unable to escape.Spock conducts a memorial service for Kirk, during which another man goes insane. Spock and McCoy then view a tape left by Kirk, to be played in the event of his death, which implores the two of them to work together for the benefit of the ship. Lieutenant Uhura and Scott both report seeing ghostly manifestations of Kirk. Finally, the apparition is seen on the bridge; Kirk is still in his environmental suit and appears to be urging Spock to \"hurry\".With the Tholian web nearly complete, McCoy dispenses an antidote to the effects of the local space, and Spock determines the time of Kirk's next appearance. They lock onto Kirk's coordinates, and Spock orders the activation of the ship's engines, which carries them through the spatial rift to a point 2.72 parsecs away. Kirk is brought along by the transporter lock, and beamed aboard just as his oxygen runs out.On the bridge, Kirk questions Spock and McCoy about their handling of the emergency, particularly concerning the tape with his final orders. McCoy claims they did not have time to watch it, Spock confirms that they were very busy, and Kirk accepts their answers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ent_tw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"In a Mirror, Darkly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_Mirror,_Darkly"},{"link_name":"Mirror Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Universe"},{"link_name":"Archer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Archer"}],"text":"The completed Tholian web around the alternate universe ISS Enterprise (NX-01) from Star Trek: Enterprise.In a two-part episode of Star Trek: Enterprise called \"In a Mirror, Darkly\", it is revealed that the Defiant has reappeared in the Mirror Universe of Archer's time, where it is first salvaged by the Tholians and then stolen by the Terran Empire.","title":"Subsequent appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SyFy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"binge-watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge-watching"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2015, SyFy ranked this episode as one of the top ten essential Star Trek original series Spock episodes.[2]In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated \"The Tholian Web\" the 75th best television episode of all Star Trek franchise television shows prior to Star Trek: Discovery.[3]A 2018 Star Trek binge-watching guide by Den of Geek, recommended this episode for featuring the trio of characters Kirk, Spock, and Bones of the original series.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customs"},{"link_name":"child porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_porn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PimpsAndPredators-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BangorDailyNews1997-09-18-6"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoWills2010-04-01-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MillerThesis-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balta-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buddies-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EindproductLeewarden-11"}],"text":"In 1997 it became known that United States Customs investigators had used the name Tholian Web for a sting operation designed to root out and arrest child porn criminals.[5][6] \nBy 1997 it had triggered hundreds of prosecutions.In 2010 Gerry W. Beyer, of the Texas Tech University School of Law, cited a video recording introduced in this episode, which Captain Kirk, Captain of the starship Enterprise, had left for his two most senior officers to play in the event of his death, urging them to overcome their personal animosity.[7]\nBeyer described this fictional recording as one of the first recorded instances of what he called a video-will.Political scientists have compared the metaphor of the entrapment in this episode with the deep challenges politicians and administrators feel when confronted with competing factions and lobby groups.[8][9][10][11]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaserDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Paramount Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"LaserDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"}],"text":"\"The Tholian Web\" was released in 1988 on LaserDisc in the United States.[12] It was published by Paramount Home Video, and was released as a pair with \"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky\".[12] Star Trek titles were popular on the growing home video market in the 1980s, and the Star Trek II film had helped establish the home video market.[13]This episode was released in Japan on December 21, 1993, as part of the complete season 3 LaserDisc set, Star Trek: Original Series log.3.[14] A trailer for this and the other episodes was also included on an additional disc, and the episode had English and Japanese audio tracks.[14] The cover script was スター・トレック TVサードシーズン for the set.[14]","title":"Home video"}]
[{"image_text":"A view of Loskene, one of the Tholian aliens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/ST_Tholian.jpg"},{"image_text":"The completed Tholian web around the alternate universe ISS Enterprise (NX-01) from Star Trek: Enterprise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Ent_tw.jpg/250px-Ent_tw.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Tholian Web\". March 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://senensky.com/the-tholian-web/","url_text":"\"The Tholian Web\""}]},{"reference":"Kaye, Don (February 27, 2015). \"Long Live Spock: 10 essential Star Trek: The Original Series episodes\". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190709010418/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/long-live-spock-10-essential-star-trek-the-original-series-episodes","url_text":"\"Long Live Spock: 10 essential Star Trek: The Original Series episodes\""},{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/long-live-spock-10-essential-star-trek-the-original-series-episodes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Homefront\" and \"Paradise Lost\" - 'Star Trek': 100 Greatest Episodes\". The Hollywood Reporter. September 8, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-episodes-best-100-924455/item/homefront-paradise-lost-star-trek-925083","url_text":"\"\"Homefront\" and \"Paradise Lost\" - 'Star Trek': 100 Greatest Episodes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: An Episode Roadmap for Beginners\". Den of Geek. September 8, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/star-trek-an-episode-roadmap-for-beginners/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: An Episode Roadmap for Beginners\""}]},{"reference":"DM Hughes (1999). \"Pimps and Predators on the Internet\". Women's International Network News. p. 30. Retrieved July 14, 2015. In a joint investigation and sting, known as the \"Tholian Web,\" agents of the US Customs Service and the New York State Attorney General Dennis C. Vacco's office spent eighteen months tracking and gathering evidence on child pornography traffickers in the United States, Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain. By the end of 1997 the operation had resulted in 120 prosecution referrals and 32 convictions across the United States.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237531290","url_text":"\"Pimps and Predators on the Internet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_Network_News","url_text":"Women's International Network News"}]},{"reference":"Nancy Garland (September 18, 1997). \"Child-porn trial focuses on internet\". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. pp. 2, 12, 16, B6. Retrieved July 14, 2015. Named for a device used to ensnare spaceships in a \"Star Trek\" television show episode, the earthbound Tholian Web has resulted in hundreds of prosecution.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19970918&id=r6ZJAAAAIBAJ&pg=5044,632985&hl=en","url_text":"\"Child-porn trial focuses on internet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News","url_text":"Bangor Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine","url_text":"Bangor, Maine"}]},{"reference":"Gerry W. Beyer (April 1, 2010). \"Video-Recording the Will Execution Ceremony\". Texas Tech University School of Law. SSRN 1609462. From Star Trek's Captain Kirk leaving a video to be watched upon his death in his attempt to get Spock and McCoy to work together in an emergency situation to Rodrigo Rosenberg making an 18-minute video to be viewed upon his disappearance in May 2009, which allegedly named his murderer, people have wanted to \"speak from the great beyond\" to their family and friends.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_School_of_Law","url_text":"Texas Tech University School of Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1609462","url_text":"1609462"}]},{"reference":"Chad R. Miller (May 4, 2006). \"THE THOLIAN WEB: THE POLITICAL/INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CLUSTER-BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT\" (PDF). Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. Going back to the metaphor of Captain Kirk and the Tholian web that started off this story, this dissertation was not meant to be about \"high\" public administration theory and network governance, but it could be the basis for research in that area.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150714123830/http://web.iaincirebon.ac.id/ebook/moon/PoliticalScience/ChadRMillerETDdissertation.pdf","url_text":"\"THE THOLIAN WEB: THE POLITICAL/INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF REGIONAL CLUSTER-BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute","url_text":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute"},{"url":"http://web.iaincirebon.ac.id/ebook/moon/PoliticalScience/ChadRMillerETDdissertation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chris Hergesheimer, Emily Huddart Kennedy (2010). \"Farmers Markets, Local Food Systems and the Social Economy: A Thematic Literature Review\" (PDF). Athabasca University. p. 64. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspace.athabascau.ca/bitstream/2149/2896/1/BALTA%20B5%20-%20Farmers%20Markets%20Lit%20Review%20%28Final%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Farmers Markets, Local Food Systems and the Social Economy: A Thematic Literature Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_University","url_text":"Athabasca University"}]},{"reference":"Ward Ooms, Miranda Ebbekink (June 15, 2015). \"Buddies or foes: the importance of personal proximity and personal '(dis)clicks' to cluster governance\". Rome, Italy: Druid Society. p. 36. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275153190","url_text":"\"Buddies or foes: the importance of personal proximity and personal '(dis)clicks' to cluster governance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Italy","url_text":"Rome, Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druid_Society&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Druid Society"}]},{"reference":"Miranda Ebbekink (April 2015). \"Eindproduct Leewarden\" (in Dutch). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. p. 29. Retrieved July 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275020295","url_text":"\"Eindproduct Leewarden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radboud_Universiteit_Nijmegen","url_text":"Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen"}]},{"reference":"\"LaserDisc Database - Star Trek #112: For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky/The Tholian Web: Disc #32 [LV 60040-112]\". www.lddb.com. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/21397/LV-60040-112/Star-Trek-112:-For-the-World-is-Hollow-and-I-Have-Touched-the-Sky/The-Tholian-Web:-Disc-32","url_text":"\"LaserDisc Database - Star Trek #112: For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky/The Tholian Web: Disc #32 [LV 60040-112]\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Star Trek II changed the home entertainment business forever\". Film Stories. April 28, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmstories.co.uk/features/how-star-trek-ii-changed-the-home-entertainment-business-forever/","url_text":"\"How Star Trek II changed the home entertainment business forever\""}]},{"reference":"\"LaserDisc Database - Star Trek: Original Series log.3 [PILF-1711]\". www.lddb.com. Retrieved February 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/00116/PILF-1711/Star-Trek:-Original-Series-log.3","url_text":"\"LaserDisc Database - Star Trek: Original Series log.3 [PILF-1711]\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate
Big Nate
["1 Synopsis","2 Characters","3 Recurring premises","3.1 Enslave the Mollusk","3.2 Femme Fatality","3.3 P.S. 38","3.4 Jefferson Middle School","4 Bibliography","4.1 Collections","4.2 Book series","4.3 Activity books","4.4 Board books","5 Other media","5.1 Video game","5.2 Musical","5.3 Television series adaptation","6 References","7 External links"]
American comic strip by Lincoln Peirce This article is about the comic strip. For the animated series, see Big Nate (TV series). Big NateAuthor(s)Lincoln PeirceIllustrator(s)Lincoln PeirceWebsiteOfficial GoComics pageCurrent status/scheduleRunningLaunch dateJanuary 7, 1991 (dailies), February 10, 1991 (Sundays)Syndicate(s)Newspaper Enterprise AssociationGenre(s)Humor, school life, readable Big Nate (stylized as big NATE in the comic collections and BiG NATE in the books) is an American comic strip written and illustrated by Lincoln Peirce, syndicated since January 7, 1991. The strip follows sixth-grader Nate Wright, alongside his family, friends, and foes. The strip's success led to a media franchise, consisting of two series of children's books by Lincoln Peirce – the eponymous novel series and the Little Big Nate board books – a video game hosted on Poptropica since 2009, and an animated television series, which premiered on Paramount+ in 2022. Synopsis Big Nate follows the adventures and misadventures of Nate Wright, an incompetent, spirited, and rebellious sixth-grader. He has three best friends, Francis, Teddy, and Dee Dee who occasionally get in trouble with him. Other characters include a variety of teachers and students at Nate’s school, Public School 38. Nate hates social studies teacher Mrs. Godfrey, whom he considers his nemesis, and calls her names like “the school's Godzilla”. He has a love-hate relationship with Artur, a foreign exchange student who is the boyfriend of Jenny, Nate’s crush. Nate also loathes Gina, a “teacher’s pet” who gets good grades and is constantly acting like a suck-up to Mrs. Godfrey. Peirce occasionally focuses on Nate's home life with his single father, Martin, and girly sister Ellen. Answering questions from fans in The Washington Post, Peirce revealed the following about the creation of the strip: "Big Nate started as more of a "domestic humor" strip than it is now. "I intended to feature a lot of stories about Nate's single dad, and all the comic possibilities inherent in that. But before too long, I realized that the part of the strip that I enjoyed most was the school humor. I'd been a teacher myself, and schools can be very funny places."— Lincoln Peirce Characters Main article: List of Big Nate characters and premises Nate Wright: The comic strip's main character. Nate is a C-grade student in sixth grade and 11-and-a-half years old, a talented cartoonist, drummer, and chess player. He also believes he is a natural prankster, as he attempts funny and difficult pranks on the second to last day of school (known in the series as "Prank Day"). He is somewhat vain, believing himself to be irresistible to girls despite being rejected repeatedly by his crush, Jenny Jenkins. He believes he is a brilliant sports player despite his lack of athletic abilities. He also thinks of himself as a genius despite his below-average grades. Nate spends much of his time in detention, in the art room drawing comics, or playing drums for his rock band, Enslave the Mollusk, which also comprises his friends Francis, Teddy, and Artur. Nate is desperate to own a dog, in part due to his ailurophobia, but rarely gets his wish, as his father does not want to own a dog. He also hates figure skating and egg salad, but loves Cheez Doodles. Surprisingly, Nate's most well-known talent is that he is a skilled chess player, to the complete confusion of his friends and family. Nate is also known for having a very accurate sense of smell. He also happens to not have a middle name. Martin Earl "Marty" Wright: Nate's father, a bald, overweight divorcé who lost his job in the eighth novel of the series (eventually getting another one). Like his son, he is somewhat clueless about his failings and considers himself a professional musician despite his indescribably poor singing voice and initially poor steel-string guitar playing, an athlete despite his inherent laziness, and an expert golfer, though he constantly cheats or loses his ball. He is a health nut and always tries to hand out healthy alternatives to candy on Halloween (raisins, prunes, trail mix, etc.), which is probably so he can increase the chance of eating the candy which is always rejected by trick-or-treaters. He also was the hero of the first Mud Bowl, according to Big Nate: Blasts Off. His first name was first stated in a comic strip dating to July 28, 2005. Martin's ex-wife lives "two thousand miles away" and Nate has very little contact with her and does not remember much. Ellen Wright: Nate's fifteen-year-old sister who is older by four years. Unlike Nate, Ellen is responsible and hardworking and loves cats and figure-skating, and egg salad. Nate is always compared to Ellen in school by teachers, especially Mrs. Godfrey. She is Nate's consistent rival, and he enjoys playing pranks on her. Ellen also dates Gordie on and off, who works at the comic book store, Klassic Komix, and has previously dated Kenny Smithson, the captain of the football team, and is considered her crush. They briefly broke up before reconciling. Francis Butthurst Pope: Nate's #1 friend, Francis is very intelligent, and this upsets his friends from time to time. He has a gap between his teeth and lets people bully him often. Nate and Francis frequently make fun of each other, but he states that this is how they operate. He also likes to read ‘The Book of Facts’ which annoys Nate and Teddy. Nate and Francis often argue about cats vs dogs as Francis is a cat person, he also has a cat named Pickles. Contrary to Nate's feelings for them, Francis is friendly with both Mrs. Godfrey and Artur. Francis plays the electric guitar in Enslave the Mollusk and dates Sheila Stapleton. Teddy Ortiz: Nate's number "1A" best friend, Teddy is a comedic character who frequently cracks jokes and annoys Nate. Like Francis, Teddy is a member of Enslave the Mollusk, in which he plays the musical keyboard. His middle name is the square root symbol since his parents are math teachers. In Big Nate: Flips Out, it is revealed that he is fluent in Spanish. In a comic strip published in 1994, it is revealed that Teddy is half Mexican, and half Puerto Rican. Spitsy: Spitsy is Mr. Eustis's dog in Big Nate. Nate has always wanted a dog for Christmas but has never got one, so Spitsy is the closest thing he has to his own dog. Spitsy wears a cone and a dog sweater. Recurring premises Enslave the Mollusk Enslave the Mollusk (ETM) is a garage band featured in Big Nate. It features Nate as backing vocalist and drummer, with best friends Francis on electric guitar and Teddy on keyboard, as well as Artur as lead vocalist. Chad is the band's roadie. Enslave the Mollusk had a big role in Big Nate the Musical. They performed 3 times: twice during the In The Zone novel when P.S 38 was starting a fitness zone but the first time Artur wasn't there because he quit the band, but eventually rejoined by their last performance, and also at one of the school dances. They tried to perform at another school dance but failed because of a power outage. Nate was originally lead singer as he formed the band but wasn't good enough, which was realized after Artur passed by the band playing one day. Artur then sang a rendition of "I Fought The Law" and was hired as the band's lead singer. He quit in the middle of Big Nate: In The Zone after he found a slip of paper with rude nicknames for him that Nate wrote, but was enticed back by the end of the book. Femme Fatality Femme Fatality is Nate's favorite super-hero comic. The images are never shown, but there were a few appearances of the eponymous character, as a life-size cardboard cut-out in a 2002 comic and as a cosplay actor visiting Klassic Komix in 2004. The character is highly suggestive, judging from the reaction of Nate and most of the other male characters (including adults). One comic claimed that she was wearing a skin tight tube top and leather mini-shorts. Some of the girls show exasperation over Nate's obsession with the comic, but Nate insists he reads it only for the stories. One of Nate's previous comic book crushes was Red Sonja. Femme Fatality later inspired Nate to create his own super-hero comic called "Eve of Destruction", though he later changed the character to male, and called the comic "Steve of Destruction". P.S. 38 P.S. 38 is the middle school Nate and his friends attend and is where most of the comics take place. The school is noted to be over 100 years old and is considerably run down, but was remodeled in Big Nate: Lives It Up after a painting by local folk artist Granny Peppers was found to be worth a lot of money. Jefferson Middle School Jefferson Middle School is a middle school near P.S. 38 and is the school's sister institution. In stark contrast to P.S. 38, Jefferson is portrayed as a large modern building with numerous 21st century features. It has been described as "more of a museum than a school." The middle school's kids are the rivals of P.S. 38's kids and beat them in almost everything. Most Jefferson kids are always obnoxious about this. P.S. 38 beat Jefferson in the 'Ultimate Snowdown', the 1st and 38th 'Mud Bowl', and their big 2008 soccer game. Jefferson lost the Snowdown, because they took an uncreative approach by packing snow around the spare knight statue. Bibliography 44 print collections and novel books, as well as six activity books, have been published. Collections Main article: List of Big Nate collections Book series Big Nate: In a Class by Himself – March 23, 2010 Big Nate: Strikes Again – October 19, 2010 Big Nate: On a Roll – August 16, 2011 Big Nate: Goes for Broke – March 20, 2012 Big Nate: Flips Out – February 5, 2013 Big Nate: In the Zone – March 11, 2014 Big Nate: Lives It Up – March 10, 2015 Big Nate: Blasts Off – February 16, 2016 Activity books Big Nate Boredom Buster: Super Scribbles, Cool Comix, and Lots of Laughs (April 12, 2011) Big Nate Fun Blaster: Cheezy Doodles, Crazy Comix and Loads of Laughs (July 10, 2012) Big Nate Doodlepalooza: Scribble Games, Secret Codes, and Nonstop Laughs (July 9, 2013) Big Nate Laugh-O-Rama: Daring Drawings, Maze Madness, and Tons of Fun (July 8, 2014) Big Nate Super Scribbler: Cheezy Doodles, Crazy Comix, and Epic Laughs (July 7, 2015) Big Nate Puzzlemania: Super Scribbles, Goofy Games, and Tons of Fun (May 17, 2016) Board books Little Big Nate Draws a Blank - September 3, 2019 Little Big Nate: No Nap! - September 1, 2020 Other media Video game Main article: Poptropica § Big Nate Island Since February 12, 2009, the online role-playing video game Poptropica by Jeff Kinney has featured a "Big Nate Island" as one of the game's "islands", in which the player must problem-solve through game quest scenarios, centering on a problem that the player must resolve by going through multiple obstacles, collecting and using items, talking to various characters, and completing goals, written and illustrated by a returning Lincoln Peirce. Musical In May 2013, a stage musical adaptation of the comic strip debuted at the Adventure Theatre MTC in Maryland. The production's story centers on Nate, who tries to enter his school's Battle of the Bands competition but must try to avoid getting anymore detentions, as too many would disqualify his band from competing. Critical reception for the musical has been positive. Television series adaptation Main article: Big Nate (TV series) On February 19, 2020, it was announced that Big Nate would receive a 26-episode animated TV adaptation, which was slated to air on Nickelodeon in September 2021 but was delayed to 2022. In December 2021, the voice cast was announced, as was that the series would instead be for Paramount+. It would eventually air on Nickelodeon on September 5, 2022. References ^ Tobin, Suzanne (August 27, 2004). "Comics: Meet the Artist". The Washington Post. ^ Lincoln Peirce, Big Nate, Wikidata Q3919692, archived from the original on January 6, 2013 ^ "Big Nate island". Poptropica. Sandbox Networks Inc. February 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Kanjanapangka, Jeremy (March 10, 2023). "How to Play Old Poptropica Islands Games". Touch Tap Play. Retrieved March 10, 2023. ^ Cavna, Michael (May 4, 2013). "'Big Nate' Musical Debuts: Encouraged by 'Peanuts,' Lincoln Peirce's comic-strip hit comes to the Maryland stage". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2022. ^ Fischbach, Bob. "Review: In 'Big Nate' musical, audience cheers on mischief maker". Omaha.com. Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original (Theater review) on November 9, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. ^ Wren, Celia (May 26, 2013). "'Big Nate' travels outside comic strip borders in affable Adventure Theatre musical". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. ^ Lanes, Elliot (May 7, 2013). "Theatre Review: 'Big Nate' at Adventure Theatre MTC". MD Theater Guide. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2022. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (February 19, 2020). "Nickelodeon Slates 'Big Nate' Series, 'Kamp Koral' Cast, 'Loud House' Live-Action Movie". Animation Magazine. Retrieved March 24, 2020. ^ "The Nickelodeon Virtual Upfront Show: Bring Your Kids!". Business Wire. March 18, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021. ^ Cordero, Rosy (December 14, 2021). "'Big Nate' Animated Series Announced At Paramount+ Starring Ben Giroux, Dove Cameron, Rob Delaney, More". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 14, 2021. External links Official GoComics page The Evolution of BIG NATE From Comic strips to Novels to Musical: An interview with Lincoln Peirce Tiziano Thomas Dossena, L'Idea Magazine, 2014 vteBig NateLincoln PeirceBooks In a Class by Himself (2010) Strikes Again (2010) On a Roll (2011) Goes for Broke (2012) Flips Out (2013) In the Zone (2014) Lives It Up (2015) Blasts Off (2016) List of collections Other TV series List of characters and premises Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Nate (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"comic collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Nate_collections"},{"link_name":"books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Book_series"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Peirce"},{"link_name":"media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Peirce"},{"link_name":"Poptropica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poptropica"},{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paramount+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%2B"}],"text":"American comic strip by Lincoln PeirceThis article is about the comic strip. For the animated series, see Big Nate (TV series).Big Nate (stylized as big NATE in the comic collections and BiG NATE in the books) is an American comic strip written and illustrated by Lincoln Peirce, syndicated since January 7, 1991. The strip follows sixth-grader Nate Wright, alongside his family, friends, and foes.The strip's success led to a media franchise, consisting of two series of children's books by Lincoln Peirce – the eponymous novel series and the Little Big Nate board books – a video game hosted on Poptropica since 2009, and an animated television series, which premiered on Paramount+ in 2022.","title":"Big Nate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sixth-grader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_grade"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-1"}],"text":"Big Nate follows the adventures and misadventures of Nate Wright, an incompetent, spirited, and rebellious sixth-grader. He has three best friends, Francis, Teddy, and Dee Dee who occasionally get in trouble with him. Other characters include a variety of teachers and students at Nate’s school, Public School 38. Nate hates social studies teacher Mrs. Godfrey, whom he considers his nemesis, and calls her names like “the school's Godzilla”. He has a love-hate relationship with Artur, a foreign exchange student who is the boyfriend of Jenny, Nate’s crush. Nate also loathes Gina, a “teacher’s pet” who gets good grades and is constantly acting like a suck-up to Mrs. Godfrey. Peirce occasionally focuses on Nate's home life with his single father, Martin, and girly sister Ellen. [citation needed]Answering questions from fans in The Washington Post,[1] Peirce revealed the following about the creation of the strip:\"Big Nate started as more of a \"domestic humor\" strip than it is now. \"I intended to feature a lot of stories about Nate's single dad, and all the comic possibilities inherent in that. But before too long, I realized that the part of the strip that I enjoyed most was the school humor. I'd been a teacher myself, and schools can be very funny places.\"— Lincoln Peirce","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"prankster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prank"},{"link_name":"rock band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_band"},{"link_name":"ailurophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailurophobia"},{"link_name":"figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"egg salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_salad"},{"link_name":"Cheez Doodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheez_Doodles"},{"link_name":"musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician"},{"link_name":"singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"steel-string guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Blasts Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Blasts_Off"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"musical keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboard"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Flips Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Flips_Out"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans"}],"text":"Nate Wright: The comic strip's main character. Nate is a C-grade student in sixth grade and 11-and-a-half years old, a talented cartoonist, drummer, and chess player. He also believes he is a natural prankster, as he attempts funny and difficult pranks on the second to last day of school (known in the series as \"Prank Day\"). He is somewhat vain, believing himself to be irresistible to girls despite being rejected repeatedly by his crush, Jenny Jenkins. He believes he is a brilliant sports player despite his lack of athletic abilities. He also thinks of himself as a genius despite his below-average grades. Nate spends much of his time in detention, in the art room drawing comics, or playing drums for his rock band, Enslave the Mollusk, which also comprises his friends Francis, Teddy, and Artur. Nate is desperate to own a dog, in part due to his ailurophobia, but rarely gets his wish, as his father does not want to own a dog. He also hates figure skating and egg salad, but loves Cheez Doodles. Surprisingly, Nate's most well-known talent is that he is a skilled chess player, to the complete confusion of his friends and family. Nate is also known for having a very accurate sense of smell. He also happens to not have a middle name.\nMartin Earl \"Marty\" Wright: Nate's father, a bald, overweight divorcé who lost his job in the eighth novel of the series (eventually getting another one). Like his son, he is somewhat clueless about his failings and considers himself a professional musician despite his indescribably poor singing voice and initially poor steel-string guitar playing, an athlete despite his inherent laziness, and an expert golfer, though he constantly cheats or loses his ball. He is a health nut and always tries to hand out healthy alternatives to candy on Halloween (raisins, prunes, trail mix, etc.), which is probably so he can increase the chance of eating the candy which is always rejected by trick-or-treaters. He also was the hero of the first Mud Bowl, according to Big Nate: Blasts Off. His first name was first stated in a comic strip dating to July 28, 2005. Martin's ex-wife lives \"two thousand miles away\" and Nate has very little contact with her and does not remember much.[2]\nEllen Wright: Nate's fifteen-year-old sister who is older by four years. Unlike Nate, Ellen is responsible and hardworking and loves cats and figure-skating, and egg salad. Nate is always compared to Ellen in school by teachers, especially Mrs. Godfrey. She is Nate's consistent rival, and he enjoys playing pranks on her. Ellen also dates Gordie on and off, who works at the comic book store, Klassic Komix, and has previously dated Kenny Smithson, the captain of the football team, and is considered her crush. They briefly broke up before reconciling.\nFrancis Butthurst Pope: Nate's #1 friend, Francis is very intelligent, and this upsets his friends from time to time. He has a gap between his teeth and lets people bully him often. Nate and Francis frequently make fun of each other, but he states that this is how they operate. He also likes to read ‘The Book of Facts’ which annoys Nate and Teddy. Nate and Francis often argue about cats vs dogs as Francis is a cat person, he also has a cat named Pickles. Contrary to Nate's feelings for them, Francis is friendly with both Mrs. Godfrey and Artur. Francis plays the electric guitar in Enslave the Mollusk and dates Sheila Stapleton.\nTeddy Ortiz: Nate's number \"1A\" best friend, Teddy is a comedic character who frequently cracks jokes and annoys Nate. Like Francis, Teddy is a member of Enslave the Mollusk, in which he plays the musical keyboard. His middle name is the square root symbol since his parents are math teachers. In Big Nate: Flips Out, it is revealed that he is fluent in Spanish. In a comic strip published in 1994, it is revealed that Teddy is half Mexican, and half Puerto Rican.\nSpitsy: Spitsy is Mr. Eustis's dog in Big Nate. Nate has always wanted a dog for Christmas but has never got one, so Spitsy is the closest thing he has to his own dog. Spitsy wears a cone and a dog sweater.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recurring premises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garage band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_band"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"I Fought The Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fought_The_Law"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: In The Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_In_the_Zone"}],"sub_title":"Enslave the Mollusk","text":"Enslave the Mollusk (ETM) is a garage band featured in Big Nate. It features Nate as backing vocalist and drummer, with best friends Francis on electric guitar and Teddy on keyboard, as well as Artur as lead vocalist. Chad is the band's roadie. Enslave the Mollusk had a big role in Big Nate the Musical. They performed 3 times: twice during the In The Zone novel when P.S 38 was starting a fitness zone but the first time Artur wasn't there because he quit the band, but eventually rejoined by their last performance, and also at one of the school dances. They tried to perform at another school dance but failed because of a power outage. Nate was originally lead singer as he formed the band but wasn't good enough, which was realized after Artur passed by the band playing one day. Artur then sang a rendition of \"I Fought The Law\" and was hired as the band's lead singer. He quit in the middle of Big Nate: In The Zone after he found a slip of paper with rude nicknames for him that Nate wrote, but was enticed back by the end of the book.","title":"Recurring premises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tube top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_top"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"}],"sub_title":"Femme Fatality","text":"Femme Fatality is Nate's favorite super-hero comic. The images are never shown, but there were a few appearances of the eponymous character, as a life-size cardboard cut-out in a 2002 comic and as a cosplay actor visiting Klassic Komix in 2004. The character is highly suggestive, judging from the reaction of Nate and most of the other male characters (including adults). One comic claimed that she was wearing a skin tight tube top and leather mini-shorts. Some of the girls show exasperation over Nate's obsession with the comic, but Nate insists he reads it only for the stories. One of Nate's previous comic book crushes was Red Sonja. Femme Fatality later inspired Nate to create his own super-hero comic called \"Eve of Destruction\", though he later changed the character to male, and called the comic \"Steve of Destruction\".","title":"Recurring premises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Lives It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Lives_It_Up"}],"sub_title":"P.S. 38","text":"P.S. 38 is the middle school Nate and his friends attend and is where most of the comics take place. The school is noted to be over 100 years old and is considerably run down, but was remodeled in Big Nate: Lives It Up after a painting by local folk artist Granny Peppers was found to be worth a lot of money.","title":"Recurring premises"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jefferson Middle School","text":"Jefferson Middle School is a middle school near P.S. 38 and is the school's sister institution. In stark contrast to P.S. 38, Jefferson is portrayed as a large modern building with numerous 21st century features. It has been described as \"more of a museum than a school.\" The middle school's kids are the rivals of P.S. 38's kids and beat them in almost everything. Most Jefferson kids are always obnoxious about this. P.S. 38 beat Jefferson in the 'Ultimate Snowdown', the 1st and 38th 'Mud Bowl', and their big 2008 soccer game. Jefferson lost the Snowdown, because they took an uncreative approach by packing snow around the spare knight statue.","title":"Recurring premises"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"44 print collections and novel books, as well as six activity books, have been published.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collections","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Nate: In a Class by Himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_In_a_Class_by_Himself"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Strikes Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Strikes_Again"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: On a Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_On_a_Roll"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Goes for Broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Goes_for_Broke"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Flips Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Flips_Out"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: In the Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_In_the_Zone"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Lives It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Lives_It_Up"},{"link_name":"Big Nate: Blasts Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate:_Blasts_Off"}],"sub_title":"Book series","text":"Big Nate: In a Class by Himself – March 23, 2010\nBig Nate: Strikes Again – October 19, 2010\nBig Nate: On a Roll – August 16, 2011\nBig Nate: Goes for Broke – March 20, 2012\nBig Nate: Flips Out – February 5, 2013\nBig Nate: In the Zone – March 11, 2014\nBig Nate: Lives It Up – March 10, 2015\nBig Nate: Blasts Off – February 16, 2016","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Activity books","text":"Big Nate Boredom Buster: Super Scribbles, Cool Comix, and Lots of Laughs (April 12, 2011)\nBig Nate Fun Blaster: Cheezy Doodles, Crazy Comix and Loads of Laughs (July 10, 2012)\nBig Nate Doodlepalooza: Scribble Games, Secret Codes, and Nonstop Laughs (July 9, 2013)\nBig Nate Laugh-O-Rama: Daring Drawings, Maze Madness, and Tons of Fun (July 8, 2014)\nBig Nate Super Scribbler: Cheezy Doodles, Crazy Comix, and Epic Laughs (July 7, 2015)\nBig Nate Puzzlemania: Super Scribbles, Goofy Games, and Tons of Fun (May 17, 2016)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Board books","text":"Little Big Nate Draws a Blank - September 3, 2019\nLittle Big Nate: No Nap! - September 1, 2020","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_game"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Poptropica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poptropica"},{"link_name":"Jeff Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kinney"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Peirce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Video game","text":"Since February 12, 2009, the online role-playing video game Poptropica by Jeff Kinney has featured a \"Big Nate Island\" as one of the game's \"islands\", in which the player must problem-solve through game quest scenarios, centering on a problem that the player must resolve by going through multiple obstacles, collecting and using items, talking to various characters, and completing goals, written and illustrated by a returning Lincoln Peirce.[3][4]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stage musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_musical"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bands"},{"link_name":"detentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_detention"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Musical","text":"In May 2013, a stage musical adaptation of the comic strip debuted at the Adventure Theatre MTC in Maryland.[5] The production's story centers on Nate, who tries to enter his school's Battle of the Bands competition but must try to avoid getting anymore detentions, as too many would disqualify his band from competing. Critical reception for the musical has been positive.[6][7][8]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"26-episode animated TV adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Nate_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvshow-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businesswire-10"},{"link_name":"Paramount+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%2B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Television series adaptation","text":"On February 19, 2020, it was announced that Big Nate would receive a 26-episode animated TV adaptation, which was slated to air on Nickelodeon in September 2021 but was delayed to 2022.[9][10] In December 2021, the voice cast was announced, as was that the series would instead be for Paramount+.[11] It would eventually air on Nickelodeon on September 5, 2022.","title":"Other media"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Tobin, Suzanne (August 27, 2004). \"Comics: Meet the Artist\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19352-2004Aug20.html","url_text":"\"Comics: Meet the Artist\""}]},{"reference":"Lincoln Peirce, Big Nate, Wikidata Q3919692, archived from the original on January 6, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Peirce","url_text":"Lincoln Peirce"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106225636/https://www.gocomics.com/bignate/1997/05/11","url_text":"Big Nate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919692","url_text":"Q3919692"},{"url":"https://www.gocomics.com/bignate/1997/05/11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Nate island\". Poptropica. Sandbox Networks Inc. February 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411220158/https://www.poptropica.com/island-tour/big-nate-island","url_text":"\"Big Nate island\""},{"url":"https://www.poptropica.com/island-tour/big-nate-island","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kanjanapangka, Jeremy (March 10, 2023). \"How to Play Old Poptropica Islands Games\". Touch Tap Play. Retrieved March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.touchtapplay.com/how-to-play-old-poptropica-islands-games","url_text":"\"How to Play Old Poptropica Islands Games\""}]},{"reference":"Cavna, Michael (May 4, 2013). \"'Big Nate' Musical Debuts: Encouraged by 'Peanuts,' Lincoln Peirce's comic-strip hit comes to the Maryland stage\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507021007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/big-nate-musical-debuts-encouraged-by-peanuts-lincoln-peirces-comic-strip-hit-comes-to-the-maryland-stage/2013/05/04/229d7b90-b4c3-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_blog.html","url_text":"\"'Big Nate' Musical Debuts: Encouraged by 'Peanuts,' Lincoln Peirce's comic-strip hit comes to the Maryland stage\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/big-nate-musical-debuts-encouraged-by-peanuts-lincoln-peirces-comic-strip-hit-comes-to-the-maryland-stage/2013/05/04/229d7b90-b4c3-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_blog.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fischbach, Bob. \"Review: In 'Big Nate' musical, audience cheers on mischief maker\". Omaha.com. Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original (Theater review) on November 9, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109082343/http://www.omaha.com/article/20131108/GO/131108700#.Uqfy5dJDvA0","url_text":"\"Review: In 'Big Nate' musical, audience cheers on mischief maker\""},{"url":"https://www.omaha.com/article/20131108/GO/131108700#.Uqfy5dJDvA0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wren, Celia (May 26, 2013). \"'Big Nate' travels outside comic strip borders in affable Adventure Theatre musical\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084508/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-26/lifestyle/39545030_1_big-nate-lincoln-peirce-gina","url_text":"\"'Big Nate' travels outside comic strip borders in affable Adventure Theatre musical\""},{"url":"https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-26/lifestyle/39545030_1_big-nate-lincoln-peirce-gina","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lanes, Elliot (May 7, 2013). \"Theatre Review: 'Big Nate' at Adventure Theatre MTC\". MD Theater Guide. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194724/https://mdtheatreguide.com/2013/05/theater-review-big-nate-at-adventure-theatre-mtc/","url_text":"\"Theatre Review: 'Big Nate' at Adventure Theatre MTC\""},{"url":"http://www.mdtheatreguide.com/2013/05/theater-review-small-nate-at-adventure-theatre-mtc/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (February 19, 2020). \"Nickelodeon Slates 'Big Nate' Series, 'Kamp Koral' Cast, 'Loud House' Live-Action Movie\". Animation Magazine. Retrieved March 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/nickelodeon-slates-big-nate-series-kamp-koral-cast-loud-house-live-action-movie/","url_text":"\"Nickelodeon Slates 'Big Nate' Series, 'Kamp Koral' Cast, 'Loud House' Live-Action Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Magazine","url_text":"Animation Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nickelodeon Virtual Upfront Show: Bring Your Kids!\". Business Wire. March 18, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210318005965/en/The-Nickelodeon-Virtual-Upfront-Show-Bring-Your-Kids","url_text":"\"The Nickelodeon Virtual Upfront Show: Bring Your Kids!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"Cordero, Rosy (December 14, 2021). \"'Big Nate' Animated Series Announced At Paramount+ Starring Ben Giroux, Dove Cameron, Rob Delaney, More\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/12/big-nate-animated-series-paramount-ben-giroux-dove-cameron-rob-delaney-1234890935/","url_text":"\"'Big Nate' Animated Series Announced At Paramount+ Starring Ben Giroux, Dove Cameron, Rob Delaney, More\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://bignate.com/#.Uqf0ZtJDvA0","external_links_name":"Official GoComics page"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19352-2004Aug20.html","external_links_name":"\"Comics: Meet the Artist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106225636/https://www.gocomics.com/bignate/1997/05/11","external_links_name":"Big Nate"},{"Link":"https://www.gocomics.com/bignate/1997/05/11","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411220158/https://www.poptropica.com/island-tour/big-nate-island","external_links_name":"\"Big Nate island\""},{"Link":"https://www.poptropica.com/island-tour/big-nate-island","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.touchtapplay.com/how-to-play-old-poptropica-islands-games","external_links_name":"\"How to Play Old Poptropica Islands Games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507021007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/big-nate-musical-debuts-encouraged-by-peanuts-lincoln-peirces-comic-strip-hit-comes-to-the-maryland-stage/2013/05/04/229d7b90-b4c3-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_blog.html","external_links_name":"\"'Big Nate' Musical Debuts: Encouraged by 'Peanuts,' Lincoln Peirce's comic-strip hit comes to the Maryland stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/big-nate-musical-debuts-encouraged-by-peanuts-lincoln-peirces-comic-strip-hit-comes-to-the-maryland-stage/2013/05/04/229d7b90-b4c3-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_blog.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109082343/http://www.omaha.com/article/20131108/GO/131108700#.Uqfy5dJDvA0","external_links_name":"\"Review: In 'Big Nate' musical, audience cheers on mischief maker\""},{"Link":"https://www.omaha.com/article/20131108/GO/131108700#.Uqfy5dJDvA0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084508/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-26/lifestyle/39545030_1_big-nate-lincoln-peirce-gina","external_links_name":"\"'Big Nate' travels outside comic strip borders in affable Adventure Theatre musical\""},{"Link":"https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-26/lifestyle/39545030_1_big-nate-lincoln-peirce-gina","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194724/https://mdtheatreguide.com/2013/05/theater-review-big-nate-at-adventure-theatre-mtc/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre Review: 'Big Nate' at Adventure Theatre MTC\""},{"Link":"http://www.mdtheatreguide.com/2013/05/theater-review-small-nate-at-adventure-theatre-mtc/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/nickelodeon-slates-big-nate-series-kamp-koral-cast-loud-house-live-action-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Nickelodeon Slates 'Big Nate' Series, 'Kamp Koral' Cast, 'Loud House' Live-Action Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210318005965/en/The-Nickelodeon-Virtual-Upfront-Show-Bring-Your-Kids","external_links_name":"\"The Nickelodeon Virtual Upfront Show: Bring Your Kids!\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/12/big-nate-animated-series-paramount-ben-giroux-dove-cameron-rob-delaney-1234890935/","external_links_name":"\"'Big Nate' Animated Series Announced At Paramount+ Starring Ben Giroux, Dove Cameron, Rob Delaney, More\""},{"Link":"http://www.gocomics.com/BigNate","external_links_name":"Official GoComics page"},{"Link":"http://www.lideamagazine.com/evolution-big-nate-comic-strips-novels-musical-interview-lincoln-peirce/","external_links_name":"The Evolution of BIG NATE From Comic strips to Novels to Musical: An interview with Lincoln Peirce"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Payne_Adye
Stephen Payne Adye
["1 Life","2 Family","3 References"]
Stephen Payne AdyeBorn1740sDied1794Allegiance United KingdomCommands heldRoyal Artillery Stephen Payne Adye (ca. 1740 – 1794) was an English brevet-major of the Royal Artillery. Life He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, as a cadet, in 1757, and was appointed as second-lieutenant in the royal artillery in 1762. He served some time as brigade-major of artillery in North America, where he prepared his well-known book on courts-martial, entitled Treatise on Courts-Martial, to which is added an Essay on Military Punishments and Rewards. The book went through several subsequent editions, the second appearing in London in 1778, and was modified by later editors. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1772. Major Adye died in command of a company of invalid artillery, in Jersey, in 1794. Family Of three sons in the regiment, the eldest, Captain Ralph Willett Adye, who died in 1808, was author of the Pocket Gunner, a standard work of reference, which first appeared in 1798, and passed through many editions; the second, Major-General Stephen Galway Adye, served in the Iberian Peninsula and at the Battle of Waterloo, and died Chief Firemaster of the Royal Laboratory in 1838; the third, Major James Pattison Adye, died in 1831. References ^ "APS Member History".  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). "Adye, Stephen Payne". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands People Trove Other SNAC
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_What_I_Am
Just for What I Am
["1 Charts","1.1 Weekly charts","1.2 Year-end charts","2 References"]
1972 single by Connie Smith"Just for What I Am"Single by Connie Smithfrom the album Ain't We Havin' Us a Good Time B-side"I'd Still Want to Serve Him Today"ReleasedFebruary 1972GenreCountryLabelRCA RecordsSongwriter(s)Dallas Frazier, Arthur Leo OwensProducer(s)Bob FergusonConnie Smith singles chronology "I'm Sorry If My Love Got in Your Way" (1971) "Just for What I Am" (1972) "If It Ain't Love (Let's Leave It Alone)" (1972) "Just for What I Am" is a single by American country music artist Connie Smith. Released in February 1972, the song reached #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. The song was issued onto Smith's 1972 album entitled Ain't We Havin' Us a Good Time. In addition, "Just for What I Am" peaked at #4 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart around the same time. Charts Weekly charts Chart (1972) Peakposition US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 5 CAN RPM Country Tracks 4 Year-end charts Chart (1972) Position US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 46 References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. pp. 387–88. ^ "Search results for "Just for What I Am"". RPM. Retrieved December 23, 2011. ^ "Connie Smith Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ "Hot Country Songs – Year-End 1972". Billboard. Retrieved July 29, 2021. vteConnie Smith singles Albums Singles Songs 1960s "Once a Day" "Then and Only Then"/"Tiny Blue Transistor Radio" "I Can't Remember" "If I Talk to Him" "Nobody but a Fool (Would Love You)" "Ain't Had No Lovin'" "The Hurtin's All Over" "I'll Come Runnin'" "Cincinnati, Ohio" "Burning a Hole in My Mind" "Baby's Back Again" "Run Away Little Tears" "Cry, Cry, Cry" "Ribbon of Darkness" "Young Love" (with Nat Stuckey) "You and Your Sweet Love" 1970s "I Never Once Stopped Loving You" "Louisiana Man" "Where Is My Castle" "Just One Time" "I'm Sorry If My Love Got in Your Way" "Just for What I Am" "If It Ain't Love (Let's Leave It Alone)" "Love Is the Look You're Looking For" "You've Got Me (Right Where You Want Me)" "Dream Painter" "Ain't Love a Good Thing" "Dallas" "I Never Knew (What That Song Meant Before)" "I've Got My Baby on My Mind" "I Got a Lot of Hurtin' Done Today" "Why Don't You Love Me" "The Song We Fell in Love To" "(Till) I Kissed You" "So Sad (To Watch Good Love Go Bad)" "I Don't Wanna Talk It Over Anymore" "I Just Want to Be Your Everything" "Lovin' You Baby" "Smooth Sailin'" 1980s "A Far Cry from You"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Ain't We Havin' Us a Good Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_We_Havin%27_Us_a_Good_Time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Just for What I Am\" is a single by American country music artist Connie Smith. Released in February 1972, the song reached #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. The song was issued onto Smith's 1972 album entitled Ain't We Havin' Us a Good Time.[1] In addition, \"Just for What I Am\" peaked at #4 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart around the same time.[2]","title":"Just for What I Am"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corre
The Corre
["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Championship wins","1.3 Downturn and breakup","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 References"]
Professional wrestling stable This article is about the professional wrestling stable. For the Irish band, see The Corrs. Professional wrestling stable The CorreStableMembersWade BarrettJustin GabrielHeath SlaterEzekiel JacksonDebutJanuary 14, 2011DisbandedJune 10, 2011Years active2011 The Corre was a short-lived villainous stable in WWE. Formed in 2011, the group was a spinoff of Wade Barrett's former group The Nexus. The stable was formed after Barrett left The Nexus and aligned himself with Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel, both of whom were also Nexus members, while Ezekiel Jackson rounded out the group. History Formation After Wade Barrett was kicked out of The Nexus by new leader CM Punk, he moved from Raw to SmackDown. While under CM Punk, Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel refused to perform their initiation to stay in the group and left The Nexus. On the January 14 episode of SmackDown, Gabriel and Slater interfered during Barrett's match with Big Show, attacking Show. They were joined by Ezekiel Jackson who continued the attack by performing a body slam on Big Show. Big Show continued to feud with the group throughout its existence and on the January 21 episode of SmackDown, the group named themselves The Corre, while also announcing that The Corre would be leaderless as all the members were equals. They all competed in the Royal Rumble on January 30, but were all eliminated by different wrestlers (in order: Gabriel by Daniel Bryan, Slater by John Cena, Jackson by Kane, and Barrett by Randy Orton) with Jackson eliminating Big Show and Barrett eliminating Rey Mysterio and Diesel, and making it to the final four. Championship wins Throughout its tenure, the Corre often employed interference during matches and frequent post-match attacks. Tensions between the members of The Corre and The Nexus led to two brawls between the groups on Raw and before the Royal Rumble match. At Elimination Chamber on February 20, Gabriel and Slater became the first to gain a championship within The Corre, as they won the WWE Tag Team Championship by defeating Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov. This began Gabriel and Slater's second reign as WWE Tag Team Champions after their first reign as part of The Nexus. At the same event, Barrett received his first opportunity at the World Heavyweight Championship when he took part in the SmackDown Elimination Chamber match, but failed to win the championship when being eliminated by The Corre's nemesis, Big Show. The following night on Raw, Gabriel and Slater lost the championship to John Cena and WWE Champion The Miz. However, Gabriel and Slater immediately invoked their rematch clause and won the rematch and the championship to start their third reign as WWE Tag Team Champions. On the March 25 episode of SmackDown, Barrett added to The Corre another championship when he defeated Kofi Kingston to win his first singles title, the Intercontinental Championship. Downturn and breakup The four members of The Corre attacking John Cena and The Rock Things took a turn for the worse for The Corre when the group was soundly beaten at WrestleMania XXVII in an eight-man tag team match against Big Show, Kane, Kofi Kingston, and Santino Marella in under two minutes. The following night on Raw, hoping to make a statement, The Corre attacked John Cena and The Rock, but the duo overwhelmed them. On the April 22 episode of SmackDown, The Corre endured further misery when Big Show and Kane won the championship from Gabriel and Slater. The Corre failed to regain the tag team titles despite Gabriel and Slater, as well as Barrett and Jackson challenging Big Show and Kane on the April 29 episode of SmackDown and at Extreme Rules on May 1, respectively. Tensions within the group began to flare due to failed interference in each other's matches. On the May 6 episode of SmackDown, Jackson refused to celebrate with the rest of The Corre when he defeated Big Show, instead choosing to walk out on them after his match, thus leading to Barrett, Gabriel and Slater attacking him backstage and removing him from the group. This started a feud between Barrett and Jackson, who challenged Barrett for the Intercontinental Championship twice, but failed to win the title since he won the bouts on May 22 at Over the Limit by disqualification and on the June 3 episode of SmackDown by countout instead of a pinfall or a submission. On the June 10 episode of SmackDown, Barrett, fleeing from Jackson, walked out on Gabriel and Slater in a six-man tag team match against Jackson and The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso), leaving them handicapped and causing them to lose the match, after which Gabriel and Slater confronted Barrett and declared the dissolution of the faction. Championships and accomplishments World Wrestling Entertainment WWE Intercontinental Championship (1 time) – Barrett WWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Slater and Gabriel References ^ a b c "Online World of Wrestling Profile". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ a b "CageMatch Profile" (in German). CageMatch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Caldwell, James. "Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 1/3: Complete "virtual time" coverage on wasef live Raw - Miz vs. Morrison WWE Title match to start 2011". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Caldwell, James (January 5, 2011). "WWE News: Smackdown Spoilers – four big developments at Tuesday's TV taping for Friday's first episode of 2011". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Plummer, Dale (January 10, 2011). "Raw: CM Punk thins out the ranks". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Tedesco, Mike. "Smackdown Results - 1/14/11". Wrestleview. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Hillhouse, Dave. "Smackdown: Run, Edge, run!". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Cupach, Michael. "WWE Smackdown Report 1/21: Cupach's debut alt. perspective review of Edge vs. Gabriel, Miz on Smackdown, Rumble hype". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Keller, Wade (January 30, 2011). "Keller's WWE Royal Rumble results 1/30: Ongoing coverage of Biggest Royal Rumble Ever and Three Title Matches". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ "WWE Elimination Chamber live coverage from Oakland". Wrestling Observer. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ "Slater & Gabriel's second reign". WWE. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Hillhouse, Dave (February 20, 2011). "Elimination Chamber mostly eliminates dramatic intrigue". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Plummer, Dale (2011-02-22). "Raw: Triple H crashes Undertaker's return". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Slater & Gabriel's third reign". WWE. Retrieved 3 September 2011. ^ "History of the Intercontinental Championship: Wade Barrett". World Wrestling Entertainment. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011. ^ "WrestleMania 27 live coverage from the Georgia Dome". Wrestling Observer. Retrieved 3 September 2011. ^ Caldwell, James. "Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 4/4: Complete "virtual time" coverage of live Raw - The Rock & Austin live, fall-out from WrestleMania 27, Sin Cara debuts". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Parks, Gref. "Parks' WWE Smackdown Report 4/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of the show, including Alberto Del Rio's retirement party for Edge". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ "CageMatch Kane and Big Show's matches" (in German). CageMatch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Parks, Greg. "Parks' WWE Smackdown Report 4/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of the show, including Alberto Del Rio's retirement party for Edge". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Hillhouse, Dave (May 7, 2011). "Smackdown: Peeps have a say". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ "Wade Barrett's matches against Ezekiel Jackson" (in German). CageMatch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ Parks, Greg. "Parks' WWE Smackdown Report 6/10: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of the show, including follow-up to Christian's turn on Orton". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011. vteWWE World Tag Team Champions2000s Chris Benoit and Kurt Angle Edge and Rey Mysterio Los Guerreros (Chavo Guerrero and Eddie Guerrero) Team Angle/World's Greatest Tag Team (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) Eddie Guerrero and Tajiri Basham Brothers (Danny Basham and Doug Basham) Rikishi and Scotty 2 Hotty Charlie Haas and Rico Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) Billy Kidman and Paul London Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée Rey Mysterio and Rob Van Dam Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio MNM (Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro) Legion of Doom (Animal and Heidenreich) Batista and Rey Mysterio Paul London and Brian Kendrick Deuce 'n Domino Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter John Morrison and the Miz Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder The Colóns (Carlito and Primo) Edge and Chris Jericho Jeri-Show (Big Show and Chris Jericho) D-Generation X (Shawn Michaels and Triple H) 2010s ShoMiz (Big Show and The Miz) The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd) Cody Rhodes and Drew McIntyre The Nexus (David Otunga and John Cena) The Nexus/The Corre (Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel) Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov John Cena and The Miz Big Show and Kane The New Nexus (David Otunga and Michael McGillicutty) Air Boom (Evan Bourne and Kofi Kingston) Primo and Epico Kofi Kingston and R-Truth Team Hell No (Daniel Bryan and Kane) The Shield (Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins) Cody Rhodes and Goldust/Gold and Stardust New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) Damien Mizdow and The Miz Tyson Kidd and Cesaro The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods) The Prime Time Players (Darren Young and Titus O'Neil) Cesaro and Sheamus) The O.C. (Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson) Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins Jason Jordan and Seth Rollins Braun Strowman and Nicholas Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) Dolph Ziggler and Drew McIntyre AOP (Akam and Rezar) Bobby Roode and Chad Gable The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) Braun Strowman and Seth Rollins Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) 2020s Buddy Murphy and Seth Rollins Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) The New Day (Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods) The Hurt Business (Cedric Alexander and Shelton Benjamin) AJ Styles and Omos RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) Alpha Academy (Chad Gable and Otis) Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn The Judgment Day (Finn Bálor and Damian Priest) Cody Rhodes and Jey Uso Awesome Truth (The Miz and R-Truth) (current) vteThe NexusOriginal stable Wade Barrett Daniel Bryan Darren Young Skip Sheffield Michael Tarver Justin Gabriel Heath Slater David Otunga John Cena Husky Harris Michael McGillicutty The New Nexus CM Punk David Otunga Husky Harris Michael McGillicutty Mason Ryan See also The Corre NXT (WWE brand)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Corrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWOW-1"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Stable"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM-2"},{"link_name":"Wade Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Barrett"},{"link_name":"The Nexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nexus_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM-2"},{"link_name":"Heath Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Slater"},{"link_name":"Justin Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Black"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_Jackson"}],"text":"This article is about the professional wrestling stable. For the Irish band, see The Corrs.Professional wrestling stableThe Corre[1] was a short-lived villainous stable in WWE.[2] Formed in 2011, the group was a spinoff of Wade Barrett's former group The Nexus.[2] The stable was formed after Barrett left The Nexus and aligned himself with Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel, both of whom were also Nexus members, while Ezekiel Jackson rounded out the group.","title":"The Corre"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wade Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Barrett"},{"link_name":"The Nexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nexus_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"CM Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM_Punk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Heath Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Slater"},{"link_name":"Justin Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Black"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_Jackson"},{"link_name":"body slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_slam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-start-6"},{"link_name":"feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rumble_(2011)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Danielson"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Randy Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Orton"},{"link_name":"Rey Mysterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Mysterio"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Nash"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"After Wade Barrett was kicked out of The Nexus by new leader CM Punk,[3] he moved from Raw to SmackDown.[4] While under CM Punk, Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel refused to perform their initiation to stay in the group and left The Nexus.[5] On the January 14 episode of SmackDown, Gabriel and Slater interfered during Barrett's match with Big Show, attacking Show. They were joined by Ezekiel Jackson who continued the attack by performing a body slam on Big Show.[6] Big Show continued to feud with the group throughout its existence and on the January 21 episode of SmackDown, the group named themselves The Corre, while also announcing that The Corre would be leaderless as all the members were equals.[7][8] They all competed in the Royal Rumble on January 30, but were all eliminated by different wrestlers (in order: Gabriel by Daniel Bryan, Slater by John Cena, Jackson by Kane, and Barrett by Randy Orton) with Jackson eliminating Big Show and Barrett eliminating Rey Mysterio and Diesel, and making it to the final four.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWOW-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWOW-1"},{"link_name":"Elimination Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_Chamber_(2011)"},{"link_name":"WWE Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Santino Marella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santino_Marella"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kozlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kozlov"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagReign1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_(WWE,_2002%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Elimination Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_Chamber"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"WWE Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Miz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"WWE Tag Team Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Champions"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagReign2-14"},{"link_name":"Kofi Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IC-15"}],"sub_title":"Championship wins","text":"Throughout its tenure, the Corre often employed interference during matches and frequent post-match attacks.[1] Tensions between the members of The Corre and The Nexus led to two brawls between the groups on Raw and before the Royal Rumble match.[1] At Elimination Chamber on February 20, Gabriel and Slater became the first to gain a championship within The Corre, as they won the WWE Tag Team Championship by defeating Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov.[10] This began Gabriel and Slater's second reign as WWE Tag Team Champions after their first reign as part of The Nexus.[11] At the same event, Barrett received his first opportunity at the World Heavyweight Championship when he took part in the SmackDown Elimination Chamber match, but failed to win the championship when being eliminated by The Corre's nemesis, Big Show.[12] The following night on Raw, Gabriel and Slater lost the championship to John Cena and WWE Champion The Miz.[13] However, Gabriel and Slater immediately invoked their rematch clause and won the rematch and the championship to start their third reign as WWE Tag Team Champions.[14] On the March 25 episode of SmackDown, Barrett added to The Corre another championship when he defeated Kofi Kingston to win his first singles title, the Intercontinental Championship.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corre_gang_attack.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania XXVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_XXVII"},{"link_name":"eight-man tag team match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types#multiple_man_teamed_matches"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Big Show and Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show_and_Kane"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Extreme Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Rules_(2011)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byebyezeke-21"},{"link_name":"Over the Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Limit_(2011)"},{"link_name":"disqualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Disqualification"},{"link_name":"countout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Countout"},{"link_name":"pinfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Pinfall"},{"link_name":"submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling#Submission"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"six-man tag team match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types#multiple_man_teamed_matches"},{"link_name":"The Usos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Usos"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-end-23"}],"sub_title":"Downturn and breakup","text":"The four members of The Corre attacking John Cena and The RockThings took a turn for the worse for The Corre when the group was soundly beaten at WrestleMania XXVII in an eight-man tag team match against Big Show, Kane, Kofi Kingston, and Santino Marella in under two minutes.[16] The following night on Raw, hoping to make a statement, The Corre attacked John Cena and The Rock, but the duo overwhelmed them.[17] On the April 22 episode of SmackDown, The Corre endured further misery when Big Show and Kane won the championship from Gabriel and Slater.[18] The Corre failed to regain the tag team titles despite Gabriel and Slater, as well as Barrett and Jackson challenging Big Show and Kane on the April 29 episode of SmackDown and at Extreme Rules on May 1, respectively.[19] Tensions within the group began to flare due to failed interference in each other's matches.[20] On the May 6 episode of SmackDown, Jackson refused to celebrate with the rest of The Corre when he defeated Big Show, instead choosing to walk out on them after his match, thus leading to Barrett, Gabriel and Slater attacking him backstage and removing him from the group.[21] This started a feud between Barrett and Jackson, who challenged Barrett for the Intercontinental Championship twice, but failed to win the title since he won the bouts on May 22 at Over the Limit by disqualification and on the June 3 episode of SmackDown by countout instead of a pinfall or a submission.[22] On the June 10 episode of SmackDown, Barrett, fleeing from Jackson, walked out on Gabriel and Slater in a six-man tag team match against Jackson and The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso), leaving them handicapped and causing them to lose the match, after which Gabriel and Slater confronted Barrett and declared the dissolution of the faction.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wrestling Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WWE Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_Intercontinental_Champions"},{"link_name":"WWE Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Champions"}],"text":"World Wrestling Entertainment\nWWE Intercontinental Championship (1 time) – Barrett\nWWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – Slater and Gabriel","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]
[{"image_text":"The four members of The Corre attacking John Cena and The Rock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corre_gang_attack.jpg/300px-Corre_gang_attack.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Online World of Wrestling Profile\". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/c/corre.html","url_text":"\"Online World of Wrestling Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"CageMatch Profile\" (in German). CageMatch. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://cagematch.de/?id=29&nr=936","url_text":"\"CageMatch Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James. \"Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 1/3: Complete \"virtual time\" coverage on wasef live Raw - Miz vs. Morrison WWE Title match to start 2011\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_46500.shtml","url_text":"\"Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 1/3: Complete \"virtual time\" coverage on wasef live Raw - Miz vs. Morrison WWE Title match to start 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James (January 5, 2011). \"WWE News: Smackdown Spoilers – four big developments at Tuesday's TV taping for Friday's first episode of 2011\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_46536.shtml","url_text":"\"WWE News: Smackdown Spoilers – four big developments at Tuesday's TV taping for Friday's first episode of 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Plummer, Dale (January 10, 2011). \"Raw: CM Punk thins out the ranks\". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113080750/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/01/10/16837026.html","url_text":"\"Raw: CM Punk thins out the ranks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer","url_text":"Canadian Online Explorer"},{"url":"http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/01/10/16837026.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tedesco, Mike. \"Smackdown Results - 1/14/11\". Wrestleview. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1295060705","url_text":"\"Smackdown Results - 1/14/11\""}]},{"reference":"Hillhouse, Dave. \"Smackdown: Run, Edge, run!\". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150505054951/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/01/22/pf-16992366.html","url_text":"\"Smackdown: Run, Edge, run!\""},{"url":"http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/01/22/pf-16992366.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cupach, Michael. \"WWE Smackdown Report 1/21: Cupach's debut alt. perspective review of Edge vs. Gabriel, Miz on Smackdown, Rumble hype\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_46977.shtml","url_text":"\"WWE Smackdown Report 1/21: Cupach's debut alt. perspective review of Edge vs. Gabriel, Miz on Smackdown, Rumble hype\""}]},{"reference":"Keller, Wade (January 30, 2011). \"Keller's WWE Royal Rumble results 1/30: Ongoing coverage of Biggest Royal Rumble Ever and Three Title Matches\". Pro Wrestling Torch. 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Retrieved 3 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/component/content/article/20116/","url_text":"\"WrestleMania 27 live coverage from the Georgia Dome\""}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James. \"Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 4/4: Complete \"virtual time\" coverage of live Raw - The Rock & Austin live, fall-out from WrestleMania 27, Sin Cara debuts\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_49042.shtml","url_text":"\"Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 4/4: Complete \"virtual time\" coverage of live Raw - The Rock & Austin live, fall-out from WrestleMania 27, Sin Cara debuts\""}]},{"reference":"Parks, Gref. \"Parks' WWE Smackdown Report 4/22: Ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of the show, including Alberto Del Rio's retirement party for Edge\". Pro Wrestling Torch. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_national_football_team
Zimbabwe national football team
["1 History","2 Kit provider","3 Results and fixtures","3.1 2023","3.2 2024","4 Coaching history","5 Players","5.1 Current squad","5.2 Recent call-ups","6 Records","6.1 Most appearances","6.2 Top goalscorers","7 Competitive record","7.1 FIFA World Cup","7.2 Africa Cup of Nations","7.3 African Nations Championship","7.4 African Games","7.5 COSAFA Cup","7.6 CECAFA Cup","8 Honours","9 References","10 External links"]
Men's association football team This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Zimbabwe women's national football team. ZimbabweNickname(s)The WarriorsAssociationZimbabwe Football Association (ZIFA)ConfederationCAF (Africa)Sub-confederationCOSAFA (Southern Africa)Head coachJairos Tapera (interim)CaptainMarvelous NakambaMost capsPeter Ndlovu (81)Top scorerPeter Ndlovu (37)Home stadiumNational Sports StadiumFIFA codeZIM First colours Second colours Third colours FIFA rankingCurrent 122 2 (4 April 2024)Highest39 (April 1994)Lowest131 (October 2009, February–March 2016)First international Southern Rhodesia 0–4 Northern Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia; 1946)Biggest win Botswana 0–7 Zimbabwe (Gaborone, Botswana; 26 August 1990)Biggest defeat South Africa 7–0 Rhodesia (South Africa; 9 April 1977)Africa Cup of NationsAppearances5 (first in 2004)Best resultGroup stage (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021)African Nations ChampionshipAppearances5 (first in 2009)Best resultFourth place (2014)COSAFA CupAppearances20 (first in 1997)Best resultChampions (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018)Four Nations Football TournamentAppearances1 (first in 2024)Best resultRunner-up (2024) Medal record COSAFA Cup 2000 Southern Africa 2003 Southern Africa 2005 Southern Africa 2009 Zimbabwe 2017 South Africa 2018 South Africa 1998 Southern Africa 2001 Southern Africa 2013 Zambia Team 2019 South Africa CECAFA Cup 1985 Zimbabwe 1983 Kenya 1982 Uganda The Zimbabwe national football team (nicknamed The Warriors) represents Zimbabwe in men's international football and is controlled by the Zimbabwe Football Association (ZIFA), formerly known as the Football Association of Rhodesia. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals, but has qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations five times. Zimbabwe has also won the COSAFA Cup a record six times. The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF). History Southern Rhodesia played their first official match against the England Amateur national football team as part of the latter's tour of South Africa and Rhodesia in June 1929. Southern Rhodesia lost their first two matches against England 4–0 and 6–1, respectively. In 1965, following Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence as Rhodesia, FIFA requested that the Football Association of Rhodesia reform to be a multi-racial organisation. Prior to this, only white Rhodesians were selected for the national football team but after 1965 the team became multi-racial. In 1969, Rhodesia took part in the Oceanic 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament. This was their first attempt to qualify for the FIFA World Cup. Contrary to the team being viewed as the representative team of white Rhodesians, the team was multi-racial including black players. They were drawn against the Australia national football team. Both legs were held in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique as the Rhodesian team were unable to get Australian visas. Rhodesia drew the first leg 1–1 but lost the second leg 3–1 thus eliminating Rhodesia from qualification. In 1980, following the country's reconstitution as Zimbabwe, they played their first FIFA World Cup qualifying match for 11 years against the Cameroon national football team. However they lost 2–1 on aggregate after a 1–0 win in the first leg in Salisbury and a 2–0 loss in the second leg. Following this, the country passed a law that people who held British passports would not be permitted to hold a Zimbabwean passport, which mean that players such as goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, who is considered to be Zimbabwe's greatest goalkeeper, were not selected for the national team for 10 years. Following a change in policy that allowed Grobbelaar to play for Zimbabwe, who entered the country on his British passport, Zimbabwe under manager Reinhard Fabisch were one match away from qualifying for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. However, they lost their final qualifying match to Cameroon. In 2004, Zimbabwe qualified for their first Africa Cup of Nations. During their first match against Egypt, their former anthem "Ishe Komborera Africa" was accidentally played instead of "Simudzai Mureza wedu weZimbabwe", an act which Information Minister Jonathan Moyo called "a cheap attempt by the organisers to demoralise our boys". In 2015, the Zimbabwe national football team were banned from participating in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying due to an unpaid debt to former coach, José Claudinei. At the time, the team was experiencing its strongest period for many years, qualifying for both the 2017 and 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. On 1 March 2022, Zimbabwe, along with Kenya, was suspended again from international sport due to the interference of the government. Earlier in November 2021, Harare and Nairobi dissolved their federations and were replaced with government-officials. On 31 March, the suspension was made indefinitely and was ratified by FIFA. Suspension is set until Zimbabwe and Kenya meet the demands given by FIFA. The team has produced some of the finest footballers the likes of the legendary Peter Ndlovu who played for Zimbabwe 100 times. He featured in the English premier for Coventry City, Birmingham City, Sheffield United and Huddersfield. Peter Ndlovu is well remembered for the hatrick he scored at Anfield against Liverpool, Bruce Grobelaar former Liverpool Goalkeeper, Norman Mapeza former Galatasary defender, Benjan Mwaruwaru former Man city player. Knowledge Musona former Anderletch and Bundesliga player. Khama Billiat former Mamelodi Sundowns and Kaizer Chiefs player. Kit provider Kit provider Period L-Sporto 2004–2005 Legea 2006–2009 Puma 2010–2012 Umbro 2013–2014 Joma 2015–2016 Mafro 2017–2018 Umbro 2019–2022 Puma 2023–present Results and fixtures Main article: Zimbabwe national football team results (2020–present) The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.   Win   Draw   Loss   Fixture 2023 Zimbabwe  v  Namibia 4 September Friendly Zimbabwe  2–2 (5–4 p)  Namibia Harare, Zimbabwe Msebe 2' F. Banda 36' Report Eliakim 30' Kambanda 68' Stadium: National Sports Stadium Botswana  v  Zimbabwe 30 September Friendly Botswana  1–1 (4–3 p)  Zimbabwe Gaborone, Botswana16:00 UTC+2 Maswena 68' Report Chirinda 65' Stadium: Botswana National Stadium Rwanda  v  Zimbabwe 15 November 2026 World Cup qualification Rwanda  0–0  Zimbabwe Butare, Rwanda15:00 UTC+2 Report Stadium: Stade HuyeReferee: Mohamed Ali Moussa (Niger) Zimbabwe  v  Nigeria 19 November 2026 World Cup qualification Zimbabwe  1–1  Nigeria Butare, Rwanda15:00 UTC+2 Musona 26' Report Iheanacho 67' Stadium: Stade HuyeAttendance: 2,876Referee: Souleiman Ahmed Djama (Djibouti) 2024 Zambia  v  Zimbabwe 23 March Friendly Zambia  2–2 (5–6 p)  Zimbabwe Lilongwe, Malawi Report Stadium: Bingu National Stadium Zimbabwe  v  Kenya 26 March Friendly Zimbabwe  1–3  Kenya Lilongwe, Malawi Report Stadium: Bingu National Stadium Zimbabwe  v  Lesotho 7 June 2026 World Cup qualification Zimbabwe  0–2  Lesotho Johannesburg, South Africa15:00 UTC+2 Report Rasethuntša 21' Thabantso 31' Stadium: Orlando StadiumReferee: Thulani Sibandze (Eswatini)South Africa  v  Zimbabwe 11 June 2026 World Cup qualification South Africa  3–1  Zimbabwe Bloemfontein, South Africa18:00 UTC+2 Rayners 1' Morena 55', 76' Report Chirewa 2' Stadium: Free State StadiumReferee: Mohamed Maarouf Eid Mansour (Egypt) Coaching history Caretaker managers are listed in italics. Danny McLennan (1965–1969) Bill Asprey (1975–1977) John Rugg (1980-1981) Shepherd Murape (1981–1983) Mick Poole (1985) Ben Koufie (1988–1992) Reinhard Fabisch (1992–1995) Rudi Gutendorf (1995–1996) Bruce Grobbelaar (1996) Ian Porterfield (1996–1997) Sunday Chidzambwa (1997) Bruce Grobbelaar (1997) Roy Barreto (1997–1998) Bruce Grobbelaar (1998) Clemens Westerhof (1998–2000) Misheck Chidzambwa (2000) Sunday Chidzambwa (2000–2002) Wiesław Grabowski (2002) Sunday Chidzambwa (2003–2004) Rahman Gumbo (2004) Charles Mhlauri (2004–2007) Sunday Chidzambwa (2007) Norman Mapeza (2007) Luke Masomore (2007-2008) José Claudinei (2008) Sunday Chidzambwa (2008–2009) Norman Mapeza (2009–2010) Tom Saintfiet (2010) Madinda Ndlovu (2010–2011) Norman Mapeza (2011–2012) Rahman Gumbo (2012) Klaus Dieter Pagels (2012–2013) Ian Gorowa (2013–2014) Callisto Pasuwa (2015–2017) Wilson Mutekede (2017) Sunday Chidzambwa (2017–2019) Joey Antipas (2019–2020) Zdravko Logarušić (2020–2021) Norman Mapeza (2021–2022) Wilson Mutekede (2022) Shepherd Murape (2022-2023) Sunday Chidzambwa (2023) Baltemar Brito (2023-2024) Norman Mapeza (2024) Jairos Tapera (2024-) Players Current squad The following players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Lesotho and South Africa on 7 and 11 June 2024. Caps and goals are correct as of 11 June 2024, after the match against South Africa. No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1GK Bernard Donovan (1995-07-12) 12 July 1995 (age 28) 6 0 Chicken Inn 1GK Martin Mapisa (1998-05-25) 25 May 1998 (age 26) 2 0 Dynamos 1GK Godfrey Chitsumba (1998-09-18) 18 September 1998 (age 25) 1 0 Manica Diamonds 2DF Teenage Hadebe (1995-09-17) 17 September 1995 (age 28) 40 4 Konyaspor 2DF Divine Lunga (1995-05-28) 28 May 1995 (age 29) 23 0 Mamelodi Sundowns 2DF Gerald Takwara (1994-10-29) 29 October 1994 (age 29) 20 0 Ohod 2DF Andrew Mbeba (2000-02-19) 19 February 2000 (age 24) 7 0 Highlanders 2DF Godknows Murwira (1993-07-04) 4 July 1993 (age 30) 6 0 CAPS United 2DF Munashe Garananga (2001-01-18) 18 January 2001 (age 23) 4 0 Mechelen 2DF Brendan Galloway (1996-03-17) 17 March 1996 (age 28) 3 0 Plymouth Argyle 2DF Shane Maroodza (2004-05-18) 18 May 2004 (age 20) 0 0 Huddersfield Town 3MF Marshall Munetsi (1996-06-22) 22 June 1996 (age 27) 29 1 Stade de Reims 3MF Walter Musona (1995-12-12) 12 December 1995 (age 28) 10 2 Platinum 3MF Jordan Zemura (1999-11-14) 14 November 1999 (age 24) 10 0 Udinese 3MF Andy Rinomhota (1997-04-21) 21 April 1997 (age 27) 5 0 Cardiff City 3MF Daniel Msendami (2000-10-24) 24 October 2000 (age 23) 4 0 Jwaneng Galaxy 3MF Tawanda Maswanhise (2002-11-20) 20 November 2002 (age 21) 3 0 Leicester City 3MF Joey Phuthi (2005-01-02) 2 January 2005 (age 19) 1 0 Sheffield Wednesday 3MF Tivonge Rushesha (2002-07-24) 24 July 2002 (age 21) 0 0 Reading 4FW Tino Kadewere (1996-01-05) 5 January 1996 (age 28) 27 3 Nantes 4FW Tawanda Chirewa (2003-10-11) 11 October 2003 (age 20) 2 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers 4FW Tymon Machope (1993-07-03) 3 July 1993 (age 30) 2 0 Simba Bhora 4FW Douglas Mapfumo (2000-03-01) 1 March 2000 (age 24) 1 0 Polokwane City Recent call-ups The following players have been called up for Zimbabwe in the last 12 months. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up GK Washington Arubi (1985-08-29) 29 August 1985 (age 38) 30 0 SuperSport United v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 DF Peter Muduhwa (1993-08-11) 11 August 1993 (age 30) 14 0 Highlanders v.  Kenya; 26 March 2024 DF Frank Makarati (1994-03-14) 14 March 1994 (age 30) 1 0 Dynamos v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 MF Marvelous Nakamba (1994-01-19) 19 January 1994 (age 30) 28 0 Luton Town v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 MF Brian Banda (1995-09-09) 9 September 1995 (age 28) 7 0 Platinum v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 MF Tanaka Shandirwa (1999-12-04) 4 December 1999 (age 24) 3 0 Dynamos v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 FW Prince Dube (1997-02-17) 17 February 1997 (age 27) 16 7 Azam v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 FW Terrence Dzvukamanja (1994-05-05) 5 May 1994 (age 30) 16 0 SuperSport United v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 FW Admiral Muskwe (1998-08-21) 21 August 1998 (age 25) 7 1 Exeter City v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 FW Obriel Chirinda (1997-01-28) 28 January 1997 (age 27) 6 1 Bulawayo Chiefs v.  Nigeria; 19 November 2023 DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up. INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. PRE Preliminary squad. RET Player has retired from international football. SUS Suspended from the national team, red or yellow cards. Records As of 19 November 2023 Players in bold are still active with Zimbabwe. Most appearances Rank Player Caps Goals Career 1 Peter Ndlovu 81 37 1991–2007 2 John Phiri U 62 1 1983–1997 3 Adam Ndlovu 57 34 1990–2004 4 Esrom Nyandoro 56 4 2001–2012 5 Dumisani Mpofu 52 0 1996–2006 Knowledge Musona 52 25 2010–present 7 Khama Billiat 51 17 2011–2021 8 Ovidy Karuru 50 7 2007–2021 9 Ronald Sibanda 49 3 1997–2007 10 Onismor Bhasera 45 0 2006–present Note: U indicates that a player's statistics are unverified. Top goalscorers Rank Player Goals Caps Ratio Career 1 Peter Ndlovu 37 81 0.46 1991–2007 2 Adam Ndlovu 34 57 0.6 2010–2012 3 Knowledge Musona 25 52 0.48 2010–present 4 Agent Sawu 18 57 0.32 1990–2004 5 Khama Billiat 17 48 0.35 2011–2021 6 Vitalis Takawira 12 30 0.4 1992–1998 7 Luke Jukulile 10 15 0.67 2000–2001 Benjani Mwaruwari 10 42 0.24 1999–2010 9 Cuthbert Malajila 9 32 0.28 2008–2017 10 Gilbert Mushangazhike 8 26 0.31 1997–2008 Benjamin Nkonjera 8 28 0.29 1993–1998 Competitive record FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup Qualification Year Round Position Pld W D* L GF GA Pld W D L GF GA 1930 to 1962 Part of  United Kingdom Part of  United Kingdom as  Rhodesia as  Rhodesia 1966 Did not enter Did not enter 1970 Did not qualify from Asia/Oceania zone 3 0 2 1 2 4 1974 Did not enter Did not enter 1978 as  Zimbabwe as  Zimbabwe 1982 Did not qualify from African zone 2 1 0 1 1 2 1986 2 0 1 1 1 2 1990 4 0 1 3 1 10 1994 10 6 2 2 11 10 1998 8 2 2 4 10 10 2002 8 6 0 2 11 6 2006 12 5 3 4 17 16 2010 6 1 3 2 4 6 2014 6 0 2 4 4 9 2018 Expelled from qualifying competition Expelled from qualifying competition 2022 Did not qualify from African zone 8 1 2 5 5 9 2026 To be determined 4 0 2 2 2 6 2030 To be determined 2034 Total — 0/15 — — — — — — 73 22 20 31 69 90 Africa Cup of Nations Africa Cup of Nations record Appearances: 5 Year Round Position Pld W D* L GF GA 1957 to 1980 Not affiliated to CAF 1982 to 2002 Did not qualify 2004 Group stage 14th 3 1 0 2 6 8 2006 13th 3 1 0 2 2 5 2008 to 2015 Did not qualify 2017 Group stage 14th 3 0 1 2 4 8 2019 21st 3 0 1 2 1 6 2021 17th 3 1 0 2 3 4 2023 Disqualified due to FIFA suspension 2025 To be determined 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037 Total Group stage 5/41 15 3 2 10 16 31 African Nations Championship African Nations Championship record Appearances: 5 Year Round Position Pld W D* L GF GA 2009 Group stage 6th 3 0 3 0 3 3 2011 11th 3 1 0 2 2 3 2014 Fourth place 4th 6 2 3 1 3 2 2016 Group stage 13th 3 0 1 2 1 3 2018 Did not qualify 2020 Group stage 16th 3 0 0 3 1 5 2022 Did not qualify Total Fourth place 5/7 18 3 7 8 10 16 African Games African Games Year Result M W D L GF GA 1965-1987 DNE 1991–present See Zimbabwe national under-23 football team Total 4/4 0 0 0 0 0 0 COSAFA Cup 1997 – Qualifying round 1998 – Second place 1999 – Quarter-finals 2000 – Winners 2001 – Second place 2002 – Quarter-finals 2003 – Winners 2004 – Semi-finals 2005 – Winners 2006 – Semi-finals 2007 – First round 2008 – Quarter-finals 2009 – Winners 2010 – Cancelled 2013 – Second place 2015 – Group stage 2016 – Group stage 2017 – Winners 2018 – Winners 2019 – Third place 2020 – Cancelled 2021 – Group stage CECAFA Cup 1981 – Group stage 1982 – Third place 1983 – Second place 1984 – Group stage 1985 – Winners 1987 – Second place 1988 – Fourth place 1989 – Group stage 1990 – Group stage 2009 – Quarter-finals 2011 – Quarter-finals Honours COSAFA Cup Champions (6): 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018 Runners-up (3): 1998, 2001, 2013 CECAFA Cup Champions (1): 1985 Runners-up (2): 1983, 1987 Afro-Asian Games Bronze Medal (1): 2003 Four Nations Football Tournament Runners-up (1): 2024 References ^ "The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking". FIFA. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ Elo rankings change compared to one year ago. "World Football Elo Ratings". eloratings.net. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024. ^ "England Matches – Unofficial". Englandfootballonline.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ Gilchrist, Paul (2013). The Politics of Sport: Community, Mobility, Identity. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-1317990994. ^ a b "When Rhodesia flirted with the World Cup". FIFA.com. 29 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Cameroon national football team: record v Zimbabwe". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises Limited. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "1982 FIFA World Cup Spain – Matches – Zimbabwe-Cameroon". FIFA.com. 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Bruce Grobbelaar: Zimbabwe's Legendary Goalkeeper". Boxscore World Sportswire. 28 August 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023. ^ a b Hawkey, Ian. "When Peter Ndlovu and Bruce Grobbelaar made Zimbabwe dare to dream". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2015. ^ "World Cup 1994 Qualifying". Rsssf. 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Anger over Zimbabwe anthem gaffe". BBC News. 26 January 2004. Archived from the original on 29 February 2004. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Zimbabwe expelled from 2018 World Cup". BBC Sport. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Final 23". twitter.com/online_zifa. Zimbabwe Football Association Twitter. 29 May 2024. ^ "Zimbabwe". National Football Teams. ^ "Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia". FIFA.com. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. ^ Chaudhuri, Arunava; Stokkermans, Karel (2001). "Afro-Asian Games 2003". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zimbabwe national football team. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimbabwe women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"COSAFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Confederation of African Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football"}],"text":"This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Zimbabwe women's national football team.The Zimbabwe national football team (nicknamed The Warriors) represents Zimbabwe in men's international football and is controlled by the Zimbabwe Football Association (ZIFA), formerly known as the Football Association of Rhodesia. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals, but has qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations five times. Zimbabwe has also won the COSAFA Cup a record six times. The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).","title":"Zimbabwe national football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England Amateur national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Amateur_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"white Rhodesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rhodesians"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1970 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC_and_OFC)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa-5"},{"link_name":"Australia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Lourenço Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa-5"},{"link_name":"Cameroon national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"British passports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_passport"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_passport"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grobbelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-9"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Fabisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Fabisch"},{"link_name":"1994 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ishe Komborera Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishe_Komborera_Africa"},{"link_name":"Simudzai Mureza wedu weZimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simudzai_Mureza_wedu_weZimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Moyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Moyo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualifying"},{"link_name":"José Claudinei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Claudinei"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2019 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"}],"text":"Southern Rhodesia played their first official match against the England Amateur national football team as part of the latter's tour of South Africa and Rhodesia in June 1929. Southern Rhodesia lost their first two matches against England 4–0 and 6–1, respectively.[3] In 1965, following Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence as Rhodesia, FIFA requested that the Football Association of Rhodesia reform to be a multi-racial organisation. Prior to this, only white Rhodesians were selected for the national football team but after 1965 the team became multi-racial.[4] In 1969, Rhodesia took part in the Oceanic 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament. This was their first attempt to qualify for the FIFA World Cup. Contrary to the team being viewed as the representative team of white Rhodesians, the team was multi-racial including black players.[5] They were drawn against the Australia national football team. Both legs were held in Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique as the Rhodesian team were unable to get Australian visas. Rhodesia drew the first leg 1–1 but lost the second leg 3–1 thus eliminating Rhodesia from qualification.[5]In 1980, following the country's reconstitution as Zimbabwe, they played their first FIFA World Cup qualifying match for 11 years against the Cameroon national football team. However they lost 2–1 on aggregate after a 1–0 win in the first leg in Salisbury and a 2–0 loss in the second leg.[6][7] Following this, the country passed a law that people who held British passports would not be permitted to hold a Zimbabwean passport, which mean that players such as goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, who is considered to be Zimbabwe's greatest goalkeeper, [8]were not selected for the national team for 10 years.[9] Following a change in policy that allowed Grobbelaar to play for Zimbabwe, who entered the country on his British passport, Zimbabwe under manager Reinhard Fabisch were one match away from qualifying for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. However, they lost their final qualifying match to Cameroon.[9][10]In 2004, Zimbabwe qualified for their first Africa Cup of Nations. During their first match against Egypt, their former anthem \"Ishe Komborera Africa\" was accidentally played instead of \"Simudzai Mureza wedu weZimbabwe\", an act which Information Minister Jonathan Moyo called \"a cheap attempt by the organisers to demoralise our boys\".[11]In 2015, the Zimbabwe national football team were banned from participating in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying due to an unpaid debt to former coach, José Claudinei.[12] At the time, the team was experiencing its strongest period for many years, qualifying for both the 2017 and 2019 Africa Cup of Nations.On 1 March 2022, Zimbabwe, along with Kenya, was suspended again from international sport due to the interference of the government. Earlier in November 2021, Harare and Nairobi dissolved their federations and were replaced with government-officials. On 31 March, the suspension was made indefinitely and was ratified by FIFA. Suspension is set until Zimbabwe and Kenya meet the demands given by FIFA. The team has produced some of the finest footballers the likes of the legendary Peter Ndlovu who played for Zimbabwe 100 times. He featured in the English premier for Coventry City, Birmingham City, Sheffield United and Huddersfield. Peter Ndlovu is well remembered for the hatrick he scored at Anfield against Liverpool, Bruce Grobelaar former Liverpool Goalkeeper, Norman Mapeza former Galatasary defender, Benjan Mwaruwaru former Man city player. Knowledge Musona former Anderletch and Bundesliga player. Khama Billiat former Mamelodi Sundowns and Kaizer Chiefs player.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kit provider"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.Win\n  Draw\n  Loss\n  Fixture","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Msebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mthokozisi_Msebe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F. Banda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farai_Banda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newzimbabwe.com/warriors-make-winning-return-to-international-football-with-penalty-shootout-win-against-namibia/"},{"link_name":"Eliakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Eliakim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kambanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Kambanda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Sports Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Stadium_(Zimbabwe)"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gaborone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2023-09-30/botswana-vs-zimbabwe/3205193/"},{"link_name":"Chirinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obriel_Chirinda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Botswana National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2026 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CAF_Group_C#RWA_v_ZIM"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Butare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butare"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/520/288282/288289/400017591"},{"link_name":"Stade Huye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Huye"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerien_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2026 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CAF_Group_C#ZIM_v_NGA"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Butare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butare"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Musona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Musona"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/520/288282/288289/400017592"},{"link_name":"Iheanacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelechi_Iheanacho"},{"link_name":"Stade Huye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Huye"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Zimbabwe  v  Namibia\n4 September Friendly Zimbabwe  2–2 (5–4 p)  Namibia Harare, Zimbabwe\n\nMsebe 2'\nF. Banda 36'\nReport\n\nEliakim 30'\nKambanda 68'\nStadium: National Sports StadiumBotswana  v  Zimbabwe\n30 September Friendly Botswana  1–1 (4–3 p)  Zimbabwe Gaborone, Botswana16:00 UTC+2\n\nMaswena 68'\nReport\n\nChirinda 65'\nStadium: Botswana National StadiumRwanda  v  Zimbabwe\n15 November 2026 World Cup qualification Rwanda  0–0  Zimbabwe Butare, Rwanda15:00 UTC+2\n\nReport\n\nStadium: Stade HuyeReferee: Mohamed Ali Moussa (Niger)Zimbabwe  v  Nigeria\n19 November 2026 World Cup qualification Zimbabwe  1–1  Nigeria Butare, Rwanda15:00 UTC+2\n\nMusona 26'\nReport\n\nIheanacho 67'\nStadium: Stade HuyeAttendance: 2,876Referee: Souleiman Ahmed Djama (Djibouti)","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lilongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilongwe"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/23/world/friendlies/zambia/zimbabwe/4336613/"},{"link_name":"Bingu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lilongwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilongwe"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/26/world/friendlies/kenya/zimbabwe/4343907/"},{"link_name":"Bingu National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingu_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2026 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CAF_Group_C#ZIM_v_LES"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/520/288282/288289/400018176"},{"link_name":"Rasethuntša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rethabile_Rasethunt%C5%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thabantso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Thabantso"},{"link_name":"Orlando Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2026 World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CAF_Group_C#RSA_v_ZIM"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"},{"link_name":"Rayners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqraam_Rayners"},{"link_name":"Morena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thapelo_Morena"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/520/288282/288289/400018179"},{"link_name":"Chirewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawanda_Chirewa"},{"link_name":"Free State Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"2024","text":"Zambia  v  Zimbabwe\n23 March Friendly Zambia  2–2 (5–6 p)  Zimbabwe Lilongwe, Malawi\n\nReport\n\nStadium: Bingu National StadiumZimbabwe  v  Kenya\n26 March Friendly Zimbabwe  1–3  Kenya Lilongwe, Malawi\n\nReport\n\nStadium: Bingu National StadiumZimbabwe  v  Lesotho\n7 June 2026 World Cup qualification Zimbabwe  0–2  Lesotho Johannesburg, South Africa15:00 UTC+2\n\nReport\n\nRasethuntša 21'\nThabantso 31'\nStadium: Orlando StadiumReferee: Thulani Sibandze (Eswatini)South Africa  v  Zimbabwe\n11 June 2026 World Cup qualification South Africa  3–1  Zimbabwe Bloemfontein, South Africa18:00 UTC+2\n\nRayners 1'\nMorena 55', 76'\nReport\n\nChirewa 2'\nStadium: Free State StadiumReferee: Mohamed Maarouf Eid Mansour (Egypt)","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Danny McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_McLennan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bill Asprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Asprey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"John Rugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Rugg_(football_manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Shepherd Murape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_Murape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mick Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Poole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Ben Koufie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Koufie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Fabisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Fabisch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Rudi Gutendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Gutendorf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grobbelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ian Porterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Porterfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grobbelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Roy Barreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grobbelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Clemens Westerhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Westerhof"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Misheck Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misheck_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Wiesław Grabowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wies%C5%82aw_Grabowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Rahman Gumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahman_Gumbo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Charles Mhlauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mhlauri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Norman Mapeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mapeza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Luke Masomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Masomore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"José Claudinei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Claudinei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Norman Mapeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mapeza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Tom Saintfiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Saintfiet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Madinda Ndlovu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinda_Ndlovu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Norman Mapeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mapeza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Rahman Gumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahman_Gumbo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Klaus Dieter Pagels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Dieter_Pagels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Ian Gorowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gorowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Callisto Pasuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_Pasuwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Wilson Mutekede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Mutekede"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Joey Antipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Antipas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zdravko Logarušić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravko_Logaru%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Norman Mapeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mapeza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Wilson Mutekede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Mutekede"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Shepherd Murape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_Murape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Sunday Chidzambwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Chidzambwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Baltemar Brito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltemar_Brito"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Norman Mapeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mapeza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Jairos Tapera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jairos_Tapera&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Caretaker managers are listed in italics.Danny McLennan (1965–1969)\n Bill Asprey (1975–1977)\n John Rugg (1980-1981)\n Shepherd Murape (1981–1983)\n Mick Poole (1985)\n Ben Koufie (1988–1992)\n Reinhard Fabisch (1992–1995)\n Rudi Gutendorf (1995–1996)\n Bruce Grobbelaar (1996)\n Ian Porterfield (1996–1997)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (1997)\n Bruce Grobbelaar (1997)\n Roy Barreto (1997–1998)\n Bruce Grobbelaar (1998)\n Clemens Westerhof (1998–2000)\n Misheck Chidzambwa (2000)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (2000–2002)\n Wiesław Grabowski (2002)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (2003–2004)\n Rahman Gumbo (2004)\n Charles Mhlauri (2004–2007)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (2007)\n Norman Mapeza (2007)\n Luke Masomore (2007-2008)\n José Claudinei (2008)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (2008–2009)\n Norman Mapeza (2009–2010)\n Tom Saintfiet (2010)\n Madinda Ndlovu (2010–2011)\n Norman Mapeza (2011–2012)\n Rahman Gumbo (2012)\n Klaus Dieter Pagels (2012–2013)\n Ian Gorowa (2013–2014)\n Callisto Pasuwa (2015–2017)\n Wilson Mutekede (2017)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (2017–2019)\n Joey Antipas (2019–2020)\n Zdravko Logarušić (2020–2021)\n Norman Mapeza (2021–2022)\n Wilson Mutekede (2022)\n Shepherd Murape (2022-2023)\n Sunday Chidzambwa (2023)\n Baltemar Brito (2023-2024)\n Norman Mapeza (2024)\n Jairos Tapera (2024-)","title":"Coaching history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2026 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CAF_Group_C"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"The following players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Lesotho and South Africa on 7 and 11 June 2024.[13]Caps and goals are correct as of 11 June 2024, after the match against South Africa.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recent call-ups","text":"The following players have been called up for Zimbabwe in the last 12 months.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"As of 19 November 2023[14]\nPlayers in bold are still active with Zimbabwe.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most appearances","text":"Note: U indicates that a player's statistics are unverified.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FIFA World Cup","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Africa Cup of Nations","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"African Nations Championship","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"African Games","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_COSAFA_Cup"}],"sub_title":"COSAFA Cup","text":"1997 – Qualifying round\n1998 – Second place\n1999 – Quarter-finals\n2000 – Winners\n2001 – Second place\n2002 – Quarter-finals\n2003 – Winners\n2004 – Semi-finals\n2005 – Winners\n2006 – Semi-finals\n2007 – First round\n2008 – Quarter-finals\n2009 – Winners\n2010 – Cancelled\n2013 – Second place\n2015 – Group stage\n2016 – Group stage\n2017 – Winners\n2018 – Winners\n2019 – Third place\n2020 – Cancelled\n2021 – Group stage","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_CECAFA_Cup"}],"sub_title":"CECAFA Cup","text":"1981 – Group stage\n1982 – Third place\n1983 – Second place\n1984 – Group stage\n1985 – Winners\n1987 – Second place\n1988 – Fourth place\n1989 – Group stage\n1990 – Group stage\n2009 – Quarter-finals\n2011 – Quarter-finals","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COSAFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_COSAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"CECAFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_CECAFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Afro-Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Four Nations Football Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Four_Nations_Football_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Four_Nations_Football_Tournament"}],"text":"COSAFA Cup\nChampions (6): 2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018\nRunners-up (3): 1998, 2001, 2013\nCECAFA Cup\nChampions (1): 1985\nRunners-up (2): 1983, 1987\nAfro-Asian Games\nBronze Medal (1): 2003[16]Four Nations Football Tournament\nRunners-up (1): 2024","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\". FIFA. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men","url_text":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Football Elo Ratings\". eloratings.net. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eloratings.net/","url_text":"\"World Football Elo Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Matches – Unofficial\". Englandfootballonline.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslUnoffpg1.html","url_text":"\"England Matches – Unofficial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012709/http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslUnoffpg1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilchrist, Paul (2013). The Politics of Sport: Community, Mobility, Identity. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-1317990994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317990994","url_text":"978-1317990994"}]},{"reference":"\"When Rhodesia flirted with the World Cup\". FIFA.com. 29 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160904160842/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2016/m=9/news=when-rhodesia-flirted-with-the-world-cup-2830489.html","url_text":"\"When Rhodesia flirted with the World Cup\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2016/m=9/news=when-rhodesia-flirted-with-the-world-cup-2830489.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cameroon national football team: record v Zimbabwe\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises Limited. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/teams/cameroon/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Zimbabwe/","url_text":"\"Cameroon national football team: record v Zimbabwe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160917193222/http://www.11v11.com/teams/cameroon/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Zimbabwe/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1982 FIFA World Cup Spain – Matches – Zimbabwe-Cameroon\". FIFA.com. 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160917223644/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=7991/match=838/index.html","url_text":"\"1982 FIFA World Cup Spain – Matches – Zimbabwe-Cameroon\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=7991/match=838/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Grobbelaar: Zimbabwe's Legendary Goalkeeper\". Boxscore World Sportswire. 28 August 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxscorenews.com/bruce-grobbelaar-zimbabwes-legendary-goalkeeper-p167033-272.htm#:~:text=Bruce%20Grobbelaar%20was%20one%20of,league%20cups%2C%20amongst%20other%20trophies.","url_text":"\"Bruce Grobbelaar: Zimbabwe's Legendary Goalkeeper\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230401152750/https://boxscorenews.com/bruce-grobbelaar-zimbabwes-legendary-goalkeeper-p167033-272.htm#:~:text=Bruce%20Grobbelaar%20was%20one%20of,league%20cups%2C%20amongst%20other%20trophies.","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawkey, Ian. \"When Peter Ndlovu and Bruce Grobbelaar made Zimbabwe dare to dream\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/aug/19/peter-ndlovu-bruce-grobbelaar-zimbabwe","url_text":"\"When Peter Ndlovu and Bruce Grobbelaar made Zimbabwe dare to dream\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002154022/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/aug/19/peter-ndlovu-bruce-grobbelaar-zimbabwe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup 1994 Qualifying\". Rsssf. 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/94q.html","url_text":"\"World Cup 1994 Qualifying\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230331190633/https://rsssf.org/tables/94q.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Anger over Zimbabwe anthem gaffe\". BBC News. 26 January 2004. Archived from the original on 29 February 2004. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3429937.stm","url_text":"\"Anger over Zimbabwe anthem gaffe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040229173808/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3429937.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe expelled from 2018 World Cup\". BBC Sport. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31851586","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe expelled from 2018 World Cup\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180630063602/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31851586","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Final 23\". twitter.com/online_zifa. Zimbabwe Football Association Twitter. 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/online_zifa/status/1795758685580365989","url_text":"\"Final 23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe\". National Football Teams.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/208/Zimbabwe.html","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia\". FIFA.com. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150317192003/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=zimbabwe-expelled-from-the-preliminary-competition-of-the-2018-fifa-wo-2557911.html/index.html","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=zimbabwe-expelled-from-the-preliminary-competition-of-the-2018-fifa-wo-2557911.html/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chaudhuri, Arunava; Stokkermans, Karel (2001). \"Afro-Asian Games 2003\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130141/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html","url_text":"\"Afro-Asian Games 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde,_M%C3%BCnster
Westphalian Museum of Natural History
["1 Exhibits","2 See also","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°56′58″N 7°35′28″E / 51.9494°N 7.5911°E / 51.9494; 7.5911Westphalian Museum of Natural HistoryLocationGermany Coordinates51°56′58″N 7°35′28″E / 51.9494°N 7.5911°E / 51.9494; 7.5911Websitewww.lwl-naturkundemuseum-muenster.de/en/,%20https://www.lwl-naturkundemuseum-muenster.de/de/Location of Westphalian Museum of Natural History This article about a North Rhine-Westphalian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte Entrance Area of the museum of natural history The Westphalian Museum of Natural History (German: Westfälische Museum für Naturkunde) is a natural history museum in Münster, Germany. Exhibits Of coming and going - fauna from or once were from Westphalia Dinosaurs Survivalist human - About humanity Animally individual See also List of museums in Germany List of natural history museums External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Norway Germany United States Czech Republic 2 3 Academics CiNii People ISIL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I,_King_of_Scotland
David I of Scotland
["1 Early years","2 Early rule 1113–1124","2.1 Prince of the Cumbrians","2.2 Earl of Huntingdon","3 Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship","3.1 Coronation and struggle for the kingdom","3.2 Pacification of the west and north","3.3 Dominating the north","4 England","4.1 Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham","4.2 Renewal of war and Clitheroe","4.3 Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham","4.4 Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict","4.5 Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York","5 Scottish Church","5.1 Innovations in the church system","5.2 Ecclesiastical disputes","6 Succession and death","7 Veneration","8 Historiography","8.1 Medieval reputation","8.2 Modern treatment","9 Davidian Revolution","9.1 Government and feudalism","9.2 Economy","9.3 Monastic patronage","10 Genealogical table","11 Fictional portrayals","12 Notes","13 References","13.1 Primary sources","13.2 Secondary sources","14 External links"]
King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153 David IKing of Scotland (more...) Reign23 April 1124 – 24 May 1153CoronationScone, April or May 1124PredecessorAlexander ISuccessorMalcolm IVPrince of the CumbriansReign1113–1124Bornc. 1084Died24 May 1153(1153-05-24) (aged 68–69)CarlisleBurialDunfermline AbbeySpouseMaud, Countess of HuntingdonIssueMalcolm of ScotlandHenry, Earl of NorthumberlandHodiernaClariciaNamesDabíd mac Maíl CholuimHouseDunkeldFatherMalcolm III of ScotlandMotherMargaret of Wessex David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; c. 1084 – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. The youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I of England, by whom he was influenced. When David's brother Alexander I died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, Empress Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. David I is a saint of the Catholic Church, with his feast day celebrated on 24 May. The term "Davidian Revolution" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes that took place in Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs and regional markets, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant Anglo-Norman, Norman and Flemish knights. Early years David was born on a date unknown in 1084 in Scotland. He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest borne by Malcolm's second wife, Margaret of Wessex. He was the grandson of King Duncan I. In 1093, King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the River Aln during an invasion of Northumberland. David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards. According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their paternal uncle Donald III, who made himself king. It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Donald forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews, Edmund. John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling. William "Rufus", the Red, King of the English, and partial instigator of the Scottish civil war, 1093–1097. King William Rufus of England opposed Donald's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm, David's half-brother Duncan, into Scotland with an army. Duncan was killed within the year, and so in 1097 William sent Duncan's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned by the end of 1097. During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old. From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David's sister, Matilda. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court. Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us". Early rule 1113–1124 Main article: David I as Prince of the Cumbrians Prince of the Cumbrians Map of David's principality of "the Cumbrians" David's brother King Edgar had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth. On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. His younger brother Alexander took the throne. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance – the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar – soon after the latter's death. However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113. According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern Scotland. King Henry's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless. David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Middle Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that: Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, foghail ar faras Albain. It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done;, dividing us from Alexander; he causes, like each king's son before; the plunder of stable Alba. If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern Scotland. The lands in question consisted of the pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, "Prince of the Cumbrians", as attested in David's charters from this era. Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control. David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire. In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan. Earl of Huntingdon King Henry I of England, drawn by Matthew Paris. Henry's policy in northern Britain and the Irish Sea region essentially made David's political life. In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford. Within a few years, Matilda bore him two sons: Malcolm, who died young, and Henry, whom David named after his patron. The new territories which David controlled were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. After King Henry's death, David revived the claim to this earldom for his son, Henry. David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124, leaving Scotland without a king. Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship Main article: Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I In spite of the fact that King David spent his childhood in Scotland, Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots; but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign. Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons, William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, but since Scots had never adopted the rules of primogeniture that was not a barrier to his kingship, and unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as king or face war with both David and Henry I. Coronation and struggle for the kingdom Alexander's son, Máel Coluim, chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair "affected to snatch the kingdom from , and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers". Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid. In either April or May of the same year, David was crowned King of Scotland (Old Irish: rí(gh) Alban; Medieval Latin: rex Scottorum) at Scone. If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals, of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements. Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one-time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them". Outside his Cumbrian principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name". He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130. However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127, and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton. It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this, and while David was still in southern England, Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him. The instigator was, again, his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray. King Óengus was David's most powerful vassal, a man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland, even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus, where they were met by David's Mercian constable, Edward; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin. According to the Annals of Ulster, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army – including Óengus himself – died. According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district". However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing civil war followed; for David, this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival". It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from King Henry. Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter l'Espec, were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies. The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea, the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134, Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle. Since modern historians no longer confuse him with "Malcolm MacHeth", it is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, except perhaps that his sons were later allied with Somerled. Pacification of the west and north Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan Strathgryfe, with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew, forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained Cunningham and the settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i.e. Irvine). This would indicate that the 1130–34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories. How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray. David also founded Urquhart Priory, possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll. During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl, and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson, Earl of Orkney. The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the kingdom, and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before. Dominating the north The ruins of Kinloss Abbey in Moray, founded by David in 1150 for a colony of Melrose Cistercians. While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five-year-old Harald Maddadsson, was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney, in addition to Scottish Caithness. Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control. Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian. In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unaware in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power. England King Stephen drawn by Matthew Paris. David used Stephen's "usurpation" as his casus belli with England, even if it was not the actual reason. Main article: England and King David I David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's brother-in-law and "greatest protégé", one of Henry's "new men". His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter and David's niece Empress Matilda. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son Henry. However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which came to an end only after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other. Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne. David had been the first layperson to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war. Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side, he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court. Renewal of war and Clitheroe When the winter of 1136–37 was over, David prepared again to invade England. The King of the Scots massed an army on Northumberland's border, to which the English responded by gathering an army at Newcastle. Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead, a truce was agreed until December. When December fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138. The army which invaded England in January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses". Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants. By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire, where he harried Furness and Craven. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed. Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham By later July 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton, North Yorkshire. Steel engraving and enhancement of the reverse side of the Great Seal of David I, a picture in the Anglo-Continental style depicting David as a warrior leader. The Battle of the Standard, as the encounter came to be called, was a defeat for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland. On 26 September Cardinal Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace broker, and David agreed to a six-week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne (daughter of Mary of Scotland, and so another niece of David) met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims. Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey, though this never took place. David was there until September when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester. This civil war, or "the Anarchy" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle. Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire. Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate, Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143. David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England, and was deposed by the Pope. David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac, the new archbishop. Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. In 1149, Henry sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control, and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions, and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew. Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles lost forever". Scottish Church Main article: David I and the Scottish Church Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the "Continental" fashion the other-worldly maintainer of peace and defender of justice. Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises David's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration, beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians, and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland. Focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Innovations in the church system It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom , and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored, and new ones which he erected". Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to Old Aberdeen, and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation. The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected. David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John to the bishopric and carried out an inquest, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews. David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like Brechin, Dunkeld, Mortlach (Aberdeen) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system. As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained. Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it. Ecclesiastical disputes One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews (Cell Ríghmonaidh). Since the 11th century the bishopric of St Andrews likely functioned as a de facto archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric and Bishop Fothad II. The tower of the church of St Riagal (Saint Regulus), at Cenn Ríghmonaidh, later named (St Andrews); this existed during David's reign. The problem was that this archepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan. His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow, which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York. David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow. Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination. York's claim over bishops north of the Forth was in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow. In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year, the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney. Succession and death David alongside his designated successor, Máel Coluim mac Eanric. Máel Coluim IV would reign for twelve years, in a reign marked for the young king's chastity and religious fervour. Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on 12 July 1152 when Henry, Earl of Northumberland, David's heir, died. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson Malcolm IV to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland. Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as rector, or regent, and took the 11-year-old Malcolm around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. David's health began to fail seriously in the spring of 1153, and on 24 May 1153, David died in Carlisle Castle. In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach, he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan, "David, son of Malcolm, King of Scotland and England", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm. He was buried in Dunfermline Abbey. Veneration David I is recognised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of 24 May, though it appears that he was never formally canonized. There are churches in Scotland which have him as their patron. His mother Saint Margaret of Scotland was canonised in 1250. Historiography Medieval reputation The earliest English assessments of David portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor" (this can be read literally: his mother, who is now patron saint of Scotland, was widely known and lauded for the same practice). Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated". Although avoiding stress on 12th-century Scottish "barbarity", the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower. For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition, and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history. Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like John Mair, George Buchanan, Hector Boece, and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century, a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged. Moreover, Bower stated in his eulogy that David always had the ambition to join a crusade, which was prevented eventually by his death. In addition, Ailred of Rievaulx hinted that David expressed his desire to be part of the Second Crusade himself, but he was dissuaded by his subjects. However, David had already met Hugues de Payens, the first Grand Master of the Knights Templar, in 1128 in Scotland. In the meantime, the Order established a seat at Balantrodoch, now Temple, Midlothian on the South Esk (River Esk, Lothian). Modern treatment Statue of David I on the West Door of St. Giles High Kirk, Edinburgh In the modern period, there has been more of an emphasis on David's state-building and the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period. With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland. Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander , Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established". The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and "ethnic packages" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts. In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th-century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend. In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a "Balance of New and Old". Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since William F. Skene's monumental and revolutionary three-volume Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (1876–80), had been forced to acknowledge that "Celtic Scotland" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I. Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David's reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic. Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full-volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context. Davidian Revolution Main article: Davidian Revolution Silver penny of David I. However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution". David's "revolution" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom. Since Robert Bartlett's pioneering work, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (1993), reinforced by Moore's The First European Revolution, c.970–1215 (2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's "revolution" can be achieved by recognising the wider "European revolution" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable "Europe". Scotland was just one of many "outlying" areas. Burghs established in Scotland before the accession of David's successor and grandson, Máel Coluim IV; these were Scotland's first towns. Government and feudalism The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "continental" model. Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly French, knights. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty". David established large-scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller-scale feudal lordships were created. Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land. During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at Roxburgh, Scone, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling and Perth. The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office. Economy The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image. David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick. Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality). David founded around 15 burghs. The ruins of Melrose Abbey. Founded in 1137, this Cistercian monastery became one of David's greatest legacies. Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or dominated by English in culture and language; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion, that "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English"; as well as transforming the economy, the dominance of an English influence would in the long term undermine the position of the Middle Irish language, giving birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands. Monastic patronage David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians. David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders. Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs. These new monasteries, the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices. Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool. Genealogical table David's relationship with the kings of Scotland and England Æthelred the Unready Edmund IronsideEdward the ConfessorRobert I, Duke of Normandy Duncan I of ScotlandAgathaEdward the ExileWilliam I of EnglandAdelaide of Normandy Ingibiorg FinnsdottirMalcolm III of ScotlandMargaret of WessexJudith of LensWaltheof of Northumbria Duncan II of ScotlandDonaldEdwardEdmundEthelredEdgar of ScotlandEdithHenry I of EnglandMaryAlexander I of ScotlandDavid I of ScotlandMaud of HuntingdonSimon de Senlis William fitz DuncanWilliam AdelinEmpress MatildaMatilda I of BoulogneStephen of EnglandMalcolmHenry Henry II of EnglandMalcolm IV of ScotlandWilliam I of ScotlandDavid Fictional portrayals David the Prince (1980) by Nigel Tranter. The story of Queen Margaret's sons Alexander I and David I. Notes ^ Modern Scottish Gaelic has effectively dropped the Máel in Máel Coluim (meaning "tonsured devotee of Columba"), so that the name is just Colum or Calum (meaning "Columba"); the name was borrowed into non-Gaelic languages before this change occurred. ^ a b Thurston & Attwater, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, pp. 383–4. ^ a b "Dawid". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, p. 49. ^ Malcolm seems to have had two sons before he married Margaret, presumably by Ingibiorg Finnsdottir. Duncan II of Scotland was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1085.2, here; see also Oram, David, p. 23; and Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, p. 55; the possibility that Máel Coluim had another son, also named Máel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)". ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 121. ^ See A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 114, n. 1. ^ E.g. John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209. ^ Oram, David, p. 40. ^ A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 89. ^ John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209–10. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1094; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 118; see also A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, pp. 90–1. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1097; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 119. ^ Oram, David, p. 49. ^ For David's upbringing and transformation of fortune at the Anglo-Norman court, see the partially hypothetical account in Oram, David, pp. 59–72. ^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, W. Stubbs (ed.), Rolls Series, no. 90, vol. ii, p. 476; trans. A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 157. ^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 59–60. ^ Judith Green, "David I and Henry I", p. 3. She cites the gap in knowledge about David's whereabouts as evidence; for a brief outline of David's itinerary, see Barrow, The Charters of David I, pp. 38–41 ^ See Oram, David, pp. 60–2; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 60–4. ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 59–63. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 193. ^ Thomas Owen Clancy, The Triumph Tree, p.184; full treatment of this is given in Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113" in: Scottish Gaelic Studies vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96. ^ Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain", p. 88. ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 62–64; for Princeps Cumbrensis, see Archibald Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905), no. 46. ^ Richard Oram, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 54–61; see also following references. ^ See, for instance, Dauvit Broun, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in The Innes Review, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 138–40, n. 117; see also Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 96–7. ^ E.g., Oram, David, p. 113, also n. 7. ^ G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 1085–1153)". ^ For all this, see Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 134, 217–8, 223; see also, for Durham and part of the earldom of Northumberland in the eyes of Earl Henry, Paul Dalton, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 349–351; see also G. W. S. Barrow, "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in Rollason et al. (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, p. 318. ^ Oram, David, pp. 69–72. ^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 79; Oram, David, pp. 75–76. ^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 83; Oram, David, esp. for instance, pp. 96, 126. ^ Oram, David, pp. 70–72. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 158. ^ Oram, David, pp. 84–85. ^ Chibnall, Anglo-Norman Studies, p. 33 ^ John Bannerman, "The Kings Poet", pp. 120–149. ^ John J. O'Meara (ed.), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland (London, 1951), p. 110. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 232. ^ Oram, David, p. 87. ^ a b Oram, David, p. 83. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 163–167. ^ Oram, David, p. 84. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167. ^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. U1130.4, here (trans) ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167; Anderson uses the word "earldom", but Orderic used the word ducatum, duchy. ^ Oram, David, p. 88. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 193–194; see also Oram, David, p. 86. ^ A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 183. ^ Ross, "Identity of the Prisoner at Roxburgh". Accessed 1 December 2022. ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6. ^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6; Oram also believes that the burghs of Auldearn and Inverness may also have been founded at this time, but it is more usual to ascribe these to the reign of David's grandson William the Lion; see, for instance, McNeill, Peter & MacQueen, Hector (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 196–8. ^ Oram, David, pp. 91–3. ^ Oram, David, p. 119. ^ Richard Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. 11. ^ John Dowden, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 232; Kenneth Jackson, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 80. ^ Oram, David, p. 199–200. ^ Oram, Lordship of Galloway, pp. 59, 63. ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 202–3. ^ Stringer, Reign of Stephen, 28–37; Stringer, "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain", pp. 40–62; Green, "Anglo-Scottish Relations", pp. 53–72; Kapelle, Norman Conquest of the North, pp. 141ff; Blanchard, "Lothian and Beyond", pp. 23–46. ^ Historians such as Stringer, Kapelle, Green and Blanchard (see previous note), emphasize David's role as an English magnate, while not denying his ambition; a middle line is perhaps Oram's supposed quest for a "Scoto-Northumbrian realm", David, pp. 121–44, 167–89. ^ M.T. Clancy, England and its Rulers, pp. 84–5; Robert Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, p. 10. ^ Oram, David, pp. 121–3. ^ Oram, David, pp. 122–5. ^ a b David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–1154, Ed. Longman, 2000, p. 70. ^ Oram, David, pp. 126–7. ^ e.g. accounts of Richard of Hexham and Ailred of Rievaulx in A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 180, & n. 4. ^ e.g. Richard of Hexham, John of Worcester and John of Hexham at A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 181. ^ Oram, David, pp. 132–3. ^ Oram, David, pp. 136–7; A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 190. ^ a b Oram, David, pp. 140–4. ^ Oram, David, pp. 170–2. ^ Oram, David, p. 179. ^ For David's struggle for control over Durham see Oram, David, pp. 169–75. ^ For David's struggle for control over York, see pp. 186–9. ^ Oram, David, p. 189. ^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 233. ^ Oram, David, p. 158; Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, pp. 257–60; see also Gordon Donaldson, "Scottish Bishop's Sees", pp. 106–17. ^ Shead, "Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", pp. 220–5. ^ Oram, David, p. 62. ^ To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram, David, pp. 67–8. ^ Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 67–8 ^ Ian B. Cowan wrote that "the principle steps were taken during the reign of David I": Ian B. Cowan, "Development of the Parochial System", p. 44. ^ Thomas Owen Clancy, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", pp. 91–115. ^ Dauvit Broun, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", pp. 108–14. ^ AU 1093.2, text & English translation; see also Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources , p. 49 ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 160–1. ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 259; Oram, David, p. 49. ^ Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, p. 260; John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, (Glasgow, ), ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) pp. 4–5. ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 60–1. ^ Oram, David, p. 155. ^ Oram, David, pp. 200–2; G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 1085–1153)", gives the date as 24 May. ^ Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1153.4, here. ^ "Archdiocese of St. Andrew's and Edinburgh" ^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 231. ^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 232–3 ^ Felix J. H. Skene & William Forbes Skene (ed.), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872), 200ff.; Donaldson, The Sources of Scottish History, p. 34: "... at what point its information about Scotland should receive credence is far from clear". Though Wyntoun, Fordun and Bower may have had access to documents which are no longer extant, much of their information is either duplicated in other records or cannot be corroborated; for a survey of David's historical reputation, see Oram, David, pp. 203–25. ^ John MacQueen, Winnifred MacQueen and D. E. R. Watt (eds.), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), 139ff. ^ Oram, David, pp. 213–7. ^ Macquarrie 1997, p. 81. ^ Cowan, Mackay & Macquarrie 1983, p. 18. ^ "The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel". eyeofthepsychic.com. Retrieved 9 May 2018. ^ See, for instance, Steve Boardman, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.), Scottish History: The Power of the Past, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 65–71. ^ Quoted in Oram, David, p. 219, citing Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, pp. 102–9; Lang did not neglect the old myth about Margaret, writing of the Northumbrian refugees arriving in Scotland "where they became the sires of the sturdy Lowland race", Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, p. 91. ^ See Matthew H. Hammond, "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", pp. 1–27.; see also, Murray G.H. Pittock's work, Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999), and Oram, David, pp. 219–20. ^ Græme Ritchie, The Normans in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1954); Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 133–73; most of Barrow's most important essays have been collected in two volumes, Scotland and Its Neighbours In the Middle Ages, (London, 1992) and The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh, 2003). ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", passim. ^ William Forbes Skene, Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1876–80); see also, Edward J. Cowan, "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", pp. 1–23. ^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 82–83. ^ Oram, David I, (Stroud, 2004). ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11; Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 80. ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13. ^ Bartlett, The Making of Europe, pp. 24–59; Moore, The First European Revolution, c.970–1215, p. 30ff; see also Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", passim, esp. 9; this idea of "Europe" seems in practice to mean "Western Europe". ^ Haidu, The Subject Medieval/Modern, p. 181; Moore, The First European Revolution, p. 57. ^ Barrow, "Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11. ^ "The Beginnings of Military Feudalism"; Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. & n. 43; see also, L. Toorians, "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", pp. 1–14. ^ McNeill & MacQueen, Atlas of Scottish History p. 193 ^ See Barrow, G.W.S., "The Judex", pp. 57–67 and "The Justiciar", pp. 68–111. ^ Oram, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 193, 195; Bartlett, The Making of Europe, p. 287: "The minting of coins and the issue of written dispositions changed the political culture of the societies in which the new practices appeared". ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 465. ^ See G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 84–104; see also, Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", pp. 66–9. ^ Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67. Numbering is uncertain; Perth may date to the reign of Alexander I; Inverness is a case where the foundation may date later, but may date to the period of David I: see for instance the blanket statement that Inverness dates to David I's reign in Derek Hall, Burgess, Merchant and Priest, compare Richard Oram, David, p. 93, where it is acknowledged that this is merely a possibility, to A.A.M. Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, p. 480, who quotes a charter indicating that the burgh dates to the reign of William the Lion. ^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 256. ^ Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", 1100–1300", p. 67; Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 64–6; Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic", here Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ Oram, David, p. 62; Duncan, Making of a Kingdom, p. 145. ^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of a Kingdom, pp. 145–150; Duncan, "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory", pp. 25, 27–8; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, pp. 15–20. ^ Peter Yeoman, Medieval Scotland, p. 15. ^ Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17. ^ See, for instance, Stringer, The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria, pp. 9–11; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17; Duncan, The Making of a Kingdom, p. 148. ^ Oram, David, p. 10 References Primary sources Anderson, Alan Orr (ed.), Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922) Anderson, Alan Orr (ed.), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991) Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 1153–1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's "Early Scottish Charters", in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. 3–128 Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), The Acts of William I King of Scots 1165–1214 in Regesta Regum Scottorum, Volume II, (Edinburgh, 1971) Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), The Charters of King David I: The Written acts of David I King of Scots, 1124–1153 and of His Son Henry Earl of Northumberland, 1139–1152, (Woodbridge, 1999) Clancy, Thomas Owen (ed.), The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350, (Edinburgh, 1998) Cowan, Ian Borthwick; Mackay, P. H. R.; Macquarrie, Alan (1983). The Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland. Vol. 19. Scottish History Society. ISBN 9780906245033. Donaldson, G. (ed.), Scottish Historical Documents, (Edinburgh, 1970) Freeland, Jane Patricia (tr.), and Dutton, Marsha L. (ed.), Aelred of Rievaulx : the lives of the northern saints, (Cistercian Fathers series 56, Kalamazoo, 2005), pp. 45–70 Forbes-Leith, William (ed.),Turgot, Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1884) Lawrie, Sir Archibald (ed.), Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905) Macquarrie, Alan (1997). Scotland and the Crusades, 1095–1560. John Donald. ISBN 9780859764452. MacQueen, John, MacQueen, Winifred and Watt, D. E. R., (eds.), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995) Skene, Felix J. H. (tr.) & Skene, William F. (ed.), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872) Secondary sources Bannerman, John, "The Kings Poet", in the Scottish Historical Review, vol. 68 (1989), pp. 120–49 Barber, Malcolm, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320, (London, 1992) Barrow, G. W. S. 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Barrow (ed.), The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 151–68 Bartlett, Robert, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, (Oxford, 2000) Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950–1350, (London, 1993) Bartlett, Robert, "Turgot (c. 1050–1115)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 11 Feb 2007 Blanchard, Ian, "Lothian and Beyond: The Economy of the 'English Empire' of David I", in Richard Britnell and John Hatcher (eds.), Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller, (Cambridge, 1996) Boardman, Steve, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.), Scottish History: The Power of the Past, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 47–72 Broun, Dauvit, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297, (Dublin, 2000), pp. 108–14 Broun, Dauvit, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in The Innes Review, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 111–80 Chibnall, Marjory, ed. Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1991, The Boydell Press, 1992 Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", in the Innes Review, vol. 46, no. 2 (1995), pp. 91–115 Clancy, Thomas Owen, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113", in Scottish Gaelic Studies, vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96. Clancy, M. T., England and its Rulers, 2nd Ed., (Malden, MA, 1998) Cowan, Ian B., "Development of the Parochial System", in the Scottish Historical Review, 40 (1961), pp. 43–55 Cowan, Edward J., "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (East Lothian, 2000), pp. 1–23 Dalton, Paul, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 339–52 Davies, Norman, The Isles: A History, (London, 1999) Davies, R. R., Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300, (Cambridge, 1990) Davies, R. R., The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343, (Oxford, 2000) Donaldson, Gordon, "Scottish Bishop's Sees Before the Reign of David I", in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 87 (1952–53), pp. 106–17 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) Dumville, David N., "St Cathróe of Metz and the Hagiography of Exoticism", in John Carey et al. (eds.), Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars, (Dublin, 2001), pp. 172–188 Duncan, A. A. M., "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, 1140", in The Scottish Historical Review, vol 84, (April 2005), pp. 1–37 Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence, (Edinburgh, 2002) Duncan, A. A. M., Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, (Edinburgh, 1975) Fawcett, Richard, & Oram, Richard, Melrose Abbey, (Stroud, 2004) Follett, Wesley, Céli Dé in Ireland: Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages, (Woodbridge, 2006) Forte, Angelo, Oram, Richard, & Pedersen, Frederick, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005) ISBN 0-521-82992-5 Green, Judith A., "Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1066–1174", in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds.), England and Her Neigh-bours: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais (London, 1989) eadem, "David I and Henry I", in the Scottish Historical Review. vol. 75 (1996), pp. 1–19 Haidu, Peter, The Subject Medieval/Modern: Text and Governance in the Middle Ages, (Stamford, 2004) Hall, Derek, Burgess, Merchant and Priest: Burgh Life in the Medieval Scottish Town, (Edinburgh, 2002) Hammond, Matthew H., "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", in The Scottish Historical Review, 85 (2006), pp. 1–27 Hudson, Benjamin T., "Gaelic Princes and Gregorian Reform", in Benjamin T. Hudson and Vickie Ziegler (eds.), Crossed Paths: Methodological Approaches to the Celtic Aspects of the European Middle Ages, (Lanham, 1991), pp. 61–81. Huntington, Joanna, "David of Scotland: Virum tam necessarium mundo", in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), Saints' Cults in the Celtic World (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History), Jackson, Kenneth, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972) Ladner, G., "Terms and Ideas of Renewal", in Robert L. Benson, Giles Constable and Carol D. Lanham(eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, (Oxford, 1982), pp. 1–33 Lang, Andrew, A History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation, 2 vols, vol. 1, (Edinburgh, 1900) Lawrence, C. H., Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 2nd edition, (London, 1989) Lynch, Michael, Scotland: A New History, (Edinburgh, 1991) Malzahn, Manfred (1984), Aspects of identity: the contemporary Scottish novel (1978–1981) as national self-expression, Verlag P. Lang, ISBN 978-3-8204-5565-6 McNeill, Peter G. B. & MacQueen, Hector L. (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996) Moore, R. I., The First European Revolution, c.970–1215, (Cambridge, 2000) Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200, (Harlow, 1995) O'Meara, John J., (ed.), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland, (London, 1951) Oram, Richard, "David I", in M. Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (New York, 2001), pp. 381–382 Oram, Richard, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", in Northern Scotland, vol. 19 (1999), pp. 1–19 Oram, Richard, David: The King Who Made Scotland, (Gloucestershire, 2004) Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000) Pirenne, Henri, Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade, trans. F. D. Halsey, (Princeton, 1925) Pittock, Murray G.H., Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999) Ritchie, Græme, The Normans in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1954) Ross, Alasdair, "The Identity of the Prisoner at Roxburgh: Malcolm son of Alexander or Malcolm MacEth?", in S. Arbuthnot & K Hollo (eds.), Kaarina, Fil súil nglais – A grey eye looks back : A Festschrift in Honour of Colm Ó Baoill, (Ceann Drochaid, 2007) Shead, Norman F., "The Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", in the Scottish Historical Review, 48 (1969), pp. 220–5 Skene, William F., Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols., (Edinburgh, 1876–80) Stringer, Keith J., "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (East Lothian, 2000), .pp. 127–65 Stringer, Keith J., The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria: Contrasts, Connections and Continuities (The Eleventh Whithorn Lecture, 14 September 2002), (Whithorn, 2003) Stringer, Keith J., "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain: David I, King of Scots, and Northern England", in John C. Appleby and Paul Dalton (eds.), Government, Religion, and Society in Northern England, 1000–1700. (Stroud, 1997) Stringer, Keith J., The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England, (London, 1993) Toorians, L., "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", in Grant G. Simpson (ed.), Scotland and the Low Countries, 1124–1994, (East Linton, 1996), pp. 1–14 Veitch, Kenneth, "'Replanting Paradise':Alexander I and the Reform of Religious Life in Scotland", in the Innes Review, 52 (2001), pp. 136–166 Watt, John, Church in Medieval Ireland, (Dublin, 1972) Weir, Alison, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, (London, 2008) Yeoman, Peter, Medieval Scotland: An Archaeological Perspective, (London, 1995) External links POMS entry for David I David I at the official website of the British monarchy David I at BBC History Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic" Richard of Hexham's account of the 1138 Scottish invasion of England David I of ScotlandHouse of DunkeldBorn: c. 1084 Died: 24 May 1153 Regnal titles Preceded byAlexander I King of Scots 1124–1153 Succeeded byMalcolm IV Preceded bySimon I de Senlis Earl of Huntingdon 1111/1113–1130 Succeeded byHenry of Scotland Reign of King David I of Scotland Mormaers, Earls and Kinglets Angus Argyll Atholl Buchan Caithness Gille Brígte Somairle mac Gille Brígte Máel Muire, Matad Garnait Harald Maddadsson Fife Galloway Lennox Lothian Mann Causantín, Gille Míchéil, Donnchad Fergus none known Cospatric II, Cospatric III Amlaíb mac Gofraid Mar Menteith Moray Ross Strathearn Ruadrí, Gille Chlerig, Morggán none known Óengus, William fitz Duncan Áed Máel Ísu Neighbouring Rulers England Holy Roman Empire France Ireland Norway Henry I (1100–35),Stephen (1135–54) Henry V (1099–1125)Lothair III (1125–37)Conrad III (1138–52)Frederick I Barbarossa (1152–90) Louis VI, (1108–37)Louis VII, (1137–80) Toirdelbach (1119–56) Sigurd I Jorsalfar,(1103–30)Harald IV Gille, (1130–6)Sigurd II Munn, (1136–55) Bishops in Scotland Aberdeen Brechin Caithness Dunkeld Galloway Nechtán Samson Aindréas Cormac, Gregoir Gilla Aldan Glasgow Moray Ross St Andrews Sodor John, Herbert Gregoir Mac Bethad, Symeon Robert - Neighbouring Bishops Papacy York Armagh Carlisle Durham Callixtus II, Honorius II, Innocent II, Celestine II, Lucius II, Eugenius III Thurstan, William FitzHerbert, Henry Murdac Celsus (Cellach mac Áeda), Malachy (Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair), Gelasius (Gilla Meic Laic mac Diarmata) Æthelwold Ranulf Flambard, Geoffrey Rufus, William Comyn, William of St. Barbara vteDavid IKing of Scotland (1124–1153)Relations and events Earl and ruler of Strathclyde Political and military events in Scotland Battle of the Standard Relationship with England Relationship with the Church Davidian Revolution Family Malcolm III of Scotland (father) Saint Margaret of Scotland (mother) Maud, Countess of Huntingdon (wife) Henry, Earl of Northumbria (son) Duncan II of Scotland (half-brother) Edmund, Bishop of Dunkeld (brother) Ethelred (brother) Edgar, King of Scotland (brother) Alexander I of Scotland (brother, predecessor) Matilda, Queen of England (sister) Mary, Countess of Boulogne (sister) Malcolm IV of Scotland (grandson, successor) ← Alexander I Malcolm IV → vtePictish and Scottish monarchsMonarchs of the Picts (traditional) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine (I) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots(traditional) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid (uncertain) Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary James VI1 Charles I1 Charles II1 James VII1 Mary II1 William II1 Anne1 1 also monarch of England and Ireland. vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Prince of the Cumbrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David,_Prince_of_the_Cumbrians"},{"link_name":"King of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Malcolm III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_III"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Alaxandair"},{"link_name":"Óengus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"Mormaer of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormaer_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thurston_pp._383-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawid-3"},{"link_name":"Davidian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform"},{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"}],"text":"King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] c. 1084 – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. The youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I of England, by whom he was influenced.When David's brother Alexander I died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, Empress Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. David I is a saint of the Catholic Church, with his feast day celebrated on 24 May.[2][3]The term \"Davidian Revolution\" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes that took place in Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs and regional markets, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant Anglo-Norman, Norman and Flemish knights.","title":"David I of Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"King Malcolm III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Malcolm_III"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"King Duncan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Duncan_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"River Aln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Aln"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Donald III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_III"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of Melrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Melrose"},{"link_name":"Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Edgar Ætheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William2.jpg"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Henry Beauclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beauclerc"},{"link_name":"Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"William of Malmesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"David was born on a date unknown in 1084 in Scotland.[4] He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III, and certainly the sixth and youngest borne by Malcolm's second wife, Margaret of Wessex. He was the grandson of King Duncan I.[5]In 1093, King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the River Aln during an invasion of Northumberland.[6] David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards.[7] According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their paternal uncle Donald III,[8] who made himself king.[9] It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Donald forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews, Edmund.[10] John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling.[11]William \"Rufus\", the Red, King of the English, and partial instigator of the Scottish civil war, 1093–1097.King William Rufus of England opposed Donald's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm, David's half-brother Duncan, into Scotland with an army. Duncan was killed within the year,[12] and so in 1097 William sent Duncan's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful, and was crowned by the end of 1097.[13]During the power struggle of 1093–97, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old.[14] From 1093 until 1103 David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David's sister, Matilda. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court.[15] Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it was in this period that David \"rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us\".[16]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early rule 1113–1124"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidianCumbria-en.svg"},{"link_name":"image reference needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"river Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forth"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Selkirk Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Richard Oram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oram"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Middle Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"pre-1975 counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-1975_counties"},{"link_name":"Roxburghshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshire"},{"link_name":"Selkirkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshire"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire"},{"link_name":"Peeblesshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshire"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Prince of the Cumbrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dumfriesshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshire"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Dunbartonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annandale,_Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Robert de Brus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_1st_Lord_of_Annandale"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunninghame"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Morville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Morville,_Constable_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Strathgryfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathgryfe"},{"link_name":"Walter Fitzalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fitzalan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Prince of the Cumbrians","text":"Map of David's principality of \"the Cumbrians\"[image reference needed]David's brother King Edgar had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth.[17] On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. His younger brother Alexander took the throne. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance – the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar – soon after the latter's death.[18] However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113.[19] According to Richard Oram, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern Scotland.[20]King Henry's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed, but through threat of force nonetheless.[21] David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Middle Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that:If \"divided from\" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern Scotland.[23] The lands in question consisted of the pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire. David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis, \"Prince of the Cumbrians\", as attested in David's charters from this era.[24] Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control.[25] David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire, Ayrshire, Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire.[26] In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus, Cunningham for Hugh de Morville, and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan.[27]","title":"Early rule 1113–1124"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Matthew Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Paris"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltheof,_Earl_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Earl of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Earl of Huntingdon","text":"King Henry I of England, drawn by Matthew Paris. Henry's policy in northern Britain and the Irish Sea region essentially made David's political life.In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland. The marriage brought with it the \"Honour of Huntingdon\", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford. Within a few years, Matilda bore him two sons: Malcolm, who died young, and Henry, whom David named after his patron.[28]The new territories which David controlled were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland, Northumberland-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham. After King Henry's death, David revived the claim to this earldom for his son, Henry.[29]David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124, leaving Scotland without a king.[30]","title":"Early rule 1113–1124"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"William fitz Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_fitz_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Máel Coluim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Alaxandair"},{"link_name":"primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In spite of the fact that King David spent his childhood in Scotland, Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray David as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots;[31] but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign.[32] Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. David was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons, William fitz Duncan, son of King Donnchad II, and Máel Coluim, son of the last king Alexander, but since Scots had never adopted the rules of primogeniture that was not a barrier to his kingship, and unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as king or face war with both David and Henry I.[33]","title":"Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orderic Vitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Old Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish_language"},{"link_name":"rí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"rex Scottorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Scotorum"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oram-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Palace"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey de Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oram-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Óengus of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"Lulach of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulach_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Mercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Constable&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stracathro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stracathro"},{"link_name":"Brechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin"},{"link_name":"Annals of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Firth of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Malcolm MacHeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacHeth"},{"link_name":"Somerled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerled"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Coronation and struggle for the kingdom","text":"Alexander's son, Máel Coluim, chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair \"affected to snatch the kingdom from [David], and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers\".[34] Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid.[35]In either April or May of the same year, David was crowned King of Scotland (Old Irish: rí(gh) Alban; Medieval Latin: rex Scottorum)[36] at Scone. If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals,[37] of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their \"unchristian\" elements.[38]Ailred of Rievaulx, friend and one-time member of David's court, reported that David \"so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them\".[39]Outside his Cumbrian principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was \"king of Scots in little more than name\".[40] He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130.[41] However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127,[42] and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton.[41] It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this,[43] and while David was still in southern England,[44]Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him. The instigator was, again, his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray. King Óengus was David's most powerful vassal, a man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland, even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus, where they were met by David's Mercian constable, Edward; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin. According to the Annals of Ulster, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army – including Óengus himself – died.[45]According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, \"lacked a defender and lord\"; and so Edward, \"with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district\".[46] However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing civil war followed; for David, this period was quite simply a \"struggle for survival\".[47]It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from King Henry. Ailred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter l'Espec, were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies.[48] The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea, the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134, Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle.[49] Since modern historians no longer confuse him with \"Malcolm MacHeth\", it is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, except perhaps that his sons were later allied with Somerled.[50]","title":"Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strathgryfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathgryfe"},{"link_name":"Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle,_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunninghame"},{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Forres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Urquhart Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urquhart_Priory"},{"link_name":"cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Matad, Mormaer of Atholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matad,_Mormaer_of_Atholl"},{"link_name":"Haakon Paulsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_Paulsson"},{"link_name":"Earl of Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"mormaers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormaer"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithness"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Pacification of the west and north","text":"Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan Strathgryfe, with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew, forming what would become the \"Stewart\" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained Cunningham and the settlement of \"Strathyrewen\" (i.e. Irvine). This would indicate that the 1130–34 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories.[51]How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray.[52] David also founded Urquhart Priory, possibly as a \"victory monastery\", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll.[53]During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl, and the daughter of Haakon Paulsson, Earl of Orkney. The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the kingdom, and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before.[54]","title":"Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinloss_Abbey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kinloss Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinloss_Abbey"},{"link_name":"King Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Harald Maddadsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Maddadsson"},{"link_name":"earldom of Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Aindréas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aindr%C3%A9as_of_Caithness"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Caithness"},{"link_name":"Halkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkirk"},{"link_name":"Thurso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurso"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Eystein II of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystein_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"fealty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty"},{"link_name":"Erlend Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlend_Haraldsson"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Dominating the north","text":"The ruins of Kinloss Abbey in Moray, founded by David in 1150 for a colony of Melrose Cistercians.While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five-year-old Harald Maddadsson, was given the title of \"Earl\" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney, in addition to Scottish Caithness. Throughout the 1140s Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control.[55] Sometime before 1146 David appointed a native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness, a bishopric which was based at Halkirk, near Thurso, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian.[56]In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unaware in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power.[57]","title":"Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stepan_Blois.jpg"},{"link_name":"usurpation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurpation"},{"link_name":"casus belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"House of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Máel Coluim IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_IV"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"King Stephen drawn by Matthew Paris. David used Stephen's \"usurpation\" as his casus belli with England, even if it was not the actual reason.David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's brother-in-law and \"greatest protégé\",[58] one of Henry's \"new men\".[59] His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter and David's niece Empress Matilda. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son Henry.[60]However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a \"Scoto-Northumbrian\" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which came to an end only after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other.[61]","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Theobald II, Count of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wark_on_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"Norham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norham"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham","text":"Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda. Instead, Stephen, younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois, seized the throne.[62] David had been the first layperson to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war.[63]Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January he had occupied the castles of Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side, he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court.[64]","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crouch-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crouch-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Richard of Hexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Hexham"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness"},{"link_name":"Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_in_the_Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"battle of Clitheroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clitheroe"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Renewal of war and Clitheroe","text":"When the winter of 1136–37 was over, David prepared again to invade England. The King of the Scots massed an army on Northumberland's border, to which the English responded by gathering an army at Newcastle.[65] Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead, a truce was agreed until December.[65] When December fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138.[66]The army which invaded England in January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it \"an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man\" and that it \"harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses\".[67] Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants.[68]By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire, where he harried Furness and Craven. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe, and the English army was routed.[69]","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"river Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tyne"},{"link_name":"William, Earl of Aumale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Earl_of_Aumale"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Seal_(rev).JPG"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard"},{"link_name":"siege of Wark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Wark_(1138)"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oram_2-71"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Alberic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberic_of_Ostia"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Mary of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"Bamburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburgh"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oram_2-71"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham","text":"By later July 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in \"St Cuthbert's land\", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham, on the far side of the river Tyne. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton, North Yorkshire.[70]Steel engraving and enhancement of the reverse side of the Great Seal of David I, a picture in the Anglo-Continental style depicting David as a warrior leader.The Battle of the Standard, as the encounter came to be called, was a defeat for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland.[71]On 26 September Cardinal Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace broker, and David agreed to a six-week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne (daughter of Mary of Scotland, and so another niece of David) met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims.[71]","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"the Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"river Ribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ribble"},{"link_name":"Pennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennines"},{"link_name":"Alston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"South Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict","text":"The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of the Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey, though this never took place. David was there until September when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester.[72]This civil war, or \"the Anarchy\" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the river Ribble and Pennines, while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham. While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle. Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on the South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland's first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire.[73]","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rufus"},{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Henry of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"William de St Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_St_Barbara"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"William FitzHerbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_William_of_York"},{"link_name":"Henry Murdac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Murdac"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugenius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_III"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York","text":"However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate, Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143.[74]David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England, and was deposed by the Pope. David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac, the new archbishop. Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. In 1149, Henry sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control, and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions, and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew.[75] Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, \"the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles [had been] lost forever\".[76]","title":"England"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Seal_(ob).JPG"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the \"Continental\" fashion the other-worldly maintainer of peace and defender of justice.Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises David's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration, beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians, and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland. Focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury.[citation needed]","title":"Scottish Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ailred of Rievaulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailred_of_Rievaulx"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Mortlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlach,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Old Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Capellanus"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"inquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Brechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Brechin"},{"link_name":"Dunkeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunkeld"},{"link_name":"Dunblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunblane"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Innovations in the church system","text":"It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, \"he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored, and new ones which he erected\".[77] Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to Old Aberdeen, and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation.[78]The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected.[79] David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John to the bishopric[80] and carried out an inquest, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews.[81] David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic \"bishoprics\" like Brechin, Dunkeld, Mortlach (Aberdeen) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system.[82]As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained.[83] Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it.[84]","title":"Scottish Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert of Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Scone"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Bishop Giric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giric_of_Cennr%C3%ADgmonaid"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Bishop Fothad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fothad_II_of_Cennr%C3%ADgmonaid"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Rules_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Regulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Regulus"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Thurstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurstan"},{"link_name":"river Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forth"},{"link_name":"Pope Honorius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Apostolic See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"pallium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallium"},{"link_name":"bishopric of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"William de Corbeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Corbeil"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"bishopric of the Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Isles"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Ecclesiastical disputes","text":"One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews (Cell Ríghmonaidh). Since the 11th century the bishopric of St Andrews likely functioned as a de facto archbishopric. The title of \"Archbishop\" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric[85] and Bishop Fothad II.[86]The tower of the church of St Riagal (Saint Regulus), at Cenn Ríghmonaidh, later named (St Andrews); this existed during David's reign.The problem was that this archepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan. His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow, which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York.[87] David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow.[88]Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination.[89] York's claim over bishops north of the Forth was in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow.[90]In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year, the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney.[91]","title":"Scottish Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_I_and_Malcolm_IV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Máel Coluim mac Eanric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Eanric"},{"link_name":"Malcolm IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_IV"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnchad_I,_Mormaer_of_Fife"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Castle"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Annals of Tigernach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"David alongside his designated successor, Máel Coluim mac Eanric. Máel Coluim IV would reign for twelve years, in a reign marked for the young king's chastity and religious fervour.Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on 12 July 1152 when Henry, Earl of Northumberland, David's heir, died. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson Malcolm IV to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland. Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as rector, or regent, and took the 11-year-old Malcolm around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. David's health began to fail seriously in the spring of 1153, and on 24 May 1153, David died in Carlisle Castle.[92] In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach, he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan, \"David, son of Malcolm, King of Scotland and England\", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm.[93] He was buried in Dunfermline Abbey.[citation needed]","title":"Succession and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thurston_pp._383-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawid-3"},{"link_name":"Saint Margaret of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"David I is recognised as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of 24 May, though it appears that he was never formally canonized. There are churches in Scotland which have him as their patron.[94][2][3] His mother Saint Margaret of Scotland was canonised in 1250.[citation needed]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Ailred of Rievaulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailred_of_Rievaulx"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"John of Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Fordun"},{"link_name":"Andrew Wyntoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wyntoun"},{"link_name":"Walter Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bower"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"John Mair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"George Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Hector Boece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Boece"},{"link_name":"John Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lesley"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacquarrie199781-100"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowanMackayMacquarrie198318-101"},{"link_name":"Hugues de Payens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Balantrodoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantrodoch"},{"link_name":"Temple, Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple,_Midlothian"},{"link_name":"River Esk, Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Lothian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Medieval reputation","text":"The earliest English assessments of David portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For William of Newburgh, David was a \"King not barbarous of a barbarous nation\", who \"wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation\". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, \"he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor\" (this can be read literally: his mother, who is now patron saint of Scotland, was widely known and lauded for the same practice).[95] Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that \"the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated\".[96]Although avoiding stress on 12th-century Scottish \"barbarity\", the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower.[97] For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition, and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history.[98] Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like John Mair, George Buchanan, Hector Boece, and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century, a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged.[99]Moreover, Bower stated in his eulogy that David always had the ambition to join a crusade, which was prevented eventually by his death.[100] In addition, Ailred of Rievaulx hinted that David expressed his desire to be part of the Second Crusade himself, but he was dissuaded by his subjects.[101] However, David had already met Hugues de Payens, the first Grand Master of the Knights Templar, in 1128 in Scotland.[102] In the meantime, the Order established a seat at Balantrodoch, now Temple, Midlothian on the South Esk (River Esk, Lothian).[citation needed]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_David_I_on_the_West_Door_of_St._Giles_High_Kirk,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Celtic Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Archie Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Duncan_(historian)"},{"link_name":"G. W. S. Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"William F. Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Richard Oram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oram"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Modern treatment","text":"Statue of David I on the West Door of St. Giles High Kirk, EdinburghIn the modern period, there has been more of an emphasis on David's state-building and the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period.[103] With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland. Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that \"with Alexander [I], Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established\".[104]The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and \"ethnic packages\" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts.[105]In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th-century Scotland, focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's The Normans in Scotland (1954), Archie Duncan's Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (1974) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend.[106]In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a \"Balance of New and Old\".[107] Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since William F. Skene's monumental and revolutionary three-volume Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (1876–80), had been forced to acknowledge that \"Celtic Scotland\" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I.[108] Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David's reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic.[109] Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full-volume study of David I's reign yet produced, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context.[110]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dab%C3%ADd_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Choluim_Coinage.JPG"},{"link_name":"historical change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_change"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Robert Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Carolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burghs_of_Dab%C3%ADd_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Choluim.JPG"},{"link_name":"Máel Coluim IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"image reference needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Silver penny of David I.However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the \"Davidian Revolution\".[111] David's \"revolution\" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom.[112]Since Robert Bartlett's pioneering work, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (1993), reinforced by Moore's The First European Revolution, c.970–1215 (2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's \"revolution\" can be achieved by recognising the wider \"European revolution\" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable \"Europe\". Scotland was just one of many \"outlying\" areas.[113]Burghs established in Scotland before the accession of David's successor and grandson, Máel Coluim IV; these were Scotland's first towns.[image reference needed]","title":"Davidian Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"land ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_ownership"},{"link_name":"customary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_(law)"},{"link_name":"tenures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_tenure"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal"},{"link_name":"mottes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_organization"},{"link_name":"taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"sheriffdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriffdom"},{"link_name":"royal demesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_demesne"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"Scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Justiciarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Government and feudalism","text":"The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the \"continental\" model.[114]Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly French, knights. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned. This is defined as \"castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee\" as well as \"homage and fealty\".[115] David established large-scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller-scale feudal lordships were created.[116]Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land. During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at Roxburgh, Scone, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling and Perth.[117] The Justiciarship too was created in David's reign. Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office.[118]","title":"Davidian Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghs"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MelroseAbbey01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melrose Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Abbey"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"William of Newburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Newburgh"},{"link_name":"William the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Middle Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Scottish Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image.[119]David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of \"Scotland\", at Roxburgh and Berwick.[120] Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality).[121] David founded around 15 burghs.[122]The ruins of Melrose Abbey. Founded in 1137, this Cistercian monastery became one of David's greatest legacies.Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or dominated by English in culture and language; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion, that \"the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English\";[123] as well as transforming the economy, the dominance of an English influence would in the long term undermine the position of the Middle Irish language, giving birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands.[124]","title":"Davidian Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selkirk Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Tironensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tironensian"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"literate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Monastic patronage","text":"David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians.[125] David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders.[126]Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence, and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs.[127] These new monasteries, the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices.[128] Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool.[129]","title":"Davidian Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genealogical table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigel Tranter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Tranter"}],"text":"David the Prince (1980) by Nigel Tranter. The story of Queen Margaret's sons Alexander I and David I.","title":"Fictional portrayals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"tonsured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"Columba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thurston_pp._383_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thurston_pp._383_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawid_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawid_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dawid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deon.pl/imiona-swietych/dawid,2108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Ingibiorg 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Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-127"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-128"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-129"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-130"}],"text":"^ Modern Scottish Gaelic has effectively dropped the Máel in Máel Coluim (meaning \"tonsured devotee of Columba\"), so that the name is just Colum or Calum (meaning \"Columba\"); the name was borrowed into non-Gaelic languages before this change occurred.\n\n^ a b Thurston & Attwater, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, pp. 383–4.\n\n^ a b \"Dawid\". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2021.\n\n^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, p. 49.\n\n^ Malcolm seems to have had two sons before he married Margaret, presumably by Ingibiorg Finnsdottir. Duncan II of Scotland was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1085.2, here; see also Oram, David, p. 23; and Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, p. 55; the possibility that Máel Coluim had another son, also named Máel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, \"Malcolm III (d. 1093)\".\n\n^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 121.\n\n^ See A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 114, n. 1.\n\n^ E.g. John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 40.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 89.\n\n^ John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209–10.\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1094; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 118; see also A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, pp. 90–1.\n\n^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1097; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 119.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 49.\n\n^ For David's upbringing and transformation of fortune at the Anglo-Norman court, see the partially hypothetical account in Oram, David, pp. 59–72.\n\n^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, W. Stubbs (ed.), Rolls Series, no. 90, vol. ii, p. 476; trans. A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 157.\n\n^ Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 59–60.\n\n^ Judith Green, \"David I and Henry I\", p. 3. She cites the gap in knowledge about David's whereabouts as evidence; for a brief outline of David's itinerary, see Barrow, The Charters of David I, pp. 38–41\n\n^ See Oram, David, pp. 60–2; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 60–4.\n\n^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 59–63.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 193.\n\n^ Thomas Owen Clancy, The Triumph Tree, p.184; full treatment of this is given in Clancy, \"A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113\" in: Scottish Gaelic Studies vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96.\n\n^ Clancy, \"A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain\", p. 88.\n\n^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 62–64; for Princeps Cumbrensis, see Archibald Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905), no. 46.\n\n^ Richard Oram, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 54–61; see also following references.\n\n^ See, for instance, Dauvit Broun, \"The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde\", in The Innes Review, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 138–40, n. 117; see also Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, The Viking Empires, (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 96–7.\n\n^ E.g., Oram, David, p. 113, also n. 7.\n\n^ G. W. S. Barrow, \"David I (c. 1085–1153)\".\n\n^ For all this, see Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 134, 217–8, 223; see also, for Durham and part of the earldom of Northumberland in the eyes of Earl Henry, Paul Dalton, \"Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214\", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, pp. 349–351; see also G. W. S. Barrow, \"The Kings of Scotland and Durham\", in Rollason et al. (eds.), Anglo-Norman Durham, p. 318.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 69–72.\n\n^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 79; Oram, David, pp. 75–76.\n\n^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 83; Oram, David, esp. for instance, pp. 96, 126.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 70–72.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 158.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 84–85.\n\n^ Chibnall, Anglo-Norman Studies, p. 33\n\n^ John Bannerman, \"The Kings Poet\", pp. 120–149.\n\n^ John J. O'Meara (ed.), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland (London, 1951), p. 110.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 232.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 87.\n\n^ a b Oram, David, p. 83.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 163–167.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 84.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167.\n\n^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. U1130.4, here (trans)\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 167; Anderson uses the word \"earldom\", but Orderic used the word ducatum, duchy.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 88.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 193–194; see also Oram, David, p. 86.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 183.\n\n^ Ross, \"Identity of the Prisoner at Roxburgh\". Accessed 1 December 2022.\n\n^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6.\n\n^ For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6; Oram also believes that the burghs of Auldearn and Inverness may also have been founded at this time, but it is more usual to ascribe these to the reign of David's grandson William the Lion; see, for instance, McNeill, Peter & MacQueen, Hector (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 196–8.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 91–3.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 119.\n\n^ Richard Oram, \"David I and the Conquest of Moray\", p. 11.\n\n^ John Dowden, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 232; Kenneth Jackson, The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 80.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 199–200.\n\n^ Oram, Lordship of Galloway, pp. 59, 63.\n\n^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 202–3.\n\n^ Stringer, Reign of Stephen, 28–37; Stringer, \"State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain\", pp. 40–62; Green, \"Anglo-Scottish Relations\", pp. 53–72; Kapelle, Norman Conquest of the North, pp. 141ff; Blanchard, \"Lothian and Beyond\", pp. 23–46.\n\n^ Historians such as Stringer, Kapelle, Green and Blanchard (see previous note), emphasize David's role as an English magnate, while not denying his ambition; a middle line is perhaps Oram's supposed quest for a \"Scoto-Northumbrian realm\", David, pp. 121–44, 167–89.\n\n^ M.T. Clancy, England and its Rulers, pp. 84–5; Robert Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, p. 10.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 121–3.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 122–5.\n\n^ a b David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–1154, Ed. Longman, 2000, p. 70.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 126–7.\n\n^ e.g. accounts of Richard of Hexham and Ailred of Rievaulx in A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 180, & n. 4.\n\n^ e.g. Richard of Hexham, John of Worcester and John of Hexham at A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 181.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 132–3.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 136–7; A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 190.\n\n^ a b Oram, David, pp. 140–4.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 170–2.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 179.\n\n^ For David's struggle for control over Durham see Oram, David, pp. 169–75.\n\n^ For David's struggle for control over York, see pp. 186–9.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 189.\n\n^ A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 233.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 158; Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, pp. 257–60; see also Gordon Donaldson, \"Scottish Bishop's Sees\", pp. 106–17.\n\n^ Shead, \"Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow\", pp. 220–5.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 62.\n\n^ To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram, David, pp. 67–8.\n\n^ Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 67–8\n\n^ Ian B. Cowan wrote that \"the principle steps were taken during the reign of David I\": Ian B. Cowan, \"Development of the Parochial System\", p. 44.\n\n^ Thomas Owen Clancy, \"Annat and the Origins of the Parish\", pp. 91–115.\n\n^ Dauvit Broun, \"Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend\", pp. 108–14.\n\n^ AU 1093.2, text & English translation; see also Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources , p. 49\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 160–1.\n\n^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 259; Oram, David, p. 49.\n\n^ Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, p. 260; John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, (Glasgow, ), ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 60–1.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 155.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 200–2; G. W. S. Barrow, \"David I (c. 1085–1153)\", gives the date as 24 May.\n\n^ Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1153.4, here.\n\n^ \"Archdiocese of St. Andrew's and Edinburgh\"\n\n^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 231.\n\n^ A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 232–3\n\n^ Felix J. H. Skene & William Forbes Skene (ed.), John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872), 200ff.; Donaldson, The Sources of Scottish History, p. 34: \"... at what point its information about Scotland should receive credence is far from clear\". Though Wyntoun, Fordun and Bower may have had access to documents which are no longer extant, much of their information is either duplicated in other records or cannot be corroborated; for a survey of David's historical reputation, see Oram, David, pp. 203–25.\n\n^ John MacQueen, Winnifred MacQueen and D. E. R. Watt (eds.), Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), 139ff.\n\n^ Oram, David, pp. 213–7.\n\n^ Macquarrie 1997, p. 81.\n\n^ Cowan, Mackay & Macquarrie 1983, p. 18.\n\n^ \"The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel\". eyeofthepsychic.com. Retrieved 9 May 2018.\n\n^ See, for instance, Steve Boardman, \"Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain\", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.), Scottish History: The Power of the Past, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 65–71.\n\n^ Quoted in Oram, David, p. 219, citing Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, pp. 102–9; Lang did not neglect the old myth about Margaret, writing of the Northumbrian refugees arriving in Scotland \"where they became the sires of the sturdy Lowland race\", Lang, A History of Scotland, vol. 1, p. 91.\n\n^ See Matthew H. Hammond, \"Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history\", pp. 1–27.; see also, Murray G.H. Pittock's work, Celtic Identity and the British Image, (Manchester, 1999), and Oram, David, pp. 219–20.\n\n^ Græme Ritchie, The Normans in Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1954); Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, pp. 133–73; most of Barrow's most important essays have been collected in two volumes, Scotland and Its Neighbours In the Middle Ages, (London, 1992) and The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh, 2003).\n\n^ Barrow, \"The Balance of New and Old\", passim.\n\n^ William Forbes Skene, Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1876–80); see also, Edward J. Cowan, \"The Invention of Celtic Scotland\", pp. 1–23.\n\n^ Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 82–83.\n\n^ Oram, David I, (Stroud, 2004).\n\n^ Barrow, \"The Balance of New and Old\", pp. 9–11; Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 80.\n\n^ Barrow, \"The Balance of New and Old\", p. 13.\n\n^ Bartlett, The Making of Europe, pp. 24–59; Moore, The First European Revolution, c.970–1215, p. 30ff; see also Barrow, \"The Balance of New and Old\", passim, esp. 9; this idea of \"Europe\" seems in practice to mean \"Western Europe\".\n\n^ Haidu, The Subject Medieval/Modern, p. 181; Moore, The First European Revolution, p. 57.\n\n^ Barrow, \"Balance of New and Old\", pp. 9–11.\n\n^ \"The Beginnings of Military Feudalism\"; Oram, \"David I and the Conquest of Moray\", p. & n. 43; see also, L. Toorians, \"Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland\", pp. 1–14.\n\n^ McNeill & MacQueen, Atlas of Scottish History p. 193\n\n^ See Barrow, G.W.S., \"The Judex\", pp. 57–67 and \"The Justiciar\", pp. 68–111.\n\n^ Oram, David I: The King Who Made Scotland, pp. 193, 195; Bartlett, The Making of Europe, p. 287: \"The minting of coins and the issue of written dispositions changed the political culture of the societies in which the new practices appeared\".\n\n^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 465.\n\n^ See G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 84–104; see also, Stringer, \"The Emergence of a Nation-State\", pp. 66–9.\n\n^ Stringer, \"The Emergence of a Nation-State\", p. 67. Numbering is uncertain; Perth may date to the reign of Alexander I; Inverness is a case where the foundation may date later, but may date to the period of David I: see for instance the blanket statement that Inverness dates to David I's reign in Derek Hall, Burgess, Merchant and Priest, compare Richard Oram, David, p. 93, where it is acknowledged that this is merely a possibility, to A.A.M. Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, p. 480, who quotes a charter indicating that the burgh dates to the reign of William the Lion.\n\n^ A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 256.\n\n^ \nStringer, \"The Emergence of a Nation-State\", 1100–1300\", p. 67; Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 64–6; Thomas Owen Clancy, \"History of Gaelic\", here Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine \n\n^ Oram, David, p. 62; Duncan, Making of a Kingdom, p. 145.\n\n^ Duncan, Scotland: The Making of a Kingdom, pp. 145–150; Duncan, \"The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory\", pp. 25, 27–8; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, pp. 15–20.\n\n^ Peter Yeoman, Medieval Scotland, p. 15.\n\n^ Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17.\n\n^ See, for instance, Stringer, The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria, pp. 9–11; Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 17; Duncan, The Making of a Kingdom, p. 148.\n\n^ Oram, David, p. 10","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"William \"Rufus\", the Red, King of the English, and partial instigator of the Scottish civil war, 1093–1097.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William2.jpg/170px-William2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of David's principality of \"the Cumbrians\"[image reference needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/DavidianCumbria-en.svg/220px-DavidianCumbria-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"King Henry I of England, drawn by Matthew Paris. Henry's policy in northern Britain and the Irish Sea region essentially made David's political life.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry1.jpg/180px-Henry1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ruins of Kinloss Abbey in Moray, founded by David in 1150 for a colony of Melrose Cistercians.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kinloss_Abbey.jpg/220px-Kinloss_Abbey.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Stephen drawn by Matthew Paris. David used Stephen's \"usurpation\" as his casus belli with England, even if it was not the actual reason.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stepan_Blois.jpg/170px-Stepan_Blois.jpg"},{"image_text":"Steel engraving and enhancement of the reverse side of the Great Seal of David I, a picture in the Anglo-Continental style depicting David as a warrior leader.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/David_Seal_%28rev%29.JPG/220px-David_Seal_%28rev%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the \"Continental\" fashion the other-worldly maintainer of peace and defender of justice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/David_Seal_%28ob%29.JPG/220px-David_Seal_%28ob%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The tower of the church of St Riagal (Saint Regulus), at Cenn Ríghmonaidh, later named (St Andrews); this existed during David's reign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/St_Rules_Tower.jpg/220px-St_Rules_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"David alongside his designated successor, Máel Coluim mac Eanric. Máel Coluim IV would reign for twelve years, in a reign marked for the young king's chastity and religious fervour.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/David_I_and_Malcolm_IV.jpg/200px-David_I_and_Malcolm_IV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of David I on the West Door of St. Giles High Kirk, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Statue_of_David_I_on_the_West_Door_of_St._Giles_High_Kirk%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/180px-Statue_of_David_I_on_the_West_Door_of_St._Giles_High_Kirk%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver penny of David I.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dab%C3%ADd_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Choluim_Coinage.JPG/220px-Dab%C3%ADd_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Choluim_Coinage.JPG"},{"image_text":"Burghs established in Scotland before the accession of David's successor and grandson, Máel Coluim IV; these were Scotland's first towns.[image reference needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Burghs_of_Dab%C3%ADd_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Choluim.JPG/220px-Burghs_of_Dab%C3%ADd_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Choluim.JPG"},{"image_text":"The ruins of Melrose Abbey. Founded in 1137, this Cistercian monastery became one of David's greatest legacies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MelroseAbbey01.jpg/220px-MelroseAbbey01.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dawid\". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/dawid,2108","url_text":"\"Dawid\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel\". eyeofthepsychic.com. Retrieved 9 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/rosslyn_excursions/","url_text":"\"The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Ian Borthwick; Mackay, P. H. R.; Macquarrie, Alan (1983). The Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland. Vol. 19. Scottish History Society. ISBN 9780906245033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906245033","url_text":"9780906245033"}]},{"reference":"Macquarrie, Alan (1997). Scotland and the Crusades, 1095–1560. John Donald. ISBN 9780859764452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859764452","url_text":"9780859764452"}]},{"reference":"Malzahn, Manfred (1984), Aspects of identity: the contemporary Scottish novel (1978–1981) as national self-expression, Verlag P. Lang, ISBN 978-3-8204-5565-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8204-5565-6","url_text":"978-3-8204-5565-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/dawid,2108","external_links_name":"\"Dawid\""},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/text656.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/text701.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/text700.html","external_links_name":"trans"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/text664.html","external_links_name":"text"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/text663.html","external_links_name":"English translation"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100002/text023.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://archedinburgh.org/about/our-saints/","external_links_name":"\"Archdiocese of St. Andrew's and Edinburgh\""},{"Link":"https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/rosslyn_excursions/","external_links_name":"\"The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel\""},{"Link":"http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J5cIAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Turgot, Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7208","external_links_name":", accessed 11 Feb 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17859","external_links_name":", accessed 3 Feb 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27831","external_links_name":", accessed 11 Feb 2007"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C","external_links_name":"The Viking Empires"},{"Link":"http://db.poms.ac.uk/record/person/130","external_links_name":"POMS entry for David I"},{"Link":"https://www.royal.uk/david-i-r-1124-1153","external_links_name":"David I"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/david_i.shtml","external_links_name":"David I"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html","external_links_name":"Thomas Owen Clancy, \"History of Gaelic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006164912/http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/hexham.htm","external_links_name":"Richard of Hexham's account of the 1138 Scottish invasion of England"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1815039/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000038343819X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/268847311","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15044497z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15044497z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121837580","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87894153","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p230003826","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500316532","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121837580.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v1236m","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/108783901","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream,_British_Columbia
Coldstream, British Columbia
["1 Coldstream Ranch","2 Government","3 Economy","4 Demographics","4.1 Ethnicity","4.2 Religion","5 Education","6 Climate","7 Recreation","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°13′12″N 119°14′53″W / 50.22000°N 119.24806°W / 50.22000; -119.24806Not to be confused with Goldstream, British Columbia. District municipality in British Columbia, CanadaColdstreamDistrict municipalityThe Corporation of the District of ColdstreamKalamalka Lake and ColdstreamColdstreamLocation of Coldstream in British ColumbiaCoordinates: 50°13′12″N 119°14′53″W / 50.22000°N 119.24806°W / 50.22000; -119.24806CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegional districtNorth OkanaganIncorporated1906Government • MayorRuth Hoyte • Governing BodyColdstream District council • MPMel Arnold (Conservative) • MLAHarwinder Sandhu (NDP)Area • Total66.57 km2 (25.70 sq mi)Elevation430 m (1,410 ft)Population (2021) • Total11,171 • Density167.8/km2 (435/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−08:00 (Pacific Time Zone) • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (Pacific Daylight Time)Postal code spanV1BArea code(s)250, 778, 236Websitedistrictofcoldstream.ca Coldstream is a district municipality in British Columbia, Canada, located at the northern end of Kalamalka Lake in the Okanagan Valley. Incorporated on December 21, 1906, Coldstream celebrated its centennial in 2006. The municipality is directly southeast of Vernon and is considered part of Greater Vernon. It is a member municipality of, and also the location of the head offices, of the Regional District of North Okanagan. Coldstream Ranch Coldstream is known for the Coldstream Ranch, established in 1863 by Captain Charles Frederick Houghton. He transferred the ranch to Forbes G. and Charles Albert Vernon, who in 1891 sold it to The 7th Earl of Aberdeen (later created, in 1916, The 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair), future Governor General of Canada (1893–1898). The ranch was purchased by its current owners in 1994 and continues to be a working cattle ranch. Government Coldstream is governed by a seven-member council, led by Mayor Jim Garlick. The municipality is represented by member of Parliament Mel Arnold (Okanagan—Shuswap) and member of the Legislative Assembly Eric Foster (Okanagan-Vernon). Economy The Greater Vernon area was once based in forestry and agriculture. However, manufacturing, retail trade and services are now the primary industries. A suburban community known as Middleton Mountain is located in Coldsteam at the north end of Kalamalka Lake. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% 1921 711—     1931 867+21.9% 1941 867+0.0% 1951 1,402+61.7% 1956 1,613+15.0% 1961 2,161+34.0% 1966 2,660+23.1% 1971 3,602+35.4% 1976 4,995+38.7% 1981 6,450+29.1% 1986 6,872+6.5% 1991 7,999+16.4% 1996 8,975+12.2% 2001 9,106+1.5% 2006 9,471+4.0% 2011 10,314+8.9% 2016 10,648+3.2% 2021 11,171+4.9%Sources: Statistics Canada In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Coldstream had a population of 11,171 living in 4,100 of its 4,341 total private dwellings, a change of 4.9% from its 2016 population of 10,648. With a land area of 66.57 km2 (25.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 167.8/km2 (434.6/sq mi) in 2021. Ethnicity Panethnic groups in the District of Coldstream (2001–2021) Panethnic group 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % European 9,910 90.17% 9,615 91.7% 9,265 90.92% 8,900 95.29% 8,555 95.27% Indigenous 540 4.91% 420 4.01% 555 5.45% 250 2.68% 200 2.23% East Asian 270 2.46% 245 2.34% 115 1.13% 135 1.45% 110 1.22% South Asian 125 1.14% 105 1% 120 1.18% 10 0.11% 115 1.28% Southeast Asian 70 0.64% 55 0.52% 60 0.59% 20 0.21% 10 0.11% African 40 0.36% 35 0.33% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Latin American 25 0.23% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Middle Eastern 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Other/Multiracial 10 0.09% 10 0.1% 35 0.34% 15 0.16% 0 0% Total responses 10,990 98.38% 10,485 98.47% 10,190 98.8% 9,340 98.62% 8,980 98.62% Total population 11,171 100% 10,648 100% 10,314 100% 9,471 100% 9,106 100% Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses Religion According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Coldstream included: Irreligion (6,245 persons or 56.8%) Christianity (4,540 persons or 41.3%) Sikhism (95 persons or 0.9%) Buddhism (25 persons or 0.2%) Judaism (20 persons or 0.2%) Hinduism (10 persons or 0.1%) Islam (10 persons or 0.1%) Other (55 persons or 0.5%) Education Covered by School District 22 Vernon, Coldstream is home to Coldstream Elementary School, Kidston Elementary School, Kalamalka Secondary School and Beairsto Elementary School. The municipality is served by the Vernon campus of Okanagan College. Climate Coldstream has a dry – almost semi-arid climate – with hot sunny summers and cool cloudy winters. Weather facts: Driest year (1952) = 242 mm (10 in) Wettest year (1996) = 633 mm (25 in) Warmest year (1987) = 9.2 °C (49 °F) Coldest year (1916) = 5.0 °C (41 °F) Climate data for Coldstream Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 14.5(58.1) 13.9(57.0) 21.0(69.8) 29.4(84.9) 34.5(94.1) 37.0(98.6) 40.0(104.0) 37.8(100.0) 33.9(93.0) 26.7(80.1) 18.9(66.0) 15.0(59.0) 40.0(104.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.9(28.6) 1.6(34.9) 8.4(47.1) 14.7(58.5) 19.4(66.9) 23.1(73.6) 26.6(79.9) 26.2(79.2) 20.2(68.4) 12.1(53.8) 3.7(38.7) −1.3(29.7) 12.7(54.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.1(17.4) −5.5(22.1) −1.8(28.8) 2.0(35.6) 6.1(43.0) 9.6(49.3) 11.6(52.9) 11.3(52.3) 7.2(45.0) 2.5(36.5) −2.5(27.5) −6.9(19.6) 2.1(35.8) Record low °C (°F) −35.6(−32.1) −36.1(−33.0) −28.9(−20.0) −10.6(12.9) −5.0(23.0) 0.0(32.0) 3.3(37.9) −1.7(28.9) −5.0(23.0) −20.5(−4.9) −32.0(−25.6) −38.9(−38.0) −38.9(−38.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.2(1.58) 34.3(1.35) 25.8(1.02) 29.0(1.14) 46.5(1.83) 53.9(2.12) 40.7(1.60) 42.8(1.69) 37.3(1.47) 33.3(1.31) 48.1(1.89) 52.4(2.06) 484.4(19.07) Average rainfall mm (inches) 7.3(0.29) 12.1(0.48) 19.7(0.78) 28.7(1.13) 46.5(1.83) 53.9(2.12) 40.7(1.60) 42.8(1.69) 37.3(1.47) 32.1(1.26) 25.3(1.00) 10.0(0.39) 356.5(14.04) Average snowfall cm (inches) 32.9(13.0) 22.2(8.7) 6.1(2.4) 0.4(0.2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1.2(0.5) 22.8(9.0) 42.4(16.7) 127.9(50.4) Source: Environment Canada Recreation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Coldstream, British Columbia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Coldstream is home to Kal Beach, which is located on the shore of Kalamalka Lake. Smaller beaches in the area include Kirkland Beach, Juniper Beach, Tamarack Beach, Long Lake Beach, Jade Bay Beach, Cosens Beach, Pebble Beach, and Cliff Beach. Coldstream borders on Kalamalka Provincial Park, which features numerous groomed hiking trails, scenic views, and natural areas. Wildlife in the park includes black bear, whitetailed deer, rattlesnake, marmot, and other creatures. The Silver Star Mountain Resort, 29 km (18 mi) northeast of Coldstream, offers various options for winter sports. Notes ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. References ^ "British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "Historical Municipal Census Data: 1921–2011". BC Stats. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2013. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ . Environment Canada. Accessed February 15, 2012. Thomson, Duane (March 4, 2015) . "Coldstream". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Vernon Museum – Coldstream: Nulli Secondus Ormsby, Margaret A. (1990). "Houghton, Charles Frederick". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. External links Official website vteSubdivisions of British ColumbiaSubdivisions Regional districts School districts Land districts Health regions Counties (court system) Communities Municipalities Cities District municipalities Indian government districts Island municipalities Mountain resort municipalities Resort municipalities Towns Villages Ghost towns Indian reserves Metro areas andagglomerations Abbotsford–Mission Chilliwack Kamloops Kelowna Nanaimo Greater Vancouver Greater Victoria Census agglomerations District municipalities Barriere Central Saanich Chetwynd Clearwater Coldstream Delta Elkford Esquimalt Fort St. James Highlands Hope Houston Hudson's Hope Invermere Kent Lake Country Langley Lantzville Lillooet Logan Lake Mackenzie Maple Ridge Metchosin New Hazelton North Cowichan North Saanich North Vancouver Oak Bay 100 Mile House Peachland Port Edward Port Hardy Saanich Sechelt Sicamous Sooke Spallumcheen Sparwood Squamish Stewart Summerland Taylor Tofino Tumbler Ridge Ucluelet Vanderhoof Wells West Kelowna West Vancouver Category:British Columbia Portal:Canada WikiProject:British Columbia vteMunicipalities and communities of Okanagan, British Columbia, CanadaCities Armstrong Enderby Kelowna Penticton Vernon Towns Oliver Osoyoos Districts Coldstream Lake Country Peachland Spallumcheen Summerland West Kelowna Villages Lumby Designated places Big White Cherryville Grindrod Kaleden Okanagan Falls Olalla‡ Naramata Silver Star Unincorporatedcommunities Apex Faulder Fintry Marron Valley Shingle Creek Indian reserves Okanagan Indian Band Osoyoos Indian Band Penticton Indian Band Westbank First Nation Ghost towns Carmi Fairview Monashee Townsite O'Keefe Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent region Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goldstream, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstream,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"district municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_municipality"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kalamalka Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamalka_Lake"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valley"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Greater Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Regional District of North Okanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_District_of_North_Okanagan,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Goldstream, British Columbia.District municipality in British Columbia, CanadaColdstream is a district municipality in British Columbia, Canada, located at the northern end of Kalamalka Lake in the Okanagan Valley. Incorporated on December 21, 1906, Coldstream celebrated its centennial in 2006. The municipality is directly southeast of Vernon and is considered part of Greater Vernon. It is a member municipality of, and also the location of the head offices, of the Regional District of North Okanagan.","title":"Coldstream, British Columbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Frederick Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Forbes G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_George_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Charles Albert Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Albert_Vernon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The 7th Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"cattle ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_ranch"}],"text":"Coldstream is known for the Coldstream Ranch, established in 1863 by Captain Charles Frederick Houghton. He transferred the ranch to Forbes G. and Charles Albert Vernon, who in 1891 sold it to The 7th Earl of Aberdeen (later created, in 1916, The 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair), future Governor General of Canada (1893–1898). The ranch was purchased by its current owners in 1994 and continues to be a working cattle ranch.","title":"Coldstream Ranch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Mel Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Okanagan—Shuswap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan%E2%80%94Shuswap"},{"link_name":"member of the Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Eric Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foster_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Okanagan-Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan-Vernon"}],"text":"Coldstream is governed by a seven-member council, led by Mayor Jim Garlick. The municipality is represented by member of Parliament Mel Arnold (Okanagan—Shuswap) and member of the Legislative Assembly Eric Foster (Okanagan-Vernon).","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"retail trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_trade"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)"}],"text":"The Greater Vernon area was once based in forestry and agriculture. However, manufacturing, retail trade and services are now the primary industries. A suburban community known as Middleton Mountain is located in Coldsteam at the north end of Kalamalka Lake.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Canadian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-4"}],"text":"In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Coldstream had a population of 11,171 living in 4,100 of its 4,341 total private dwellings, a change of 4.9% from its 2016 population of 10,648. With a land area of 66.57 km2 (25.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 167.8/km2 (434.6/sq mi) in 2021.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021censusB-2"},{"link_name":"Irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Coldstream included:[2]Irreligion (6,245 persons or 56.8%)\nChristianity (4,540 persons or 41.3%)\nSikhism (95 persons or 0.9%)\nBuddhism (25 persons or 0.2%)\nJudaism (20 persons or 0.2%)\nHinduism (10 persons or 0.1%)\nIslam (10 persons or 0.1%)\nOther (55 persons or 0.5%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School District 22 Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_District_22_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Coldstream Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Kidston Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidston_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Kalamalka Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamalka_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Okanagan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_College"}],"text":"Covered by School District 22 Vernon, Coldstream is home to Coldstream Elementary School, Kidston Elementary School, Kalamalka Secondary School and Beairsto Elementary School. The municipality is served by the Vernon campus of Okanagan College.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Environment Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Canada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climate-14"}],"text":"Coldstream has a dry – almost semi-arid climate – with hot sunny summers and cool cloudy winters.Weather facts:Driest year (1952) = 242 mm (10 in)\nWettest year (1996) = 633 mm (25 in)\nWarmest year (1987) = 9.2 °C (49 °F)\nColdest year (1916) = 5.0 °C (41 °F)Climate data for Coldstream\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n37.8(100.0)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n−1.3(29.7)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−8.1(17.4)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−35.6(−32.1)\n\n−36.1(−33.0)\n\n−28.9(−20.0)\n\n−10.6(12.9)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n−20.5(−4.9)\n\n−32.0(−25.6)\n\n−38.9(−38.0)\n\n−38.9(−38.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n40.2(1.58)\n\n34.3(1.35)\n\n25.8(1.02)\n\n29.0(1.14)\n\n46.5(1.83)\n\n53.9(2.12)\n\n40.7(1.60)\n\n42.8(1.69)\n\n37.3(1.47)\n\n33.3(1.31)\n\n48.1(1.89)\n\n52.4(2.06)\n\n484.4(19.07)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n7.3(0.29)\n\n12.1(0.48)\n\n19.7(0.78)\n\n28.7(1.13)\n\n46.5(1.83)\n\n53.9(2.12)\n\n40.7(1.60)\n\n42.8(1.69)\n\n37.3(1.47)\n\n32.1(1.26)\n\n25.3(1.00)\n\n10.0(0.39)\n\n356.5(14.04)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n32.9(13.0)\n\n22.2(8.7)\n\n6.1(2.4)\n\n0.4(0.2)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n1.2(0.5)\n\n22.8(9.0)\n\n42.4(16.7)\n\n127.9(50.4)\n\n\nSource: Environment Canada[9]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalamalka Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamalka_Lake"},{"link_name":"black bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"whitetailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetailed_deer"},{"link_name":"rattlesnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake"},{"link_name":"marmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot"},{"link_name":"Silver Star Mountain Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_Mountain_Resort"}],"text":"Coldstream is home to Kal Beach, which is located on the shore of Kalamalka Lake. Smaller beaches in the area include Kirkland Beach, Juniper Beach, Tamarack Beach, Long Lake Beach, Jade Bay Beach, Cosens Beach, Pebble Beach, and Cliff Beach. Coldstream borders on Kalamalka Provincial Park, which features numerous groomed hiking trails, scenic views, and natural areas. Wildlife in the park includes black bear, whitetailed deer, rattlesnake, marmot, and other creatures. The Silver Star Mountain Resort, 29 km (18 mi) northeast of Coldstream, offers various options for winter sports.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-euro_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EastAsian_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_11-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Other_13-0"}],"text":"^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Chinese\", \"Korean\", and \"Japanese\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Filipino\" and \"Southeast Asian\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"West Asian\" and \"Arab\" under visible minority section on census.\n\n^ Statistic includes total responses of \"Visible minority, n.i.e.\" and \"Multiple visible minorities\" under visible minority section on census.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address\" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713004716/http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls","url_text":"\"British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","url_text":"XLS"},{"url":"http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). \"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Coldstream&DGUIDlist=2021A00055937010&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Municipal Census Data: 1921–2011\". BC Stats. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121231000705/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/MunicipalPopulations.aspx","url_text":"\"Historical Municipal Census Data: 1921–2011\""},{"url":"http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/MunicipalPopulations.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000259","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5937010&Geo2=CD&Code2=5937&SearchText=Coldstream&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). \"NHS Profile\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5937010&Data=Count&SearchText=Coldstream&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1","url_text":"\"NHS Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). \"2006 Community Profiles\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5937010&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Coldstream&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). \"2001 Community Profiles\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5937010&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Coldstream&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=","url_text":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Duane (March 4, 2015) [November 28, 2007]. \"Coldstream\". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/coldstream","url_text":"\"Coldstream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"Ormsby, Margaret A. (1990). \"Houghton, Charles Frederick\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/houghton_charles_frederick_12E.html","url_text":"\"Houghton, Charles Frederick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles,_Louisiana
Versailles, Louisiana
["1 History","2 La Ronde Plantation","3 References","4 Sources"]
Coordinates: 29°56′54″N 89°57′39″W / 29.94833°N 89.96083°W / 29.94833; -89.96083 Unincorporated community in Louisiana, United StatesVersaillesUnincorporated communityVersaillesLocation of Versailles in LouisianaCoordinates: 29°56′54″N 89°57′39″W / 29.94833°N 89.96083°W / 29.94833; -89.96083CountryUnited StatesStateLouisianaParishSt. Bernard ParishTime zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT) Versailles is an unincorporated community in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located along the East Bank of the Mississippi River, approximately 3.5 miles below the lower limit of New Orleans. The community, for governmental and postal address purposes, is considered part of Chalmette and by some designations, part of neighboring Meraux. As a place designation, the name "Versailles" continues in local use. History Versailles was founded by Major-General Pierre Denis de la Ronde (1762–1824), one of Louisiana's wealthiest plantation owners and a descendant of French Canadian judge and poet, René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière, of Maison Lotbinière, poet Alain Chartier and, traditionally, the explorer Jehan Denys, though this is unproven and is likely entirely the confabulation of Frederick Gilman Forsyth, the self-styled, so-called "Forsyth de Fronsac," who published falsified lineages. In 1802, Denis de La Ronde was appointed to Louisiana (New Spain)'s governing authority, the Cabildo, at the behest of his late brother-in-law, Andrés Almonaster y Rojas, to succeed him as Regidor Perpetuo, Councilman for Life. (Spanish bureaucratic offices were a form of property, purchased from the Crown, and could be inherited.) In 1805, during the U.S. territorial period, along with other local investors, he made plans to build Versailles along the Mississippi River and to then cut a barge canal through some dozen miles of swamp to the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, where they planned to build another town, to be called "Paris." The intended communities were named after Paris and Versailles in France and were meant to recreate the French style. Denis de La Ronde envisioned that this Versailles would overtake New Orleans in size and popularity. However, development was waylaid by political unrest, culminating in the War of 1812. In 1814–15, then-Colonel de La Ronde commanded the Louisiana militia's Third Regiment at the Battle of New Orleans, which was fought both at his plantation (December 23, 1814, Night Battle) and at the neighboring Chalmette plantation, belonging to his maternal half-brother, Ignace Martin de Lino de Chalmette (1755–1815). Like de La Ronde, de Lino was a descendant of the Chartier family, through his paternal grandmother. Their mutual niece, Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba, later constructed the Pontalba Buildings in New Orleans, during the 1840s, then, in 1855, completed the Hôtel de Pontalba in Paris. All three are descendants of the famed French architect Ignace François Broutin. Versailles remained a small town for the rest of the 19th century, with no navigable canal linking the River and the Lake until the Industrial Canal was built in New Orleans during the 20th century. Denis de La Ronde's path through the swamps fared better, eventually developing into a major artery. Paris Road remains the farthest downriver route connecting the River to the Lake in Greater New Orleans. In 1903, executives of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway (known more commonly as the "Frisco Railroad") engaged in negotiations to purchase large tracts of land in St. Bernard Parish "up to the Orleans Parish line" as part of their plans of "gigantic scope" to further the expansion of the company's rail lines and operations facilities across Louisiana. As part of this plan, they proposed relocating the residents of the nearby village of Fazendeville, a historically Black community, to Versailles, which was described in one newspaper report as a "settlement consist merely of a row of very small properties along a public road running at right angles from the river to the railroad track." Although some Fazendeville residents agreed to the relocation, many refused the railway's financial offers. La Ronde Plantation The house was considered the most stylish plantation home in that part of Louisiana at the time, and the name Versailles is mistakenly distributed by various authors and in reports—largely from the misnaming of the La Ronde plantation in Old Families of Louisiana. Evidence has yet to materialize, however, that this mansion was ever referred to as "Versailles" in its time, or by its owners. The plantation was affectionately known as "Parnassus" to the family, a home "where lavish hospitality was dispensed." Denis de la Ronde House c.1866 Pierre Denis de La Ronde purchased the property in 1783. Then, to commemorate his 21st birthday, he had slaves plant an avenue of now-famous oak trees. The allée still stands, largely intact, as the La Ronde Oaks—though the trees, like the mansion they once led to from the Mississippi, are also widely mislabeled as "Versailles Oaks" or "Pakenham's Oaks" (the latter since General Edward Pakenham met his fatal end from battlefield injuries among Denis de La Ronde's oaks). On December 23, 1814, General Andrew Jackson learned of the advances and position of the British encampment from Colonel Pierre Denys de La Ronde and his son-in-law, Major Gabriel Villeré. The Night Attack of the Battle of New Orleans was subsequently fought on the La Ronde plantation. Major Villeré was the son of Louisiana's future first Creole Governor, Jacques Villeré. The La Ronde mansion was looted and heavily damaged by the British during the fateful Night Attack of December 23, 1814, which effectively launched the Battle of New Orleans, then further ruined when commandeered by the British as a field hospital. The house then burned about 70 years later, though most of the walls remained standing until the hurricane of 1915. A few ruins remain visible along Highway 46 in St. Bernard Parish, as does the Southern live oak allée that once graced the path from the Mississippi River landing to the manor house. References ^ The Aryan Order of America and the College of Arms of Canada, by Yves Drolet; Montreal, Canada; 2015, p. 45." ^ Pierre Denis de la Ronde, fils Archived 2016-09-25 at the Wayback Machine at the Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ "St. Bernard Progress: Gigantic Scope of the Plans of the Frisco: Buying Upland Up to the Orleans Parish Line." New Orleans, Louisiana: The Times-Democrat, July 16, 1903, p. 7 (subscription required). ^ Brasseaux, Carl A.; Carmon, Alana A. (October 27, 2015). "St. James Parish". Center for Louisiana Studies. Retrieved August 20, 2020. ^ Families of Louisiana, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA; 1905; p.396. ^ Families of Louisiana, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA; 1905; p.397. ^ Robert W. Tebbs, Photographer to Architects: Louisiana Plantations in 1926, by Richard Anthony Lewis; Louisiana State University; USA; 2011, p. 29." ^ The Regional Review, Volume II – No. 5: "Historic Sites in the South", by Roy Edgar Appleman, Regional Supervisor of Historic Sites; Richmond, Virginia; USA; May, 1939. ^ Creole families of New Orleans, by King, Grace Elizabeth; Macmillan; New York, USA; 1921; p. 315: "Colonel de la Ronde, who himself had just rushed in from his command at Chef Menteur on the lake with the news of the British landing. The two officials jumped in a skiff at the river bank, crossed the stream and, seizing horses on the other side, spurred to the city where, covered with mud and breathless from their ride, they made their report to General Jackson, surrounded by his aides, that 'the British were encamped on the soil of Louisiana'! To repeat the old, old anecdote which can never be too often repeated in the estimation of Louisianians — At the close of Major Villere's narrative the General drew up his figure to its full height, and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow with his clenched fist upon the table, swore his oath: 'By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil!'...The Chalmette plantation has gained the honor of naming the great victory, but the attack and the retreat were made through the de la Ronde place; and many a gallant British officer and soldier breathed his last under the soft shade of the old oaks whose great trunks still carry the scars of cannon balls and even the balls themselves." ^ The Story of the Battle of New Orleans, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA; 1915; p.97: "Judge Walker's account continues. "The sounds ceased at the door of his headquarters and the sentinel on duty announced the arrival of three gentlemen who desired to see the General immediately, having important intelligence to communicate. 'Show them in,' ordered the General. The visitors proved to be Mr. Dussau de la Croix, Major Gabriel Villere and Colonel De la Ronde. They were stained with mud and nearly breathless with the rapidity of their ride. 'What news do you bring, gentlemen?' eagerly asked the General. 'Important, highly important!' responded Mr. de lu Croix. The British have arrived at Villere's plantation nine miles below the city and are there encamped. Here is Major Villere, who was captured by them, has escaped and will now relate his story.'" ^ The Story of the Battle of New Orleans, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA' 1915; p.123. ^ Wilson, Samuel, Jr.: Plantation Houses on the Battlefield of New Orleans. New Orleans: Louisiana Landmarks Society, 1989. Sources Arthur, Stanley Clisby (1915), The story of the Battle of New Orleans, New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society, OCLC 493033588 Fraiser, Jim (2003), The French Quarter of New Orleans, Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, OCLC 869070660 vteMunicipalities and communities of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United StatesParish seat: ChalmetteCDPs Arabi Chalmette Delacroix Meraux Poydras Violet Othercommunities Alluvial City Caernarvon Hopedale (La Chinche) Reggio (Bencheque) Saint Bernard Shell Beach Verret Versailles Wood Lake Yscloskey Ghost towns Fazendeville Saint Malo Louisiana portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Chalmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Meraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meraux,_Louisiana"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Louisiana, United StatesVersailles is an unincorporated community in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located along the East Bank of the Mississippi River, approximately 3.5 miles below the lower limit of New Orleans. The community, for governmental and postal address purposes, is considered part of Chalmette and by some designations, part of neighboring Meraux. As a place designation, the name \"Versailles\" continues in local use.","title":"Versailles, Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"French Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Louis_Chartier_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Maison Lotbinière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Kent_House,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Alain Chartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Chartier"},{"link_name":"Jehan Denys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Denis"},{"link_name":"confabulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confabulation"},{"link_name":"falsified lineages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Denys#Falsified_Genealogies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana (New Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Cabildo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabildo_(council)"},{"link_name":"Andrés Almonaster y Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Almonaster_y_Rojas"},{"link_name":"U.S. territorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"Lake Pontchartrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_(city)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chalmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaela_Almonester,_Baroness_de_Pontalba"},{"link_name":"Pontalba Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontalba_Buildings"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Pontalba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Ignace François Broutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Broutin"},{"link_name":"Industrial Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Canal"},{"link_name":"Greater New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"St. Louis–San Francisco Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway"},{"link_name":"Fazendeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazendeville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Versailles was founded by Major-General Pierre Denis de la Ronde (1762–1824), one of Louisiana's wealthiest plantation owners and a descendant of French Canadian judge and poet, René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière, of Maison Lotbinière, poet Alain Chartier and, traditionally, the explorer Jehan Denys, though this is unproven and is likely entirely the confabulation of Frederick Gilman Forsyth, the self-styled, so-called \"Forsyth de Fronsac,\" who published falsified lineages.[1]In 1802, Denis de La Ronde was appointed to Louisiana (New Spain)'s governing authority, the Cabildo, at the behest of his late brother-in-law, Andrés Almonaster y Rojas, to succeed him as Regidor Perpetuo, Councilman for Life. (Spanish bureaucratic offices were a form of property, purchased from the Crown, and could be inherited.) In 1805, during the U.S. territorial period, along with other local investors, he made plans to build Versailles along the Mississippi River and to then cut a barge canal through some dozen miles of swamp to the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, where they planned to build another town, to be called \"Paris.\" The intended communities were named after Paris and Versailles in France and were meant to recreate the French style. Denis de La Ronde envisioned that this Versailles would overtake New Orleans in size and popularity.However, development was waylaid by political unrest, culminating in the War of 1812. In 1814–15, then-Colonel de La Ronde commanded the Louisiana militia's Third Regiment at the Battle of New Orleans, which was fought both at his plantation (December 23, 1814, Night Battle)[2] and at the neighboring Chalmette plantation, belonging to his maternal half-brother, Ignace Martin de Lino de Chalmette (1755–1815).Like de La Ronde, de Lino was a descendant of the Chartier family, through his paternal grandmother. Their mutual niece, Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba, later constructed the Pontalba Buildings in New Orleans, during the 1840s, then, in 1855, completed the Hôtel de Pontalba in Paris. All three are descendants of the famed French architect Ignace François Broutin.Versailles remained a small town for the rest of the 19th century, with no navigable canal linking the River and the Lake until the Industrial Canal was built in New Orleans during the 20th century. Denis de La Ronde's path through the swamps fared better, eventually developing into a major artery. Paris Road remains the farthest downriver route connecting the River to the Lake in Greater New Orleans.In 1903, executives of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway (known more commonly as the \"Frisco Railroad\") engaged in negotiations to purchase large tracts of land in St. Bernard Parish \"up to the Orleans Parish line\" as part of their plans of \"gigantic scope\" to further the expansion of the company's rail lines and operations facilities across Louisiana. As part of this plan, they proposed relocating the residents of the nearby village of Fazendeville, a historically Black community, to Versailles, which was described in one newspaper report as a \"settlement consist[ing] merely of a row of very small properties along a public road running at right angles from the river to the railroad track.\" Although some Fazendeville residents agreed to the relocation, many refused the railway's financial offers.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_de_la_Ronde_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"allée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)"},{"link_name":"Edward Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pakenham"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Battle of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_peoples#Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jacques Villeré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Viller%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"hurricane of 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_New_Orleans_hurricane"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins"},{"link_name":"Highway 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_46"},{"link_name":"Southern live oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_virginiana"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"}],"text":"The house was considered the most stylish plantation home in that part of Louisiana at the time,[4] and the name Versailles is mistakenly distributed by various authors and in reports—largely from the misnaming of the La Ronde plantation in Old Families of Louisiana.[5] Evidence has yet to materialize, however, that this mansion was ever referred to as \"Versailles\" in its time, or by its owners. The plantation was affectionately known as \"Parnassus\" to the family, a home \"where lavish hospitality was dispensed.\"[6]Denis de la Ronde House c.1866Pierre Denis de La Ronde purchased the property in 1783.[7] Then, to commemorate his 21st birthday, he had slaves plant an avenue of now-famous oak trees.[8] The allée still stands, largely intact, as the La Ronde Oaks—though the trees, like the mansion they once led to from the Mississippi, are also widely mislabeled as \"Versailles Oaks\" or \"Pakenham's Oaks\" (the latter since General Edward Pakenham met his fatal end from battlefield injuries among Denis de La Ronde's oaks).On December 23, 1814, General Andrew Jackson learned of the advances and position of the British encampment from Colonel Pierre Denys de La Ronde and his son-in-law, Major Gabriel Villeré.[9][10] The Night Attack of the Battle of New Orleans was subsequently fought on the La Ronde plantation.[11] Major Villeré was the son of Louisiana's future first Creole Governor, Jacques Villeré.The La Ronde mansion was looted and heavily damaged by the British during the fateful Night Attack of December 23, 1814, which effectively launched the Battle of New Orleans, then further ruined when commandeered by the British as a field hospital. The house then burned about 70 years later, though most of the walls remained standing until the hurricane of 1915.[12] A few ruins remain visible along Highway 46 in St. Bernard Parish, as does the Southern live oak allée that once graced the path from the Mississippi River landing to the manor house.","title":"La Ronde Plantation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"493033588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/493033588"},{"link_name":"University Press of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"869070660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/869070660"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Parish seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_seat"},{"link_name":"Chalmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"CDPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Chalmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delacroix,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Meraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meraux,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Poydras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poydras,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Othercommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Alluvial City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_City,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Caernarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarvon,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Hopedale (La Chinche)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopedale,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Reggio (Bencheque)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Saint Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bernard,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Shell Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Beach,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Verret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verret,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Lake,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Yscloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yscloskey,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Ghost towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Fazendeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazendeville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Saint Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Louisiana_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"}],"text":"Arthur, Stanley Clisby (1915), The story of the Battle of New Orleans, New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society, OCLC 493033588\nFraiser, Jim (2003), The French Quarter of New Orleans, Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, OCLC 869070660vteMunicipalities and communities of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United StatesParish seat: ChalmetteCDPs\nArabi\nChalmette\nDelacroix\nMeraux\nPoydras\nViolet\nOthercommunities\nAlluvial City\nCaernarvon\nHopedale (La Chinche)\nReggio (Bencheque)\nSaint Bernard\nShell Beach\nVerret\nVersailles\nWood Lake\nYscloskey\nGhost towns\nFazendeville\nSaint Malo\n\nLouisiana portal\nUnited States portal","title":"Sources"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Brasseaux, Carl A.; Carmon, Alana A. (October 27, 2015). \"St. James Parish\". Center for Louisiana Studies. Retrieved August 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://louisianastudies.louisiana.edu/node/102","url_text":"\"St. James Parish\""}]},{"reference":"Arthur, Stanley Clisby (1915), The story of the Battle of New Orleans, New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society, OCLC 493033588","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493033588","url_text":"493033588"}]},{"reference":"Fraiser, Jim (2003), The French Quarter of New Orleans, Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, OCLC 869070660","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869070660","url_text":"869070660"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Versailles,_Louisiana&params=29_56_54_N_89_57_39_W_type:city_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"29°56′54″N 89°57′39″W / 29.94833°N 89.96083°W / 29.94833; -89.96083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Versailles,_Louisiana&params=29_56_54_N_89_57_39_W_type:city_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"29°56′54″N 89°57′39″W / 29.94833°N 89.96083°W / 29.94833; -89.96083"},{"Link":"http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2478526","external_links_name":"The Aryan Order of America and the College of Arms of Canada, by Yves Drolet; Montreal, Canada; 2015, p. 45.\""},{"Link":"http://www.lahistory.org/site21.php","external_links_name":"Pierre Denis de la Ronde, fils"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160925003659/http://www.lahistory.org/site21.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/151887527/?terms=Fazendeville&match=1","external_links_name":"St. Bernard Progress: Gigantic Scope of the Plans of the Frisco: Buying Upland Up to the Orleans Parish Line"},{"Link":"https://louisianastudies.louisiana.edu/node/102","external_links_name":"\"St. James Parish\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s_ktIUzXwFkC&q=Parnassus%27%27Old&pg=PA396","external_links_name":"Families of Louisiana, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA; 1905; p.396."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s_ktIUzXwFkC&q=Parnassus%27%27Old&pg=PA396","external_links_name":"Families of Louisiana, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA; 1905; p.397."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i94N8oPtXXAC&q=la+ronde&pg=PA139","external_links_name":"Robert W. Tebbs, Photographer to Architects: Louisiana Plantations in 1926, by Richard Anthony Lewis; Louisiana State University; USA; 2011, p. 29.\""},{"Link":"http://npshistory.com/newsletters/regional_review/vol2-5c.htm","external_links_name":"The Regional Review, Volume II – No. 5: \"Historic Sites in the South\", by Roy Edgar Appleman, Regional Supervisor of Historic Sites; Richmond, Virginia; USA; May, 1939."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyoflouisia00bunnrich#page/231/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Creole families of New Orleans, by King, Grace Elizabeth; Macmillan; New York, USA; 1921; p. 315: \"Colonel de la Ronde, who himself had just rushed in from his command at Chef Menteur on the lake with the news of the British landing. The two officials jumped in a skiff at the river bank, crossed the stream and, seizing horses on the other side, spurred to the city where, covered with mud and breathless from their ride, they made their report to General Jackson, surrounded by his aides, that 'the British were encamped on the soil of Louisiana'! To repeat the old, old anecdote which can never be too often repeated in the estimation of Louisianians — At the close of Major Villere's narrative the General drew up his figure to its full height, and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow with his clenched fist upon the table, swore his oath: 'By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil!'...The Chalmette plantation has gained the honor of naming the great victory, but the attack and the retreat were made through the de la Ronde place; and many a gallant British officer and soldier breathed his last under the soft shade of the old oaks whose great trunks still carry the scars of cannon balls and even the balls themselves.\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyoflouisia00bunnrich#page/231/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Story of the Battle of New Orleans, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA; 1915; p.97: \"Judge Walker's account continues. \"The sounds ceased at the door of his headquarters and the sentinel on duty announced the arrival of three gentlemen who desired to see the General immediately, having important intelligence to communicate. 'Show them in,' ordered the General. The visitors proved to be Mr. Dussau de la Croix, Major Gabriel Villere and Colonel De la Ronde. They were stained with mud and nearly breathless with the rapidity of their ride. 'What news do you bring, gentlemen?' eagerly asked the General. 'Important, highly important!' responded Mr. de lu Croix. The British have arrived at Villere's plantation nine miles below the city and are there encamped. Here is Major Villere, who was captured by them, has escaped and will now relate his story.'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/storyofbattlenew00arth#page/123/mode/2upp","external_links_name":"The Story of the Battle of New Orleans, by Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Louisiana Historical Society; New Orleans, USA' 1915; p.123."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493033588","external_links_name":"493033588"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869070660","external_links_name":"869070660"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_Farm,_U.S._Virgin_Islands
Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands
["1 Districts","1.1 History of the districts","2 Subdistricts","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Districts of the U.S. Virgin IslandsCategoryCounty equivalentLocationUnited States Virgin IslandsNumber2 (administrative districts)3 (census districts)Populations3,881 (Saint John) – 42,461 (Saint Thomas (census districts)Areas19.69 sq mi (51.0 km2) (Saint John) – 83.32 sq mi (215.8 km2) (Saint Croix) (census districts)GovernmentLocal governmentSubdivisionsSubdistrict Politics of the United States Virgin Islands Constitution United States Constitution Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands Executive Government Governor Albert Bryan Lieutenant Governor Tregenza Roach Cabinet Legislature Legislature President of the Legislature Myron D. Jackson Judiciary Court System Supreme Court District Court Superior Court Elections Elections Political Parties Democratic Party Independent Citizens Movement Republican Party Political party strength Divisions Districts and sub-districts Islands St. Croix St. Thomas St. John Federal relations Federal representation United States House of Representatives Delegate of the U.S. Virgin Islands Stacey Plaskett (D) Politics of the United States  Politics portal vte Districts The territorial government of the United States Virgin Islands has for operational purposes established two districts, which include the minor islets nearest to the major islands: Saint Croix Saint Thomas and Saint John The U.S. Virgin Islands legislature has 15 seats: 7 seats are for the Saint Croix District, 7 seats are for the Saint Thomas and Saint John District, and one seat is for someone who must live in Saint John. The U.S. Virgin Islands have no municipalities; the only government is for the territory as a whole. History of the districts The Colonial Law of 1863 divided the islands into two municipalities: St. Croix, and St. Thomas–St. John. Each municipality was served by a Colonial Council. fter the United States had purchased the islands, the U.S. Congress passed the Organic Act of 1936, under which the two Colonial Councils became Municipal Councils. In 1954, the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands created a unicameral body called the Legislature of the Virgin Islands, consisting of 11 members across three districts (one district for each major island). In 1966, the United States Congress and the Virgin Islands Legislature passed a resolution, which increased the number of seats from 11 to 15, changed the number districts back to two, and changed the distribution of seats to its current distribution. Subdistricts The territory has historically been divided into quarters (which are not one-fourth of anything) and estates. These were used for census purposes until 1980, and estates are commonly used for navigation, writing addresses, and discussing real estate. The U.S. Census uses three districts (Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix) as county equivalents. In more recent census decades, quarters and estates have been replaced by 20 census subdistricts, which were defined by the territorial government as more meaningful given the terrain and current population distribution. These are used as minor civil divisions. Map Division Population Land area # 2020 2010 sq mi km2 Saint Croix 41,004 50,601 83.32 215.80 1 Anna's Hope Village 3,282 4,041 9.89 25.61 2 Christiansted 1,866 2,626 0.76 1.97 Christiansted town 1,770 2,433 0.51 1.32 3 East End 2,336 2,453 12.91 33.44 4 Frederiksted 2,303 3,091 1.38 3.57   Frederiksted town 528 859 0.17 0.44 5 Northcentral 4,197 4,977 12.66 32.79 6 Northwest 3,431 4,863 18.19 47.11 7 Sion Farm 10,332 13,003 9.40 24.35 8 Southcentral 7,415 8,049 12.62 32.69 9 Southwest 5,842 7,498 5.51 14.27 Saint Thomas 42,261 51,634 31.31 81.09 1 Charlotte Amalie 14,477 18,481 3.36 8.70   Charlotte Amalie town 8,194 10,354 1.21 3.13 2 East End 7,502 8,403 5.26 13.62 3 Northside 8,889 10,049 10.59 27.43 4 Southside 4,112 5,411 4.42 11.45 5 Tutu 5,129 6,867 1.52 3.94 6 Water Island 164 182 0.97 2.51 7 West End 1,988 2,241 5.19 13.44 Saint John 3,881 4,170 19.69 51.00 1 Central 470 779 14.09 36.49 2 Coral Bay 724 634 1.91 4.95 3 Cruz Bay 2,652 2,706 2.77 7.17 4 East End 35 51 0.92 2.38 U.S. Virgin Islands 87,146 106,405 134.32 347.89 See also List of settlements in the United States Virgin Islands Islands of U.S. Virgin Islands Minor islands of the United States Virgin Islands References ^ http://www.legvi.org/senators/st-thomasst-john/senator-marvin-a-blyden/ Archived October 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine legvi.org. Senator Marvin A. Blyden. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g http://www.legvi.org/history/ Archived October 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Legvi.org. History. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-counties-are-there-united-states Archived September 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine USGS. How many counties are there in the United States? Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b c United States Census (1990). "Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/codes/cou.html 2010 FIPS Codes for Counties and County Equivalent Entities. Census.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch4GARM.pdf States, Counties, and Statistically Equivalent Entities (Chapter 4). Census.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ http://www.statoids.com/uvi.html Districts of the United States Virgin Islands. Statoids.com. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ Population of the United States Virgin Islands: 2010 and 2020, U.S. Census Bureau. ^ Population, Housing Units, Land Area, and Density by Island and Census Subdistrict for the U.S. Virgin Islands: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau. ^ Population, Housing Units, Land Area, and Density by Place for the U.S. Virgin Islands: 2010, U.S. Census Bureau. External links Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau Historical Evolution of the Legislature of the United States Virgin Islands Quarters and estates of Saint Croix Quarters and estates of Saint John vteTerritory of United States Virgin IslandsCharlotte Amalie (capital)Topics Bibliography Climate Demographics Culture Languages Religion Women Economy Sugar production Tourist attractions Education Geography Highways History Danish West Indies Governors Telecommunications Transportation Politics Government Governors Lieutenant Governors Dept. of Justice Attorney General Supreme Court Legislature Elections Members Cannabis LGBT Same-sex marriage USVI Police Department Delegates to U.S. Congress Congressional district Cities Anna's Retreat Charlotte Amalie Charlotte Amalie West Christiansted Cruz Bay Frederiksted Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Water Island Others Parks Buck Island Reef NM Christiansted NHS Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Virgin Islands Coral Reef NM Virgin Islands NP vteAdministrative divisions of the Americas United States and Canada Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America Hispanic North America Northern Caribbean Central America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands vteLists of United States counties and county equivalentsStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (equiv.) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying Islands United States Minor Outlying Islands
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saint Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outlying-4"}],"text":"The territorial government of the United States Virgin Islands has for operational purposes established two districts, which include the minor islets nearest to the major islands:[1][2][3]Saint Croix\nSaint Thomas and Saint JohnThe U.S. Virgin Islands legislature has 15 seats: 7 seats are for the Saint Croix District, 7 seats are for the Saint Thomas and Saint John District, and one seat is for someone who must live in Saint John.[2]The U.S. Virgin Islands have no municipalities; the only government is for the territory as a whole.[4]","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"United States had purchased the islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_Day"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Organic Act of 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1936"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Organic_Act_of_the_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"sub_title":"History of the districts","text":"The Colonial Law of 1863 divided the islands into two municipalities: St. Croix, and St. Thomas–St. John.[2] Each municipality was served by a Colonial Council.[2] fter the United States had purchased the islands, the U.S. Congress passed the Organic Act of 1936, under which the two Colonial Councils became Municipal Councils.[2] In 1954, the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands created a unicameral body called the Legislature of the Virgin Islands, consisting of 11 members across three districts (one district for each major island).[2] In 1966, the United States Congress and the Virgin Islands Legislature passed a resolution, which increased the number of seats from 11 to 15, changed the number districts back to two, and changed the distribution of seats to its current distribution.[2]","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outlying-4"},{"link_name":"county equivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_equivalent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USVICounties-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-7"},{"link_name":"minor civil divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_civil_division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outlying-4"}],"text":"The territory has historically been divided into quarters (which are not one-fourth of anything) and \nestates. These were used for census purposes until 1980, and estates are commonly used for navigation, writing addresses, and discussing real estate.[4] The U.S. Census uses three districts (Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix) as county equivalents.[5][6][7]In more recent census decades, quarters and estates have been replaced by 20 census subdistricts, which were defined by the territorial government as more meaningful given the terrain and current population distribution. These are used as minor civil divisions.[4]","title":"Subdistricts"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of settlements in the United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"title":"Islands of U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"title":"Minor islands of the United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_islands_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"}]
[{"reference":"United States Census (1990). \"Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas\" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census","url_text":"United States Census"},{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch7GARM.pdf","url_text":"\"Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.legvi.org/senators/st-thomasst-john/senator-marvin-a-blyden/","external_links_name":"http://www.legvi.org/senators/st-thomasst-john/senator-marvin-a-blyden/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181012210449/http://www.legvi.org/senators/st-thomasst-john/senator-marvin-a-blyden/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legvi.org/history/","external_links_name":"http://www.legvi.org/history/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181012210349/http://www.legvi.org/history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-counties-are-there-united-states","external_links_name":"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-counties-are-there-united-states"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907033534/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-counties-are-there-united-states","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch7GARM.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Rico and the Outlying Areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/codes/cou.html","external_links_name":"https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/codes/cou.html"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch4GARM.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch4GARM.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/uvi.html","external_links_name":"http://www.statoids.com/uvi.html"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/island-areas/us-virgin-islands/population-and-housing-unit-counts/us-virgin-islands-phc-table01.pdf","external_links_name":"Population of the United States Virgin Islands: 2010 and 2020"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/cph/cph-t/cph-t-8/table4a.pdf","external_links_name":"Population, Housing Units, Land Area, and Density by Island and Census Subdistrict for the U.S. Virgin Islands: 2010"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/cph/cph-t/cph-t-8/table4b.pdf","external_links_name":"Population, Housing Units, Land Area, and Density by Place for the U.S. Virgin Islands: 2010"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau"},{"Link":"https://legvi.org/history/","external_links_name":"Historical Evolution of the Legislature of the United States Virgin Islands"},{"Link":"http://www.american-virgin-islands.com/islandmaps.html","external_links_name":"Quarters and estates of Saint Croix"},{"Link":"https://www.americanparadise.com/estate-map/","external_links_name":"Quarters and estates of Saint John"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
["1 See also","2 References"]
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial, MataleYear2015LocationMatale Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale is a memorial situated in Matale in Central Province, Sri Lanka. It was inaugurated by President Maithripala Sirisena and Indian High Commissioner Y. K. Sinha on 22 November 2015. The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial was built in remembrance of Mahatma Gandhi's historical visit to Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1927. See also Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Ceylon References ^ "Construction of Mahatma Gandhi Centre in Matale in Central Province" (PDF). ^ "Sri Lanka opens international centre dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ LTD, Lankacom PVT. "The Island". www.island.lk. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Laying of Foundation Stone of the Mahatma Gandhi International Centre at Matale | Asian Tribune". www.asiantribune.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ Fernando, Shashini. "Mahatma Gandhi International Centre in Matale inaugurated". Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Sri Lanka". Retrieved 5 April 2017 – via PressReader. vteMahatma GandhiLife eventsand movements Indian Ambulance Corps Tolstoy Farm Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi–Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh India ashrams (Kochrab Sabarmati Sodepur Khadi Sevagram) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Practices and beliefs Composite nationalism Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Eleven vows Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Mangal Prabhat Young India Seven Social Sins Navajivan Trust Gandhi Heritage Portal Influences "A Letter to a Hindu" Ahimsa (nonviolence) Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau (Civil Disobedience (essay)) Civil disobedience Fasting Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy (The Kingdom of God Is Within You) (The Masque of Anarchy) Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi's translation "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" "Ekla Chalo Re" "Hari Tuma Haro" "Vaishnava Jana To" Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C. F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J. C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Sri Krishna Sinha Rettamalai Srinivasan V. A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Kishorlal Mashruwala Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Foundation Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency (Gandhi Series, Gandhi New Series, Indian rupee) Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp Family Karamchand Gandhi (father) Kasturba (wife) Harilal (son) Manilal (son) Ramdas (son) Devdas (son) Maganlal (cousin) Samaldas (nephew) Arun (grandson) Ela (granddaughter) Rajmohan (grandson) Gopalkrishna (grandson) Ramchandra (grandson) Kanu (grandson) Kanu (grandnephew) Tushar (great-grandson) Leela (great-granddaughter) Influenced 14th Dalai Lama Aung San Suu Kyi Abhay Bang Abdul Ghaffar Khan Brajkishore Prasad C. Rajagopalachari Eknath Easwaran Draupadi Murmu François Bayrou Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Govind Vallabh Pant Ho Chi Minh James Bevel James Lawson Jawaharlal Nehru Joan Bondurant Lal Bahadur Shastri Lanza del Vasto Maulana Azad Martin Luther King Jr. Maria Lacerda de Moura Mehdi Bazargan Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Nelson Mandela Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Steve Biko Sane Guruji Vinoba Bhave Vallabhbhai Patel MemorialsStatues Ghana India Patna National Salt Satyagraha Memorial New Delhi South Africa Johannesburg Pietermaritzburg UK Parliament Square Tavistock Square U.S. Davis Denver Houston Milwaukee New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai Gandhi Teerth Gandhi Temple, Bhatara Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale Mani Bhavan Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Roads named after Gandhi Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House This Sri Lanka–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale"},{"link_name":"Central Province, Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maithripala Sirisena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale is a memorial situated in Matale in Central Province, Sri Lanka.[1]It was inaugurated by President Maithripala Sirisena and Indian High Commissioner Y. K. Sinha on 22 November 2015.[2] The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial was built in remembrance of Mahatma Gandhi's historical visit to Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1927.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi%27s_visit_to_Ceylon"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Boch,_Jr.
Ernie Boch Jr.
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Philanthropy","4 Political views","4.1 Support for Republican Party","5 Other ventures","5.1 2009 bounty","6 Personal life","7 References"]
American businessman This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ernie Boch Jr.BornErnest Alexander Boch Jr. (1958-02-15) February 15, 1958 (age 65)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Chairman and CEO of Boch enterprisesCEO of Subaru of New EnglandKnown forAutomobile sales, philanthropy, Ernie and the Automatics Ernest Alexander Boch Jr. (born February 15, 1958) is an American billionaire and businessman who is the former CEO of Boch Enterprises, a US$1 billion business consisting primarily of automobile dealerships in Norwood, Massachusetts and the current CEO of Subaru of New England. Boch is a local celebrity in the Greater Boston area who has a passion for music, makes television cameos, and has a creative approach to advertising and selling cars. Early life and education Ernie Jr.'s first car was a 1971 Volkswagen Beetle, British racing green. He bought it in 1974, when he was 16, from the used-car department at his family's Toyota dealership. He graduated from Berklee College of Music in Boston. Career Ernie Boch Jr. inherited the automobile sales and service business started by his grandfather, Andrew Boch, who began the family business in 1945 by purchasing a Nash Motors franchise in Norwood, Massachusetts. After leaving Berklee, he went on the road with several bands. Eventually he returned to Norwood to work at one of his father's dealerships. “And I just got hooked,” he later said. Though he sold cars by day, by night he socialized with Boston celebrities and well known musicians. His lifestyle got his name in the newspapers and led to tensions between himself and his father, who “fired him from dealership jobs at least twice.” He inherited the business when his father died. Shortly after the death of Ernie Boch Sr., Boch Jr. appeared in a television commercial paying tribute to his father. Boch Jr. was in a car, watching images from an old commercial featuring his father, in the rear view mirror. Boch Jr. smiled and drove away. In October 2015, Boch Jr. sold the majority of his dealerships, although they retained the Boch name and he continued to be the public face of the dealerships. He retained ownership of his Ferrari and Maserati dealership, and remained CEO of Subaru of New England. Philanthropy Boch founded in 2005 "Music Drives Us", a regional project supporting music in New England. Its three focuses are music preservation, music education, and music awareness. It places instruments in and pays for music programs in about 200 public schools in Boston and around New England. “I’ve funded Boston public schools that had music programs without instruments, music programs literally in basements next to the water heater,” he said in 2017. Music “should be...standard stuff in schools, just like math.” In 2005, Boch joined Berklee's board of trustees. He has since led several major fundraising campaigns for Berklee. On the invitation of National Geographic, Boch filmed a reality show in which he provided infrastructure and other resources for an impoverished Ugandan village. In 2016 he agreed to underwrite the organization that runs the Shubert and Wang theaters in Boston, which are now collectively known as the Boch Center. In January 2021 he made an unsolicited one-million dollar donation to the Barstool Fund, in support of their effort in helping small businesses through the coronavirus pandemic. Political views Support for Republican Party Boch, who had been a friend and supporter of Mitt Romney during his presidential campaign, supported Donald Trump in 2016. In the summer of 2015, he contacted Corey Lewandowski to look into throwing a fundraiser. “Lewandowski told him he didn’t know, since no one had thrown one yet.” So Boch met Trump at Trump Tower to discuss it. “I went up to his office. And he wasn’t president. But you could feel, like if I was going to go in there and negotiate with him about something, he would have killed me.” Boch held the fundraiser at his home in August 2015, charging $100 per person. He later told Boston Magazine that he “had been a fan” of Trump's “since the ’80s.” He explained: “If you were a business guy, Trump had character....He was a showman, a promoter.” He has also said that he supported Donald Trump's presidential candidacy because Trump knows how to run a business, spends money efficiently, and is transparent. Appearing on CNN, he compared his support for Trump to selecting which inebriated girl to take home at closing time. "It’s 2 a.m. and there’s a few girls at the bar,” he said. “You have to go home with one of them.” Later in the conversation, the billionaire said that he had talked his way out of a ticket by telling a police officer he supported Trump. Other ventures Boch has formed a band, Ernie and the Automatics. Ernie and the Automatics album Low Expectations was on Billboard's Top Blues Album chart for six weeks, debuting at #7. The band has opened for Deep Purple. He formerly sat on the Berklee College of Music's Board of Trustees. Boch appeared on the TV show, The Phantom Gourmet. On September 8, 2007 he was a guest judge for the cleavage contest at King Richard's Faire, along with drummer Sib Hashian. He appeared on WLVI-TV's Creature Double Feature playing "The Ghoul". Boch has appeared in three episodes of the television show Rescue Me, "Black," "Animal" and "Satisfaction" as Captain Bernard, the coach of the NYPD hockey team. Boch also owned the Boston-based women's tackle football team, the Boston Militia. 2009 bounty In late 2009 a blogger for the web site bluemassgroup.com writing under the pseudonym "Ernie Boch III" (Boch has two children, neither of them named Ernie Boch III) called for a boycott of companies running advertising during the Boston region political talk radio program The Howie Carr Show. After making contact with some of the advertisers, Boch, while a guest on an October 3 episode of The Howie Carr Show, offered a $2,000 bounty to any individual who would reveal the identity of the blogger, saying to the show's host, "I’m going to tell you who he is so you can terrorize him every afternoon." Personal life He lives with his girlfriend, Enza Sambataro. They have a daughter together. He also has two children, Alex and Kelsey, by his ex-wife Kristen, whom he divorced in 2010. His current residence began as a mansion that he bought in 1997 on a one-acre plot in Norwood. Over the next twenty years he bought up and tore down the homes of 17 neighbors and expanded his house into a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) compound. “Back in Europe, they used to build houses that would last generations,” he explained. “Here, they build houses that are almost disposable. It’s disgusting!” He owns rare sports cars, collects guitars, a private jet, and a custom stretch limo. In 2022, Ernie was granted permission by the Norwood Town Meeting to erect a mausoleum on the property. References ^ a b Gonzalez, John (June 2005). "The Importance of Being Ernie". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. ^ https://www.subaruofnewengland.com/ ^ "Ernie Boch Jr". Boston.com. 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2011-01-04. ^ "Thinking Big, Drive Time: Ernie Boch Jr". The Boston Globe. 2006-01-29. Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2011-01-04. ^ Earls, Alan R. (2005-02-05). "Sweet Song of Success". Ward's Dealer Business. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-01-04. ^ a b c d e f g Van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (29 October 2017). "The Subtle Art of Being Ernie Boch Jr". Boston. ISSN 0006-7989. OCLC 137349939. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022. ^ a b Chesto, Jon (8 October 2015). "Amid auto boom, Boch cashes out while Chambers expands". The Boston Globe. ISSN 0743-1791. OCLC 66652431. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2020. Ernie Boch Jr. just sold five dealerships for an undisclosed amount to Dan Dagesse, a longtime dealer who has managed Boch's stores for several years, and Dagesse's son, Christopher. The new owners will keep the Boch name on the stores. ... Boch will continue to own his Ferrari and Maserati dealership in Norwood, and his lucrative Subaru of New England distributorship. Selling off the other dealerships will allow the 57-year-old Boch to spend more time on those businesses, as well as pursue his passions, including his Music Drives Us charity, which funds music education, and other "humanitarian projects" that he says are in the works. ^ Fitzgerald, Craig. "Every Subaru Sold In New England Comes From This Guy". Car Talk. Retrieved 11 February 2016. ^ a b Knight, Ken (2008). The Real Story of the History of the NFL Football Fan Support in New England!. New England Bandwagon Nation. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-59571-293-6. Retrieved 2011-01-04. ^ Beggy, Carol; Shanahan, Mark (2006-05-26). "Morning Jacket, Pops team up in style". boch.com. Retrieved 2011-01-04. Ernie Boch joins 'Rescue' party ^ Fee, Gayle; Raposa, Laura (2009-10-01). "Ernie Boch Jr.: Lefty Web blogger is no child of mine!". Boston Herald, Inside Track. Retrieved 2011-01-04. ^ Vennochi, Joan (2009-10-04). "Howie Carr's mysterious liberal foil". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-10-04. ^ Raposa, Laura (2009-10-03). "Ernie Boch Jr. offers $2,000 for ID of Howie Carr hater". The Boston Herald. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"automobile dealerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_dealership"},{"link_name":"Norwood, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Importance_of_Being_Ernie-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greater Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostoncars-3"}],"text":"Ernest Alexander Boch Jr. (born February 15, 1958) is an American billionaire and businessman who is the former CEO of Boch Enterprises, a US$1 billion business consisting primarily of automobile dealerships in Norwood, Massachusetts[1] and the current CEO of Subaru of New England.[2]Boch is a local celebrity in the Greater Boston area who has a passion for music, makes television cameos, and has a creative approach to advertising and selling cars.[3]","title":"Ernie Boch Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volkswagen Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"}],"text":"Ernie Jr.'s first car was a 1971 Volkswagen Beetle, British racing green. He bought it in 1974, when he was 16, from the used-car department at his family's Toyota dealership.[4]He graduated from Berklee College of Music in Boston.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nash Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Motors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earls-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold_2015-7"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold_2015-7"}],"text":"Ernie Boch Jr. inherited the automobile sales and service business started by his grandfather, Andrew Boch, who began the family business in 1945 by purchasing a Nash Motors franchise in Norwood, Massachusetts.[5]After leaving Berklee, he went on the road with several bands. Eventually he returned to Norwood to work at one of his father's dealerships. “And I just got hooked,” he later said. Though he sold cars by day, by night he socialized with Boston celebrities and well known musicians. His lifestyle got his name in the newspapers and led to tensions between himself and his father, who “fired him from dealership jobs at least twice.” He inherited the business when his father died. Shortly after the death of Ernie Boch Sr., Boch Jr. appeared in a television commercial paying tribute to his father. Boch Jr. was in a car, watching images from an old commercial featuring his father, in the rear view mirror. Boch Jr. smiled and drove away.[6]In October 2015, Boch Jr. sold the majority of his dealerships, although they retained the Boch name and he continued to be the public face of the dealerships.[7] He retained ownership of his Ferrari and Maserati dealership, and remained CEO of Subaru of New England.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"Ugandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"Barstool Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barstool_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"}],"text":"Boch founded in 2005 \"Music Drives Us\", a regional project supporting music in New England. Its three focuses are music preservation, music education, and music awareness. It places instruments in and pays for music programs in about 200 public schools in Boston and around New England. “I’ve funded Boston public schools that had music programs without instruments, music programs literally in basements next to the water heater,” he said in 2017. Music “should be...standard stuff in schools, just like math.”In 2005, Boch joined Berklee's board of trustees. He has since led several major fundraising campaigns for Berklee.[6]On the invitation of National Geographic, Boch filmed a reality show in which he provided infrastructure and other resources for an impoverished Ugandan village.[6]In 2016 he agreed to underwrite the organization that runs the Shubert and Wang theaters in Boston, which are now collectively known as the Boch Center.[6]In January 2021 he made an unsolicited one-million dollar donation to the Barstool Fund, in support of their effort in helping small businesses through the coronavirus pandemic.[6]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Corey Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Lewandowski"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Support for Republican Party","text":"Boch, who had been a friend and supporter of Mitt Romney during his presidential campaign, supported Donald Trump in 2016. In the summer of 2015, he contacted Corey Lewandowski to look into throwing a fundraiser. “Lewandowski told him he didn’t know, since no one had thrown one yet.” So Boch met Trump at Trump Tower to discuss it. “I went up to his office. And he wasn’t president. But you could feel, like if I was going to go in there and negotiate with him about something, he would have killed me.” Boch held the fundraiser at his home in August 2015, charging $100 per person. He later told Boston Magazine that he “had been a fan” of Trump's “since the ’80s.” He explained: “If you were a business guy, Trump had character....He was a showman, a promoter.” He has also said that he supported Donald Trump's presidential candidacy because Trump knows how to run a business, spends money efficiently, and is transparent.[6]Appearing on CNN, he compared his support for Trump to selecting which inebriated girl to take home at closing time. \"It’s 2 a.m. and there’s a few girls at the bar,” he said. “You have to go home with one of them.” Later in the conversation, the billionaire said that he had talked his way out of a ticket by telling a police officer he supported Trump.[8]","title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernie and the Automatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_and_the_Automatics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfl-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Importance_of_Being_Ernie-1"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Gourmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Gourmet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cleavage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)"},{"link_name":"King Richard's Faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Richard%27s_Faire"},{"link_name":"Sib Hashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sib_Hashian"},{"link_name":"WLVI-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLVI-TV"},{"link_name":"Rescue Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_Me_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boston Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Militia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfl-9"}],"text":"Boch has formed a band, Ernie and the Automatics.[9] Ernie and the Automatics album Low Expectations was on \nBillboard's Top Blues Album chart for six weeks, debuting at #7. The band has opened for Deep Purple. He formerly sat on the Berklee College of Music's Board of Trustees.[1]Boch appeared on the TV show, The Phantom Gourmet.[citation needed] On September 8, 2007 he was a guest judge for the cleavage contest at King Richard's Faire, along with drummer Sib Hashian. He appeared on WLVI-TV's Creature Double Feature playing \"The Ghoul\".Boch has appeared in three episodes of the television show Rescue Me, \"Black,\" \"Animal\" and \"Satisfaction\" as Captain Bernard, the coach of the NYPD hockey team.[10]Boch also owned the Boston-based women's tackle football team, the Boston Militia.[9]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Howie Carr Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howie_Carr_Show"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2009 bounty","text":"In late 2009 a blogger for the web site bluemassgroup.com writing under the pseudonym \"Ernie Boch III\" (Boch has two children, neither of them named Ernie Boch III[11]) called for a boycott of companies running advertising during the Boston region political talk radio program The Howie Carr Show.[12]After making contact with some of the advertisers, Boch, while a guest on an October 3 episode of The Howie Carr Show, offered a $2,000 bounty to any individual who would reveal the identity of the blogger, saying to the show's host, \"I’m going to tell you who he is so you can terrorize him every afternoon.\"[13]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"}],"text":"He lives with his girlfriend, Enza Sambataro. They have a daughter together. He also has two children, Alex and Kelsey, by his ex-wife Kristen, whom he divorced in 2010.His current residence began as a mansion that he bought in 1997 on a one-acre plot in Norwood. Over the next twenty years he bought up and tore down the homes of 17 neighbors and expanded his house into a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) compound. “Back in Europe, they used to build houses that would last generations,” he explained. “Here, they build houses that are almost disposable. It’s disgusting!” He owns rare sports cars, collects guitars, a private jet, and a custom stretch limo.[6] In 2022, Ernie was granted permission by the Norwood Town Meeting to erect a mausoleum on the property.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 2011-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090626015306/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/01/29/ernie_boch_jr","url_text":"\"Thinking Big, Drive Time: Ernie Boch Jr\""},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/01/29/ernie_boch_jr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Earls, Alan R. (2005-02-05). \"Sweet Song of Success\". Ward's Dealer Business. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225223/http://wardsdealer.com/ar/auto_sweet_song_success/index.html","url_text":"\"Sweet Song of Success\""},{"url":"http://wardsdealer.com/ar/auto_sweet_song_success/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (29 October 2017). \"The Subtle Art of Being Ernie Boch Jr\". Boston. ISSN 0006-7989. OCLC 137349939. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2017/10/29/ernie-boch-jr-boston-arts/","url_text":"\"The Subtle Art of Being Ernie Boch Jr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(magazine)","url_text":"Boston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-7989","url_text":"0006-7989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137349939","url_text":"137349939"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211229114921/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2017/10/29/ernie-boch-jr-boston-arts/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chesto, Jon (8 October 2015). \"Amid auto boom, Boch cashes out while Chambers expands\". The Boston Globe. ISSN 0743-1791. OCLC 66652431. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2020. Ernie Boch Jr. just sold five dealerships for an undisclosed amount to Dan Dagesse, a longtime dealer who has managed Boch's stores for several years, and Dagesse's son, Christopher. The new owners will keep the Boch name on the stores. ... Boch will continue to own his Ferrari and Maserati dealership in Norwood, and his lucrative Subaru of New England distributorship. Selling off the other dealerships will allow the 57-year-old Boch to spend more time on those businesses, as well as pursue his passions, including his Music Drives Us charity, which funds music education, and other \"humanitarian projects\" that he says are in the works.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/10/08/two-different-roads-for-boston-famous-auto-dealers/wz7uVjxDJVNUqOcrFdV4yI/story.html","url_text":"\"Amid auto boom, Boch cashes out while Chambers expands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791","url_text":"0743-1791"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66652431","url_text":"66652431"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127094527/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/10/08/two-different-roads-for-boston-famous-auto-dealers/wz7uVjxDJVNUqOcrFdV4yI/story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Craig. \"Every Subaru Sold In New England Comes From This Guy\". Car Talk. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cartalk.com/blogs/craig-fitzgerald/every-subaru-sold-new-england-comes-guy","url_text":"\"Every Subaru Sold In New England Comes From This Guy\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Ken (2008). The Real Story of the History of the NFL Football Fan Support in New England!. New England Bandwagon Nation. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-59571-293-6. Retrieved 2011-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi-ZcIFQjkYC&q=Ernie+Boch","url_text":"The Real Story of the History of the NFL Football Fan Support in New England!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59571-293-6","url_text":"978-1-59571-293-6"}]},{"reference":"Beggy, Carol; Shanahan, Mark (2006-05-26). \"Morning Jacket, Pops team up in style\". boch.com. Retrieved 2011-01-04. Ernie Boch joins 'Rescue' party","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/05/26/morning_jacket_pops_team_up_in_style/","url_text":"\"Morning Jacket, Pops team up in style\""}]},{"reference":"Fee, Gayle; Raposa, Laura (2009-10-01). \"Ernie Boch Jr.: Lefty Web blogger is no child of mine!\". Boston Herald, Inside Track. Retrieved 2011-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonherald.com/track/inside_track/view/20091001ernie_boch_jr_lefty_web_blogger_is_no_child_of_mine","url_text":"\"Ernie Boch Jr.: Lefty Web blogger is no child of mine!\""}]},{"reference":"Vennochi, Joan (2009-10-04). \"Howie Carr's mysterious liberal foil\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/10/04/howie_carrs_mysterious_liberal_foil/","url_text":"\"Howie Carr's mysterious liberal foil\""}]},{"reference":"Raposa, Laura (2009-10-03). \"Ernie Boch Jr. offers $2,000 for ID of Howie Carr hater\". The Boston Herald. Retrieved 2009-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/20091003ernie_boch_jr_offers_2000_for_id_of_howie_carr_hater/srvc=home&position=3","url_text":"\"Ernie Boch Jr. offers $2,000 for ID of Howie Carr hater\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Geggiano,_Castelnuovo_Berardenga
Villa di Geggiano, Castelnuovo Berardenga
["1 History","2 References"]
Villa di geggianoThe Villa di Geggiano is a neoclassical-style rural palace located on Via di Geggiano 1, in the neighborhood of Pianella of the commune of Castelnuovo Berardenga, in province of Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. History A farm house at the site has belonged to the Bianchi Bandinelli family since 1527, when it was included in the dowry of Girolama Santi when she was wed to Girolamo Bandinelli. In 1768, in part to celebrate the marriage of Anton Domenico Bianchi Bandinelli with Cecilia Chigi Zondadari, the property was converted into an elegant villa with its private chapel and gardens. The interiors contain frescoes (1768–1779) depicting portraits of the family and friends, and of the seasons painted by Ignazio Moder. The stucco work was by François Joseph Bosio, and the Madonna painted for the chapel by Cicori. Further refurbishments were added in the 19th century. The formal Italianate gardens also have architectural elements elaborated by the sculptor Bosio. It includes an outdoor theater used for performances by Vittorio Alfieri, who was a host at the house. The villa is used for weddings, meetings and events, there are also two rental suites on the property. Villa di Geggiano produces their own branded organic olive oil and houses a winery within the grounds. References ^ Cenni storico-artistici di Siena e suoi suburbii, by Ettore Romagnoli, (1840) page 75. ^ Villa di Geggiano, official site. ^ Also derived from Italian wikipedia entry. Authority control databases VIAF
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex,_Lies_and_Secrets
Sex, Love & Secrets
["1 Premise","2 Characters","3 Production","4 Episodes","5 Broadcast history","6 Critical reception","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Book sources","8 External links"]
American soap opera television series Sex, Love & SecretsPromotional posterGenreSoap operaCreated by Michael Gans Richard Register Starring Denise Richards Eric Balfour James Stevenson Lauren German Lucas Bryant Omar Benson Miller Tamara Taylor Virginia Hamilton ComposerDavid SchwartzCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes10 (6 unaired)ProductionProduction locationLos AngelesCamera setupMulti-cameraProduction companies The Jonathan Axelrod and Kelly Edwards Company Paramount Network Television Original releaseNetworkUPNReleaseSeptember 27 (2005-09-27) –October 18, 2005 (2005-10-18) Sex, Love & Secrets is an American soap opera, created by Michael Gans and Richard Register, which originally aired on United Paramount Network (UPN) from September 27, 2005, to October 18, 2005. With an ensemble cast led by Denise Richards, James Stevenson, Lauren German, Eric Balfour, Tamara Taylor, Lucas Bryant, and Omar Benson Miller, the series focuses on rich young adults living in Silver Lake, Los Angeles and their secrets involving sex and love. With the prominent use of voice-over narrations, the show took a documentary approach to framing the characters and their storylines. The series was developed as a vehicle and television debut for Richards, and had the working titles Wildlife and Sex, Lies, and Secrets. The episodes were filmed in Los Angeles. Sex, Love & Secrets was canceled after one season due to low viewership; six of its ten episodes were not aired on UPN. Universal HD broadcast the unaired episodes in 2008. It has not been released on home video or made available on streaming services. Critical response to Sex, Love & Secrets was mixed; some praised it as a guilty pleasure, though others felt the storylines and characters were unoriginal. Critics had mixed reviews for the show's content and style in comparison to other programs, such as Desperate Housewives, Melrose Place, and The O.C.. Premise Described as a "Generation Y soap opera" by critic John Kenneth Muir, Sex, Love & Secrets revolves around affluent young adults living in Silver Lake, Los Angeles and their secrets regarding love and sex. The Advocate's Richard Andreoli identified the group as "close friends", though the official website states that they act more like a family. One of the show's taglines was "the only thing that can come between them...is the truth". According to The Futon Critic's Brian Ford Sullivan, the show uses "National Geographic-esque footage" to pivot the characters and their storylines as "a study of human behavior" on lying and secrets. The series has voice-over narrations, and its lines include: "Be it Santa Claus, Twinkies, infidelity or murder, all humans keep secrets." The narrator, voiced by Virginia Hamilton, talks about the characters and their storylines through "clinical terms". McFarland wrote that she speaks in "ominous tones", while other commentators found the voiceover similar to that of a Discovery Channel program. Some critics compared the narrator to Mary Alice Young from Desperate Housewives, while Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer likened her to Marty Stouffer's role on Wild America. Characters Publicist Jolene (Denise Richards) has a tense relationship with rock musician Hank (James Stevenson), who is planning to marry journalist Rose (Lauren German). As the lead singer of the band Modern Apes, Hank performs "mocking self-congratulatory" versions of Barry Manilow's music. According to Tatiana Morales of CBS News, people compared Jolene to Amanda Woodward from Melrose Place. Muir characterized Jolene as a maneater, and Phil Gallo of Variety viewed her as "a devilish character with a dark soul". On the other hand, Shandy Casteel of PopMatters described Rose as the girl next door. David Bianculli of the New York Daily News cited her as the show's lead character. In the pilot episode, Rose receives the ashes of her ex-boyfriend Billy (Dylan Bruno), but it is revealed he is alive when he re-enters the characters' lives. Jolene believes that Rose had ruined her relationship with Billy, and responds by plotting to take Hank as "a means to nasty retaliation". As part of the show's comedy, Rose imagines people singing pop music to her. Hair stylist Charlie (Eric Balfour) has sex with Gabrielle (Katie Cassidy), his close friend Coop's (Omar Miller) girlfriend. Charlie looks to Warren Beatty's character from the 1975 film Shampoo as an inspiration for his life. He is portrayed as a "sexual dynamo", though he chooses to maintain a platonic relationship with Meg (Nadia Bjorlin). Meg was a recurring character on the series. The group frequently seeks advice from gynaecologist Nina (Tamara Taylor), characterized as a workaholic without a sex or social life. The hipster Milo (Lucas Bryant) becomes Nina's new roommate after she meets him through an online advertisement. Shandy Casteel wrote that Nina was a "vixen-waiting-to-flower" and felt Milo fulfilled the "creepy-geek-as-potential-killer cliché". The group is typically shown at a bar. Executive producers Michael Gans and Richard Register said that storylines involving LGBT characters were planned. Production Sex, Love & Secrets was created as a vehicle for Denise Richards' television debut. Sex, Love & Secrets was first announced as part of a September 7, 2004 press report, and developed under the working titles Wildlife and Sex, Lies, and Secrets. Brian Ford Sullivan wrote that the Wildlife title matched the documentary-style of the series, and Amy Amatangelo of The Gazette felt the Sex, Lies, and Secrets title was changed to avoid confusion with the 1989 film Sex, Lies, and Videotape. When talking about the second title change, executive producer Jonathan Axelrod said: "I've always felt we had more love than lies in the show." Axelrod/Edwards Company and Paramount Network Television handled production. Jonathan Axelrod, Kelly Edwards, and Daniel Cerone worked as the show's executive producers, while its co-executive producers were Michael Gans and Richard Register. Along with being the series' creators, Gans and Register served as its primary writers. David Schwartz handled the music, and Caty Maxey and Brandy Alexander worked as the production designers. The casting process was overseen by Robin Lippin. Jolene was Richard's first role in a television series, and Richard Andreoli referred to Sex, Love & Secrets as her star vehicle. Richards was drawn to the character and script, explaining: "It was something I thought was so different and the character was different. It was definitely appealing to be shooting something at home." Richards was pregnant during the filming of the pilot episode. When discussing balancing the filming schedule and motherhood, she said: "My children are my first priority, but it’s nice to have a balance between work and home. This is an ensemble show, so I’m not working every day." Richards considered creating a nursery on the set. Brian Ford Sullivan wrote that Richards plays a smaller role than expected in the show despite her listing as the main actor. The episodes were shot in Los Angeles; David Straiton, Allison Liddi-Brown, and Rachel Talalay were a few of the primary directors. Shandy Casteel wrote that the series made frequent use of "rapid camera zooms, faded-out flashbacks, and quick cuts" and other types of "production flourishes". Phil Gallo described the direction as having "an intimate and racy feel" focused on colorful settings. Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date US viewers(millions)1"Secrets"David StraitonMichael Gans & Richard RegisterSeptember 27, 2005 (2005-09-27)1.4 2"Ambush"David StraitonMichael Gans & Richard RegisterOctober 4, 2005 (2005-10-04)0.912 3"Danger"Allison Liddi-BrownDaniel CeroneOctober 11, 2005 (2005-10-11)N/A 4"Molting"Michael FieldsAlysa Sun & Elle TriedmanOctober 18, 2005 (2005-10-18)N/A 5"Territorial Defense"Bethany RooneyJennifer CecilUnairedTBD 6"Fear"Michael FieldsMichael Gans & Richard RegisterUnairedTBD 7"Abandonment"Nick MarckMichael Platt, Barry SafchikUnairedTBD 8"Protection"Rachel TalalayJessica BallUnairedTBD 9"Camouflage"Rachel TalalayJessica BallUnairedTBD 10"Symbiosis"Rachel TalalayJessica BallUnairedTBD Broadcast history Sex, Love & Secrets was broadcast initially on Tuesday nights at 9 pm EST on United Paramount Network (UPN). The episodes aired between September 27, 2005, and October 18, 2005. It was one of three new shows the network ordered for the 2005–06 season. The show's official website hosted preview videos and an interactive map of the Silver Lake community. Muir wrote that UPN intended to market the series to fans of Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place. Melanie McFarland considered Sex, Love & Secrets part of the network's plans to add more prime-time soap operas to its scheduling. The pilot received "mixed reviews and weak viewership", having been watched by an average of 1.4 million people. Due to its poor reception and ratings, UPN canceled Sex, Love & Secrets after one episode aired. It had the lowest rating of any network television show that aired in the 2005–06 season. The network clarified that it would broadcast the remaining episodes that had been filmed, and might renew the show if ratings improved. UPN did not air six of the eight episodes. It has never been released on DVD or Blu-ray, or on any online-streaming service. The series was the second-lowest rated network television of the season, above only Get This Party Started. According to Muir, it fared poorly in every demographic. When talking about the cancellation, Balfour joked: "I LIKE doing shows that fail." Gary Susman and Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the removal of Sex, Love & Secrets cut short Richards' television career. In 2008, Universal HD acquired the series, airing it alongside fellow UPN series South Beach in a "Sexy Summer Sundays" block. The run included premieres of the six episodes that had not been aired by UPN. Critical reception Based on 16 reviews, Sex, Love & Secrets received a score from Metacritic of 41/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Phil Gallo praised the show as having "the potential to be a real guilty pleasure", and cited Jolene as its highlight. Gallo described Richards as conveying "the most dramatic presence" in the scenes, and wrote: "without her, the show would wither". Rob Owen also commended the series as "a little sleazy and a heck of a lot of guilty pleasure fun". A contributor for Zimbio responded positively to Lauren German's performance, saying she "hit her stride by landing the lead role" in shows such as Sex, Love & Secrets. Brian Ford Sullivan praised Richard's performance as the only positive aspect of the series as she brings out its campy qualities. Reviewing the series, Doug Elfman of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "It's skank-errific, if flawed." Despite being critical of Sex, Love & Secrets, Aaron Barnhart of The Kansas City Star felt that it was not the worst example of a prime-time soap opera. Sex, Love & Secrets also garnered negative reactions from television critics. Shandy Casteel panned the series, writing that it relied on "stock characters in stock situations". Anita Gates criticized the narration as "vapid commentary sets the tone for this vapid soap about vapid young single heterosexual friends". Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe wrote that the characters acted out "every negative stereotype about LA". USA Today's Robert Bianco did not believe that Richards and Balfour's performances could carry the series. Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle summarized the pilot episode saying: "It's awful. Vote no." A reviewer from Out criticized the show's tone, and wrote it was "too much mellow and not enough drama". Critics had mixed reviews for Sex, Love & Secrets, when compared to other television programs. Rob Owen identified it as a good replacement for Melrose Place fans, while Casteel described the series as an unsuccessful attempt to recreate it. Matthew Gilbert felt that its serious tone clashed with its intentions to become a guilty pleasure in the same vein as Melrose Place. Instead, The Wall Street Journal's Nancy DeWolf Smith likened the show's storylines and tone to Desperate Housewives. Robert Bianco interpreted Sex, Love & Secrets as a shallow version of The O.C.. Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times wrote that the show lacked "the self-aware wit" of The O.C. and the "over-the-top fun" of Melrose Place. References Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j Muir (2007): p. 118 ^ a b c Andreoli, Richard (September 27, 2005). "Broadcast steps up". The Advocate. 947: 65. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ "About The Show". UPN. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005. ^ a b c d e f Sullivan, Brian Ford (July 6, 2005). "The Futon's First Look: "Sex, Love and Secrets" (UPN)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Casteel, Shandy (October 11, 2005). "Sex, Love & Secrets". PopMatters. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. ^ a b c d Bianco, Robert (September 26, 2005). "'Sex, Love & Secrets' should stay hidden". USA Today. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c d e Owen, Rob (September 25, 2005). "TV Review: Three shows are three winners". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c McFarland, Melanie (September 12, 2005). "Fall TV: Supernatural bent tunes into fright rather than spirituality". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. ^ a b Gates, Anita (September 27, 2005). "What Are You Up to Now, Desperate 20-Somethings?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. ^ a b c d e "About This Show". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c Morales, Tatiana (September 27, 2005). "Denise Richards On 'Love'". CBS News. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gallo, Phil (September 26, 2005). "Sex, Love & Secrets". Variety. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. ^ Bianculli, David (September 27, 2005). "Richards Gives 'Sex' Appeal". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. ^ "Chloe Lane". NBC. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. ^ "Development Update: September 1–7". The Futon Critic. September 7, 2004. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ Amatangelo, Amy (August 28, 2005). "Entitled to Flourish". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ a b Amatangelo, Amy (August 30, 2005). "Title can hurt, help TV show". The Gazette. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ "More Love, Less Lies in New UPN Series". The Futon Critic. July 7, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "Denise Richards Gets Back to Work". People. July 27, 2005. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ a b "View All Related Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 14, 2018. ^ a b c d Huff, Richard (October 4, 2005). "Richards' 'Sex' Gets Interrupted". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ Ryan, Joal (October 4, 2005). "Gruesome Ratings Plague "Night Stalker"". E! News. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ "UPN Makes Bold Scheduling Move on Thursday with Highly Anticipated Series "Everybody Hates Chris" to Lead Off a Night of Comedies as Part of UPN's 2005-2006 Primetime Schedule". The Futon Critic. May 9, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "Official Website". UPN. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005. ^ "Silverlake, California". UPN. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. ^ McFarland, Melanie (January 9, 2006). "UPN's new 'South Beach' is stuck in shallow water". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ a b c d "UPN ends 'Sex, Love & Secrets' production". United Press International. October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. ^ a b "Sex Takes A Breather". TV Guide. October 3, 2005. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ Ryan, Joal (May 25, 2006). "'Idol' Extends Reign". E! News. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ "NBC benches 'Inconceivable'". Sun Journal. October 7, 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ "Sex, Love & Secrets (2005)". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. ^ "Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 17, 2006. ^ "Balfour courts stardom with 'Conviction'". Today. February 28, 2006. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ Susman, Gary; Slezak, Michael (October 22, 2005). "See which major movie stars flopped on TV". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. ^ "Uni Hd Is Bringing Sexy Back in June to Kick Off Summer". The Futon Critic. May 23, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ "Sex, Love & Secrets: Season 1". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. ^ "Where Are They Now: The Cast of 'A Walk to Remember'". Zimbio. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2021. ^ a b "Critic Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ a b Gilbert, Matthew (September 27, 2005). "Despite pretty faces, this 'Sex' is no fun". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ Goodman, Tim (September 27, 2005). "Will 'Commander' help Hillary? Who cares? It's just a good show". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ "Five New Reasons to Turn Your TiVo on (and off!) this Fall". Out. August 11, 2005. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ McFadden, Kay (September 26, 2005). "Davis is in command, but show is impeachable". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Book sources Muir, John Kenneth (2007). TV Year: The Prime Time 2005–2006 Season. New York: Applause Theatre. ISBN 978-1-55783-684-7. External links Official website (archive) Sex, Love & Secrets at IMDb vteUPNProgramsMain UPN Kids Disney's One Too Television films 1990s Breaker High (1997–98) The Burning Zone (1996–97) Clueless (1997–99) Deadly Games (1995–96) Dilbert (1999–2000) DiResta (1998–99) Family Rules (1999) Goode Behavior (1996–97) Good News (1997–98) Grown Ups (1999–2000) Guys Like Us (1998) Head over Heels (1997–98) Hitz (1997–98) Home Movies (1999) Homeboys in Outer Space (1996–97) In the House (1996–99) Legacy (1998–99) Legend (1995) Live Shot (1995) Love Boat: The Next Wave (1998–99) Malcolm & Eddie (1996–2000) Marker (1995) Mercy Point (1998–99) Moesha (1996–2001) Nowhere Man (1995–96) The Parkers (1999–2004) Pig Sty (1995) Platypus Man (1995) Power Play (1999) Reunited (1998) The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer (1998) The Sentinel (1996–99) Seven Days (1998–2001) Shasta McNasty (1999–2000) Social Studies (1996–97) Sparks (1996–98) Star Trek: Voyager (1995–2001) The Strip (1999–2000) Swift Justice (1996) The Watcher (1995) WWE SmackDown (1999–2006) 2000s Abby (2003) All of Us (2003–06) All Souls (2001) America's Next Top Model (2003–06) Amish in the City (2004) As If (2002) The Bad Girl's Guide (2005) The Beat (2000) Britney and Kevin: Chaotic (2005) Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2001–03) Chains of Love (2001) Cuts (2005–06) Eve (2003–06) Everybody Hates Chris (2005–06) Freedom (2000) Game Over (2004) Gary & Mike (2001) Get This Party Started (2006) Girlfriends (2000–06) Half & Half (2002–06) Haunted (2002) The Hughleys (2000–02) I Dare You: The Ultimate Challenge (2000) Iron Chef USA (2001) Jake 2.0 (2003–04) Kevin Hill (2004–05) Level 9 (2000–01) Love, Inc. (2005–06) Manhunt (2001) The Mullets (2003-04) One on One (2001–06) Platinum (2003) The Player (2004) R U the Girl (2005) The Random Years (2002) The Road to Stardom with Missy Elliott (2005) Rock Me Baby (2003–04) Roswell (2001–02) Second Time Around (2004–05) Secret Agent Man (2000) Sex, Love & Secrets (2005) South Beach (2006) Special Unit 2 (2001–02) Star Trek: Enterprise (2001–05) The Twilight Zone (2002–03) Under One Roof (2002) Veronica Mars (2004–06) WWE Tough Enough (2004) WWE Tribute to the Troops (2003–04) XFL (2001) Affiliates BHC Communications/United Television/Chris-Craft Television (part owner; 1995–2000) Paramount Stations Group (1995–2006) Related networks Paramount Television Network Paramount Television Service Hughes Television Network The CW MyNetworkTV Miscellaneous topics History of UPN Paramount Television Studios CBS Television Distribution Financial Interest and Syndication Rules Season Finale: The Unexpected Rise and Fall of The WB and UPN
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"United Paramount Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Denise Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Richards"},{"link_name":"James Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stevenson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lauren German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_German"},{"link_name":"Eric Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Balfour"},{"link_name":"Tamara Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Lucas Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Omar Benson Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Benson_Miller"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"voice-over narrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-over"},{"link_name":"vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Universal HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_HD"},{"link_name":"home video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"streaming services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"},{"link_name":"Melrose Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Place"},{"link_name":"The O.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C."}],"text":"American soap opera television seriesSex, Love & Secrets is an American soap opera, created by Michael Gans and Richard Register, which originally aired on United Paramount Network (UPN) from September 27, 2005, to October 18, 2005. With an ensemble cast led by Denise Richards, James Stevenson, Lauren German, Eric Balfour, Tamara Taylor, Lucas Bryant, and Omar Benson Miller, the series focuses on rich young adults living in Silver Lake, Los Angeles and their secrets involving sex and love. With the prominent use of voice-over narrations, the show took a documentary approach to framing the characters and their storylines. The series was developed as a vehicle and television debut for Richards, and had the working titles Wildlife and Sex, Lies, and Secrets. The episodes were filmed in Los Angeles.Sex, Love & Secrets was canceled after one season due to low viewership; six of its ten episodes were not aired on UPN. Universal HD broadcast the unaired episodes in 2008. It has not been released on home video or made available on streaming services. Critical response to Sex, Love & Secrets was mixed; some praised it as a guilty pleasure, though others felt the storylines and characters were unoriginal. Critics had mixed reviews for the show's content and style in comparison to other programs, such as Desperate Housewives, Melrose Place, and The O.C..","title":"Sex, Love & Secrets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generation Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Y"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"John Kenneth Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Muir"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"The Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FamilyTV14Source1-3"},{"link_name":"taglines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"The Futon Critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource4-4"},{"link_name":"voice-over narrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-over"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATodayOnSourcesForUPN1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VirginiaHamiltonSource1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSource1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PieDaySource1-9"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"Mary Alice Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Alice_Young"},{"link_name":"Desperate Housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PieDaySource1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTSource1-10"},{"link_name":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"Marty Stouffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Stouffer"},{"link_name":"Wild America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_America_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PieDaySource1-9"}],"text":"Described as a \"Generation Y soap opera\" by critic John Kenneth Muir, Sex, Love & Secrets revolves around affluent young adults living in Silver Lake, Los Angeles and their secrets regarding love and sex.[1] The Advocate's Richard Andreoli identified the group as \"close friends\",[2] though the official website states that they act more like a family.[3] One of the show's taglines was \"the only thing that can come between them...is the truth\".[1] According to The Futon Critic's Brian Ford Sullivan, the show uses \"National Geographic-esque footage\" to pivot the characters and their storylines as \"a study of human behavior\" on lying and secrets.[4]The series has voice-over narrations, and its lines include: \"Be it Santa Claus, Twinkies, infidelity or murder, all humans keep secrets.\"[5][6] The narrator, voiced by Virginia Hamilton,[7] talks about the characters and their storylines through \"clinical terms\".[8] McFarland wrote that she speaks in \"ominous tones\",[9] while other commentators found the voiceover similar to that of a Discovery Channel program.[4][5] Some critics compared the narrator to Mary Alice Young from Desperate Housewives,[9][10] while Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer likened her to Marty Stouffer's role on Wild America.[9]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denise Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Richards"},{"link_name":"James Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stevenson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lauren German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_German"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"Barry Manilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Manilow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATodayOnSourcesForUPN1-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource1-11"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"Amanda Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Woodward_(Melrose_Place)"},{"link_name":"Melrose Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Place"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sourcing1-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"girl next door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_next_door"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourcesonSex12-14"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Dylan Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Bruno"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSource1-8"},{"link_name":"Eric Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Balfour"},{"link_name":"Katie Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Omar Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Benson_Miller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"Warren Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Beatty"},{"link_name":"Shampoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSource1-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"Nadia Bjorlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Bjorlin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"recurring character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChloeLane1-15"},{"link_name":"gynaecologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecologist"},{"link_name":"Tamara Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"hipster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)"},{"link_name":"Lucas Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource1-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-2"}],"text":"Publicist Jolene (Denise Richards) has a tense relationship with rock musician Hank (James Stevenson), who is planning to marry journalist Rose (Lauren German).[1][5] As the lead singer of the band Modern Apes, Hank performs \"mocking [and] self-congratulatory\" versions of Barry Manilow's music.[6][11] According to Tatiana Morales of CBS News, people compared Jolene to Amanda Woodward from Melrose Place.[12] Muir characterized Jolene as a maneater,[1] and Phil Gallo of Variety viewed her as \"a devilish character with a dark soul\".[13] On the other hand, Shandy Casteel of PopMatters described Rose as the girl next door.[5] David Bianculli of the New York Daily News cited her as the show's lead character.[14] In the pilot episode, Rose receives the ashes of her ex-boyfriend Billy (Dylan Bruno), but it is revealed he is alive when he re-enters the characters' lives. Jolene believes that Rose had ruined her relationship with Billy, and responds by plotting to take Hank as \"a means to nasty retaliation\".[5] As part of the show's comedy, Rose imagines people singing pop music to her.[8]Hair stylist Charlie (Eric Balfour) has sex with Gabrielle (Katie Cassidy), his close friend Coop's (Omar Miller) girlfriend.[1][5] Charlie looks to Warren Beatty's character from the 1975 film Shampoo as an inspiration for his life.[8] He is portrayed as a \"sexual dynamo\",[5] though he chooses to maintain a platonic relationship with Meg (Nadia Bjorlin).[13] Meg was a recurring character on the series.[15] The group frequently seeks advice from gynaecologist Nina (Tamara Taylor), characterized as a workaholic without a sex or social life.[5][13] The hipster Milo (Lucas Bryant) becomes Nina's new roommate[5] after she meets him through an online advertisement.[11] Shandy Casteel wrote that Nina was a \"vixen-waiting-to-flower\" and felt Milo fulfilled the \"creepy-geek-as-potential-killer cliché\". The group is typically shown at a bar.[5] Executive producers Michael Gans and Richard Register said that storylines involving LGBT characters were planned.[2]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denise_Richards_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource2-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource4-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TitlesSourceWashingtonPost1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSourceTitles-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource4-4"},{"link_name":"The Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)"},{"link_name":"Sex, Lies, and Videotape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex,_Lies,_and_Videotape"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSourceTitles-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource5-19"},{"link_name":"Paramount Network Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network_Television"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource1-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"David Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sourcing1-12"},{"link_name":"star vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal1-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sourcing1-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CPeopleSourceMagazine1%22-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource4-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"David Straiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Straiton"},{"link_name":"Allison Liddi-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Liddi-Brown"},{"link_name":"Rachel Talalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Talalay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"}],"text":"Sex, Love & Secrets was created as a vehicle for Denise Richards' television debut.Sex, Love & Secrets was first announced as part of a September 7, 2004 press report,[16] and developed under the working titles Wildlife and Sex, Lies, and Secrets.[4][17][18] Brian Ford Sullivan wrote that the Wildlife title matched the documentary-style of the series,[4] and Amy Amatangelo of The Gazette felt the Sex, Lies, and Secrets title was changed to avoid confusion with the 1989 film Sex, Lies, and Videotape.[18] When talking about the second title change, executive producer Jonathan Axelrod said: \"I've always felt we had more love than lies in the show.\"[19]Axelrod/Edwards Company and Paramount Network Television handled production. Jonathan Axelrod, Kelly Edwards, and Daniel Cerone worked as the show's executive producers, while its co-executive producers were Michael Gans and Richard Register.[13] Along with being the series' creators, Gans and Register served as its primary writers.[11][13] David Schwartz handled the music, and Caty Maxey and Brandy Alexander worked as the production designers. The casting process was overseen by Robin Lippin.[13]Jolene was Richard's first role in a television series,[12] and Richard Andreoli referred to Sex, Love & Secrets as her star vehicle.[2] Richards was drawn to the character and script, explaining: \"It was something I thought was so different and the character was different. It was definitely appealing to be shooting something at home.\" Richards was pregnant during the filming of the pilot episode.[12] When discussing balancing the filming schedule and motherhood, she said: \"My children are my first priority, but it’s nice to have a balance between work and home. This is an ensemble show, so I’m not working every day.\" Richards considered creating a nursery on the set.[20] Brian Ford Sullivan wrote that Richards plays a smaller role than expected in the show despite her listing as the main actor.[4]The episodes were shot in Los Angeles; David Straiton, Allison Liddi-Brown, and Rachel Talalay were a few of the primary directors.[1][13] Shandy Casteel wrote that the series made frequent use of \"rapid camera zooms, faded-out flashbacks, and quick cuts\" and other types of \"production flourishes\".[5] Phil Gallo described the direction as having \"an intimate and racy feel\" focused on colorful settings.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"United Paramount Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource1-11"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource3-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV14Source1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InteractionTV14Source1-26"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleSourcePI1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceFizzles1-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceBreather1-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanIdolSource1%22-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceFizzles1-22"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowRatingsSource1-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceFizzles1-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceBreather1-29"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource1-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source5-32"},{"link_name":"Get This Party Started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_This_Party_Started"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CReportingtheRatingsSourcesonSources1%22-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JokingAroundSource12-34"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloppingSource1-35"},{"link_name":"Universal HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_HD"},{"link_name":"South Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Beach_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSourceAirDate1-21"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource6-36"}],"text":"Sex, Love & Secrets was broadcast initially on Tuesday nights at 9 pm EST on United Paramount Network (UPN). The episodes aired between September 27, 2005, and October 18, 2005.[11] It was one of three new shows the network ordered for the 2005–06 season.[24] The show's official website hosted preview videos and an interactive map of the Silver Lake community.[25][26] Muir wrote that UPN intended to market the series to fans of Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place.[1] Melanie McFarland considered Sex, Love & Secrets part of the network's plans to add more prime-time soap operas to its scheduling.[27] The pilot received \"mixed reviews and weak viewership\",[28] having been watched by an average of 1.4 million people.[22][29][30]Due to its poor reception and ratings,[1][28] UPN canceled Sex, Love & Secrets after one episode aired.[28][22] It had the lowest rating of any network television show that aired in the 2005–06 season.[31] The network clarified that it would broadcast the remaining episodes that had been filmed,[28] and might renew the show if ratings improved.[22][29] UPN did not air six of the eight episodes.[11] It has never been released on DVD or Blu-ray, or on any online-streaming service.[1][32] The series was the second-lowest rated network television of the season, above only Get This Party Started.[33] According to Muir, it fared poorly in every demographic.[1] When talking about the cancellation, Balfour joked: \"I LIKE doing shows that fail.\"[34] Gary Susman and Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the removal of Sex, Love & Secrets cut short Richards' television career.[35]In 2008, Universal HD acquired the series, airing it alongside fellow UPN series South Beach in a \"Sexy Summer Sundays\" block. The run included premieres of the six episodes that had not been aired by UPN.[21][36]","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source3-37"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSource1-8"},{"link_name":"Zimbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbio"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sourcing2-38"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheFutonCriticSource4-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"The Kansas City Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CReviewsGaloreSource1%22-39"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTSource1-10"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonSourceSex1-40"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATodayOnSourcesForUPN1-6"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGatetoSources1-41"},{"link_name":"Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OutTivo1-42"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazetteSource1-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-5"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonSourceSex1-40"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CReviewsGaloreSource1%22-39"},{"link_name":"The O.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATodayOnSourcesForUPN1-6"},{"link_name":"The Seattle Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ImpeachingSource1-43"}],"text":"Based on 16 reviews, Sex, Love & Secrets received a score from Metacritic of 41/100, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[37] Phil Gallo praised the show as having \"the potential to be a real guilty pleasure\", and cited Jolene as its highlight. Gallo described Richards as conveying \"the most dramatic presence\" in the scenes, and wrote: \"without her, the show would wither\".[13] Rob Owen also commended the series as \"a little sleazy and a heck of a lot of guilty pleasure fun\".[8] A contributor for Zimbio responded positively to Lauren German's performance, saying she \"hit her stride by landing the lead role\" in shows such as Sex, Love & Secrets.[38] Brian Ford Sullivan praised Richard's performance as the only positive aspect of the series as she brings out its campy qualities.[4] Reviewing the series, Doug Elfman of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: \"It's skank-errific, if flawed.\" Despite being critical of Sex, Love & Secrets, Aaron Barnhart of The Kansas City Star felt that it was not the worst example of a prime-time soap opera.[39]Sex, Love & Secrets also garnered negative reactions from television critics. Shandy Casteel panned the series, writing that it relied on \"stock characters in stock situations\".[5] Anita Gates criticized the narration as \"vapid commentary [that] sets the tone for this vapid soap about vapid young single heterosexual friends\".[10] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe wrote that the characters acted out \"every negative stereotype about LA\".[40] USA Today's Robert Bianco did not believe that Richards and Balfour's performances could carry the series.[6] Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle summarized the pilot episode saying: \"It's awful. Vote no.\"[41] A reviewer from Out criticized the show's tone, and wrote it was \"too much mellow and not enough drama\".[42]Critics had mixed reviews for Sex, Love & Secrets, when compared to other television programs. Rob Owen identified it as a good replacement for Melrose Place fans,[8] while Casteel described the series as an unsuccessful attempt to recreate it.[5] Matthew Gilbert felt that its serious tone clashed with its intentions to become a guilty pleasure in the same vein as Melrose Place.[40] Instead, The Wall Street Journal's Nancy DeWolf Smith likened the show's storylines and tone to Desperate Housewives.[39] Robert Bianco interpreted Sex, Love & Secrets as a shallow version of The O.C..[6] Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times wrote that the show lacked \"the self-aware wit\" of The O.C. and the \"over-the-top fun\" of Melrose Place.[43]","title":"Critical reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Sex, Love & Secrets was created as a vehicle for Denise Richards' television debut.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Denise_Richards_2009.jpg/190px-Denise_Richards_2009.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Andreoli, Richard (September 27, 2005). \"Broadcast steps up\". The Advocate. 947: 65. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dGQEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22sex%2C+love+%26+secrets%22+%22upn%22&pg=PA64","url_text":"\"Broadcast steps up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)","url_text":"The Advocate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411010451/https://books.google.com/books?id=dGQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=%22sex,+love+%26+secrets%22+%22upn%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2q4SvgrHaAhXO2FMKHaJYALwQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22sex%2C%20love%20%26%20secrets%22%20%22upn%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Show\". UPN. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051013082300/http://www.upn.com/shows/sex_love_secrets/about.shtml","url_text":"\"About The Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN","url_text":"UPN"},{"url":"http://www.upn.com/shows/sex_love_secrets/about.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Brian Ford (July 6, 2005). \"The Futon's First Look: \"Sex, Love and Secrets\" (UPN)\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2005/07/06/the-futons-first-look-sex-love-and-secrets-upn-18653/20050706_sexloveandsecrets/","url_text":"\"The Futon's First Look: \"Sex, Love and Secrets\" (UPN)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Casteel, Shandy (October 11, 2005). \"Sex, Love & Secrets\". PopMatters. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/sex-love-and-secrets-051012-2496225348.html","url_text":"\"Sex, Love & Secrets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410192545/https://www.popmatters.com/sex-love-and-secrets-051012-2496225348.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bianco, Robert (September 26, 2005). \"'Sex, Love & Secrets' should stay hidden\". USA Today. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/reviews/2005-09-26-sex-lies-secrets_x.htm","url_text":"\"'Sex, Love & Secrets' should stay hidden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Listings\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20051018upn13/","url_text":"\"Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Rob (September 25, 2005). \"TV Review: Three shows are three winners\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.post-gazette.com/pg/05268/575946.stm","url_text":"\"TV Review: Three shows are three winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"McFarland, Melanie (September 12, 2005). \"Fall TV: Supernatural bent tunes into fright rather than spirituality\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/Fall-TV-Supernatural-bent-tunes-into-fright-1182775.php","url_text":"\"Fall TV: Supernatural bent tunes into fright rather than spirituality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150112202110/http://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/Fall-TV-Supernatural-bent-tunes-into-fright-1182775.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gates, Anita (September 27, 2005). \"What Are You Up to Now, Desperate 20-Somethings?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/27/arts/television/what-are-you-up-to-now-desperate-20somethings.html","url_text":"\"What Are You Up to Now, Desperate 20-Somethings?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150529193740/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/27/arts/television/what-are-you-up-to-now-desperate-20somethings.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About This Show\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/sex-love-and-secrets/","url_text":"\"About This Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Morales, Tatiana (September 27, 2005). \"Denise Richards On 'Love'\". CBS News. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denise-richards-on-love/","url_text":"\"Denise Richards On 'Love'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411011451/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denise-richards-on-love/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil (September 26, 2005). \"Sex, Love & Secrets\". Variety. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/sex-love-secrets-1200521541/","url_text":"\"Sex, Love & Secrets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410194417/http://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/sex-love-secrets-1200521541/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bianculli, David (September 27, 2005). \"Richards Gives 'Sex' Appeal\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/richards-sex-appeal-article-1.600027","url_text":"\"Richards Gives 'Sex' Appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412032432/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/richards-sex-appeal-article-1.600027","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chloe Lane\". NBC. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbc.com/days-of-our-lives/credits/character/chloe-lane","url_text":"\"Chloe Lane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC","url_text":"NBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701085052/http://www.nbc.com/days-of-our-lives/credits/character/chloe-lane","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Development Update: September 1–7\". The Futon Critic. September 7, 2004. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2004/09/07/development-update-september-1-7-16863/6731/","url_text":"\"Development Update: September 1–7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Amatangelo, Amy (August 28, 2005). \"Entitled to Flourish\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/23/AR2005082301107.html","url_text":"\"Entitled to Flourish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411183213/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/23/AR2005082301107.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amatangelo, Amy (August 30, 2005). \"Title can hurt, help TV show\". The Gazette. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://gazette.com/title-can-hurt-help-tv-show/article/13856","url_text":"\"Title can hurt, help TV show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)","url_text":"The Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411182224/http://gazette.com/title-can-hurt-help-tv-show/article/13856","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"More Love, Less Lies in New UPN Series\". The Futon Critic. July 7, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2005/07/07/more-love-less-lies-in-new-upn-series-18674/20050707upn01/","url_text":"\"More Love, Less Lies in New UPN Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"\"Denise Richards Gets Back to Work\". People. July 27, 2005. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/celebrity/denise-richards-gets-back-to-work/","url_text":"\"Denise Richards Gets Back to Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411054218/http://people.com/celebrity/denise-richards-gets-back-to-work/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"View All Related Listings\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/sex-love-and-secrets/listings/","url_text":"\"View All Related Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Huff, Richard (October 4, 2005). \"Richards' 'Sex' Gets Interrupted\". New York Daily News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Milner,_2nd_Baronet
Milner baronets
["1 Milner baronets, of Nun Appleton Hall (1717)","2 References"]
Title in the Baronetage of Great Britain The Milner Baronetcy, of Nun Appleton Hall in the County of York. It is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 26 February 1717 for William Milner, later Member of Parliament for York and Grand Master of the Freemasons. He was the son of William Milner (b.1662) Mayor of Leeds and his wife Mary, née Ibbetson. The second Baronet was Receiver-General of Excise and High Sheriff of Yorkshire. The third and fifth Baronets both represented York in the House of Commons, while the fourth served as High Sheriff. The seventh Baronet succeeded his brother who died young: he was Member of Parliament for York and Bassetlaw and joined the Privy Council in 1900. The eighth baronet was an architect with Milner and Craze. George Francis Milner, son of Henry Beilby William Milner, second son of the fourth Baronet, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army. His son was the ninth Baronet. He relocated the family to South Africa, where the 10th Baronet now lives. Milner baronets, of Nun Appleton Hall (1717) Sir William Mordaunt Sturt Milner, 4th Baronet Sir William Milner, 1st Baronet (c. 1696–1745) Sir William Milner, 2nd Baronet (c. 1725–1774) Sir William Mordaunt Milner, 3rd Baronet (1754–1811) Sir William Mordaunt Sturt Milner, 4th Baronet (1779–1855) Sir William Mordaunt Edward Milner, 5th Baronet (1820–1867) Sir William Mordaunt Milner, 6th Baronet (1848–1880) Sir Frederick George Milner, 7th Baronet (1849–1931) Sir William Frederick Victor Mordaunt Milner, 8th Baronet (1893–1960) Sir George Edward Mordaunt Milner, 9th Baronet (1911–1995) Sir Timothy William Lycett Milner, 10th Baronet (born 1936) The heir presumptive is the current holder's nephew, Marcus Charles Mordaunt Milner (born 1968). References ^ Riley, John. "Mary Milner". Chantry Fine Arts. Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. Leigh Rayment's list of baronets – Baronetcies beginning with "M" (part 3)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baronetage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"William Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Milner,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Excise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Customs_and_Excise"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bassetlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassetlaw_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Milner and Craze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milner_and_Craze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"}],"text":"The Milner Baronetcy, of Nun Appleton Hall in the County of York. It is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain.It was created on 26 February 1717 for William Milner, later Member of Parliament for York and Grand Master of the Freemasons. He was the son of William Milner (b.1662) Mayor of Leeds and his wife Mary, née Ibbetson.[1]The second Baronet was Receiver-General of Excise and High Sheriff of Yorkshire. The third and fifth Baronets both represented York in the House of Commons, while the fourth served as High Sheriff.The seventh Baronet succeeded his brother who died young: he was Member of Parliament for York and Bassetlaw and joined the Privy Council in 1900. The eighth baronet was an architect with Milner and Craze.George Francis Milner, son of Henry Beilby William Milner, second son of the fourth Baronet, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army. His son was the ninth Baronet. He relocated the family to South Africa, where the 10th Baronet now lives.","title":"Milner baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Ferneley_William_Murdaunt_Sturt_Milner.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir William Milner, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Milner,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Milner, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Milner,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Mordaunt Milner, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Milner,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Mordaunt Sturt Milner, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Mordaunt_Sturt_Milner,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Mordaunt Edward Milner, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Milner,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Mordaunt Milner, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Mordaunt_Milner,_6th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick George Milner, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Milner,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Frederick Victor Mordaunt Milner, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Frederick_Victor_Mordaunt_Milner,_8th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir George Edward Mordaunt Milner, 9th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Edward_Mordaunt_Milner,_9th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Timothy William Lycett Milner, 10th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Timothy_William_Lycett_Milner,_10th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sir William Mordaunt Sturt Milner, 4th BaronetSir William Milner, 1st Baronet (c. 1696–1745)\nSir William Milner, 2nd Baronet (c. 1725–1774)\nSir William Mordaunt Milner, 3rd Baronet (1754–1811)\nSir William Mordaunt Sturt Milner, 4th Baronet (1779–1855)\nSir William Mordaunt Edward Milner, 5th Baronet (1820–1867)\nSir William Mordaunt Milner, 6th Baronet (1848–1880)\nSir Frederick George Milner, 7th Baronet (1849–1931)\nSir William Frederick Victor Mordaunt Milner, 8th Baronet (1893–1960)\nSir George Edward Mordaunt Milner, 9th Baronet (1911–1995)\nSir Timothy William Lycett Milner, 10th Baronet (born 1936)The heir presumptive is the current holder's nephew, Marcus Charles Mordaunt Milner (born 1968).","title":"Milner baronets, of Nun Appleton Hall (1717)"}]
[{"image_text":"Sir William Mordaunt Sturt Milner, 4th Baronet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/John_Ferneley_William_Murdaunt_Sturt_Milner.jpg/220px-John_Ferneley_William_Murdaunt_Sturt_Milner.jpg"}]
null
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[{"Link":"http://www.chantryfinearts.co.uk/mary_milner.html","external_links_name":"\"Mary Milner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsM3.htm","external_links_name":"Baronetcies beginning with \"M\" (part 3)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_High_School_(Brewster,_Washington)
Brewster High School (Brewster, Washington)
["1 Discrimination suit","2 References"]
Coordinates: 48°05′39″N 119°47′16″W / 48.094062°N 119.787908°W / 48.094062; -119.787908Public schoolBrewster High SchoolLocation503 S. 7th Street Brewster, WA 98812Coordinates48°05′39″N 119°47′16″W / 48.094062°N 119.787908°W / 48.094062; -119.787908InformationTypePublicPrincipalTodd PhillipsFaculty14.92 (FTE)Grades9-12Enrollment250 (2017-18)Student to teacher ratio16.76Color(s)Red and whiteMascotBearWebsiteBrewster H.S. Brewster High School is a high school in Brewster, Washington. The school has about 420 students in the junior and senior high, and 990 students K-12. Discrimination suit In October 2005, a group of eight Latino parents filed a discrimination lawsuit in a federal district court. According to the lawsuit, Principal Randy Phillips called a meeting with Hispanic students, in which he told them they showed less respect, scored lower on tests, and fought more than non-Hispanic students. The lawsuit was settled in 2006, and included the formation of a school office of minority affairs. References ^ a b c "Brewster High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 27, 2020. ^ "Settlements and Verdicts". lawyersandsettlements.com. March 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-12. ^ "Discrimination settlement — 'Very positive report' for Brewster schools". wenatcheeworld.com. March 19, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-12. "Parents sue district over treatment of Latinos." Associated Press. 2 November 2005. vteWIAA North Central District SixAA-AAAA Classifications4A Classification Big Nine 4A Davis Pirates Eastmont Wildcats Eisenhower Cadets Moses Lake Chiefs Sunnyside Grizzlies West Valley Rams Wenatchee Panthers A & B-BB Classifications1A Classification Caribou Trail Cascade (Leavenworth) Kodiaks Cashmere Bulldogs Chelan Mountain Goats Omak Pioneers Quincy Jacks 2B Classification Central Washington 2B Brewster Bears Bridgeport Mustangs Lake Roosevelt Pirates Liberty Bell Mountain Lions Manson Trojans Okanogan Bulldogs Oroville Hornets Tonasket Tigers 1B Classification Central Washington 1B Cascade Christian Wolverines Easton Jaguars Entiat Tigers Moses Lake Christian-Covenant Christian Lions Pateros Billygoats Riverside Christian Crusaders (D5) Soap Lake Eagles Thorp Tigers Waterville-Mansfield Shockers Wilson Creek Devils Authority control databases: Geographic NCES This Washington (state) school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brewster, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster,_Washington"}],"text":"Public schoolBrewster High School is a high school in Brewster, Washington. The school has about 420 students in the junior and senior high, and 990 students K-12.","title":"Brewster High School (Brewster, Washington)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"federal district court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district_court"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In October 2005, a group of eight Latino parents filed a discrimination lawsuit in a federal district court. According to the lawsuit, Principal Randy Phillips called a meeting with Hispanic students, in which he told them they showed less respect, scored lower on tests, and fought more than non-Hispanic students. The lawsuit was settled in 2006, and included the formation of a school office of minority affairs.[2][3]","title":"Discrimination suit"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Brewster High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=5300690&ID=530069000149","url_text":"\"Brewster High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Settlements and Verdicts\". lawyersandsettlements.com. March 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/settlements/11269/brewster-school-district-racism.html","url_text":"\"Settlements and Verdicts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discrimination settlement — 'Very positive report' for Brewster schools\". wenatcheeworld.com. March 19, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080319/NEWS04/233775925/1005/rss1033","url_text":"\"Discrimination settlement — 'Very positive report' for Brewster schools\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_d%27_Aragona_y_Guardato,_1st_Duke_of_Montalto
Fernando de Aragón, 1st Duke of Montalto
["1 Marriages and issue","2 Full siblings of Fernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto","3 Gallery","4 References"]
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (January 2024) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Spanish duke Fernando de Aragón, first Duke of Montalto Fernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto (before 1494–1542) was the eldest bastard son of king Ferdinand I of Naples and Diana Guardato, one of his mistresses. The addition "Montalto de Aragón" is in remembrance of his grandfather, Alfonso V of Aragon. Marriages and issue Fernando was the ninth child of Ferdinand I of Naples. He first married Anna Sanseverino. The marriage was without issue. He then married, Castellana de Cardona, and had the following: Antonio d'Aragona y Cardona?, 2nd Duke of Montalto, (*Naples, Italy, 1499/1506 - +Naples, Italy, 1543); 1st marriage: 1541, Ippolita della Rovere (1525–1561). 2nd marriage: Giulia Antonia de Cardona, Countess di Collisano Pietro d'Aragona y de Cardona, 3rd Duke of Montalto, +after 1543 Antonio d'Aragona y de Cardona, 4th Duke of Montalto, (*1543 - +Naples, Italy, 1583); 1st marriage: at Naples, Italy, after 7 February 1562, Maria de la Cerda y Manuel, born 1542; 2nd marriage: Aloisia de Luna, Duchess of Bivona, deceased 1619; kids by 2nd marriage: Maria d'Aragona y de Luna, 5th Duchess of Montalto; she married, 1590, Sicilian Francesco de Moncada y de Luna, 3rd Prince di Paternò, deceased 1595. Issue: The so-called Antonio de Aragón y Moncada, 6th Duke of Montalto (1589–1631), 4th Prince di Paternò, 5th Duke of Bivona, who married Juana de la Cerda y la Cueva, daughter of Juan Luis Francisco de la Cerda y Aragón, 6th Duke of Medinaceli. Notice he used first his mother family name and after his father family name, used sometimes in Spain with much influential and richer females at those times. Bianca Antonia d'Aragona y de Luna Ana Maria d'Aragona y de Luna;(+1677). She married Spanish-Portuguese General Francisco de Moura, 3rd Marquis of Castel Rodrigo, (1610 - 26 November 1675), Duke of Nocera on 10 August 1656, Viceroy of Sardinia, 1657–1661, and Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, 1664-1668. Isabella d'Aragona y de Cardona, +31 August 1578; she married, 24 May 1565 Juan de la Cerda, 5th Duke of Medinaceli, (1544 - 5th Duke since 1575 - 29 May 1594). Giovanna d'Aragona y Cardona?, (*1502 - divorced 1550 - +11 September 1575). She married Ascanio I Colonna, Duke dei Marsi, (1500 - 24 March 1557), brother of famous art and literary woman Vittoria Colonna, (Marino, Italy, April 1490 – Roma, Italy, February 1547) . Maria d'Aragona, (*1505, +1568); married Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquess del Vasto e Pescara, (25 May 1502 - + Vigevano, Italy, 31 March 1546). Full siblings of Fernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto Maria d'Aragona y Guardato, (*1440 - +1460/61); married, 1458 Antonio Todeschini-Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, deceased 1493, nephew of Pope Pius II, a.k.a. Enea Silvio Piccolomini,(Corsignano, 1405 - Pope 1458 - Ancona, Italy, 1464). Giovanna d'Aragona y Guardato, (*Naples, 1455 - +Rome, 1501) ; she married in 1472 Lionardo della Rovere, Duke of Sora (*1445 - +1475) Gallery Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Montalto, now known as Dukes of Montalto de Aragón to avoid clashing with a Dukedom of the same name renovated by Spanish people at the ends of the 19th century. This Montalto is a remembrance of Montalto Uffugo, 39° 24′ 0″ N, 16° 9′ 0″ E, Cosenza, Calabria, Italy, formerly in the Hispanic kingdom of Naples.In the center, coat of arms of the Cardona family, by the sides, red and yellow bars of the kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia from his grandfather king Alfonso V of Aragon, (1395 - 1458), king of Sardinia, king of Naples, king of Sicily as well. The five crosses represents their Brienne claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The bluish "fleur de lys" COA with the crennelling represents their descent of the Anjou, a cadet branch of the Capetian kings of France. The red horizontal bands within the silvery background is related to the medieval Kingdom of Hungary Francesco Maria della Rovere, (1490 - 1538), and sisters were members of the famous family of the Dukes of Urbino on their mother side and related to Popes Sixtus IV and Julius II. Ippolita della Rovere was the wife of Antonio d'Aragona y Cardona, (1499 - 1543), 2nd Duke of Montalto. Painting by Tizian, 114x100 cm. Galleria of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Here, Francesco Maria della Rovere is depicted with his wife, Eleanora Gonzaga, born 1493, in a medallion. Coat of Arms of the family "della Rovere", Princes of Urbino, through their association with the powerful "Montefeltro" Ducal family since 1503 also Giovanna d'Aragona y Cardona(1502 - divorced 1550 - 11 September 1575), a daughter of Fernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto was sister in law of famous artistic and literary woman Vittoria Colonna, (1490 - 1547), here depicted, through her marriage to her brother Ascanio I Colonna, Duke dei Marsi, (1500 - 1557). Painting by Sebastiano del Piombo, (1485 - June 1547) Coat of Arms of Pope Pius II, (1405 - Pope 1458 - 1464), from the "Piccolomini" family of the Dukes of Amalfi, failed strategist of the Crusades calls to counteract the conquest of Constantinople, now Istanbul, by the Turks in 1453. The Imperial marriage alliance between Austrians and naval efficiently Portuguese from the Avis family, did not work satisfactorily References Marek, Miroslav. ". In English. Part initial to set up this Wikipedia English page". Genealogy.EU. Detlev Schwennicke : Europäische Stammtafeln Band III.3 (1985) Tafel 550. In German. http://grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/bivona.htm . In Spanish. http://grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/medinasidonia.htm . In Spanish. www.abcgenealogia.com/delaCerda00.html . In Spanish. http://geneall.net/H/fam_names.php?id=626 In Spanish. http://www.grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/aitona.htm In Spanish. es.fundacionmedinaceli.org/.../agregacion_titulos.aspx In Spanish. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064129/http://www.tercios.org/camp1635_1.html In Spanish. Authority control databases: People Italian People
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinando_d%27Aragona,_first_Duke_of_Montalto_(_-1543),_attributed_to_Louis_Cousin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Diana Guardato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Guardato"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"}],"text":"Spanish dukeFernando de Aragón, first Duke of MontaltoFernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto (before 1494–1542) was the eldest bastard son of king Ferdinand I of Naples and Diana Guardato, one of his mistresses.The addition \"Montalto de Aragón\" is in remembrance of his grandfather, Alfonso V of Aragon.","title":"Fernando de Aragón, 1st Duke of Montalto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Anna Sanseverino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Sanseverino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Castellana de Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castellana_de_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio d'Aragona y Cardona?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_d%27Aragona_y_Cardona%3F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duke of Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_Montalto_(27_May_1507)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ippolita della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ippolita_della_Rovere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giulia Antonia de Cardona, Countess di Collisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giulia_Antonia_de_Cardona,_Countess_di_Collisano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pietro d'Aragona y de Cardona, 3rd Duke of Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_d%27Aragona_y_de_Cardona,_3rd_Duke_of_Montalto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio d'Aragona y de Cardona, 4th Duke of Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_d%27Aragona_y_de_Cardona,_4th_Duke_of_Montalto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Maria de la Cerda y Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_de_la_Cerda_y_Manuel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aloisia de Luna, Duchess of Bivona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloisia_de_Luna,_Duchess_of_Bivona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maria d'Aragona y de Luna, 5th Duchess of Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_d%27Aragona_y_de_Luna,_5th_Duchess_of_Montalto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Francesco de Moncada y de Luna, 3rd Prince di Paternò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_de_Moncada_y_de_Luna,_3rd_Prince_di_Patern%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Aragón y Moncada, 6th Duke of Montalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Arag%C3%B3n_y_Moncada,_6th_Duke_of_Montalto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paternò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patern%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Bivona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivona"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Francisco de la Cerda y Aragón, 6th Duke of Medinaceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Francisco_de_la_Cerda_y_Arag%C3%B3n,_6th_Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Moura, 3rd Marquis of Castel Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Moura,_3rd_Marquis_of_Castel_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Duke of Nocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_Nocera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Isabella d'Aragona y de Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabella_d%27Aragona_y_de_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan de la Cerda, 5th Duke of Medinaceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cerda,_5th_Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Giovanna d'Aragona y Cardona?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Aragona"},{"link_name":"Ascanio I Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascanio_I_Colonna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duke dei Marsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_dei_Marsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vittoria Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Maria d'Aragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_d%27_Aragona"},{"link_name":"Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquess del Vasto e Pescara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_d%27Avalos_d%27Aquino,_Marquess_del_Vasto_e_Pescara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vigevano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigevano"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Fernando was the ninth child of Ferdinand I of Naples. He first married Anna Sanseverino. The marriage was without issue.He then married, Castellana de Cardona, and had the following:Antonio d'Aragona y Cardona?, 2nd Duke of Montalto, (*Naples, Italy, 1499/1506 - +Naples, Italy, 1543); 1st marriage: 1541, Ippolita della Rovere (1525–1561). 2nd marriage: Giulia Antonia de Cardona, Countess di Collisano\nPietro d'Aragona y de Cardona, 3rd Duke of Montalto, +after 1543\nAntonio d'Aragona y de Cardona, 4th Duke of Montalto, (*1543 - +Naples, Italy, 1583); 1st marriage: at Naples, Italy, after 7 February 1562, Maria de la Cerda y Manuel, born 1542; 2nd marriage: Aloisia de Luna, Duchess of Bivona, deceased 1619; kids by 2nd marriage:\nMaria d'Aragona y de Luna, 5th Duchess of Montalto; she married, 1590, Sicilian Francesco de Moncada y de Luna, 3rd Prince di Paternò, deceased 1595. Issue:\nThe so-called Antonio de Aragón y Moncada, 6th Duke of Montalto (1589–1631), 4th Prince di Paternò, 5th Duke of Bivona, who married Juana de la Cerda y la Cueva, daughter of Juan Luis Francisco de la Cerda y Aragón, 6th Duke of Medinaceli. Notice he used first his mother family name and after his father family name, used sometimes in Spain with much influential and richer females at those times.\nBianca Antonia d'Aragona y de Luna\nAna Maria d'Aragona y de Luna;(+1677). She married Spanish-Portuguese General Francisco de Moura, 3rd Marquis of Castel Rodrigo, (1610 - 26 November 1675), Duke of Nocera on 10 August 1656, Viceroy of Sardinia, 1657–1661, and Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, 1664-1668.\nIsabella d'Aragona y de Cardona, +31 August 1578; she married, 24 May 1565 Juan de la Cerda, 5th Duke of Medinaceli, (1544 - 5th Duke since 1575 - 29 May 1594).\nGiovanna d'Aragona y Cardona?, (*1502 - divorced 1550 - +11 September 1575). She married Ascanio I Colonna, Duke dei Marsi, (1500 - 24 March 1557), brother of famous art and literary woman Vittoria Colonna, (Marino, Italy, April 1490 – Roma, Italy, February 1547) .\nMaria d'Aragona, (*1505, +1568); married Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquess del Vasto e Pescara, (25 May 1502 - + Vigevano, Italy, 31 March 1546).","title":"Marriages and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria d'Aragona y Guardato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_d%27Aragona_y_Guardato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Todeschini-Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Todeschini-Piccolomini,_Duke_of_Amalfi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Enea Silvio Piccolomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enea_Silvio_Piccolomini"},{"link_name":"Corsignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsignano"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanna d'Aragona y Guardato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanna_d%27Aragona_y_Guardato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Lionardo della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionardo_della_Rovere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duke of Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Sora"}],"text":"Maria d'Aragona y Guardato, (*1440 - +1460/61); married, 1458 Antonio Todeschini-Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, deceased 1493, nephew of Pope Pius II, a.k.a. Enea Silvio Piccolomini,(Corsignano, 1405 - Pope 1458 - Ancona, Italy, 1464).\nGiovanna d'Aragona y Guardato, (*Naples, 1455 - +Rome, 1501) ; she married in 1472 Lionardo della Rovere, Duke of Sora (*1445 - +1475)","title":"Full siblings of Fernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Montalto_(Aragon-Naples-Cardona).svg"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Montalto de Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_Montalto_(27_May_1507)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dukedom of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_of_Montalto_(1_January_1507)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montalto Uffugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montalto_Uffugo"},{"link_name":"Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosenza"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardona,_Spain"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Capetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"},{"link_name":"kings of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_France"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Francesco_Maria_della_Rovere,_por_Tiziano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere"},{"link_name":"Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbino"},{"link_name":"Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_II"},{"link_name":"Ippolita della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ippolita_della_Rovere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio d'Aragona y Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_d%27Aragona_y_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tizian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizian"},{"link_name":"Galleria of the Uffizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galleria_of_the_Uffizi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_della_Rovere.svg"},{"link_name":"Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vittoria_colonna_from_barcelona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vittoria Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Ascanio I Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascanio_I_Colonna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sebastiano del Piombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pio_II.svg"},{"link_name":"Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Amalfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Amalfi"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Avis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Aviz"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Montalto, now known as Dukes of Montalto de Aragón to avoid clashing with a Dukedom of the same name renovated by Spanish people at the ends of the 19th century. This Montalto is a remembrance of Montalto Uffugo, 39° 24′ 0″ N, 16° 9′ 0″ E, Cosenza, Calabria, Italy, formerly in the Hispanic kingdom of Naples.In the center, coat of arms of the Cardona family, by the sides, red and yellow bars of the kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia from his grandfather king Alfonso V of Aragon, (1395 - 1458), king of Sardinia, king of Naples, king of Sicily as well. The five crosses represents their Brienne claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The bluish \"fleur de lys\" COA with the crennelling represents their descent of the Anjou, a cadet branch of the Capetian kings of France. The red horizontal bands within the silvery background is related to the medieval Kingdom of Hungary\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancesco Maria della Rovere, (1490 - 1538), and sisters were members of the famous family of the Dukes of Urbino on their mother side and related to Popes Sixtus IV and Julius II. Ippolita della Rovere was the wife of Antonio d'Aragona y Cardona, (1499 - 1543), 2nd Duke of Montalto. Painting by Tizian, 114x100 cm. Galleria of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Here, Francesco Maria della Rovere is depicted with his wife, Eleanora Gonzaga, born 1493, in a medallion.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of Arms of the family \"della Rovere\", Princes of Urbino, through their association with the powerful \"Montefeltro\" Ducal family since 1503 also\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiovanna d'Aragona y Cardona(1502 - divorced 1550 - 11 September 1575), a daughter of Fernando de Aragón y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto was sister in law of famous artistic and literary woman Vittoria Colonna, (1490 - 1547), here depicted, through her marriage to her brother Ascanio I Colonna, Duke dei Marsi, (1500 - 1557). Painting by Sebastiano del Piombo, (1485 - June 1547)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of Arms of Pope Pius II, (1405 - Pope 1458 - 1464), from the \"Piccolomini\" family of the Dukes of Amalfi, failed strategist of the Crusades calls to counteract the conquest of Constantinople, now Istanbul, by the Turks in 1453. The Imperial marriage alliance between Austrians and naval efficiently Portuguese from the Avis family, did not work satisfactorily","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Fernando de Aragón, first Duke of Montalto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ferdinando_d%27Aragona%2C_first_Duke_of_Montalto_%28_-1543%29%2C_attributed_to_Louis_Cousin.jpg/220px-Ferdinando_d%27Aragona%2C_first_Duke_of_Montalto_%28_-1543%29%2C_attributed_to_Louis_Cousin.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \". In English. Part initial to set up this Wikipedia English page\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/ivrea/ivrea8.html","url_text":"\". In English. Part initial to set up this Wikipedia English page\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1946
1946 United States Senate elections
["1 Results summary","2 Gains, losses, and holds","2.1 Retirements","2.2 Defeats","2.3 Post election changes","3 Change in composition","3.1 Before the elections","3.2 Election results","4 Race summaries","4.1 Special elections during the 79th Congress","4.2 Races leading to the 80th Congress","5 Closest races","6 Alabama (special)","7 Arizona","8 California","8.1 California (special)","8.2 Results","8.3 California (regular)","9 Connecticut","9.1 Connecticut (regular)","9.2 Connecticut (special)","10 Delaware","11 Florida","12 Idaho (special)","13 Indiana","14 Kentucky (special)","15 Maine","16 Maryland","17 Massachusetts","18 Michigan","19 Minnesota","20 Mississippi","21 Missouri","22 Montana","23 Nebraska","24 Nevada","25 New Jersey","26 New Mexico","27 New York","28 North Dakota","28.1 North Dakota (special)","28.2 North Dakota (regular)","29 Ohio","29.1 Ohio (special)","29.2 Ohio (regular)","30 Pennsylvania","31 Rhode Island","32 Tennessee","33 Texas","34 Utah","35 Vermont","36 Virginia","36.1 Virginia (regular)","36.2 Virginia (special)","37 Washington","38 West Virginia","39 Wisconsin","40 Wyoming","41 See also","42 Notes","43 References"]
1946 United States Senate elections ← 1944 November 5, 1946 1948 → 1947 (MS) →36 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate49 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Wallace White Alben Barkley Party Republican Democratic Leader since February 25, 1944 July 22, 1937 Leader's seat Maine Kentucky Seats before 39 56 Seats won 51 45 Seat change 12 11 Popular vote 15,489,926 12,062,433 Percentage 54.0% 42.0% Seats up 11 24 Races won 23 13   Third party   Party Progressive Seats before 1 Seats won 0 Seat change 1 Seats up 1 Races won 0 Results of the elections:     Democratic hold     Republican gain      Republican hold     No electionRectangular inset (N. Dak. and Va.): both seats up for election Majority Leader before election Alben Barkley Democratic Elected Majority Leader Wallace White Republican The 1946 United States Senate elections were held November 5, 1946, in the middle of Democratic President Harry S. Truman's first term after Roosevelt's passing. The 32 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections, and four special elections were held to fill vacancies. The Republicans took control of the Senate by picking up twelve seats, mostly from the Democrats. This was the first time since 1932 that the Republicans had held the Senate, recovering from a low of 16 seats following the 1936 Senate elections. The vote was largely seen as a referendum on Truman, whose approval rating had sunk to 32% over the president's controversial handling of a wave of post-war labor strikes, such as a nationwide railroad strike in May, at a time when Americans depended on train service for both commuter and long-distance travel. Just as damaging was Truman's back-and-forth over whether to end unpopular wartime price controls to handle shortages, particularly in foodstuffs. For example, price controls on beef had led to a "hamburger famine," but when Truman, in a surprise move, lifted the controls on October 14—just weeks before the election—meat prices shot up to record levels. This is only one of two occasions in U.S. history that 10 or more Senate seats changed hands in a midterm election (the other being in 1958), and also one of five occasions where 10 or more Senate seats changed hands in any election, with the other occasions being in 1920, 1932, 1958, and 1980. The president's lack of popular support is widely seen as the reason for the Democrats' congressional defeat, the largest since they were trounced in the 1928 pro-Republican wave that brought Herbert Hoover to power. And for the first time since before the Great Depression, Republicans were seen as the party which could best handle the American economy. However, the Republicans also benefited from what today would be called "a good map," meaning that of the one-third of Senate seats up for election, the majority were held by Democrats. Besides the Republicans being able to hold onto all of their seats, this was the party's largest senate gain since 1920. Results summary ↓ 45 51 Democratic Republican Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row. Parties Total Democratic Republican Other Last elections (1944) 57 38 1 96 Before these elections 56 39 1 96 Not up 32 28 0 60 Up 24 11 1 36 Class 1 (1940→1946) 21 10 1 32 Special: Class 2 3 1 — 4 Incumbent retired 4 4 — 8 Held by same party 3 4 — 7 Replaced by other party 1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican — 1 Result 3 5 0 8 Incumbent ran 20 7 1 28 Won re-election 9 6 0 16 Lost re-election 7 Democrats replaced by 7 Republicans — 7 Lost renominationbut held by same party 1 1 — 2 Lost (re)nominationand party lost 3 Democrats replaced by 3 Republicans1 Progressive replaced by 1 Republican 4 Result 10 18 0 28 Total elected 13 23 0 36 Net change 11 12 1 12 Nationwide vote 12,062,433 15,489,926 1,142,765 28,695,124 Share 42.04% 53.98% 3.98% 100% Result 45 51 0 96 Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives Gains, losses, and holds Retirements Three Republicans and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. State Senator Replaced by Alabama (special) George R. Swift John Sparkman Connecticut Thomas C. Hart Raymond E. Baldwin Indiana Raymond E. Willis William E. Jenner Kentucky (special) William A. Stanfill John Sherman Cooper New York James M. Mead Irving Ives Ohio James W. Huffman John W. Bricker Rhode Island Peter G. Gerry J. Howard McGrath Virginia (special) Thomas G. Burch A. Willis Robertson Defeats One Republican, one Progressive, and ten Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election. State Senator Replaced by Delaware James M. Tunnell John J. Williams Idaho (special) Charles C. Gossett Henry Dworshak Maryland George L. P. Radcliffe Herbert O'Conor Massachusetts David I. Walsh Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Minnesota Henrik Shipstead Edward J. Thye Missouri Frank P. Briggs James P. Kem Montana Burton K. Wheeler Zales Ecton Nevada Edward P. Carville George W. Malone Pennsylvania Joseph F. Guffey Edward Martin Utah Abe Murdock Arthur V. Watkins Washington Hugh Mitchell Harry P. Cain Wisconsin Robert M. La Follette Jr. Joseph McCarthy Post election changes State Senator Replaced by Louisiana John H. Overton William C. Feazel South Dakota Harlan J. Bushfield Vera C. Bushfield Mississippi Theodore G. Bilbo John C. Stennis Change in composition Before the elections   D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D38Md.Ran D37Idaho (sp)Ran D36Fla.Ran D35Del.Ran D34Ariz.Ran D33Ala. (sp)Retired D32 D31 D30 D29 D39Mass.Ran D40Miss.Ran D41Mo.Ran D42Mont.Ran D43Nev.Ran D44N.M.Ran D45N.Y.Retired D46Ohio (reg)Ohio (sp)Retired D47Pa.Ran D48R.I.Retired Majority → D49Tenn.Ran R39Vt.Ran P1Wis.Ran D56Wyo.Ran D55W.Va.Ran D54Wash.Ran D53Va. (sp)Retired D52Va. (reg)Ran D51UtahRan D50TexasRan R38N.D. (reg)Ran R37N.J.Ran R36Neb.Ran R35Minn.Ran R34Mich.Ran R33MaineRan R32Ky. (sp)Retired R31Ind.Retired R30Conn. (reg)Conn. (sp)Retired R29Calif. (reg)Calif. (sp)Ran R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R1N.D. (sp)Elected R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Election results   D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D38N.M.Re-elected D37Miss.Re-elected D36Md.Hold D35Fla.Elected D34Ariz.Re-elected D33Ala. (sp)Hold D32 D31 D30 D29 D39R.I.Hold D40Tenn.Re-elected D41TexasRe-elected D42Va. (reg)Re-elected D43Va. (sp)Hold D44W.Va.Re-elected D45Wyo.Re-elected R51Wis.Gain R50Wash.Gain R49UtahGain Majority → R39Vt.Elected R40Del.Gain R41Idaho (sp)Gain R42Mass.Gain R43Mo.Gain R44Mont.Gain R45Nev.Gain R46N.Y.Gain R47Ohio (reg)GainOhio (sp)Gain R48Pa.Gain R38N.D. (reg)Re-elected R37N.J.Re-elected R36Neb.Re-elected R35Minn.Hold R34Mich.Re-elected R33MaineRe-elected R32Ky. (sp)Hold R31Ind.Hold R30Conn. (reg)Conn. (sp)Hold R29Calif. (reg)Calif. (sp)Elected R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Key D# Democratic P# Progressive R# Republican Race summaries Special elections during the 79th Congress In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1946, ordered by election date, then state. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history North Dakota(Class 3) Milton Young Republican 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected June 25, 1946. ▌Y Milton Young (Republican) 55.5% ▌William Lanier (Democratic) 27.4% ▌Gerald Nye (Independent) 15.2% Alabama(Class 2) George R. Swift Democratic 1946 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected November 5, 1946.Democratic hold. ▌Y John Sparkman (Democratic) Unopposed California(Class 1) William Knowland Republican 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected November 5, 1946.Winner also elected to next term; see below. ▌Y William Knowland (Republican) 74.3% ▌Will Rogers Jr. (Democratic) 15.9% ▌George H. McLain (Democratic) 3.12% Connecticut(Class 1) Thomas C. Hart Republican 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected November 5, 1946.Republican hold.Winner also elected to next term; see below. ▌Y Raymond E. Baldwin (Republican) 55.8% ▌Joseph M. Tone (Democratic) 41.0% ▌Frederic C. Smedley (Socialist) 3.2% Idaho(Class 2) Charles C. Gossett Democratic 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost nomination.New senator elected November 5, 1946.Republican gain. ▌Y Henry Dworshak (Republican) 58.6% ▌George E. Donart (Democratic) 41.4% Kentucky(Class 2) William A. Stanfill Republican 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected November 5, 1946.Republican hold. ▌Y John Sherman Cooper (Republican) 53.3% ▌John Y. Brown Sr. (Democratic) 46.5% Ohio(Class 1) James W. Huffman Democratic 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected November 5, 1946.Republican gain.Winner was not elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Kingsley A. Taft (Republican) 56.2% ▌Henry P. Webber (Democratic) 43.8% Virginia(Class 2) Thomas G. Burch Democratic 1946 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected November 5, 1946.Democratic hold. ▌Y A. Willis Robertson (Democratic) 68.2% ▌Robert H. Woods (Republican) 29.0% Races leading to the 80th Congress In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1947; ordered by state. All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Arizona Ernest McFarland Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ernest McFarland (Democratic) 69.2% ▌Ward S. Powers 30.1% California William Knowland Republican 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected.Winner also elected to finish term; see above. ▌Y William Knowland (Republican) 54.1% ▌Will Rogers Jr. (Democratic) 44.2% ▌Douglas Corrigan (Prohibition) 1.62% Connecticut Thomas C. Hart Republican 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected.Republican hold.Winner also elected to finish term; see above. ▌Y Raymond E. Baldwin (Republican) 55.8% ▌Wilbur Lucius Cross (Democratic) 40.5% ▌Frederic C. Smedley (Socialist) 3.3% Delaware James M. Tunnell Democratic 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y John J. Williams (Republican) 55.2% ▌James M. Tunnell (Democratic) 44.9% Florida Spessard Holland Democratic 1946 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected. ▌Y Spessard Holland (Democratic) 78.7% ▌J. Harry Schad (Republican) 21.4% Indiana Raymond E. Willis Republican 1940 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Republican hold. ▌Y William E. Jenner (Republican) 54.9% ▌M. Clifford Townsend (Democratic) 43.4% Maine Owen Brewster Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Owen Brewster (Republican) 63.6% ▌Peter M. MacDonald (Democratic) 36.5% Maryland George L. P. Radcliffe Democratic 19341940 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Democratic hold. ▌Y Herbert O'Conor (Democratic) 50.2% ▌D. John Markey (Republican) 49.8% Massachusetts David I. Walsh Democratic 19181924 (Lost)1926 (special)192819341940 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (Republican) 59.6% ▌David I. Walsh (Democratic) 39.7% Michigan Arthur Vandenberg Republican 1928 (special)192819341940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Arthur Vandenberg (Republican) 67.1% ▌James H. Lee (Democratic) 32.0% Minnesota Henrik Shipstead Republican 1922192819341940 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Republican hold. ▌Y Edward J. Thye (Republican) 58.9% ▌Theodore Jorgenson (DFL) 39.8% Mississippi Theodore G. Bilbo Democratic 19341940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Theodore G. Bilbo (Democratic) Unopposed Missouri Frank P. Briggs Democratic 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost election.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y James P. Kem (Republican) 52.7% ▌Frank P. Briggs (Democratic) 47.1% Montana Burton K. Wheeler Democratic 1922192819341940 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y Zales Ecton (Republican) 53.5% ▌Leif Erickson (Democratic) 45.4% Nebraska Hugh A. Butler Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hugh A. Butler (Republican) 70.8% ▌John E. Mekota (Democratic) 29.2% Nevada Edward P. Carville Democratic 1945 (Appointed) Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y George W. Malone (Republican) 55.2% ▌Berkeley L. Bunker (Democratic) 44.8% New Jersey H. Alexander Smith Republican 1944 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y H. Alexander Smith (Republican) 58.5% ▌George E. Brunner (Democratic) 40.1% New Mexico Dennis Chávez Democratic 1935 (Appointed)1936 (special)1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dennis Chávez (Democratic) 51.5% ▌Patrick J. Hurley (Republican) 48.5% New York James M. Mead Democratic 1940 Incumbent retired to run for New York Governor.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y Irving Ives (Republican) 52.6% ▌Herbert H. Lehman (Democratic) 47.6% North Dakota William Langer Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Langer (Republican) 53.3% ▌Arthur E. Thompson (Independent) 23.5% ▌Abner B. Larson (Democratic) 23.2% Ohio James W. Huffman Democratic 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected.Republican gain.Winner was not elected to finish the term; see above. ▌Y John W. Bricker (Republican) 57.0% ▌James W. Huffman (Democratic) 42.4% Pennsylvania Joseph F. Guffey Democratic 19341940 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y Edward Martin (Republican) 59.3% ▌Joseph F. Guffey (Democratic) 39.8% Rhode Island Peter G. Gerry Democratic 19341940 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic hold. ▌Y J. Howard McGrath (Democratic) 55.1% ▌W. Gurnee Dwyer (Republican) 44.9% Tennessee Kenneth McKellar Democratic 19161922192819341940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Kenneth McKellar (Democratic) 66.6% ▌William B. Ladd (Republican) 26.2% Texas Tom Connally Democratic 192819341940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Tom Connally (Democratic) 88.5% ▌Murray C. Sells (Republican) 11.5% Utah Abe Murdock Democratic 1940 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y Arthur V. Watkins (Republican) 51.2% ▌Abe Murdock (Democratic) 48.8% Vermont Ralph Flanders Republican 1946 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected. ▌Y Ralph Flanders (Republican) 74.6% ▌Charles P. McDevitt (Democratic) 25.4% Virginia Harry F. Byrd Democratic 1933 (Appointed)1933 (special)19341940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry F. Byrd (Democratic) 64.9% ▌Lester S. Parsons (Republican) 30.5% Washington Hugh Mitchell Democratic 1945 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost election.New senator elected.Republican gain.Incumbent resigned December 25, 1946.Winner appointed December 26, 1946, to finish term. ▌Y Harry P. Cain (Republican) 54.3% ▌Hugh Mitchell (Democratic) 45.2% West Virginia Harley M. Kilgore Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harley M. Kilgore (Democratic) 50.3% ▌Thomas Sweeney (Republican) 49.7% Wisconsin Robert M. La Follette Jr. Progressive 1925 (special)192819341940 Incumbent lost renomination as a Republican.New senator elected.Republican gain. ▌Y Joseph McCarthy (Republican) 61.3% ▌Howard J. McMurray (Democratic) 37.4% ▌Edwin Knappe (Socialist) 1.2% Wyoming Joseph C. O'Mahoney Democratic 1933 (Appointed)19341940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Democratic) 56.2% ▌Harry B. Henderson (Republican) 43.8% Closest races Ten races had a margin of victory under 10%: State Party of winner Margin Maryland Democratic 0.4% West Virginia Democratic 0.6% Utah Republican (flip) 2.4% New Mexico Democratic 3.0% New York Republican (flip) 5.0% Missouri Republican (flip) 5.6% Kentucky Republican 6.8% Montana Republican (flip) 8.1% Washington Republican (flip) 9.1% California Republican 9.9% Alabama (special) 1946 United States Senate special election in Alabama Party Candidate Votes % Democratic John Sparkman 163,217 100.00% Democratic hold Arizona Senator Ernest McFarland Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Arizona See also: List of United States senators from Arizona Incumbent Democrat Ernest McFarland ran for re-election to a second term, easily defeating Republican Ward S. Powers in the general election. 1946 United States Senate election in Arizona Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ernest McFarland (incumbent) 80,415 69.18% Republican Ward S. Powers 35,022 30.13% Communist Morris Graham 802 0.69% Majority 45,393 39.05% Turnout 116,239 Democratic hold California See also: List of United States senators from California California (special) Main article: 1946 United States Senate special election in California Results 1946 U.S. Senate special election in California Party Candidate Votes % Write-in William F. Knowland (inc.) 425,273 74.31% Write-in Will Rogers Jr. 90,723 15.85% Write-in George H. McLain 17,883 3.13% Write-in Ellis E. Patterson 3,889 0.68% Write-in Douglas Corrigan 2,464 0.43% Write-in Vic Paulsen 1,616 0.28% Write-in Moody Staten 1,494 0.26% Write-in Hartley F. Peart 1,383 0.24% Write-in George C. Highley 1,268 0.22% Write-in James Moran 918 0.16% Write-in Ben Rinaldo 765 0.13% Write-in Aubrey D. Lewis 519 0.09% Write-in Frank Merriam 507 0.09% Write-in All others 23,619 4.13% Total votes 572,321 100.00% California (regular) Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in California 1946 United States Senate election in California Party Candidate Votes % Republican William Knowland (Incumbent) 1,428,067 54.10% Democratic Will Rogers Jr. 1,167,161 44.22% Prohibition Douglas Corrigan 42,683 1.62% Write-In Herbert Steiner 156 0.01% None Scattering 1,398 0.05% Majority 260,906 9.88% Turnout 2,639,465 Republican hold Connecticut Senator Raymond E. Baldwin Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Connecticut See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut There were 2 elections for the same seat due to the January 16, 1945, death of Democrat Francis T. Maloney. Republican Thomas C. Hart was appointed February 15, 1945, to continue the term, pending a special election. Republican Governor of Connecticut Raymond E. Baldwin won both elections, but resigned only three years after the election to become a state judge. Connecticut (regular) 1946 United States Senate election in Connecticut Party Candidate Votes % Republican Raymond E. Baldwin 381,328 55.84% Democratic Joseph M. Tone 276,424 40.48% Socialist Frederick C. Smedley 22,012 3.22% Socialist Labor John W. Aiken 3,156 0,46% Majority 104,904 29.32% Turnout 682,920 Republican hold Connecticut (special) 1946 United States Senate special election in Connecticut Party Candidate Votes % Republican Raymond E. Baldwin 378,707 55.77% Democratic Wilbur Lucius Cross 278,188 40.97% Socialist Frederic C. Smedly 22,164 3.26% Majority 100,519 14.80% Turnout 679,059 Republican hold Delaware Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Delaware See also: List of United States senators from Delaware 1946 United States Senate election in Delaware Party Candidate Votes % Republican John J. Williams 62,603 55.15% Democratic James M. Tunnell (Incumbent) 50,910 44.85% Majority 11,693 10.30% Turnout 113,513 Republican gain from Democratic Florida Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Florida See also: List of United States senators from Florida 1946 United States Senate election in Florida Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Spessard Holland (Incumbent) 156,232 78.65% Republican J. Harry Schad 42,408 21.35% Majority 113,824 57.30% Turnout 198,640 Democratic hold Idaho (special) 1946 United States Senate special election in Idaho Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry Dworshak 105,523 58.57% Democratic George E. Donart 74,629 41.43% Majority 30,894 17.14% Turnout 180,152 Republican gain from Democratic Indiana Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Indiana See also: List of United States senators from Indiana 1946 United States Senate election in Indiana Party Candidate Votes % Republican William E. Jenner 739,809 54.91% Democratic M. Clifford Townsend 584,288 43.36% Prohibition Elmer D. Riggs 21,008 1.56% Socialist Labor John Marion Morris 1,523 0.11% Communist Elmer G. Johnson 806 0.06% Majority 155,521 15.55% Turnout 1,347,434 Republican hold Kentucky (special) Main article: 1946 United States Senate special election in Kentucky See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky 1946 United States Senate special election in Kentucky Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Sherman Cooper 327,652 53.27% Democratic John Young Brown 285,829 46.47% Socialist W. E. Sandefur 1,638 0.27% Majority 41,823 6.80% Turnout 615,119 Republican hold Maine Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Maine See also: List of United States senators from Maine 1946 United States Senate election in Maine Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ralph Owen Brewster (Incumbent) 111,215 63.55% Democratic Peter M. MacDonald 63,799 36.45% Majority 47,416 27.10% Turnout 175,014 Republican hold Maryland Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Maryland See also: List of United States senators from Maryland 1946 United States Senate election in Maryland Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Herbert O'Conor 237,232 50.24% Republican D. John Markey 235,000 49.76% Majority 2,232 0.48% Turnout 472,232 Democratic hold Massachusetts Massachusetts election← 19401952 →   Nominee Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. David I. Walsh Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 989,736 660,200 Percentage 59.55% 39.72% U.S. senator before election David I. Walsh Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Republican Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Massachusetts See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts Republican Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. defeated incumbent David I. Walsh. 1946 United States Senate election in Massachusetts Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 989,736 59.55 Democratic David I. Walsh (Incumbent) 660,200 39.72 Socialist Labor Henning A. Blomen 9,221 0.56 Prohibition Mark R. Shaw 2,898 0.17 Majority 329,536 19.83% Turnout 1,662,055 Republican gain from Democratic Michigan Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Michigan See also: List of United States senators from Michigan 1946 United States Senate election in Michigan Party Candidate Votes % Republican Arthur Vandenberg (Incumbent) 1,985,570 67.06% Democratic James H. Lee 517,923 32.00% Prohibition Lawrence A. Ruble 8,109 0.50% Socialist Labor Theos A. Grove 4,572 0.28% Communist Hugo Beiswenger 2,546 0.16% Majority 1,467,647 35.06% Turnout 1,618,720 Republican hold Minnesota Senator Edward John Thye Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Minnesota See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota 1946 United States Senate election in Minnesota Party Candidate Votes % Republican Edward John Thye 517,775 58.92% Democratic (DFL) Theodore Jorgenson 349,520 39.78% Revolutionary Workers Grace Carlson 11,421 1.30% Write-In Henrik Shipstead (Incumbent) 15 0.00% Majority 168,255 19.14% Turnout 878,731 Republican hold Mississippi Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Mississippi See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi 1946 United States Senate election in Mississippi Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Theodore G. Bilbo (Incumbent) 46,747 100.00% Democratic hold Missouri Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Missouri See also: List of United States senators from Missouri 1946 United States Senate election in Missouri Party Candidate Votes % Republican James P. Kem 572,556 52.71% Democratic Frank P. Briggs (Incumbent) 411,544 47.09% Prohibition Jackson 979 0.09% Socialist W. F. Rinck 887 0.08% Socialist Labor Baeff 275 0.03% Majority 61,012 5.62% Turnout 1,086,241 Republican gain from Democratic Montana Senator Zales Ecton Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Montana See also: List of United States senators from Montana 1946 United States Senate election in Montana Party Candidate Votes % Republican Zales Ecton 101,901 53.47% Democratic Leif Erickson 86,476 45.38% Socialist Floyd P. Jones 2,189 1.15% Majority 15,425 8.09% Turnout 190,566 Republican gain from Democratic Nebraska Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska 1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska Party Candidate Votes % Republican Hugh Butler (Incumbent) 271,208 70.82% Democratic John E. Mekota 111,751 29.18% Majority 159,457 41.64% Turnout 382,958 Republican hold Nevada See also: List of United States senators from Nevada 1946 United States Senate election in Nevada Party Candidate Votes % Republican George W. Malone 27,801 55.21% Democratic Berkeley L. Bunker 22,553 44.79% Majority 5,248 10.42% Turnout 50,354 Republican gain from Democratic New Jersey Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in New Jersey See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey 1946 United States Senate election in New Jersey Party Candidate Votes % Republican H. Alexander Smith (Incumbent) 799,808 58.50% Democratic George E. Brunner 548,458 40.12% Socialist Labor John C. Butterworth 7,675 0.56% Socialist Workers George Breitman 4,976 0.36% Socialist Arthur Riley 2,226 0.16% Prohibition George W. Ridout 1,711 0.13% Anti-Medical Trust Federation Frederick W. Collins 1,676 0.12% Independent American Mark M. Jones 625 0.05% Majority 251,350 18.38% Turnout 1,367,155 Republican hold New Mexico See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico 1946 United States Senate election in New Mexico Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Dennis Chávez (Incumbent) 68,650 51.51% Republican Patrick J. Hurley 64,632 48.49% Majority 4,018 3.02% Turnout 133,282 Democratic hold New York New York election← 19401952 →   Nominee Irving Ives Herbert Lehman Party Republican Democratic Alliance LiberalAmerican Labor Popular vote 2,559,365 2,308,112 Percentage 52.58% 47.42% U.S. senator before election James M. Mead Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Irving M. Ives Republican Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in New York See also: List of United States senators from New York The New York state election was held on November 5, 1946. The Socialist Labor state convention met on April 7 and nominated Eric Hass for the U.S.Senate. The party filed a petition to nominate candidates under the name "Industrial Government Party." The Liberal Party gathered 51,015 signatures and filed a petition to nominate candidates with the Secretary of State on September 2. The Republican state convention met on September 4 at Saratoga Springs, New York. They nominated Assembly Majority Leader Irving M. Ives. The Democratic state convention met on September 4 at Albany, New York, and nominated Ex-Governor Herbert H. Lehman (in office 1933–1942) for the U.S. Senate. The American Labor state convention met on September 3 and endorsed Lehman. Fielding, Chapman and Abt were withdrawn from the ticket on September 5, and Democrats Corning, Young and Epstein substituted on the ticket. The Socialist Workers Party filed a petition to nominate candidates headed by Farrell Dobbs for Governor. The Industrial Government, Socialist and Socialist Workers tickets were not allowed on the ballot because of "defective nominating petitions." The Court of Appeals upheld the decisions of the lower courts. The whole Republican ticket was elected in a landslide. New York general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Irving M. Ives 2,559,365 52.58% 5.92% Total Herbert Lehman 2,308,112 47.42% 5.16% Democratic Herbert Lehman 1,688,887 34.70% American Labor Herbert Lehman 435,846 8.95% Liberal Herbert Lehman 183,379 3.77% Total votes 4,867,477 36.14% Republican gain from Democratic Obs.: "Blank, void and scattering" votes: 178,694 North Dakota See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota and 1946 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota North Dakota (special) Senator Milton Young Main article: 1946 United States Senate special election in North Dakota Newly-elected Democrat John Moses had died March 3, 1945, and Republican state senator Milton Young was appointed March 12, 1945, to continue the term, pending a special election. Young was elected June 25, 1946, to finish the term that would end in 1951. 1946 United States Senate special election in North Dakota Party Candidate Votes % Republican Milton Young (Incumbent) 75,998 55.53 Democratic Bill Lanier 37,507 27.41 Independent Gerald P. Nye 20,848 15.23 Independent E.A. Johansson 2,473 1.81 Independent Scattering 26 0.02 Majority 38,491 28.13 Turnout 136,852 Republican hold Young would go on to be elected 5 more times, serving until his 1975 retirement. North Dakota (regular) Senator William Langer First-term Republican William Langer was re-elected to a second term. 1946 United States Senate election in North Dakota Party Candidate Votes % Republican William Langer (Incumbent) 88,210 53.34 Independent Arthur E. Thompson 38,804 23.46 Democratic Abner B. Larson 38,368 23.20 Majority 49,406 29.88 Turnout 165,382 Republican hold Langer would be re-elected twice more, serving until his 1959 death. Ohio See also: List of United States senators from Ohio There were 2 elections to the same seat due to the September 30, 1945, resignation of Republican Harold H. Burton. Democrat James W. Huffman was appointed to continue the term, pending a special election in which Huffman was not a candidate. Huffman was, however, nominated to the regular election, which he lost. Ohio (special) Senator Kingsley A. Taft Ohio special election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kingsley A. Taft 1,193,852 56.22% Democratic Henry P. Webber 929,584 43.78% Majority 264,268 12.44% Turnout 2,123,436 Republican gain from Democratic Ohio (regular) Senator John W. Bricker Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Ohio Ohio regular election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John W. Bricker 1,275,774 57.02% Democratic James W. Huffman (Incumbent) 947,610 42.36% Socialist Labor William Farkas 13,885 0.62% Majority 328,164 14.66% Turnout 2,237,269 Republican gain from Democratic Pennsylvania Pennsylvania election← 19401952 →   Nominee Edward Martin Joseph F. Guffey Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,853,458 1,245,338 Percentage 59.3% 39.8% U.S. senator before election Joseph F. Guffey Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Edward Martin Republican Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania Incumbent Democrat Joseph F. Guffey lost re-election to Republican Edward Martin. General election results Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Edward Martin 1,853,458 59.26% +11.90% Democratic Joseph F. Guffey (Incumbent) 1,245,338 39.81% -11.98% Prohibition Dale H. Learn 17,451 0.56% +0.28% Socialist Labor Frank Knotek 11,613 0.37% +0.31% Majority 608,120 19.45% Turnout 3,127,860 Republican gain from Democratic Rhode Island See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island 1946 United States Senate election in Rhode Island Party Candidate Votes % Democratic J. Howard McGrath 150,748 55.11% Republican W. Gurnee Dwyer 122,780 44.89% Majority 27,968 10.22% Turnout 273,528 Democratic hold Tennessee Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Tennessee See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee 1946 United States Senate election in Tennessee Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kenneth D. McKellar (Incumbent) 145,654 66.60% Republican William B. Ladd 57,238 26.17% Independent John Randolph Neal Jr. 11,516 5.27% Independent Herman H. Ross 4,303 1.97% None Scattering 3 0.00% Majority 88,416 40.43% Turnout 218,714 Democratic hold Texas Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Texas See also: List of United States senators from Texas 1946 United States Senate election in Texas Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Tom Connally (Incumbent) 336,931 88.51% Republican Murray C. Sells 43,750 11.49% Majority 293,181 77.02% Turnout 380,681 Democratic hold Utah See also: List of United States senators from Utah 1946 United States Senate election in Utah Party Candidate Votes % Republican Arthur Vivian Watkins 101,142 51.24% Democratic Abe Murdock (incumbent) 96,257 48.76% Majority 4,885 2.48% Turnout 197,399 Republican gain from Democratic Vermont Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Vermont See also: List of United States senators from Vermont Incumbent Republican Ralph Flanders successfully ran for re-election to a full term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic candidate Charles P. McDevitt. 1946 United States Senate election in Vermont Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ralph Flanders (inc.) 54,729 74.62% Democratic Charles P. McDevitt 18,594 25.35% None Scattering 17 0.02% Majority 36,135 49.27% Total votes 73,340 Republican hold Virginia See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia Virginia (regular) Virginia election← 19401952 →   Nominee Harry F. Byrd Sr. Lester S. Parsons Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 163,960 77,005 Percentage 64.8% 30.5% County and Independent City Results Byrd:      40-50%      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      90-100% Parsons:      40-50%      50-60% U.S. senator before election Harry F. Byrd Sr. Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. Democratic Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Virginia Incumbent Harry F. Byrd Sr. was re-elected to a fourth term after defeating Republican Lester S. Parsons. 1946 United States Senate election in Virginia Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Harry F. Byrd Sr. (Incumbent) 163,960 64.84% -28.48% Republican Lester S. Parsons 77,005 30.45% +30.45% Independent Howard Carwile 5,189 2.05% Communist Alice Burke 3,318 1.31% -1.50% Prohibition Thomas E. Boorde 1,764 0.70% +0.70% Socialist Clarke T. Robb 1,592 0.63% +0.63% Write-ins 35 0.01% -0.06% Majority 86,955 34.39% -55.14% Turnout 252,863 Democratic hold Virginia (special) Senator Absalom Willis Robertson Main article: 1946 United States Senate special election in Virginia Appointed Democrat Thomas G. Burch retired after filling the vacancy caused by the May 28, 1946, death of Democrat Carter Glass. Democrat Absalom Willis Robertson defeated Republican Robert H. Woods and was elected to finish Glass's term. 1946 United States Senate special election in Virginia Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Absalom Willis Robertson 169,680 68.15% -22.93% Republican Robert H. Woods 72,253 29.02% +29.02% Socialist Lawrence S. Wilkes 7,024 2.82% -3.71% Write-ins 5 <0.01% Majority 97,427 39.13% -45.42% Turnout 248,962 Democratic hold Washington Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Washington See also: List of United States senators from Washington 1946 United States Senate election in Washington Party Candidate Votes % Republican Harry P. Cain 358,847 54.34% Democratic Hugh B. Mitchell (Incumbent) 298,683 45.23% Socialist Labor Harry Morton 2,297 0.35% Socialist Workers Charles R. Swett 515 0.08% Majority 60,164 9.11% Turnout 660,342 Republican gain from Democratic West Virginia See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia 1946 United States Senate election in West Virginia Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Harley M. Kilgore (Incumbent) 273,151 50.33% Republican Thomas Sweeney 269,617 49.67% Majority 3,534 0.66% Turnout 542,768 Democratic hold Wisconsin 1946 United States Senate election in Wisconsin← 19401952 →   Nominee Joseph McCarthy Howard J. McMurray Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 620,430 378,772 Percentage 61.28% 37.41% County results U.S. senator before election Robert La Follette Jr. Republican Elected U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy Republican Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Wisconsin See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin Three-term incumbent Republican Robert La Follette Jr. lost renomination to Joseph McCarthy, who then won the general election. } Wisconsin Republican primary Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joseph McCarthy 207,935 47.25% Republican Robert M. La Follette Jr. (Incumbent) 202,557 46.03% Republican Perry J. Stearns 29,605 6.73% Turnout 440,097 1946 United States Senate election in Wisconsin Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joseph McCarthy 620,430 61.15% Democratic Howard J. McMurray 378,772 37.33% Socialist Edwin Knappe 11,750 1.16% Socialist Labor Georgia Cozzini 1,552 0.15% None Scattering 2,090 0.21% Majority 241,658 23.82% Turnout 1,014,594 Republican hold Wyoming Main article: 1946 United States Senate election in Wyoming See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming 1946 United States Senate election in Wyoming Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Incumbent) 45,843 56.21% Republican Harry B. Henderson 35,714 43.79% Majority 10,129 12.42% Turnout 81,557 Democratic hold See also 1946 United States elections 1946 United States gubernatorial elections 1946 United States House of Representatives elections 79th United States Congress 80th United States Congress Notes ^ Appointee elected to remainder of term in the North Dakota special election of June 25, 1946. ^ a b c Appointee elected ^ Appointee defeated ^ Missouri was the "tipping point" state. References ^ Leuchtenburg, William E. (November 2006). "New Faces of 1946: An unpopular president. A war-weary people. In the midterm elections of 60 years ago, voters took aim at incumbents". Smithsonian (magazine). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 2 of 5. Retrieved May 12, 2009. "On October 14, scarcely more than three weeks before midterm elections, Truman bit the bullet. Even when his approval rating dropped to 32 percent, he had told reporters that controls were indispensable. On this night, however, speaking to the largest radio audience since the end of the war, Truman lashed out at "the few men in Congress who, in the service of selfish interests, have been determined for some time to wreck price controls no matter what the cost might be to our people." Then he stunned the nation by announcing that he was lifting controls on meat. With the lid off, prices skyrocketed. The New York Daily News headlined: PRICES SOAR, BUYERS SORE/STEERS JUMP OVER THE MOON. Brickbats flew at the president. "Brother," said Ohio's Clarence J. Brown, chair of the Republican Congressional Committee, "the tide is sweepin' our way."" ^ Arthur Krock (November 10, 1946). "Dominant Cause Seen for Republican Sweep". New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2023. ^ "Three Republicans Who Will Lead the Next Congress". New York Times. November 10, 1946. Retrieved January 18, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (February 1, 1947). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1946" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1, 7, 12, 38, 43. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ "Our Campaigns - CA US Senate Special". OurCampaigns. Retrieved June 19, 2020. ^ "Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1946". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ "Socialist Labor Party Ticket". The New York Times. April 8, 1946. ^ "LIBERALS TO FILE PETITIONS TODAY". The New York Times. September 2, 1946. ^ "ALBANY 'TEAM' KEPT". The New York Times. September 5, 1946. ^ "DEWEY IS ASSAILED; ...MEAD SPURNS ANY RED AID". The New York Times. September 5, 1946. ^ "DEMOCRATIC DEAL IRKS LABOR PARTY". The New York Times. September 4, 1946. ^ "ALP WITHDRAWS 3 FROM STATE TICKET". The New York Times. September 6, 1946. ^ "MINOR PARTIES RULED OFF BALLOT IN STATE". The New York Times. October 26, 1946. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946". OurCampaigns. Retrieved August 18, 2019. ^ "Statement of the Findings of the State Board of Canvassers, Primary Election Held June 25 , 1946" (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH US Senate - D Primary Race - May 07, 1946". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH US Senate- Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1946". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020. ^ "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2015. ^ "WI US Senate - R Primary". OurCampaigns. Retrieved August 16, 2019. New York: "RECORD FOR DEWEY IN OFFICIAL COUNT; His 687,151 Majority Topped Lehman's 627,388 in 1932; Won in 1942 by 173,254". The New York Times. December 14, 1946. vte(1944 ←)   1946 United States elections   (→ 1948)U.S.Senate Alabama (special) Arizona California California (special) Connecticut Connecticut (special) Delaware Florida Idaho (special) Indiana Kentucky (special) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota North Dakota (special) Ohio Ohio (special) Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Virginia (special) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Arkansas Arizona California 12th Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Georgia Idaho Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Nebraska Lt. Gov Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Statelegislatures Iowa Senate Mayors New Orleans vteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 1880–81 1882–83 1884–85 1886–87 1888–89 1890–91 1892–93 1894–95 1896–97 1898–99 1900–01 1902–03 1904–05 1906–07 1908–09 1910–11 1912–13 1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 Odd-yearspecials 1921 1923 1925 1931 1933 1937 1941 1947 1949 1957 1959 1961 1974–75 1983 1991 1993 2013 2017 List of all specials Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of US elections House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Class 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1936 Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections"}],"text":"The 1946 United States Senate elections were held November 5, 1946, in the middle of Democratic President Harry S. Truman's first term after Roosevelt's passing. The 32 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections, and four special elections were held to fill vacancies. The Republicans took control of the Senate by picking up twelve seats, mostly from the Democrats. This was the first time since 1932 that the Republicans had held the Senate, recovering from a low of 16 seats following the 1936 Senate elections.The vote was largely seen as a referendum on Truman, whose approval rating had sunk to 32%[1] over the president's controversial handling of a wave of post-war labor strikes, such as a nationwide railroad strike in May, at a time when Americans depended on train service for both commuter and long-distance travel. Just as damaging was Truman's back-and-forth over whether to end unpopular wartime price controls to handle shortages, particularly in foodstuffs. For example, price controls on beef had led to a \"hamburger famine,\" but when Truman, in a surprise move, lifted the controls on October 14—just weeks before the election—meat prices shot up to record levels.[citation needed]This is only one of two occasions in U.S. history that 10 or more Senate seats changed hands in a midterm election (the other being in 1958), and also one of five occasions where 10 or more Senate seats changed hands in any election, with the other occasions being in 1920, 1932, 1958, and 1980.The president's lack of popular support is widely seen as the reason for the Democrats' congressional defeat, the largest since they were trounced in the 1928 pro-Republican wave that brought Herbert Hoover to power.[2][3] And for the first time since before the Great Depression, Republicans were seen as the party which could best handle the American economy.However, the Republicans also benefited from what today would be called \"a good map,\" meaning that of the one-third of Senate seats up for election, the majority were held by Democrats. Besides the Republicans being able to hold onto all of their seats, this was the party's largest senate gain since 1920.","title":"1946 United States Senate elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clerk-4"}],"text":"Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives[4]","title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Retirements","text":"Three Republicans and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defeats","text":"One Republican, one Progressive, and ten Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Post election changes","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Election results","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special elections during the 79th Congress","text":"In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1946, ordered by election date, then state.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Races leading to the 80th Congress","text":"In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1947; ordered by state.All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ten races had a margin of victory under 10%:","title":"Closest races"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alabama (special)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mcfarland_ernest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernest McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_McFarland"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Ernest McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_McFarland"},{"link_name":"Ward S. Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ward_S._Powers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Senator Ernest McFarlandSee also: List of United States senators from ArizonaIncumbent Democrat Ernest McFarland ran for re-election to a second term, easily defeating Republican Ward S. Powers in the general election.","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from California","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"California (special)","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"California (regular)","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raymond_Earl_Baldwin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Francis T. Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_T._Maloney"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart"},{"link_name":"Governor of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Raymond E. Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin"}],"text":"Senator Raymond E. BaldwinSee also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1946 United States House of Representatives elections in ConnecticutThere were 2 elections for the same seat due to the January 16, 1945, death of Democrat Francis T. Maloney. Republican Thomas C. Hart was appointed February 15, 1945, to continue the term, pending a special election. Republican Governor of Connecticut Raymond E. Baldwin won both elections, but resigned only three years after the election to become a state judge.","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Connecticut (regular)","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Connecticut (special)","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Florida","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Idaho (special)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky","title":"Kentucky (special)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Maine","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Maryland","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr."},{"link_name":"David I. Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I._Walsh"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from MassachusettsRepublican Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. defeated incumbent David I. Walsh.","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwardThye.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward John Thye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_John_Thye"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota"}],"text":"Senator Edward John ThyeSee also: List of United States senators from Minnesota","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zales_Nelson_Ecton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zales Ecton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zales_Ecton"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana"}],"text":"Senator Zales EctonSee also: List of United States senators from Montana","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Eric Hass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hass"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Springs, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"American Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Socialist Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Farrell Dobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New YorkThe New York state election was held on November 5, 1946.The Socialist Labor state convention met on April 7 and nominated Eric Hass for the U.S.Senate.[13] The party filed a petition to nominate candidates under the name \"Industrial Government Party.\"The Liberal Party gathered 51,015 signatures and filed a petition to nominate candidates with the Secretary of State on September 2.[14]The Republican state convention met on September 4 at Saratoga Springs, New York. They nominated Assembly Majority Leader Irving M. Ives.[15]The Democratic state convention met on September 4 at Albany, New York, and nominated Ex-Governor Herbert H. Lehman (in office 1933–1942) for the U.S. Senate.[16]The American Labor state convention met on September 3 and endorsed Lehman.[17] Fielding, Chapman and Abt were withdrawn from the ticket on September 5, and Democrats Corning, Young and Epstein substituted on the ticket.[18]The Socialist Workers Party filed a petition to nominate candidates headed by Farrell Dobbs for Governor.The Industrial Government, Socialist and Socialist Workers tickets were not allowed on the ballot because of \"defective nominating petitions.\" The Court of Appeals upheld the decisions of the lower courts.[19]The whole Republican ticket was elected in a landslide.Obs.:\"Blank, void and scattering\" votes: 178,694","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"1946 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota and 1946 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milton_Young.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milton Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Young"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"John Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moses_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Milton Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Young"}],"sub_title":"North Dakota (special)","text":"Senator Milton YoungNewly-elected Democrat John Moses had died March 3, 1945, and Republican state senator Milton Young was appointed March 12, 1945, to continue the term, pending a special election.Young was elected June 25, 1946, to finish the term that would end in 1951.Young would go on to be elected 5 more times, serving until his 1975 retirement.","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Langer.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Langer"},{"link_name":"William Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Langer"}],"sub_title":"North Dakota (regular)","text":"Senator William LangerFirst-term Republican William Langer was re-elected to a second term.Langer would be re-elected twice more, serving until his 1959 death.","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Harold H. Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_H._Burton"},{"link_name":"James W. Huffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Huffman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from OhioThere were 2 elections to the same seat due to the September 30, 1945, resignation of Republican Harold H. Burton.Democrat James W. Huffman was appointed to continue the term, pending a special election in which Huffman was not a candidate. Huffman was, however, nominated to the regular election,[22] which he lost.","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KingsleyarterTaft.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingsley A. Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_A._Taft"}],"sub_title":"Ohio (special)","text":"Senator Kingsley A. Taft","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_W._Bricker_cph.3b31299.jpg"},{"link_name":"John W. Bricker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Bricker"}],"sub_title":"Ohio (regular)","text":"Senator John W. Bricker","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Joseph F. Guffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey"},{"link_name":"Edward Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from PennsylvaniaIncumbent Democrat Joseph F. Guffey lost re-election to Republican Edward Martin.","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Utah","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Ralph Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Flanders"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from VermontIncumbent Republican Ralph Flanders successfully ran for re-election to a full term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic candidate Charles P. McDevitt.","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry F. Byrd Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Sr."}],"sub_title":"Virginia (regular)","text":"Incumbent Harry F. Byrd Sr. was re-elected to a fourth term after defeating Republican Lester S. Parsons.","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absalom_Willis_Robertson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Absalom Willis Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Thomas G. Burch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch"},{"link_name":"Carter Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Glass"},{"link_name":"Absalom Willis Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson"}],"sub_title":"Virginia (special)","text":"Senator Absalom Willis RobertsonAppointed Democrat Thomas G. Burch retired after filling the vacancy caused by the May 28, 1946, death of Democrat Carter Glass. Democrat Absalom Willis Robertson defeated Republican Robert H. Woods and was elected to finish Glass's term.","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Robert La Follette Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_La_Follette_Jr."},{"link_name":"Joseph McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from WisconsinThree-term incumbent Republican Robert La Follette Jr. lost renomination to Joseph McCarthy, who then won the general election.","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ND_special_5-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appointee_elected_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appointee_elected_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appointee_elected_6-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Missouri"},{"link_name":"tipping point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping-point_state"}],"text":"^ Appointee elected to remainder of term in the North Dakota special election of June 25, 1946.\n\n^ a b c Appointee elected\n\n^ Appointee defeated\n\n^ Missouri was the \"tipping point\" state.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_results_map.svg/350px-1946_United_States_Senate_elections_results_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Senator Ernest McFarland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mcfarland_ernest.jpg/125px-Mcfarland_ernest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Raymond E. Baldwin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raymond_Earl_Baldwin.jpg/125px-Raymond_Earl_Baldwin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Edward John Thye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EdwardThye.jpg/125px-EdwardThye.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Zales Ecton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zales_Nelson_Ecton.jpg/125px-Zales_Nelson_Ecton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Milton Young","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Milton_Young.jpg/125px-Milton_Young.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator William Langer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/William_Langer.jpg/125px-William_Langer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Kingsley A. Taft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/KingsleyarterTaft.jpg/125px-KingsleyarterTaft.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator John W. Bricker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/John_W._Bricker_cph.3b31299.jpg/125px-John_W._Bricker_cph.3b31299.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Absalom Willis Robertson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Absalom_Willis_Robertson.jpg/125px-Absalom_Willis_Robertson.jpg"}]
[{"title":"1946 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1946 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"title":"1946 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"79th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"80th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress"}]
[{"reference":"Arthur Krock (November 10, 1946). \"Dominant Cause Seen for Republican Sweep\". New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/11/10/archives/dominant-cause-seen-for-republican-sweep-from-new-england-to.html","url_text":"\"Dominant Cause Seen for Republican Sweep\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Republicans Who Will Lead the Next Congress\". New York Times. November 10, 1946. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/11/10/archives/upheaval-three-republicans-who-will-lead-the-next-congress.html","url_text":"\"Three Republicans Who Will Lead the Next Congress\""}]},{"reference":"Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (February 1, 1947). \"Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1946\" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1, 7, 12, 38, 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives","url_text":"Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives"},{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electioninfo/1946election.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1946\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=201","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=205","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=263","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=244","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3284","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - CA US Senate Special\". OurCampaigns. Retrieved June 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=24094","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - CA US Senate Special\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1946\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=7722","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=147415","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"Socialist Labor Party Ticket\". The New York Times. April 8, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/04/08/archives/socialist-labor-party-ticket.html","url_text":"\"Socialist Labor Party Ticket\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"LIBERALS TO FILE PETITIONS TODAY\". The New York Times. September 2, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/02/archives/liberals-to-file-petitions-today-party-completes-its-drive-for.html","url_text":"\"LIBERALS TO FILE PETITIONS TODAY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"ALBANY 'TEAM' KEPT\". The New York Times. September 5, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/05/archives/albany-team-kept-governor-in-acceptance-says-satellites-aim-to-take.html","url_text":"\"ALBANY 'TEAM' KEPT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"DEWEY IS ASSAILED; ...MEAD SPURNS ANY RED AID\". The New York Times. September 5, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D14F7345D127A93C7A91782D85F428485F9","url_text":"\"DEWEY IS ASSAILED; ...MEAD SPURNS ANY RED AID\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"DEMOCRATIC DEAL IRKS LABOR PARTY\". The New York Times. September 4, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0610F6345D127A93C6A91782D85F428485F9","url_text":"\"DEMOCRATIC DEAL IRKS LABOR PARTY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"ALP WITHDRAWS 3 FROM STATE TICKET\". The New York Times. September 6, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0612F83F5D12718DDDAF0894D1405B8688F1D3","url_text":"\"ALP WITHDRAWS 3 FROM STATE TICKET\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"MINOR PARTIES RULED OFF BALLOT IN STATE\". The New York Times. October 26, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/10/26/archives/minor-parties-ruled-off-ballot-in-state.html","url_text":"\"MINOR PARTIES RULED OFF BALLOT IN STATE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\". OurCampaigns. Retrieved August 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=36422","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - NY US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of the Findings of the State Board of Canvassers, Primary Election Held June 25 , 1946\" (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Abstracts%20by%20Year/1940%20through%201948%20Statewide%20Election%20Results/1946/Primary%20Election%2006-25-1946.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement of the Findings of the State Board of Canvassers, Primary Election Held June 25 , 1946\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"North Dakota Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - OH US Senate - D Primary Race - May 07, 1946\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=843753","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - OH US Senate - D Primary Race - May 07, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - OH US Senate- Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1946\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27790","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - OH US Senate- Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - OH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27789","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - OH US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014\" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053355/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection_USSenator.pdf","url_text":"\"General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014\""},{"url":"https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/682280/generalelection_USSenator.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WI US Senate - R Primary\". OurCampaigns. Retrieved August 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=46920","url_text":"\"WI US Senate - R Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"RECORD FOR DEWEY IN OFFICIAL COUNT; His 687,151 Majority Topped Lehman's 627,388 in 1932; Won in 1942 by 173,254\". The New York Times. December 14, 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0716FD345E1B7B93C6A81789D95F428485F9","url_text":"\"RECORD FOR DEWEY IN OFFICIAL COUNT; His 687,151 Majority Topped Lehman's 627,388 in 1932; Won in 1942 by 173,254\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stanhope,_12th_Earl_of_Harrington
Charles Stanhope, 12th Earl of Harrington
["1 Early life","2 Wealth","3 Personal life","4 References"]
The Right HonourableThe Earl of Harrington Tenure12 April 2009 – presentPredecessorWilliam Stanhope, 11th Earl of HarringtonOther titlesViscount PetershamBornCharles Henry Leicester Stanhope (1945-07-20) 20 July 1945 (age 78)Net worth£250 millionSpouse(s) Virginia Freeman-Jackson ​ ​(m. 1966; div. 1983)​ Anita Fugelsang ​(m. 1984)​ IssueWilliam Stanhope, Viscount Petersham Serena Armstrong-Jones, Countess of SnowdonParentsWilliam Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington Eileen Foley Grey Charles Henry Leicester Stanhope, 12th Earl of Harrington (born 20 July 1945), styled as Viscount Petersham from birth until his father's death in 2009, is the son of William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington, and his wife, Eileen Grey. Early life Charles Henry Leicester Stanhope was born 20 July 1945 to William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington (1922–2009), and Eileen Grey, daughter of Sir John Foley Grey, 8th Baronet. He had two older sisters, the elder of whom was Lady Jane Stanhope (1942–1974), who married Anthony Cameron and was killed in a motor accident in 1974. His second sister is Lady Avena Margaret Clare Stanhope (b. 1944), who married Adrian Maxwell. Wealth He was ranked 325th in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008 with an estimated wealth of £250 million. He is the owner of some prime land in London. Though the net assets of his two main companies, Elvaston Investments and Stanhope Gardens, came in at about £5 million in 2005, his total land holdings have been valued recently at about £250 million. Personal life He married, firstly, Virginia Freeman-Jackson (b.1939), the daughter of Harry Freeman-Jackson on 14 September 1966, and they were divorced in 1983. They had two children and four grandchildren: William Henry Leicester Stanhope, Viscount Petersham and Stanhope (born 14 October 1967), who married Candida Bond on 28 April 2001. They have two children: The Honourable Tirkana Stanhope (1 August 2003) The Honourable Augustus Stanhope (26 September 2005), Elizabeth II's second page of honour from 2015 to 2019 Serena Armstrong-Jones, Countess of Snowdon (born 1 March 1970), who married David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (later the 2nd Earl of Snowdon) on 8 October 1993. They have two children: Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (1 July 1999) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (14 May 2002) He married, secondly, the photographer Anita Fuglesang, formerly the wife of Michael Howard, 21st Earl of Suffolk. References ^ "Buckingham Palace 18 May 2016". Court Circular. ^ Syal, R. (10 February 2002). "Children spent much of last years with mother". UK Telegraph. Retrieved 1 January 2019. He married the Hon. Serena Stanhope, the daughter of the landowner Viscount Petersham, in 1993 Burke's Peerage Peerage of Great Britain Preceded byWilliam Stanhope Earl of Harrington 2009–present Incumbent vteCurrent earls in the peerages of Britain and IrelandSorted by (historical) entity at time of grantEngland Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon William Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke Charles Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon Robert Fiennes-Clinton, 19th Earl of Lincoln Alexander Howard, 22nd Earl of Suffolk William Herbert, 15th Earl of Montgomery Alexander Feilding, 12th Earl of Denbigh Anthony Fane, 16th Earl of Westmorland Alexander Howard, 15th Earl of Berkshire Richard Bertie, 14th Earl of Lindsey Daniel Finch-Hatton, 17th Earl of Winchilsea John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich Paul Capell, 11th Earl of Essex George Howard, 13th Earl of Carlisle Nicholas Ashley-Cooper, 12th Earl of Shaftesbury Daniel Finch-Hatton, 12th Earl of Nottingham Richard Bertie, 9th Earl of Abingdon Timothy Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland Richard Lumley, 13th Earl of Scarbrough Rufus Keppel, 10th Earl of Albemarle George Coventry, 13th Earl of Coventry William Child Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey Scotland Alistair Sutherland, 25th Earl of Sutherland Anthony Lindsay, 30th Earl of Crawford Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll Malcolm Sinclair, 20th Earl of Caithness Stewart Douglas, 22nd Earl of Morton James Leslie, 22nd Earl of Rothes Henry Erskine, 18th Earl of Buchan Hugh Montgomerie, 19th Earl of Eglinton John Stuart, 21st Earl of Moray James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar Michael Douglas-Home, 16th Earl of Home James David Drummond, 10th Earl of Perth Simon Bowes-Lyon, 19th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne James Erskine, 16th Earl of Kellie George Baillie-Hamilton, 14th Earl of Haddington Andrew Stewart, 14th Earl of Galloway Ian Maitland, 18th Earl of Lauderdale James Lindesay-Bethune, 16th Earl of Lindsay Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun Charles Hay, 16th Earl of Kinnoull Andrew Bruce, 11th Earl of Elgin James Charteris, 13th Earl of Wemyss James Ramsay, 17th Earl of Dalhousie David Ogilvy, 14th Earl of Airlie Alexander Leslie-Melville, 15th Earl of Leven John Grant, 13th Earl of Dysart John Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Earl of Selkirk Patrick Carnegy, 15th Earl of Northesk Andrew Bruce, 15th Earl of Kincardine Anthony Lindsay, 13th Earl of Balcarres Filippo Rospigliosi, 12th Earl of Newburgh Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th Earl of Dundee Patrick Hope-Johnstone, 11th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell Iain Cochrane, 15th Earl of Dundonald James Keith, 14th Earl of Kintore Malcolm Murray, 12th Earl of Dunmore Alexander Leslie-Melville, 14th Earl of Melville Peter St John, 9th Earl of Orkney James Charteris, 9th Earl of March Ian Ogilvie-Grant, 13th Earl of Seafield John Dalrymple, 14th Earl of Stair Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery Patrick Boyle, 10th Earl of Glasgow GreatBritain Robert Shirley, 14th Earl Ferrers William Legge, 10th Earl of Dartmouth Peter Bennett, 10th Earl of Tankerville Charles Finch-Knightley, 12th Earl of Aylesford Richard Parker, 9th Earl of Macclesfield James Waldegrave, 13th Earl Waldegrave Charles Stanhope, 12th Earl of Harrington Quentin Wallop, 10th Earl of Portsmouth Guy Greville, 9th Earl Brooke George Hobart-Hampden, 10th Earl of Buckinghamshire Piers North, 10th Earl of Guilford Joseph Yorke, 10th Earl of Hardwicke Robin Fox-Strangways, 10th Earl of Ilchester Guy Greville, 9th Earl of Warwick William Sackville, 11th Earl De La Warr William Pleydell-Bouverie, 9th Earl of Radnor Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer Allen Bathurst, 9th Earl Bathurst George Villiers, 8th Earl of Clarendon Alexander Murray, 8th and 9th Earl of Mansfield Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 7th Earl Talbot Christopher Edgcumbe, 9th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Charles Fortescue, 8th Earl Fortescue Alexander Murray, 9th Earl of Mansfield George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon Edward Cadogan, 9th Earl Cadogan James Harris, 7th Earl of Malmesbury IrelandKingdom of Ireland Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Waterford John Boyle, 15th Earl of Cork William Anthony Nugent, 13th Earl of Westmeath John Brabazon, 15th Earl of Meath Alexander Feilding, 11th Earl of Desmond Roger Lambart, 13th Earl of Cavan John Boyle, 15th Earl of Orrery Derry Moore, 12th Earl of Drogheda Peter Forbes, 10th Earl of Granard Ivo Bligh, 12th Earl of Darnley Myles Ponsonby, 12th Earl of Bessborough Thomas Butler, 11th Earl of Carrick Henry Boyle, 10th Earl of Shannon Arthur Gore, 9th Earl of Arran Patrick Stopford, 9th Earl of Courtown John Savile, 8th Earl of Mexborough David Turnour, 8th Earl Winterton Robert King-Tenison, 12th Earl of Kingston Robert Jocelyn, 10th Earl of Roden David Vaughan, 9th Earl of Lisburne Patrick Meade, 8th Earl of Clanwilliam Randal McDonnell, 10th Earl of Antrim Thomas Pakenham, 8th Earl of Longford George Dawson-Damer, 7th Earl of Portarlington Charles Bourke, 11th Earl of Mayo Michael Annesley, 12th Earl Annesley Andrew Cole, 7th Earl of Enniskillen John Crichton, 7th Earl Erne George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan John Lowry-Corry, 8th Earl Belmore Andrew Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart Nicholas Alexander, 7th Earl of Caledon Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 8th Earl of Donoughmore After 1801 Edmund Pery, 7th Earl of Limerick Nicholas Trench, 9th Earl of Clancarty Brendan Parsons, 7th Earl of Rosse Charles Acheson, 7th Earl of Gosford Shaun Agar, 6th Earl of Normanton Richard Needham, 6th Earl of Kilmorey Francis Hare, 6th Earl of Listowel Richard Graham-Toler, 7th Earl of Norbury Edward Knox, 8th Earl of Ranfurly UnitedKingdomKing George III Peter St Clair-Erskine, 7th Earl of Rosslyn Benjamin Craven, 9th Earl of Craven Rupert Onslow, 8th Earl of Onslow Julian Marsham, 8th Earl of Romney John Pelham, 9th Earl of Chichester Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton John Herbert, 8th Earl of Powis Simon Nelson, 10th Earl Nelson Philip Kent Grey, 7th Earl Grey William Lowther, 9th Earl of Lonsdale Conroy Ryder, 8th Earl of Harrowby Prince Regent David Lascelles, 8th Earl of Harewood Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto Charles Cathcart, 7th Earl Cathcart John Grimston, 7th Earl of Verulam Albert Eliot, 11th Earl of St Germans Mark Parker, 7th Earl of Morley Richard Bridgeman, 7th Earl of Bradford King George IV John Scott, 6th Earl of Eldon Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe Keith Rous, 6th Earl of Stradbroke James Temple-Gore-Langton, 9th Earl Temple of Stowe Colin Campbell, 7th Earl Cawdor King William IV Thomas Anson, 6th Earl of Lichfield Edward Lambton, 7th Earl of Durham Fergus Leveson-Gower, 6th Earl Granville Edward Howard, 8th Earl of Effingham David Moreton, 7th Earl of Ducie Charles Pelham, 8th Earl of Yarborough Queen Victoria Thomas Coke, 8th Earl of Leicester Anthony Noel, 6th Earl of Gainsborough William Byng, 9th Earl of Strafford Mark Pepys, 9th Earl of Cottenham Graham Wellesley, 8th Earl Cowley David Ward, 5th Earl of Dudley Hugh Montgomerie, 7th Earl of Winton John Russell, 7th Earl Russell John Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie John Wodehouse, 5th Earl of Kimberley Richard Wortley, 5th Earl of Wharncliffe Simon Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns John Lytton, 5th Earl of Lytton William Palmer, 5th Earl of Selborne John Northcote, 5th Earl of Iddesleigh Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 5th Earl of Cranbrook King Edward VII Evelyn Baring, 4th Earl of Cromer Ivor Windsor-Clive, 4th Earl of Plymouth Edward Foljambe, 5th Earl of Liverpool King George V Neil Primrose, 3rd Earl of Midlothian Michael Hicks Beach, 3rd Earl St Aldwyn David Beatty, 3rd Earl Beatty Alexander Haig, 3rd Earl Haig Edward Guinness, 4th Earl of Iveagh Roderick Balfour, 5th Earl of Balfour Raymond Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith Patrick Jellicoe, 3rd Earl Jellicoe Peter Mackay, 4th Earl of Inchcape William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel King George VI Simon Bowes-Lyon, 6th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne Benedict Baldwin, 5th Earl Baldwin of Bewdley Peter Wood, 3rd Earl of Halifax Brer Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie David Lloyd George, 4th Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma Queen Elizabeth II Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis Mark Cunliffe-Lister, 4th Earl of Swinton John Attlee, 3rd Earl Attlee Simon Marquis, 3rd Earl of Woolton David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton Italics in entries mean the peer also holds a previously listed earldom of higher precedence This biography of an earl in the peerage of Great Britain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanhope,_11th_Earl_of_Harrington"}],"text":"Charles Henry Leicester Stanhope, 12th Earl of Harrington (born 20 July 1945), styled as Viscount Petersham from birth until his father's death in 2009, is the son of William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington, and his wife, Eileen Grey.","title":"Charles Stanhope, 12th Earl of Harrington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanhope,_11th_Earl_of_Harrington"}],"text":"Charles Henry Leicester Stanhope was born 20 July 1945 to William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington (1922–2009), and Eileen Grey, daughter of Sir John Foley Grey, 8th Baronet. He had two older sisters, the elder of whom was Lady Jane Stanhope (1942–1974), who married Anthony Cameron and was killed in a motor accident in 1974. His second sister is Lady Avena Margaret Clare Stanhope (b. 1944), who married Adrian Maxwell.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunday Times Rich List 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2008"}],"text":"He was ranked 325th in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008 with an estimated wealth of £250 million. He is the owner of some prime land in London. Though the net assets of his two main companies, Elvaston Investments and Stanhope Gardens, came in at about £5 million in 2005, his total land holdings have been valued recently at about £250 million.","title":"Wealth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Freeman-Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Freeman-Jackson"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"page of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_of_honour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Serena Armstrong-Jones, Countess of Snowdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Armstrong-Jones,_Countess_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones,_Viscount_Linley"},{"link_name":"Earl of Snowdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Armstrong-Jones,_Viscount_Linley"},{"link_name":"Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margarita_Armstrong-Jones"},{"link_name":"Michael Howard, 21st Earl of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Howard,_21st_Earl_of_Suffolk"}],"text":"He married, firstly, Virginia Freeman-Jackson (b.1939), the daughter of Harry Freeman-Jackson on 14 September 1966, and they were divorced in 1983. They had two children and four grandchildren:William Henry Leicester Stanhope, Viscount Petersham and Stanhope (born 14 October 1967), who married Candida Bond on 28 April 2001. They have two children:\nThe Honourable Tirkana Stanhope (1 August 2003)\nThe Honourable Augustus Stanhope (26 September 2005), Elizabeth II's second page of honour[1] from 2015 to 2019\nSerena Armstrong-Jones, Countess of Snowdon[2] (born 1 March 1970), who married David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (later the 2nd Earl of Snowdon) on 8 October 1993. They have two children:\nCharles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (1 July 1999)\nLady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (14 May 2002)He married, secondly, the photographer Anita Fuglesang, formerly the wife of Michael Howard, 21st Earl of Suffolk.","title":"Personal life"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizlermezeci,_Kuruca%C5%9File
Dizlermezeci, Kurucaşile
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 41°48′N 32°35′E / 41.800°N 32.583°E / 41.800; 32.583Village in Bartın, TurkeyDizlermezeciVillageDizlermezeciLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 41°48′N 32°35′E / 41.800°N 32.583°E / 41.800; 32.583CountryTurkeyProvinceBartınDistrictKurucaşilePopulation (2021)271Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Dizlermezeci is a village in the Kurucaşile District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 271 (2021). References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023. vte Kurucaşile DistrictMunicipalities Kurucaşile Villages Alapınar Aydoğmuş Başköy Çayaltı Curunlu Danişment Demirci Dizlermezeci Elvanlar Hacıköy Hisarköy İlyasgeçidi Kaleköy Kanatlı Kapısuyu Karaman Kavaklı Kirlikmüslimhoca Kömeç Meydan Ömerler Ovatekkeönü Paşalılar Sarıderesi Şeyhler Uğurlu Yeniköy Ziyaretköy This geographical article about a location in Bartın Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurucaşile District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuruca%C5%9File_District"},{"link_name":"Bartın Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Bartın, TurkeyDizlermezeci is a village in the Kurucaşile District, Bartın Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 271 (2021).[2]","title":"Dizlermezeci, Kurucaşile"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Norman_Birkett,_1st_Baron_Birkett
Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett
["1 Early life and education","2 Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament","2.1 Member of Parliament","2.2 Practice at the Bar in London","2.3 Return to politics","2.4 Return to the Bar","3 Judicial work","3.1 Nuremberg trials","3.2 Further judicial work","4 Retirement","4.1 Arms","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
British barrister, judge, politician and preacher (1883–1962) "William Birkett" redirects here. For the Derbyshire cricketer, see William Birkett (cricketer). The Right HonourableThe Lord BirkettPCLord Justice of AppealIn office30 September 1950 – 5 January 1957Preceded bySir James TuckerSucceeded bySir Frederic SellersJustice of the High CourtIn office11 November 1941 – 30 September 1950Preceded bySir Anthony HawkeSucceeded bySir William McNairMember of Parliamentfor Nottingham EastIn office30 May 1929 – 27 October 1931Preceded byEdmund BrocklebankSucceeded byLouis GlucksteinIn office6 December 1923 – 29 October 1924Preceded byJohn HouftonSucceeded byEdmund Brocklebank Personal detailsBorn6 September 1883Ulverston, Lancashire, EnglandDied10 February 1962(1962-02-10) (aged 78)London, EnglandPolitical partyLiberalSpouseRuth NilssonChildren2, including MichaelAlma materEmmanuel College, CambridgeProfessionBarristerjudge William Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett, PC (6 September 1883 – 10 February 1962), was a British barrister, judge, politician and preacher who served as the deputy British judge during the Nuremberg Trials. Birkett received his education at Barrow-in-Furness Higher Grade School. He was a Methodist preacher and a draper before attending Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1907, to study theology, history and law. Upon graduating in 1910 he worked as a secretary and was called to the Bar in 1913. Declared medically unfit for military service during World War I, Birkett used the time to make up for his late entry into the legal profession and was appointed a King's Counsel in 1924. He became a criminal defence lawyer and acted as counsel in a number of famous cases including the second of the Brighton trunk murders. A member of the Liberal Party, he sat in Parliament for Nottingham East twice, first in 1923 and again in 1929. Despite refusing appointment to the High Court of Justice in 1928, he was offered the position again in 1941 and accepted, joining the King's Bench Division. In 1945 he served as the alternate British judge at the Nuremberg trials, and he was made a privy counsellor in 1947. He joined the Court of Appeal in 1950 but retired in 1956 when he had served for long enough to draw a pension. From 1958 he served in the House of Lords, and his speech against a private bill in 1962 (the Bill sought to convert the Cumbrian lake Ullswater into a reservoir) saw it defeated by 70 votes to 36, two days before he died on 10 February 1962. Described as "one of the most prominent Liberal barristers in the first half of the 20th century" and "the Lord Chancellor that never was", Birkett was noted for his skill as a speaker, which helped him defend clients with almost watertight cases against them. As an alternate judge, Birkett was not allowed a vote at the Nuremberg Trials, but his opinion helped shape the final judgment. During his tenure in the Court of Appeal he oversaw some of the most significant cases of the era, particularly in contract law, despite his avowed dislike of judicial work. Early life and education Norman was born in Ulverston, Lancashire (now part of the administrative county of Cumbria), on 6 September 1883 to Thomas Birkett, a draper, and his wife Agnes, who died in 1884 of tuberculosis. He attended the Wesleyan primary school in Ulverston until 1894, when he moved to Barrow-in-Furness Higher Grade School. Although intelligent, Birkett was not noted as a particularly academic student and spent as much time on practical jokes as he did on his studies. He left school in 1898, starting work as an apprentice in one of the draper's shops owned by his father and beginning to preach. He was a popular local preacher on the local Methodist circuit, and, on deciding that he was unlikely to be a good draper, his father allowed him to leave the business in 1904 to become a minister under Charles Bedale. In 1905, Bedale suggested Birkett should go to Cambridge University to study history and theology. Birkett liked the idea, having previously conversed with A. C. Benson, the Master of Magdalene College, and applied to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. The college offered him a place, with the condition that he would have to pass an entrance examination and complete the responsions to be accepted into the university as a whole. He spent three months learning Latin and Greek and was accepted into the university in October 1907. At Cambridge, Birkett preached on the local Methodist circuit and at The Leys School. He was also active in sport, playing rugby, football and golf. He first spoke at the Cambridge Union Society in his second term at Cambridge on the motion of "this House would welcome the Disestablishment of the Church of England", and the Cambridge Review reported that it was "a most interesting speech". In his second year, he was elected to the Emmanuel Debating Society Committee and spoke many times at the Union on subjects including Home Rule for Ireland, cruelty to animals and secular education. He befriended Arnold McNair, the Secretary of the Union, and McNair agreed to put Birkett's name on the electoral papers for election to the Union Committee. Birkett failed to get in, but on running again in 1910 was elected Secretary of the Union by a margin of only six votes. He became vice-president the following term, and President the term after that. While Birkett was president, the Cambridge Review reported that there was "no speaker more sure of pleasing the house", and the speech he gave when Theodore Roosevelt visited Cambridge was well received by both Roosevelt and the university as a whole. The chapel at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where Birkett studied between 1907 and 1910. He gained a Second Class in the Part I History Tripos in 1909, and won the English Essay Prize with an essay on political satire in English poetry. He won the same prize again in 1910, and that year gained first-class honours in his Theological Special Examination. By this point, he was having doubts about his future as a minister and consulted with the university Law Reader as to the possibility of a career as a barrister. On the Reader's advice, Birkett took the Part 2 Law Tripos in 1911, passing with second-class honours. Birkett interviewed with the editors of The Guardian and The Observer in his search for a job to sustain him while he took the bar exam. He took a job as personal secretary to George Cadbury Junior, with a wage of £200 a year, which he planned to hold until he qualified as a barrister. After only a month of working for Cadbury, his salary was raised to £500, and he was offered a permanent position. While there, he continued his political work and spoke on behalf of the Liberal Party, cementing his reputation as an effective speaker by, on one occasion, holding the attention of more than a thousand people for an hour. He took the first part of the Bar Examination in 1912, but failed the paper on real property; he passed it on his second attempt, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple on 4 June 1913. While working for Cadbury, Birkett befriended Ruth "Billy" Nilsson, and after he had proposed to her several times, she agreed to marry him. Nilsson gave up her position at Bourneville to move to London and they were married on 25 August 1920. They had two children, a daughter Linnea Birkett on 27 June 1923, and a son Michael Birkett on 22 October 1929. A keen golfer, he was a member of the Harewood Downs Golf Club, near Amersham, Buckinghamshire. Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament Edward Marshall Hall, who offered Birkett a place in his chambers based on his performance in the Green Bicycle Case. After qualifying as a barrister, he moved to Birmingham in 1914, choosing the city because he had some connections there thanks to his association with Cadbury, and began work at the chambers of John Hurst. His career was aided by the outbreak of World War I; many of the younger and fitter barristers were called up for war service, whilst Birkett himself, who was thirty when he joined the bar, avoided conscription as he was declared medically unfit. He was suffering from tuberculosis, and he returned to Ulverston for six months to recover. During his time in Birmingham, he continued his work as a minister, regularly preaching at the Baptist People's Chapel. Birkett became a popular defence counsel, something that on occasion caused him trouble; he was once forced to refuse a defendant's request to act as his representative because Birkett was expected in a different court. He impressed the Bench in Birmingham so much that, in 1919, he was advised by a local Circuit Judge to move to London to advance his career. Although he was initially hesitant, saying that "competition in London is on quite a different scale, and if I failed there, I would have lost everything I have built up here", a case he took in 1920 changed the situation. He acted as a junior for the prosecution in the so-called Green Bicycle Case against Edward Marshall Hall. Although he lost, he sufficiently impressed Marshall Hall for the latter to offer him a place in his chambers in London. He had no connections with the solicitors in London, and the clerk at his new chambers got around this lack of contacts by using him as counsel in cases involving Marshall Hall, who as a King's Counsel could appear in court only when accompanied by a junior barrister such as Birkett. Member of Parliament His father had been a supporter of the Liberal Party, and Birkett had helped campaign for them during the 1906 general election. He had been invited to become the Liberal candidate for Cambridge in 1911, but he refused because he had no income; he did, however, help his employer George Cadbury, Jr. get elected as a Liberal Councillor in Birmingham and helped start a branch of the National League of Young Liberals in the city. Birkett was the Liberal candidate for Birmingham King's Norton in the 1918 general election, but lost to Herbert Austin. Birkett's political career took off in 1923. He ran for Nottingham East in the 1923 general election, and was elected with a majority of 1,436 votes, a feat that was described as an "overwhelming victory" since the Conservative Party had held the seat since 1910 and had a majority of 4,000 at the previous election. Birkett's maiden speech in Parliament responded to a proposal by Charles Dukes, a Labour Party Member of Parliament, in favour of state pensions for widows with children, and wives whose husbands were unable to work because of injury. Birkett went further than the proposed change and suggested that pensions should be provided to unmarried mothers, deserted wives and divorced wives. His speech was well-received; the Nottingham Journal described it as making "a most excellent impression" on the House of Commons, and Charles Masterman called him "a possible future Lord Chancellor". Because of his focus on his career as a barrister rather than as a politician, Birkett rarely appeared in the House of Commons, but he worked hard when he did attend. On one occasion, he spent all night in a Parliamentary session that ended at 6 a.m. and then attended a court session the next day. He applied to become a King's Counsel in 1924, since barristers who were also parliamentarians stood a higher chance of getting accepted than others. He was accepted on 15 April 1924 and sworn in on the same day. His promotion was met with approval from several noted judges, including Arthur Greer, later a Lord Justice of Appeal, who wrote that "unless my judgement is very much astray, you will quickly acquire a leading place in the front row", a feeling which was echoed by other justices including William Finlay, who wrote that "I am confident that you will rise to the top of the profession, and I shall very greatly rejoice when my confidence is justified." In his first year as a King's Counsel Birkett earned £8,600, double what he had taken the previous year as a junior brief. In 1924, the Campbell Case brought down the Labour minority government and forced a general election. Birkett returned to Nottingham East to campaign for his re-election, though he faced a much more difficult job than he had in 1923. The Conservative candidate, Edmund Brocklebank, was much stronger than in the previous election, and the left-wing vote was split because he was also campaigning against Tom Mann, a noted Communist. A few days before the election, the Zinoviev letter, allegedly addressed to the Communist Party, was published that mentioned organising uprisings in British colonies; fear of the "socialist menace" drove many voters to the right, and in the election on 29 October 1924, many Liberal members of parliament, including Birkett, lost their seats to Conservatives. Practice at the Bar in London While working with Marshall Hall, Birkett was involved in several notable criminal cases that helped cement his reputation as an outstanding speaker at the Bar. In 1925, a case known as the "Bachelor's Case" came up at the High Court of Justice between Lieutenant-Colonel Ian Dennistoun and his ex-wife Dorothy Dennistoun. When the Dennistouns divorced, Mr. Dennistoun could not pay ancillary relief. He instead promised that he would provide for his ex-wife in the future when he had the money. Some time after the divorce, Mr. Dennistoun married Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon, the widow of Lord Carnarvon, a rich woman thanks to the terms of her husband's will, who provided for her new husband. After hearing about this, Dorothy Dennistoun demanded the alimony money she had been promised. Lady Carnarvon saw this as blackmail and persuaded her new husband to take his wife to court for what Sir Henry McCardie, who tried the case, called "the most bitterly conducted litigation I have ever known". Marshall Hall and Birkett both worked on the case representing Lady Carnarvon and Mr. Dennistoun, while Ellis Hume-Williams, one of the most respected divorce barristers of the day, represented Mrs. Dennistoun. The case initially appeared to be going badly for Marshall Hall. An inept cross-examination on his part weakened his argument, and an illness made him irritable and short-tempered. On the advice of his clerk, he asked Birkett to make the closing address before the court, which turned the mood of the courtroom completely and an initially hostile jury decided to disregard the agreement of Mr. Dennistoun to pay ancillary relief to his former wife. Birkett's performance made the front pages of many evening newspapers, including The Daily Mail which described Birkett as "the greatest legal discovery of the year" and called his speech "a brilliant piece of advocacy". His work for this case and the newspaper coverage of it brought him to the attention of many London solicitors, and led to him earning £8,000 in the first seven months of 1925. In that year he made £12,000 overall, an amount which rose to £16,500 in 1926 and peaked in 1929 when he earned £33,500. On meeting Miles Malleson, an old friend from his time at Cambridge, he said in surprise "did you know, Miles, that I am making more money than I thought existed in the world!" Return to politics Birkett was returned as MP for Nottingham East at the general election on 31 May 1929 in which he won 14,049 votes, taking the seat with a majority of 2,939. Ramsay MacDonald, who offered Birkett the position of Solicitor General if he would defect and join the Labour Party As the largest single party, the Labour Party formed a minority government and set about filling the ministerial posts. The Labour Party had few experienced lawyers in the House of Commons, so Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald attempted to lure prominent Liberal lawyers to fill the positions of Attorney General and Solicitor General for England and Wales. William Jowitt defected to the Labour Party in exchange for the position of Attorney General, and the position of Solicitor General was offered to Birkett. Birkett replied that "he could not change his politics in twenty-five minutes, and even if the Liberal Party should disintegrate completely, he would not be seen taking refuge in the Labour ark". Despite having to juggle his career at the Bar and as a member of parliament, Birkett kept up a good attendance in the House of Commons, and along with Sir John Simon he became the leading Liberal spokesperson on the legal side of legislation. His attack on a clause of the Finance Act 1930 drew much praise from both Liberal and Conservative politicians, including Winston Churchill, who said that "I have rarely heard a speech more precisely directed at the object under debate, more harmoniously attuned to the character of Committee discussion, than the excellent statement the Honourable and learned Gentleman has just made". Birkett led the Liberal response to the Labour proposal of the Trade Disputes Bill 1931 and "reduced it to tatters", although the Bill passed because of some Liberal abstentions. The speech was a particularly well-received one and led MacDonald to again offer the position of Solicitor General to Birkett, as the incumbent postholder James Melville was about to resign. Again Birkett refused, and Stafford Cripps was appointed. When the Liberal Party returned to power in 1931 in coalition with the Conservatives and National Labour as part of MacDonald's National Government, it was expected that Birkett would be offered the position being a Liberal Member of Parliament, but by the time they proposed candidates for Solicitor General, the Liberals had exceeded their ministerial quota agreed to in the coalition. Birkett was offered a non-legal office but said that he "could not contemplate a post that meant giving up my practice". After an economic crisis in 1931, the King dissolved parliament and Birkett returned to Nottingham East to defend his seat; his main opponent was the Conservative, Louis Gluckstein, who had challenged him in the 1929 election. The Conservative Party's support of protectionism met with approval from the electorate, as most were employed in industries which had suffered after the institution of free trade. Gluckstein won the general election on 27 October 1931 with a majority of 5,583 votes. On 3 November, Birkett was informed that if he had been returned, the Prime Minister intended to make him Solicitor-General. Disillusioned with the circumstances of the election, Birkett " farewell to East Nottingham" and retired from politics. He was invited to become a Liberal candidate two more times; once in 1931 for Torquay and once in 1932 for North Cornwall. The second was a tempting offer; the seat had become vacant on the death of its previous holder, a National Liberal with a comfortable majority, and it was felt that Birkett was almost certain to be returned to Parliament. Despite this, he refused, disliking the National Liberal policies and the extent to which they had aligned themselves with the Conservative Party. Return to the Bar In 1930, Birkett was involved in the so-called Blazing Car murder case. On 6 November 1930, two men returning home in Northampton noticed a bright light in the distance and saw a man come out of a ditch at the side of the road, glance back toward the light and say "looks like somebody has had a bonfire". The two young men ran toward the light, saw it was a burning car and fetched a policeman. When the fires died away, a body was found inside the boot of a car with a face so charred it was impossible to determine the identity of the man; the numberplate of the car was intact, however, and traced to an Alfred Arthur Rouse. Rouse was arrested and appeared at Northampton Crown Court on 26 January 1931, charged with the murder of an unknown man. He was defended by Donald Finnemore, and the Crown was represented by Birkett and Richard Elwes. Rouse was damned by a series of events. When arrested, he made statements such as "I'm very glad it's over" and "I'm responsible" and that the car engine had been off at the time of the fire, ruling out the possibility of accidental ignition. When he appeared as a witness, the defendant claimed that after giving an unknown man a lift, he had found that he was running out of petrol and had asked the passenger to take the spare can in the car and fill up the fuel tank. While he was doing this, Rouse testified that he went to the side of the road to urinate, and while there heard a large explosion. He said he saw a large flame and became convinced the petrol tank would explode. As such he ran away as fast as possible, at which point he ran into the two young men on the road. The cross-examination of him and other witnesses by Birkett swayed the jury, and they took only fifteen minutes to find Rouse guilty of murder. After his appeal had been rejected by both the Court of Appeal and the Home Secretary, Rouse admitted that he had in fact committed the murder – although he never gave a reason – it was theorised that he had done so in an attempt to fake his own death. Despite his admission of guilt the identity of the victim has never been discovered. In 1934, Birkett acted as counsel for the second of the two Brighton trunk murders, a case which was described as "his greatest triumph in a capital case". In June 1934, a woman's torso was found in a suitcase in Brighton railway station. The legs were discovered at King's Cross station the next day, but her head and arms were never found, and the case is still unsolved. A woman by the name of Violette Kaye had disappeared, and the appearance of the first woman's body prompted greater scrutiny on Kaye's case. On 14 July, they interviewed Toni Mancini, Kaye's boyfriend, who convinced them that the dead woman could not possibly be Kaye; the dead woman had been identified as around thirty five years old and five months pregnant, while Kaye was ten years older. Kaye was last seen alive on 10 May looking distressed in the doorway to her house and had been scheduled to visit her sister in London who received a telegram on 11 May reading "Going abroad. Good job. Sail Sunday. Will write. Vi." in block capitals. The post office clerks could not remember who sent it, but experts testified that the handwriting on the telegram had similarities to that on a menu written by Mancini. On 14 May, with the help of another man, Mancini moved his belongings from the house he shared with Kaye, which included a large trunk which was too heavy to move by hand. Mancini had told people that he had broken up with Kaye and she had moved to Paris, and that before she left he had beaten her. He later said to a friend, "What is the good of knocking a woman about with your fists? You only hurt yourself. You should hit her with a hammer same as I did and her up." A hammerhead was later found in the rubbish at his old house. After the police had left on 14 July, Mancini got on a train to London. When the police arrived the next morning, they were unable to find Mancini but found Kaye's body decomposing in the trunk in his new home. They immediately sent out a country-wide call for Mancini to be arrested, and he was picked up near London. He claimed he was not guilty, and stated during interviews with police that he had returned home to find Kaye dead. Fearing that with his criminal record, the police would not believe him, he had hidden the body in a trunk. While Mancini was in prison, his solicitor phoned Birkett and asked him to work as counsel for the defence, which Birkett agreed to do. In his defence, Birkett highlighted flaws in the prosecution's case to introduce an element of doubt in the minds of the jury. His cross-examination of Sir Bernard Spilsbury, famous Home Office pathologist and potentially the most dangerous witness for the Crown, was seen as "masterly". Birkett also emphasised the affectionate nature of the relationship between Kaye and Mancini before Kaye's death. Despite strong evidence that he had committed the crime, including marks on the victim's skull believed to be from a hammer and marks of blood on Mancini's clothing, the jury found Mancini not guilty after two and a half hours of deliberations. Mancini confessed to the murder before dying. In May 1937 Birkett was appointed Chairman of the Inter-Departmental Committee for Abortion set up by the Minister of Health and Home Secretary, preparing a report "to inquire into the prevalence of abortion, and the law relating thereto, and to consider what steps can be taken by more effective enforcement of the law", something which occupied him for two years. During the summer of 1937, Birkett was asked to represent the English Bar at the annual meeting of the Canadian Bar Association in Toronto, where he was a popular speaker. In January 1938, he was asked to act as a Commissioner of Assize to open the Assize Court in Aylesbury, dealing with an average of 10 cases a day. After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, he became a member of a committee advising the Home Secretary on the detention of suspected enemy agents. The committee dealt with more than 1,500 cases in two years. Although the work was unpaid, he was knighted (as a Knight Bachelor) on 6 June 1941 as a reward for his work. He also delivered weekly radio broadcasts after the Friday night news to counter the broadcasts of William Joyce, known as Lord Haw Haw. The first broadcast took place on 9 February 1940, and they were considered to be a morale boost during the so-called Phoney War. Judicial work Birkett had been offered appointment to the High Court as early as 1928, but turned it down, saying that "I wasn't really drawn to the judicial office... I loved the Bar too much". After the death of the High Court judge Sir Anthony Hawke in October 1941, the Lord Chancellor Lord Simon offered Birkett the seat. Birkett considered it his "public duty" to join the bench and wrote back on 4 November accepting the offer. He was sworn in on 11 November 1941 and first sat on 24 November. He did not enjoy his time in the high courts, admitting that he "missed the limelight" of being an advocate, and, combined with ill-health, he suffered from depression in 1942. He was, however, a popular judge, although he felt he was too weak in his judgments because he "did not desire to hurt people's feelings". At one point, the Daily Herald reported he was to be made Viceroy of India. For several weeks in 1943, he sat in the Court of Appeal before departing on an Assize visit. He fell ill after a few weeks with a combination of heart disease and pneumonia, and he returned home to recover. He suffered from more illness over the next year and considered resigning as a judge, as he felt that he could no longer trust his abilities as one. During his time in the High Court, he dealt with several notable cases including Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd, which reaffirmed the common law principle that innkeepers must not refuse accommodation to guests without just cause. Nuremberg trials On 30 August 1945, Birkett received a letter from the Lord Chancellor asking him to serve as the British judge at the Nuremberg Trials of German War Criminals. He accepted, saying that it was "a great honour to be selected". But when he went to London to discuss it, he was informed that the Foreign Office wanted a more senior judge to be in attendance, ideally a Law Lord, but since no Law Lord was available, they had requested that a judge from the Court of Appeal should be appointed. Geoffrey Lawrence was made the main British judge, and Birkett was offered the position of alternate judge for the trials, which he accepted, although with less enthusiasm than he had shown when accepting the original offer. He became friends with the American judge Francis Biddle, although when they first met he accidentally confused him with Anthony Drexel Biddle and remarked how useful his diplomatic training would be in the trials. The British Nuremberg judges; Birkett is second from the left The trial lasted from 18 October 1945 to 30 September 1946, and although Birkett did not have a vote in the proceedings as an alternate judge, his opinion was given weight, and it helped sway the decisions made by the main judges. After returning home from the trials, he received praise from both the Lord Chancellor, who said that "The country owes much to him for vindicating our conceptions of an impartial trial under the rule of law", and from John Parker, the American alternate judge, who wrote that: Although only an alternate member of the tribunal without a vote, his voice was heard in all of its deliberations, his hand drafted a large and most important part of its judgment, and no one connected with the tribunal, member or otherwise, had a greater part than he in shaping the final result. If, as I confidently believe, the work of the tribunal will constitute a landmark in the development of world order based on law, to Norman Birkett must go a large share of the credit for the success of the undertaking. To few men does the opportunity come to labour so mightily for the welfare of their kind. After the judges returned home, Lawrence was made a Baron for his work at Nuremberg, but Birkett received nothing. The lack of reward for his work pushed him into depression, which he took many months to recover from. He was eventually made a Privy Counsellor in the 1947 Birthday Honours list, but he saw this as poor reward for the work he had put in at Nuremberg. Further judicial work The Royal Courts of Justice, where Birkett sat between 1941 and 1956. The rest of his time in the High Court passed uneventfully, but he continued to be unhappy with his work as a judge, noting that "I am nervous of myself, without much confidence in my judgment and hesitant about my sentences and damages and things of that kind. I have felt no glow of achievement in any summing up, though none of them have been bad." He was again struck by depression in 1948 when Sir Alfred Thompson Denning and Sir John Singleton were both appointed to the Court of Appeal ahead of him, despite having been appointed to the High Court after him. On 30 July 1949, Birkett went to the Lord Chancellor and discussed the possibility of his appointment to the Court of Appeal, but left dissatisfied. On 14 November, a duodenal ulcer perforated, from which he spent six months recovering. In an attempt to appease him, the Lord Chancellor offered Birkett a peerage without salary on 8 May 1950, but he refused as he lacked the means to survive without paid employment. While speaking at a conference in Washington, D.C., on 31 August 1950, he received a telegram from the Lord Chancellor offering him appointment to the Court of Appeal; he immediately wired back his acceptance. He was sworn in on 2 October, and heard his first case the following day. He found the work in the Court of Appeal dull, and his disappointment increased the longer he worked. As in the High Court, he felt uncertain about his judgements and unsure as to whether he was affecting the law. Despite his personal opinion of himself, the judiciary as a whole felt that his mix of humanity and common sense was beneficial to the court. During the 1951 Long Vacation he broadcast three talks for the BBC on the subject of international law and its growth and gave a speech for the Law Society titled "The Lawyer's Contribution to Society". Despite his unhappiness with his work in the Court of Appeal, he worked until 1956, when his long service as a judge allowed him to draw a pension. In his remaining time in the Court of Appeal, Birkett judged several notable cases, in particular Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd 1 QB 401, and Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation 2 QB 327, where the court made a landmark decision on acceptance of a contract in relation to Telex. Retirement On 13 June 1957 he became chairman of a committee of Privy Counsellors holding an inquiry into the Home Secretary's use of telephone tapping. After twenty-nine meetings, Birkett drafted a report which he passed on to Parliament supporting the use of telephone taps and noting their effectiveness. On 9 December, a letter arrived from the Prime Minister offering him a peerage. He accepted, and his name appeared in the 1958 New Years Honours list, and was created Baron Birkett, of Ulverston in the County of Lancaster, and took his seat in the House of Lords on 20 February 1958. In the same year, he was awarded a LLD by the University of Cambridge, where the speaker said that Birkett was "endowed with such a voice as Cicero declared to be first requisite of an orator" and that "in our own time there had been no one more skilled in swaying the mind of a jury." In February 1959, he appeared on the first episode of the BBC television program Face to Face, where he was described as "one of the three or four greatest criminal lawyers of this century, and perhaps one of the three or four greatest criminal lawyers of all time". Outside politics and the law, he also served as Master of the Worshipful Company of Curriers four times. Birkett tried to sit as regularly in the House of Lords as possible, and made his maiden speech on 8 April 1959 on the subject of crime in the United Kingdom. In May, he moved the first reading of the Obscene Publications Bill, which passed with support from both sides of the house. Privately, Birkett believed that "there will never be a satisfactory law in England about obscenity. Our 1959 Act is the best we have yet done." In 1961, he was again invited by the BBC to give a series of talks on the BBC Home Service, this time titled "Six Great Advocates". He picked Edward Marshall Hall, Patrick Hastings, Edward Clarke, Rufus Isaacs, Charles Russell and Thomas Erskine. He sat for the last time in the House of Lords on 8 February 1962, where he made a speech criticising an element of the Manchester Corporation Bill which would have water drained from Ullswater to meet the needs of the growing population in Manchester. His speech was "deeply felt and eloquent", and when the votes were announced, Birkett and his supporters had won by 70 votes to 36. The Ullswater Yacht Club now holds an annual Lord Birkett Memorial Trophy Race on the lake. The next morning he complained of heart trouble, collapsed shortly after lunch and was taken to the hospital. The doctors discovered that he had ruptured an important blood vessel and immediate surgery was needed to fix it. The operation failed to fix the problem, and he died early in the morning on 10 February 1962. His son, Michael, succeeded him as Baron Birkett. Arms Coat of arms of Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett Crest Between two wings gules a viking ship proper Escutcheon Gules three full-bottomed wigs argent Supporters Dexter, a lion or semée of roses gules; sinister, a wolf sable semée of mullets gold Motto Lex mea lux (The law is my light) Notes ^ a b c d e f g Dale, Tom; Robert Ingham (Autumn 2002). "The Lord Chancellor Who Never Was". Journal of Liberal Democrat History. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 15. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 24. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 30. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 36. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 35. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 39. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 46. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 25. ^ a b c Chandos (1963) p. 26. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 42. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 48. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 49. ^ an undergraduate at Cambridge normally needs to pass a Part I and a Part 2, not necessarily in the same subject, to obtain a BA ^ Hyde (1965) p. 57. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 63. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 91. ^ a b c d e f Devlin, Patrick Arthur (2004). "Oxford DNB article: Birkett, (William) Norman (subscription needed)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31899. Retrieved 24 January 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "The Course". Harewood Downs Golf Club. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 31. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 74. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 77. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 85. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 93. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 116. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 118. ^ Hansard 1803–2005: House of Commons sitting of 20 February 1924, Mothers' Pensions ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 119. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 120. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 121. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 122. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 123. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 125. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 126. ^ a b c d e Hyde (1965) p. 135. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 48. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 139. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 49. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 154. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 158. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 162. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 266. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 65. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 269. ^ a b c d Hyde (1965) p. 270. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 322. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 324. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 325. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 326. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 327. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 330. ^ a b c Hyde (1965) p. 332. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 333. ^ a b c Hyde (1965) p. 298. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 299. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 300. ^ a b c Hyde (1965) p. 301. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 309. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 310. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 394. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hyde (1965) p. 395. ^ a b c d Hyde (1965) p. 396. ^ Andrew Rose, 'Lethal Witness' Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009; pp 233-240, Chapter Twenty 'Tony Mancini: The Brighton Trunk Murders'. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 401. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 418. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 462. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 463. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 469. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 464. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 182. ^ "No. 37977". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1941. pp. 2571–2572. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 471. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 474. ^ "No. 35346". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 November 1941. pp. 6574–6575. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 476. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 483. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 484. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 486. ^ KB 693; Hyde (1965) p. 489. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 494. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 495. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 496. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 524. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 527. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 530. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 531. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 532. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 541. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 543. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 542. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 544. ^ a b c d Hyde (1965) p. 546. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 184. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 549. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 555. ^ "Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd". BAILII. 5 February 1953. Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 556. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 565. ^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 567. ^ "No. 41299". The London Gazette. 31 January 1958. pp. 690–691. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 568; the original speech was in Latin. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 570. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 580. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 587. ^ "Reviews and Notices". Law Quarterly Review. 78: 303. April 1962. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 606. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 610. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 618. ^ "Historic 'Steamer' Joins Lord Birkett Celebrations". Ullswater Steamers. Retrieved 3 May 2014. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 619. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 620. ^ Hyde (1965) p. 621. ^ Chandos (1963) p. 200. References Chandos, John (1963). Norman Birkett: Uncommon Advocate. Mayflower Publishing. OCLC 11641755. Hyde, H. Montgomery (1965). Norman Birkett: The Life of Lord Birkett of Ulverston. Hamish Hamilton. ASIN B000O8CESO. OCLC 255057963. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Norman Birkett Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef vteJudges of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg United Kingdom Geoffrey Lawrence (president) Norman Birkett (alternate) United States Francis Biddle (judge) John Parker (alternate) France Henri de Vabres (judge) Robert Falco (alternate) Soviet Union Iona Nikitchenko (judge) Alexander Volchkov (alternate) Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byJohn Houfton Member of Parliament for Nottingham East 1923–1924 Succeeded byEdmund Brocklebank Preceded byEdmund Brocklebank Member of Parliament for Nottingham East 1929–1931 Succeeded byLouis Gluckstein Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Birkett 1958–1962 Succeeded byMichael Birkett
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Birkett (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Birkett_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness Higher Grade School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness_Higher_Grade_School"},{"link_name":"draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Brighton trunk murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_trunk_murders"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Nottingham East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_East"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"King's Bench Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Division"},{"link_name":"privy counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"private bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_contract_law"}],"text":"\"William Birkett\" redirects here. For the Derbyshire cricketer, see William Birkett (cricketer).William Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett, PC (6 September 1883 – 10 February 1962), was a British barrister, judge, politician and preacher who served as the deputy British judge during the Nuremberg Trials.Birkett received his education at Barrow-in-Furness Higher Grade School. He was a Methodist preacher and a draper before attending Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1907, to study theology, history and law. Upon graduating in 1910 he worked as a secretary and was called to the Bar in 1913.Declared medically unfit for military service during World War I, Birkett used the time to make up for his late entry into the legal profession and was appointed a King's Counsel in 1924. He became a criminal defence lawyer and acted as counsel in a number of famous cases including the second of the Brighton trunk murders. A member of the Liberal Party, he sat in Parliament for Nottingham East twice, first in 1923 and again in 1929.Despite refusing appointment to the High Court of Justice in 1928, he was offered the position again in 1941 and accepted, joining the King's Bench Division. In 1945 he served as the alternate British judge at the Nuremberg trials, and he was made a privy counsellor in 1947. He joined the Court of Appeal in 1950 but retired in 1956 when he had served for long enough to draw a pension. From 1958 he served in the House of Lords, and his speech against a private bill in 1962 (the Bill sought to convert the Cumbrian lake Ullswater into a reservoir) saw it defeated by 70 votes to 36, two days before he died on 10 February 1962.Described as \"one of the most prominent Liberal barristers in the first half of the 20th century\" and \"the Lord Chancellor that never was\",[1] Birkett was noted for his skill as a speaker, which helped him defend clients with almost watertight cases against them. As an alternate judge, Birkett was not allowed a vote at the Nuremberg Trials, but his opinion helped shape the final judgment. During his tenure in the Court of Appeal he oversaw some of the most significant cases of the era, particularly in contract law, despite his avowed dislike of judicial work.","title":"Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulverston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulverston"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"local preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_preacher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"A. C. Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Benson"},{"link_name":"Master of Magdalene College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Magdalene_College"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"responsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsions"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Greek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Leys School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leys_School"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Union Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Union_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arnold McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_McNair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h4-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch1-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Chapel_Emmanuel_College1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"first-class honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Law Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyde1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyde1-13"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"bar exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Vocational_Course"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch1-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch1-10"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyde2-16"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(student_assessment)"},{"link_name":"real property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyde2-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr1-17"},{"link_name":"Michael Birkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Birkett"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-18"},{"link_name":"Harewood Downs Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harewood_Downs_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Amersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersham"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Norman was born in Ulverston, Lancashire (now part of the administrative county of Cumbria), on 6 September 1883 to Thomas Birkett, a draper, and his wife Agnes, who died in 1884 of tuberculosis.[1] He attended the Wesleyan primary school in Ulverston until 1894, when he moved to Barrow-in-Furness Higher Grade School. Although intelligent, Birkett was not noted as a particularly academic student and spent as much time on practical jokes as he did on his studies.[2] He left school in 1898, starting work as an apprentice in one of the draper's shops owned by his father and beginning to preach. He was a popular local preacher on the local Methodist circuit,[3] and, on deciding that he was unlikely to be a good draper, his father allowed him to leave the business in 1904 to become a minister under Charles Bedale. In 1905, Bedale suggested Birkett should go to Cambridge University to study history and theology. Birkett liked the idea, having previously conversed with A. C. Benson, the Master of Magdalene College, and applied to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. The college offered him a place, with the condition that he would have to pass an entrance examination and complete the responsions to be accepted into the university as a whole. He spent three months learning Latin and Greek and was accepted into the university in October 1907.[4]At Cambridge, Birkett preached on the local Methodist circuit and at The Leys School. He was also active in sport, playing rugby, football and golf.[5] He first spoke at the Cambridge Union Society in his second term at Cambridge on the motion of \"this House would welcome the Disestablishment of the Church of England\", and the Cambridge Review reported that it was \"a most interesting speech\".[6] In his second year, he was elected to the Emmanuel Debating Society Committee and spoke many times at the Union on subjects including Home Rule for Ireland, cruelty to animals and secular education.[7] He befriended Arnold McNair, the Secretary of the Union, and McNair agreed to put Birkett's name on the electoral papers for election to the Union Committee. Birkett failed to get in, but on running again in 1910 was elected Secretary of the Union by a margin of only six votes.[8] He became vice-president the following term, and President the term after that.[8] While Birkett was president, the Cambridge Review reported that there was \"no speaker more sure of pleasing the house\",[9] and the speech he gave when Theodore Roosevelt visited Cambridge was well received by both Roosevelt and the university as a whole.[10]The chapel at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where Birkett studied between 1907 and 1910.He gained a Second Class in the Part I History Tripos in 1909, and won the English Essay Prize with an essay on political satire in English poetry. He won the same prize again in 1910,[11] and that year gained first-class honours in his Theological Special Examination.[12] By this point, he was having doubts about his future as a minister and consulted with the university Law Reader as to the possibility of a career as a barrister.[13] On the Reader's advice, Birkett took the Part 2 Law Tripos in 1911, passing with second-class honours.[14][13] Birkett interviewed with the editors of The Guardian and The Observer in his search for a job to sustain him while he took the bar exam. He took a job as personal secretary to George Cadbury Junior, with a wage of £200 a year, which he planned to hold until he qualified as a barrister.[10][15] After only a month of working for Cadbury, his salary was raised to £500, and he was offered a permanent position.[10] While there, he continued his political work and spoke on behalf of the Liberal Party, cementing his reputation as an effective speaker by, on one occasion, holding the attention of more than a thousand people for an hour.[16] He took the first part of the Bar Examination in 1912, but failed the paper on real property; he passed it on his second attempt, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple on 4 June 1913.[16]While working for Cadbury, Birkett befriended Ruth \"Billy\" Nilsson, and after he had proposed to her several times, she agreed to marry him. Nilsson gave up her position at Bourneville to move to London and they were married on 25 August 1920.[1][17] They had two children, a daughter Linnea Birkett on 27 June 1923, and a son Michael Birkett on 22 October 1929.[18] A keen golfer, he was a member of the Harewood Downs Golf Club, near Amersham, Buckinghamshire.[19]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marshall-hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Marshall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Marshall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Green Bicycle Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bicycle_Case"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_barrister"},{"link_name":"Green Bicycle Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bicycle_Case"},{"link_name":"Edward Marshall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Marshall_Hall"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr1-17"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Edward Marshall Hall, who offered Birkett a place in his chambers based on his performance in the Green Bicycle Case.After qualifying as a barrister, he moved to Birmingham in 1914, choosing the city because he had some connections there thanks to his association with Cadbury,[20] and began work at the chambers of John Hurst.[1] His career was aided by the outbreak of World War I; many of the younger and fitter barristers were called up for war service, whilst Birkett himself, who was thirty when he joined the bar, avoided conscription as he was declared medically unfit. He was suffering from tuberculosis, and he returned to Ulverston for six months to recover.[1] During his time in Birmingham, he continued his work as a minister, regularly preaching at the Baptist People's Chapel.[21]Birkett became a popular defence counsel, something that on occasion caused him trouble; he was once forced to refuse a defendant's request to act as his representative because Birkett was expected in a different court.[22] He impressed the Bench in Birmingham so much that, in 1919, he was advised by a local Circuit Judge to move to London to advance his career.[23] Although he was initially hesitant, saying that \"competition in London is on quite a different scale, and if I failed there, I would have lost everything I have built up here\", a case he took in 1920 changed the situation. He acted as a junior for the prosecution in the so-called Green Bicycle Case against Edward Marshall Hall. Although he lost, he sufficiently impressed Marshall Hall for the latter to offer him a place in his chambers in London.[17] He had no connections with the solicitors in London, and the clerk at his new chambers got around this lack of contacts by using him as counsel in cases involving Marshall Hall, who as a King's Counsel could appear in court only when accompanied by a junior barrister such as Birkett.[24]","title":"Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1906 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"National League of Young Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_of_Young_Liberals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jldh-1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham King's Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_King%27s_Norton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1918 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Herbert Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Austin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nottingham East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_East"},{"link_name":"1923 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Charles Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dukes"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h7-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h7-28"},{"link_name":"Charles Masterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Masterman"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h8-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h8-29"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h9-30"},{"link_name":"Arthur Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greer,_1st_Baron_Fairfield"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"William Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Finlay,_2nd_Viscount_Finlay"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h10-32"},{"link_name":"Campbell Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Case"},{"link_name":"minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Edmund Brocklebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Brocklebank"},{"link_name":"Tom Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mann"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h11-34"},{"link_name":"Zinoviev letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinoviev_letter"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h11-34"}],"sub_title":"Member of Parliament","text":"His father had been a supporter of the Liberal Party, and Birkett had helped campaign for them during the 1906 general election.[1] He had been invited to become the Liberal candidate for Cambridge in 1911, but he refused because he had no income; he did, however, help his employer George Cadbury, Jr. get elected as a Liberal Councillor in Birmingham and helped start a branch of the National League of Young Liberals in the city.[1]\nBirkett was the Liberal candidate for Birmingham King's Norton in the 1918 general election, but lost to Herbert Austin.[25] Birkett's political career took off in 1923. He ran for Nottingham East in the 1923 general election, and was elected with a majority of 1,436 votes, a feat that was described as an \"overwhelming victory\" since the Conservative Party had held the seat since 1910 and had a majority of 4,000 at the previous election.[26]Birkett's maiden speech in Parliament responded to a proposal by Charles Dukes,[27] a Labour Party Member of Parliament, in favour of state pensions for widows with children, and wives whose husbands were unable to work because of injury.[28] Birkett went further than the proposed change and suggested that pensions should be provided to unmarried mothers, deserted wives and divorced wives.[28] His speech was well-received; the Nottingham Journal described it as making \"a most excellent impression\" on the House of Commons, and Charles Masterman called him \"a possible future Lord Chancellor\".[29] Because of his focus on his career as a barrister rather than as a politician, Birkett rarely appeared in the House of Commons, but he worked hard when he did attend. On one occasion, he spent all night in a Parliamentary session that ended at 6 a.m. and then attended a court session the next day.[29]He applied to become a King's Counsel in 1924, since barristers who were also parliamentarians stood a higher chance of getting accepted than others.[30] He was accepted on 15 April 1924 and sworn in on the same day. His promotion was met with approval from several noted judges, including Arthur Greer, later a Lord Justice of Appeal, who wrote that \"unless my judgement is very much astray, you will quickly acquire a leading place in the front row\", a feeling which was echoed by other justices including William Finlay, who wrote that \"I am confident that you will rise to the top of the profession, and I shall very greatly rejoice when my confidence is justified.\"[31] In his first year as a King's Counsel Birkett earned £8,600, double what he had taken the previous year as a junior brief.[32]In 1924, the Campbell Case brought down the Labour minority government and forced a general election.[33] Birkett returned to Nottingham East to campaign for his re-election, though he faced a much more difficult job than he had in 1923. The Conservative candidate, Edmund Brocklebank, was much stronger than in the previous election, and the left-wing vote was split because he was also campaigning against Tom Mann, a noted Communist.[34] A few days before the election, the Zinoviev letter, allegedly addressed to the Communist Party, was published that mentioned organising uprisings in British colonies; fear of the \"socialist menace\" drove many voters to the right, and in the election on 29 October 1924, many Liberal members of parliament, including Birkett, lost their seats to Conservatives.[34]","title":"Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h12-35"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h12-35"},{"link_name":"ancillary relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillary_relief"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h12-35"},{"link_name":"Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almina_Herbert,_Countess_of_Carnarvon"},{"link_name":"Lord Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry McCardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McCardie"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h12-35"},{"link_name":"Ellis Hume-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Hume-Williams"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h12-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h14-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h14-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h15-39"},{"link_name":"The Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h15-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Miles Malleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Malleson"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Practice at the Bar in London","text":"While working with Marshall Hall, Birkett was involved in several notable criminal cases that helped cement his reputation as an outstanding speaker at the Bar.[35]In 1925, a case known as the \"Bachelor's Case\" came up at the High Court of Justice between Lieutenant-Colonel Ian Dennistoun and his ex-wife Dorothy Dennistoun.[35] When the Dennistouns divorced, Mr. Dennistoun could not pay ancillary relief. He instead promised that he would provide for his ex-wife in the future when he had the money.[35] Some time after the divorce, Mr. Dennistoun married Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon, the widow of Lord Carnarvon, a rich woman thanks to the terms of her husband's will, who provided for her new husband. After hearing about this, Dorothy Dennistoun demanded the alimony money she had been promised. Lady Carnarvon saw this as blackmail and persuaded her new husband to take his wife to court for what Sir Henry McCardie, who tried the case, called \"the most bitterly conducted litigation I have ever known\".[35] Marshall Hall and Birkett both worked on the case representing Lady Carnarvon and Mr. Dennistoun, while Ellis Hume-Williams, one of the most respected divorce barristers of the day, represented Mrs. Dennistoun.[35]The case initially appeared to be going badly for Marshall Hall. An inept cross-examination on his part weakened his argument,[36] and an illness made him irritable and short-tempered.[37][38] On the advice of his clerk, he asked Birkett to make the closing address before the court,[37] which turned the mood of the courtroom completely and an initially hostile jury decided to disregard the agreement of Mr. Dennistoun to pay ancillary relief to his former wife.[39] Birkett's performance made the front pages of many evening newspapers, including The Daily Mail which described Birkett as \"the greatest legal discovery of the year\" and called his speech \"a brilliant piece of advocacy\".[39] His work for this case and the newspaper coverage of it brought him to the attention of many London solicitors, and led to him earning £8,000 in the first seven months of 1925.[40] In that year he made £12,000 overall, an amount which rose to £16,500 in 1926 and peaked in 1929 when he earned £33,500.[41][42] On meeting Miles Malleson, an old friend from his time at Cambridge, he said in surprise \"did you know, Miles, that I am making more money than I thought existed in the world!\"[43]","title":"Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h16-45"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General for England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h16-45"},{"link_name":"William Jowitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jowitt"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h16-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h16-45"},{"link_name":"Sir John Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Simon"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h17-46"},{"link_name":"Finance Act 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Act_1930"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h17-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"James Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melville_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h18-48"},{"link_name":"Stafford Cripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Cripps"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h18-48"},{"link_name":"National Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation"},{"link_name":"National Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Louis Gluckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gluckstein"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h19-51"},{"link_name":"protectionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h19-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h20-52"},{"link_name":"Torquay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"North Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h20-52"},{"link_name":"National Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h20-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Return to politics","text":"Birkett was returned as MP for Nottingham East at the general election on 31 May 1929 in which he won 14,049 votes, taking the seat with a majority of 2,939.[44]Ramsay MacDonald, who offered Birkett the position of Solicitor General if he would defect and join the Labour PartyAs the largest single party, the Labour Party formed a minority government and set about filling the ministerial posts.[45] The Labour Party had few experienced lawyers in the House of Commons, so Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald attempted to lure prominent Liberal lawyers to fill the positions of Attorney General and Solicitor General for England and Wales.[45] William Jowitt defected to the Labour Party in exchange for the position of Attorney General, and the position of Solicitor General was offered to Birkett.[45] Birkett replied that \"he could not change his politics in twenty-five minutes, and even if the Liberal Party should disintegrate completely, he would not be seen taking refuge in the Labour ark\".[45]Despite having to juggle his career at the Bar and as a member of parliament, Birkett kept up a good attendance in the House of Commons, and along with Sir John Simon he became the leading Liberal spokesperson on the legal side of legislation.[46] His attack on a clause of the Finance Act 1930 drew much praise from both Liberal and Conservative politicians, including Winston Churchill, who said that \"I have rarely heard a speech more precisely directed at the object under debate, more harmoniously attuned to the character of Committee discussion, than the excellent statement the Honourable and learned Gentleman has just made\".[46] Birkett led the Liberal response to the Labour proposal of the Trade Disputes Bill 1931 and \"reduced it to tatters\", although the Bill passed because of some Liberal abstentions.[47] The speech was a particularly well-received one and led MacDonald to again offer the position of Solicitor General to Birkett, as the incumbent postholder James Melville was about to resign.[48] Again Birkett refused, and Stafford Cripps was appointed.[48] When the Liberal Party returned to power in 1931 in coalition with the Conservatives and National Labour as part of MacDonald's National Government, it was expected that Birkett would be offered the position being a Liberal Member of Parliament, but by the time they proposed candidates for Solicitor General, the Liberals had exceeded their ministerial quota agreed to in the coalition.[49] Birkett was offered a non-legal office but said that he \"could not contemplate a post that meant giving up my practice\".[50]After an economic crisis in 1931, the King dissolved parliament and Birkett returned to Nottingham East to defend his seat; his main opponent was the Conservative, Louis Gluckstein, who had challenged him in the 1929 election.[51] The Conservative Party's support of protectionism met with approval from the electorate, as most were employed in industries which had suffered after the institution of free trade. Gluckstein won the general election on 27 October 1931 with a majority of 5,583 votes.On 3 November, Birkett was informed that if he had been returned, the Prime Minister intended to make him Solicitor-General.[51] Disillusioned with the circumstances of the election, Birkett \"[bade] farewell to East Nottingham\" and retired from politics.[52] He was invited to become a Liberal candidate two more times; once in 1931 for Torquay and once in 1932 for North Cornwall.[52] The second was a tempting offer; the seat had become vacant on the death of its previous holder, a National Liberal with a comfortable majority, and it was felt that Birkett was almost certain to be returned to Parliament.[52] Despite this, he refused, disliking the National Liberal policies and the extent to which they had aligned themselves with the Conservative Party.[53]","title":"Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blazing Car murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Car_murder"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-18"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h21-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h21-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h21-54"},{"link_name":"Northampton Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"Donald Finnemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Finnemore"},{"link_name":"Richard Elwes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Elwes"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h22-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h22-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h22-57"},{"link_name":"Brighton trunk murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_trunk_murders"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Brighton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h23-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h25-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h25-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h25-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h25-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Minister of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knks1-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knks1-66"},{"link_name":"Canadian Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Assize Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_Court"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h26-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h26-69"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"William Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Lord Haw Haw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Haw_Haw"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr4-72"},{"link_name":"Phoney War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr4-72"}],"sub_title":"Return to the Bar","text":"In 1930, Birkett was involved in the so-called Blazing Car murder case.[18] On 6 November 1930, two men returning home in Northampton noticed a bright light in the distance and saw a man come out of a ditch at the side of the road, glance back toward the light and say \"looks like somebody has had a bonfire\".[54] The two young men ran toward the light, saw it was a burning car and fetched a policeman.[54] When the fires died away, a body was found inside the boot of a car with a face so charred it was impossible to determine the identity of the man; the numberplate of the car was intact, however, and traced to an Alfred Arthur Rouse.[54] Rouse was arrested and appeared at Northampton Crown Court on 26 January 1931, charged with the murder of an unknown man. He was defended by Donald Finnemore, and the Crown was represented by Birkett and Richard Elwes.[55] Rouse was damned by a series of events. When arrested, he made statements such as \"I'm very glad it's over\" and \"I'm responsible\" and that the car engine had been off at the time of the fire, ruling out the possibility of accidental ignition.[56] When he appeared as a witness, the defendant claimed that after giving an unknown man a lift, he had found that he was running out of petrol and had asked the passenger to take the spare can in the car and fill up the fuel tank.[57] While he was doing this, Rouse testified that he went to the side of the road to urinate, and while there heard a large explosion. He said he saw a large flame and became convinced the petrol tank would explode. As such he ran away as fast as possible, at which point he ran into the two young men on the road.[57]The cross-examination of him and other witnesses by Birkett swayed the jury, and they took only fifteen minutes to find Rouse guilty of murder.[58] After his appeal had been rejected by both the Court of Appeal and the Home Secretary, Rouse admitted that he had in fact committed the murder – although he never gave a reason – it was theorised that he had done so in an attempt to fake his own death.[59] Despite his admission of guilt the identity of the victim has never been discovered.[57]In 1934, Birkett acted as counsel for the second of the two Brighton trunk murders, a case which was described as \"his greatest triumph in a capital case\".[60] In June 1934, a woman's torso was found in a suitcase in Brighton railway station. The legs were discovered at King's Cross station the next day, but her head and arms were never found, and the case is still unsolved.[61] A woman by the name of Violette Kaye had disappeared, and the appearance of the first woman's body prompted greater scrutiny on Kaye's case.[61] On 14 July, they interviewed Toni Mancini, Kaye's boyfriend, who convinced them that the dead woman could not possibly be Kaye; the dead woman had been identified as around thirty five years old and five months pregnant, while Kaye was ten years older.[61] Kaye was last seen alive on 10 May looking distressed in the doorway to her house and had been scheduled to visit her sister in London who received a telegram on 11 May reading \"Going abroad. Good job. Sail Sunday. Will write. Vi.\" in block capitals.[61] The post office clerks could not remember who sent it, but experts testified that the handwriting on the telegram had similarities to that on a menu written by Mancini.[61] On 14 May, with the help of another man, Mancini moved his belongings from the house he shared with Kaye, which included a large trunk which was too heavy to move by hand.[61] Mancini had told people that he had broken up with Kaye and she had moved to Paris, and that before she left he had beaten her.[61] He later said to a friend, \"What is the good of knocking a woman about with your fists? You only hurt yourself. You should hit her with a hammer same as I did and [chop] her up.\"[61] A hammerhead was later found in the rubbish at his old house.[61]After the police had left on 14 July, Mancini got on a train to London. When the police arrived the next morning, they were unable to find Mancini but found Kaye's body decomposing in the trunk in his new home.[62] They immediately sent out a country-wide call for Mancini to be arrested, and he was picked up near London.[62] He claimed he was not guilty, and stated during interviews with police that he had returned home to find Kaye dead. Fearing that with his criminal record, the police would not believe him, he had hidden the body in a trunk.[62] While Mancini was in prison, his solicitor phoned Birkett and asked him to work as counsel for the defence, which Birkett agreed to do.[62] In his defence, Birkett highlighted flaws in the prosecution's case to introduce an element of doubt in the minds of the jury. His cross-examination of Sir Bernard Spilsbury, famous Home Office pathologist and potentially the most dangerous witness for the Crown, was seen as \"masterly\".[63] Birkett also emphasised the affectionate nature of the relationship between Kaye and Mancini before Kaye's death.[64] Despite strong evidence that he had committed the crime, including marks on the victim's skull believed to be from a hammer and marks of blood on Mancini's clothing, the jury found Mancini not guilty after two and a half hours of deliberations.[65] Mancini confessed to the murder before dying.In May 1937 Birkett was appointed Chairman of the Inter-Departmental Committee for Abortion set up by the Minister of Health and Home Secretary, preparing a report \"to inquire into the prevalence of abortion, and the law relating thereto, and to consider what steps can be taken by more effective enforcement of the law\",[66] something which occupied him for two years.[66] During the summer of 1937, Birkett was asked to represent the English Bar at the annual meeting of the Canadian Bar Association in Toronto, where he was a popular speaker.[67] In January 1938, he was asked to act as a Commissioner of Assize to open the Assize Court in Aylesbury, dealing with an average of 10 cases a day.[68] After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, he became a member of a committee advising the Home Secretary on the detention of suspected enemy agents.[69][70] The committee dealt with more than 1,500 cases in two years. Although the work was unpaid, he was knighted (as a Knight Bachelor) on 6 June 1941 as a reward for his work.[69][71] He also delivered weekly radio broadcasts after the Friday night news to counter the broadcasts of William Joyce, known as Lord Haw Haw.[72] The first broadcast took place on 9 February 1940, and they were considered to be a morale boost during the so-called Phoney War.[72]","title":"Practice at the Bar and time as a member of parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-18"},{"link_name":"Sir Anthony Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Lord Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h28-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h28-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-18"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knks2-76"},{"link_name":"Daily Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(UK_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knks2-76"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Assize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_v_Imperial_Hotels_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Birkett had been offered appointment to the High Court as early as 1928, but turned it down, saying that \"I wasn't really drawn to the judicial office... I loved the Bar too much\".[18] After the death of the High Court judge Sir Anthony Hawke in October 1941, the Lord Chancellor Lord Simon offered Birkett the seat.[73] Birkett considered it his \"public duty\" to join the bench and wrote back on 4 November accepting the offer.[73] He was sworn in on 11 November 1941 and first sat on 24 November.[74][75] He did not enjoy his time in the high courts, admitting that he \"missed the limelight\" of being an advocate, and, combined with ill-health, he suffered from depression in 1942.[18] He was, however, a popular judge, although he felt he was too weak in his judgments because he \"did not desire to hurt people's feelings\".[76] At one point, the Daily Herald reported he was to be made Viceroy of India.[76] For several weeks in 1943, he sat in the Court of Appeal before departing on an Assize visit. He fell ill after a few weeks with a combination of heart disease and pneumonia, and he returned home to recover.[77] He suffered from more illness over the next year and considered resigning as a judge, as he felt that he could no longer trust his abilities as one.[78] During his time in the High Court, he dealt with several notable cases including Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd, which reaffirmed the common law principle that innkeepers must not refuse accommodation to guests without just cause.[79]","title":"Judicial work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h29-81"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Oaksey"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h29-81"},{"link_name":"Francis Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Biddle"},{"link_name":"Anthony Drexel Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h30-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Nuremberg_Judges.jpg"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h30-82"},{"link_name":"John Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Parker"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr2-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Privy Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Counsellor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-18"}],"sub_title":"Nuremberg trials","text":"On 30 August 1945, Birkett received a letter from the Lord Chancellor asking him to serve as the British judge at the Nuremberg Trials of German War Criminals.[80] He accepted, saying that it was \"a great honour to be selected\". But when he went to London to discuss it, he was informed that the Foreign Office wanted a more senior judge to be in attendance, ideally a Law Lord, but since no Law Lord was available, they had requested that a judge from the Court of Appeal should be appointed.[81] Geoffrey Lawrence was made the main British judge, and Birkett was offered the position of alternate judge for the trials, which he accepted, although with less enthusiasm than he had shown when accepting the original offer.[81] He became friends with the American judge Francis Biddle, although when they first met he accidentally confused him with Anthony Drexel Biddle and remarked how useful his diplomatic training would be in the trials.[82]The British Nuremberg judges; Birkett is second from the leftThe trial lasted from 18 October 1945 to 30 September 1946, and although Birkett did not have a vote in the proceedings as an alternate judge, his opinion was given weight, and it helped sway the decisions made by the main judges.[83] After returning home from the trials, he received praise from both the Lord Chancellor, who said that \"The country owes much to him for vindicating our conceptions of an impartial trial under the rule of law\",[82] and from John Parker, the American alternate judge, who wrote that:Although only an alternate member of the tribunal without a vote, his voice was heard in all of its deliberations, his hand drafted a large and most important part of its judgment, and no one connected with the tribunal, member or otherwise, had a greater part than he in shaping the final result. If, as I confidently believe, the work of the tribunal will constitute a landmark in the development of world order based on law, to Norman Birkett must go a large share of the credit for the success of the undertaking. To few men does the opportunity come to labour so mightily for the welfare of their kind.[84]After the judges returned home, Lawrence was made a Baron for his work at Nuremberg, but Birkett received nothing.[85] The lack of reward for his work pushed him into depression, which he took many months to recover from.[86] He was eventually made a Privy Counsellor in the 1947 Birthday Honours list, but he saw this as poor reward for the work he had put in at Nuremberg.[18]","title":"Judicial work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal-courts-of-justice.jpg"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr2-85"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Sir Alfred Thompson Denning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Denning"},{"link_name":"Sir John Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Singleton"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr3-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"duodenal ulcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal_ulcer"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr3-88"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h31-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h31-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h31-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h31-92"},{"link_name":"Long Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday#Vacation"},{"link_name":"Law Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Great_Britain_v_Boots_Cash_Chemists_(Southern)_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entores_Ltd_v_Miles_Far_East_Corporation"},{"link_name":"acceptance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_in_English_law"},{"link_name":"Telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy#Telex"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Further judicial work","text":"The Royal Courts of Justice, where Birkett sat between 1941 and 1956.The rest of his time in the High Court passed uneventfully,[85] but he continued to be unhappy with his work as a judge, noting that \"I am nervous of myself, without much confidence in my judgment and hesitant about my sentences and damages and things of that kind. I have felt no glow of achievement in any summing up, though none of them have been bad.\"[87]He was again struck by depression in 1948 when Sir Alfred Thompson Denning and Sir John Singleton were both appointed to the Court of Appeal ahead of him, despite having been appointed to the High Court after him.[88] On 30 July 1949, Birkett went to the Lord Chancellor and discussed the possibility of his appointment to the Court of Appeal, but left dissatisfied.[89] On 14 November, a duodenal ulcer perforated, from which he spent six months recovering.[90] In an attempt to appease him, the Lord Chancellor offered Birkett a peerage without salary on 8 May 1950, but he refused as he lacked the means to survive without paid employment.[88] While speaking at a conference in Washington, D.C., on 31 August 1950, he received a telegram from the Lord Chancellor offering him appointment to the Court of Appeal; he immediately wired back his acceptance.[91] He was sworn in on 2 October, and heard his first case the following day.[92]He found the work in the Court of Appeal dull, and his disappointment increased the longer he worked.[92][93] As in the High Court, he felt uncertain about his judgements and unsure as to whether he was affecting the law.[92] Despite his personal opinion of himself, the judiciary as a whole felt that his mix of humanity and common sense was beneficial to the court.[92] During the 1951 Long Vacation he broadcast three talks for the BBC on the subject of international law and its growth and gave a speech for the Law Society titled \"The Lawyer's Contribution to Society\".[94] Despite his unhappiness with his work in the Court of Appeal, he worked until 1956, when his long service as a judge allowed him to draw a pension.[95] In his remaining time in the Court of Appeal, Birkett judged several notable cases, in particular Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401,[96] and Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327, where the court made a landmark decision on acceptance of a contract in relation to Telex.[97]","title":"Judicial work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Privy Counsellors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Counsellor"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"telephone tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"1958 New Years Honours list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h32-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h32-99"},{"link_name":"LLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLD"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Face to Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_to_Face_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_Company#Governance"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Curriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Curriers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-18"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Obscene Publications Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"BBC Home Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Home_Service"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Edward Marshall Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Marshall_Hall"},{"link_name":"Patrick Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Edward Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clarke_(barrister)"},{"link_name":"Rufus Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"Charles Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Russell,_Baron_Russell_of_Killowen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Erskine,_1st_Baron_Erskine"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Ullswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullswater"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Birkett,_2nd_Baron_Birkett"}],"text":"On 13 June 1957 he became chairman of a committee of Privy Counsellors holding an inquiry into the Home Secretary's use of telephone tapping. After twenty-nine meetings, Birkett drafted a report which he passed on to Parliament supporting the use of telephone taps and noting their effectiveness.[98] On 9 December, a letter arrived from the Prime Minister offering him a peerage. He accepted, and his name appeared in the 1958 New Years Honours list,[99][100] and was created Baron Birkett, of Ulverston in the County of Lancaster, and took his seat in the House of Lords on 20 February 1958.[99] In the same year, he was awarded a LLD by the University of Cambridge, where the speaker said that Birkett was \"endowed with such a voice as Cicero declared to be first requisite of an orator\" and that \"in our own time there had been no one more skilled in swaying the mind of a jury.\"[101] In February 1959, he appeared on the first episode of the BBC television program Face to Face, where he was described as \"one of the three or four greatest criminal lawyers of this century, and perhaps one of the three or four greatest criminal lawyers of all time\".[102] Outside politics and the law, he also served as Master of the Worshipful Company of Curriers four times.[18]Birkett tried to sit as regularly in the House of Lords as possible, and made his maiden speech on 8 April 1959 on the subject of crime in the United Kingdom.[103] In May, he moved the first reading of the Obscene Publications Bill, which passed with support from both sides of the house. Privately, Birkett believed that \"there will never be a satisfactory law in England about obscenity. Our 1959 Act is the best we have yet done.\"[104] In 1961, he was again invited by the BBC to give a series of talks on the BBC Home Service, this time titled \"Six Great Advocates\".[105] He picked Edward Marshall Hall, Patrick Hastings, Edward Clarke, Rufus Isaacs, Charles Russell and Thomas Erskine.[106] He sat for the last time in the House of Lords on 8 February 1962, where he made a speech criticising an element of the Manchester Corporation Bill which would have water drained from Ullswater to meet the needs of the growing population in Manchester.[107] His speech was \"deeply felt and eloquent\", and when the votes were announced, Birkett and his supporters had won by 70 votes to 36.[108] The Ullswater Yacht Club now holds an annual Lord Birkett Memorial Trophy Race on the lake.[109]The next morning he complained of heart trouble, collapsed shortly after lunch and was taken to the hospital.[110] The doctors discovered that he had ruptured an important blood vessel and immediate surgery was needed to fix it.[111] The operation failed to fix the problem, and he died early in the morning on 10 February 1962.[112][113] His son, Michael, succeeded him as Baron Birkett.","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arms","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jldh_1-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-h4_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-h4_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch1_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch1_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ch1_10-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hyde1_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hyde1_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hyde2_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hyde2_16-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cr1_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cr1_17-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_18-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_18-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_18-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_18-5"},{"link_name":"Devlin, 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Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1953/6.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-h32_99-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-h32_99-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"\"No. 41299\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41299/page/690"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"Law Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"\"Historic 'Steamer' Joins Lord Birkett Celebrations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ullswater-steamers.co.uk/news/article/25/Historic--Steamer--Joins-Lord-Birkett-Celebrations/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Dale, Tom; Robert Ingham (Autumn 2002). \"The Lord Chancellor Who Never Was\". Journal of Liberal Democrat History.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 15.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 24.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 30.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 36.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 35.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 39.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 46.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 25.\n\n^ a b c Chandos (1963) p. 26.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 42.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 48.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 49.\n\n^ an undergraduate at Cambridge normally needs to pass a Part I and a Part 2, not necessarily in the same subject, to obtain a BA\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 57.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 63.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 91.\n\n^ a b c d e f Devlin, Patrick Arthur (2004). \"Oxford DNB article: Birkett, (William) Norman (subscription needed)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31899. Retrieved 24 January 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"The Course\". Harewood Downs Golf Club. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 31.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 74.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 77.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 85.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 93.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 116.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 118.\n\n^ Hansard 1803–2005: House of Commons sitting of 20 February 1924, Mothers' Pensions\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 119.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 120.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 121.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 122.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 123.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 125.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 126.\n\n^ a b c d e Hyde (1965) p. 135.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 48.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 139.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 49.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 154.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 158.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 162.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 266.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 65.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 269.\n\n^ a b c d Hyde (1965) p. 270.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 322.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 324.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 325.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 326.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 327.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 330.\n\n^ a b c Hyde (1965) p. 332.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 333.\n\n^ a b c Hyde (1965) p. 298.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 299.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 300.\n\n^ a b c Hyde (1965) p. 301.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 309.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 310.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 394.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Hyde (1965) p. 395.\n\n^ a b c d Hyde (1965) p. 396.\n\n^ Andrew Rose, 'Lethal Witness' Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009; pp 233-240, Chapter Twenty 'Tony Mancini: The Brighton Trunk Murders'.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 401.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 418.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 462.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 463.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 469.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 464.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 182.\n\n^ \"No. 37977\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1941. pp. 2571–2572.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 471.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 474.\n\n^ \"No. 35346\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 November 1941. pp. 6574–6575.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 476.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 483.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 484.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 486.\n\n^ [1944] KB 693; Hyde (1965) p. 489.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 494.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 495.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 496.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 524.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 527.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 530.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 531.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 532.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 541.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 543.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 542.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 544.\n\n^ a b c d Hyde (1965) p. 546.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 184.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 549.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 555.\n\n^ \"Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd\". BAILII. 5 February 1953. Retrieved 24 January 2009.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 556.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 565.\n\n^ a b Hyde (1965) p. 567.\n\n^ \"No. 41299\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1958. pp. 690–691.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 568; the original speech was in Latin.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 570.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 580.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 587.\n\n^ \"Reviews and Notices\". Law Quarterly Review. 78: 303. April 1962.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 606.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 610.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 618.\n\n^ \"Historic 'Steamer' Joins Lord Birkett Celebrations\". Ullswater Steamers. Retrieved 3 May 2014.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 619.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 620.\n\n^ Hyde (1965) p. 621.\n\n^ Chandos (1963) p. 200.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The chapel at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where Birkett studied between 1907 and 1910.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Chapel_Emmanuel_College1.jpg/220px-The_Chapel_Emmanuel_College1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edward Marshall Hall, who offered Birkett a place in his chambers based on his performance in the Green Bicycle Case.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marshall-hall.jpg/170px-Marshall-hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ramsay MacDonald, who offered Birkett the position of Solicitor General if he would defect and join the Labour Party","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-J._Ramsay_MacDonald_LCCN2014715885_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The British Nuremberg judges; Birkett is second from the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_Nuremberg_Judges.jpg/220px-British_Nuremberg_Judges.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Royal Courts of Justice, where Birkett sat between 1941 and 1956.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Royal-courts-of-justice.jpg/170px-Royal-courts-of-justice.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dale, Tom; Robert Ingham (Autumn 2002). \"The Lord Chancellor Who Never Was\". Journal of Liberal Democrat History.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Devlin, Patrick Arthur (2004). \"Oxford DNB article: Birkett, (William) Norman (subscription needed)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31899. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Devlin,_Baron_Devlin","url_text":"Devlin, Patrick Arthur"},{"url":"http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31899?docPos=1","url_text":"\"Oxford DNB article: Birkett, (William) Norman (subscription needed)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31899","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31899"}]},{"reference":"\"The Course\". Harewood Downs Golf Club. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120628112650/http://www.hdgc.co.uk/the-course1","url_text":"\"The Course\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harewood_Downs_Golf_Club","url_text":"Harewood Downs Golf Club"},{"url":"http://www.hdgc.co.uk/the-course1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37977\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1941. pp. 2571–2572.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37977/supplement/2571","url_text":"\"No. 37977\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35346\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 November 1941. pp. 6574–6575.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35346/supplement/6574","url_text":"\"No. 35346\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd\". BAILII. 5 February 1953. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1953/6.html","url_text":"\"Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41299\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1958. pp. 690–691.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41299/page/690","url_text":"\"No. 41299\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews and Notices\". Law Quarterly Review. 78: 303. April 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Quarterly_Review","url_text":"Law Quarterly Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic 'Steamer' Joins Lord Birkett Celebrations\". Ullswater Steamers. Retrieved 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ullswater-steamers.co.uk/news/article/25/Historic--Steamer--Joins-Lord-Birkett-Celebrations/","url_text":"\"Historic 'Steamer' Joins Lord Birkett Celebrations\""}]},{"reference":"Chandos, John (1963). Norman Birkett: Uncommon Advocate. Mayflower Publishing. OCLC 11641755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11641755","url_text":"11641755"}]},{"reference":"Hyde, H. Montgomery (1965). Norman Birkett: The Life of Lord Birkett of Ulverston. Hamish Hamilton. ASIN B000O8CESO. OCLC 255057963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton","url_text":"Hamish Hamilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000O8CESO","url_text":"B000O8CESO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255057963","url_text":"255057963"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherryville,_Oregon
Cherryville, Oregon
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 45°22′01″N 122°09′18″W / 45.36694°N 122.15500°W / 45.36694; -122.15500 Unincorporated community in the state of Oregon, United States Unincorporated community in Oregon, United StatesCherryville, OregonUnincorporated communityCherryville, OregonShow map of OregonCherryville, OregonShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°22′01″N 122°09′18″W / 45.36694°N 122.15500°W / 45.36694; -122.15500CountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyClackamasElevation1,280 ft (390 m)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)GNIS feature ID1139605 Cherryville is an unincorporated community and former town in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, founded in 1884. It is located approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Sandy on U.S. Route 26, near the route of the Barlow Road. The town population had dwindled to 50 in 1915, and the majority of the town was demolished in 1950 after the construction of the Mount Hood Highway. The Cherryville Cemetery still exists, and in 2014 was designated as a local historic site. History The name of the community is said to have come from the wild cherries that grew in the area. Cherryville post office was established in 1884 and closed in 1958. In 1915, Cherryville had a population of 50, a public school, and a church. Contemporarily church building is gone, but the church cemetery still exists. The majority of the town was demolished in 1950 upon the construction of the Mount Hood Highway. In 2014, the cemetery at Cherryville was formally marked and designated a local historic site. References ^ a b c d U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cherryville, Oregon ^ a b Winner, Michelle (July 4, 2015). "The Charms of Cherryville, Oregon". Food Wine Travel Magazine. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019. ^ Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. p. 29. ISBN 0-89933-347-8. ^ a b "Clackamas County, Oregon". Pioneer History to about 1900: Churches of Christ & Christian Churches in the Pacific Northwest. Northwest College of the Bible. Retrieved December 30, 2010. ^ a b McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) . Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0875952772. ^ Friedman, Ralph (1990). In Search of Western Oregon (2nd ed.). Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. p. 621. ISBN 0-87004-332-3. ^ Wray, Kylie (June 11, 2014). "Historic Cherryville Cemetery receives a stone marker". Portland Tribune. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. vteMunicipalities and communities of Clackamas County, Oregon, United StatesCounty seat: Oregon CityCities Barlow Canby Estacada Gladstone Happy Valley Johnson City Lake Oswego‡ Milwaukie‡ Molalla Oregon City Portland‡ Rivergrove‡ Sandy Tualatin‡ West Linn Wilsonville‡ Clackamas County mapHamlets Beavercreek Molalla Prairie Mount Hood Villages Mulino Stafford CDPs Boring Damascus Government Camp Jennings Lodge Oak Grove Oatfield Rhododendron Othercommunities Barton Brightwood Bull Run Carus Carver Cazadero Cherryville Clackamas Colton Cottrell Eagle Creek Faubion Jean Kelso Ladd Hill Lakewood Liberal Logan Lone Elder Macksburg Marmot Marquam Marylhurst Milwaukie Heights Mountain Air Park Needy New Era Redland Ripplebrook Riverside Shadowood Springwater Sunnyside Welches Wemme Wildwood Yoder Zigzag Indian reservation Warm Springs Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Oregon portal United States portal This Clackamas County, Oregon state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hills,_Los_Angeles
Mission Hills, Los Angeles
["1 Demographics","2 Education","3 Medical centers","4 Government and infrastructure","4.1 Postal services","4.2 Health services","4.3 Police","4.4 Fire & EMS","4.5 Federal representation","4.6 State representation","4.7 Local representation","5 Economy","5.1 Tourism","6 Notable natives","7 References"]
Coordinates: 34°15′26″N 118°28′02″W / 34.257222°N 118.467222°W / 34.257222; -118.467222For other places with the same name, see Mission Hills (disambiguation). Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United StatesMission HillsNeighborhood of Los AngelesMission San Fernando Rey de EspañaMission HillsLocation within Los Angeles/San Fernando ValleyShow map of San Fernando ValleyMission HillsMission Hills (the Los Angeles metropolitan area)Show map of the Los Angeles metropolitan areaCoordinates: 34°15′26″N 118°28′02″W / 34.25722°N 118.46722°W / 34.25722; -118.46722CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyLos AngelesCityLos AngelesNamed forMission San Fernando Rey de EspañaElevation913 ft (278 m)Population (2000) • Total15,056Time zoneUTC−8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)ZIP Code91345Area code(s)747 and 818 Mission Hills is a suburban neighborhood in the City of Los Angeles, California, located in the San Fernando Valley. It is near the northern junction of the Golden State Freeway (I-5) and the San Diego Freeway (I-405). The Ronald Reagan Freeway (SR-118) bisects the community. Mission Hills is at the northern end of the long Sepulveda Boulevard. Other main thoroughfares are San Fernando Mission Boulevard, Woodman Avenue, and Rinaldi, Brand, Chatsworth, Devonshire, and Lassen Streets. The boundaries are roughly Sepulveda Blvd and Interstate 405 to the west, Interstate 5 to the north and east, Van Nuys Boulevard to the southeast, and Lassen Street to the south. The Granada Hills community lies to the west, Sylmar to the north, the city of San Fernando to the northeast, Pacoima to the east, Arleta to the southeast, and Panorama City to the south. The historical town was Hickson, now is named Mission Hills for the nearby Spanish Mission San Fernando Rey de España (1784). It includes the Andrés Pico Adobe, the second oldest residence still standing in Los Angeles. The San Fernando Mission Cemetery, located a short distance away, is one of the oldest active cemeteries within the San Fernando Valley. Demographics The historic Rómulo Pico Adobe, built in 1834 by the prominent Pico family of California, is the oldest residence in San Fernando Valley. The 2010 U.S. census counted 18,496 residents in the area's 91345 ZIP Code. The median age was 36.3, and the median yearly household income at that time was $62,426. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times's "Mapping L.A." project supplied the following numbers for the community of Mission Hills. Population: 18,237; median household income: $75,675. Education Residents are zoned to schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Mission Hills has one private school within its boundaries; Bishop Alemany High School which is run by the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Medical centers The community is serviced by Providence Holy Cross Medical Center, Facey Medical Group, and a newly opened Kaiser Permanente. Government and infrastructure Postal services The United States Postal Service operates the Mission City Post Office at 10919 Sepulveda Boulevard. Health services The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pacoima Health Center in Pacoima, serving Mission Hills. Police In May 2005, the Los Angeles Police Mission Area was established as the 19th station built in the City of Los Angeles. This police station serves the communities of Mission Hills, Sylmar, North Hills, Arleta, and Panorama City. Fire & EMS The City of Los Angeles Fire Department provides fire and emergency medical services from Station 75. This consists of two engines (E75 & E275), a ladder truck (T75), and both an advanced life support ambulance (Rescue 75) and a basic life support ambulance (Rescue 875). Federal representation Mission Hills is represented in the United States Senate by California's Senators Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla. The community of Mission Hills is located within California's 29th congressional district represented by Democrat Tony Cárdenas. State representation Mission Hills is located within California's 39th State Assembly district represented by Democrat Luz Rivas and California's 18th State Senate district represented by Democrat Robert Hertzberg. Local representation Mission Hills is located within Los Angeles City Council District 7 represented by Monica Rodriguez. Economy Tourism Tourists visit the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, a historical mission. The Andrés Pico Adobe is the second-oldest adobe home in the city of Los Angeles. Notable natives Ryan Braun People who were born in Mission Hills include: Ryan Braun (major league baseball All Star and MVP outfielder) Jessica Cosby (Olympic athlete; track and field) Michael Kuluva (fashion designer) George Lopez (comedian) Scott McAfee (actor) References ^ "Los Angeles Almanac: City of Los Angeles Population by Community & Race 2000 Census". Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2008. ^ "Community Facts" American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau ^ "Mission Hills". Mapping L.A. ^ "Facey". Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-05-18. ^ "Post Office Location – MISSION HILLS." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008. ^ "Post Office Location – MISSION CITY." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 6, 2008. ^ "Pacoima Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 17, 2010. ^ California Senators accessed February 11, 2021 ^ https://ziplook.house.gov/htbin/findrep_house ^ http://findyourrep.legislature.ca.gov ^ http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/council_districts/CDindex_8.5_11.pdf%7Ctitle=Map of LA City Council Districts ^ "Historic | City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks". www.laparks.org. 13 October 2021. Places adjacent to Mission Hills, Los Angeles Granada Hills Sylmar—I-5 San Fernando—I-5 Granada Hills—I-405 & CA 118 Mission Hills Pacoima—I-5 North Hills Panorama City Arleta vteLos Angeles city areas within the San Fernando and Crescenta ValleysDistricts andneighborhoods Arleta Canoga Park Chatsworth Encino Granada Hills Lake View Terrace Lake Balboa Mission Hills NoHo Arts District North Hills North Hollywood Northridge Pacoima Panorama City Porter Ranch Reseda Shadow Hills Sherman Oaks Sherwood Forest Studio City Sun Valley Sunland-Tujunga Sylmar Tarzana Toluca Lake Valley Glen Valley Village Van Nuys Ventura Business District Warner Center West Hills Winnetka Woodland Hills Points of interest CSUN Campo de Cahuenga Los Encinos State Historic Park San Fernando Mission Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park Universal Studios Hollywood Neighboring citiesand communities Burbank Calabasas Glendale Hidden Hills La Crescenta City of San Fernando Universal City Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area Portal: Los Angeles Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States 34°15′26″N 118°28′02″W / 34.257222°N 118.467222°W / 34.257222; -118.467222
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission Hills (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hills_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"City of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Golden State Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Freeway"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(California)"},{"link_name":"I-405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(California)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freeway"},{"link_name":"SR-118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_118"},{"link_name":"Sepulveda Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulveda_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Granada Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Hills,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Sylmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylmar,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"city of San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_California"},{"link_name":"Pacoima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacoima,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Arleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleta,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Panorama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_City,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Mission San Fernando Rey de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pico Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico_Adobe"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Mission Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Mission_Cemetery"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Mission Hills (disambiguation).Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United StatesMission Hills is a suburban neighborhood in the City of Los Angeles, California, located in the San Fernando Valley.It is near the northern junction of the Golden State Freeway (I-5) and the San Diego Freeway (I-405). The Ronald Reagan Freeway (SR-118) bisects the community. Mission Hills is at the northern end of the long Sepulveda Boulevard. Other main thoroughfares are San Fernando Mission Boulevard, Woodman Avenue, and Rinaldi, Brand, Chatsworth, Devonshire, and Lassen Streets. The boundaries are roughly Sepulveda Blvd and Interstate 405 to the west, Interstate 5 to the north and east, Van Nuys Boulevard to the southeast, and Lassen Street to the south. The Granada Hills community lies to the west, Sylmar to the north, the city of San Fernando to the northeast, Pacoima to the east, Arleta to the southeast, and Panorama City to the south.The historical town was Hickson, now is named Mission Hills for the nearby Spanish Mission San Fernando Rey de España (1784). It includes the Andrés Pico Adobe, the second oldest residence still standing in Los Angeles. The San Fernando Mission Cemetery, located a short distance away, is one of the oldest active cemeteries within the San Fernando Valley.","title":"Mission Hills, Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romulo_Pico_Adobe,_MIssion_Hills.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rómulo Pico Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Pico_Adobe"},{"link_name":"Pico family of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_family_of_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The historic Rómulo Pico Adobe, built in 1834 by the prominent Pico family of California, is the oldest residence in San Fernando Valley.The 2010 U.S. census counted 18,496 residents in the area's 91345 ZIP Code. The median age was 36.3, and the median yearly household income at that time was $62,426.[2]In 2009, the Los Angeles Times's \"Mapping L.A.\" project supplied the following numbers for the community of Mission Hills. Population: 18,237; median household income: $75,675.[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Bishop Alemany High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Alemany_High_School"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Residents are zoned to schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District.\nMission Hills has one private school within its boundaries; Bishop Alemany High School which is run by the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence Holy Cross Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Holy_Cross_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Permanente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The community is serviced by Providence Holy Cross Medical Center, Facey Medical Group, and a newly opened Kaiser Permanente.[4]","title":"Medical centers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Postal services","text":"The United States Postal Service operates the Mission City Post Office at 10919 Sepulveda Boulevard.[5][6]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Department of Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"Pacoima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacoima,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Health services","text":"The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pacoima Health Center in Pacoima, serving Mission Hills.[7]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylmar,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"North Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Arleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleta,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Panorama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_City"}],"sub_title":"Police","text":"In May 2005, the Los Angeles Police Mission Area was established as the 19th station built in the City of Los Angeles. This police station serves the communities of Mission Hills, Sylmar, North Hills, Arleta, and Panorama City.","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department"}],"sub_title":"Fire & EMS","text":"The City of Los Angeles Fire Department provides fire and emergency medical services from Station 75. This consists of two engines (E75 & E275), a ladder truck (T75), and both an advanced life support ambulance (Rescue 75) and a basic life support ambulance (Rescue 875).","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Alex Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Padilla"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"California's 29th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_29th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Tony Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Federal representation","text":"Mission Hills is represented in the United States Senate by California's Senators Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla.[8]\nThe community of Mission Hills is located within California's 29th congressional district represented by Democrat Tony Cárdenas.[9]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California's 39th State Assembly district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_39th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Luz Rivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_Rivas"},{"link_name":"California's 18th State Senate district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_18th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Robert Hertzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hertzberg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"State representation","text":"Mission Hills is located within California's 39th State Assembly district represented by Democrat Luz Rivas and California's 18th State Senate district represented by Democrat Robert Hertzberg.[10]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles City Council District 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council_District_7"},{"link_name":"Monica Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Local representation","text":"Mission Hills is located within Los Angeles City Council District 7 represented by Monica Rodriguez.[11]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission San Fernando Rey de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pico Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Pico_Adobe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Tourists visit the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, a historical mission.\nThe Andrés Pico Adobe is the second-oldest adobe home in the city of Los Angeles.[12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryan_Braun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryan Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Braun"},{"link_name":"Ryan Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Braun"},{"link_name":"All Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Star"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Jessica Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Cosby"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Michael Kuluva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kuluva"},{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Scott McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McAfee"}],"text":"Ryan BraunPeople who were born in Mission Hills include:Ryan Braun (major league baseball All Star and MVP outfielder)\nJessica Cosby (Olympic athlete; track and field)\nMichael Kuluva (fashion designer)\nGeorge Lopez (comedian)\nScott McAfee (actor)","title":"Notable natives"}]
[{"image_text":"The historic Rómulo Pico Adobe, built in 1834 by the prominent Pico family of California, is the oldest residence in San Fernando Valley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Romulo_Pico_Adobe%2C_MIssion_Hills.JPG/220px-Romulo_Pico_Adobe%2C_MIssion_Hills.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ryan Braun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ryan_Braun.jpg/170px-Ryan_Braun.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Almanac: City of Los Angeles Population by Community & Race 2000 Census\". Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100111043420/http://www.laalmanac.com/population/po24la.htm","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Almanac: City of Los Angeles Population by Community & Race 2000 Census\""},{"url":"http://www.laalmanac.com/population/po24la.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mission Hills\". Mapping L.A.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/mission-hills/","url_text":"\"Mission Hills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facey\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302230259/http://www.facey.com/search-location.php?txtloc=6","url_text":"\"Facey\""},{"url":"http://www.facey.com/search-location.php?txtloc=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic | City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks\". www.laparks.org. 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laparks.org/historic","url_text":"\"Historic | City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcott,_Edington_and_Chilton_Moors_SSSI
Catcott, Edington and Chilton Moors
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 51°10′26″N 2°52′26″W / 51.17397°N 2.87395°W / 51.17397; -2.87395 Catcott, Edington and Chilton MoorsSite of Special Scientific InterestEdington HeathLocation within SomersetLocationSomersetGrid referenceST390420Coordinates51°10′26″N 2°52′26″W / 51.17397°N 2.87395°W / 51.17397; -2.87395InterestBiologicalArea1,083 hectares (10.83 km2; 4.18 sq mi)Notification1967 (1967)Natural England website Catcott, Edington and Chilton Moors SSSI is a 1083 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset, England notified in 1967. It is close to the villages of Edington and Catcott. It is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project. The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitat. It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably. It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK. The site consists of low-lying land south of the River Brue, which floods on a regular basis; land north of here is included in the Tealham and Tadham Moors SSSI. The site is managed by Somerset Wildlife Trust and includes the Catcott Lows National Nature Reserve, Catcott Heath and Catcott North. A variety of fauna are found due to the varied soil types and management practices. Unimproved swards include meadows dominated by meadow thistle (Cirsium dissectum), meadow rue (Thalictrum flavum) and similar species, and southern marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza praetermissa). In the wetter areas rushes and marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) are found. Catcott Heath is noted for its rare vascular plants including marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris), milk-parsley (Peucedanum palustre) and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris). A total of 127 aquatic and bankside vascular plant species have been recorded in the field ditches, internal drainage board maintained rhynes and deep arterial watercourses. The botanically rich water channels support a diverse invertebrate fauna including water beetles Haliplus mucronatus and Hydrophilus piceus. The rare soldier fly, the flecked general (Stratiomys singularior), is found and there are good numbers of dragonflies and damselflies. The range of plants and invertebrates support many bird species including golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and dunlin (Calidris alpina). Other vertebrate species present, include the otter (Lutra lutra), grass snake (Natrix natrix) and common frog (Rana temporaria). References ^ Brue Valley Living Landscape ^ A Living Landscape - The Wildlife Trusts ^ RSPB landscape conservation ^ Natural England Future Landscapes Archived 2014-06-05 at the UK Government Web Archive ^ Brown, Alan. "Catcott Lows NNR". Avalon Marshes Reserve Guides. Retrieved 18 October 2008. ^ "Catcott Lows". Somerset Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 22 December 2009. ^ "Catcott Heath". Somerset Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 22 December 2009. ^ "Catcott North". Somerset Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 22 December 2009. ^ a b c English Nature citation sheet for the site . Retrieved 6 August 2006. vteBiological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in SomersetSummarised data for all sites (biological and geological) Aller and Beer Woods Aller Hill Asham Wood Axbridge Hill and Fry's Hill Babcary Meadows Barle Valley Barrington Hill Meadows Berrow Dunes Black Down and Sampford Commons Brean Down Bridgwater Bay Briggins Moor Catcott, Edington and Chilton Moors Chancellor's Farm Cheddar Complex Cheddar Reservoir Cheddar Wood Cleeve Hill Cogley Wood Crook Peak to Shute Shelve Hill Curry and Hay Moors Deadman Draycott Sleights Dunster Park and Heathlands East Polden Grasslands Ebbor Gorge Edford Woods and Meadows Exmoor Coastal Heaths Fivehead Woods and Meadow Freshmoor Friar's Oven Ge-mare Farm Fields Great Breach and Copley Woods Grove Farm Hardington Moor Hestercombe House Holme Moor & Clean Moor King's Sedgemoor Kingdown and Middledown Kingweston Meadows Lang's Farm Langford Heathfield Langmead and Weston Level Long Lye Long Lye Meadow Longleat Woods Millwater Moorlinch Nettlecombe Park North Brewham Meadows North Curry Meadow North Exmoor North Moor Old Iron Works, Mells Perch Porlock Ridge and Saltmarsh Postlebury Wood Priddy Pools Prior's Park & Adcombe Wood Quantock Hills Quants Ringdown River Barle Rodney Stoke Roebuck Meadows Ruttersleigh Severn Estuary Shapwick Heath Sharpham Moor Plot South Exmoor Southey and Gotleigh Moors Southlake Moor Sparkford Wood St. Dunstan's Well Catchment Stowell Meadow Street Heath Tealham and Tadham Moors Thurlbear Wood and Quarrylands Twinhills Woods and Meadows Vallis Vale Walton and Ivythorn Hills West Moor West Sedgemoor Westhay Heath Westhay Moor Wet Moor Whitevine Meadows Windsor Hill Marsh Wookey Hole Woolhayes Farm Neighbouring areas Avon Devon Dorset Wiltshire
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It is close to the villages of Edington and Catcott.It is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project. The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitat. It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change[1] while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably. It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK.[2][3][4]The site consists of low-lying land south of the River Brue, which floods on a regular basis; land north of here is included in the Tealham and Tadham Moors SSSI. The site is managed by Somerset Wildlife Trust and includes the Catcott Lows National Nature Reserve,[5][6] Catcott Heath[7] and Catcott North.[8]A variety of fauna are found due to the varied soil types and management practices. Unimproved swards include meadows dominated by meadow thistle (Cirsium dissectum), meadow rue (Thalictrum flavum) and similar species, and southern marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza praetermissa). In the wetter areas rushes and marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) are found. Catcott Heath is noted for its rare vascular plants including marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris), milk-parsley (Peucedanum palustre) and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris). A total of 127 aquatic and bankside vascular plant species have been recorded in the field ditches, internal drainage board maintained rhynes and deep arterial watercourses.[9]The botanically rich water channels support a diverse invertebrate fauna including water beetles Haliplus mucronatus and Hydrophilus piceus. The rare soldier fly, the flecked general (Stratiomys singularior), is found and there are good numbers of dragonflies and damselflies.[9]The range of plants and invertebrates support many bird species including golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and dunlin (Calidris alpina). Other vertebrate species present, include the otter (Lutra lutra), grass snake (Natrix natrix) and common frog (Rana temporaria).[9]","title":"Catcott, Edington and Chilton Moors"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_High_School_(Cross_River,_New_York)
John Jay High School (Cross River, New York)
["1 History","1.1 Vagina Monologues censorship controversy","1.2 Mascot controversy","2 Athletics","2.1 Cross Country","2.2 Ice Hockey","2.3 Ultimate Frisbee","3 Student life","3.1 Science Research","3.2 School dances","3.3 Vocal Jazz","3.4 Model United Nations","3.5 Junior Statesmen of America","3.6 Science Olympiad","3.7 Theater","3.8 Wind Ensemble","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°16′24″N 73°36′39″W / 41.2733°N 73.6107°W / 41.2733; -73.6107For other schools, see John Jay High School. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John Jay High School" Cross River, New York – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Public high school in Cross River, New York , United StatesJohn Jay High SchoolAddress60 North Salem RoadCross River, New York 10518United StatesCoordinates41°16′24″N 73°36′39″W / 41.2733°N 73.6107°W / 41.2733; -73.6107InformationTypePublic high schoolEstablished1956School districtKatonah-Lewisboro School DistrictPrincipalSteven T. SicilianoStaff85.72 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment1,059 (2017–18)Student to teacher ratio12.35Color(s)  Purple   WhiteMascotWolvesWebsitejjhs.klschools.org John Jay High School is a public high school located in Lewisboro, New York. It is the only high school in the Katonah-Lewisboro School District. The school, which opened in 1956, is named after John Jay, a Founding Father of the United States, and first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who lived nearby. Over the years, the school former mascot, the Indians, had been controversial, and it was decided in November 2019 to retire the mascot in favor of a new one. In 2020, the school announced that their new mascot would be the Wolves, a nod to the nearby Wolf Conservation Center. History John Jay High School opened in 1956, having moved from its location in Katonah, which is now Katonah Elementary School, still part of the Katonah-Lewisboro School District. Prior to the settler colonialism of the late 17th century, this land belonged to Chief Katonah, sachem of the Ramapo Indians and the primary proprietor of the lands around Bedford, including the lands upon which the school was constructed. Katonah sold this land as part of a sale of 20,000 acres of Ramapo lands for 100 Pounds Sterling to the "Proprietors of Ridgefield". Vagina Monologues censorship controversy In March 2007, three students faced punishment after reading a poem from the play The Vagina Monologues at an open mic night, an event open to the community. The extract included the word "vagina", and the girls had been asked to edit the word out because the crowd was expected to include young children. They said they would follow this order but then disobeyed (they underlined the word by saying it in unison). The school gave them a one-day suspension for insubordination. The girls decided not to appeal their suspension. They agreed they had been insubordinate, but the incident was widely reported and the original order criticized as an act of censorship. Many students protested the punishment to no avail. However, many students also protested the media's portrayal of the situation, believing that the school had acted correctly and that the girls deserved to be punished for their insubordination, for they had previously agreed not to say the word. The play's author Eve Ensler gave the students her support and was invited by parents for a school visit. The suspension was put on hold while policies were reviewed and eventually rescinded. Mascot controversy John Jay High School formerly used the nickname Indians, with Chief Katonah as its mascot since its founding. In October 1989, after six months of discussion, the John Jay Campus Congress, a coalition of students, parents, and faculty, voted to abandon the Chief Katonah mascot, claiming that the imagery, which included feathers, tomahawks, headdresses, and loin-cloth clad natives spearing buffalo, perpetuated negative stereotypes about Native Americans and created false associations of violence and savagery that were then applied as generalizations onto indigenous people as a group. The decision was ultimately rejected, as the community was particularly swayed by a Cherokee faculty member who argued that the mascot was a means to honor the chief. The school principal at the time, John A. Chambers, also argued for the importance of maintaining tradition and school spirit, and the Indians remained intact. In December 2017, John Jay High School students conducted a poll to gauge opinions on the mascot's potential removal. Prior to the poll, numerous student and news publications posted articles surrounding the debate, either outlining an overview of the debate in general or articulating arguments against the maintenance of the current mascot on the grounds of cultural appropriation. These students cited cultural appropriation as harmful, claiming those who support the mascot trivialize historical oppression by claiming it “honors” Native Americans. Not only that, but arguments have been made that the presence of this mascot, as seen through the lens of cultural appropriation, enables privileged individuals to commercialize the stereotypical imagery, as seen through the numerous sweatshirts, caps, and athletic gear emblazoned with images of arrowheads or headdresses, but simultaneously remain prejudiced against those same individuals off whom they are profiting. Finally, student activists have cited that the use of an “Indian” as a mascot mirrors a larger-scale issue at hand: the district's lack of consciousness related to Native American history. Ultimately, despite these arguments, the results of the poll showed that 58% of students were in favor of keeping the mascot. On October 17, 2019, the Board of Education agreed that the mascot was dated and not politically correct, and requested the superintendent, Andrew Selesnick, make a change on the grounds of adherence to fundamental school principles of inclusion. In response, Selesnick suggested that the mascot was no longer appropriate and that additional discussion regarding the topic should be encouraged, citing the need for the school to uphold its adherence to the Dignity for All Students Act. He also emphasized the ability to maintain school spirit and tradition without causing offense. This led to a public conversation about the topic. Discussion continued at another school board meeting on November 7, 2019, at which it was decided the mascot would be dropped. The district established a committee of parents, students, and district personnel that narrowed community-submitted names down to two finalists, the Wolfpack and the Ravens, pending a vote of students and personnel on June 22, 2020. Although Wolfpack was the initial winner, concerns were raised due to the use of the term in connection with the Central Park Five case in 1989. In July 2020, the committee decided that Wolves was the best choice, citing the strong connection that wolves have to the community: the Wolf Conservation Center, founded in 1999, is located within the school district in South Salem. Athletics Cross Country John Jay has a Cross Country team. In 2013 the girls' section of the team were the State of New York Cross Country Federation Champions. These athletes gathered the school's first ever federation athletic title. In 2017, the boys team won several invitationals, including the Warwick Wave Invitational, the Wilton Invitational, the Section 1 League 2B Championships, and the Westchester County Championships. John Jay sent their first ever boys team to the New York Federation Championships that year. Ice Hockey John Jay High School's ice hockey team is a Division II program competing within Section 1 of the NYSPHAA. Since their inaugural season in 1999, John Jay has won the Section 1 championship 3 times (2013, 2018, 2019,2021) and have made 1 state finals appearance in 2013. The team hosts home games off campus at the Brewster Ice Arena located in Putnam County, New York. The program is funded through both the school district and the non-profit organization, Friends of John Jay Ice Hockey. Ultimate Frisbee John Jay High School's Ultimate Frisbee team, Air Raid, was reformed in 2007 by students who, in that same year, coached themselves to a second-place finish losing 15-10 against Beacon High School in the inaugural New York State Championships tournament. Since that time, they have earned multiple state titles starting with a return in 2008 to defeat the reigning champions Beacon High School. Air Raid would become repeat champs in the 2011 and 2012 seasons, placing 3rd and 5th at regionals, respectively. During the 2012-13 school year, they began to include women on both Air Raid and the Bear Raid, the B-Team for the program. Bear Raid would go winless until the 2018 State Championship Tournament, defeating Bethlehem High School in a 10-7 match. Student life Science Research Beginning in sophomore year, students in John Jay High School can choose to enroll in the science research program, which guides the student in conducting meaningful scientific research. The program is coordinated by AnnMarie Lipinsky, who, along with other science faculty, advises each student and guides each student through the challenges of conducting research for their first time. Planet 25511 Annlipinsky was named in honor for mentoring a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search. Students are tasked with finding a mentor in a field of their choice and collaborate with their mentor to conduct a research project. Students have participated and shared their projects with success in the Regeneron Science Talent Search, the county and national Intel Science and Engineering Fair, and the Junior Sciences and Humanities Symposium. Alumni from the research program have gone on to successful careers in research, medicine, and engineering. School dances By 2010, due to declining attendance of school dances, the school reduced the number of dances, now only holding prom. Vocal Jazz John Jay High School's Vocal Jazz ensemble, directed by Steven Morse, has competed at Berklee College of Music's High School Jazz Festival every year but one since 2003. The group, ranging from 15 to 35 students and accompanied by a rhythm section, placed 2nd in the nation in the 2013 competition by only one point out of all Division 1 schools. In the 2012 competition, three of John Jay's students were recognized for Outstanding Musicianship. The group finished in 3rd place at that competition. In the 2019 competition, the ensemble placed 1st, winning by 11 points. Model United Nations The John Jay Model United Nations Club, has been gaining popularity in recent years. In 2014, the club hosted their first conference, called JJMUNC, that had over 200 delegates. For the Model United Nations Club, the President also serves as the Head Delegate and Secretary-General. The Secretary-General of JJMUNC I was Jeffrey Steckler, and Secretary-General for JJMUNC II in 2015 and JJMUNC III in 2016 was Daniel Gordon. The Model UN Team competes at several conferences per year. Junior Statesmen of America In 2005, a chapter of the Junior Statesmen of America (JSA) was founded at John Jay High School. Science Olympiad John Jay High School has attended the New York State Science Olympiad final - usually held at West Point - every year but one since its founding. In 2010, a new event called "Protein Modeling" was created, and John Jay finished first in the state for an "extraordinary construction of surface proteins." Theater John Jay High School's theater program typically produces two major performances per school year: a drama in the fall, and a musical in the spring. In the 2013–2014 school year, JJHS put on Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound and Eugene Ionesco's The Bald Soprano in the Fall and Jonathan Larson's Rent in the Spring. Wind Ensemble The Wind Ensemble traveled to Williamsburg, VA, to compete at Heritage Festivals on April 23–26, 2009, where it won a total of four awards. Notable alumni Mike Bocklet, professional lacrosse player Carter Brey, cellist Romain Cannone, French fencer, 2020 Olympic gold medalist Alexander Chaplin, actor Matthew Del Negro, actor Noah Galvin, actor Matt Glaser, jazz and bluegrass musician Andy Milonakis, actor Robert Reich, former U.S. secretary of labor Mike Sabath, record producer, songwriter, and musician Campbell Scott, actor and director Joan Slonczewski, biologist and science fiction author Roger Stone, political consultant and lobbyist Stanley Tucci, actor and director Mike Williams, NFL wide receiver References ^ a b c "JOHN JAY HIGH SCHOOL". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ Katonah-Lewisboro School District, "Katonah - Lewisboro School District - Homepage". Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2006-07-23. ^ Duncombe, Francis Katonah: The History of a New York Village p. 357 ^ a b "Katonah-Lewisboro board decides to retire John Jay 'Indians' mascot". Retrieved 2020-06-17. ^ a b c Melvin, Tessa (1989-11-05). "Indians No More? John Jay Vote Rejects School's Symbol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ Duncombe, Frances Riker. "Chapter 1: Explorers, Settlers, Indians." Katonah: the History of a New York Village and Its People. Salem, MA: Higginson Book, 1997. 1-13. Print. ^ Article about the "censorship" incident on Spiegel Online, major German magazine Der Spiegel's internet section (in German) ^ Appearance on the Today Show by the students, the author and the president of the school district's education board ^ Story Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine on WCBS-TV after the suspension was lifted. ^ "lohud.com". lohud.com. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ "John Jay Students To Vote On School Mascot Name Change". Lewisboro Daily Voice. 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ a b "John Jay Students Vote To Keep 'Indians' Nickname". Lewisboro Daily Voice. 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ a b "What's in a Name?". Studio 23. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ a b c Shelbred, Liz. "The John Jay Indians – Respectful or Racist?". The FOCUS. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ "Debate over Katonah Lewisboro's 'Indian' mascot picks up at school board meeting". westchester.news12.com. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ "Katonah-Lewisboro School Board Could Be Close To Replacing Indians Mascot". Lewisboro Daily Voice. 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ Grosserode, Sophie. "Kat-Lew board considers replacing John Jay HS's 'Indians' mascot". lohud.com. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ "October 18, 2019 - Katonah - Lewisboro School District". www.klschools.org. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ "KLSD Learning Cafe: The John Jay mascot and how we move forward together". Eventbrite. Retrieved 2019-10-31. ^ "Mascot vote - District News - Katonah - Lewisboro School District". Retrieved 2020-06-17. ^ Grosserode, Sophie. "John Jay High School chooses new mascot to replace 'Indians'". The Journal News. Retrieved 2020-07-10. ^ Haggerty, Nancy. "Cross Country: John Jay-CR Sweeps Westchester Team Titles, Nutall, Somers' Fusco Wins". Lohud. Lohud. Retrieved December 7, 2017. ^ "Team History". ^ "MIT Lincoln Laboratory: 2009 Award Honorees". www.ll.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2017-12-11. ^ "JJHS Student Named SemiFinalist in Prestigious Science Competition - Katonah - Lewisboro School District". www.klschools.org. Retrieved 2017-12-11. ^ "2011 WESEF FINALISTS WIN TOP AWARDS AT INTEL ISEF IN LOS ANGELES, CA - WESEF". WESEF. 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2017-12-11. ^ "Students advance in science competition | Lewisboro Ledger". Lewisboro Ledger. 2013-02-08. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-11. ^ Moss, Caroline. "My high school no longer holds dances." CNN. March 17, 2014. Retrieved on April 9, 2014. ^ "Past HSJF Winners". ^ "Past HSJF Winners". ^ "Festival Winners". ^ "JJMUNC II: The Second Annual Model UN Conference Held at John Jay". ^ "JJMUNC III Recap". 20 November 2016. ^ Gordon, Daniel. "JJ's Model UN Team Wins Best Delegation at HunMUN". The Focus. ^ http://www.northeastjsa.org Archived 2007-03-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Science Olympiad team comes in 15th at states". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19. ^ "John Jay performs fall drama this weekend". The Lewisboro Ledger. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. ^ "Running Lines: John Jay's 'Rent'". The Journal News. Retrieved 13 May 2014. ^ "JOHN JAY HIGH SCHOOL NEWS" (PDF). 2009-06-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-12. ^ Beth Nissen (2001-02-23). "Career - Cellist Carter Brey: 'Renaissance lumber' - February 15, 2001". CNN.com. Retrieved 2022-06-10. ^ Chaplin's imdb.com profile ^ "Andy is no idiot, Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky), - Sep 9, 2005 ^ Turco, Al. "Democrat Robert Reich says he’s prepared to make a difference in Mass." Archived 2012-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, Stoneham Independent, March 20, 2002. Accessed April 21, 2008. "Reich started out as a graduate of John Jay High School, a regional public high school in small-town Cross River, New York." ^ Mike Sabath ^ a b "GLUTTONS FOR PUNISHMENT: Actors take over the kitchen to whip up the cinematic souffle `Big Night'", The Dallas Morning News, September 28, 1996. "...the pair - Mr. Tucci is 35, Mr. Scott 34 - have been friends since John Jay High School in Cross River, NY..." ^ "Westchester HS Grad, Longtime Trump Adviser Roger Stone Arrested In Russia Investigation". Armonk Daily Voice. January 25, 2019. ^ Stanley Tucci profile Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, TV.com, accessed April 8, 2007. "He studied at John Jay High School Cross River, New York. " External links John Jay High School Web site vteEducation in Westchester County, New YorkSchool districtsTerritorial Ardsley Bedford Blind Brook-Rye Briarcliff Manor Bronxville Byram Hills Chappaqua Croton-Harmon Dobbs Ferry Eastchester Edgemont Elmsford Greenburgh Harrison Hastings-on-Hudson Hendrick Hudson Irvington Katonah-Lewisboro Lakeland Mamaroneck Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon New Rochelle City North Salem Ossining Peekskill City Pelham Pleasantville Pocantico Hills Port Chester-Rye Putnam Valley Rye City Rye Neck Scarsdale Somers Tarrytowns Tuckahoe Valhalla White Plains Yonkers Yorktown Special act Greenburgh-Graham Publichigh schoolsYonkers Gorton Lincoln Obama Riverside Roosevelt Saunders Yonkers MS/HS Other Ardsley Blind Brook Briarcliff Bronxville Byram Hills Croton-Harmon Dobbs Ferry Eastchester Edgemont Fox Lane Horace Greeley Alexander Hamilton Harrison Hastings Hendrick Hudson Irvington John Jay Lakeland Mamaroneck Mount Vernon New Rochelle Ossining Walter Panas Peekskill Pelham Pleasantville Port Chester Rochambeau Rye Neck Rye Scarsdale Somers Tuckahoe Valhalla Westlake White Plains Woodlands Yorktown IndependentschoolsSecular private Daytop Village French-American German Hackley Harvey Keio Lyceum Kennedy Masters New York School for the Deaf Rye Country Day Thornton-Donovan Religious Archbishop Stepinac Holy Child Iona Preparatory John F. Kennedy Catholic Leffel (former Solomon Schecter) Maria Regina Montfort Sacred Heart Salesian Ursuline Westchester Hebrew Yonkers Montessori Closed Our Lady of Good Counsel Our Lady of Victory Soundview Preparatory Tertiary College of Westchester Fordham University Iona University Long Island University Manhattanville College Mercy University Monroe College New York Medical College Pace University Saint Joseph's Seminary Saint Vladimir's Seminary Sarah Lawrence College State University of New York at Purchase Westchester Community College Closed College of New Rochelle Concordia College Libraries Yonkers Public Library Weekend education Japanese Weekend School of New York This list is incomplete. Authority control databases: Geographic NCES
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Jay High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_High_School_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"public high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_high_school"},{"link_name":"Lewisboro, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisboro,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Katonah-Lewisboro School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah-Lewisboro_School_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"Founding Father of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archived_copy-4"}],"text":"For other schools, see John Jay High School.Public high school in Cross River, New York , United StatesJohn Jay High School is a public high school located in Lewisboro, New York. It is the only high school in the Katonah-Lewisboro School District.[2] The school, which opened in 1956,[3] is named after John Jay, a Founding Father of the United States, and first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who lived nearby. Over the years, the school former mascot, the Indians, had been controversial, and it was decided in November 2019 to retire the mascot in favor of a new one.[4] In 2020, the school announced that their new mascot would be the Wolves, a nod to the nearby Wolf Conservation Center.","title":"John Jay High School (Cross River, New York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah"},{"link_name":"settler colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism"},{"link_name":"Chief Katonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"Ramapo Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_Indians"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melvin-5"},{"link_name":"Ridgefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgefield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duncombe-6"}],"text":"John Jay High School opened in 1956, having moved from its location in Katonah, which is now Katonah Elementary School, still part of the Katonah-Lewisboro School District. Prior to the settler colonialism of the late 17th century, this land belonged to Chief Katonah, sachem of the Ramapo Indians and the primary proprietor of the lands around Bedford, including the lands upon which the school was constructed.[5] Katonah sold this land as part of a sale of 20,000 acres of Ramapo lands for 100 Pounds Sterling to the \"Proprietors of Ridgefield\".[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Vagina Monologues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"},{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"Eve Ensler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Ensler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Vagina Monologues censorship controversy","text":"In March 2007, three students faced punishment after reading a poem from the play The Vagina Monologues at an open mic night, an event open to the community.[7] The extract included the word \"vagina\", and the girls had been asked to edit the word out because the crowd was expected to include young children. They said they would follow this order but then disobeyed (they underlined the word by saying it in unison). The school gave them a one-day suspension for insubordination. The girls decided not to appeal their suspension. They agreed they had been insubordinate, but the incident was widely reported and the original order criticized as an act of censorship. Many students protested the punishment to no avail. However, many students also protested the media's portrayal of the situation, believing that the school had acted correctly and that the girls deserved to be punished for their insubordination, for they had previously agreed not to say the word. The play's author Eve Ensler gave the students her support[8] and was invited by parents for a school visit. The suspension was put on hold while policies were reviewed and eventually rescinded.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Katonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melvin-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melvin-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyvoice.com-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What%E2%80%99s_in_a_Name-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelbred-14"},{"link_name":"cultural appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-What%E2%80%99s_in_a_Name-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelbred-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelbred-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyvoice.com-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dignity for All Students Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity_for_All_Students_Act"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archived_copy-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Central Park Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Five"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nywolf.org/"}],"sub_title":"Mascot controversy","text":"John Jay High School formerly used the nickname Indians, with Chief Katonah as its mascot since its founding. In October 1989, after six months of discussion, the John Jay Campus Congress, a coalition of students, parents, and faculty, voted to abandon the Chief Katonah mascot, claiming that the imagery, which included feathers, tomahawks, headdresses, and loin-cloth clad natives spearing buffalo, perpetuated negative stereotypes about Native Americans and created false associations of violence and savagery that were then applied as generalizations onto indigenous people as a group.[5] The decision was ultimately rejected, as the community was particularly swayed by a Cherokee faculty member who argued that the mascot was a means to honor the chief.[5] The school principal at the time, John A. Chambers, also argued for the importance of maintaining tradition and school spirit, and the Indians remained intact.In December 2017, John Jay High School students conducted a poll to gauge opinions on the mascot's potential removal.[10] Prior to the poll, numerous student and news publications posted articles surrounding the debate, either outlining an overview of the debate in general[11][12] or articulating arguments against the maintenance of the current mascot on the grounds of cultural appropriation.[13][14] These students cited cultural appropriation as harmful, claiming those who support the mascot trivialize historical oppression by claiming it “honors” Native Americans.[13] Not only that, but arguments have been made that the presence of this mascot, as seen through the lens of cultural appropriation, enables privileged individuals to commercialize the stereotypical imagery, as seen through the numerous sweatshirts, caps, and athletic gear emblazoned with images of arrowheads or headdresses, but simultaneously remain prejudiced against those same individuals off whom they are profiting.[14] Finally, student activists have cited that the use of an “Indian” as a mascot mirrors a larger-scale issue at hand: the district's lack of consciousness related to Native American history.[14] Ultimately, despite these arguments, the results of the poll showed that 58% of students were in favor of keeping the mascot.[12]On October 17, 2019, the Board of Education agreed that the mascot was dated and not politically correct, and requested the superintendent, Andrew Selesnick, make a change on the grounds of adherence to fundamental school principles of inclusion.[15][16][17] In response, Selesnick suggested that the mascot was no longer appropriate and that additional discussion regarding the topic should be encouraged, citing the need for the school to uphold its adherence to the Dignity for All Students Act. He also emphasized the ability to maintain school spirit and tradition without causing offense.[18] This led to a public conversation about the topic.[19] Discussion continued at another school board meeting on November 7, 2019, at which it was decided the mascot would be dropped.[4] The district established a committee of parents, students, and district personnel that narrowed community-submitted names down to two finalists, the Wolfpack and the Ravens, pending a vote of students and personnel on June 22, 2020.[20] Although Wolfpack was the initial winner, concerns were raised due to the use of the term in connection with the Central Park Five case in 1989. In July 2020, the committee decided that Wolves was the best choice, citing the strong connection that wolves have to the community: the Wolf Conservation Center, founded in 1999, is located within the school district in South Salem.[21] [1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Cross Country","text":"John Jay has a Cross Country team. In 2013 the girls' section of the team were the State of New York Cross Country Federation Champions. These athletes gathered the school's first ever federation athletic title.In 2017, the boys team won several invitationals, including the Warwick Wave Invitational, the Wilton Invitational, the Section 1 League 2B Championships, and the Westchester County Championships. John Jay sent their first ever boys team to the New York Federation Championships that year.[22]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Ice Hockey","text":"John Jay High School's ice hockey team is a Division II program competing within Section 1 of the NYSPHAA. Since their inaugural season in 1999, John Jay has won the Section 1 championship 3 times (2013, 2018, 2019,2021) and have made 1 state finals appearance in 2013. The team hosts home games off campus at the Brewster Ice Arena located in Putnam County, New York. The program is funded through both the school district and the non-profit organization, Friends of John Jay Ice Hockey.[23]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ultimate Frisbee","text":"John Jay High School's Ultimate Frisbee team, Air Raid, was reformed in 2007 by students who, in that same year, coached themselves to a second-place finish losing 15-10 against Beacon High School in the inaugural New York State Championships tournament. Since that time, they have earned multiple state titles starting with a return in 2008 to defeat the reigning champions Beacon High School. Air Raid would become repeat champs in the 2011 and 2012 seasons, placing 3rd and 5th at regionals, respectively. During the 2012-13 school year, they began to include women on both Air Raid and the Bear Raid, the B-Team for the program. Bear Raid would go winless until the 2018 State Championship Tournament, defeating Bethlehem High School in a 10-7 match.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"25511 Annlipinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25511_Annlipinsky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Regeneron Science Talent Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Science_Talent_Search"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Intel Science and Engineering Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Science_and_Engineering_Fair"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Science Research","text":"Beginning in sophomore year, students in John Jay High School can choose to enroll in the science research program, which guides the student in conducting meaningful scientific research. The program is coordinated by AnnMarie Lipinsky, who, along with other science faculty, advises each student and guides each student through the challenges of conducting research for their first time. Planet 25511 Annlipinsky was named in honor for mentoring a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search.[24] Students are tasked with finding a mentor in a field of their choice and collaborate with their mentor to conduct a research project. Students have participated and shared their projects with success in the Regeneron Science Talent Search,[25] the county and national[26] Intel Science and Engineering Fair, and the Junior Sciences and Humanities Symposium.[27] Alumni from the research program have gone on to successful careers in research, medicine, and engineering.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"School dances","text":"By 2010, due to declining attendance of school dances, the school reduced the number of dances, now only holding prom.[28]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Vocal Jazz","text":"John Jay High School's Vocal Jazz ensemble, directed by Steven Morse, has competed at Berklee College of Music's High School Jazz Festival every year but one since 2003. The group, ranging from 15 to 35 students and accompanied by a rhythm section, placed 2nd in the nation in the 2013 competition by only one point out of all Division 1 schools.[29] In the 2012 competition, three of John Jay's students were recognized for Outstanding Musicianship. The group finished in 3rd place at that competition.[30] In the 2019 competition, the ensemble placed 1st, winning by 11 points.[31]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Model United Nations","text":"The John Jay Model United Nations Club, has been gaining popularity in recent years. In 2014, the club hosted their first conference, called JJMUNC, that had over 200 delegates. For the Model United Nations Club, the President also serves as the Head Delegate and Secretary-General.\nThe Secretary-General of JJMUNC I was Jeffrey Steckler, and Secretary-General for JJMUNC II in 2015[32] and JJMUNC III in 2016[33] was Daniel Gordon. The Model UN Team competes at several conferences per year.[34]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junior Statesmen of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Statesmen_of_America"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Junior Statesmen of America","text":"In 2005, a chapter of the Junior Statesmen of America (JSA) was founded at John Jay High School.[35]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Science Olympiad","text":"John Jay High School has attended the New York State Science Olympiad final - usually held at West Point - every year but one since its founding. In 2010, a new event called \"Protein Modeling\" was created, and John Jay finished first in the state for an \"extraordinary construction of [influenza] surface proteins.\"[36]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Theater"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"The Real Inspector Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Inspector_Hound"},{"link_name":"Eugene Ionesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ionesco"},{"link_name":"The Bald Soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Larson"},{"link_name":"Rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"John Jay High School's theater program typically produces two major performances per school year: a drama in the fall, and a musical in the spring. In the 2013–2014 school year, JJHS put on Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound and Eugene Ionesco's The Bald Soprano in the Fall[37] and Jonathan Larson's Rent in the Spring.[38]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Wind Ensemble","text":"The Wind Ensemble traveled to Williamsburg, VA, to compete at Heritage Festivals on April 23–26, 2009, where it won a total of four awards.[39]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Bocklet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bocklet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Carter Brey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Brey"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Romain Cannone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Cannone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alexander Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Matthew Del Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Del_Negro"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Noah Galvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Galvin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matt Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Glaser"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Andy Milonakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Milonakis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Robert Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reich"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mike Sabath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Sabath"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"Campbell Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Scott"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gluttons-45"},{"link_name":"Joan Slonczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Slonczewski"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roger Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stone"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Stanley Tucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Tucci"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gluttons-45"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Mike Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Williams_(wide_receiver,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mike Bocklet, professional lacrosse player[citation needed]\nCarter Brey, cellist[40]\nRomain Cannone, French fencer, 2020 Olympic gold medalist[citation needed]\nAlexander Chaplin, actor[41]\nMatthew Del Negro, actor[citation needed]\nNoah Galvin, actor[citation needed]\nMatt Glaser, jazz and bluegrass musician[citation needed]\nAndy Milonakis, actor[42]\nRobert Reich, former U.S. secretary of labor[43]\nMike Sabath, record producer, songwriter, and musician[44][circular reference]\nCampbell Scott, actor and director[45]\nJoan Slonczewski, biologist and science fiction author[citation needed]\nRoger Stone, political consultant and lobbyist[46]\nStanley Tucci, actor and director[45][47]\nMike Williams, NFL wide receiver[citation needed]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"JOHN JAY HIGH SCHOOL\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3616080&ID=361608001390","url_text":"\"JOHN JAY HIGH SCHOOL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katonah - Lewisboro School District - Homepage\". Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2006-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060815185805/http://www.klschools.org/home.aspx","url_text":"\"Katonah - Lewisboro School District - Homepage\""},{"url":"http://www.klschools.org/home.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Katonah-Lewisboro board decides to retire John Jay 'Indians' mascot\". Retrieved 2020-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/2019/11/07/katonah-lewisboro-decides-retire-john-jay-hs-indians-mascot/2521772001/","url_text":"\"Katonah-Lewisboro board decides to retire John Jay 'Indians' mascot\""}]},{"reference":"Melvin, Tessa (1989-11-05). \"Indians No More? John Jay Vote Rejects School's Symbol\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/05/nyregion/indians-no-more-john-jay-vote-rejects-school-s-symbol.html","url_text":"\"Indians No More? John Jay Vote Rejects School's Symbol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"lohud.com\". lohud.com. 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Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.studio23.com/uncategorized/whats-in-a-name","url_text":"\"What's in a Name?\""}]},{"reference":"Shelbred, Liz. \"The John Jay Indians – Respectful or Racist?\". The FOCUS. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://jjhsfocus.com/2444/opinions/the-john-jay-indians-respectful-or-racist/","url_text":"\"The John Jay Indians – Respectful or Racist?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debate over Katonah Lewisboro's 'Indian' mascot picks up at school board meeting\". westchester.news12.com. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://westchester.news12.com/story/41203148/debate-over-katonah-lewisboros-indian-mascot-picks-up-at-school-board-meeting","url_text":"\"Debate over Katonah Lewisboro's 'Indian' mascot picks up at school board meeting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katonah-Lewisboro School Board Could Be Close To Replacing Indians Mascot\". Lewisboro Daily Voice. 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/lewisboro/schools/katonah-lewisboro-school-board-could-be-close-to-replacing-indians-mascot/777766/","url_text":"\"Katonah-Lewisboro School Board Could Be Close To Replacing Indians Mascot\""}]},{"reference":"Grosserode, Sophie. \"Kat-Lew board considers replacing John Jay HS's 'Indians' mascot\". lohud.com. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/education/2019/10/18/katonah-lewisboro-considering-replacing-john-jay-hss-indian-mascot/4018014002/","url_text":"\"Kat-Lew board considers replacing John Jay HS's 'Indians' mascot\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 18, 2019 - Katonah - Lewisboro School District\". www.klschools.org. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klschools.org/groups/7420/superintendent/101819","url_text":"\"October 18, 2019 - Katonah - Lewisboro School District\""}]},{"reference":"\"KLSD Learning Cafe: The John Jay mascot and how we move forward together\". Eventbrite. Retrieved 2019-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/77915927637?aff=efbneb","url_text":"\"KLSD Learning Cafe: The John Jay mascot and how we move forward together\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mascot vote - District News - Katonah - Lewisboro School District\". Retrieved 2020-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klschools.org/groups/57961/district_news/mascot_vote","url_text":"\"Mascot vote - District News - Katonah - Lewisboro School District\""}]},{"reference":"Grosserode, Sophie. \"John Jay High School chooses new mascot to replace 'Indians'\". The Journal News. Retrieved 2020-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/news/education/2020/07/09/john-jay-cross-river-new-mascot-wolves-replace-indians/5409609002/","url_text":"\"John Jay High School chooses new mascot to replace 'Indians'\""}]},{"reference":"Haggerty, Nancy. \"Cross Country: John Jay-CR Sweeps Westchester Team Titles, Nutall, Somers' Fusco Wins\". Lohud. Lohud. Retrieved December 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lohud.com/story/sports/high-school/xcountry/2017/10/28/cross-country-john-jay-cr-sweeps-westchester-team-titles-nutall-somers-fusco-win/789572001/","url_text":"\"Cross Country: John Jay-CR Sweeps Westchester Team Titles, Nutall, Somers' Fusco Wins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hometeamsonline.com/teams/default.asp?u=FRIENDSOFJOHNJAYICEHOCKEY&s=hockey&p=custom&pagename=Team+History","url_text":"\"Team History\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIT Lincoln Laboratory: 2009 Award Honorees\". www.ll.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15. 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Retrieved 2017-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wesef.org/2011-wesef-finalists-win-top-awards-intel-isef-los-angeles-ca/","url_text":"\"2011 WESEF FINALISTS WIN TOP AWARDS AT INTEL ISEF IN LOS ANGELES, CA - WESEF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Students advance in science competition | Lewisboro Ledger\". Lewisboro Ledger. 2013-02-08. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. 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The Focus.","urls":[{"url":"https://jjhsfocus.com/2189/campus-life/jjs-model-un-team-wins-best-delegation-at-hunmun/#","url_text":"\"JJ's Model UN Team Wins Best Delegation at HunMUN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Science Olympiad team comes in 15th at states\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607170538/http://www.acorn-online.com/joomla15/lewisboroledger/community/schools/53112-science-olympiad-team-comes-in-15th-at-states.html","url_text":"\"Science Olympiad team comes in 15th at states\""},{"url":"http://www.acorn-online.com/joomla15/lewisboroledger/community/schools/53112-science-olympiad-team-comes-in-15th-at-states.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Jay performs fall drama this weekend\". The Lewisboro Ledger. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513093934/http://www.lewisboroledger.com/8564/john-jay-performs-fall-drama-this-weekend/","url_text":"\"John Jay performs fall drama this weekend\""},{"url":"http://www.lewisboroledger.com/8564/john-jay-performs-fall-drama-this-weekend/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Running Lines: John Jay's 'Rent'\". The Journal News. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lohud.com/videos/entertainment/theater/high-school/2014/04/04/7319765/","url_text":"\"Running Lines: John Jay's 'Rent'\""}]},{"reference":"\"JOHN JAY HIGH SCHOOL NEWS\" (PDF). 2009-06-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090612055953/http://jjhs.klschools.org/www/jjhs/site/hosting/newsletter09%20june.pdf","url_text":"\"JOHN JAY HIGH SCHOOL NEWS\""},{"url":"http://jjhs.klschools.org/www/jjhs/site/hosting/newsletter09%20june.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beth Nissen (2001-02-23). \"Career - Cellist Carter Brey: 'Renaissance lumber' - February 15, 2001\". CNN.com. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/trends/02/15/nyphil.cello/index.html","url_text":"\"Career - Cellist Carter Brey: 'Renaissance lumber' - February 15, 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westchester HS Grad, Longtime Trump Adviser Roger Stone Arrested In Russia Investigation\". Armonk Daily Voice. January 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/armonk/politics/westchester-hs-grad-longtime-trump-adviser-roger-stone-arrested-in-russia-investigation/747363/","url_text":"\"Westchester HS Grad, Longtime Trump Adviser Roger Stone Arrested In Russia Investigation\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence,_Kentucky
Confluence, Kentucky
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°16′11″N 83°23′3″W / 37.26972°N 83.38417°W / 37.26972; -83.38417Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesConfluence, KentuckyUnincorporated communityConfluenceLocation in KentuckyShow map of KentuckyConfluenceLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°16′11″N 83°23′3″W / 37.26972°N 83.38417°W / 37.26972; -83.38417CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyLeslieElevation892 ft (272 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes41749GNIS feature ID511495 Confluence is an unincorporated community located in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Its post office is closed. Due to the Buckhorn dam, the area is prone to flooding. Efforts to address the flooding issue have thus far been in vain as local politicians focus their time and money on other areas. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Confluence, Kentucky ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Confluence KY post office vteMunicipalities and communities of Leslie County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: HydenCity Hyden Location of Leslie County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities Asher Chappell Cinda Confluence Cutshin Essie Frew Helton Hoskinston Mozelle Roark Sizerock Smilax Stinnett Warbranch Wendover Wooton Yeaddis post offices(and the creeksthey are on) Big Creek (inc. Bear Branch, Jason, and Obed) Middle Fork Kentucky River (inc. Dryhill, Gad/Thosandsticks, Omarsville/Kaliopi, and Osha) Kentucky portal United States portal This Leslie County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Leslie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesUnincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesConfluence is an unincorporated community located in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Its post office [2] is closed.Due to the Buckhorn dam, the area is prone to flooding. Efforts to address the flooding issue have thus far been in vain as local politicians focus their time and money on other areas.","title":"Confluence, Kentucky"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Leslie County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Leslie_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Leslie_County.svg.png"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Chepstow
Priory Church of St Mary, Chepstow
["1 Foundation and history of the priory","2 The present building","3 Notable clergy","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°38′33.60″N 2°40′20.02″W / 51.6426667°N 2.6722278°W / 51.6426667; -2.6722278Church in Monmouthshire, Wales 51°38′33.60″N 2°40′20.02″W / 51.6426667°N 2.6722278°W / 51.6426667; -2.6722278 Church in WalesSt Mary's ChurchThe Parish and Priory Church of St MaryCountryWalesDenominationChurch in WalesWebsitehttp://www.chepstowparish.co.ukAdministrationDioceseMonmouthClergyVicar(s)Revd Philip Averay The Parish and Priory Church of St Mary is located in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, south east Wales. Parts of the building, including its ornate west doorway, date from the late 11th century and are contemporary with the nearby Norman castle. The church is a Grade I listed building. The early 12th-century Norman doorway of St Mary's Priory Church Foundation and history of the priory It was founded around 1072 as a Benedictine priory by William FitzOsbern and his son Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford. FitzOsbern had been granted the Lordship of Striguil by his second cousin King William in gratitude for his support in the Norman conquest of England, and was responsible for starting the building of a new castle overlooking the River Wye on the border with the kingdoms of Wales. At the same time he established a nearby monastic cell, so as to collect rent from the lands within Gwent which he had granted to his home Priory of Cormeilles in Normandy. By the early 12th century, the monastic establishment, on a ridge overlooking the river about 300 metres from the castle, had the status of an alien priory in its own right, though it probably never held more than about 12 monks. It superseded an earlier Augustinian priory located about 2 km away, which was dedicated to the Welsh saint Cynfarch (or Saint Kingsmark), a disciple of Saint Dyfrig. As Chepstow developed as a market town and port around the castle and priory during the mediaeval period, the nave became used as the parish church. Accommodation was built on the south side of the church, in the 13th century, and the first vicar appointed by authority of the king, John de Hemmyngburg, is recorded in 1348. The priory had extensive grounds, probably including most of the land south of the church enclosed by Chepstow's 13th-century town wall or Port Wall. During the Hundred Years' War between England and France in the 14th century, the priory became detached from its association with Cormeilles, and instead became attached at different times both to Llantarnam Abbey near Caerleon and, from 1414, to Bermondsey Abbey in Southwark. The priory was eventually suppressed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 during the English Reformation, at which time there were still three monks in residence. Most of the priory buildings, including the choir part of the church, the cloister, chapter house, lodgings and kitchens, were demolished at that time, and the foundations are buried beneath a car park beside the current church. Remains of a large barn and well were also found during excavations in the 1970s. The present building View of St Mary's Church Part of the Norman church remains, but it has been greatly modified over later centuries. The original Priory Church was built in local yellow Triassic sandstone, with a long vaulted nave, massive piers, and a notably ornamented west entrance doorway with zigzag and lozenge patterns, dating from the early 12th century. These parts remain. However, later extensions and modifications have used other varieties of stone in other architectural styles, with the result that the whole church has been described as "an extraordinarily disjointed building." The main central tower of the original church collapsed in a storm in 1701, destroying the transepts. A new wall was then built at the eastern end of the nave, and its western end built up to form a new tower, designed "in an amusingly rustic classical idiom". This was completed in 1706 under the ministry of Thomas Chest, who was vicar from 1701 to 1740. In 1841, through the influence of Edward Copleston, Bishop of Llandaff, who lived locally, the aisles were removed, and the eastern end, crossing and transepts were rebuilt. Further work partly to restore the Norman character of the nave was begun in 1890, but was abandoned unfinished in 1913. The church contains two fonts, one of Norman origin and the other from the 15th century. There are several notable tombs and memorials, including that of Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester, and the Jacobean tomb of local benefactor Margaret Cleyton with her two husbands and 12 children. It also contains the tomb of Henry Marten, signatory to King Charles I's death warrant, who was imprisoned in Chepstow Castle until his death in 1680. His memorial includes an acrostic epitaph. The organ, one of the few in the country with pipework dating from the early 17th century, was originally made for Gloucester Cathedral (possibly by the Dallam family). It was moved to Bristol Cathedral in 1663 and then to Chepstow possibly as early as 1685, and certainly by the 18th century. It was rebuilt and expanded in 1906, and has undergone a variety of maintenance and repair work since. Eight of the ten bells in the tower date from 1735 and were made in Chepstow by William Evans; the two lightest bells were added in 1959 and were cast by John Taylor & Co. The original clock mechanism was also made locally in the 18th century, and kept time until replaced by an electric clock in 1965. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 12 June 1950. Notable clergy John Davies, former Bishop of Swansea and Brecon, and Archbishop of Wales served his curacy here. References ^ a b c R. Shoesmith, Excavations at Chepstow 1973–1974, Cambrian Archaeological Association, 1991, ISBN 0-947846-02-6, pp.3–12 ^ a b c d Rick Turner and Andy Johnson (eds.), Chepstow Castle – its history and buildings, 2006, ISBN 1-904396-52-6 ^ a b c d e John Newman, The Buildings of Wales: Gwent/Monmouthshire, 2000, ISBN 0-14-071053-1 ^ Miranda Aldhouse-Green and Ray Howell (eds.), Gwent in Prehistory and Early History: The Gwent County History Vol. 1, 2004, ISBN 0-7083-1826-6 ^ Chepstow Society, Chepstow Town Trail, 1990 ^ a b c d Ivor Waters, The Town of Chepstow, 1972 ^ "Henry Marten (Martin)". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ J. R. Guy and E. R. Smith, Ancient Gwent Churches, 1979, ISBN 0-903434-36-9 ^ a b 1898 specification of the organ, 1943 specification of the organ, 1996 specification of the organ, 1999 specification of the organ, National Pipe Organ Register, the British Insititue of Organ Studies, 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008 ^ John P. Harris, The Priory and Parish Church of St. Mary, Chepstow, 1997 ^ Details for Chepstow S Mary, Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 2008-06-03. ^ Cadw. "Parish Church of St Mary, Chepstow (Grade I) (2594)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 19 April 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Mary's Priory Church, Chepstow. Churches together in Chepstow, includes contact details for St Mary's Chepstow Town Council site – St. Mary's Church Artworks at St Mary's Church, Chepstow vteBenedictine abbeys and priories in medieval England and WalesIndependenthouses Abbotsbury Abergavenny Abingdon Alcester Athelney Bardney Bath Battle Bedford Birkenhead Bradwell Brewood (Black Ladies) Buckfast Burton Bury St Edmunds Canterbury (Christ Church) Canterbury (St Augustine's) Canwell Cerne Chertsey Chester Cholsey Colchester Coventry Crowland Durham Ely Evesham Eynsham Farewell Priory Faversham Glastonbury Gloucester Humberston Luffield Malmesbury Milton Monk Bretton Muchelney Molycourt Norwich (Holy Trinity) Pershore Peterborough Ramsey Reading Repton Rochester St Albans St Benet of Hulme Sandwell Selby Sherborne Shrewsbury Snelshall Tavistock Tewkesbury Thorney Upholland Walden Westminster Whitby Winchcombe Winchester (New Minster) Winchester (St Swithun) Worcester York (St Mary's) Dependenthouses Aldeby Alkborough Alcester Alvecote Beadlow Bedemans Berg Belvoir Binham Breedon Brecon Bristol Bromfield Cardiff Cardigan Cranborne Darenth Deeping Dover Dunster Earls Colne Ewenny Ewyas Harold Exeter Farne Felixstowe Finchale Freiston Great Malvern Hatfield Peverel Henes (Sandtoft) Hereford Hertford Holy Island Horton Hoxne Hurley Jarrow Kidwelly Kilpeck King's Mead Kings Lynn Lammana Langley Leominster Leonard Stanley Lincoln Little Malvern Littlemore Lytham Middlesbrough Monkwearmouth Morville Norwich (St Leonard's) Oxford (of Canterbury) Oxford (of Durham) Oxford (of Gloucester) Penwortham Pilton Redbourne Richmond Rumburgh St Bees St Ives Scilly Snaith Snape Stamford Studley (Oxfordshire) Studley (Warwickshire) Tickhill Tynemouth Wallingford Westbury-on-Trym Wetheral Wymondham Yarmouth Alienpriories Allerton Mauleverer Andover Andwell Appuldurcombe Arundel Astley Aston Priors Atherington Avebury Axmouth Blyth Boxgrove Brimpsfield Burstall Burwell Caldy Carisbrooke Chepstow Clatford Cogges Corsham Covenham Cowick Creeting (St. Mary) Creeting (St. Olave) Debden Deerhurst Dunwich Ecclesfield Edith Weston Ellingham Everdon Eye Folkestone Frampton Goldcliff Grovebury Hamble Harmondsworth Hatfield Regis Haugham Hayling Headley Hinckley Holbeck Horsham St Faith Horsley Lancaster Lapley Lewisham Isleham Livers Ocle Llangennith Llangua Loders Minster Minster Lovell Minting Modbury Monks Kirby Monk Sherborne (Pamber) Monmouth Newent Ogbourne Otterton Panfield Pembroke Pill Ruislip Runcton St Cross St Dogmells St Michael's Mount St Neots Sele Spalding Sporle Standon Steventon Stogursey Stoke-by-Clare Stratfield Saye Swavesey Takeley Throwley Tickford Titley Toft Monks Totnes Tutbury Tywardreath Upavon Ware Wareham Warminghurst Warmington Wath Weedon Beck Weedon Lois West Mersea Wilsford Wing Winghale Wolston Wootton Wawen York (Holy Trinity)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51°38′33.60″N 2°40′20.02″W / 51.6426667°N 2.6722278°W / 51.6426667; -2.6722278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Priory_Church_of_St_Mary,_Chepstow&params=51_38_33.60_N_2_40_20.02_W_"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_Castle"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Marys_Church_Chepstow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"}],"text":"Church in Monmouthshire, Wales51°38′33.60″N 2°40′20.02″W / 51.6426667°N 2.6722278°W / 51.6426667; -2.6722278Church in WalesThe Parish and Priory Church of St Mary is located in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, south east Wales. Parts of the building, including its ornate west doorway, date from the late 11th century and are contemporary with the nearby Norman castle. The church is a Grade I listed building.The early 12th-century Norman doorway of St Mary's Priory Church","title":"Priory Church of St Mary, Chepstow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory"},{"link_name":"William FitzOsbern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzOsbern"},{"link_name":"Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Breteuil,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Striguil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striguil"},{"link_name":"King William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Norman conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent"},{"link_name":"Cormeilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormeilles,_Eure"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shoesmith-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castle-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman-3"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Saint Dyfrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubricius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gch-4"},{"link_name":"mediaeval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaeval"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shoesmith-1"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Port Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_Port_Wall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castle-2"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Llantarnam Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llantarnam_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shoesmith-1"},{"link_name":"Dissolution of the Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"chapter house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_house"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castle-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"It was founded around 1072 as a Benedictine priory by William FitzOsbern and his son Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford. FitzOsbern had been granted the Lordship of Striguil by his second cousin King William in gratitude for his support in the Norman conquest of England, and was responsible for starting the building of a new castle overlooking the River Wye on the border with the kingdoms of Wales. At the same time he established a nearby monastic cell, so as to collect rent from the lands within Gwent which he had granted to his home Priory of Cormeilles in Normandy. By the early 12th century, the monastic establishment, on a ridge overlooking the river about 300 metres from the castle, had the status of an alien priory in its own right,[1] though it probably never held more than about 12 monks.[2][3] It superseded an earlier Augustinian priory located about 2 km away, which was dedicated to the Welsh saint Cynfarch (or Saint Kingsmark), a disciple of Saint Dyfrig.[4]As Chepstow developed as a market town and port around the castle and priory during the mediaeval period, the nave became used as the parish church. Accommodation was built on the south side of the church, in the 13th century,[1] and the first vicar appointed by authority of the king, John de Hemmyngburg, is recorded in 1348. The priory had extensive grounds, probably including most of the land south of the church enclosed by Chepstow's 13th-century town wall or Port Wall.[2] During the Hundred Years' War between England and France in the 14th century, the priory became detached from its association with Cormeilles, and instead became attached at different times both to Llantarnam Abbey near Caerleon and, from 1414, to Bermondsey Abbey in Southwark.[1] The priory was eventually suppressed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 during the English Reformation, at which time there were still three monks in residence. Most of the priory buildings, including the choir part of the church, the cloister, chapter house, lodgings and kitchens, were demolished at that time, and the foundations are buried beneath a car park beside the current church.[2] Remains of a large barn and well were also found during excavations in the 1970s.[5]","title":"Foundation and history of the priory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Chepstow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman-3"},{"link_name":"transepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman-3"},{"link_name":"Edward Copleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Copleston"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Llandaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castle-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waters-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_2nd_Earl_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_architecture"},{"link_name":"Henry Marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marten_(regicide)"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"acrostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostic"},{"link_name":"epitaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waters-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guysmith-8"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Dallam family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallam_family"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npor-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npor-9"},{"link_name":"John Taylor & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Eayre_%26_Smith_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waters-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waters-6"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"View of St Mary's ChurchPart of the Norman church remains, but it has been greatly modified over later centuries. The original Priory Church was built in local yellow Triassic sandstone, with a long vaulted nave, massive piers, and a notably ornamented west entrance doorway with zigzag and lozenge patterns, dating from the early 12th century.[3] These parts remain. However, later extensions and modifications have used other varieties of stone in other architectural styles, with the result that the whole church has been described as \"an extraordinarily disjointed building.\"[3]The main central tower of the original church collapsed in a storm in 1701, destroying the transepts. A new wall was then built at the eastern end of the nave, and its western end built up to form a new tower, designed \"in an amusingly rustic classical idiom\".[3] This was completed in 1706 under the ministry of Thomas Chest, who was vicar from 1701 to 1740. In 1841, through the influence of Edward Copleston, Bishop of Llandaff, who lived locally, the aisles were removed, and the eastern end, crossing and transepts were rebuilt.[2][6] Further work partly to restore the Norman character of the nave was begun in 1890, but was abandoned unfinished in 1913.[3]The church contains two fonts, one of Norman origin and the other from the 15th century. There are several notable tombs and memorials, including that of Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester, and the Jacobean tomb of local benefactor Margaret Cleyton with her two husbands and 12 children. It also contains the tomb of Henry Marten, signatory to King Charles I's death warrant, who was imprisoned in Chepstow Castle until his death in 1680.[7] His memorial includes an acrostic epitaph.[6]The organ, one of the few in the country with pipework dating from the early 17th century,[8] was originally made for Gloucester Cathedral (possibly by the Dallam family). It was moved to Bristol Cathedral in 1663 and then to Chepstow possibly as early as 1685, and certainly by the 18th century.[9][10] It was rebuilt and expanded in 1906, and has undergone a variety of maintenance and repair work since.[9] Eight of the ten bells in the tower date from 1735 and were made in Chepstow by William Evans; the two lightest bells were added in 1959 and were cast by John Taylor & Co.[6][11] The original clock mechanism was also made locally in the 18th century, and kept time until replaced by an electric clock in 1965.[6]The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 12 June 1950.[12]","title":"The present building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davies_(bishop_of_Swansea_and_Brecon)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales"}],"text":"John Davies, former Bishop of Swansea and Brecon, and Archbishop of Wales served his curacy here.","title":"Notable clergy"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl,_You%27ll_Be_a_Woman_Soon
Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon
["1 Neil Diamond version","1.1 Track listing","1.2 Charts","2 Cliff Richard version","2.1 Track listing","2.2 Charts","3 Urge Overkill version","3.1 Track listing","3.2 Charts","3.3 Release history","4 References"]
1967 single by Neil Diamond "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"Single by Neil Diamondfrom the album Just for You B-side"You'll Forget" (US, UK)"New Orleans" (continental Europe)ReleasedMarch 1967Recorded1966Genre Folk rock pop rock Length2:48LabelBangSongwriter(s)Neil DiamondProducer(s)Jeff Barry, Ellie GreenwichNeil Diamond singles chronology "You Got to Me" (1967) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (1967) "Thank the Lord for the Night Time" (1967) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" is a song written by American musician Neil Diamond, whose recording of it on Bang Records reached number 10 on the US pop singles chart in 1967. The song enjoyed a second life when it appeared on the 1994 Pulp Fiction soundtrack, performed by rock band Urge Overkill. Other versions have been recorded by Cliff Richard (1968), Jackie Edwards (1968), the Biddu Orchestra (1978), and 16 Volt (1998). Neil Diamond version The song first appeared on Diamond's album Just for You. The mono and stereo versions of this song differ slightly. On the mono "Just For You" LP as well as on the 45, the strings do not come in until the second verse. It also has a slightly longer fade. The stereo "Just For You" LP version has a shorter fade and the strings come in on the first chorus. The lyrics describe a narrator romantically interested in a young woman whose friends and family disprove of him ("They never get tired of putting me down") while he urges the woman to reach her own conclusions about him ("Don't let them make up your mind"). Billboard described the single as a "sure-fire chart topper," stating that an "easy rhythm backs a soulful reading of a compelling lyric." Cash Box called the single a "rhythmic, mid-tempo ballad that should see lots of Top 40 play." Track listing 7-inch single "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" "You'll Forget" Charts Chart (1967) Peakposition US Billboard Pop Singles 10 Chart (1971) Peakposition Dutch Mega Top 100 27 Cliff Richard version "Girl You'll Be a Woman Soon"Single by Cliff RichardA-side"I'll Love You Forever Today"ReleasedJune 21, 1968RecordedFebruary 11, 1968StudioEMI Studios, LondonGenrePopLength3:03LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)Neil DiamondProducer(s)Norrie ParamorCliff Richard singles chronology "Congratulations" (1968) "Girl You'll Be a Woman Soon" (1968) "Marianne" (1968) Cliff Richard covered the song as the B-side to his 1968 single "I'll Love You Forever Today, which was featured in the movie Two a Penny. Track listing 7-inch single "I'll Love You Forever Today" – 3:06 "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" – 3:03 Charts Chart (1968) Peakposition UK Singles Chart 27 Urge Overkill version "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"Single by Urge Overkillfrom the album Stull (EP) and Pulp Fiction B-side"Bustin' Surfboards"Released1994Length3:10LabelMCASongwriter(s)Neil DiamondProducer(s)Urge Overkill, KramerUrge Overkill singles chronology "Positive Bleeding" (1993) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (1994) "The Break" (1995) American alternative rock band Urge Overkill recorded a cover of the song for their second extended play (EP), Stull (1992). This version would later appear in Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction. Issued as a single in late 1994, this version achieved some chart success both domestically and internationally, peaking at number one in Iceland and reaching the top 20 in Flanders, France, and New Zealand. On the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, the song peaked at number 11. Track listing CD single "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" – 3:10 "Bustin' Surfboards" (by the Tornadoes) – 2:27 "Bullwinkle Part II" (by the Centurians) – 2:18 Charts Chart (1994–1995) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 21 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 22 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 10 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 29 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 65 France (SNEP) 10 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 1 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 19 Scotland (OCC) 28 UK Singles (OCC) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard) 11 Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States 1994 Cassette MCA United Kingdom November 7, 1994 CDcassette References ^ Sheffield, Rob (2004). "Neil Diamond". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 233-234. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ "Spotlight Singles" (PDF). Billboard. March 25, 1967. p. 16. Retrieved February 27, 2021. ^ "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. March 25, 1967. p. 14. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ Billboard allmusic.com (Retrieved March 27, 2009) ^ "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (original version), in various singles charts Dutchcharts.nl (Retrieved March 28, 2009) ^ "Cliff Richard Song Database - Song Details (Girl You'll Be A Woman Soon)". www.cliffrichardsongs.com. Retrieved October 5, 2021. ^ Dave Thompson. "Two a Penny - Cliff Richard | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved September 30, 2016. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 30, 2016. ^ "Urge Overkill – Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Urge Overkill – Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Urge Overkill – Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Urge Overkill – Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles". Music & Media. Vol. 12, no. 19. May 13, 1995. p. 23. ^ "Urge Overkill – Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (1.–7.12 '94)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). December 1, 1994. p. 20. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Urge Overkill – Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Urge Overkill: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. December 17, 1994. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ "Alternative Airplay". Billboard. December 17, 1994. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ "Single Releases". Music Week. November 5, 1994. p. 23. vteNeil Diamond Discography Studio albums The Feel of Neil Diamond Just for You Velvet Gloves and Spit Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show Touching You, Touching Me Tap Root Manuscript Stones Moods Serenade Beautiful Noise I'm Glad You're Here with Me Tonight You Don't Bring Me Flowers September Morn On the Way to the Sky Heartlight Primitive Headed for the Future The Best Years of Our Lives Lovescape The Christmas Album Up on the Roof: Songs from the Brill Building The Christmas Album, Volume II Tennessee Moon The Movie Album: As Time Goes By Three Chord Opera 12 Songs Home Before Dark A Cherry Cherry Christmas Dreams Melody Road Soundtrack albums Jonathan Livingston Seagull The Jazz Singer Live albums Gold: Recorded Live at the Troubadour Hot August Night Love at the Greek Hot August Night II Live in America Stages: Performances 1970–2002 Hot August Night/NYC Compilation albums Neil Diamond's Greatest Hits Shilo Rainbow His 12 Greatest Hits And the Singer Sings His Song Classics: The Early Years The Greatest Hits: 1966–1992 The Neil Diamond Collection Play Me: The Complete Uni Studio Recordings...Plus! The Essential Neil Diamond Neil Diamond 50 – 50th Anniversary Collection A Neil Diamond Christmas Singles "Solitary Man" "Cherry, Cherry" "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" "Thank the Lord for the Night Time" "Kentucky Woman" "New Orleans" "Red Red Wine" "Two-Bit Manchild" "Shilo" "Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show" "Sweet Caroline" "Holly Holy" "Until It's Time for You to Go" "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" "Solitary Man" (re-release) "Cracklin' Rosie" "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" "I Am... I Said" "Done Too Soon" "I'm a Believer" "Crunchy Granola Suite" "Song Sung Blue" "Play Me" "Cherry, Cherry" "The Last Thing on My Mind" "Longfellow Serenade" "I've Been This Way Before" "If You Know What I Mean" "Don't Think... Feel" "Desiree" "God Only Knows" "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" "Forever in Blue Jeans" "Dancing in the Street" "Love on the Rocks" "Hello Again" "America" "Yesterday's Songs" "On the Way to the Sky" "Heartlight" Other songs "Sunflower" Concert tours 50 Year Anniversary World Tour Related articles The Jazz Singer (film) A Beautiful Noise (musical) Category vteUrge Overkill Nash Kato Eddie "King" Roeser Mike Hodgkiss Brian "Bonn" Quast Johnny "Blackie Onassis" Rowan Nils St. Cyr Chris Frantisak Nate Arling Patrick Byrne Kriss Bataille Jack "The Jaguar" Watt Studio albums Jesus Urge Superstar (1989) Americruiser (1990) The Supersonic Storybook (1991) Saturation (1993) Exit the Dragon (1995) Rock & Roll Submarine (2011) Extended plays Stull (1992) Songs "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
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The song enjoyed a second life when it appeared on the 1994 Pulp Fiction soundtrack, performed by rock band Urge Overkill. Other versions have been recorded by Cliff Richard (1968), Jackie Edwards (1968), the Biddu Orchestra (1978), and 16 Volt (1998).","title":"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Just for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_You_(Neil_Diamond_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-3"}],"text":"The song first appeared on Diamond's album Just for You. The mono and stereo versions of this song differ slightly. On the mono \"Just For You\" LP as well as on the 45, the strings do not come in until the second verse. It also has a slightly longer fade. The stereo \"Just For You\" LP version has a shorter fade and the strings come in on the first chorus. The lyrics describe a narrator romantically interested in a young woman whose friends and family disprove of him (\"They never get tired of putting me down\") while he urges the woman to reach her own conclusions about him (\"Don't let them make up your mind\").Billboard described the single as a \"sure-fire chart topper,\" stating that an \"easy rhythm backs a soulful reading of a compelling lyric.\"[2] Cash Box called the single a \"rhythmic, mid-tempo ballad that should see lots of Top 40 play.\"[3]","title":"Neil Diamond version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"7-inch single\"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon\"\n\"You'll Forget\"","title":"Neil Diamond version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"Neil Diamond version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_B-side"},{"link_name":"I'll Love You Forever Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Love_You_Forever_Today"},{"link_name":"Two a Penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_a_Penny"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cliff Richard covered the song as the B-side to his 1968 single \"I'll Love You Forever Today, which was featured in the movie Two a Penny.[7]","title":"Cliff Richard version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I'll Love You Forever Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Love_You_Forever_Today"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"7-inch single\"I'll Love You Forever Today\" – 3:06\n\"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon\" – 3:03","title":"Cliff Richard version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"Cliff Richard version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urge Overkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urge_Overkill"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Stull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stull_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"}],"text":"American alternative rock band Urge Overkill recorded a cover of the song for their second extended play (EP), Stull (1992). This version would later appear in Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction. Issued as a single in late 1994, this version achieved some chart success both domestically and internationally, peaking at number one in Iceland and reaching the top 20 in Flanders, France, and New Zealand. On the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, the song peaked at number 11.","title":"Urge Overkill version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Tornadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tornadoes"},{"link_name":"the Centurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Centurians"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"CD single\"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon\" – 3:10\n\"Bustin' Surfboards\" (by the Tornadoes) – 2:27\n\"Bullwinkle Part II\" (by the Centurians) – 2:18","title":"Urge Overkill version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"Urge Overkill version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Release history","title":"Urge Overkill version"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claix,_Is%C3%A8re
Claix, Isère
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 45°07′13″N 5°40′21″E / 45.1203°N 5.6725°E / 45.1203; 5.6725 Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceClaixCommuneA general view of Claix Coat of armsLocation of Claix ClaixShow map of FranceClaixShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°07′13″N 5°40′21″E / 45.1203°N 5.6725°E / 45.1203; 5.6725CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentIsèreArrondissementGrenobleCantonFontaine-SeyssinetIntercommunalityGrenoble-Alpes MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Christophe RevilArea124.12 km2 (9.31 sq mi)Population (2021)7,859 • Density330/km2 (840/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code38111 /38640Elevation226–1,960 m (741–6,430 ft) (avg. 300 m or 980 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Claix (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Arpitan: Cllês) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It is part of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration). Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 1,409—    1800 1,316−0.97%1806 1,371+0.68%1821 1,533+0.75%1831 1,659+0.79%1836 1,711+0.62%1841 1,833+1.39%1846 1,840+0.08%1851 1,942+1.08%1856 1,933−0.09%1861 2,026+0.94%1866 2,102+0.74%1872 2,096−0.05%1876 1,345−10.50%1881 1,269−1.16%1886 1,270+0.02%1891 1,223−0.75%1896 1,250+0.44%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 1,189−1.00%1906 1,122−1.15%1911 1,093−0.52%1921 1,151+0.52%1926 1,306+2.56%1931 1,473+2.44%1936 1,373−1.40%1946 1,364−0.07%1954 1,878+4.08%1962 2,391+3.06%1968 3,105+4.45%1975 3,926+3.41%1982 5,382+4.61%1990 6,960+3.27%1999 7,388+0.67%2007 7,585+0.33%2012 7,727+0.37%2017 7,932+0.53%Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) See also Parc naturel régional du Vercors Communes of the Isère department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Unité urbaine 2020 de Grenoble (38701), INSEE ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Claix, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claix (Isère). vte Communes of the Isère department Les Abrets en Dauphiné Les Adrets Agnin L'Albenc Allemond Allevard Ambel Anjou Annoisin-Chatelans Anthon Aoste Apprieu Arandon-Passins Artas Assieu Auberives-en-Royans Auberives-sur-Varèze Auris Autrans-Méaudre-en-Vercors Les Avenières-Veyrins-Thuellin Avignonet La Balme-les-Grottes Barraux La Bâtie-Montgascon Beaucroissant Beaufin Beaufort Beaulieu Beaurepaire Beauvoir-de-Marc Beauvoir-en-Royans Bellegarde-Poussieu Belmont Bernin Besse Bessins Bévenais Bilieu Biol Biviers Bizonnes Blandin Bonnefamille Bossieu Le Bouchage Bougé-Chambalud Le Bourg-d'Oisans Bourgoin-Jallieu Bouvesse-Quirieu Brangues Bressieux Bresson Brézins Brié-et-Angonnes Brion La Buisse La Buissière Burcin Cessieu Châbons Chalon Chamagnieu Champagnier Champier Le Champ-près-Froges Champ-sur-Drac Chamrousse Chanas Chantepérier Chantesse Chapareillan La Chapelle-de-la-Tour La Chapelle-de-Surieu La Chapelle-du-Bard Charancieu Charantonnay Charavines Charette Charnècles Charvieu-Chavagneux Chasse-sur-Rhône Chasselay Chassignieu Château-Bernard Châteauvilain Châtel-en-Trièves Châtelus Châtenay Châtonnay Chatte Chavanoz Chélieu Chevrières Le Cheylas Cheyssieu Chèzeneuve Chichilianne Chimilin Chirens Cholonge Chonas-l'Amballan Choranche Chozeau Chuzelles Claix Clavans-en-Haut-Oisans Clelles Clonas-sur-Varèze Cognet Cognin-les-Gorges Colombe La Combe-de-Lancey Corbelin Corenc Cornillon-en-Trièves Corps Corrençon-en-Vercors La Côte-Saint-André Les Côtes-d'Arey Les Côtes-de-Corps Coublevie Cour-et-Buis Courtenay Crachier Cras Crémieu Crêts en Belledonne Creys-Mépieu Crolles Culin Les Deux Alpes Diémoz Dizimieu Doissin Dolomieu Domarin Domène Échirolles Eclose-Badinières Engins Entraigues Entre-deux-Guiers Les Éparres Estrablin Eybens Eydoche Eyzin-Pinet Faramans Faverges-de-la-Tour La Flachère Flachères Fontaine Fontanil-Cornillon La Forteresse Four Le Freney-d'Oisans La Frette Froges Frontonas La Garde Gières Gillonnay Goncelin Le Grand-Lemps Granieu Grenay Grenoblepref Gresse-en-Vercors Le Gua Le Haut-Bréda Herbeys Heyrieux Hières-sur-Amby Huez Hurtières L'Isle-d'Abeau Izeaux Izeron Janneyrias Jarcieu Jardin Jarrie Laffrey Lalley Lans-en-Vercors Lavaldens Laval-en-Belledonne Lavars Lentiol Leyrieu Lieudieu Livet-et-Gavet Longechenal Lumbin Luzinay Malleval-en-Vercors Marcieu Marcilloles Marcollin Marnans Massieu Maubec Mayres-Savel Mens Merlas Meylan Meyrié Meyrieu-les-Étangs Meyssiez Miribel-Lanchâtre Miribel-les-Échelles Mizoën Moidieu-Détourbe Moirans Moissieu-sur-Dolon Monestier-d'Ambel Monestier-de-Clermont Monestier-du-Percy Monsteroux-Milieu Montagne Montagnieu Montalieu-Vercieu Montaud Montbonnot-Saint-Martin Montcarra Montchaboud Monteynard Montfalcon Montferrat Montrevel Mont-Saint-Martin Montseveroux Moras Morestel Morette La Morte La Motte-d'Aveillans La Motte-Saint-Martin Mottier Le Moutaret La Mure La Murette Murianette Murinais Nantes-en-Ratier Nivolas-Vermelle Notre-Dame-de-Commiers Notre-Dame-de-l'Osier Notre-Dame-de-Mésage Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx Noyarey Optevoz Oris-en-Rattier Ornacieux-Balbins Ornon Oulles Oyeu Oytier-Saint-Oblas Oz Pact Pajay Panossas Parmilieu Le Passage Le Péage-de-Roussillon Pellafol Penol Le Percy La Pierre Pierre-Châtel Pisieu Plan Plateau-des-Petites-Roches Poisat Poliénas Pommier-de-Beaurepaire Ponsonnas Pontcharra Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin Pont-de-Chéruy Le Pont-de-Claix Pont-en-Royans Pont-Évêque Porcieu-Amblagnieu Porte-des-Bonnevaux Prébois Presles Pressins Primarette Proveysieux Prunières Quaix-en-Chartreuse Quet-en-Beaumont Quincieu Réaumont Renage Rencurel Revel Revel-Tourdan Reventin-Vaugris Rives La Rivière Roche Les Roches-de-Condrieu Rochetoirin Roissard Romagnieu Roussillon Rovon Royas Roybon Ruy-Montceau Sablons Saint-Agnin-sur-Bion Saint-Alban-de-Roche Saint-Alban-du-Rhône Saint-Albin-de-Vaulserre Saint-Andéol Saint-André-en-Royans Saint-André-le-Gaz Saint Antoine l'Abbaye Saint-Appolinard Saint-Arey Saint-Aupre Saint-Barthélemy Saint-Barthélemy-de-Séchilienne Saint-Baudille-de-la-Tour Saint-Baudille-et-Pipet Saint-Blaise-du-Buis Saint-Bonnet-de-Chavagne Saint-Bueil Saint-Cassien Saint-Chef Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans Saint-Christophe-sur-Guiers Saint-Clair-de-la-Tour Saint-Clair-du-Rhône Saint-Clair-sur-Galaure Saint-Didier-de-Bizonnes Saint-Didier-de-la-Tour Sainte-Agnès Sainte-Anne-sur-Gervonde Sainte-Blandine Saint-Égrève Sainte-Luce Sainte-Marie-d'Alloix Sainte-Marie-du-Mont Saint-Étienne-de-Crossey Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs Saint-Geoire-en-Valdaine Saint-Geoirs Saint-Georges-de-Commiers Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche Saint-Gervais Saint-Guillaume Saint-Hilaire-de-Brens Saint-Hilaire-de-la-Côte Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier Saint-Honoré Saint-Ismier Saint-Jean-d'Avelanne Saint-Jean-de-Bournay Saint-Jean-de-Moirans Saint-Jean-de-Soudain Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx Saint-Jean-d'Hérans Saint-Jean-le-Vieux Saint-Joseph-de-Rivière Saint-Julien-de-l'Herms Saint-Just-Chaleyssin Saint-Just-de-Claix Saint-Lattier Saint-Laurent-du-Pont Saint-Laurent-en-Beaumont Saint-Marcel-Bel-Accueil Saint-Marcellin Saint-Martin-de-Clelles Saint-Martin-de-la-Cluze Saint-Martin-de-Vaulserre Saint-Martin-d'Hères Saint-Martin-d'Uriage Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux Saint-Maurice-en-Trièves Saint-Maurice-l'Exil Saint-Maximin Saint-Michel-de-Saint-Geoirs Saint-Michel-en-Beaumont Saint-Michel-les-Portes Saint-Mury-Monteymond Saint-Nazaire-les-Eymes Saint-Nicolas-de-Macherin Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte Saint-Ondras Saint-Paul-de-Varces Saint-Paul-d'Izeaux Saint-Paul-lès-Monestier Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse Saint-Pierre-de-Chérennes Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz Saint-Pierre-de-Mésage Saint-Pierre-d'Entremont Saint-Prim Saint-Quentin-Fallavier Saint-Quentin-sur-Isère Saint-Romain-de-Jalionas Saint-Romain-de-Surieu Saint-Romans Saint-Sauveur Saint-Savin Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux Saint-Sorlin-de-Morestel Saint-Sorlin-de-Vienne Saint-Sulpice-des-Rivoires Saint-Théoffrey Saint-Vérand Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu Saint-Victor-de-Morestel Saint-Vincent-de-Mercuze Salagnon Salaise-sur-Sanne La Salette-Fallavaux La Salle-en-Beaumont Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse Sarcenas Sardieu Sassenage Satolas-et-Bonce Savas-Mépin Séchilienne Septème Sérézin-de-la-Tour Sermérieu Serpaize Serre-Nerpol Seyssinet-Pariset Seyssins Seyssuel Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu Siévoz Sillans Sinard Soleymieu La Sône Sonnay Sousville Succieu La Sure en Chartreuse Susville Têche Tencin La Terrasse Theys Thodure Tignieu-Jameyzieu Torchefelon La Tour-du-Pinsubpr Le Touvet Tramolé Treffort Tréminis Trept La Tronche Tullins Valbonnais Val-de-Virieu Valencin Valencogne La Valette Valjouffrey Varacieux Varces-Allières-et-Risset Vasselin Vatilieu Vaujany Vaulnaveys-le-Bas Vaulnaveys-le-Haut Vaulx-Milieu Velanne Vénérieu Venon Vernas Vernioz La Verpillière Le Versoud Vertrieu Veurey-Voroize Veyssilieu Vézeronce-Curtin Viennesubpr Vif Vignieu Villages du Lac de Paladru Villard-Bonnot Villard-de-Lans Villard-Notre-Dame Villard-Reculas Villard-Reymond Villard-Saint-Christophe Villefontaine Villemoirieu Villeneuve-de-Marc Ville-sous-Anjou Villette-d'Anthon Villette-de-Vienne Vinay Viriville Vizille Voiron Voissant Voreppe Vourey pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Isère geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvern,_Kansas
Melvern, Kansas
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2010 census","3.3 2000 census","4 Education","5 Parks and Recreation","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°30′27″N 95°38′18″W / 38.50750°N 95.63833°W / 38.50750; -95.63833City in Osage County, Kansas City in Kansas, United StatesMelvern, KansasCityLocation within Osage County and KansasKDOT map of Osage County (legend)Coordinates: 38°30′27″N 95°38′18″W / 38.50750°N 95.63833°W / 38.50750; -95.63833CountryUnited StatesStateKansasCountyOsageFounded1870Platted1870Incorporated1883Named forMalvern HillsArea • Total0.36 sq mi (0.92 km2) • Land0.36 sq mi (0.92 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,017 ft (310 m)Population (2020) • Total356 • Density990/sq mi (390/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code66510Area code785FIPS code20-45700 GNIS ID477555 WebsiteCity webpage Melvern is a city in Osage County, Kansas, United States, along the Marais des Cygnes River. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 356. History Melvern was laid out in 1870. It was named after the Malvern Hills, in Worcestershire, England. The first post office in Melvern was established in June 1870. Geography Melvern is located at 38°30′27″N 95°38′18″W / 38.50750°N 95.63833°W / 38.50750; -95.63833 (38.507446, -95.638332). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.35 square miles (0.91 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880103—1890461347.6%19004691.7%19105057.7%1920422−16.4%19304455.5%1940368−17.3%19503895.7%1960376−3.3%197045521.0%19804815.7%1990423−12.1%20004291.4%2010385−10.3%2020356−7.5%U.S. Decennial Census Melvern is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2020 census The 2020 United States census counted 356 people, 151 households, and 92 families in Melvern. The population density was 1,000.0 per square mile (386.1/km2). There were 180 housing units at an average density of 505.6 per square mile (195.2/km2). The racial makeup was 91.57% (326) white or European American (91.01% non-Hispanic white), 0.28% (1) black or African-American, 0.56% (2) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.0% (0) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 0.84% (3) from other races, and 6.74% (24) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 1.69% (6) of the population. Of the 151 households, 32.5% had children under the age of 18; 38.4% were married couples living together; 27.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 30.5% of households consisted of individuals and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 2.9. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 9.3% of the population. 25.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 105.4 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $45,938 (with a margin of error of +/- $14,323) and the median family income was $51,042 (+/- $11,061). Males had a median income of $33,281 (+/- $14,979) versus $23,125 (+/- $10,185) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $30,714 (+/- $12,634). Approximately, 12.0% of families and 19.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under the age of 18 and 11.1% of those ages 65 or over. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 385 people, 159 households, and 109 families living in the city. The population density was 1,100.0 inhabitants per square mile (424.7/km2). There were 184 housing units at an average density of 525.7 per square mile (203.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.3% African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population. There were 159 households, of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.4% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age in the city was 40.8 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 19.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 429 people, 173 households, and 120 families living in the city. The population density was 1,297.3 inhabitants per square mile (500.9/km2). There were 202 housing units at an average density of 610.9 per square mile (235.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.14% White, 0.70% Native American, 0.23% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population. There were 173 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,321, and the median income for a family was $50,833. Males had a median income of $30,313 versus $17,143 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,206. About 5.3% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Education The community is served by Marais des Cygnes Valley USD 456 public school district. The district high school is Marais des Cygnes Valley High School. Mascot is Trojans. Prior to school unification, the Melvern High School mascot was Panthers. The Melvern Panthers won the Kansas State High School boys class B basketball championship in 1962. Parks and Recreation Melvern Lake References ^ a b c d e "Melvern, Kansas", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ a b "Profile of Melvern, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022. ^ Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1912). Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Volume 2. Standard Publishing Company. pp. 265. ^ Kansas State Historical Society (1916). Biennial Report of the Board of Directors of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Printing Plant. pp. 255. ^ Capace, Nancy (2000). Encyclopedia of Kansas. Somerset Publishers. p. 235. ISBN 9780403093120. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 204. ^ "Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961". Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ a b c d e "US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2023. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 6, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Marais des Cygnes Valley USD 456". USD 456. Retrieved January 5, 2017. ^ "Basketball". KSHSAA. Retrieved January 3, 2017. Further reading See also: List of books about Osage County, Kansas External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melvern, Kansas. City of Melvern Melvern - Directory of Public Officials Melvern city map, KDOT vteMunicipalities and communities of Osage County, Kansas, United StatesCounty seat: LyndonCities Burlingame Carbondale Lyndon Melvern Olivet Osage City Overbrook Quenemo Scranton Map of Kansas highlighting Osage CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Barclay Michigan Valley Peterton Vassar† Townships Agency Arvonia Barclay Burlingame Dragoon Elk Fairfax Grant Junction Lincoln Melvern Olivet Ridgeway Scranton Superior Valley Brook Footnotes†This community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau. Kansas portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osage County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-1"},{"link_name":"Marais des Cygnes River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_River"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-2020-Profile-3"}],"text":"City in Osage County, KansasCity in Kansas, United StatesMelvern is a city in Osage County, Kansas, United States,[1] along the Marais des Cygnes River. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 356.[3]","title":"Melvern, Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Malvern Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_Hills"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Melvern was laid out in 1870.[4] It was named after the Malvern Hills, in Worcestershire, England.[5][6][7]The first post office in Melvern was established in June 1870.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°30′27″N 95°38′18″W / 38.50750°N 95.63833°W / 38.50750; -95.63833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melvern,_Kansas&params=38_30_27_N_95_38_18_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-9"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"Melvern is located at 38°30′27″N 95°38′18″W / 38.50750°N 95.63833°W / 38.50750; -95.63833 (38.507446, -95.638332).[9] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.35 square miles (0.91 km2), all land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topeka, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Melvern is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"European American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_American"},{"link_name":"non-Hispanic white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Alaska Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiian"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"two or more races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"The 2020 United States census counted 356 people, 151 households, and 92 families in Melvern.[11][12] The population density was 1,000.0 per square mile (386.1/km2). There were 180 housing units at an average density of 505.6 per square mile (195.2/km2).[12][13] The racial makeup was 91.57% (326) white or European American (91.01% non-Hispanic white), 0.28% (1) black or African-American, 0.56% (2) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.0% (0) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 0.84% (3) from other races, and 6.74% (24) from two or more races.[14] Hispanic or Latino of any race was 1.69% (6) of the population.[15]Of the 151 households, 32.5% had children under the age of 18; 38.4% were married couples living together; 27.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 30.5% of households consisted of individuals and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[12] The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 2.9.[16] The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 9.3% of the population.[17]25.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.7 males.[12] For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 105.4 males.[12]The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $45,938 (with a margin of error of +/- $14,323) and the median family income was $51,042 (+/- $11,061).[18] Males had a median income of $33,281 (+/- $14,979) versus $23,125 (+/- $10,185) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $30,714 (+/- $12,634).[19] Approximately, 12.0% of families and 19.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under the age of 18 and 11.1% of those ages 65 or over.[20][21]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-22"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[22] of 2010, there were 385 people, 159 households, and 109 families living in the city. The population density was 1,100.0 inhabitants per square mile (424.7/km2). There were 184 housing units at an average density of 525.7 per square mile (203.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.3% African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.There were 159 households, of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.4% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.86.The median age in the city was 40.8 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 19.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-23"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[23] of 2000, there were 429 people, 173 households, and 120 families living in the city. The population density was 1,297.3 inhabitants per square mile (500.9/km2). There were 202 housing units at an average density of 610.9 per square mile (235.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.14% White, 0.70% Native American, 0.23% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.There were 173 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.00.In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $32,321, and the median income for a family was $50,833. Males had a median income of $30,313 versus $17,143 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,206. About 5.3% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marais des Cygnes Valley USD 456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_Valley_USD_456"},{"link_name":"Marais des Cygnes Valley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_Valley_High_School"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kansas State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_High_School_Activities_Association"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The community is served by Marais des Cygnes Valley USD 456 public school district. The district high school is Marais des Cygnes Valley High School. Mascot is Trojans.[24]Prior to school unification, the Melvern High School mascot was Panthers. The Melvern Panthers won the Kansas State High School boys class B basketball championship in 1962.[25]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melvern Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvern_Lake"}],"text":"Melvern Lake","title":"Parks and Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of books about Osage County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_County,_Kansas#Further_reading"}],"text":"See also: List of books about Osage County, Kansas","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Kansas highlighting Osage County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Osage_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Osage_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Melvern, Kansas\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/477555","url_text":"\"Melvern, Kansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_20.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Melvern, Kansas in 2020\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2045700","url_text":"\"Profile of Melvern, Kansas in 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220604221907/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2045700","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1912). Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Volume 2. Standard Publishing Company. pp. 265.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Qi9cXyTWt9EC","url_text":"Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Qi9cXyTWt9EC/page/n255","url_text":"265"}]},{"reference":"Kansas State Historical Society (1916). Biennial Report of the Board of Directors of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Printing Plant. pp. 255.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5zdAAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Biennial Report of the Board of Directors of the Kansas State Historical Society"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5zdAAQAAMAAJ/page/n362","url_text":"255"}]},{"reference":"Capace, Nancy (2000). Encyclopedia of Kansas. Somerset Publishers. p. 235. ISBN 9780403093120.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TSFZV1bcgOQC&dq=menlo%20kansas&pg=PA235","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Kansas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780403093120","url_text":"9780403093120"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 204.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n203","url_text":"204"}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961\". Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131009122858/http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county%3AOS","url_text":"\"Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961\""},{"url":"http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county:OS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20p16&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Gazetteer Files\". Census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2020/geo/gazetter-file.html","url_text":"\"Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20p1&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20p2&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1101?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1501?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1903?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S2001?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1701?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1702?q=Melvern%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702&y=2020","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Grove_Township,_Roseau_County,_Minnesota
Poplar Grove Township, Roseau County, Minnesota
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]
Coordinates: 48°35′4″N 95°56′20″W / 48.58444°N 95.93889°W / 48.58444; -95.93889Township in Minnesota, United States Township in Minnesota, United StatesPoplar Grove Township, MinnesotaTownshipPoplar Grove Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaPoplar Grove Township, MinnesotaPoplar Grove Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 48°35′4″N 95°56′20″W / 48.58444°N 95.93889°W / 48.58444; -95.93889CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyRoseauArea • Total36.0 sq mi (93.2 km2) • Land36.0 sq mi (93.1 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.1 km2)Elevation1,201 ft (366 m)Population (2000) • Total80 • Density2.2/sq mi (0.9/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-51982GNIS feature ID0665338 Poplar Grove Township is a township in Roseau County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 80 at the 2000 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.2 km2); 36.0 square miles (93.1 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.06%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 80 people, 31 households, and 22 families residing in the township. The population density was 2.2 people per square mile (0.9/km2). There were 41 housing units at an average density of 1.1/sq mi (0.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.75% White and 1.25% Asian. There were 31 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, and 29.0% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.23. In the township the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $51,875. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,665. There were no families and 3.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 27.3% of those over 64. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. vteMunicipalities and communities of Roseau County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: RoseauCities Badger Greenbush Roosevelt‡ Roseau Strathcona Warroad Map of Minnesota highlighting Roseau CountyTownships Barnett Barto Beaver Cedarbend Deer Dewey Dieter Enstrom Falun Golden Valley Grimstad Hereim Huss Jadis Lake Laona Lind Malung Mickinock Moose Moranville Nereson Palmville Pohlitz Polonia Poplar Grove Reine Ross Skagen Soler Spruce Stafford Stokes Unorganizedterritories North Roseau Northwest Roseau Southeast Roseau Unincorporatedcommunities Casperson Fox Haug Leo Longworth Malung Pencer Pinecreek Ross Salol Skime Swift Torfin Wannaska Ghost town Winner Indianreservation Red Lake Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roseau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseau_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesTownship in Minnesota, United StatesPoplar Grove Township is a township in Roseau County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 80 at the 2000 census.","title":"Poplar Grove Township, Roseau County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.2 km2); 36.0 square miles (93.1 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.06%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 80 people, 31 households, and 22 families residing in the township. The population density was 2.2 people per square mile (0.9/km2). There were 41 housing units at an average density of 1.1/sq mi (0.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.75% White and 1.25% Asian.There were 31 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, and 29.0% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.23.In the township the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.The median income for a household in the township was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $51,875. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,665. There were no families and 3.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 27.3% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Roseau County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Roseau_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Roseau_County.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanicassee,_Michigan
Wisner Township, Michigan
["1 Communities","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References"]
Coordinates: 43°35′59″N 83°38′1″W / 43.59972°N 83.63361°W / 43.59972; -83.63361 "Quanicassee" redirects here. For the river, see Quanicassee River. Township in Michigan, United StatesWisner Township, MichiganTownshipWisner Township, MichiganLocation within the state of MichiganCoordinates: 43°35′59″N 83°38′1″W / 43.59972°N 83.63361°W / 43.59972; -83.63361CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyTuscolaOrganized1861Area • Total25.7 sq mi (66.4 km2) • Land19.4 sq mi (50.2 km2) • Water6.3 sq mi (16.3 km2)Elevation587 ft (179 m)Population (2010) • Total690 • Density35.6/sq mi (13.7/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes48701 (Akron)48733 (Fairgrove)FIPS code26-88080GNIS feature ID1627284 Wisner Township is a civil township of Tuscola County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 690 at the 2010 Census. The first land entries in this area were made by Joshua Terry in 1853, by Green Bird in 1854, and by Isaiah Jester in 1855. The township was first organized in 1861 and named after Moses Wisner, Governor of Michigan from 1859 to 1861. Communities Bay Park is an unincorporated community in the northeast corner and border of the township with Akron Township on Saginaw Bay at 43°39′17″N 83°35′21″W / 43.65472°N 83.58917°W / 43.65472; -83.58917 (Bay Park). Bradleyville is an unincorporated community in the township on Bradleyville Road north of Elmwood Road at 43°35′00″N 83°37′25″W / 43.58333°N 83.62361°W / 43.58333; -83.62361 (Bradleyville). Oakhurst is an unincorporated community in the township on Saginaw Bay at Allen and Garner Road at 43°38′23″N 83°36′22″W / 43.63972°N 83.60611°W / 43.63972; -83.60611 (Oakhurst). Quanicassee is an unincorporated community in the township at the mouth of the Quanicassee River on Saginaw Bay at 43°35′00″N 83°40′51″W / 43.58333°N 83.68083°W / 43.58333; -83.68083 (Quanicassee). The name Quanicassee is of Native American origin meaning "lone tree". The area had been an Indian fishing village long before the arrival of white settlers and there are no clear records regarding early settlement. A post office with the name "Quanicasse City" was established on June 11, 1886, with Horace G. Webster as the first postmaster. The office operated until March 31, 1902. Wisner is an unincorporated community at 43°36′59″N 83°35′03″W / 43.61639°N 83.58417°W / 43.61639; -83.58417 (Wisner) on the eastern boundary of the township with Akron Township centered about the junction of Vassar Road (marking the township line) and M-25/Bay City Forestville Rd, with settlement spread into both townships along M-25. A post office named Wisner was established on December 11, 1871, with Henry H. Gilbert as the first postmaster. The post office operated until May 31, 1905. The village of Akron is to the east, and the Akron post office, with ZIP code 48701, also serves the northeast portion of Wisner Township. The village of Fairgrove is to the southeast, and the Fairgrove post office, with ZIP code 48733, also serves the southwest portion of Wisner Township. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.6 square miles (66 km2), of which 19.4 square miles (50 km2) is land and 6.3 square miles (16 km2) (24.52%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 749 people, 309 households, and 231 families residing in the township. The population density was 38.7 inhabitants per square mile (14.9/km2). There were 368 housing units at an average density of 19.0 per square mile (7.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.20% White, 0.13% African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.07% of the population. There were 309 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.80. In the township the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $35,250, and the median income for a family was $47,625. Males had a median income of $39,375 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,153. About 10.6% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wisner Township, Michigan ^ "American FactFinder - Community Facts". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2009. ^ a b c Romig, Walter (1986) . Michigan Place Names. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1838-X. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bay Park, Michigan ^ a b c J. Shively (September 2007). "Tuscola County Map" (PDF). County Map Series. State of Michigan Department of Information Technology Technology Michigan Center for Geographic Information. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2009. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bradleyville, Michigan ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oakhurst, Michigan ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Quanicassee, Michigan ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wisner, Michigan ^ 48701 5-Digit ZCTA, 487 3-Digit ZCTA - Reference Map - American FactFinder, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 census ^ 48733 5-Digit ZCTA, 487 3-Digit ZCTA - Reference Map - American FactFinder, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 census vteMunicipalities and communities of Tuscola County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: CaroCities Caro Vassar Map of MichiganVillages Akron Cass City Fairgrove Gagetown Kingston Mayville Millington Reese‡ Unionville Chartertownship Almer General lawtownships Akron Arbela Columbia Dayton Denmark Elkland Ellington Elmwood Fairgrove Fremont Gilford Indianfields Juniata Kingston Koylton Millington Novesta Tuscola Vassar Watertown Wells Wisner CDP Fostoria Othercommunities Bay Park Bradleyville Colling Colwood Dayton Deford Denmark Junction East Dayton Ellington Elmwood Gilford Juniata Karrs Corner Oakhurst Quanicassee Richville Silverwood‡ Thomas Tuscola Wahjamega Watrousville Wisner Wilmot Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quanicassee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanicassee_River"},{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Tuscola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscola_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Moses Wisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Wisner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romig-4"}],"text":"\"Quanicassee\" redirects here. For the river, see Quanicassee River.Township in Michigan, United StatesWisner Township is a civil township of Tuscola County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 690 at the 2010 Census.[3]The first land entries in this area were made by Joshua Terry in 1853, by Green Bird in 1854, and by Isaiah Jester in 1855. The township was first organized in 1861 and named after Moses Wisner, Governor of Michigan from 1859 to 1861.[4]","title":"Wisner Township, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Park,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Akron Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Saginaw Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Bay"},{"link_name":"43°39′17″N 83°35′21″W / 43.65472°N 83.58917°W / 43.65472; -83.58917 (Bay Park)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_39_17_N_83_35_21_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Bay+Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-6"},{"link_name":"43°35′00″N 83°37′25″W / 43.58333°N 83.62361°W / 43.58333; -83.62361 (Bradleyville)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_35_00_N_83_37_25_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Bradleyville"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"43°38′23″N 83°36′22″W / 43.63972°N 83.60611°W / 43.63972; -83.60611 (Oakhurst)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_38_23_N_83_36_22_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Oakhurst"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Quanicassee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanicassee_River"},{"link_name":"43°35′00″N 83°40′51″W / 43.58333°N 83.68083°W / 43.58333; -83.68083 (Quanicassee)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_35_00_N_83_40_51_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Quanicassee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romig-4"},{"link_name":"43°36′59″N 83°35′03″W / 43.61639°N 83.58417°W / 43.61639; -83.58417 (Wisner)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_36_59_N_83_35_03_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Wisner"},{"link_name":"Akron Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-25_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romig-4"},{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fairgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairgrove,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bay Park is an unincorporated community in the northeast corner and border of the township with Akron Township on Saginaw Bay at 43°39′17″N 83°35′21″W / 43.65472°N 83.58917°W / 43.65472; -83.58917 (Bay Park).[5][6]\nBradleyville is an unincorporated community in the township on Bradleyville Road north of Elmwood Road at 43°35′00″N 83°37′25″W / 43.58333°N 83.62361°W / 43.58333; -83.62361 (Bradleyville).[6][7]\nOakhurst is an unincorporated community in the township on Saginaw Bay at Allen and Garner Road at 43°38′23″N 83°36′22″W / 43.63972°N 83.60611°W / 43.63972; -83.60611 (Oakhurst).[6][8]\nQuanicassee is an unincorporated community in the township at the mouth of the Quanicassee River on Saginaw Bay at 43°35′00″N 83°40′51″W / 43.58333°N 83.68083°W / 43.58333; -83.68083 (Quanicassee).[9] The name Quanicassee is of Native American origin meaning \"lone tree\". The area had been an Indian fishing village long before the arrival of white settlers and there are no clear records regarding early settlement. A post office with the name \"Quanicasse City\" was established on June 11, 1886, with Horace G. Webster as the first postmaster. The office operated until March 31, 1902.[4]\nWisner is an unincorporated community at 43°36′59″N 83°35′03″W / 43.61639°N 83.58417°W / 43.61639; -83.58417 (Wisner) on the eastern boundary of the township with Akron Township centered about the junction of Vassar Road (marking the township line) and M-25/Bay City Forestville Rd, with settlement spread into both townships along M-25.[10] A post office named Wisner was established on December 11, 1871, with Henry H. Gilbert as the first postmaster. The post office operated until May 31, 1905.[4]\nThe village of Akron is to the east, and the Akron post office, with ZIP code 48701, also serves the northeast portion of Wisner Township.[11]\nThe village of Fairgrove is to the southeast, and the Fairgrove post office, with ZIP code 48733, also serves the southwest portion of Wisner Township.[12]","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.6 square miles (66 km2), of which 19.4 square miles (50 km2) is land and 6.3 square miles (16 km2) (24.52%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 749 people, 309 households, and 231 families residing in the township. The population density was 38.7 inhabitants per square mile (14.9/km2). There were 368 housing units at an average density of 19.0 per square mile (7.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.20% White, 0.13% African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.07% of the population.There were 309 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.80.In the township the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.1 males.The median income for a household in the township was $35,250, and the median income for a family was $47,625. Males had a median income of $39,375 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,153. About 10.6% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Michigan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Tuscola_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Tuscola_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"American FactFinder - Community Facts\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212053347/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=wisner&_cityTown=wisner&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y","url_text":"\"American FactFinder - Community Facts\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=wisner&_cityTown=wisner&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Romig, Walter (1986) [1973]. Michigan Place Names. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1838-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1838-X","url_text":"0-8143-1838-X"}]},{"reference":"J. Shively (September 2007). \"Tuscola County Map\" (PDF). County Map Series. State of Michigan Department of Information Technology Technology Michigan Center for Geographic Information. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CGI_COUNTY-v4_TUSCOLA_COUNTY_125309_7.pdf","url_text":"\"Tuscola County Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510090553/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CGI_COUNTY-v4_TUSCOLA_COUNTY_125309_7.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_35_59_N_83_38_1_W_region:US-MI_type:adm2nd_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"43°35′59″N 83°38′1″W / 43.59972°N 83.63361°W / 43.59972; -83.63361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_35_59_N_83_38_1_W_region:US-MI_type:adm2nd_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"43°35′59″N 83°38′1″W / 43.59972°N 83.63361°W / 43.59972; -83.63361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_39_17_N_83_35_21_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Bay+Park","external_links_name":"43°39′17″N 83°35′21″W / 43.65472°N 83.58917°W / 43.65472; -83.58917 (Bay Park)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_35_00_N_83_37_25_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Bradleyville","external_links_name":"43°35′00″N 83°37′25″W / 43.58333°N 83.62361°W / 43.58333; -83.62361 (Bradleyville)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_38_23_N_83_36_22_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Oakhurst","external_links_name":"43°38′23″N 83°36′22″W / 43.63972°N 83.60611°W / 43.63972; -83.60611 (Oakhurst)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_35_00_N_83_40_51_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Quanicassee","external_links_name":"43°35′00″N 83°40′51″W / 43.58333°N 83.68083°W / 43.58333; -83.68083 (Quanicassee)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wisner_Township,_Michigan&params=43_36_59_N_83_35_03_W_region:US-MI_type:city_scale:30000_source:GNIS&title=Wisner","external_links_name":"43°36′59″N 83°35′03″W / 43.61639°N 83.58417°W / 43.61639; -83.58417 (Wisner)"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1627284","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wisner Township, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212053347/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=wisner&_cityTown=wisner&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y","external_links_name":"\"American FactFinder - Community Facts\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=wisner&_cityTown=wisner&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/620786","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bay Park, Michigan"},{"Link":"http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CGI_COUNTY-v4_TUSCOLA_COUNTY_125309_7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tuscola County Map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510090553/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CGI_COUNTY-v4_TUSCOLA_COUNTY_125309_7.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1617457","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bradleyville, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/633872","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oakhurst, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/635546","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Quanicassee, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1616661","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wisner, Michigan"},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=86000US48701&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=AdvSearch&_lang=en","external_links_name":"48701 5-Digit ZCTA, 487 3-Digit ZCTA - Reference Map - American FactFinder"},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=86000US48733&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=AdvSearch&_lang=en","external_links_name":"48733 5-Digit ZCTA, 487 3-Digit ZCTA - Reference Map - American FactFinder"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott,_Washington
Endicott, Washington
["1 History","1.1 Population and activity","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°55′44″N 117°41′10″W / 46.92889°N 117.68611°W / 46.92889; -117.68611 Town in Washington, United StatesEndicottTownEndicott, WashingtonEndicott from the northLocation of Endicott, WashingtonCoordinates: 46°55′44″N 117°41′10″W / 46.92889°N 117.68611°W / 46.92889; -117.68611CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyWhitmanIncorporated1905Government • MayorDave BilowArea • Total0.30 sq mi (0.77 km2) • Land0.30 sq mi (0.77 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,732 ft (528 m)Population (2010) • Total289 • Estimate (2019)305 • Density1,026.94/sq mi (397.11/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code99125Area code509FIPS code53-21730GNIS feature ID1504757 Endicott is a town in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 289 at the 2010 census. History Endicott was platted in 1882 and named for William Endicott Jr of the Oregon Improvement Company. Endicott was officially incorporated on February 11, 1905. Population and activity The population of Endicott peaked in 1920, and has decreased since. This was caused by improved farm technology, allowing more area to be farmed by the same number of people. The decrease in population has affected the economy of the town: in the 1950s, the town had numerous stores; in 2011, the town has only a grocery store, a post office and a service station. 1987, The Endicott High School was closed as the Endicott district merged with neighboring community of St John: the class of 1986 only had one student. The elementary school is still operational, and the community host the middle school for both St. John and Endicott. Geography Endicott is located at 46°55′44″N 117°41′10″W / 46.928761°N 117.686030°W / 46.928761; -117.686030 (46.928761, -117.686030). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all of it land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910474—192063433.8%1930512−19.2%1940495−3.3%1950397−19.8%1960369−7.1%1970333−9.8%1980290−12.9%199032010.3%200062194.1%2010289−53.5%2019 (est.)3055.5%U.S. Decennial Census2015 Estimate 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 289 people, 141 households, and 77 families living in the town. The population density was 996.6 inhabitants per square mile (384.8/km2). There were 165 housing units at an average density of 569.0 per square mile (219.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.2% White, 3.1% Native American, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population. There were 141 households, of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.4% were non-families. 43.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.81. The median age in the town was 51 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.6% were from 25 to 44; 39.8% were from 45 to 64; and 20.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.4% male and 52.6% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 621 people, 140 households, and 99 families living in the town. The population density was 2,150.8 people per square mile (826.8/km2). There were 166 housing units at an average density of 574.9 per square mile (221.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 84.70% White, 1.93% African American, 0.32% Native American, 8.05% Asian, 2.58% from other races, and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.31% of the population. There were 140 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.05. In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 18.4% under the age of 18, 39.0% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 10.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $28,594, and the median income for a family was $35,500. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $45,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,571. About 14.6% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over. Notable people Mike Lowry, former governor and Endicott High School alumn Mariana Klaveno, actress References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b c Broom, Jack (March 19, 2011). "A one-store town struggles to keep sense of community". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. ^ Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved October 11, 2013. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016. External links Endicott, Washington at Curlie vteMunicipalities and communities of Whitman County, Washington, United StatesCounty seat: ColfaxCities Colfax Palouse Pullman Tekoa Map of Washington highlighting Whitman CountyTowns Albion Colton Endicott Farmington Garfield La Crosse Lamont Malden Oakesdale Pine City Rosalia St. John Uniontown CDP Steptoe Othercommunities Belmont Dusty Ewan Glenwood Hay Hooper Johnson Thornton Ghost towns Almota Bishop Canyon Elberton Interior Riparia Wawawai Wilcox Washington portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitman_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattletimes-5"}],"text":"Town in Washington, United StatesEndicott is a town in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 289 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Endicott, Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majors-6"}],"text":"Endicott was platted in 1882 and named for William Endicott Jr of the Oregon Improvement Company.[6] Endicott was officially incorporated on February 11, 1905.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattletimes-5"}],"sub_title":"Population and activity","text":"The population of Endicott peaked in 1920, and has decreased since. This was caused by improved farm technology, allowing more area to be farmed by the same number of people. The decrease in population has affected the economy of the town: in the 1950s, the town had numerous stores; in 2011, the town has only a grocery store, a post office and a service station. 1987, The Endicott High School was closed as the Endicott district merged with neighboring community of St John: the class of 1986 only had one student.[5] The elementary school is still operational, and the community host the middle school for both St. John and Endicott.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"46°55′44″N 117°41′10″W / 46.928761°N 117.686030°W / 46.928761; -117.686030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Endicott,_Washington&params=46.928761_N_117.68603_W_type:city_region:US"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"}],"text":"Endicott is located at 46°55′44″N 117°41′10″W / 46.928761°N 117.686030°W / 46.928761; -117.686030 (46.928761, -117.686030).[7]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all of it land.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 289 people, 141 households, and 77 families living in the town. The population density was 996.6 inhabitants per square mile (384.8/km2). There were 165 housing units at an average density of 569.0 per square mile (219.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.2% White, 3.1% Native American, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.There were 141 households, of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.4% were non-families. 43.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.81.The median age in the town was 51 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.6% were from 25 to 44; 39.8% were from 45 to 64; and 20.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 621 people, 140 households, and 99 families living in the town. The population density was 2,150.8 people per square mile (826.8/km2). There were 166 housing units at an average density of 574.9 per square mile (221.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 84.70% White, 1.93% African American, 0.32% Native American, 8.05% Asian, 2.58% from other races, and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.31% of the population.There were 140 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.05.In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 18.4% under the age of 18, 39.0% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 10.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.7 males.The median income for a household in the town was $28,594, and the median income for a family was $35,500. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $45,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,571. About 14.6% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lowry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattletimes-5"},{"link_name":"Mariana Klaveno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Klaveno"}],"text":"Mike Lowry, former governor and Endicott High School alumn[5]\nMariana Klaveno, actress","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Washington highlighting Whitman County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Whitman_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Whitman_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_53.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Broom, Jack (March 19, 2011). \"A one-store town struggles to keep sense of community\". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110321185157/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014547169_censussmalltowns20m.html","url_text":"\"A one-store town struggles to keep sense of community\""},{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014547169_censussmalltowns20m.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ","url_text":"Exploring Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918664-00-6","url_text":"978-0-918664-00-6"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved October 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html","url_text":"\"Population Estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukowe_Pole,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship
Bukowe Pole, Pomeranian Voivodeship
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 54°4′59″N 18°9′32″E / 54.08306°N 18.15889°E / 54.08306; 18.15889Settlement in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandBukowe PoleSettlementBukowe PoleCoordinates: 54°4′59″N 18°9′32″E / 54.08306°N 18.15889°E / 54.08306; 18.15889Country PolandVoivodeshipPomeranianCountyKościerzynaGminaLiniewoPopulation32 Bukowe Pole is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Liniewo, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Liniewo, 13 km (8 mi) east of Kościerzyna, and 45 km (28 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina LiniewoSeat Liniewo Other villages Brzęczek Bukowe Pole Chrósty Wysińskie Chrztowo Deka Garczyn Głodowo Iłownica Liniewskie Góry Lubieszyn Lubieszynek Małe Liniewo Mestwinowo Milonki Orle Płachty Równe Rymanowiec Sobącz Stary Wiec Stefanowo Wysin This Kościerzyna County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[buˈkɔvɛ ˈpɔlɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlement"},{"link_name":"Gmina Liniewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Liniewo"},{"link_name":"Kościerzyna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcierzyna_County"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Liniewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniewo"},{"link_name":"Kościerzyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcierzyna"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"}],"text":"Settlement in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandBukowe Pole [buˈkɔvɛ ˈpɔlɛ] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Liniewo, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.[1] It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Liniewo, 13 km (8 mi) east of Kościerzyna, and 45 km (28 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.","title":"Bukowe Pole, Pomeranian Voivodeship"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Just_Transition,_Employment_and_Fair_Work
Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work
["1 Overview","1.1 Responsibilities","2 List of office holders","2.1 Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work","3 See also","4 References"]
This article is part of a series within thePolitics of the United Kingdom on thePolitics of Scotland The Crown The Monarch Charles III Heir apparent William, Duke of Rothesay Prerogative Royal family Succession Privy Council Union of the Crowns Balmoral Castle Holyrood Palace Scottish republicanism Executive Scottish Government Yousaf government First Minister The Rt Hon Humza Yousaf MSP Deputy First Minister Shona Robison MSP Cabinet Secretaries Junior Ministers Directorates Scottish budget Taxation Executive agencies Public bodies Bute House St Andrew's House International relations Legislature Scottish Parliament Sixth session Presiding Officer Alison Johnstone MSP Primary legislation Statutory instrument Committees First Minister's Questions Scotland Act 1998 2012 Act 2016 Act EU Continuity Act 2020 Law and justice Justice Secretary Keith Brown MSP Lord Advocate Dorothy Bain KC Lord President The Rt Hon Lord Carloway KC PC Scots law Udal law Courts Judiciary Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Police Scotland Scottish Prison Service Advocate General Solicitor General Elections and referendumsScottish Parliament elections 1999 2003 2007 2011 2016 2021 Next United Kingdom Parliament elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 (Jan) 1910 (Dec) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 (Feb) 1974 (Oct) 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 European Parliament elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Local elections 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1977 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1995 1999 2003 2007 2012 2017 2022 Referendums 1975 1979 1994 1997 2005 2011 2014 2016 Scottish Parliament constituencies Scottish Parliament electoral regions Scottish Westminster constituencies Proposed second independence referendum Electoral system Political parties Scotland and the United Kingdom United Kingdom Government Sunak ministry Prime Minister The Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP Secretary of State for Scotland The Rt Hon Alister Jack MP Scottish devolution Treaty of Union House of Commons House of Lords Scotland Office Scottish Affairs Committee Scottish Grand Committee Interministerial Standing Committee Barnett formula Reserved matters Sewel motion Administration Council areas History Sheriffdoms Community councils Lieutenancy areas Convention of Scottish Local Authorities Category Scotland portal Other countries vte The Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work is a junior ministerial post in the Scottish Government that was created in May 2021. As a result, the minister does not attend the Scottish Cabinet, but supports the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy and Cabinet Secretary for Net Zero, Energy and Transport, who both attend the cabinet. The current and inaugural Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work is Richard Lochhead. Overview Responsibilities Specific responsibilities of the Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work are: Just Transition planning and delivery, including the work of the Just Transition Commission co-ordination of Sectoral Just Transition plans and monitoring framework long-term labour market strategy, the living wage Fair Work PACE employability programmes women's employment cities investment and strategy green growth accelerator inclusive growth trade unions green skills/jobs for the future low-carbon economy List of office holders Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work Name Portrait Entered Office Left Office Party First Minister Richard Lochhead 20 May 2021 Incumbent Scottish National Party Nicola Sturgeon See also Scottish Parliament References ^ "Sturgeon appoints net zero secretary and just transition minister". ENDS Report. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021. ^ a b "Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work - gov.scot". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 3 June 2021. vteScottish Junior MinistersYousaf government George Adam (Parliamentary Business) Tom Arthur (Community Wealth and Public Finance) Siobhian Brown (Victims and Community Safety) Graeme Dey (Higher and Further Education and Veterans) Natalie Don (Children, Young People and Keeping the Promise) Joe FitzPatrick (Local Government Empowerment and Planning) Patrick Harvie (Zero Carbon Buildings, Active Travel and Tenants' Rights) Jamie Hepburn (Independence) Richard Lochhead (Small Business, Innovation and Trade) Gillian Martin (Energy) Christina McKelvie (Culture, Europe and International Development) Paul McLennan (Housing) Jenni Minto (Public Health and Women's Health) Emma Roddick (Equalities, Migration and Refugees) Lorna Slater (Green Skills, Circular Economy and Biodiversity) Kevin Stewart (Transport) Maree Todd (Social Care, Mental Wellbeing and Sport) Elena Whitham (Drugs and Alcohol Policy) Category Politics of Scotland This article related to government in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"junior ministerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_minister"},{"link_name":"Scottish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Finance_and_the_Economy"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Net Zero, Energy and Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Net_Zero,_Energy_and_Transport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Lochhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lochhead"}],"text":"The Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work is a junior ministerial post in the Scottish Government that was created in May 2021.[1] As a result, the minister does not attend the Scottish Cabinet, but supports the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy and Cabinet Secretary for Net Zero, Energy and Transport, who both attend the cabinet.[2]The current and inaugural Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work is Richard Lochhead.","title":"Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"green growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_growth"},{"link_name":"low-carbon economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbon_economy"}],"sub_title":"Responsibilities","text":"Specific responsibilities of the Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work are:[2]Just Transition planning and delivery, including the work of the Just Transition Commission\nco-ordination of Sectoral Just Transition plans and monitoring framework\nlong-term labour market strategy, the living wage\nFair Work\nPACE\nemployability programmes\nwomen's employment\ncities investment and strategy\ngreen growth accelerator\ninclusive growth\ntrade unions\ngreen skills/jobs for the future\nlow-carbon economy","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of office holders"}]
[]
[{"title":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sturgeon appoints net zero secretary and just transition minister\". ENDS Report. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.endsreport.com/article/1716646/sturgeon-appoints-net-zero-secretary-just-transition-minister","url_text":"\"Sturgeon appoints net zero secretary and just transition minister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work - gov.scot\". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-for-just-transition-employment-and-fair-work/","url_text":"\"Minister for Just Transition, Employment and Fair Work - gov.scot\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard,_Seattle,_Washington
Ballard, Seattle
["1 History","1.1 Early settlement","1.2 City of Ballard","1.3 Modern history","2 Ballard Historical Society","3 Culture","4 Schools and libraries","5 Registered historic places","6 Notable residents","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°40′37″N 122°23′06″W / 47.677°N 122.385°W / 47.677; -122.385 Seattle Neighborhood in Washington, United StatesBallardSeattle NeighborhoodAerial view of Ballard and Lake Washington Ship Canal from the southMap of Ballard's location in SeattleCoordinates: 47°40′37″N 122°23′06″W / 47.677°N 122.385°W / 47.677; -122.385CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCitySeattleTime zoneUTC-8 (Pacific Time) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (Pacific Daylight Time) Ballard is a neighborhood in the northwestern area of Seattle, Washington, United States. Formerly an independent city, the City of Seattle's official boundaries define it as bounded to the north by Crown Hill (N.W. 85th Street), to the east by Greenwood, Phinney Ridge and Fremont (along 3rd Avenue N.W.), to the south by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and to the west by Puget Sound's Shilshole Bay. Other neighborhood or district boundaries existed in the past; these are recognized by various Seattle City Departments, commercial or social organizations, and other Federal, State, and local government agencies. Landmarks of Ballard include the Ballard Locks, the National Nordic Museum, the Shilshole Bay Marina, and Golden Gardens Park. The neighborhood's main thoroughfares running north–south are Seaview, 32nd, 24th, Leary, 15th, and 8th Avenues N.W. East–west traffic is carried by N.W. Leary Way and N.W. 85th, 80th, 65th, and Market Streets. The Ballard Bridge carries 15th Avenue over Salmon Bay to the Interbay neighborhood, and the Salmon Bay Bridge carries the BNSF Railway tracks across the bay, west of the Ballard Locks. Ballard is located entirely within Seattle City Council District 6, which also includes the neighborhoods of Crown Hill, Green Lake and Phinney Ridge, as well as most of Fremont, North Beach/Blue Ridge, and Wallingford. Ballard is part of the Seattle Public Schools and the Washington State Legislature's 36th legislative district. At the federal level, Ballard is part of the United States House of Representatives's 7th congressional district. History Early settlement This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as section. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2022) The area now called Ballard was settled by the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish) Tribe after the last glacial period. There were plentiful salmon and clams in the region. The Shilshole area was home to a settlement that has since been excavated; its artifacts are in the collection of the Burke Museum in the University District. According to oral traditions from before European contact, the group living around Shilshole may have been in decline due to a "great catastrophe". The remaining dozen or fewer families were evicted by non-Coast Salish settlers in the mid-19th century. One source suggests that the decline of the Shilshole dwelling Salish might have been due to raids from other groups from farther north (Queen Charlotte's Island) and that these raids also alarmed non-Native settlers. The last member of the Shilshole native group, named HWelch’teed or "Salmon Bay Charlie", was forcibly removed to allow construction of the Hiram Chittenden Locks in 1915 or 1916. The first European resident in the area, homesteader Ira Wilcox Utter, moved to his claim in 1853. Utter hoped to see a rapid expansion of population, but when this did not happen, he sold the land to Thomas Burke, a judge. Thirty-six years later, Judge Burke, together with John Leary and railroader Daniel H. Gilman, formed the West Coast Improvement Company to develop Burke's land holdings in the area. They anticipated the building of the Great Northern Railway along the Salmon Bay coastline on the way to Interbay and central Seattle. The partners also built a spur from Fremont's main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. Today three miles (5 km) of this line, running along Salmon Bay from N.W. 40th Street to the BNSF Railway mainline at N.W. 67th, are operated as the Ballard Terminal Railroad. During the late 19th century Captain William Rankin Ballard, owner of land adjoining Judge Burke's holdings, joined the partnership with Burke, Leary, and Gilman. Then, in 1887 the partnership was dissolved and the assets divided, but no one wanted the land in Salmon Bay so the partners flipped a coin. Capt. Ballard lost the coin-toss and ended up with the "undesirable" 160-acre (0.65 km2) tract. The railroad to Seattle ended at Salmon Bay because the railroad company was unwilling to build a trestle to cross the bay. From the stop at "Ballard Junction," (as the terminus was called) passengers could walk across the wagon bridge and continue the journey to Seattle. In addition to gaining notoriety as the end of the railway line, the fledgling town of Ballard benefited economically from the railway because the railroad provided a way to bring supplies into the area and also to export locally manufactured products. Ability to ship products spurred the growth of mills of many types. Ballard's first mill, built in 1888 by Mr. J Sinclair was a lumber mill; the second mill, finished the same year was a shingle mill. After the Great Seattle Fire in 1889 the mills provided opportunities for those who had lost jobs in the fire, which in turn spurred the growth of the settlement as families moved north to work in the mills. Ballard experienced an influx of Scandinavian immigrants during this period, and Scandinavian culture and traditions would be influential on Ballard as it developed. City of Ballard Ballard City Hall, photographed 1915. With the rapid population growth, residents realized that there might soon be a need for laws to keep order, a process that would require a formal government. In the late summer of 1889, the community discussed incorporating as a town but eventually rejected the idea of incorporation. The issue pressed, however, and several months later, on November 4, 1889, the residents again voted on the question and this time they voted to incorporate. The first mayor of Ballard was Charles F. Treat. A municipal census, conducted shortly after the passing vote showed that the new town of Ballard had more than 1500 residents, allowing it to be the first "third-class town" to be incorporated in the newly-admitted State of Washington. By 1900, Ballard's population had grown to 4,568, making it the seventh-largest city in Washington, and the town was faced with many of the problems common to small towns. Saloons had been a problem since the beginning, and in 1904, the drinking and gambling had become so bad that the mayor ordered the City of Ballard officially closed for the day to prevent gambling. The city also faced problems with loose livestock and so the Cow Ordinance of 1903 made allowing cows to graze south of present-day 65th St. a punishable offense. The city faced more serious problems, however, with two of the most difficult being the lack of both a proper water supply and a sewer system. The one weakness of the location on Salmon Bay was the lack of nearby freshwater springs, which meant that water came from local ground water wells. Lack of a proper sewage system contaminated the ground water, compounding the problem. The town continued to grow and reached 17,000 residents by 1907 to become the second-largest city in King County. However Ballard, like many of the other small cities surrounding Seattle continued to be plagued by water problems. The rapid population growth had overwhelmed the city's ability to provide services, particularly safe drinking water and sewers, and Ballard's city government had tried unsuccessfully to deal with the crises. That made the citizens begin to consider asking Seattle to annex the town. In 1905, the question was voted on and the residents voted against annexation since they hoped for a solution, but the problems refused to go away. In July 1906, the Supreme Court of Washington ruled that Seattle was not allowed to provide water service to surrounding communities. Ballard had been dependent on a water sharing agreement with Seattle, but the Supreme Court decision left it with inadequate water and forced a second vote on the annexation question. By then, the residents realized the inability of local resources to cope with their situation and the majority of residents voted in favor of annexation. On May 29, 1907 at 3:45 a.m, the City of Ballard officially became part of Seattle. On that day, Ballard citizens showed their mixed feelings about the handover by draping their city hall with black crepe and flying the flag at half mast. Modern history Aerial view of Shilshole Bay Marina and Lake Washington Ship Canal from south The lower part of Ballard Avenue still includes many light industrial businesses. Architect's office on upper Ballard Avenue, about two blocks south of Market Street. During the early 20th century, the Ballard area was home to the Ballard shipbuilding company, which produced ships for the US Navy during World War II as well as ships for civilian purposes. The area was also home to a significant number of fisheries and canneries. These marine industries formed the backbone of the Ballard economy for much of the 20th century. At the end of the 20th century Ballard began to experience a real-estate boom. By early 2007, nearly 20 major apartment/retail projects were under construction or had just been completed within a five-block radius of downtown Ballard. The new developments would add as many as 2500 new households to the neighborhood. This growth in urban density is the result of the neighborhood plan created by former Seattle Mayor Norm Rice. Mayor Rice's plan aimed to reduce suburban sprawl by targeting certain Seattle areas, including Ballard, for high-density development. Over the years, Ballard has added venues for live music, including bars, restaurants and coffee shops. Each month the Ballard Chamber of Commerce sponsors the Second Saturday Artwalk. Downtown Ballard is also home to the Majestic Bay Theater, which was the oldest operating movie theater on the West Coast prior to its closure in 1997. In 1998, it was renovated and transformed from a bargain single-screen theater to a well-appointed triplex. Downtown Ballard also boasts a variety of restaurants and local shops. The Deep Sea Fishermen's Union, which represents commercial fishermen, is based in Ballard. Ballard Historical Society The Ballard Historical Society is a volunteer-run non-profit historical society located in the Ballard neighborhood. The organization does not have any traditional exhibition space, but maintains a community presence through its self-guided historical tours, historical markers, lectures, community events, and collections. The Ballard Historical Society's collections include memorabilia, historical archives, photographs, and other objects relating to Ballard History. The society has made its photo archives available online. The organization has 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status. Formed in 1988 with encouragement from the Ballard Centennial Committee in celebration of the Washington state centennial in 1989, the organization's establishment coincided with the publication of Passport to Ballard, a collection of essays on the neighborhood's history from pre-European settlement up through the 1980s. In April 2007, the Ballard Historical Society unveiled its Historic Markers, which can be seen on buildings in the Ballard Avenue Historic District. The organization also co-produced, along with the Nordic Heritage Museum and Swedish-Finn Historical Society, Voices of Ballard: Immigrant Stories from the Vanishing Generation (2001), a book collecting oral histories from long-time Ballard residents who have made the neighborhood home since before the 1960s. The Ballard Walking Tour, a self-guided tour created by the organization, highlights 20 different historic sites on and around Ballard Avenue. The most recent illustrated Tour Brochure was released in February 2009. Every three years the Ballard Historical Society organizes the Ballard Classic Homes Tour and features a different set of vintage homes in Ballard during each parade of houses. Culture Signs and banners at the 2006 Ballard SeafoodFest reflect Ballard's Scandinavian and maritime heritage Ballard is the traditional center of Seattle's ethnically Scandinavian seafaring community, who were drawn to the area because of the salmon fishing opportunities. The neighborhood's unofficial slogan, "Uff da", comes from an Almost Live! sketch that made fun of its Scandinavian culture. In recent years the proportion of Scandinavian residents has decreased but the neighborhood is still proud of its heritage. Ballard is home to the National Nordic Museum, which celebrates both the community of Ballard and the local Scandinavian history. Scandinavians unite in organizations such as the Sons of Norway Leif Ericson Lodge and the Norwegian Ladies Chorus of Seattle. Each year the community celebrates the Ballard SeafoodFest and Norwegian Constitution Day (also called Syttende Mai) on May 17 to commemorate the signing of the Norwegian Constitution. Locals once nicknamed the neighborhood "Snoose Junction," a reference to the Scandinavian settlers' practice of using snus. The Majestic Bay Theatre on Market Street is on the same location as the former Bay and Majestic theaters. Before closing for the new construction the Bay Theatre was the longest continuously operating movie theatre on the west coast after the closure of the Cameo in Los Angeles. The neighborhood is home to a namesake soccer team, Ballard FC, which was founded in 2022 and plays in the fourth-division USL League 2. The semi-professional team is owned by a group led by former Seattle Sounders FC player Lamar Neagle and plays in nearby Interbay at the 1,000-seat Interbay Soccer Stadium. Schools and libraries Ballard Library, a block north of Market Street The public schools in the neighborhood are part of the citywide Seattle Public Schools district. Ballard High School, located in the neighborhood, is the oldest continuously-operating high school in the city. The original building was demolished in the late 1990s. The new school building is now one of the largest in the district and houses a biotechnology magnet program that attracts students from all over Seattle. The high school has been supported by Amgen, Zymogenetics, G. M. Nameplate, the Youth Maritime Training Association, North Seattle Community College, Seattle City Light, and Swedish Hospital. There are several elementary schools and one alternative school located in the neighborhood. The closest middle school is Whitman Middle School, which is located north of Ballard in the Crown Hill neighborhood. Adams Elementary School (K-5) Loyal Heights Elementary School (K-5) Matheia School (K-5, private independent) North Beach Elementary School (K-5) Salmon Bay School (K-8) St. Alphonsus School (K-8, Catholic) West Woodland Elementary School (K-5) Whittier Elementary School (K-5) The Ballard Public Library was first created as the Carnegie Free Public Library in 1904. In 1907, after annexation, the library became part of the Seattle Public Library system. The original Carnegie building on Market Street was replaced with new construction on 24th Avenue NW in 1963. 42 years later, in 2005, a new library building on 22nd Avenue NW designed by architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, was opened as part of the Seattle Public Library's "Libraries for All" initiative. The original Carnegie building on Market Street is a restaurant. The Seattle Metaphysical Library, originally opened in the Pike Place Market in 1961, is now on Market Street in Ballard, and is open to the public and lends books to members. Registered historic places The following Ballard buildings, areas and landmarks are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Ballard Avenue Historic District Along Ballard Avenue N.W. between N.W. Market Street and N.W. Dock Place (added in 1976, ID #76001885). Ballard Carnegie Library On N.W. Market Street (added 1979, ID #79002535). Fire Station No. 18 At the corner of Russell Avenue N.W. and N.W. Market (added 1973, ID #73001876). Ballard Bridge (added 1982, ID #82004231), Hiram M. Chittenden Locks and the Lake Washington Ship Canal (added 1978, ID #78002751). Notable residents James Acord – sculpture artist Josh Barnett – UFC fighter Carl Deuker – young adult sports author Tom Douglas – restaurateur Jerry Holkins - writer Edith Macefield – real-estate holdout Dori Monson – radio personality Karsten Solheim (1911–2000) – founder of PING golf clubs References ^ a b Seattle City Clerk, "Ballard neighborhoods", Geographic Indexing Atlas, The City of Seattle ^ Seattle City Clerk, "About the Atlas", Geographic Indexing Atlas, The City of Seattle ^ Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Neighborhoods & Council Districts, The City of Seattle ^ "History of the Duwamish People". ^ a b c "Ballard: An Important Part of Washington's History". Ballard Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007. ^ "A story told in stone and wood: The Coast Salish and historic Seattle". ^ "Page 69". ^ File:Washington edu Salmon Bay Charlie's house at Shilshole w canoe offshore, c 1905, 83.10.9067.jpg ^ Dorpat, Paul (October 12, 2003). "The Last to Go". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022. ^ Dorpat, Paul (December 19, 2010). "Seattle Now & then: 'Threading the Bead' Between Magnolia and Ballard". ^ Reinartz (1988), p. 21. ^ "Shippers Team Up to Save Short Line". Railway Age. Vol. 199, no. 6. June 1998. p. 20. After Burlington Northern and Santa Fe shut down three miles of waterfront line along the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Ballard, Wash., last year, four shippers got together to form the Ballard Terminal Railroad Co. Last month, BRTC was awarded a $350,000 loan by the Washington State Department of Transportation for rehabilitation of the deteriorated track. When that is completed, the new short line will again move such commodities as fish, furniture, sand, cement, and lubrication oil. ^ Reinartz (1988), p. 24. ^ Wandry, Margret (1975). Four Bridges to Seattle: Old Ballard 1853–1907. Seattle: Ballard Printing & Publishing. p. 79. ^ SeattlePI, Levi Pulkkinen (September 27, 2016). "How Ballard became so Scandinavian". seattlepi.com. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ "Seattle Municipal Archives — Annexed Cities — Ballard". Seattle.gov. ^ Reinartz (1988), p. 57. ^ a b "Would Purchase Municipal Plant". Ballard News. October 12, 1901. ^ Bass, Sophie (1947). When Seattle Was a Village. Seattle: Lowman & Hanford. p. 116. ^ "The Water Situation". Ballard News. April 6, 1901. ^ "Notice to Water Consumers". Ballard News. July 6, 1901. ^ "New Well Connected Up". Ballard News. July 6, 2007. ^ "New Pump Connected Up". Ballard News. July 13, 2007. ^ "Annexation Cause is Gaining Ground". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. November 9, 1905. ^ "Enthusiasm Shown for Annexation". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. November 11, 1905. ^ "Ballard Votes to Go At It Alone". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. November 6, 1905. ^ "Will Allow Use of City Water". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. July 20, 1906. ^ a b Reinartz (1988), p. 64. ^ "Ballard Is Now Part of Seattle". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. May 30, 1907. ^ "The History of Ballard: The First 100 Years | Filson Journal". The Filson Journal. December 30, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ "Second Saturday Artwalk". inballard.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007. ^ Pastier, John (October 11, 2000). "Triple feature". The Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2008. ^ "About The Bay". Majestic Bay Theatres. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007. ^ "Boutique Shops, Neighborhood Pubs, Eclectic Restaurants, and Waterfront Parks in Ballard". inballard.com. Retrieved November 10, 2007. ^ "Deep Sea Fishermen's Union". Filson. January 21, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2022. ^ "Letter from the President". Ballard Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. ^ Reinartz, Kay F, ed. (1988). Passport to Ballard: the Centennial Story. Seattle: Ballard News Tribune. ^ Marianne Forssblad. "Abstract: The Vanishing Generation: An Oral History Project". Pacific Northwest Historian Guild. Archived from the original on May 28, 2005. ^ Wong, Dean (August 10, 2005). "Historical Society announces new tour". Ballard News-Tribune. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. ^ Duncan, Don (September 12, 1982). "A home for Scandinavians". Seattle Times. p. F1. In the beginning, almost all of the Scandinavians in this young city gravitated to Ballard, still the home of the fair-haired and the blue-eyed, our most lily-white community.For years, we called it "Snoose Junction" or "Swede Town." ^ "17th of May Celebration in Seattle". Norwegian 17th of May Committee. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Walt Crowley (March 31, 1999). "Seattle Neighborhoods: Ballard – Thumbnail History". HistoryLink.org. ^ Evans, Jayda (May 21, 2022). "Ballard FC kicks off its existence with passionate fan base already installed and an easy win". The Seattle Times. Retrieved December 31, 2022. ^ "History of Fremont". Rockwell Realty, LLC. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ^ "Biotech Academy". Ballard High School. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2007. ^ "Ballard High School 2007 Annual Report" (PDF). Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2007. ^ "Seattle Public Schools – Northwest Region". Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007. ^ "About the Ballard Branch". The Seattle Public Library. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2007. ^ Allison, Espiritu (March 20, 2009). "Book worms offer alternative ideas through Seattle Metaphysical Library". Ballard News-Tribune. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2011. ^ "Washington — King County". National Register of Historic Places. page 1. Retrieved September 16, 2007. page 2 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Seattle/Ballard. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ballard, Seattle, Washington. Ballard Historical Society official website Ballard News Tribune official website Seattle at Curlie Guide to the City of Ballard Records 1890–1907 Guide to the Ballard Avenue Landmark District Records 1975–1995 vteBallard, SeattleBuildings Ballard Bridge Ballard Building Ballard Carnegie Library Ballard High School Fire Station No. 18 Grace Gospel Chapel The Majestic Bay National Nordic Museum Norvell House Business 8oz Burger & Co Beast and Cleaver Black Coffee Northwest Burbs Burgers Caffè Umbria Copine El Borracho Gracia Hattie's Hat Hood Famous Katsu Burger La Carta de Oaxaca Lil Woody's Lockspot Cafe Paseo Ray's Boathouse Rupee Bar Seattle Coffee Works Serious Pie Spice Waala Un Bien The Walrus and the Carpenter Geography Adams Ballard Avenue Historic District Ballard Commons Park Ballard Locks Bergen Place Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens Fishermen's Terminal Golden Gardens Park West Woodland Related Ballard FC Statue of Leif Erikson Category vteNeighborhoods in Seattle Adams Atlantic Ballard Beacon Hill Bitter Lake Blue Ridge Briarcliff Broadmoor Broadview Bryant Capitol Hill Broadway District Cascade Central District Central Waterfront Cherry Hill Crown Hill Denny Triangle Denny-Blaine Downtown Belltown First Hill International District Pioneer Square Yesler Terrace Eastlake Fremont Georgetown Green Lake Greenwood Harbor Island Hawthorne Hills Industrial District Interbay Lake City Cedar Park Matthews Beach Meadowbrook Olympic Hills Victory Heights Laurelhurst Leschi Lower Queen Anne Loyal Heights Madison Park Madison Valley Madrona Madrona Valley Magnolia Montlake Mount Baker New Holly Northgate Haller Lake Licton Springs Maple Leaf Pinehurst Phinney Ridge Portage Bay Queen Anne Ravenna Roosevelt Sand Point Seward Park SoDo South End Brighton Columbia City Dunlap Hillman City Rainier Beach Rainier Valley South Lake Union South Park Squire Park University District University Village View Ridge Wallingford Meridian Northlake Washington Park Wedgwood Westlake West Seattle Alki Arbor Heights Delridge Fairmount Park Fauntleroy Gatewood Genesee North Admiral Seaview Westwood West Woodland Windermere Whittier Heights Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States
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Formerly an independent city, the City of Seattle's official boundaries define it as bounded to the north by Crown Hill (N.W. 85th Street), to the east by Greenwood, Phinney Ridge and Fremont (along 3rd Avenue N.W.), to the south by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and to the west by Puget Sound's Shilshole Bay.[1] Other neighborhood or district boundaries existed in the past; these are recognized by various Seattle City Departments, commercial or social organizations, and other Federal, State, and local government agencies.[2]Landmarks of Ballard include the Ballard Locks, the National Nordic Museum, the Shilshole Bay Marina, and Golden Gardens Park. The neighborhood's main thoroughfares running north–south are Seaview, 32nd, 24th, Leary, 15th, and 8th Avenues N.W. East–west traffic is carried by N.W. Leary Way and N.W. 85th, 80th, 65th, and Market Streets. The Ballard Bridge carries 15th Avenue over Salmon Bay to the Interbay neighborhood, and the Salmon Bay Bridge carries the BNSF Railway tracks across the bay, west of the Ballard Locks.[1]Ballard is located entirely within Seattle City Council District 6, which also includes the neighborhoods of Crown Hill, Green Lake and Phinney Ridge, as well as most of Fremont, North Beach/Blue Ridge, and Wallingford.[3] Ballard is part of the Seattle Public Schools and the Washington State Legislature's 36th legislative district. At the federal level, Ballard is part of the United States House of Representatives's 7th congressional district.","title":"Ballard, Seattle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BallardCC-5"},{"link_name":"Burke Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BallardCC-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burke_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinartz198821-11"},{"link_name":"John Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leary_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Lake_Shore_and_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ballard Terminal Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Terminal_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William Rankin Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rankin_Ballard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinartz198824-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lumber mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_mill"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Great Seattle Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seattle_Fire"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Early settlement","text":"The area now called Ballard was settled by the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish) Tribe after the last glacial period.[4] There were plentiful salmon and clams in the region.[5] The Shilshole area was home to a settlement that has since been excavated; its artifacts are in the collection of the Burke Museum in the University District.[6] According to oral traditions from before European contact, the group living around Shilshole may have been in decline due to a \"great catastrophe\".[citation needed] The remaining dozen or fewer families were evicted by non-Coast Salish settlers in the mid-19th century. One source suggests that the decline of the Shilshole dwelling Salish might have been due to raids from other groups from farther north (Queen Charlotte's Island) and that these raids also alarmed non-Native settlers.[7] The last member of the Shilshole native group, named HWelch’teed or \"Salmon Bay Charlie\", was forcibly removed to allow construction of the Hiram Chittenden Locks in 1915 or 1916.[8][9][10]The first European resident in the area, homesteader Ira Wilcox Utter, moved to his claim in 1853.[5] Utter hoped to see a rapid expansion of population, but when this did not happen, he sold the land to Thomas Burke, a judge.[11] Thirty-six years later, Judge Burke, together with John Leary and railroader Daniel H. Gilman, formed the West Coast Improvement Company to develop Burke's land holdings in the area. They anticipated the building of the Great Northern Railway along the Salmon Bay coastline on the way to Interbay and central Seattle. The partners also built a spur from Fremont's main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. Today three miles (5 km) of this line, running along Salmon Bay from N.W. 40th Street to the BNSF Railway mainline at N.W. 67th, are operated as the Ballard Terminal Railroad.[12]During the late 19th century Captain William Rankin Ballard, owner of land adjoining Judge Burke's holdings, joined the partnership with Burke, Leary, and Gilman. Then, in 1887 the partnership was dissolved and the assets divided, but no one wanted the land in Salmon Bay so the partners flipped a coin. Capt. Ballard lost the coin-toss and ended up with the \"undesirable\" 160-acre (0.65 km2) tract.[13]The railroad to Seattle ended at Salmon Bay because the railroad company was unwilling to build a trestle to cross the bay.[citation needed] From the stop at \"Ballard Junction,\" (as the terminus was called) passengers could walk across the wagon bridge and continue the journey to Seattle. In addition to gaining notoriety as the end of the railway line, the fledgling town of Ballard benefited economically from the railway because the railroad provided a way to bring supplies into the area and also to export locally manufactured products. Ability to ship products spurred the growth of mills of many types. Ballard's first mill, built in 1888 by Mr. J Sinclair was a lumber mill; the second mill, finished the same year was a shingle mill.[14] After the Great Seattle Fire in 1889 the mills provided opportunities for those who had lost jobs in the fire, which in turn spurred the growth of the settlement as families moved north to work in the mills. Ballard experienced an influx of Scandinavian immigrants during this period, and Scandinavian culture and traditions would be influential on Ballard as it developed.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Ballard_city_hall,_1915.gif"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinartz198857-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinartz198864-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinartz198864-28"}],"sub_title":"City of Ballard","text":"Ballard City Hall, photographed 1915.With the rapid population growth, residents realized that there might soon be a need for laws to keep order, a process that would require a formal government. In the late summer of 1889, the community discussed incorporating as a town but eventually rejected the idea of incorporation. The issue pressed, however, and several months later, on November 4, 1889, the residents again voted on the question and this time they voted to incorporate. The first mayor of Ballard was Charles F. Treat.[16] A municipal census, conducted shortly after the passing vote showed that the new town of Ballard had more than 1500 residents, allowing it to be the first \"third-class town\" to be incorporated in the newly-admitted State of Washington.[17]By 1900, Ballard's population had grown to 4,568, making it the seventh-largest city in Washington, and the town was faced with many of the problems common to small towns. Saloons had been a problem since the beginning, and in 1904, the drinking and gambling had become so bad that the mayor ordered the City of Ballard officially closed for the day to prevent gambling.[18] The city also faced problems with loose livestock and so the Cow Ordinance of 1903 made allowing cows to graze south of present-day 65th St. a punishable offense. The city faced more serious problems, however, with two of the most difficult being the lack of both a proper water supply and a sewer system. The one weakness of the location on Salmon Bay was the lack of nearby freshwater springs, which meant that water came from local ground water wells. Lack of a proper sewage system contaminated the ground water, compounding the problem.The town continued to grow and reached 17,000 residents by 1907 to become the second-largest city in King County.[19] However Ballard, like many of the other small cities surrounding Seattle continued to be plagued by water problems.[20][21][18][22][23] The rapid population growth had overwhelmed the city's ability to provide services, particularly safe drinking water and sewers, and Ballard's city government had tried unsuccessfully to deal with the crises. That made the citizens begin to consider asking Seattle to annex the town.[24][25] In 1905, the question was voted on and the residents voted against annexation since they hoped for a solution, but the problems refused to go away.[26] In July 1906, the Supreme Court of Washington ruled that Seattle was not allowed to provide water service to surrounding communities.[27] Ballard had been dependent on a water sharing agreement with Seattle, but the Supreme Court decision left it with inadequate water and forced a second vote on the annexation question. By then, the residents realized the inability of local resources to cope with their situation and the majority of residents voted in favor of annexation. On May 29, 1907 at 3:45 a.m, the City of Ballard officially became part of Seattle.[28][29] On that day, Ballard citizens showed their mixed feelings about the handover by draping their city hall with black crepe and flying the flag at half mast.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Ballard,_Seattle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shilshole Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilshole_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lake Washington Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballard_Ave_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballard_Ave_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"urban density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_density"},{"link_name":"Norm Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Rice"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"the Majestic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Majestic_Bay"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"Aerial view of Shilshole Bay Marina and Lake Washington Ship Canal from southThe lower part of Ballard Avenue still includes many light industrial businesses.Architect's office on upper Ballard Avenue, about two blocks south of Market Street.During the early 20th century, the Ballard area was home to the Ballard shipbuilding company, which produced ships for the US Navy during World War II as well as ships for civilian purposes. The area was also home to a significant number of fisheries and canneries. These marine industries formed the backbone of the Ballard economy for much of the 20th century. [30]At the end of the 20th century Ballard began to experience a real-estate boom. By early 2007, nearly 20 major apartment/retail projects were under construction or had just been completed within a five-block radius of downtown Ballard. The new developments would add as many as 2500 new households to the neighborhood.[citation needed] This growth in urban density is the result of the neighborhood plan created by former Seattle Mayor Norm Rice. Mayor Rice's plan aimed to reduce suburban sprawl by targeting certain Seattle areas, including Ballard, for high-density development.[citation needed]Over the years, Ballard has added venues for live music, including bars, restaurants and coffee shops. Each month the Ballard Chamber of Commerce sponsors the Second Saturday Artwalk.[31]Downtown Ballard is also home to the Majestic Bay Theater, which was the oldest operating movie theater on the West Coast prior to its closure in 1997.[32] In 1998, it was renovated and transformed from a bargain single-screen theater to a well-appointed triplex.[33] Downtown Ballard also boasts a variety of restaurants and local shops.[34] The Deep Sea Fishermen's Union, which represents commercial fishermen, is based in Ballard.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_society"},{"link_name":"memorabilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorabilia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)"},{"link_name":"tax-exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_exemption"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ballard Avenue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Avenue_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Nordic Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Swedish-Finn Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-Finn_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The Ballard Historical Society is a volunteer-run non-profit historical society located in the Ballard neighborhood. The organization does not have any traditional exhibition space, but maintains a community presence through its self-guided historical tours, historical markers, lectures, community events, and collections. The Ballard Historical Society's collections include memorabilia, historical archives, photographs, and other objects relating to Ballard History. The society has made its photo archives available online.[36] The organization has 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status.Formed in 1988 with encouragement from the Ballard Centennial Committee in celebration of the Washington state centennial in 1989, the organization's establishment coincided with the publication of Passport to Ballard, a collection of essays on the neighborhood's history from pre-European settlement up through the 1980s.[37] In April 2007, the Ballard Historical Society unveiled its Historic Markers, which can be seen on buildings in the Ballard Avenue Historic District.The organization also co-produced, along with the Nordic Heritage Museum and Swedish-Finn Historical Society, Voices of Ballard: Immigrant Stories from the Vanishing Generation (2001), a book collecting oral histories from long-time Ballard residents who have made the neighborhood home since before the 1960s.[38] The Ballard Walking Tour, a self-guided tour created by the organization, highlights 20 different historic sites on and around Ballard Avenue. The most recent illustrated Tour Brochure was released in February 2009.[39]Every three years the Ballard Historical Society organizes the Ballard Classic Homes Tour and features a different set of vintage homes in Ballard during each parade of houses.","title":"Ballard Historical Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballard_Fest_2006_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BallardCC-5"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHomeForScandinavians-40"},{"link_name":"Uff da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uff_da"},{"link_name":"Almost Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_Live!"},{"link_name":"National Nordic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Museum_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Constitution Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Constitution_Day"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"snus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snus"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Ballard FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_FC"},{"link_name":"USL League 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_League_2"},{"link_name":"Seattle Sounders FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC"},{"link_name":"Lamar Neagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Neagle"},{"link_name":"Interbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbay,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Signs and banners at the 2006 Ballard SeafoodFest reflect Ballard's Scandinavian and maritime heritageBallard is the traditional center of Seattle's ethnically Scandinavian seafaring community, who were drawn to the area because of the salmon fishing opportunities.[5][40] The neighborhood's unofficial slogan, \"Uff da\", comes from an Almost Live! sketch that made fun of its Scandinavian culture. In recent years the proportion of Scandinavian residents has decreased but the neighborhood is still proud of its heritage. Ballard is home to the National Nordic Museum, which celebrates both the community of Ballard and the local Scandinavian history. Scandinavians unite in organizations such as the Sons of Norway Leif Ericson Lodge and the Norwegian Ladies Chorus of Seattle. Each year the community celebrates the Ballard SeafoodFest and Norwegian Constitution Day (also called Syttende Mai) on May 17 to commemorate the signing of the Norwegian Constitution.[41]Locals once nicknamed the neighborhood \"Snoose Junction,\" a reference to the Scandinavian settlers' practice of using snus.[42]The Majestic Bay Theatre on Market Street is on the same location as the former Bay and Majestic theaters. Before closing for the new construction the Bay Theatre was the longest continuously operating movie theatre on the west coast after the closure of the Cameo in Los Angeles.The neighborhood is home to a namesake soccer team, Ballard FC, which was founded in 2022 and plays in the fourth-division USL League 2. The semi-professional team is owned by a group led by former Seattle Sounders FC player Lamar Neagle and plays in nearby Interbay at the 1,000-seat Interbay Soccer Stadium.[43]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballard_Library.JPG"},{"link_name":"Seattle Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"Ballard High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_High_School_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"magnet program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_program"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Amgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen"},{"link_name":"North Seattle Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Seattle_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Seattle City Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_City_Light"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"alternative school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_school"},{"link_name":"Whitman Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitman_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Crown Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Hill,_Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Free Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Carnegie_Library"},{"link_name":"Seattle Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Bohlin Cywinski Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlin_Cywinski_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Pike Place Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Place_Market"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Ballard Library, a block north of Market StreetThe public schools in the neighborhood are part of the citywide Seattle Public Schools district. Ballard High School, located in the neighborhood, is the oldest continuously-operating high school in the city.[44] The original building was demolished in the late 1990s. The new school building is now one of the largest in the district and houses a biotechnology magnet program that attracts students from all over Seattle.[45] The high school has been supported by Amgen, Zymogenetics, G. M. Nameplate, the Youth Maritime Training Association, North Seattle Community College, Seattle City Light, and Swedish Hospital.[46]There are several elementary schools and one alternative school located in the neighborhood. The closest middle school is Whitman Middle School, which is located north of Ballard in the Crown Hill neighborhood.[47]Adams Elementary School (K-5)\nLoyal Heights Elementary School (K-5)\nMatheia School (K-5, private independent)\nNorth Beach Elementary School (K-5)\nSalmon Bay School (K-8)\nSt. Alphonsus School (K-8, Catholic)\nWest Woodland Elementary School (K-5)\nWhittier Elementary School (K-5)The Ballard Public Library was first created as the Carnegie Free Public Library in 1904. In 1907, after annexation, the library became part of the Seattle Public Library system. The original Carnegie building on Market Street was replaced with new construction on 24th Avenue NW in 1963. 42 years later, in 2005, a new library building on 22nd Avenue NW designed by architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, was opened as part of the Seattle Public Library's \"Libraries for All\" initiative.[48] The original Carnegie building on Market Street is a restaurant.The Seattle Metaphysical Library, originally opened in the Pike Place Market in 1961, is now on Market Street in Ballard, and is open to the public and lends books to members.[49]","title":"Schools and libraries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The following Ballard buildings, areas and landmarks are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:[50]","title":"Registered historic places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Acord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Acord"},{"link_name":"Josh Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Barnett"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Carl Deuker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Deuker"},{"link_name":"Tom Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Douglas_(chef)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Holkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Holkins"},{"link_name":"Edith Macefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Macefield"},{"link_name":"Dori Monson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dori_Monson"},{"link_name":"Karsten Solheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Solheim"},{"link_name":"PING","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(golf)"}],"text":"James Acord – sculpture artist\nJosh Barnett – UFC fighter\nCarl Deuker – young adult sports author\nTom Douglas – restaurateur\nJerry Holkins - writer\nEdith Macefield – real-estate holdout\nDori Monson – radio personality\nKarsten Solheim (1911–2000) – founder of PING golf clubs","title":"Notable residents"}]
[{"image_text":"Ballard City Hall, photographed 1915.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Seattle_-_Ballard_city_hall%2C_1915.gif/170px-Seattle_-_Ballard_city_hall%2C_1915.gif"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Shilshole Bay Marina and Lake Washington Ship Canal from south","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aerial_view_of_Ballard%2C_Seattle.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Ballard%2C_Seattle.jpg"},{"image_text":"The lower part of Ballard Avenue still includes many light industrial businesses.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ballard_Ave_07.jpg/220px-Ballard_Ave_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Architect's office on upper Ballard Avenue, about two blocks south of Market Street.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ballard_Ave_12.jpg/220px-Ballard_Ave_12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Signs and banners at the 2006 Ballard SeafoodFest reflect Ballard's Scandinavian and maritime heritage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ballard_Fest_2006_3.jpg/220px-Ballard_Fest_2006_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ballard Library, a block north of Market Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ballard_Library.JPG/220px-Ballard_Library.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Seattle City Clerk, \"Ballard neighborhoods\", Geographic Indexing Atlas, The City of Seattle","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1170S.htm","url_text":"\"Ballard neighborhoods\""}]},{"reference":"Seattle City Clerk, \"About the Atlas\", Geographic Indexing Atlas, The City of Seattle","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.seattle.gov/~public/nmaps/aboutnm.htm","url_text":"\"About the Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Neighborhoods & Council Districts, The City of Seattle","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/neighborhoods-and-districts","url_text":"Neighborhoods & Council Districts"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Duwamish People\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duwamishtribe.org/history/","url_text":"\"History of the Duwamish People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballard: An Important Part of Washington's History\". Ballard Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145531/http://www.ballardchamber.com/ballard.shtml","url_text":"\"Ballard: An Important Part of Washington's History\""},{"url":"http://www.ballardchamber.com/ballard.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A story told in stone and wood: The Coast Salish and historic Seattle\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/story-told-stone-and-wood-coast-salish-and-historic-seattle","url_text":"\"A story told in stone and wood: The Coast Salish and historic Seattle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page 69\".","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/lctext/id/1502/show/6668","url_text":"\"Page 69\""}]},{"reference":"Dorpat, Paul (October 12, 2003). \"The Last to Go\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024823/http://old.seattletimes.com/pacificnw/2003/1012/nowthen.html","url_text":"\"The Last to Go\""},{"url":"http://old.seattletimes.com/pacificnw/2003/1012/nowthen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dorpat, Paul (December 19, 2010). \"Seattle Now & then: 'Threading the Bead' Between Magnolia and Ballard\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pauldorpat.com/2010/12/18/seattle-now-then-threading-the-bead-between-magnolia-and-ballard/","url_text":"\"Seattle Now & then: 'Threading the Bead' Between Magnolia and Ballard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shippers Team Up to Save Short Line\". Railway Age. Vol. 199, no. 6. June 1998. p. 20. After Burlington Northern and Santa Fe shut down three miles of waterfront line along the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Ballard, Wash., last year, four shippers got together to form the Ballard Terminal Railroad Co. Last month, BRTC was awarded a $350,000 loan by the Washington State Department of Transportation for rehabilitation of the deteriorated track. When that is completed, the new short line will again move such commodities as fish, furniture, sand, cement, and lubrication oil.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wandry, Margret (1975). Four Bridges to Seattle: Old Ballard 1853–1907. Seattle: Ballard Printing & Publishing. p. 79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"SeattlePI, Levi Pulkkinen (September 27, 2016). \"How Ballard became so Scandinavian\". seattlepi.com. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/How-Ballard-got-so-Scandinavian-9298156.php","url_text":"\"How Ballard became so Scandinavian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle Municipal Archives — Annexed Cities — Ballard\". Seattle.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/exhibits-and-education/online-exhibits/annexed-cities/ballard","url_text":"\"Seattle Municipal Archives — Annexed Cities — Ballard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Would Purchase Municipal Plant\". Ballard News. October 12, 1901.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bass, Sophie (1947). When Seattle Was a Village. Seattle: Lowman & Hanford. p. 116.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Water Situation\". Ballard News. April 6, 1901.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Notice to Water Consumers\". Ballard News. July 6, 1901.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Well Connected Up\". Ballard News. July 6, 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Pump Connected Up\". Ballard News. July 13, 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Annexation Cause is Gaining Ground\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. November 9, 1905.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Enthusiasm Shown for Annexation\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. November 11, 1905.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ballard Votes to Go At It Alone\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. November 6, 1905.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Will Allow Use of City Water\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. July 20, 1906.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ballard Is Now Part of Seattle\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. May 30, 1907.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The History of Ballard: The First 100 Years | Filson Journal\". The Filson Journal. December 30, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filson.com/blog/field-notes/history-of-ballard/","url_text":"\"The History of Ballard: The First 100 Years | Filson Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Saturday Artwalk\". inballard.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071215071021/http://inballard.com/detail.php?id=secondsaturdayartwalk","url_text":"\"Second Saturday Artwalk\""},{"url":"http://inballard.com/detail.php?id=secondsaturdayartwalk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pastier, John (October 11, 2000). \"Triple feature\". The Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930021702/http://www.seattleweekly.com/2000-10-11/arts/triple-feature.php","url_text":"\"Triple feature\""},{"url":"http://www.seattleweekly.com/2000-10-11/arts/triple-feature.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Bay\". Majestic Bay Theatres. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009001446/http://www.majesticbay.com/AboutTheBay/corporateinfo.adp.html","url_text":"\"About The Bay\""},{"url":"http://www.majesticbay.com/AboutTheBay/corporateinfo.adp.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boutique Shops, Neighborhood Pubs, Eclectic Restaurants, and Waterfront Parks in Ballard\". inballard.com. Retrieved November 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://inballard.com/","url_text":"\"Boutique Shops, Neighborhood Pubs, Eclectic Restaurants, and Waterfront Parks in Ballard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Sea Fishermen's Union\". Filson. January 21, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filson.com/blog/profiles/deep-sea-fishermens-union/","url_text":"\"Deep Sea Fishermen's Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filson_(company)","url_text":"Filson"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from the President\". Ballard Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071209101501/http://ballardhistory.org/About.html","url_text":"\"Letter from the President\""},{"url":"http://ballardhistory.org/About.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reinartz, Kay F, ed. (1988). Passport to Ballard: the Centennial Story. Seattle: Ballard News Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marianne Forssblad. \"Abstract: The Vanishing Generation: An Oral History Project\". Pacific Northwest Historian Guild. Archived from the original on May 28, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050528223728/http://www.pnwhistorians.org/Research/abstractDetail.asp?id=44","url_text":"\"Abstract: The Vanishing Generation: An Oral History Project\""},{"url":"http://www.pnwhistorians.org/Research/abstractDetail.asp?id=44","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Dean (August 10, 2005). \"Historical Society announces new tour\". Ballard News-Tribune. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707210602/http://www.ballardnewstribune.com/2005/08/10/news/historical-society-announces-new-tour","url_text":"\"Historical Society announces new tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_News-Tribune","url_text":"Ballard News-Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.ballardnewstribune.com/2005/08/10/news/historical-society-announces-new-tour","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Don (September 12, 1982). \"A home for Scandinavians\". Seattle Times. p. F1. In the beginning, almost all of the Scandinavians in this young city gravitated to Ballard, still the home of the fair-haired and the blue-eyed, our most lily-white community.For years, we called it \"Snoose Junction\" or \"Swede Town.\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"17th of May Celebration in Seattle\". Norwegian 17th of May Committee. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010091840/http://www.syttendemaiseattle.com/","url_text":"\"17th of May Celebration in Seattle\""}]},{"reference":"Walt Crowley (March 31, 1999). \"Seattle Neighborhoods: Ballard – Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=983","url_text":"\"Seattle Neighborhoods: Ballard – Thumbnail History\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jayda (May 21, 2022). \"Ballard FC kicks off its existence with passionate fan base already installed and an easy win\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved December 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/sounders/ballard-fc-kicks-off-its-existence-with-passionate-fan-base-already-installed-and-an-easy-win/","url_text":"\"Ballard FC kicks off its existence with passionate fan base already installed and an easy win\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Fremont\". Rockwell Realty, LLC. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117141304/http://myfremontrocks.com/neighborhood/history.php","url_text":"\"History of Fremont\""},{"url":"http://myfremontrocks.com/neighborhood/history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biotech Academy\". Ballard High School. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071225101000/http://ballard.seattleschools.org/academics/academies/biotech.html","url_text":"\"Biotech Academy\""},{"url":"http://ballard.seattleschools.org/academics/academies/biotech.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballard High School 2007 Annual Report\" (PDF). Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410163927/http://www.seattleschools.org/area/siso/reports/anrep/high/11.pdf","url_text":"\"Ballard High School 2007 Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://www.seattleschools.org/area/siso/reports/anrep/high/11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle Public Schools – Northwest Region\". Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112161214/http://www.seattleschools.org/area/main/map/northwest.xml","url_text":"\"Seattle Public Schools – Northwest Region\""},{"url":"http://www.seattleschools.org/area/main/map/northwest.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Ballard Branch\". The Seattle Public Library. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022210054/http://www.spl.org/default.asp?pageID=branch_open_about&branchID=3","url_text":"\"About the Ballard Branch\""},{"url":"http://www.spl.org/default.asp?pageID=branch_open_about&branchID=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allison, Espiritu (March 20, 2009). \"Book worms offer alternative ideas through Seattle Metaphysical Library\". Ballard News-Tribune. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707211337/http://www.ballardnewstribune.com/2009/03/19/features/book-worms-offer-alternative-ideas-through-seattle-metaphysical-library","url_text":"\"Book worms offer alternative ideas through Seattle Metaphysical Library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_News-Tribune","url_text":"Ballard News-Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.ballardnewstribune.com/2009/03/19/features/book-worms-offer-alternative-ideas-through-seattle-metaphysical-library","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington — King County\". National Register of Historic Places. page 1. Retrieved September 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/WA/King/state.html","url_text":"\"Washington — King County\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ettingdene_Bridges,_1st_Baron_Bridges
Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Military service","2.2 Public service","3 Personal life","4 Honours","5 Arms","6 References","7 External links"]
British civil servant The Right HonourableThe Lord BridgesKG GCB GCVO MC PC FRSCabinet SecretaryIn office1938–1946Preceded bySir Maurice HankeySucceeded bySir Norman BrookHead of the Home Civil ServiceIn office1945–1956Preceded bySir Horace WilsonSucceeded bySir Norman Brook Personal detailsBornEdward Ettingdene Bridges4 August 1892Died27 August 1969 (1969-08-28) (aged 77)SpouseKatharine Farrer (died in 1986)Children4, including Thomas and MargaretParentRobert Bridges (father)Alma materMagdalen College, Oxford Edward Ettingdere Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges, KG, GCB, GCVO, MC, PC, FRS (4 August 1892 – 27 August 1969), was a British civil servant. Early life Bridges was born on 4 August 1892 in Yattendon in Berkshire. He was the son of Robert Bridges, later Poet Laureate, and the pianist (Mary) Monica Waterhouse, daughter of the architect Alfred Waterhouse and niece of Price Waterhouse co-founder, Edwin Waterhouse. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Career Military service Bridges then fought in the First World War with the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, eventually achieving the rank of captain and being awarded the Military Cross. Public service He later joined the Civil Service and in 1938 he was appointed Cabinet Secretary, succeeding Sir Maurice Hankey. Bridges remained in this post until 1946, when he was made Permanent Secretary to the Treasury and Head of the Home Civil Service, a position he held until 1956. In his post-war memoirs, Winston Churchill praised Bridges' wartime work as Secretary to the War Cabinet, writing that not only was Bridges "an extremely competent and tireless worker, but he was also a man of exceptional force, ability, and personal charm, without a trace of jealousy in his nature". During his time as the Head of the Home Civil Service, Bridges, promoted the opening of the Civil Service Club which was a gift from Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II by her wish, to be applied to some object of general benefit to the Civil and Foreign Services using the balance of the Wedding Fund collected by the Home Civil Service and the Foreign Service on the occasion of her wedding to Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, RN, Duke of Edinburgh. The Civil Service Club has a meeting room named in honour of Bridges. After his retirement, Bridges served as Chancellor of the University of Reading. He was given honorary degrees from several universities and appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society. He also published The State and the Arts, Romanes Lecture for 1958, Oxford, and The Treasury (Oxford University Press, 1964). Personal life Memorial to Robert Bridges and Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges, in St Nicholas-at-Wade, KentBridges married Katharine Dianthe Farrer, daughter of Thomas Farrer, 2nd Baron Farrer, on 6 June 1922. They had four children: Shirley Frances Bridges (1924–2015) Thomas Edward Bridges, 2nd Baron Bridges (1927–2017), a diplomat Robert Bridges (1930–2015) (an architect) Margaret Evelyn Bridges (1932–2014) a medieval historian. married, firstly, Trevor Aston, secondly Paul Buxton. Bridges died at Winterfold Heath, Surrey, on 27 August 1969, aged 77. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son Thomas Edward Bridges, a diplomat who served as British Ambassador to Italy from 1983 to 1987. Honours In the 1939 New Year Honours, Bridges was appointed to the Order of the Bath as a Knight Commander (KCB) and in the 1944 New Year Honours was promoted within the same Order as a Knight Grand Cross (GCB). In the 1946 Birthday Honours, Sir Edward was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order as a Knight Grand Cross (GCVO). Sir Edward was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1952 (FRS). He was then sworn of the Privy Council in the 1953 Coronation Honours. In 1957, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Bridges, of Headley in the County of Surrey, and of St Nicholas at Wade in the County of Kent. Lord Bridges was appointed to the Order of the Garter as a Knight Companion (KG) in 1965. Arms Coat of arms of Edward Ettingdere Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges, KG, GCB, GCVO, MC, PC, FRS Coronet An Baron's Coronet Crest A man's head and shoulders proper Crined and bearded Sable wreathed around the temples Argent the ribands Gules vested paly of six Sable and Argent. Escutcheon Argent on a cross sable a wreath of laurel fructed Argent a chief checky Sable and Argent. References ^ a b Winnifrith, J. (1970). "Edward Ettingdean Bridges--Baron Bridges. 1892-1969". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 16: 36–56. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0003. S2CID 57043215. ^ Chapman, Richard A. (23 September 2004). "Bridges, Edward Ettingdene, first Baron Bridges (1892–1969), civil servant". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32063. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 15 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "No. 13033". The Edinburgh Gazette. 1 January 1917. p. 31. ^ Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, Vol. II: Their Finest Hour (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985), 17-18 ^ "A Brief History of the Civil Service Club, Great Scotland Yard, Whitehall". Retrieved 29 January 2024.. London: Civil Service Club ISBN 978-1-5272-6019-1 ^ "Margaret Aston - obituary". ^ "No. 34585". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1938. p. 4. ^ "No. 36309". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1943. p. 4. ^ "No. 37598". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 July 1946. p. 2764. ^ "Fellows 1660–2007" (PDF). Royal Society. Retrieved 26 September 2016. ^ "No. 39863". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 2940. ^ "No. 40996". The London Gazette. 8 February 1957. p. 873. ^ "No. 43633". The London Gazette. 23 April 1965. p. 4005. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges. Family tree Peerage Government offices Preceded bySir Maurice Hankey Cabinet Secretary 1938–1946 Succeeded bySir Norman Brook Preceded bySir Richard Hopkins Head of the Home Civil Service 1945–1956 Succeeded bySir Norman Brook Preceded bySir Richard Hopkins Permanent Secretary to the Treasury 1945-1956 Succeeded bySir Norman BrookSir Roger Makins Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Bridges 1957–1969 Succeeded byThomas Bridges Academic offices Preceded byThe Viscount Templewood Chancellor of the University of Reading 1959–1969 Succeeded byThe Lord Sherfield vteHeads of the Home Civil Service Sir Warren Fisher Sir Horace Wilson Sir Richard Hopkins Sir Edward Bridges Sir Norman Brook Sir Laurence Helsby Sir William Armstrong Sir Douglas Allen Sir Robert Armstrong* Sir Robin Butler* Sir Richard Wilson* Sir Andrew Turnbull* Sir Gus O'Donnell* Sir Bob Kerslake Sir Jeremy Heywood* Sir Mark Sedwill* Simon Case* *Also Cabinet Secretary vteCabinet Secretaries of the United Kingdom Colonel Maurice Hankey Sir Edward Bridges Sir Norman Brook Sir Burke Trend Sir John Hunt Sir Robert Armstrong Sir Robin Butler Sir Richard Wilson Sir Andrew Turnbull Sir Gus O'Donnell Sir Jeremy Heywood Sir Mark Sedwill Simon Case Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"GCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"}],"text":"Edward Ettingdere Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges, KG, GCB, GCVO, MC, PC, FRS[1] (4 August 1892 – 27 August 1969), was a British civil servant.","title":"Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yattendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yattendon"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Robert Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate"},{"link_name":"(Mary) Monica Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Edwin Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"}],"text":"Bridges was born on 4 August 1892 in Yattendon in Berkshire. He was the son of Robert Bridges, later Poet Laureate, and the pianist (Mary) Monica Waterhouse,[2] daughter of the architect Alfred Waterhouse and niece of Price Waterhouse co-founder, Edwin Waterhouse. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"Bridges then fought in the First World War with the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, eventually achieving the rank of captain and being awarded the Military Cross.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir Maurice Hankey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Hankey"},{"link_name":"Permanent Secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Head of the Home Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)#Head_of_the_Home_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"post-war memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Civil Service Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_Club"},{"link_name":"Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service"},{"link_name":"wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, RN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9DQuinlan%E2%80%9D-5"},{"link_name":"University of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"honorary degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"Romanes Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanes_Lecture"}],"sub_title":"Public service","text":"He later joined the Civil Service and in 1938 he was appointed Cabinet Secretary, succeeding Sir Maurice Hankey. Bridges remained in this post until 1946, when he was made Permanent Secretary to the Treasury and Head of the Home Civil Service, a position he held until 1956. In his post-war memoirs, Winston Churchill praised Bridges' wartime work as Secretary to the War Cabinet, writing that not only was Bridges \"an extremely competent and tireless worker, but he was also a man of exceptional force, ability, and personal charm, without a trace of jealousy in his nature\".[4]During his time as the Head of the Home Civil Service, Bridges, promoted the opening of the Civil Service Club which was a gift from Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II by her wish, to be applied to some object of general benefit to the Civil and Foreign Services using the balance of the Wedding Fund collected by the Home Civil Service and the Foreign Service on the occasion of her wedding to Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, RN, Duke of Edinburgh[5]. The Civil Service Club has a meeting room named in honour of Bridges.After his retirement, Bridges served as Chancellor of the University of Reading. He was given honorary degrees from several universities and appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1] He also published The State and the Arts, Romanes Lecture for 1958, Oxford, and The Treasury (Oxford University Press, 1964).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Robert_Bridges_and_Edward_Bridges,_1st_Baron_Bridges,_in_St_Nicholas-at-Wade.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Nicholas-at-Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas-at-Wade"},{"link_name":"Thomas Farrer, 2nd Baron Farrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Farrer,_2nd_Baron_Farrer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edward Bridges, 2nd Baron Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bridges,_2nd_Baron_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Margaret Evelyn Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Aston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Trevor Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Aston"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edward Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bridges,_2nd_Baron_Bridges"}],"text":"Memorial to Robert Bridges and Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges, in St Nicholas-at-Wade, KentBridges married Katharine Dianthe Farrer, daughter of Thomas Farrer, 2nd Baron Farrer, on 6 June 1922. They had four children:Shirley Frances Bridges (1924–2015)\nThomas Edward Bridges, 2nd Baron Bridges (1927–2017), a diplomat\nRobert Bridges (1930–2015) (an architect)\nMargaret Evelyn Bridges (1932–2014[6]) a medieval historian. married, firstly, Trevor Aston, secondly Paul Buxton.Bridges died at Winterfold Heath, Surrey, on 27 August 1969, aged 77. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son Thomas Edward Bridges, a diplomat who served as British Ambassador to Italy from 1983 to 1987.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1939 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1944 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1946 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1953 Coronation Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Coronation_Honours"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the 1939 New Year Honours, Bridges was appointed to the Order of the Bath as a Knight Commander (KCB)[7] and in the 1944 New Year Honours was promoted within the same Order as a Knight Grand Cross (GCB).[8] In the 1946 Birthday Honours, Sir Edward was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order as a Knight Grand Cross (GCVO).[9] Sir Edward was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1952 (FRS).[10] He was then sworn of the Privy Council in the 1953 Coronation Honours.[11] In 1957, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Bridges, of Headley in the County of Surrey, and of St Nicholas at Wade in the County of Kent.[12] Lord Bridges was appointed to the Order of the Garter as a Knight Companion (KG) in 1965.[13]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenallee,_Berlin
Sonnenallee (Berlin)
["1 Description","2 History","3 Cultural references","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°28′34″N 13°27′09″E / 52.47611°N 13.45250°E / 52.47611; 13.45250 Sonnenallee, Berlin-Neukölln, Germany. Paving stones symbolise the former border between West and East Berlin. Estrel Hotel at Sonnenallee. The Sonnenallee (“Sun Avenue”) is a street in Berlin, Germany, connecting the districts of Neukölln and Treptow-Köpenick. The street is 5 km long, crossing Baumschulenstraße at its south-east end and terminating at Hermannplatz in the north-west. Sonnenallee was constructed at the end of the 19th century. The area around the Sonnenallee was created to cater for the rural drift to the city of that period. Description Sonnenallee is nearly 5 kilometres long, with around 4.5 kilometres in the district of Neukölln, and 400 meters in Treptow-Köpenick. It begins in the north-west at Hermannplatz as the continuation of Urbanstraße, runs 2600 meters south-east before crossing the Ringbahn and shortly thereafter the Neukölln Ship Canal. After the intersection with Grenzallee and Dammweg, Sonnenallee passes several allotments (Kleingartenanlagen) and two large housing estates, leading to its south-easterly endpoint at Baumschulenstraße. Several city squares lie along Sonnenallee, such as Hermannplatz, Hertzbergplatz, and Venusplatz. The entire length of the street originally had trees running down both sides and a verge down the middle, which until 1965 housed a tram line. In the 1980s, this central strip was removed in places to make way for further lanes or parking spaces. Today it has six lanes and is an important arterial route in Berlin's south-east. History During its history, the Sonnenallee has been known under various other names. At the beginning the street was known simply as Straße 84 (Street No. 84). In 1893, five years after the death of Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm the street was renamed in his honour. In the 1920s the street was extended to the south east and named Sonnenallee. During the communist period the street was intersected by the Berlin Wall including a border crossing. Nowadays, Sonnenallee is home to a large immigrant population of Middle Eastern origin, earning it the nickname of "Arab Street". The area has also gained a reputation for crime, an image which is possibly promoted by crime TV series such as 4 Blocks. Cultural references The 1999 film of the same name and its corresponding book portrayed a nostalgic view of the GDR in the 1970s, which earned it national notoriety in Germany. References ^ Shahd Wari: Palestinian Berlin: Perception and Use of Public Space. In: Habitat–International. Schriften zur Internationalen Stadtentwicklung, Band 22. Lit-Verlag 2017: p. 154-155. ^ Journal, Nour Alakraa and Ayla Albayrak | Photographs by Mustafah Abdulaziz for The Wall Street (24 January 2018). "A German Home for Syrian Migrants". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ Abu-Nasr, Donna; Thomas, Chad (18 September 2021). "Berlin's 'Arab Street' Shows Merkel Immigration Legacy". Bloomberg. ^ "Breaking down the new Berlin wall: refugee guides show their side of city". the Guardian. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Berlin's Sonnenallee: Is Germany's best-known crime scene all that bad? | DW | 02.03.2019". DW.COM. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ Haußmann, Leander (7 October 1999), Sonnenallee (Comedy, Drama, Romance), Boje Buck Produktion, Ö-Film, Sat.1, retrieved 14 December 2021 External links Media related to Sonnenallee (Berlin) at Wikimedia Commons The former border crossing at Sonnenallee on www.berlin.de 52°28′34″N 13°27′09″E / 52.47611°N 13.45250°E / 52.47611; 13.45250 vteBerlin WallMain articles Inner German border Iron Curtain Wall of Shame East Berlin West Berlin German reunification Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Republikflucht Berlin Crisis of 1961 Fall of the Berlin Wall Schießbefehl Memorials, museumsand galleries Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer White Crosses East Side Gallery Checkpoint Charlie Museum Topography of Terror Mauerpark Chapel of Reconciliation Border crossings Bornholmer Straße Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Bravo Berlin Friedrichstraße station Glienicke Bridge Invalidenstraße Oberbaum Bridge Sonnenallee Tränenpalast, Friedrichstrasse station People who diedbreaching the Wall Klaus Brueske Peter Fechter Winfried Freudenberg Christian-Peter Friese Chris Gueffroy Marienetta Jirkowsky Cengaver Katrancı Erna Kelm Czesław Kukuczka Horst Kutscher Günter Litfin Dorit Schmiel Egon Schultz Olga Segler Ida Siekmann Heinz Sokolowski Hildegard Trabant Rudolf Urban Christel and Eckhard Wehage Others associatedwith the Wall Günter Schabowski Riccardo Ehrman Erich Honecker Konrad Schumann Walter Ulbricht David Hasselhoff Jutta Fleck The Wall in speeches "Ich bin ein Berliner" "Tear down this wall!" In popular cultureFilms and TV series Escape from East Berlin (1962) The Wall (1962) Stop Train 349 (1963) The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1965) Freiheit (1966) Funeral in Berlin (1966) The Soldier (1982) Octopussy (1983) Gotcha! (1985) Wings of Desire (1987) Judgment in Berlin (1988) Das Versprechen (1995) Sonnenallee (1999) The Tunnel (2001) Buffalo Soldiers (2001) Good Bye, Lenin! (2003) Bornholmer Straße (2014) Bridge of Spies (2015) Atomic Blonde (2017) Deutschland 89 (2020) Documentaries The Road to the Wall (1962) The Tunnel (1962) Rabbit à la Berlin (2009) Novels The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) Funeral in Berlin (1964) Judgment in Berlin (1984) Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee (1999) Edge of Eternity (2014) Songs "West of the Wall" (1962) "Holidays in the Sun" (1977) "Nikita" (1985) Other media The Berlin Wall (1991 video game) The Day the Wall Came Down (1997 sculpture) Other List of Berlin Wall segments Ghost station Steinstücken Grenzgänger (Cross-border commuters) The Shame
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin-Neuk%C3%B6lln_-_Sonnenallee_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Sonnenallee_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estrel_aus_der_Ferne_20160622_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Estrel Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrel_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Neukölln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln"},{"link_name":"Treptow-Köpenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treptow-K%C3%B6penick"},{"link_name":"Baumschulenstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baumschulenstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hermannplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannplatz"}],"text":"Sonnenallee, Berlin-Neukölln, Germany.Paving stones symbolise the former border between West and East Berlin.Estrel Hotel at Sonnenallee.The Sonnenallee (“Sun Avenue”) is a street in Berlin, Germany, connecting the districts of Neukölln and Treptow-Köpenick. The street is 5 km long, crossing Baumschulenstraße at its south-east end and terminating at Hermannplatz in the north-west. Sonnenallee was constructed at the end of the 19th century. The area around the Sonnenallee was created to cater for the rural drift to the city of that period.","title":"Sonnenallee (Berlin)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermannplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannplatz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Urbanstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urbanstra%C3%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ringbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Ringbahn"},{"link_name":"Neukölln Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln_Ship_Canal"},{"link_name":"verge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_verge"},{"link_name":"arterial route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_route"}],"text":"Sonnenallee is nearly 5 kilometres long, with around 4.5 kilometres in the district of Neukölln, and 400 meters in Treptow-Köpenick. It begins in the north-west at Hermannplatz as the continuation of Urbanstraße, runs 2600 meters south-east before crossing the Ringbahn and shortly thereafter the Neukölln Ship Canal. After the intersection with Grenzallee and Dammweg, Sonnenallee passes several allotments (Kleingartenanlagen) and two large housing estates, leading to its south-easterly endpoint at Baumschulenstraße.Several city squares lie along Sonnenallee, such as Hermannplatz, Hertzbergplatz, and Venusplatz. The entire length of the street originally had trees running down both sides and a verge down the middle, which until 1965 housed a tram line. In the 1980s, this central strip was removed in places to make way for further lanes or parking spaces. Today it has six lanes and is an important arterial route in Berlin's south-east.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"communist period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"border crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_border_crossings"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"4 Blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Blocks_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"During its history, the Sonnenallee has been known under various other names. At the beginning the street was known simply as Straße 84 (Street No. 84). In 1893, five years after the death of Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm the street was renamed in his honour. In the 1920s the street was extended to the south east and named Sonnenallee.During the communist period the street was intersected by the Berlin Wall including a border crossing.Nowadays, Sonnenallee is home to a large immigrant population of Middle Eastern origin, earning it the nickname of \"Arab Street\".[1][2][3][4] The area has also gained a reputation for crime, an image which is possibly promoted by crime TV series such as 4 Blocks.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenallee"},{"link_name":"its corresponding book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_k%C3%BCrzeren_Ende_der_Sonnenallee"},{"link_name":"nostalgic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostalgie"},{"link_name":"GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 1999 film of the same name and its corresponding book portrayed a nostalgic view of the GDR in the 1970s, which earned it national notoriety in Germany.[6]","title":"Cultural references"}]
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[{"reference":"Journal, Nour Alakraa and Ayla Albayrak | Photographs by Mustafah Abdulaziz for The Wall Street (24 January 2018). \"A German Home for Syrian Migrants\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-german-home-for-syrian-migrants-1516703401","url_text":"\"A German Home for Syrian Migrants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Abu-Nasr, Donna; Thomas, Chad (18 September 2021). \"Berlin's 'Arab Street' Shows Merkel Immigration Legacy\". Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-09-18/berlin-s-arab-street-shows-merkel-immigration-legacy","url_text":"\"Berlin's 'Arab Street' Shows Merkel Immigration Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking down the new Berlin wall: refugee guides show their side of city\". the Guardian. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/dec/21/refugee-migrants-berlin-walking-tours-neukolln-sonnenallee","url_text":"\"Breaking down the new Berlin wall: refugee guides show their side of city\""}]},{"reference":"Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. \"Berlin's Sonnenallee: Is Germany's best-known crime scene all that bad? | DW | 02.03.2019\". DW.COM. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/berlins-sonnenallee-is-germanys-best-known-crime-scene-all-that-bad/a-47741907","url_text":"\"Berlin's Sonnenallee: Is Germany's best-known crime scene all that bad? | DW | 02.03.2019\""}]},{"reference":"Haußmann, Leander (7 October 1999), Sonnenallee (Comedy, Drama, Romance), Boje Buck Produktion, Ö-Film, Sat.1, retrieved 14 December 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0177242/","url_text":"Sonnenallee"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Dondini_Ghiselli,_Bologna
Palazzo Dondini Ghiselli, Bologna
["1 History","2 References"]
The Palazzo Dondini Ghiselli is a Neoclassical-style palace located on Via Barberia #23, corner with Via Mario Finzi, in central Bologna, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. History The palace was designed by Alfonso Torreggiani; with a facade completed in 1753. In 1773, the grand entry staircase was built by Giangiacomo Dotti, with statues by Antonio Schiassi and a fresco of the Aurora by Pietro Fabri. The elevated garden behind the Via Barberia facade, and overlooking the Piazza Malpighi was once a stable built in 1612 by Pietro Fiorini. The palace once had landscape frescoes by Vincenzo Martinelli and quadratura by Petronio Fancelli. References ^ Biblioteca Salaborsa, entry on palace. ^ Pitture scolture ed architetture delle chiese, luoghi pubblici, palazzi, e case della Citta di Bologna, by Carlo Cesare Malvasia , Stamperia del Longhi, Bologna (1792). page 169.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulli,_P%C3%A4rnu_County
Kulli, Pärnu County
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 58°22′23″N 23°48′02″E / 58.37306°N 23.80056°E / 58.37306; 23.80056Village in Pärnu County, Estonia Village in Pärnu County, EstoniaKullivillageKulliLocation in EstoniaCoordinates: 58°22′23″N 23°48′02″E / 58.37306°N 23.80056°E / 58.37306; 23.80056CountryEstoniaCountyPärnu CountyMunicipalityLääneranna ParishPopulation (01.01.2011) • Total58Websitewww.saulepi.planet.ee Kulli is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in southwestern Estonia. It has a population of 58 (as of 1 January 2011). References ^ a b "Rahvastik ja külad" (in Estonian). Varbla vald. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2011. ^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 28 July 2021) External links Website of Saulepi region (Kulli, Maade, Matsi, Õhu, Rädi, Raespa, Saare, Saulepi and Vaiste villages) (in Estonian) vteSettlements in Lääneranna ParishTown Lihula Small borough Virtsu Villages Äila Alaküla Allika Ännikse Aruküla Emmu Esivere Haapsi Hälvati Hanila Helmküla Hõbeda Hõbesalu Irta Iska Jänistvere Järise Järve Jõeääre Joonuse Kadaka Kalli Kanamardi Karinõmme Käru Karuba Karuse Kaseküla Kause Keemu Kelu Kibura Kidise Kiisamaa Kilgi Kinksi Kirbla Kirikuküla Kiska Kloostri Kõera Koeri Kõima Kokuta Kõmsi Koonga Korju Kuhu Kuke Kulli Kunila Kurese Laulepa Lautna Linnuse Liustemäe Lõo Lõpe Maade Mäense Maikse Mäliküla Massu Matsalu Matsi Meelva Mereäärse Metsküla Mihkli Mõisaküla Mõisimaa Mõtsu Muriste Naissoo Nätsi Nedrema Nehatu Nõmme Nurme Nurmsi Õepa Õhu Oidrema Paadrema Paatsalu Pagasi Paimvere Pajumaa Palatu Parasmaa Parivere Peanse Peantse Penijõe Petaaluse Piha Piisu Pikavere Pivarootsi Poanse Rabavere Rädi Raespa Raheste Rame Rannaküla Rannu Rauksi Ridase Rooglaiu Rootsi Rootsi-Aruküla Rumba Saare Saastna Salevere Salevere Saulepi Seira Seli Selja Sookalda Sookatse Soovälja Tamba Tamme Täpsi Tarva Tiilima Tõitse Tõusi Tuhu Tuudi Ullaste Uluste Ura Urita Vagivere Vaiste Valuste Vanamõisa Varbla Vastaba Vatla Veltsa Võhma Võigaste Võitra Voose Võrungi This Pärnu County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Belleza,_Santander
La Belleza, Santander
[]
Coordinates: 5°51′41″N 73°58′06″W / 5.86139°N 73.9683°W / 5.86139; -73.9683Municipality and town in Santander Department, ColombiaLa BellezaMunicipality and town FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town of La Belleza in the Santander Department of Colombia.Country ColombiaDepartmentSantander DepartmentTime zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) La Belleza is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. vteMunicipalities in Santander Department Aguada Albania Aratoca Barbosa Barichara Barrancabermeja Betulia Bolívar Bucaramanga Cabrera California Capitanejo Carcasí Cepitá Cerrito Charalá Charta Chima Chipatá Cimitarra Concepción Confines Contratación Coromoro Curití El Carmen El Guacamayo El Peñón El Playón Encino Enciso Florián Floridablanca Galán Gámbita Girón Guaca Guadalupe Guapotá Guavatá Güepsa Hato Jesus María Jordán La Belleza Landázuri La Paz Lebrija Los Santos Macaravita Málaga Matanza Mogotes Molagavita Ocamonte Oiba Onzaga Palmar Palmas Socorro Páramo Piedecuesta Pinchote Puente Nacional Puerto Parra Puerto Wilches Rionegro Sabana de Torres San Andrés San Benito San Gil San Joaquín San José de Suaita San José de Miranda San Miguel San Vicente de Chucurí Santa Bárbara Santa Helena del Opón Simacota Socorro Sucre Suratá Tona Valle de San José Vélez Vetas Villanueva Zapatoca 5°51′41″N 73°58′06″W / 5.86139°N 73.9683°W / 5.86139; -73.9683 This Santander Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Joaquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaqu%C3%ADn,_Santander"},{"link_name":"San José de Suaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Suaita"},{"link_name":"San José de Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Miranda"},{"link_name":"San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel,_Santander"},{"link_name":"San Vicente de Chucurí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente_de_Chucur%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Santa Bárbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Santa Helena del 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Santander Department\nAguada\nAlbania\nAratoca\nBarbosa\nBarichara\nBarrancabermeja\nBetulia\nBolívar\nBucaramanga\nCabrera\nCalifornia\nCapitanejo\nCarcasí\nCepitá\nCerrito\nCharalá\nCharta\nChima\nChipatá\nCimitarra\nConcepción\nConfines\nContratación\nCoromoro\nCurití\nEl Carmen\nEl Guacamayo\nEl Peñón\nEl Playón\nEncino\nEnciso\nFlorián\nFloridablanca\nGalán\nGámbita\nGirón\nGuaca\nGuadalupe\nGuapotá\nGuavatá\nGüepsa\nHato\nJesus María\nJordán\nLa Belleza\nLandázuri\nLa Paz\nLebrija\nLos Santos\nMacaravita\nMálaga\nMatanza\nMogotes\nMolagavita\nOcamonte\nOiba\nOnzaga\nPalmar\nPalmas Socorro\nPáramo\nPiedecuesta\nPinchote\nPuente Nacional\nPuerto Parra\nPuerto Wilches\nRionegro\nSabana de Torres\nSan Andrés\nSan Benito\nSan Gil\nSan Joaquín\nSan José de Suaita\nSan José de Miranda\nSan Miguel\nSan Vicente de Chucurí\nSanta Bárbara\nSanta Helena del Opón\nSimacota\nSocorro\nSucre\nSuratá\nTona\nValle de San José\nVélez\nVetas\nVillanueva\nZapatoca5°51′41″N 73°58′06″W / 5.86139°N 73.9683°W / 5.86139; -73.9683This Santander Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"La Belleza, Santander"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillion,_Nebraska
Papillion, Nebraska
["1 Description","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2010 census","4 Politics","5 Schools","6 Transportation","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°08′22″N 96°04′20″W / 41.13944°N 96.07222°W / 41.13944; -96.07222"Papillion" redirects here. For other uses, see Papillion (disambiguation). City and county seat in Nebraska, United StatesPapillion, NebraskaCity and county seatDowntown Papillion alongNebraska Highway 85, June 2011Location of Papillion within Nebraska and Sarpy CountyCoordinates: 41°08′22″N 96°04′20″W / 41.13944°N 96.07222°W / 41.13944; -96.07222CountryUnited StatesStateNebraskaCountySarpyArea • Total12.27 sq mi (31.77 km2) • Land11.99 sq mi (31.06 km2) • Water0.27 sq mi (0.70 km2)Elevation1,032 ft (315 m)Population (2020) • Total24,159 • Density2,014.26/sq mi (777.73/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP Codes68046, 68133, 68157Area code402FIPS code31-38295GNIS feature ID2396139Websitepapillion.org Papillion is a city in and the county seat of Sarpy County, Nebraska, United States. The city developed in the 1870s as a railroad town and suburb of Omaha. The city is part of the larger five-county metro area of Omaha. Papillion's population was 24,159 at the 2020 census, making it the 7th most populous city in Nebraska. Its growth since the late 20th century has reflected Omaha's. Description The city was named after the creek of the same name which flows through its center; this had been named by early French explorers, as France had claimed this territory through the eighteenth century. The name Papillion is derived from the French term (papillon) for butterfly. According to local tradition, the early French explorers named the creek as Papillon because they saw so many butterflies along its grassy banks. The spelling was changed through a transliteration of the French word. Papillion was platted in 1870 when the railroad was extended to that point. Papillion (sometimes referred to as "Papio" by its residents) is one of the last of the late 18th-century, Paris-inspired frontier cities left in the Midwestern United States. Halleck Park, a recreation area in the heart of the city, includes many trails, open spaces, trees and a number of areas of interest, including Papio Fun Park, Papio Bay Aquatic Park, Papio Pool, and Papio Bowl. The park also offers tennis courts, volleyball courts, playgrounds, "The Duck Pond", Monarch Field ("The Pit"), and E.A. Fricke Field. It also has nine other softball diamonds within the park for youth. The diamonds are sited on three fields: Halleck, Blonde, and Papio Bay. Village Park, Papio Bay Aquatic Center (including two water slides and a zero depth pool) and Walnut Creek recreational park are among the other recreational amenities in the city. Papillion City Hall, June 2011 Papillion Middle School is in the downtown area south of Papio Creek; the building formerly was used as the high school until August 1971. The former junior high was located directly west, across the street. Also downtown are the Old A.W. Clarke banking house, Sump Memorial Library, Portal One-Room School House, Papillion Municipal Building (Sarpy County Courthouse until 1970), and the John Sautter House. Other areas of interest in Papillion include the Sarpy County Court House and Jail, Shadow Lake Towne Center, and Midlands Hospital, all along Nebraska Highway 370 in the southern portion of the city. Papillion has a Triple-A Minor League Baseball team. Werner Park, located 3 miles (4.8 km) west of the city on Highway 370 in unincorporated Sarpy County, opened in 2011 as the new home of the Omaha Storm Chasers of the Pacific Coast League. The Storm Chasers were formerly the Omaha Royals; after 42 years at Rosenblatt Stadium in south Omaha, the team moved out following the 2010 season and changed their nickname. They have been the only Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals, an expansion club that entered the American League in 1969. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Storm Chasers were placed into the new Triple-A East. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.47 square miles (16.76 km2), of which 6.45 square miles (16.71 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water. Climate Climate data for Papillion, Nebraska Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32(0) 38(3) 50(10) 63(17) 74(23) 84(29) 87(31) 85(29) 77(25) 65(18) 48(9) 35(2) 62(16) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 12(−11) 18(−8) 28(−2) 40(4) 51(11) 61(16) 66(19) 64(18) 54(12) 41(5) 28(−2) 16(−9) 40(4) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.77(20) 0.80(20) 2.13(54) 2.94(75) 4.44(113) 3.95(100) 3.86(98) 3.21(82) 3.17(81) 2.21(56) 1.82(46) 0.92(23) 30.22(768) Source: The Weather Channel Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880444—189060035.1%1900594−1.0%19106245.1%19206666.7%19307187.8%19407636.3%19501,03435.5%19602,235116.2%19705,606150.8%19806,39914.1%199010,37262.1%200016,36357.8%201018,89415.5%202024,15927.9%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census The 2020 United States census counted 24,159 people, 8,934 households, and 6,508 families in Papillion. The population density was 2,014.9 per square mile (777.8/km2). There were 9,214 housing units at an average density of 768.5 per square mile (296.7/km2). The racial makeup was 84.65% (20,451) white, 3.17% (766) black or African-American, 0.46% (112) Native American, 1.65% (398) Asian, 0.06% (15) Pacific Islander, 2.16% (521) from other races, and 7.85% (1,896) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 6.0% (1,659) of the population. Of the 8,934 households, 31.9% had children under the age of 18; 60.9% were married couples living together; 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present. 23.2% of households consisted of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.7 and the average family size was 3.1. 25.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 99.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 95.7 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $90,000 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,784) and the median family income $107,942 (+/- $7,167). Males had a median income of $50,140 (+/- $5,121) versus $34,647 (+/- $3,077) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $40,496 (+/- $2,017). Approximately, 2.9% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.5% of those ages 65 or over. 2010 census As of the 2010 census, there were 18,894 people, 6,925 households, and 5,079 families living in the city. The population density was 2,929.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,131.0/km2). There were 7,240 housing units at an average density of 1,122.5 per square mile (433.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.7% White, 3.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 1.5% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.2% of the population. There were 6,925 households, of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.15. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. Politics Papillion is divided into four wards, with two councilmembers elected from each. One seat for each ward is up for election every two years, with each term lasting four years. The mayor is the head of the city council and is elected at-large to four-year terms. The council meets every two weeks. Following former Mayor James Blinn's resignation on July 7, 2009, city council president David Black succeeded to become mayor of Papillion. He was elected in 2010 for his first full term; as of October 2022, he had been mayor for 13 years, running unopposed in the 2022 election cycle. Schools Papillion is part of the Papillion-La Vista Public School District, which includes two high schools, three middle schools and fifteen public elementary schools. Papillion-La Vista South High School, the newer of the two high schools, opened in 2003. It is located in southwest Papillion while Papillion-La Vista High School, opened in 1971, is located in the northern part of the city close to the LaVista border. The school district has well over 8,000 students and is one of the fastest-growing districts in Nebraska. Papillion is home to Nebraska Christian College, accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education. Transportation Transit service to the city is provided by Metro Transit. Route 93 serves the city on weekdays. Notable people Jordy Bahl, softball player Abbie Cobb, actress and author Brandon Curran, soccer defender Merle Curti, historian Cade Johnson, football wide receiver Alonzo Martinez, mixed martial artist Chris Petersen, guitarist Amber Rolfzen, volleyball player Becca Swanson, powerlifter and wrestler Allison Weston, volleyball player See also Nebraska portal List of municipalities in Nebraska References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Papillion, Nebraska ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ usgennet.org - Nebraska place names - Sarpy County - accessed 2011-09-08 ^ "Papillion, Sarpy County". Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies. University of Nebraska. Retrieved August 23, 2014. ^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "Monthly Averages for Papillion, Nebraska". Weather.com. 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved June 22, 2013. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ Branting, Adam (October 4, 2022). "Mayor David Black unchallenged as Papillion's CEO". The Daily Nonpareil - Council Bluffs, Iowa. Retrieved March 7, 2023. ^ "Consumer Information". Nebraska Christian College. Retrieved 2017-04-26. ^ "Metro Map". Retrieved July 21, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papillion, Nebraska. Official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Sarpy County, Nebraska, United StatesCounty seat: PapillionCities Bellevue Gretna La Vista Papillion Springfield Map of Nebraska highlighting Sarpy CountyCDPs Beacon View Chalco La Platte Linoma Beach Melia Offutt AFB Richfield Othercommunities Avery Gilmore Meadow Portal Nebraska portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Nebraska Ainsworth Albion Alliance Alma Arthur Auburn Aurora Bartlett Bassett Beatrice Beaver City Benkelman Blair Brewster Bridgeport Broken Bow Burwell Butte Center Central City Chadron Chapell Clay Center Columbus Dakota City David City Elwood Fairbury Falls City Franklin Fremont Fullerton Geneva Gering Grand Island Grant Greeley Center Harrisburg Harrison Hartington Hastings Hayes Center Hebron Holdrege Hyannis Imperial Kearney Kimball Lexington Lincoln Loup City Madison McCook Minden Mullen Nebraska City Neligh Nelson North Platte O'Neill Ogallala Omaha Ord Osceola Oshkosh Papillion Pawnee City Pender Pierce Plattsmouth Ponca Red Cloud Rushville Schuyler Seward Sidney Springview St. Paul Stanton Stapleton Stockville Taylor Tecumseh Tekamah Thedford Trenton Tryon Valentine Wahoo Wayne West Point Wilber York vteMetropolitan area of Omaha–Council BluffsPrimary citiesNebraska Omaha Iowa Council Bluffs Cities over 10,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Bellevue La Vista Papillion Cities of 5,000 to 10,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Blair Gretna Plattsmouth Ralston Iowa Glenwood Cities of 1,000 to 5,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Arlington Ashland Eagle Louisville Springfield Valley Wahoo Weeping Water Yutan Iowa Avoca Carter Lake Dunlap Logan Malvern Missouri Valley Oakland Woodbine Census-designated placesNebraska Chalco Offutt AFB Cities and villagesof fewer than 1,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Alvo Avoca Bennington Boys Town Cedar Bluffs Cedar Creek Ceresco Colon Elmwood Fort Calhoun Greenwood Herman Ithaca Kennard Leshara Malmo Manley Mead Memphis Morse Bluff Murdock Murray Nehawka Prague South Bend Union Valparaiso Washington Waterloo Weston Iowa Carson Crescent Emerson Hancock Hastings Henderson Little Sioux Macedonia Magnolia McClelland Minden Mineola Modale Mondamin Neola Pacific Junction Persia Pisgah Shelby Silver City Treynor Underwood Walnut CountiesNebraska Cass Douglas Sarpy Saunders Washington Iowa Harrison Mills Pottawattamie Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papillion (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillion_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sarpy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpy_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-3"},{"link_name":"larger five-county metro area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha-Council_Bluffs_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"7th most populous city in Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nebraska"}],"text":"\"Papillion\" redirects here. For other uses, see Papillion (disambiguation).City and county seat in Nebraska, United StatesPapillion is a city in and the county seat of Sarpy County, Nebraska, United States. The city developed in the 1870s as a railroad town and suburb of Omaha.[3] The city is part of the larger five-county metro area of Omaha. Papillion's population was 24,159 at the 2020 census, making it the 7th most populous city in Nebraska. Its growth since the late 20th century has reflected Omaha's.","title":"Papillion, Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papillion,_Nebraska_Municipal_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Highway 370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_370"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Werner Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Park"},{"link_name":"Omaha Storm Chasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Storm_Chasers"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"Rosenblatt Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rosenblatt_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Triple-A East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_East"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The city was named after the creek of the same name which flows through its center; this had been named by early French explorers, as France had claimed this territory through the eighteenth century. The name Papillion is derived from the French term (papillon) for butterfly. According to local tradition, the early French explorers named the creek as Papillon because they saw so many butterflies along its grassy banks.[4] The spelling was changed through a transliteration of the French word.Papillion was platted in 1870 when the railroad was extended to that point.[5] Papillion (sometimes referred to as \"Papio\" by its residents) is one of the last of the late 18th-century, Paris-inspired frontier cities left in the Midwestern United States.Halleck Park, a recreation area in the heart of the city, includes many trails, open spaces, trees and a number of areas of interest, including Papio Fun Park, Papio Bay Aquatic Park, Papio Pool, and Papio Bowl. The park also offers tennis courts, volleyball courts, playgrounds, \"The Duck Pond\", Monarch Field (\"The Pit\"), and E.A. Fricke Field.It also has nine other softball diamonds within the park for youth. The diamonds are sited on three fields: Halleck, Blonde, and Papio Bay. Village Park, Papio Bay Aquatic Center (including two water slides and a zero depth pool) and Walnut Creek recreational park are among the other recreational amenities in the city.Papillion City Hall, June 2011Papillion Middle School is in the downtown area south of Papio Creek; the building formerly was used as the high school until August 1971. The former junior high was located directly west, across the street.Also downtown are the Old A.W. Clarke banking house, Sump Memorial Library, Portal One-Room School House, Papillion Municipal Building (Sarpy County Courthouse until 1970), and the John Sautter House. Other areas of interest in Papillion include the Sarpy County Court House and Jail, Shadow Lake Towne Center, and Midlands Hospital, all along Nebraska Highway 370 in the southern portion of the city.Papillion has a Triple-A Minor League Baseball team. Werner Park, located 3 miles (4.8 km) west of the city on Highway 370 in unincorporated Sarpy County, opened in 2011 as the new home of the Omaha Storm Chasers of the Pacific Coast League. The Storm Chasers were formerly the Omaha Royals; after 42 years at Rosenblatt Stadium in south Omaha, the team moved out following the 2010 season and changed their nickname. They have been the only Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals, an expansion club that entered the American League in 1969. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Storm Chasers were placed into the new Triple-A East.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-7"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.47 square miles (16.76 km2), of which 6.45 square miles (16.71 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Papillion, Nebraska\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n32(0)\n\n38(3)\n\n50(10)\n\n63(17)\n\n74(23)\n\n84(29)\n\n87(31)\n\n85(29)\n\n77(25)\n\n65(18)\n\n48(9)\n\n35(2)\n\n62(16)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n12(−11)\n\n18(−8)\n\n28(−2)\n\n40(4)\n\n51(11)\n\n61(16)\n\n66(19)\n\n64(18)\n\n54(12)\n\n41(5)\n\n28(−2)\n\n16(−9)\n\n40(4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.77(20)\n\n0.80(20)\n\n2.13(54)\n\n2.94(75)\n\n4.44(113)\n\n3.95(100)\n\n3.86(98)\n\n3.21(82)\n\n3.17(81)\n\n2.21(56)\n\n1.82(46)\n\n0.92(23)\n\n30.22(768)\n\n\nSource: The Weather Channel[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"black or African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"The 2020 United States census[10] counted 24,159 people, 8,934 households, and 6,508 families in Papillion. The population density was 2,014.9 per square mile (777.8/km2). There were 9,214 housing units at an average density of 768.5 per square mile (296.7/km2). The racial makeup was 84.65% (20,451) white, 3.17% (766) black or African-American, 0.46% (112) Native American, 1.65% (398) Asian, 0.06% (15) Pacific Islander, 2.16% (521) from other races, and 7.85% (1,896) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 6.0% (1,659) of the population.Of the 8,934 households, 31.9% had children under the age of 18; 60.9% were married couples living together; 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present. 23.2% of households consisted of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.7 and the average family size was 3.1.25.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 99.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 95.7 males.The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey[11] estimates show that the median household income was $90,000 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,784) and the median family income $107,942 (+/- $7,167). Males had a median income of $50,140 (+/- $5,121) versus $34,647 (+/- $3,077) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $40,496 (+/- $2,017). Approximately, 2.9% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.5% of those ages 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-12"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the 2010 census,[12] there were 18,894 people, 6,925 households, and 5,079 families living in the city. The population density was 2,929.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,131.0/km2). There were 7,240 housing units at an average density of 1,122.5 per square mile (433.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.7% White, 3.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 1.5% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.2% of the population.There were 6,925 households, of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.15.The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"councilmembers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councilmember"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Papillion is divided into four wards, with two councilmembers elected from each. One seat for each ward is up for election every two years, with each term lasting four years. The mayor is the head of the city council and is elected at-large to four-year terms. The council meets every two weeks. Following former Mayor James Blinn's resignation on July 7, 2009, city council president David Black succeeded to become mayor of Papillion. He was elected in 2010 for his first full term; as of October 2022, he had been mayor for 13 years, running unopposed in the 2022 election cycle.[13]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papillion-La Vista Public School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillion-La_Vista_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_schools"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_schools"},{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schools"},{"link_name":"Papillion-La Vista South High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillion-La_Vista_South_High_School"},{"link_name":"Papillion-La Vista High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillion-La_Vista_High_School"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Christian_College"},{"link_name":"Association for Biblical Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Biblical_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Papillion is part of the Papillion-La Vista Public School District, which includes two high schools, three middle schools and fifteen public elementary schools. Papillion-La Vista South High School, the newer of the two high schools, opened in 2003. It is located in southwest Papillion while Papillion-La Vista High School, opened in 1971, is located in the northern part of the city close to the LaVista border. The school district has well over 8,000 students and is one of the fastest-growing districts in Nebraska.Papillion is home to Nebraska Christian College, accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education.[14]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Omaha)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Transit service to the city is provided by Metro Transit. Route 93 serves the city on weekdays.[15]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordy Bahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordy_Bahl"},{"link_name":"Abbie Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Brandon Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Curran"},{"link_name":"Merle Curti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Curti"},{"link_name":"Cade Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Chris Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Petersen_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Amber Rolfzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Rolfzen"},{"link_name":"Becca Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becca_Swanson"},{"link_name":"Allison Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Weston"}],"text":"Jordy Bahl, softball player\nAbbie Cobb, actress and author\nBrandon Curran, soccer defender\nMerle Curti, historian\nCade Johnson, football wide receiver\nAlonzo Martinez, mixed martial artist\nChris Petersen, guitarist\nAmber Rolfzen, volleyball player\nBecca Swanson, powerlifter and wrestler\nAllison Weston, volleyball player","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Papillion City Hall, June 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Papillion%2C_Nebraska_Municipal_Building.jpg/220px-Papillion%2C_Nebraska_Municipal_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Nebraska highlighting Sarpy County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Sarpy_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Sarpy_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Nebraska portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nebraska"},{"title":"List of municipalities in Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nebraska"}]
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papillion, Sarpy County\". Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies. University of Nebraska. Retrieved August 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.casde.unl.edu/history/counties/sarpy/papillion/","url_text":"\"Papillion, Sarpy County\""}]},{"reference":"Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). \"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","url_text":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Averages for Papillion, Nebraska\". Weather.com. 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USNE0382","url_text":"\"Monthly Averages for Papillion, Nebraska\""}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved June 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Branting, Adam (October 4, 2022). \"Mayor David Black unchallenged as Papillion's CEO\". The Daily Nonpareil - Council Bluffs, Iowa. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nonpareilonline.com/community/papillion/mayor-david-black-unchallenged-as-papillions-ceo/article_9d57ca9e-413f-11ed-9cb4-bbbc55580ca3.html","url_text":"\"Mayor David Black unchallenged as Papillion's CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro Map\". Retrieved July 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ometro.com/maps-schedules/map/","url_text":"\"Metro Map\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman,_Chuuk
Uman, Federated States of Micronesia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 7°18′04″N 151°52′50″E / 7.3011°N 151.8805°E / 7.3011; 151.8805Uman is a municipality of Chuuk, in the Federated States of Micronesia. It includes Uman Island and uninhabited Kuop Atoll. 7°18′04″N 151°52′50″E / 7.3011°N 151.8805°E / 7.3011; 151.8805 References Statoids.com, retrieved December 8, 2010 http://islands.unep.ch/CLV.htm This Federated States of Micronesia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_State"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Uman Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman_Island"},{"link_name":"Kuop Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuop_Atoll"},{"link_name":"7°18′04″N 151°52′50″E / 7.3011°N 151.8805°E / 7.3011; 151.8805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uman,_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&params=7.3011_N_151.8805_E_region:FM-TRK_type:isle"}],"text":"Uman is a municipality of Chuuk, in the Federated States of Micronesia. It includes Uman Island and uninhabited Kuop Atoll.7°18′04″N 151°52′50″E / 7.3011°N 151.8805°E / 7.3011; 151.8805","title":"Uman, Federated States of Micronesia"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uman,_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&params=7.3011_N_151.8805_E_region:FM-TRK_type:isle","external_links_name":"7°18′04″N 151°52′50″E / 7.3011°N 151.8805°E / 7.3011; 151.8805"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uman,_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&params=7.3011_N_151.8805_E_region:FM-TRK_type:isle","external_links_name":"7°18′04″N 151°52′50″E / 7.3011°N 151.8805°E / 7.3011; 151.8805"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/yfm.html","external_links_name":"Statoids.com"},{"Link":"http://islands.unep.ch/CLV.htm","external_links_name":"http://islands.unep.ch/CLV.htm"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uman,_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Region,_Colombia
Andean natural region
["1 Biogeographical subregions","2 Biodiversity","3 Protected areas","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 5°1′24.607″N 74°37′53.796″W / 5.02350194°N 74.63161000°W / 5.02350194; -74.63161000Mountainous region in central Colombia Andean regionEcologyRealmNeotropicBiomeDry Forest, Rainforest, Mountain Forest, PáramoGeographyCountry ColombiaCoordinates5°1′24.607″N 74°37′53.796″W / 5.02350194°N 74.63161000°W / 5.02350194; -74.63161000RiversMagdalena, CaucaClimate typeTropical, Subtropical, Temperate The Andean region, located in central Colombia, is the most populated natural region of Colombia. With many mountains, the Andes contain most of the country's urban centers. They were also the location of the most significant pre-Columbian indigenous settlements. Beyond the Colombian Massif in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño, the Colombian Andes divide into three branches known as "cordilleras" (from the Spanish for mountain range): the West Andes run adjacent to the Pacific coast and is home to the city of Cali. The Central Andes run up the center of the country between the Cauca and Magdalena river valleys (to the west and east respectively) and includes the cities of Medellín, Manizales and Pereira. The East Andes extend northeast towards the Guajira Peninsula, and includes the cities of Bogotá, Bucaramanga and Cúcuta. The climate and vegetation of the region vary considerably according to altitude, but as a general rule the land can be divided into the tierra caliente (hot land) of river valleys and basins below 1,000 m; the more temperate conditions of the tierra templada (temperate land, approximately 1,000 m to 2,000 m) and tierra fría (cold land, 2,000 m to 3,200 m), which include the most productive land and most of the population; and the alpine conditions of the zona forestada (forested zone, 3,200 m to 3,900 m), páramos (3,900 m to 4,600 m) and tierra helada (frozen land, 4,600 m and above). Biogeographical subregions Pasto Massif Colombian Massif West Andes Central Andes East Andes Cauca River Valley Magdalena River Valley Biodiversity Main article: Biodiversity of Colombia § Andean natural region This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013) Protected areas Main article: List of national parks of Colombia West Andes from south to north: Munchique, Farallones de Cali, Tatamá, Las Orquideas, Paramillo See also Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia West Andes Central Andes East Andes Paisa Region References ^ (in Spanish) MEMO: Natural Regions of Colombia Memo.com.co Accessed 22 August 2007. vteNatural regions of Colombia Andean Caribbean Pacific/Chocó Orinoquía Amazon Insular Biodiversity Natural hazards Protected areas Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural region of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEMO-1"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Colombian Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Massif"},{"link_name":"Cauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_Department"},{"link_name":"Nariño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"West Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cali"},{"link_name":"Central Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Cauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_River"},{"link_name":"Magdalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Manizales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizales"},{"link_name":"Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereira,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"East Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Guajira Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bucaramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramanga"},{"link_name":"Cúcuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta"},{"link_name":"tierra caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_caliente"},{"link_name":"tierra templada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_templada"},{"link_name":"tierra fría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_fr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"zona forestada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zona_forestada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"páramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo"},{"link_name":"tierra helada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_helada"}],"text":"Mountainous region in central ColombiaThe Andean region, located in central Colombia, is the most populated natural region of Colombia. With many mountains, the Andes contain most of the country's urban centers.[1] They were also the location of the most significant pre-Columbian indigenous settlements. Beyond the Colombian Massif in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño, the Colombian Andes divide into three branches known as \"cordilleras\" (from the Spanish for mountain range): the West Andes run adjacent to the Pacific coast and is home to the city of Cali. The Central Andes run up the center of the country between the Cauca and Magdalena river valleys (to the west and east respectively) and includes the cities of Medellín, Manizales and Pereira. The East Andes extend northeast towards the Guajira Peninsula, and includes the cities of Bogotá, Bucaramanga and Cúcuta.The climate and vegetation of the region vary considerably according to altitude, but as a general rule the land can be divided into the tierra caliente (hot land) of river valleys and basins below 1,000 m; the more temperate conditions of the tierra templada (temperate land, approximately 1,000 m to 2,000 m) and tierra fría (cold land, 2,000 m to 3,200 m), which include the most productive land and most of the population; and the alpine conditions of the zona forestada (forested zone, 3,200 m to 3,900 m), páramos (3,900 m to 4,600 m) and tierra helada (frozen land, 4,600 m and above).","title":"Andean natural region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasto Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudo_de_los_Pastos"},{"link_name":"Colombian Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Massif"},{"link_name":"West Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Central Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"East Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Cauca River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_River"},{"link_name":"Magdalena River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River_Valley"}],"text":"Pasto Massif\nColombian Massif\nWest Andes\nCentral Andes\nEast Andes\nCauca River Valley\nMagdalena River Valley","title":"Biogeographical subregions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biodiversity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munchique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munchique"},{"link_name":"Farallones de Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farallones_de_Cali"},{"link_name":"Paramillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramillo_Massif"}],"text":"West Andes from south to north: Munchique, Farallones de Cali, Tatamá, Las Orquideas, Paramillo","title":"Protected areas"}]
[]
[{"title":"Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valleys_and_Plateaus_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"West Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Colombia)"},{"title":"Central Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Colombia)"},{"title":"East Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)"},{"title":"Paisa Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisa_Region"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turley,_Oklahoma
Turley, Oklahoma
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°14′51″N 95°58′13″W / 36.24750°N 95.97028°W / 36.24750; -95.97028 CDP in Oklahoma, United StatesTurley, OklahomaCDPLocation of Turley, OklahomaCoordinates: 36°14′51″N 95°58′13″W / 36.24750°N 95.97028°W / 36.24750; -95.97028CountryUnited StatesStateOklahomaCountyTulsaArea • Total3.63 sq mi (9.40 km2) • Land3.63 sq mi (9.39 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation636 ft (194 m)Population (2020) • Total2,607 • Density718.97/sq mi (277.62/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code74126Area code(s)539/918FIPS code40-75150GNIS feature ID1099063 Turley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 2,607 at the time of the 2020 census. History Turley was historically known as Flat Rock. The community was established around 1897, and the first school was established there in 1902. The post office was located in Jim Turley's and S.L. Daun's store. The store and the blacksmith shop comprised the first town of Turley, which was located northeast of 66th Street North and Peoria Avenue. Geography Turley is located at 36°14′51″N 95°58′13″W / 36.24750°N 95.97028°W / 36.24750; -95.97028 (36.247627, -95.970378). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20003,231—20102,756−14.7%20202,607−5.4%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,231 people, 1,253 households, and 859 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 873.0 inhabitants per square mile (337.1/km2). There were 1,449 housing units at an average density of 391.5 per square mile (151.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.95% White, 14.39% African American, 11.05% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 6.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.81% of the population. There were 1,253 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.10. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,779, and the median income for a family was $31,573. Males had a median income of $27,484 versus $22,400 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,325. About 11.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Turley (CDP), Oklahoma". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ "Tulsa County Historic Sites :: TULSA AND OKLAHOMA HISTORY COLLECTION". cdm15020.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. External links Turley Oklahoma Historical Association. Retrieved January 15, 2013. vteMunicipalities and communities of Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United StatesCounty seat: TulsaCities Bixby‡ Broken Arrow‡ Collinsville‡ Glenpool Jenks Owasso‡ Sand Springs‡ Sapulpa‡ Tulsa‡ Tulsa County mapTowns Liberty‡ Lotsee Skiatook‡ Sperry CDPs Leonard Oakhurst‡ Turley Othercommunities Alsuma Berryhill Lake Indian reservations Cherokee Nation‡ Muscogee Nation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Oklahoma portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Tulsa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"CDP in Oklahoma, United StatesTurley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 2,607 at the time of the 2020 census.[4]","title":"Turley, Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Turley was historically known as Flat Rock. The community was established around 1897, and the first school was established there in 1902. The post office was located in Jim Turley's and S.L. Daun's store. The store and the blacksmith shop comprised the first town of Turley, which was located northeast of 66th Street North and Peoria Avenue.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"36°14′51″N 95°58′13″W / 36.24750°N 95.97028°W / 36.24750; -95.97028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turley,_Oklahoma&params=36_14_51_N_95_58_13_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Turley is located at 36°14′51″N 95°58′13″W / 36.24750°N 95.97028°W / 36.24750; -95.97028 (36.247627, -95.970378).[6]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 3,231 people, 1,253 households, and 859 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 873.0 inhabitants per square mile (337.1/km2). There were 1,449 housing units at an average density of 391.5 per square mile (151.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.95% White, 14.39% African American, 11.05% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 6.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.81% of the population.There were 1,253 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.10.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,779, and the median income for a family was $31,573. Males had a median income of $27,484 versus $22,400 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,325. About 11.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Turley (CDP), Oklahoma\". US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Turley%20CDP,%20Oklahoma","url_text":"\"Turley (CDP), Oklahoma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tulsa County Historic Sites :: TULSA AND OKLAHOMA HISTORY COLLECTION\". cdm15020.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdm15020.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16063coll1/id/14859","url_text":"\"Tulsa County Historic Sites :: TULSA AND OKLAHOMA HISTORY COLLECTION\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham,_Ohio
Cunningham, Ohio
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 39°34′42″N 83°33′05″W / 39.57833°N 83.55139°W / 39.57833; -83.55139Unincorporated community in Ohio, U.S. Cunningham is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, in the U.S. state of Ohio. History Cunningham was a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cunningham, Ohio ^ Allen, Frank M. (1914). History of Fayette County, Ohio: Her People, Industries and Institutions. B. F. Bowen, Incorporated. p. 300. vteMunicipalities and communities of Fayette County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: Washington Court HouseCity Washington Court House Map of Ohio highlighting Fayette CountyVillages Bloomingburg Jeffersonville Milledgeville New Holland‡ Octa Townships Concord Green Jasper Jefferson Madison Marion Paint Perry Union Wayne CDPs Good Hope Pancoastburg Unincorporatedcommunities Blessing Bookwalter Boyds Buena Vista Cook Cunningham Eber Edgefield Fairview Georgetown Ghormley Glendon Hagler Jasper Mills Johnson Luttrell Madison Mills Manara McLean New Martinsburg Parrott Plano‡ Pleasant View Rock Mills Shady Grove South Plymouth Staunton West Lancaster White Oak Yankeetown Yatesville Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal 39°34′42″N 83°33′05″W / 39.57833°N 83.55139°W / 39.57833; -83.55139 This Fayette County, Ohio state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Fayette County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Ohio, U.S.Cunningham is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.[1]","title":"Cunningham, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_(1846%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Cunningham was a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad.[2]","title":"History"}]
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[{"reference":"Allen, Frank M. (1914). History of Fayette County, Ohio: Her People, Industries and Institutions. B. F. Bowen, Incorporated. p. 300.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyfayettec00allegoog","url_text":"History of Fayette County, Ohio: Her People, Industries and Institutions"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyfayettec00allegoog/page/n318","url_text":"300"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Township,_Iron_County,_Missouri
Arcadia Township, Iron County, Missouri
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°34′28″N 90°39′37″W / 37.5744°N 90.6603°W / 37.5744; -90.6603 ArcadiaTownship is an inactive township in Iron County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. Arcadia Township was established in 1857, taking its name from nearby Arcadia Valley. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Arcadia Township, Iron County, Missouri ^ "Iron County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) vteMunicipalities and communities of Iron County, Missouri, United StatesCounty seat: IrontonCities Annapolis Arcadia Ironton Pilot Knob Viburnum Map of Missouri highlighting Iron CountyVillage Des Arc Townships Arcadia Dent Iron Kaolin Liberty Union Unincorporatedcommunities Banner Belleview Bixby Chloride Ghermanville Glover Good Water Goodland Graniteville Hogan Middlebrook‡ Minimum Pin Hook Redmondville Sabula Vulcan Ghost towns Buick Enough Shepard Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Missouri portal United States portal 37°34′28″N 90°39′37″W / 37.5744°N 90.6603°W / 37.5744; -90.6603 This Iron County, Missouri state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Iron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"ArcadiaTownship is an inactive township in Iron County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1]Arcadia Township was established in 1857, taking its name from nearby Arcadia Valley.[2]","title":"Arcadia Township, Iron County, Missouri"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Iron County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)\". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071635/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_iron.html","url_text":"\"Iron County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storrs_Township,_Hamilton_County,_Ohio
Storrs Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
["1 Name","2 History","3 Geography","4 Transportation","5 Ministerial lands","6 References","7 External links"]
An 1856 map of Hamilton County depicting Storrs Township at its original size in yellow. Storrs Township was a civil township in south-central Hamilton County, Ohio. It was established in 1835 and annexed to Cincinnati in 1870 but remained in nominal form until at least 1890 due to an oversight. Name Mrs. Ethan Stone (Abigail Maria Storrs) Storrs Township was named after Abigail Maria Storrs, the wife of Ethan Stone. Stone was a lawyer who went into banking after becoming blind. He was a Federalist member of the Ohio General Assembly from 1805 to 1806 and became president of the Bank of Cincinnati in 1814. History The land that would become Storrs Township was included in the 1794 Symmes Purchase. In 1810, Ethan Stone, an influential former state representative and investor, convinced the Ohio General Assembly to lease to him Section 29 of Cincinnati Township, which he would then sublet. The lease was amended in 1821, allowing him to rent the section for $40 annually for 99 years, renewable in perpetuity. It would prove lucrative to Stone. In 1835, Cincinnati Township was abolished due to annexations by the City of Cincinnati, and Storrs Township was erected from the western portion of Cincinnati Township that included the Stone estate. The same year, Sedamsville was incorporated as a village within the township limits. Storrs Township's location on the Ohio River near Cincinnati made it a stop for fugitive slaves following the Underground Railroad into Ohio. In a high-profile incident in 1856, Margaret Garner escaped into Storrs Township with her family before killing or wounding her children in a bid to keep them out of the hands of slave catchers. Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, she was returned to her enslaver in Kentucky. On November 12, 1869, the Hamilton County Board of County Commissioners granted Cincinnati's request to annex Storrs Township, including the villages of Sedamsville and Price Hill, but excluding the small portion already incorporated as the Village of Riverside. These annexations took effect on February 28, 1870. In 1887, the annexed territory was also transferred from Storrs Township to Cincinnati Township, to ensure that Cincinnati and its paper township remained coextensive. In 1890, at the end of a congressional redistricting process, the Ohio Republican Party discovered that, when the county commissioners annexed the eastern portion of Storrs Township to Cincinnati Township, they had neglected to attach the remaining 22 square miles (57 km2) within Riverside to Delhi Township. The 200 eligible voters in Riverside voted in their own precinct, still nominally in Storrs Township. The wording of the redistricting act inadvertently omitted this precinct from any congressional district. This discrepancy had been overlooked in the 1882, 1884, and 1886 redistricting acts but gave the Republicans a last-minute opportunity to invalidate the Ohio Democratic Party's newest gerrymandering scheme and gain multiple seats in the United States House of Representatives. Geography In its original form, Storrs Township was bounded by the Ohio River to the south, Delhi Township to the west, Millcreek Township to the north, and Cincinnati to the east across Mill Creek. This area today corresponds to the Cincinnati neighborhoods of Sedamsville, Lower Price Hill, and East Price Hill, as well as the easternmost part of Riverside. Transportation In 1847, the Ohio General Assembly established a road district within the township for the purpose of grading and paving streets. In the 1850s, two plank roads ran through the township, one of them a toll road called the Storrs Township Turnpike and the other a free road leading to the Anderson Ferry. Ministerial lands The section leased to Ethan Stone was the township's ministerial land, with a stipulation that proceeds from the sale or sublease of land were to be used for the funding of Christian churches and schools in the township. The state administered the land, collected rent, and disbursed the funds to the churches. In 1949, five churches in the former Storrs Township filed with the City of Cincinnati to receive disbursements totaling $3,000. In 1968, the Ohio State Auditor stopped disbursing the funds after the United States Supreme Court declared such arrangements unconstitutional. In 1973, the auditor was authorized to sell the land to the 145 lessees of 791.10 acres (320.15 ha) in Green, Delhi, and Storrs townships for one year's rent, with the proceeds going to local school districts. Stone's considerable profit from sublets was also subject to the ministerial provision. At his death in 1852, the proceeds were valued at over $32,000 annually. The funds were originally directed to the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio, but in 1893, the Hamilton County Probate Court ordered that trust funds be disbursed to a church chosen in an election every ten years. By the time the case was closed on March 22, 2019, 167 years after Stone's death, it was the longest open trust case in Ohio and presumably the oldest active court case in the United States. References ^ a b c Perry, Kimball (October 23, 2012). "Cold case: 1852 probate claim finally being closed". The Cincinnati Enquirer. pp. A1, A8 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors. Cincinnati: The Wiesen-Hart Press. 1979 . p. 470 – via Google Books. ^ Schuckers, Jacob William (1874). The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase: United States Senator and Governor of Ohio; Secretary of the Treasury and Chief-justice of the United States. D. Appleton & Company. pp. 171–172 – via Google Books. ^ To Whom it May Concern!. October 1869 – via Google Books. Notice is Hereby Given to All Interested Parties that an Application was Filed on Wednesday, Oct. 6, 1869, with the Board of County Commissioners of Hamilton Co., by the City of Cincinnati, at a Regular Meeting of Said Board, Praying for Permission for the Annexation of the Following Unincorporated Territory, Viz: All of Storrs Township Not Included in the Incorporated Village of Riverside ... the Application for Such Annexation Will be Heard by the Commissioners, at Said Office, on Wednesday, Dec. 15, 1869, at 9 o'clock a.m. ^ Mersch, Christine (2008). Price Hill. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-6170-7 – via Google Books. ^ Greve, Charles Theodore (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens. Vol. 1. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Company. p. 19 – via Google Books. ^ Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed. (1883). The Industries of Cincinnati: The Advantages, Resources, Facilities and Commercial Relations of Cincinnati as a Center of Trade and Manufacture; a Brief Review of Past and Present Conditions; and a Delineation of Representative Industrial and Commercial Establishments of the City. Cincinnati: A. N. Marquis & Company. p. 32 – via Google Books. ^ Maxwell, Sidney D. (1870). The suburbs of Cincinnati: sketches, historical and descriptive. Cincinnati: G.E. Stevens & Co. Preface – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ a b "Escaped Notice: A Fractional Township in the State of Ohio". Aurora Daily Express. Aurora, Illinois. September 12, 1890. p. 2 – via Google News Archive. ^ "Omitted a Whole Township: a Mistake That May Invalidate the Ohio Gerrymander". Chicago Tribune. September 19, 1890. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Map of Hamilton County, Ohio : exhibiting the various divisions and sub divisions of land with the name of the owners & number of acres in each tract together with the roads, canals, streams, towns &c. throughout the county". ^ LLC., Historic Map Works. "Outline Map, Atlas: Cincinnati and Hamilton County 1869, Ohio Historical Map". www.historicmapworks.com. ^ "An act to establish grades in a part of Storrs township, Hamilton county, and for other purposes". Acts of the State of Ohio. 45: 75–81. February 8, 1847 – via Google Books. ^ The Cincinnati & Warsaw Turnpike Company, vs. Cincinnati & Others, 4 American Law Record, 328 (Superior Court of Cincinnati 1875). ^ a b "Churches Seek Share Of Rent Under Storrs Township Lease". The Cincinnati Enquirer. September 13, 1949. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "'Unique Period' Comes To End". Greenville Daily Advocate. Greenville, Ohio. United Press. October 16, 1973. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Miller, Robert E. (October 25, 1973). "Ministerial lands to be sold". Washington Court House Record-Herald. Washington Court House, Ohio. Associated Press. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "History of Education in Ohio" (PDF). Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission Reports. Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission. 9: 4459–4460. January 7, 1974. ^ Monk, Dan (April 16, 2015). "Millions of Hamilton County records headed online". Cincinnati Business Courier. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ "Stone, Ethan". Cincinnati: Hamilton County Probate Court. Retrieved July 15, 2021. External links Hamilton County Recorder's Office – Township Maps
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Hamilton County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"}],"text":"Storrs Township was a civil township in south-central Hamilton County, Ohio. It was established in 1835 and annexed to Cincinnati in 1870 but remained in nominal form until at least 1890 due to an oversight.","title":"Storrs Township, Hamilton County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mrs._Ethan_Stone_(Abigail_Maria_Storrs)_MET_ap39.132.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethan Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Stone"},{"link_name":"Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enquirer_Perry-1"}],"text":"Mrs. Ethan Stone (Abigail Maria Storrs)Storrs Township was named after Abigail Maria Storrs, the wife of Ethan Stone. Stone was a lawyer who went into banking after becoming blind. He was a Federalist member of the Ohio General Assembly from 1805 to 1806 and became president of the Bank of Cincinnati in 1814.[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symmes Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmes_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Section 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_Lands"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Township,_Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enquirer_Perry-1"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Sedamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedamsville,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Margaret Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Garner"},{"link_name":"Fugitive Slave Act of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Price Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Hill,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"paper township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_township"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escaped-9"},{"link_name":"congressional redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment"},{"link_name":"Ohio Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Delhi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"gerrymandering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escaped-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The land that would become Storrs Township was included in the 1794 Symmes Purchase. In 1810, Ethan Stone, an influential former state representative and investor, convinced the Ohio General Assembly to lease to him Section 29 of Cincinnati Township, which he would then sublet. The lease was amended in 1821, allowing him to rent the section for $40 annually for 99 years, renewable in perpetuity. It would prove lucrative to Stone.[1]In 1835, Cincinnati Township was abolished due to annexations by the City of Cincinnati, and Storrs Township was erected from the western portion of Cincinnati Township that included the Stone estate. The same year, Sedamsville was incorporated as a village within the township limits.[2]Storrs Township's location on the Ohio River near Cincinnati made it a stop for fugitive slaves following the Underground Railroad into Ohio. In a high-profile incident in 1856, Margaret Garner escaped into Storrs Township with her family before killing or wounding her children in a bid to keep them out of the hands of slave catchers. Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, she was returned to her enslaver in Kentucky.[3]On November 12, 1869, the Hamilton County Board of County Commissioners granted Cincinnati's request to annex Storrs Township, including the villages of Sedamsville and Price Hill, but excluding the small portion already incorporated as the Village of Riverside.[4][5][6][7] These annexations took effect on February 28, 1870.[8] In 1887, the annexed territory was also transferred from Storrs Township to Cincinnati Township, to ensure that Cincinnati and its paper township remained coextensive.[9]In 1890, at the end of a congressional redistricting process, the Ohio Republican Party discovered that, when the county commissioners annexed the eastern portion of Storrs Township to Cincinnati Township, they had neglected to attach the remaining 22 square miles (57 km2) within Riverside to Delhi Township. The 200 eligible voters in Riverside voted in their own precinct, still nominally in Storrs Township. The wording of the redistricting act inadvertently omitted this precinct from any congressional district. This discrepancy had been overlooked in the 1882, 1884, and 1886 redistricting acts but gave the Republicans a last-minute opportunity to invalidate the Ohio Democratic Party's newest gerrymandering scheme and gain multiple seats in the United States House of Representatives.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Delhi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Millcreek Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millcreek_Township,_Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Mill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Creek_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc.gov-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sedamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedamsville,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Lower Price Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Price_Hill,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"East Price Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Price_Hill,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Cincinnati"}],"text":"In its original form, Storrs Township was bounded by the Ohio River to the south, Delhi Township to the west, Millcreek Township to the north, and Cincinnati to the east across Mill Creek.[11][12] This area today corresponds to the Cincinnati neighborhoods of Sedamsville, Lower Price Hill, and East Price Hill, as well as the easternmost part of Riverside.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"road district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_improvement_district"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"plank roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_road"},{"link_name":"Anderson Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1847, the Ohio General Assembly established a road district within the township for the purpose of grading and paving streets.[13] In the 1850s, two plank roads ran through the township, one of them a toll road called the Storrs Township Turnpike and the other a free road leading to the Anderson Ferry.[14]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ministerial land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_Lands"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rent-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unique-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rent-15"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Auditor"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Township,_Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unique-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"At his death in 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Stone#Death_and_legacy"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Southern_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enquirer_Perry-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The section leased to Ethan Stone was the township's ministerial land, with a stipulation that proceeds from the sale or sublease of land were to be used for the funding of Christian churches and schools in the township.[15] The state administered the land, collected rent, and disbursed the funds to the churches.[16] In 1949, five churches in the former Storrs Township filed with the City of Cincinnati to receive disbursements totaling $3,000.[15] In 1968, the Ohio State Auditor stopped disbursing the funds after the United States Supreme Court declared such arrangements unconstitutional. In 1973, the auditor was authorized to sell the land to the 145 lessees of 791.10 acres (320.15 ha) in Green, Delhi, and Storrs townships for one year's rent, with the proceeds going to local school districts.[16][17][18]Stone's considerable profit from sublets was also subject to the ministerial provision. At his death in 1852, the proceeds were valued at over $32,000 annually. The funds were originally directed to the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio, but in 1893, the Hamilton County Probate Court ordered that trust funds be disbursed to a church chosen in an election every ten years. By the time the case was closed on March 22, 2019, 167 years after Stone's death, it was the longest open trust case in Ohio and presumably the oldest active court case in the United States.[1][19][20]","title":"Ministerial lands"}]
[{"image_text":"An 1856 map of Hamilton County depicting Storrs Township at its original size in yellow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_Hamilton_County%2C_Ohio_-_exhibiting_the_various_divisions_and_sub_divisions_of_land_with_the_name_of_the_owners_%26_number_of_acres_in_each_tract_together_with_the_roads%2C_canals%2C_streams%2C_towns_LOC_2012591124.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mrs. Ethan Stone (Abigail Maria Storrs)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mrs._Ethan_Stone_%28Abigail_Maria_Storrs%29_MET_ap39.132.jpg/220px-Mrs._Ethan_Stone_%28Abigail_Maria_Storrs%29_MET_ap39.132.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Perry, Kimball (October 23, 2012). \"Cold case: 1852 probate claim finally being closed\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. pp. A1, A8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81530154/","url_text":"\"Cold case: 1852 probate claim finally being closed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer","url_text":"The Cincinnati Enquirer"}]},{"reference":"Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors. Cincinnati: The Wiesen-Hart Press. 1979 [1943]. p. 470 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g9vJrsMSnEQC&pg=PA470","url_text":"Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors"}]},{"reference":"Schuckers, Jacob William (1874). The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase: United States Senator and Governor of Ohio; Secretary of the Treasury and Chief-justice of the United States. D. Appleton & Company. pp. 171–172 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wW0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA172","url_text":"The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase: United States Senator and Governor of Ohio; Secretary of the Treasury and Chief-justice of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company","url_text":"D. Appleton & Company"}]},{"reference":"To Whom it May Concern!. October 1869 – via Google Books. Notice is Hereby Given to All Interested Parties that an Application was Filed on Wednesday, Oct. 6, 1869, with the Board of County Commissioners of Hamilton Co., by the City of Cincinnati, at a Regular Meeting of Said Board, Praying for Permission for the Annexation of the Following Unincorporated Territory, Viz: All of Storrs Township Not Included in the Incorporated Village of Riverside ... the Application for Such Annexation Will be Heard by the Commissioners, at Said Office, on Wednesday, Dec. 15, 1869, at 9 o'clock a.m.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CH6-tgAACAAJ","url_text":"To Whom it May Concern!"}]},{"reference":"Mersch, Christine (2008). Price Hill. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-6170-7 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M0-qo9jV7aoC&pg=PA7","url_text":"Price Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing","url_text":"Arcadia Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-6170-7","url_text":"978-0-7385-6170-7"}]},{"reference":"Greve, Charles Theodore (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens. Vol. 1. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Company. p. 19 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C&pg=PA19","url_text":"Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens"}]},{"reference":"Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed. (1883). The Industries of Cincinnati: The Advantages, Resources, Facilities and Commercial Relations of Cincinnati as a Center of Trade and Manufacture; a Brief Review of Past and Present Conditions; and a Delineation of Representative Industrial and Commercial Establishments of the City. Cincinnati: A. N. Marquis & Company. p. 32 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Nelson_Marquis","url_text":"Marquis, Albert Nelson"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dyI1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA32","url_text":"The Industries of Cincinnati: The Advantages, Resources, Facilities and Commercial Relations of Cincinnati as a Center of Trade and Manufacture; a Brief Review of Past and Present Conditions; and a Delineation of Representative Industrial and Commercial Establishments of the City"}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, Sidney D. (1870). The suburbs of Cincinnati: sketches, historical and descriptive. Cincinnati: G.E. Stevens & Co. Preface – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_suburbs_of_Cincinnati_-_sketches,_historical_and_descriptive_(IA_suburbsofcincinn00maxw).pdf&page=11","url_text":"The suburbs of Cincinnati: sketches, historical and descriptive"}]},{"reference":"\"Escaped Notice: A Fractional Township in the State of Ohio\". Aurora Daily Express. Aurora, Illinois. September 12, 1890. p. 2 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kLwoAAAAIBAJ&pg=978,3238177","url_text":"\"Escaped Notice: A Fractional Township in the State of Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Omitted a Whole Township: a Mistake That May Invalidate the Ohio Gerrymander\". Chicago Tribune. September 19, 1890. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81524009/","url_text":"\"Omitted a Whole Township: a Mistake That May Invalidate the Ohio Gerrymander\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of Hamilton County, Ohio : exhibiting the various divisions and sub divisions of land with the name of the owners & number of acres in each tract together with the roads, canals, streams, towns &c. throughout the county\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/2012591124/","url_text":"\"Map of Hamilton County, Ohio : exhibiting the various divisions and sub divisions of land with the name of the owners & number of acres in each tract together with the roads, canals, streams, towns &c. throughout the county\""}]},{"reference":"LLC., Historic Map Works. \"Outline Map, Atlas: Cincinnati and Hamilton County 1869, Ohio Historical Map\". www.historicmapworks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicmapworks.com/Map/US/20647/Outline+Map/Cincinnati+and+Hamilton+County+1869/Ohio/","url_text":"\"Outline Map, Atlas: Cincinnati and Hamilton County 1869, Ohio Historical Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"An act to establish grades in a part of Storrs township, Hamilton county, and for other purposes\". Acts of the State of Ohio. 45: 75–81. February 8, 1847 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_xQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"\"An act to establish grades in a part of Storrs township, Hamilton county, and for other purposes\""}]},{"reference":"The Cincinnati & Warsaw Turnpike Company, vs. Cincinnati & Others","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Churches Seek Share Of Rent Under Storrs Township Lease\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. September 13, 1949. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81524847/","url_text":"\"Churches Seek Share Of Rent Under Storrs Township Lease\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Unique Period' Comes To End\". Greenville Daily Advocate. Greenville, Ohio. United Press. October 16, 1973. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81533540/","url_text":"\"'Unique Period' Comes To End\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Advocate","url_text":"Greenville Daily Advocate"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robert E. (October 25, 1973). \"Ministerial lands to be sold\". Washington Court House Record-Herald. Washington Court House, Ohio. Associated Press. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81536607/","url_text":"\"Ministerial lands to be sold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Herald","url_text":"Washington Court House Record-Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Education in Ohio\" (PDF). Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission Reports. Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission. 9: 4459–4460. January 7, 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/documents/reference/current/ohioconstrevisioncommrpt/v9%20pgs%204395-4813%20education-bill%20of%20rights%204814-4955%20whats%20left.pdf#page=66","url_text":"\"History of Education in Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"Monk, Dan (April 16, 2015). \"Millions of Hamilton County records headed online\". Cincinnati Business Courier. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/print-edition/2012/04/20/millions-of-hamilton-county-records.html","url_text":"\"Millions of Hamilton County records headed online\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Business_Courier","url_text":"Cincinnati Business Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Stone, Ethan\". Cincinnati: Hamilton County Probate Court. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.probatect.org/court-records/court-record-search/case-search-results/case-detail?case_id=176","url_text":"\"Stone, Ethan\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibarra,_Ecuador
Ibarra, Ecuador
["1 History","2 Ibarra today","3 Climate","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 0°21′45.64″N 78°07′50.40″W / 0.3626778°N 78.1306667°W / 0.3626778; -78.1306667City in Imbabura, EcuadorIbarraCitySan Miguel de IbarraFrom top, left to right: View of the city and the Imbabura Volcano, Obelisk of Ibarra, Basilica of Sorrowful Mother, Yahuarcocha lagoon, Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy, El Cuartel Cultural Center, Church and square of Saint Augustine and the House of Iberreñidad. FlagCoat of armsNickname: La Ciudad Blanca (The White City)IbarraCoordinates: 0°21′45.64″N 78°07′50.40″W / 0.3626778°N 78.1306667°W / 0.3626778; -78.1306667CountryEcuadorProvinceImbaburaCantonIbarra CantonFounded28 September 1606Re-founded28 April 1872Founded byCristóbal de Troya y PinqueNamed forSan Miguel de IbarraParishes Urban Parishes AlpachacaCaranquiLa Dolorosa del PrioratoEl SagrarioSan Francisco Government • MayorÁlvaro CastilloArea • City41.26 km2 (15.93 sq mi)Elevation2,225 m (7,300 ft)Population (2022 census) • City157,941 • Density3,800/km2 (9,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (ECT)Postal codeEC100150Area code(+593) 6ClimateCsbWebsitewww.ibarra.gob.ec (in Spanish) Ibarra (Spanish pronunciation: ; full name San Miguel de Ibarra; Quechua: Impapura) is a city in northern Ecuador and the capital of the Imbabura Province. It lies at the foot of the Imbabura Volcano and on the left bank of the Tahuando river. It is located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Ecuador's capital Quito. History Ibarra was founded in 1606 by order of the President of the Royal Audience of Quito, Miguel de Ibarra. The development of the city included the systematic construction of public buildings, including an important number of churches, ⁣⁣but an earthquake in 1868 destroyed most of them. After the devastating earthquake of August 16, 1868, the city was re-settled in 1872. Based on its newest date of foundation, Ibarra is the youngest city in Ecuador. The Inca ruler Atahualpa is said to have been born in the Inca settlement of Inca-Caranqui about 2 km from the city. Helados de paila (handmade ice cream or sorbet and still sold in the markets today) was first made in Ibarra during Incan times (but not by Incas; by the native indigenous), using snow or ice from the nearby Imbabura Volcano (which is no longer snow bound). Using a large bronze pan surrounded by ice shavings, the juices of various fruits are stirred into the pan to freeze. Ibarra today Today, Ibarra is a mid-sized market city rising in popularity with tourists, yet still retains a very authentic Ecuadorian vibe. It has a unique ethnic composition for Ecuador, with the population being a mix of Mestizos, Amerindians (mostly Otavalo people), and Afro-Ecuadorians. Ibarra is known for its mild weather, colonial whitewashed houses (giving it the nickname The White City), and cobbled streets. The Santo Domingo church houses a museum holding paintings. The town is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ibarra. Markets are on Saturdays, and the main festival is the Fiesta de los Lagos, which is held on the last weekend of September. Two colorful parades known as El Pregón and Virgen del Carmen are held on 16 July every year. Other town attractions are the many restaurants specializing in local cuisine, along with the clubs, discos and a paragliding club. Andrea Scacco leading celebrations of 415 years of Ibarra in 2021 Andrea Scacco was elected to be the new mayor of Ibarra in 2019 planning to reduce xenophobia and to create a women's refuge in the city. Climate Ibarra features a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb) under the Köppen climate classification. This is possible due to the town's high elevation (7,300 ft) in the Ecuadorian Andes providing cooler temperatures and a seasonal rain-shadow characteristic. The dry/warm season is technically local winter due to the town's location being south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from June to September. However, since Ibarra is located just north of the equator, this season could be already be classified as summer. The highland climate is mild all year round. Climate data for Ibarra Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.0(71.6) 21.8(71.2) 22.1(71.8) 22.1(71.8) 22.4(72.3) 22.2(72.0) 22.8(73.0) 23.2(73.8) 23.4(74.1) 22.7(72.9) 22.0(71.6) 22.1(71.8) 22.4(72.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.4(50.7) 10.7(51.3) 10.7(51.3) 11.1(52.0) 10.5(50.9) 9.9(49.8) 9.4(48.9) 9.1(48.4) 9.4(48.9) 10.3(50.5) 10.6(51.1) 10.5(50.9) 10.2(50.4) Average rainfall mm (inches) 40(1.6) 54(2.1) 73(2.9) 92(3.6) 65(2.6) 35(1.4) 14(0.6) 16(0.6) 35(1.4) 73(2.9) 75(3.0) 51(2.0) 623(24.7) Source: Climate Data Sister Cities: Winchester, Kentucky Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India References ^ Citypopulation.de Population and area of Ibarra ^ viva travel guides: Ibarra ^ "Andrea Scacco, alcaldesa electa de Ibarra". 2019-04-01. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2022-07-04. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ibarra. PDF Ibarra Travel Information Benefits Discounts & Promotions in Ibarra vteCanton seats in Imbabura Ambuquí Atuntaqui Cotacachi Ibarra Otavalo Pimampiro Urcuquí vteProvincial capitals in EcuadorWithin regions, north to southInsular Puerto Baquerizo Costa Esmeraldas Portoviejo Babahoyo Guayaquil Santa Elena Santo Domingo Machala Sierra Tulcán Ibarra Quito Latacunga Ambato Guaranda Riobamba Azogues Cuenca Loja Oriente Nueva Loja (Lago Agrio) Puerto Francisco de Orellana (Coca) Tena Puyo Macas Zamora Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[iˈβara]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Imbabura Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbabura_Province,_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Imbabura Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbabura_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Tahuando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahuando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"}],"text":"City in Imbabura, EcuadorIbarra (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈβara]; full name San Miguel de Ibarra; Quechua: Impapura) is a city in northern Ecuador and the capital of the Imbabura Province. It lies at the foot of the Imbabura Volcano and on the left bank of the Tahuando river. It is located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Ecuador's capital Quito.","title":"Ibarra, Ecuador"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Audience of Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Quito"},{"link_name":"churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"earthquake in 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Ecuador_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"Atahualpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa"},{"link_name":"Inca-Caranqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca-Caranqui"},{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"sorbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbet"},{"link_name":"Incan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"Imbabura Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbabura_Volcano"},{"link_name":"ice shavings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shavings"}],"text":"Ibarra was founded in 1606 by order of the President of the Royal Audience of Quito, Miguel de Ibarra. The development of the city included the systematic construction of public buildings, including an important number of churches, ⁣⁣but an earthquake in 1868 destroyed most of them. After the devastating earthquake of August 16, 1868, the city was re-settled in 1872. Based on its newest date of foundation, Ibarra is the youngest city in Ecuador.[citation needed] The Inca ruler Atahualpa is said to have been born in the Inca settlement of Inca-Caranqui about 2 km from the city.Helados de paila (handmade ice cream or sorbet and still sold in the markets today) was first made in Ibarra during Incan times (but not by Incas; by the native indigenous), using snow or ice from the nearby Imbabura Volcano (which is no longer snow bound). Using a large bronze pan surrounded by ice shavings, the juices of various fruits are stirred into the pan to freeze.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(place)"},{"link_name":"tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"Otavalo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavalo_people"},{"link_name":"Afro-Ecuadorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Ibarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ibarra"},{"link_name":"festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine"},{"link_name":"paragliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragliding"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRESIDENTA_DE_LA_ASAMBLEA_NACIONAL_GUADALUPE_LLORI_PARTICIPA_EN_LA_SESI%C3%93N_CONMEMORATIVA_POR_LOS_415_A%C3%91OS_DE_FUNDACI%C3%93N_DE_LA_CIUDAD_DE_IBARRA._ECUADOR_28_DE_SEPTIEMBRE_DE_2021._(51527986706).jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Scacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Scacco"},{"link_name":"Andrea Scacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Scacco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newmayor-3"}],"text":"Today, Ibarra is a mid-sized market city rising in popularity with tourists, yet still retains a very authentic Ecuadorian vibe. It has a unique ethnic composition for Ecuador, with the population being a mix of Mestizos, Amerindians (mostly Otavalo people), and Afro-Ecuadorians. Ibarra is known for its mild weather, colonial whitewashed houses (giving it the nickname The White City), and cobbled streets.[2] The Santo Domingo church houses a museum holding paintings. The town is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ibarra.Markets are on Saturdays, and the main festival is the Fiesta de los Lagos, which is held on the last weekend of September. Two colorful parades known as El Pregón and Virgen del Carmen are held on 16 July every year.Other town attractions are the many restaurants specializing in local cuisine, along with the clubs, discos and a paragliding club.[citation needed]Andrea Scacco leading celebrations of 415 years of Ibarra in 2021Andrea Scacco was elected to be the new mayor of Ibarra in 2019 planning to reduce xenophobia and to create a women's refuge in the city.[3]","title":"Ibarra today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"warm-summer mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes#Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Intertropical Convergence Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone"},{"link_name":"highland climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#K.C3.B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Climate Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pt.climate-data.org/location/2964/"},{"link_name":"Winchester, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Etawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etawah"}],"text":"Ibarra features a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb) under the Köppen climate classification. This is possible due to the town's high elevation (7,300 ft) in the Ecuadorian Andes providing cooler temperatures and a seasonal rain-shadow characteristic. The dry/warm season is technically local winter due to the town's location being south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from June to September. However, since Ibarra is located just north of the equator, this season could be already be classified as summer. The highland climate is mild all year round.Climate data for Ibarra\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n40(1.6)\n\n54(2.1)\n\n73(2.9)\n\n92(3.6)\n\n65(2.6)\n\n35(1.4)\n\n14(0.6)\n\n16(0.6)\n\n35(1.4)\n\n73(2.9)\n\n75(3.0)\n\n51(2.0)\n\n623(24.7)\n\n\nSource: Climate DataSister Cities:Winchester, Kentucky\nEtawah, Uttar Pradesh, India","title":"Climate"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Tufton,_3rd_Earl_of_Thanet
Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet
["1 References"]
English nobleman This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet (7 August 1631 – 24 November 1679), styled Lord Tufton until 1664, was an English nobleman. Tufton was the eldest son of John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet, and Lady Margaret, daughter of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset and Lady Anne Clifford. Through his father, he was a great-great-grandson of Lord Burghley. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1655 and again from 1656 to 1658, for allegedly conspiring to capture Charles II. In 1664 he succeeded his father in the earldom. He successfully claimed the barony of de Clifford through his maternal grandmother Lady Anne Clifford (which had been in abeyance since the death of his great-grandfather George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland). This barony conferred the honour of hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland. Lord Thanet married Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork, on 11 April 1664. They had no children. He died in November 1679, aged 48, and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, John. The Countess of Thanet died in September 1725. References Peerage of England Preceded byJohn Tufton Earl of Thanet 1664–1679 Succeeded byJohn Tufton Preceded byAnne Clifford Baron de Clifford 1676–1679 This biography of an earl or countess in the Peerage of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tufton,_2nd_Earl_of_Thanet"},{"link_name":"Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sackville,_3rd_Earl_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Lady Anne Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Lord Burghley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lady Anne Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Clifford"},{"link_name":"in abeyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_abeyance"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Westmorland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Burlington"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tufton,_4th_Earl_of_Thanet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet (7 August 1631 – 24 November 1679), styled Lord Tufton until 1664, was an English nobleman.Tufton was the eldest son of John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet, and Lady Margaret, daughter of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset and Lady Anne Clifford. Through his father, he was a great-great-grandson of Lord Burghley. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1655 and again from 1656 to 1658, for allegedly conspiring to capture Charles II. In 1664 he succeeded his father in the earldom.[citation needed]He successfully claimed the barony of de Clifford through his maternal grandmother Lady Anne Clifford (which had been in abeyance since the death of his great-grandfather George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland). This barony conferred the honour of hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland.[citation needed]Lord Thanet married Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork, on 11 April 1664. They had no children. He died in November 1679, aged 48, and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, John. The Countess of Thanet died in September 1725.[citation needed]","title":"Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegria,_Cebu
Alegria, Cebu
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Barangays","2.2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Tourism","6 Education","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 9°43′28″N 123°20′25″E / 9.724331°N 123.340244°E / 9.724331; 123.340244Municipality in Cebu, Philippines Municipality in Central Visayas, PhilippinesAlegriaMunicipalityMunicipality of AlegriaHeritage park of Alegria FlagAnthem: Alegria kong mahal English: My beloved AlegriaMap of Cebu with Alegria highlightedOpenStreetMapAlegriaLocation within the PhilippinesCoordinates: 9°43′28″N 123°20′25″E / 9.724331°N 123.340244°E / 9.724331; 123.340244CountryPhilippinesRegionCentral VisayasProvinceCebuDistrict 7th districtFounded3 April 1850Barangays9 (see Barangays)Government  • TypeSangguniang Bayan • MayorGilberto F. Magallon • Vice MayorVerna V. Magallon • RepresentativePeter John D. Calderon • Municipal Council Members Justino L. LibronGerman L. Mejares Jr.Alex L. LobinoJerome M. RodriguezVicente G. AllerDennis C. GuardiarioEleuteria L. LindioJoseph L. Redula  • Electorate17,573 voters (2022)Area • Total89.49 km2 (34.55 sq mi)Elevation188 m (617 ft)Highest elevation709 m (2,326 ft)Lowest elevation0 m (0 ft)Population (2020 census) • Total25,620 • Density290/km2 (740/sq mi) • Households6,245Economy • Income class4th municipal income class • Poverty incidence23.20% (2018) • Revenue₱ 186.8 million (2020) • Assets₱ 312.4 million (2020) • Expenditure₱ 134.2 million (2020) • Liabilities₱ 51.24 million (2020)Service provider • ElectricityCebu 1 Electric Cooperative (CEBECO 1)Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)ZIP code6030PSGC072203000IDD : area code +63 (0)32Native languagesCebuano Tagalog Alegria, officially the Municipality of Alegria (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Alegria; Tagalog: Bayan ng Alegria), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,620 people. Alegria is one of the eight municipalities comprising the 7th Congressional District Cebu Province. It is 131 kilometres (81 mi) from Cebu City. It is home of the first onshore oil field in the Philippines, the Alegria Oil Field. History Timeline: Pre-1850: Native tribe; then a Spanish-era barrio called Tuburan after the spring (tubod) located at sitio Tubig (Santa Rosa) in the poblacion. 31 January 1850: Leaders of Tuburan ask Governor of Cebu to support their petition for civil separation from mother town (matriz) Malabuyoc. 4 February: Malabuyoc leaders send letter of support for said petition. Tuburan had a church made of tabique de pampango, a convent and tribunal of light materials, two rubble watchtowers and 410½ tributos (one family = 1 tribute; unmarried adult = ½ tribute). 15 February: Petition goes to the Civil Administrator and Commanding General of the Visayas then sent to Superior Government in Manila. 31 March: Assessor General recommends approval of said petition. 3 April: Captain and Governor-General of the Philippine Islands (Antonio María Blanco) approves establishment of Tuburan as a town. 24 August: Governor of Cebu recommends changing the town's name to avoid confusing it with similarly named barrios in Balamban and Bogo. 25 September: Captain and Governor-General of the Philippines (Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía) issues order changing the town's name to Alegria. Establishment of parish: 9 August 1854: The Padre Cura of Malabuyoc, Lucas Clavesillas de la Soledad recommends to the Bishop of Cebu (Romualdo Jimeno Ballesteros, O.P.) the creation of Alegria as a parish. 17 September: Governor of Cebu proposes separating barrio Guiuanon (Madridejos) from Badian and adding it to Alegria to form a new parish territory. 31 October: Bishop of Cebu supports creation of said territory. 10 November: Bishop informs Governor of Cebu that Badian does not object to creation of a new parish and separation of Guiuanon. 21 February 1856: Petition for said separation and the creation of new parish territory received by the Minister of Royal Treasury in Manila. 27 February: Governor of Cebu asks the Captain and Governor-General to create said parish. 3 July: the town of Alegria created as a parish. Tributes: 781 (Poblacion - 521½, Guiuanon - 259½) 13 March 1857: Parish of Alegria Canonically erected. Titular St. Francis Xavier Feast 3 Dec. Geography Alegria is bordered to the north by the town of Badian, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east are the towns of Dalaguete and Alcoy, and to the south is the town of Malabuyoc. Barangays Alegria is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a. 2020 2010 072203001 Compostela 5.9% 1,510 1,557 ▾ −0.31%   072203002 Guadalupe 10.2% 2,606 2,598 ▴ 0.03%   072203003 Legaspi 6.6% 1,694 1,652 ▴ 0.25%   072203004 Lepanto 8.2% 2,102 2,143 ▾ −0.19%   072203005 Madridejos 20.1% 5,141 4,459 ▴ 1.43%   072203006 Montpeller 5.5% 1,408 1,315 ▴ 0.69%   072203007 Poblacion 9.6% 2,450 2,255 ▴ 0.83%   072203008 Santa Filomena 12.5% 3,194 3,139 ▴ 0.17%   072203009 Valencia 12.5% 3,195 2,954 ▴ 0.79%   Total 25,620 22,072 ▴ 1.50% Climate Climate data for Alegria, Cebu Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29(84) 29(84) 30(86) 32(90) 31(88) 30(86) 30(86) 30(86) 30(86) 29(84) 29(84) 29(84) 30(86) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23(73) 23(73) 23(73) 24(75) 25(77) 25(77) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 23(73) 24(75) Average precipitation mm (inches) 35(1.4) 28(1.1) 38(1.5) 51(2.0) 125(4.9) 195(7.7) 194(7.6) 173(6.8) 180(7.1) 192(7.6) 121(4.8) 64(2.5) 1,396(55) Average rainy days 9.2 8.2 9.9 11.3 22.5 27.3 28.0 27.2 27.1 26.9 19.7 12.7 230 Source: Meteoblue (Use with caution: this is modeled/calculated data, not measured locally.) Demographics Population census of AlegriaYearPop.±% p.a.1903 9,579—    1918 12,653+1.87%1939 13,303+0.24%1948 13,676+0.31%1960 12,817−0.54%1970 15,232+1.74%1975 14,928−0.40%1980 16,351+1.84%1990 18,253+1.11%1995 18,403+0.15%2000 20,677+2.53%2007 21,699+0.67%2010 22,072+0.62%2015 23,300+1.04%2020 25,620+1.88%Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Economy Poverty Incidence of Alegria Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The formal extraction of oil and gas reserves from the Alegria Oil Field Polyard-3 Well in Barangay Montpeller would generate numerous job opportunities and income for residents, neighboring towns and the entire Cebu province. Extracted oil will be sold to power plants at US$70 per barrel with a current production of 200 to 300 barrels per day, as told by Country Manager Edgar Benedict Cutiongco of China International Mining and Petroleum Company Inc. (CIMP), the service contractor of the oil extraction project. The Municipal government will receive an 18% income share coming from the 60% allotted to the National Government, while 14% will go to Barangay Montpeller and 8% to the Provincial Government. Tourism The municipality of Alegria launched the Kawayan Festival on 2 December 2006, in time for the annual town fiesta. Local contingents paraded the streets, and locally produced kawayan (bamboo) products were on display. Kawayan Festival has been part of the fiesta celebration in honor of Saint Francis Xavier since then. There is also a plan to develop Alegria as the "Organic Vegetable Basket" in Cebu and in the Visayas region by its mayor, Verna Magallon. Education The public schools in the town of Alegria are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province. Elementary schools: Alangasil Elementary School — Sitio Alangasil, Madridejos Alegria Central Elementary School — Poblacion Anislag Primary School — Sitio Anislag, Guadalupe Balha-an Elementary School — Sitio Balha-an, Madridejos Cagay-an Primary School — Sitio Cagay-an, Lepanto Cambunoc Elementary School — Sitio Cambunoc, Santa Filomena Cangcalape Primary School — Sitio Cangcalape, Compostela Compostela Elementary School — Compostela Dugyan Primary School — Sitio Dugyan, Valencia Guadalupe Elementary School — Guadalupe Inghoy Elementary School — Sitio Inghoy, Valencia Legaspi Elementary School — Legaspi Lepanto Elementary School — Lepanto Libo Elementary School — Sitio Libo, Lepanto Lingatong Primary School — Sitio Lingatong, Guadalupe Madridejos Elementary School — Madridejos Mayana Elementary School — Sitio Mayana, Guadalupe Montpeller Elementary School — Montpeller Santa Filomena Elementary School — Santa Filomena Valencia Elementary School — Valencia High schools: Inghoy National High School — Sitio Inghoy, Valencia Madridejos National High School — Madridejos Montpeller National High School — Montpeller Santa Filomena National High School — Santa Filomena Private schools: Saint Peter Academy — Poblacion St. Francis School of Alegria — Poblacion See also Municipalities of the Philippines Legislative districts of Cebu References ^  Municipality of Alegria | (DILG) ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ a b Libro de Erecciones de Gobierno, Philippine National Archives ^ a b Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region VII (Central Visayas)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ "Alegria: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "Town residents to benefit from Alegria oil field". SunStar. Sunstar Cebu. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Argyll Cyrus Geducos; Minerva BC Newman (21 May 2018). "Duterte opens Alegria oilfields". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 11 May 2020. External links Media related to Alegria, Cebu at Wikimedia Commons Philippine Standard Geographic Code Places adjacent to Alegria, Cebu Badian Dalaguete Tañon Strait Alegria Alcoy Malabuyoc vte Province of CebuCebu City (capital and largest city)Municipalities Alcantara Alcoy Alegria Aloguinsan Argao Asturias Badian Balamban Bantayan Barili Boljoon Borbon Carmen Catmon Compostela Consolacion Cordova Daanbantayan Dalaguete Dumanjug Ginatilan Liloan Madridejos Malabuyoc Medellin Minglanilla Moalboal Oslob Pilar Pinamungajan Poro Ronda Samboan San Fernando San Francisco San Remigio Santa Fe Santander Sibonga Sogod Tabogon Tabuelan Tuburan Tudela Component cities Bogo Carcar Danao Naga Talisay Toledo Highly urbanized cities Cebu City Lapu-Lapu Mandaue (Administratively independent from the province but grouped under Cebu by the Philippine Statistics Authority. However, qualified voters in Mandaue are allowed to vote in elections for Cebu provincial officials by virtue of Republic Act No. 6641, in accordance with Section 452-c of the Local Government Code of 1991.) Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Province"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9307-3"},{"link_name":"7th Congressional District Cebu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Cebu"},{"link_name":"Cebu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City"},{"link_name":"Alegria Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegria_oil_field"}],"text":"Municipality in Cebu, PhilippinesMunicipality in Central Visayas, PhilippinesAlegria, officially the Municipality of Alegria (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Alegria; Tagalog: Bayan ng Alegria), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 25,620 people.[3]Alegria is one of the eight municipalities comprising the 7th Congressional District Cebu Province. It is 131 kilometres (81 mi) from Cebu City.It is home of the first onshore oil field in the Philippines, the Alegria Oil Field.","title":"Alegria, Cebu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libro-5"},{"link_name":"Balamban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamban,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"Bogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogo,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Urbistondo_y_Egu%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libro-5"}],"text":"Timeline:[5]Pre-1850: Native tribe; then a Spanish-era barrio called Tuburan after the spring (tubod) located at sitio Tubig (Santa Rosa) in the poblacion.\n31 January 1850: Leaders of Tuburan ask Governor of Cebu to support their petition for civil separation from mother town (matriz) Malabuyoc.\n4 February: Malabuyoc leaders send letter of support for said petition. Tuburan had a church made of tabique de pampango, a convent and tribunal of light materials, two rubble watchtowers and 410½ tributos (one family = 1 tribute; unmarried adult = ½ tribute).\n15 February: Petition goes to the Civil Administrator and Commanding General of the Visayas then sent to Superior Government in Manila.\n31 March: Assessor General recommends approval of said petition.\n3 April: Captain and Governor-General of the Philippine Islands (Antonio María Blanco) approves establishment of Tuburan as a town.\n24 August: Governor of Cebu recommends changing the town's name to avoid confusing it with similarly named barrios in Balamban and Bogo.\n25 September: Captain and Governor-General of the Philippines (Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía) issues order changing the town's name to Alegria.Establishment of parish:[5]9 August 1854: The Padre Cura of Malabuyoc, Lucas Clavesillas de la Soledad recommends to the Bishop of Cebu (Romualdo Jimeno Ballesteros, O.P.) the creation of Alegria as a parish.\n17 September: Governor of Cebu proposes separating barrio Guiuanon (Madridejos) from Badian and adding it to Alegria to form a new parish territory.\n31 October: Bishop of Cebu supports creation of said territory.\n10 November: Bishop informs Governor of Cebu that Badian does not object to creation of a new parish and separation of Guiuanon.\n21 February 1856: Petition for said separation and the creation of new parish territory received by the Minister of Royal Treasury in Manila.\n27 February: Governor of Cebu asks the Captain and Governor-General to create said parish.\n3 July: the town of Alegria created as a parish. Tributes: 781 (Poblacion - 521½, Guiuanon - 259½)\n13 March 1857: Parish of Alegria Canonically erected. Titular St. Francis Xavier Feast 3 Dec.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badian,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"Tañon Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B1on_Strait"},{"link_name":"Dalaguete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalaguete"},{"link_name":"Alcoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoy,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"Malabuyoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabuyoc"}],"text":"Alegria is bordered to the north by the town of Badian, to the west is the Tañon Strait, to the east are the towns of Dalaguete and Alcoy, and to the south is the town of Malabuyoc.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puroks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purok"},{"link_name":"sitios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitios"}],"sub_title":"Barangays","text":"Alegria is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met_norms-7"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Alegria, Cebu\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n32(90)\n\n31(88)\n\n30(86)\n\n30(86)\n\n30(86)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n23(73)\n\n23(73)\n\n23(73)\n\n24(75)\n\n25(77)\n\n25(77)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n23(73)\n\n24(75)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n35(1.4)\n\n28(1.1)\n\n38(1.5)\n\n51(2.0)\n\n125(4.9)\n\n195(7.7)\n\n194(7.6)\n\n173(6.8)\n\n180(7.1)\n\n192(7.6)\n\n121(4.8)\n\n64(2.5)\n\n1,396(55)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n9.2\n\n8.2\n\n9.9\n\n11.3\n\n22.5\n\n27.3\n\n28.0\n\n27.2\n\n27.1\n\n26.9\n\n19.7\n\n12.7\n\n230\n\n\nSource: Meteoblue (Use with caution: this is modeled/calculated data, not measured locally.)[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Philippine Statistics Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alegria Oil Field Polyard-3 Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegria_oil_field"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Barangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay"}],"text":"Poverty Incidence of Alegria\n\nGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\nSource: Philippine Statistics Authority[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]The formal extraction of oil and gas reserves from the Alegria Oil Field Polyard-3 Well in Barangay Montpeller would generate numerous job opportunities and income for residents, neighboring towns and the entire Cebu province.[17]Extracted oil will be sold to power plants at US$70 per barrel with a current production of 200 to 300 barrels per day, as told by Country Manager Edgar Benedict Cutiongco of China International Mining and Petroleum Company Inc. (CIMP), the service contractor of the oil extraction project. The Municipal government will receive an 18% income share coming from the 60% allotted to the National Government, while 14% will go to Barangay Montpeller and 8% to the Provincial Government.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The municipality of Alegria launched the Kawayan Festival on 2 December 2006, in time for the annual town fiesta. Local contingents paraded the streets, and locally produced kawayan (bamboo) products were on display. Kawayan Festival has been part of the fiesta celebration in honor of Saint Francis Xavier since then.There is also a plan to develop Alegria as the \"Organic Vegetable Basket\" in Cebu and in the Visayas region by its mayor, Verna Magallon.[18]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schools Division of Cebu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cebuprovince.deped.gov.ph/"}],"text":"The public schools in the town of Alegria are administered by one school district under the Schools Division of Cebu Province.Elementary schools:Alangasil Elementary School — Sitio Alangasil, Madridejos\nAlegria Central Elementary School — Poblacion\nAnislag Primary School — Sitio Anislag, Guadalupe\nBalha-an Elementary School — Sitio Balha-an, Madridejos\nCagay-an Primary School — Sitio Cagay-an, Lepanto\nCambunoc Elementary School — Sitio Cambunoc, Santa Filomena\nCangcalape Primary School — Sitio Cangcalape, Compostela\nCompostela Elementary School — Compostela\nDugyan Primary School — Sitio Dugyan, Valencia\nGuadalupe Elementary School — Guadalupe\nInghoy Elementary School — Sitio Inghoy, Valencia\nLegaspi Elementary School — Legaspi\nLepanto Elementary School — Lepanto\nLibo Elementary School — Sitio Libo, Lepanto\nLingatong Primary School — Sitio Lingatong, Guadalupe\nMadridejos Elementary School — Madridejos\nMayana Elementary School — Sitio Mayana, Guadalupe\nMontpeller Elementary School — Montpeller\nSanta Filomena Elementary School — Santa Filomena\nValencia Elementary School — ValenciaHigh schools:Inghoy National High School — Sitio Inghoy, Valencia\nMadridejos National High School — Madridejos\nMontpeller National High School — Montpeller\nSanta Filomena National High School — Santa FilomenaPrivate schools:Saint Peter Academy — Poblacion\nSt. Francis School of Alegria — Poblacion","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/220px-Circle_frame.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Municipalities of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Legislative districts of Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Cebu"}]
[{"reference":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453","url_text":"0117-1453"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525030629/https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Census of Population (2020). \"Region VII (Central Visayas)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Region%25207.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region VII (Central Visayas)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2018-municipal-and-city-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"Census of Population and Housing (2010). \"Region VII (Central Visayas)\" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Central%2520Visayas.pdf","url_text":"\"Region VII (Central Visayas)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Alegria: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\". Meteoblue. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/alegria_philippines_1731571","url_text":"\"Alegria: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\""}]},{"reference":"Census of Population (2015). \"Region VII (Central Visayas)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/R07.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region VII (Central Visayas)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"Censuses of Population (1903–2007). \"Region VII (Central Visayas)\". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007/Region%207%20Central%20Visayas%20Philippines%20Census%20of%20Population%201903%20-%202007.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region VII (Central Visayas)\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007","url_text":"Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-pi","url_text":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NSCB_LocalPovertyPhilippines_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20(Full%20Report)_1.pdf","url_text":"\"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2006%20and%202009%20City%20and%20Municipal%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates_0_1.pdf","url_text":"\"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2012%20Municipal%20and%20City%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates%20Publication%20(1).pdf","url_text":"\"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx","url_text":"\"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2018-municipal-and-city-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town residents to benefit from Alegria oil field\". SunStar. Sunstar Cebu. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1744119/Cebu/Local-News/Town-residents-to-benefit-from-Alegria-oil-field","url_text":"\"Town residents to benefit from Alegria oil field\""}]},{"reference":"Argyll Cyrus Geducos; Minerva BC Newman (21 May 2018). \"Duterte opens Alegria oilfields\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/05/19/duterte-opens-alegria-oilfields-2/","url_text":"\"Duterte opens Alegria oilfields\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Kolkata
Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata
["1 History","2 Collections","3 Theatre Auditorium","4 Present Status","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°32′35″N 88°20′43″E / 22.5429508°N 88.3453662°E / 22.5429508; 88.3453662 Building in Cathedral Road, KolkataAcademy of Fine Artsএকাডেমী অফ ফাইন আর্টসGeneral informationLocationCathedral Road, KolkataAddress2, Cathedral Road, Kolkata 700 071Opened1933Websitehttps://academyoffinearts.in/ The Academy of Fine Arts, in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is one of the oldest fine arts societies in India. The galleries of the Academy provide a whopping 6,300 square feet of space and has an auditorium, a conference centre, and several important and priceless collections of paintings, textiles, etc. Entrance of Academy of Fine Arts Kolkata History The academy was formally established in 1933 by Lady Ranu Mukherjee. It was initially located in a room loaned by the Indian Museum, and the annual exhibitions used to take place in the adjoining verandah. In the 1950s, thanks to the efforts of Lady Ranu Mookerjee and patronage by Bidhan Chandra Roy, Chief Minister of West Bengal, as well as Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, the academy was shifted to a much larger space in the Cathedral Road. The Academy is situated at the heart of the city guarded by the St. Paul's Cathedral on one side, and the Rabindra Sadan-Nandan-Sisir Mancha complex, on the other. At present, Prasun Mukherjee is the chairman of board of trustees and Kallol Bose is the Jt. secretary of the executive committee. Collections The Academy boasts an eclectic mix of prized collections of various paintings and textiles from the Bengal School, majorly gifted by Lady Ranu Mukherjee. There are some famous paintings here like Saat Bhai Champa by Gaganendranath Tagore, Shiva with Ganesh by Jamini Roy. Textiles include Baluchari, Jamdani garments, exotic carpets of the Orient, etc. Rabindranath Tagore's manuscripts of Bhanusingher Padabali find a special place. Artworks of the Tagores: Rabindranath, Abanindranath and Gaganendranath besides those of Sunayani Devi, Atul Bose, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar Baij and Benode Behari Mukherjee are also there. The Academy also hosts very early works of Jamini Roy, and Jogen Chowdhury. Theatre Auditorium There is a theatre auditorium in Academy of Fine Arts which is one of the most popular spots for performers and viewers of the city. Since 1984, an annual theatre festival is organised here. Shambhu Mitra's theatre group, Bohurupee, always scheduled its shows in the Academy's theatre. The Nandikar and Nandimukh International theatre festival is still organised at the venue. Productions have been staged by notable theatre personalities including Utpal Dutt, Shaoli Mitra, Soumitra Chatterjee, Manoj Mitra, and others. The Academy had evolved as the city's centre for public art and culture after 1961, when its status changed from a society to an institution, and the popularity of its Auditorium soared with the group theatre movement in the city. Present Status The Academy which was once a coveted destination for new-age artists and theatre performers who came in the wake of the Independence, defining new styles, forms, genres, and creative sensibility, has dwindled in status. It is definitely a tragedy that the platinum jubilee of the Academy's foundation in 2008 went unnoticed and without any celebration. Today it has largely become a space for amateur artists who cannot make otherwise clear the cut in the city's more gorgeous, and global galleries, to showcase and exhibit their works. According to Tapati Guha Thakurta, a leading historian, and scholar, particularly of the Bengal School and its evolution, notes how the Academy after its humble beginnings, and during the able trusteeship of Lady Ranu was the "nerve centre" of the city, and a space for "public art culture". However, she laments it only "somehow exists today", and has been certainly dispossessed in terms of its appeal, popularity, and prestige. The opening up of new galleries in the city, with their more market-oriented approach overshadowed the once famous destination, and the Academy failed to keep up with the transformations in the field of art as Guha Thakurta points out. Pranab Ranjan Ray, a prominent face in Calcutta's art circles agrees with these observations. He mentions how at the height of its glory the Academy's theatre auditorium housed plays by Shambhu Mitra, Utpal Dutt, Shaoli Mitra, and others. The emergence of new gallery spaces, like the Centre for International Modern Art (CIMA), with a fresh ambiance that caters to new generations, and serves the interests of the wealthier, global clientele, and an organised market of buyers, artists, and curators, has disadvantaged the Academy that was known for its accessibility by multiple and wider audiences. Thus, ignored and fallen out of favour, the Academy has to negotiate through serious cash-straps to maintain its functioning. What the new galleries lack, however, are the art collections, which are priceless and wide-ranging, and had been gifted by Lady Ranu. This gives an edge to the Academy, however, these collections are kept locked, and away from public view which impoverishes the city's history and the splendour of the Academy. It is the theatre's presence that still maintains the vestiges of the Academy's past aura as the present Chairman of the Board, Prasun Mukherjee asserts. Moreover. there were rumours that significant portions of the collection had disappeared from the prized collections due to the lackadaisical approach of the present trustees which had forced them to reopen the collection, and exhibit it post-proper authentication and curation. The Academy's financial condition too has drastically deteriorated. It barely manages to clear the wages of its staff, and requires major investments to overhaul the institution, concerted efforts to save its legacy, art collections, and its creative space, and reinvent itself as being contemporaneous and relevant before it completes its centenary in 2023. References ^ a b "Academy of Fine Arts". kolkata.org.uk (website). Retrieved 28 August 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Academy of Fine Arts in Kolkata Has Lost its Mystique". The Wire. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ a b c Swati Mitra (2011). Kolkata: City Guide. Goodearth Publications. p. 66. ISBN 978-93-80262-15-4. ^ a b c "Academy of Fine Arts". Click India. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012. External links Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata. vteBengali TheatreBangladeshGroups Abayab Nattyadal Anannya Nattya Goshthi Anushilan Natyadal Bahurupi Natya Sangstha Nattokendro Padatik Nattya Sangsad Nandimukh Personalities Abdullah Al Mamun Abdul Kader Abul Hayat Abul Khair Afsana Mimi Ahmed Rubel Aly Zaker Asaduzzaman Noor Ashish Khandaker ATM Shamsuzzaman Azizul Hakim Bijori Barkatullah Ejajul Islam Enamul Haque Ferdousi Mazumder Golam Mustafa Hridi Haque Humayun Faridi Jayanta Chattopadhyay Khairul Alam Sabuj KS Firoz Laila Hasan Litu Anam Lucky Enam Lutfun Nahar Lata Malay Bhowmick Mamunur Rashid Abdullah Hel Mahmud Masud Ali Khan Mozammel Hossain Momtazuddin Ahmed Munier Choudhury Nasiruddin Yousuff Nazma Anwar Nazmul Huda Bachchu Nurul Momen Rahmat Ali Sara Zaker Saleh Ahmed Shabnam Shahiduzzaman Selim Shamima Nazneen Shanta Islam Sikandar Abu Zafar Selim Al Deen Subhash Dutta Suborna Mustafa Syed Waliullah Tamalika Karmakar Wahida Mollick Jolly Faiz Zahir Dramas Nemesis Bohipir NityaPurana Nondito Noroke Che'r Cycle Birangona: Women of War People's Romeo Auditoriums Guide House auditorium Mahila Samity auditorium IndiaGroups Aneek theatre group Anya Theatre Bohurupee Bratyajon Chetana Gananatya Group theatre of Kolkata Indian People's Theatre Association Nandikar Natadha Natyoshala Padatik Pancham Baidik Purba Paschim Ritwik Sanglap Kolkata Sansriti Sayak Sundaram Swapnapheri Swapnasandhani Theatre Formation Paribartak PersonalitiesMajor Ajit Bandyopadhyay Ajitesh Bandopadhyay Amrita Lal Basu Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi Arun Mukherjee Badal Sarkar Bibhash Chakraborty Bijon Bhattacharya Bratya Basu Chandan Sen Chitra Sen Debesh Chattopadhyay Debshankar Haldar Gangapada Basu Girish Chandra Ghosh Goutam Halder Kumar Roy Kaushik Sen Khaled Choudhury Manoj Mitra Meghnad Bhattacharya Mohit Chattopadhyay Ramaprasad Banik Ritwik Ghatak Rudraprasad Sengupta Shaoli Mitra Sohini Sengupta Shobha Sen Sombhu Mitra Suman Mukhopadhyay Swatilekha Sengupta Tripti Mitra Usha Ganguly Utpal Dutt Others Churni Ganguly George Baker Gerasim Lebedev Kaushik Ganguly Paran Bandopadhyay Rajatava Dutta Riddhi Sen Shekhar Chatterjee Sudipta Chakraborty Tanima Sen Dramas Barricade Biley Bireswar Birpurush Bisarjan Meghe Dhaka Tara Nabanna Nil Darpan Pinki Buli Poshu Khamar Learned societies Paschim Banga Natya Akademi Auditoriums Academy of Fine Arts Girish Mancha Hindu Theatre Madhusudan Mancha Mahajati Sadan Minerva Theatre Rabindra Sadan Ramgopal Mancha Sisir Mancha Sujata Sadan Star Theatre See also Jatra 22°32′35″N 88°20′43″E / 22.5429508°N 88.3453662°E / 22.5429508; 88.3453662
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Kol)-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_of_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Kolkata.jpg"}],"text":"Building in Cathedral Road, KolkataThe Academy of Fine Arts, in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is one of the oldest fine arts societies in India.[1] The galleries of the Academy provide a whopping 6,300 square feet of space and has an auditorium, a conference centre, and several important and priceless collections of paintings, textiles, etc.[2]Entrance of Academy of Fine Arts Kolkata","title":"Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Kol)-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitra2011-3"},{"link_name":"Lady Ranu Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranu_Mukherjee_(art_patron)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Click)-4"},{"link_name":"Indian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Museum"},{"link_name":"verandah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verandah"},{"link_name":"Bidhan Chandra Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Click)-4"}],"text":"The academy was formally established in 1933[1][3] by Lady Ranu Mukherjee.[4] It was initially located in a room loaned by the Indian Museum, and the annual exhibitions used to take place in the adjoining verandah.In the 1950s, thanks to the efforts of Lady Ranu Mookerjee and patronage by Bidhan Chandra Roy, Chief Minister of West Bengal, as well as Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, the academy was shifted to a much larger space in the Cathedral Road. The Academy is situated at the heart of the city guarded by the St. Paul's Cathedral on one side, and the Rabindra Sadan-Nandan-Sisir Mancha complex, on the other.[4] At present, Prasun Mukherjee is the chairman of board of trustees and Kallol Bose is the Jt. secretary of the executive committee.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saat Bhai Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_Bhai_Champa"},{"link_name":"Gaganendranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Jamini Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamini_Roy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitra2011-3"},{"link_name":"Baluchari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchari_sari"},{"link_name":"Jamdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdani"},{"link_name":"Bhanusingher Padabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanushingho"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Abanindranath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Gaganendranath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Sunayani Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunayani_Devi"},{"link_name":"Atul Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Bose"},{"link_name":"Nandalal Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandalal_Bose"},{"link_name":"Ramkinkar Baij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramkinkar_Baij"},{"link_name":"Benode Behari Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Jamini Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamini_Roy"},{"link_name":"Jogen Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogen_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Click)-4"}],"text":"The Academy boasts an eclectic mix of prized collections of various paintings and textiles from the Bengal School, majorly gifted by Lady Ranu Mukherjee. There are some famous paintings here like Saat Bhai Champa by Gaganendranath Tagore, Shiva with Ganesh by Jamini Roy.[3] Textiles include Baluchari, Jamdani garments, exotic carpets of the Orient, etc. Rabindranath Tagore's manuscripts of Bhanusingher Padabali find a special place. Artworks of the Tagores: Rabindranath, Abanindranath and Gaganendranath besides those of Sunayani Devi, Atul Bose, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar Baij and Benode Behari Mukherjee are also there. The Academy also hosts very early works of Jamini Roy, and Jogen Chowdhury.[4]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitra2011-3"},{"link_name":"Shambhu Mitra's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombhu_Mitra"},{"link_name":"Bohurupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohurupee"},{"link_name":"Utpal Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Shaoli Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoli_Mitra"},{"link_name":"Soumitra Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumitra_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Manoj Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Mitra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"There is a theatre auditorium in Academy of Fine Arts which is one of the most popular spots for performers and viewers of the city. Since 1984, an annual theatre festival is organised here.[3] Shambhu Mitra's theatre group, Bohurupee, always scheduled its shows in the Academy's theatre. The Nandikar and Nandimukh International theatre festival is still organised at the venue. Productions have been staged by notable theatre personalities including Utpal Dutt, Shaoli Mitra, Soumitra Chatterjee, Manoj Mitra, and others. The Academy had evolved as the city's centre for public art and culture after 1961, when its status changed from a society to an institution, and the popularity of its Auditorium soared with the group theatre movement in the city.[2]","title":"Theatre Auditorium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Academy which was once a coveted destination for new-age artists and theatre performers who came in the wake of the Independence, defining new styles, forms, genres, and creative sensibility, has dwindled in status. It is definitely a tragedy that the platinum jubilee of the Academy's foundation in 2008 went unnoticed and without any celebration.[2] Today it has largely become a space for amateur artists who cannot make otherwise clear the cut in the city's more gorgeous, and global galleries, to showcase and exhibit their works. According to Tapati Guha Thakurta, a leading historian, and scholar, particularly of the Bengal School and its evolution, notes how the Academy after its humble beginnings, and during the able trusteeship of Lady Ranu was the \"nerve centre\" of the city, and a space for \"public art culture\".[2] However, she laments it only \"somehow exists today\",[2] and has been certainly dispossessed in terms of its appeal, popularity, and prestige. The opening up of new galleries in the city, with their more market-oriented approach overshadowed the once famous destination, and the Academy failed to keep up with the transformations in the field of art as Guha Thakurta points out.[2] Pranab Ranjan Ray, a prominent face in Calcutta's art circles agrees with these observations.[2] He mentions how at the height of its glory the Academy's theatre auditorium housed plays by Shambhu Mitra, Utpal Dutt, Shaoli Mitra, and others. The emergence of new gallery spaces, like the Centre for International Modern Art (CIMA), with a fresh ambiance that caters to new generations, and serves the interests of the wealthier, global clientele, and an organised market of buyers, artists, and curators, has disadvantaged the Academy that was known for its accessibility by multiple and wider audiences.[2] Thus, ignored and fallen out of favour, the Academy has to negotiate through serious cash-straps to maintain its functioning. What the new galleries lack, however, are the art collections, which are priceless and wide-ranging, and had been gifted by Lady Ranu. This gives an edge to the Academy, however, these collections are kept locked, and away from public view which impoverishes the city's history and the splendour of the Academy. It is the theatre's presence that still maintains the vestiges of the Academy's past aura as the present Chairman of the Board, Prasun Mukherjee asserts.[2] Moreover. there were rumours that significant portions of the collection had disappeared from the prized collections due to the lackadaisical approach of the present trustees which had forced them to reopen the collection, and exhibit it post-proper authentication and curation. The Academy's financial condition too has drastically deteriorated. It barely manages to clear the wages of its staff, and requires major investments to overhaul the institution, concerted efforts to save its legacy, art collections, and its creative space, and reinvent itself as being contemporaneous and relevant before it completes its centenary in 2023.[2]","title":"Present Status"}]
[{"image_text":"Entrance of Academy of Fine Arts Kolkata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Entrance_of_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Kolkata.jpg/260px-Entrance_of_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Kolkata.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsberg,_Austria
Wolfsberg, Carinthia
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Politics","4 Twin towns","5 Notable people","5.1 Sport","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°51′N 14°50′E / 46.850°N 14.833°E / 46.850; 14.833Municipality in Carinthia, AustriaWolfsbergMunicipalityRiverside and Wolfsberg Castle FlagCoat of armsWolfsbergLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 46°51′N 14°50′E / 46.850°N 14.833°E / 46.850; 14.833CountryAustriaStateCarinthiaDistrictWolfsbergGovernment • MayorHannes Primus (SPÖ)Area • Total278.31 km2 (107.46 sq mi)Elevation463 m (1,519 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total25,035 • Density90/km2 (230/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code9400Area code04352Websitewww.wolfsberg.at Wolfsberg (Slovene: Volšperk) is a town in Carinthia, Austria, the capital of Wolfsberg District. Geography The town is situated within the Lavanttal Alps, west of the Koralpe range in the valley of the Lavant River, a left tributary of the Drava. In the northeast, the road up to the Packsattel mountain pass connects Wolfsberg with Voitsberg in Styria. Wolfsberg's municipal area of 279 km2 (108 sq mi) is the fourth largest in Austria. St. Mark's Church The municipality comprises 40 cadastral communities (Surface area in hectares 31. Dezember 2019): Aichberg (1.897,01 ha) Auen (600,55 ha) Forst (2.458,67 ha) Gräbern-Prebl (1.495,09 ha) Gries (93,78 ha) Hartelsberg (1.188,11 ha) Hattendorf (243,20 ha) Hintertheißenegg (1.444,63 ha) Kleinedling (435,20 ha) Kleinwinklern (48,62 ha) Lading (2.335,45 ha) Leiwald (1.428,66 ha) Michaelsdorf (348,40 ha) Oberleidenberg (1.162,33 ha) Paildorf (138,81 ha) Pfaffendorf (101,08 ha) Preims (1.939,64 ha) Priel (296,13 ha) Reding (149,89 ha) Reideben (114,35 ha) Reisberg (1.245,59 ha) Rieding (1.210,13 ha) Ritzing (92,89 ha) St. Jakob (107,35 ha) St. Johann (112,12 ha) St. Marein (110,33 ha) St. Margarethen (237,03 ha) St. Michael (470,82 ha) St. Stefan (732,21 ha) Schoßbach (14,49 ha) Schwemmtratten (45,88 ha) Thürn (516,80 ha) Unterleidenberg (334,56 ha) Vordergumitsch (545,23 ha) Vordertheißenegg (778,12 ha) Waldenstein (1.019,73 ha) Weißenbach (125,86 ha) Witra (2.185,37 ha) Wolfsberg Obere Stadt (15,49 ha) Wolfsberg Untere Stadt (11,20 ha) The municipal area is divided into 65 villages (population in brackets as of 1 January 2020): Aichberg (255) Altendorf (415) Arling (51) Auen (810) Eselsdorf (27) Forst (292) Glein (62) Gräbern (121) Gries (1221) Großedling (243) Hartelsberg (166) Hartneidstein (31) Hattendorf (447) Hintertheißenegg (38) Kleinedling (1838) Kleinwinklern (86) Klippitztörl (43) Kötsch (12) Kragelsdorf (72) Lading (236) Lading Sonnseite (236) Lausing (55) Leiwald (12) Magersdorf (54) Maildorf (115) Michaelsdorf (223) Oberleidenberg (376) Paildorf (223) Pfaffendorf (121) Pollheim (381) Prebl (305) Preims (97) Priel (3032) Raggl (146) Reding (2852) Reideben (68) Reinfelsdorf (75) Reisberg (127) Rieding (276) Riegelsdorf (54) Ritzing (574) Schilting (64) Schleife (549) Schoßbach (189) Schwemmtratten (426) Siegelsdorf (227) St. Jakob (865) St. Johann (1056) St. Marein (363) St. Margarethen im Lavanttal (886) St. Michael (538) St. Stefan (1723) St. Thomas (203) Thürn (198) Unterleidenberg (217) Völking (175) Vordergumitsch (164) Vordertheißenegg (216) Waldenstein (126) Weißenbach Gumitsch (71) Weißenbach Rieding (35) Witra (121) Wois (8) Wolfsberg (718) Wolkersdorf (134) Wölling (121) History Wolfsberg Castle The area of Wolfsberg belonged to the estates within the medieval Duchy of Carinthia that were ceded to the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, probably already by Emperor Henry II in 1007. The castle above the town was first mentioned as Wolfsperch in an 1178 deed of St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal. The adjacent settlement became the administrative centre of Bamberg's Carinthian territories and in 1331 received town privileges by Prince-Bishop Werntho Schenk von Reicheneck. During the Protestant Reformation the Bayerhofen Castle residence, first mentioned in 1239 and rebuilt in the 16th century, became a center of Lutheranism, which nevertheless was suppressed by the Counter-Reformation. In 1759 the Habsburg empress Maria Theresa acquired all Bamberg lands in Carinthia. Wolfsberg Castle was purchased by Count Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck in 1846 and rebuilt in a Tudorbethan style. In World War II the village of Priel south of the town center was the site of the Stalag XVIII-A prisoner-of-war camp with about 7,000 inmates. After the war it served as a detention camp run by the British occupation forces. Politics Town hall Seats in the municipal council (Gemeinderat) as of 2015 local elections: Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ): 20 Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ): 5 Austrian People's Party (ÖVP): 5 NEOS: 3 The Greens – The Green Alternative: 2 Twin towns See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria Wolfsberg is twinned with: Herzogenaurach, Germany Várpalota, Hungary Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen, 2010 Walter Kogler, 2009 Notable people Michael Tangl (1864–1921), scholar of history and historical documents (diplomatics). Christine Lavant (1915 in Großedling – 1973), poet and novelist Hermann Schmid, (DE Wiki) (born 1939), actor and director Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen (born 1941), nobleman and politician, formerly The Greens Erwin Friedrich Wagner (born 1950), biochemist in cancer and molecular biology Dietmar W. Winkler (born 1963), scholar of patristics and ecclesiastical history. Elisabeth Köstinger (born 1978), politician (ÖVP) Sport Hubert Baumgartner (born 1955), former football player and manager, played 408 games. Walter Kogler (born 1967), football player and coach; played over 430 games and 28 for Austria Heinz Arzberger (born 1972), football goalkeeper, played 200 games Patrick Friesacher (born 1980), racing driver Kai Schoppitsch (born 1980), football player, played over 200 games Christian Prawda (born 1982), football player, played over 350 games Marlies Hanschitz (born 1986), retired footballer who played 45 games for Austria women Eva Wutti (born 1989), triathlete and cyclist References ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019. ^ Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung Archived 2015-05-25 at the Wayback Machine External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wolfsberg. Official website Statistical overview (Census 2001) Pictures of Wolfsberg vteMunicipalities in the district of Wolfsberg Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal Frantschach-Sankt Gertraud Lavamünd Preitenegg Reichenfels Sankt Andrä Sankt Georgen im Lavanttal Sankt Paul im Lavanttal Wolfsberg Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈvɔlfsbɛʁk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia_(state)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Wolfsberg District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsberg_District"}],"text":"Municipality in Carinthia, AustriaWolfsberg [ˈvɔlfsbɛʁk] (Slovene: Volšperk) is a town in Carinthia, Austria, the capital of Wolfsberg District.","title":"Wolfsberg, Carinthia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lavanttal Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavanttal_Alps"},{"link_name":"Koralpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koralpe"},{"link_name":"Lavant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavant_(river)"},{"link_name":"Drava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drava"},{"link_name":"Packsattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packsattel"},{"link_name":"Voitsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voitsberg"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfsberg_Markuskirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"cadastral communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadastral_community"}],"text":"The town is situated within the Lavanttal Alps, west of the Koralpe range in the valley of the Lavant River, a left tributary of the Drava. In the northeast, the road up to the Packsattel mountain pass connects Wolfsberg with Voitsberg in Styria. Wolfsberg's municipal area of 279 km2 (108 sq mi) is the fourth largest in Austria.St. Mark's ChurchThe municipality comprises 40 cadastral communities (Surface area in hectares 31. Dezember 2019):Aichberg (1.897,01 ha)\nAuen (600,55 ha)\nForst (2.458,67 ha)\nGräbern-Prebl (1.495,09 ha)\nGries (93,78 ha)\nHartelsberg (1.188,11 ha)\nHattendorf (243,20 ha)\nHintertheißenegg (1.444,63 ha)\nKleinedling (435,20 ha)\nKleinwinklern (48,62 ha)\nLading (2.335,45 ha)\nLeiwald (1.428,66 ha)\nMichaelsdorf (348,40 ha)\nOberleidenberg (1.162,33 ha)\nPaildorf (138,81 ha)\nPfaffendorf (101,08 ha)\nPreims (1.939,64 ha)\nPriel (296,13 ha)\nReding (149,89 ha)\nReideben (114,35 ha)\nReisberg (1.245,59 ha)\nRieding (1.210,13 ha)\nRitzing (92,89 ha)\nSt. Jakob (107,35 ha)\nSt. Johann (112,12 ha)\nSt. Marein (110,33 ha)\nSt. Margarethen (237,03 ha)\nSt. Michael (470,82 ha)\nSt. Stefan (732,21 ha)\nSchoßbach (14,49 ha)\nSchwemmtratten (45,88 ha)\nThürn (516,80 ha)\nUnterleidenberg (334,56 ha)\nVordergumitsch (545,23 ha)\nVordertheißenegg (778,12 ha)\nWaldenstein (1.019,73 ha)\nWeißenbach (125,86 ha)\nWitra (2.185,37 ha)\nWolfsberg Obere Stadt (15,49 ha)\nWolfsberg Untere Stadt (11,20 ha)The municipal area is divided into 65 villages (population in brackets as of 1 January 2020):Aichberg (255)\nAltendorf (415)\nArling (51)\nAuen (810)\nEselsdorf (27)\nForst (292)\nGlein (62)\nGräbern (121)\nGries (1221)\nGroßedling (243)\nHartelsberg (166)\nHartneidstein (31)\nHattendorf (447)\nHintertheißenegg (38)\nKleinedling (1838)\nKleinwinklern (86)\nKlippitztörl (43)\nKötsch (12)\nKragelsdorf (72)\nLading (236)\nLading Sonnseite (236)\nLausing (55)\nLeiwald (12)\nMagersdorf (54)\nMaildorf (115)\nMichaelsdorf (223)\nOberleidenberg (376)\nPaildorf (223)\nPfaffendorf (121)\nPollheim (381)\nPrebl (305)\nPreims (97)\nPriel (3032)\nRaggl (146)\nReding (2852)\nReideben (68)\nReinfelsdorf (75)\nReisberg (127)\nRieding (276)\nRiegelsdorf (54)\nRitzing (574)\nSchilting (64)\nSchleife (549)\nSchoßbach (189)\nSchwemmtratten (426)\nSiegelsdorf (227)\nSt. Jakob (865)\nSt. Johann (1056)\nSt. Marein (363)\nSt. Margarethen im Lavanttal (886)\nSt. Michael (538)\nSt. Stefan (1723)\nSt. Thomas (203)\nThürn (198)\nUnterleidenberg (217)\nVölking (175)\nVordergumitsch (164)\nVordertheißenegg (216)\nWaldenstein (126)\nWeißenbach Gumitsch (71)\nWeißenbach Rieding (35)\nWitra (121)\nWois (8)\nWolfsberg (718)\nWolkersdorf (134)\nWölling (121)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfsberg_-_Schloss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wolfsberg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsberg_Castle_(Carinthia)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Abbey_in_the_Lavanttal"},{"link_name":"town privileges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_privileges"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck"},{"link_name":"Tudorbethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Stalag XVIII-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_XVIII-A"},{"link_name":"occupation forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria"}],"text":"Wolfsberg CastleThe area of Wolfsberg belonged to the estates within the medieval Duchy of Carinthia that were ceded to the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, probably already by Emperor Henry II in 1007. The castle above the town was first mentioned as Wolfsperch in an 1178 deed of St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal. The adjacent settlement became the administrative centre of Bamberg's Carinthian territories and in 1331 received town privileges by Prince-Bishop Werntho Schenk von Reicheneck.During the Protestant Reformation the Bayerhofen Castle residence, first mentioned in 1239 and rebuilt in the 16th century, became a center of Lutheranism, which nevertheless was suppressed by the Counter-Reformation. In 1759 the Habsburg empress Maria Theresa acquired all Bamberg lands in Carinthia. Wolfsberg Castle was purchased by Count Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck in 1846 and rebuilt in a Tudorbethan style.In World War II the village of Priel south of the town center was the site of the Stalag XVIII-A prisoner-of-war camp with about 7,000 inmates. After the war it served as a detention camp run by the British occupation forces.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rathaus,_Wolfsberg.JPG"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfsberg,_Carinthia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"The Greens – The Green Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greens_%E2%80%93_The_Green_Alternative"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Town hallSeats in the municipal council (Gemeinderat) as of 2015[update] local elections:Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ): 20\nFreedom Party of Austria (FPÖ): 5\nAustrian People's Party (ÖVP): 5\nNEOS: 3\nThe Greens – The Green Alternative: 2[3]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg"},{"link_name":"Herzogenaurach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogenaurach"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_Hungary.svg"},{"link_name":"Várpalota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rpalota"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulrich_Habsburg-Lothringen,_Dr._rer._nat.,_2010-02-25.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Habsburg-Lothringen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Kogler_-_FC_Wacker_Innsbruck_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Kogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kogler"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in AustriaWolfsberg is twinned with:Herzogenaurach, Germany\n Várpalota, HungaryUlrich Habsburg-Lothringen, 2010Walter Kogler, 2009","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Tangl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tangl"},{"link_name":"historical documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_documents"},{"link_name":"diplomatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatics"},{"link_name":"Christine Lavant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lavant"},{"link_name":"Hermann Schmid, (DE Wiki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schmid_(Schauspieler)"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Habsburg-Lothringen"},{"link_name":"Erwin Friedrich Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Friedrich_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Dietmar W. Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler"},{"link_name":"patristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristics"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Köstinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%B6stinger"}],"text":"Michael Tangl (1864–1921), scholar of history and historical documents (diplomatics).\nChristine Lavant (1915 in Großedling – 1973), poet and novelist\nHermann Schmid, (DE Wiki) (born 1939), actor and director\nUlrich Habsburg-Lothringen (born 1941), nobleman and politician, formerly The Greens\nErwin Friedrich Wagner (born 1950), biochemist in cancer and molecular biology\nDietmar W. Winkler (born 1963), scholar of patristics and ecclesiastical history.\nElisabeth Köstinger (born 1978), politician (ÖVP)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hubert Baumgartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Baumgartner"},{"link_name":"Walter Kogler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kogler"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Heinz Arzberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Arzberger"},{"link_name":"Patrick Friesacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Friesacher"},{"link_name":"Kai Schoppitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Schoppitsch"},{"link_name":"Christian Prawda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Prawda"},{"link_name":"Marlies Hanschitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlies_Hanschitz"},{"link_name":"Austria women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eva Wutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Wutti"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Hubert Baumgartner (born 1955), former football player and manager, played 408 games.\nWalter Kogler (born 1967), football player and coach; played over 430 games and 28 for Austria\nHeinz Arzberger (born 1972), football goalkeeper, played 200 games\nPatrick Friesacher (born 1980), racing driver\nKai Schoppitsch (born 1980), football player, played over 200 games\nChristian Prawda (born 1982), football player, played over 350 games\nMarlies Hanschitz (born 1986), retired footballer who played 45 games for Austria women\nEva Wutti (born 1989), triathlete and cyclist","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"St. Mark's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wolfsberg_Markuskirche.jpg/200px-Wolfsberg_Markuskirche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wolfsberg Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wolfsberg_-_Schloss.jpg/220px-Wolfsberg_-_Schloss.jpg"},{"image_text":"Town hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rathaus%2C_Wolfsberg.JPG/220px-Rathaus%2C_Wolfsberg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ulrich_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_Dr._rer._nat.%2C_2010-02-25.jpg/140px-Ulrich_Habsburg-Lothringen%2C_Dr._rer._nat.%2C_2010-02-25.jpg"},{"image_text":"Walter Kogler, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Walter_Kogler_-_FC_Wacker_Innsbruck_%281%29.jpg/125px-Walter_Kogler_-_FC_Wacker_Innsbruck_%281%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard%27s_College,_Lower_Hutt
St Bernard's College, Lower Hutt
["1 School crest","2 Sports","3 List of principals","4 Notable alumni","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°12′37″S 174°55′01″E / 41.2104°S 174.9169°E / -41.2104; 174.9169Catholic secondary school for boys in Wellington, New Zealand St Bernard's CollegeAddress183 Waterloo Road,Lower Hutt,New ZealandCoordinates41°12′37″S 174°55′01″E / 41.2104°S 174.9169°E / -41.2104; 174.9169InformationTypeState integrated boys Secondary (Year 7–13)MottoRespice Stellam Voca Mariam"Look To The Star, Call Upon Mary"Established1946; 78 years agoMinistry of Education Institution no.260PrincipalSimon StackSchool roll658 (April 2023)Socio-economic decile6NWebsitewww.sbc.school.nz St Bernard's College (often abbreviated to SBC or SBC183) is a Catholic year 7 to 13 (form 1 to 7) secondary school for boys located at 183 Waterloo Rd, Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand. The school was opened by the Marist Brothers in 1946. The maximum roll is 680 pupils. School crest The school crest was designed by Brother Gerard who served as principal of the school from 1959 to 1964. The crest of St. Bernard's consists of a shield divided into three panels: The left panel shows a sword and a crown, symbolising the need to "fight the good fight so as to gain the crown of victory." This is an allusion to an exhortation of the Apostle Paul regarding the Catholic striving to live for Christ. The centre panel has three Fleur-de-lis, symbolic of three French connections with the school: St. Bernard was Abbot of Clairvaux in France and a great figure in the religious and political life of twelfth century Europe; Marcellin Champagnat founded the Marist Brothers of the Schools in France; and Bishop Pompallier, a Frenchman, was instrumental in bringing the Catholic faith to New Zealand. The cross on the right panel was worn by the Crusaders on their shields. St Bernard promoted the Crusades. Surmounting the shield is a combination of stars resting on a bar divided into three parts. The Latin inscription at the foot of the shield translates to "Look to the star, call upon Mary." Sports St. Bernard's College has offered many sports as extra-curricular activities. It currently offers athletics, badminton, basketball, cricket, cross country, football, golf, hockey, mountain biking, rowing, rugby, rugby league, rugby 7s, softball, swimming, tennis, touch rugby, volleyball and waterpolo. List of principals With Simon Stack's appointment at the start of 2016, fifteen principals have served St. Bernard's College since its formation in 1946. Br. Bernard Fulton (1946) Br. Ignatius Callan (1947–52) Br. Gerald Murphy (1953–57) Br. Oswald Wall (1958) Br. Gerard Mullin (1959–64) Br. Cyprian Tuite (1965–70) Br. Neil Hyland (1971–72) Br. Majella Sherry (1973–74) Br. Arnold Turner (1975–79) Br. Hugh Graham (1980–82) Br. Terence Costello (1983–95) Br. Denis Turner (1995) Mr. Peter Fava (1996–2015) Mr. Hedley Aitken (2015) Mr. Simon Stack (2016–present) Saint Bernard's College's main field in 2013 Notable alumni This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (October 2023)Main category: People educated at St Bernard's College, Lower Hutt Inoke Afeaki – rugby union Stanley Afeaki – rugby union Craig Bradshaw – basketball John Callen – actor Lee Donoghue – actor John Dougan – All Black Mladen Ivančic - Chief Operating Officer, NZ Film Commission Marvin Karawana – rugby league & rugby union Sione Katoa- rugby league Genesis Mamea Lemalu rugby union Issac Luke – rugby league Ben Matulino – rugby league Roderick Mulgan - physician and barrister Alan Schirnack – rugby league Jason Schirnack – rugby league Sam Tagataese – rugby league Earl Va'a – rugby union Matt Visser – physicist and mathematician Brian Wickens (born 1947) professional wrestler ("Bushwacker Luke") See also List of schools in New Zealand List of Marist Brothers schools References ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022. ^ "Decile Change 2014 to 2015 for State & State Integrated Schools". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ Andre Chumko, "Mladen Ivančiċ, six-time acting boss of the Film Commission", The Post, 19 August 2023, p. B4. ^ "Having it all: how barrister Roderick Mulgan manages to practise law and medicine at the same time" ADLS, 23 Jun 2023 ^ Shilpy Arora, "'Not a total workaholic': Meet the Auckland doctor who is also a practising lawyer" Stuff News, 23 July 2023 (Retrieved 23 May 2023) Sources Pat Gallagher, The Marist Brothers in New Zealand Fiji & Samoa 1876–1976, New Zealand Marist Brothers' Trust Board, Tuakau, 1976. External links St Bernards College official website vteSchools in the Wellington Region, New ZealandState secondary & composite Aotea College Heretaunga College Hutt Valley High School Kāpiti College Kuranui College Makoura College Mana College Naenae College Newlands College Onslow College Otaki College Paraparaumu College Porirua College Rongotai College Taita College Tawa College Upper Hutt College Wainuiomata High School Wairarapa College Wellington College Wellington East Girls' College Wellington Girls' College Wellington High School State-integrated Bishop Viard College Chanel College Hutt International Boys' School Raphael House Rudolf Steiner School Rathkeale College Sacred Heart College Solway College St Bernard's College St Catherine's College St Mary's College St Matthew's Collegiate School St Oran's College St Patrick's College, Wellington St Patrick's College, Silverstream Private Chilton St James School Queen Margaret College Samuel Marsden Collegiate School Scots College
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"}],"text":"Catholic secondary school for boys in Wellington, New ZealandSt Bernard's College (often abbreviated to SBC or SBC183) is a Catholic year 7 to 13 (form 1 to 7) secondary school for boys located at 183 Waterloo Rd, Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand. The school was opened by the Marist Brothers in 1946.The maximum roll is 680 pupils.","title":"St Bernard's College, Lower Hutt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"St. Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux"},{"link_name":"Marcellin Champagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Champagnat"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers of the Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Bishop Pompallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Pompallier"}],"text":"The school crest was designed by Brother Gerard who served as principal of the school from 1959 to 1964. The crest of St. Bernard's consists of a shield divided into three panels:The left panel shows a sword and a crown, symbolising the need to \"fight the good fight so as to gain the crown of victory.\" This is an allusion to an exhortation of the Apostle Paul regarding the Catholic striving to live for Christ.\nThe centre panel has three Fleur-de-lis, symbolic of three French connections with the school:St. Bernard was Abbot of Clairvaux in France and a great figure in the religious and political life of twelfth century Europe;\nMarcellin Champagnat founded the Marist Brothers of the Schools in France; and\nBishop Pompallier, a Frenchman, was instrumental in bringing the Catholic faith to New Zealand.The cross on the right panel was worn by the Crusaders on their shields. St Bernard promoted the Crusades.Surmounting the shield is a combination of stars resting on a bar divided into three parts. The Latin inscription at the foot of the shield translates to \"Look to the star, call upon Mary.\"","title":"School crest"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"St. Bernard's College has offered many sports as extra-curricular activities. It currently offers athletics, badminton, basketball, cricket, cross country, football, golf, hockey, mountain biking, rowing, rugby, rugby league, rugby 7s, softball, swimming, tennis, touch rugby, volleyball and waterpolo.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBC_Field.JPG"}],"text":"With Simon Stack's appointment at the start of 2016, fifteen principals have served St. Bernard's College since its formation in 1946.Br. Bernard Fulton (1946)\nBr. Ignatius Callan (1947–52)\nBr. Gerald Murphy (1953–57)\nBr. Oswald Wall (1958)\nBr. Gerard Mullin (1959–64)\nBr. Cyprian Tuite (1965–70)\nBr. Neil Hyland (1971–72)\nBr. Majella Sherry (1973–74)\nBr. Arnold Turner (1975–79)\nBr. Hugh Graham (1980–82)\nBr. Terence Costello (1983–95)\nBr. Denis Turner (1995)\nMr. Peter Fava (1996–2015)\nMr. Hedley Aitken (2015)\nMr. Simon Stack (2016–present)Saint Bernard's College's main field in 2013","title":"List of principals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People educated at St Bernard's College, Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_St_Bernard%27s_College,_Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Inoke Afeaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoke_Afeaki"},{"link_name":"Stanley Afeaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Afeaki"},{"link_name":"Craig Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Bradshaw_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"John Callen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Callen"},{"link_name":"Lee Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Donoghue"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"John Dougan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dougan"},{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"Mladen Ivančic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_Ivan%C4%8Di%C4%8B_(NZ_film)"},{"link_name":"NZ Film Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Film_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marvin Karawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Karawana"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Sione Katoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sione_Katoa_(rugby_league,_born_1995)"},{"link_name":"Genesis Mamea Lemalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Mamea_Lemalu"},{"link_name":"Issac Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issac_Luke"},{"link_name":"Ben Matulino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Matulino"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alan Schirnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Schirnack"},{"link_name":"Jason Schirnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Schirnack"},{"link_name":"Sam Tagataese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Tagataese"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Earl Va'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Va%27a"},{"link_name":"Matt Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Visser"},{"link_name":"Brian Wickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwacker_Luke"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"}],"text":"Main category: People educated at St Bernard's College, Lower HuttInoke Afeaki – rugby union\nStanley Afeaki – rugby union\nCraig Bradshaw – basketball\nJohn Callen – actor\nLee Donoghue – actor\nJohn Dougan – All Black\nMladen Ivančic - Chief Operating Officer, NZ Film Commission[3]\nMarvin Karawana – rugby league & rugby union\nSione Katoa- rugby league\nGenesis Mamea Lemalu rugby union\nIssac Luke – rugby league\nBen Matulino – rugby league\nRoderick Mulgan - physician and barrister[4][5]\nAlan Schirnack – rugby league\nJason Schirnack – rugby league\nSam Tagataese – rugby league\nEarl Va'a – rugby union\nMatt Visser – physicist and mathematician\nBrian Wickens (born 1947) professional wrestler (\"Bushwacker Luke\")","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pat Gallagher, The Marist Brothers in New Zealand Fiji & Samoa 1876–1976, New Zealand Marist Brothers' Trust Board, Tuakau, 1976.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Saint Bernard's College's main field in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SBC_Field.JPG/220px-SBC_Field.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of schools in New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_New_Zealand"},{"title":"List of Marist Brothers schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marist_Brothers_schools"}]
[{"reference":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","url_text":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decile Change 2014 to 2015 for State & State Integrated Schools\". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minedu.govt.nz/~/media/MinEdu/Files/EducationSectors/PrimarySecondary/SchoolOpsResourcing/OperationalFundingDeciles/DecileChanges_20142015.xls","url_text":"\"Decile Change 2014 to 2015 for State & State Integrated Schools\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Bernard%27s_College,_Lower_Hutt&params=41.2104_S_174.9169_E_type:edu_region:NZ-WGN","external_links_name":"41°12′37″S 174°55′01″E / 41.2104°S 174.9169°E / -41.2104; 174.9169"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Bernard%27s_College,_Lower_Hutt&params=41.2104_S_174.9169_E_type:edu_region:NZ-WGN","external_links_name":"41°12′37″S 174°55′01″E / 41.2104°S 174.9169°E / -41.2104; 174.9169"},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=260","external_links_name":"260"},{"Link":"http://www.sbc.school.nz/","external_links_name":"www.sbc.school.nz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Bernard%27s_College,_Lower_Hutt&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.minedu.govt.nz/~/media/MinEdu/Files/EducationSectors/PrimarySecondary/SchoolOpsResourcing/OperationalFundingDeciles/DecileChanges_20142015.xls","external_links_name":"\"Decile Change 2014 to 2015 for State & State Integrated Schools\""},{"Link":"https://adls.org.nz/barrister-roderick-mulgan/","external_links_name":"\"Having it all: how barrister Roderick Mulgan manages to practise law and medicine at the same time\" ADLS, 23 Jun 2023"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300930980/not-a-total-workaholic-meet-the-auckland-doctor-who-is-also-a-practising-lawyer","external_links_name":"Shilpy Arora, \"'Not a total workaholic': Meet the Auckland doctor who is also a practising lawyer\" Stuff News, 23 July 2023"},{"Link":"http://www.sbc.school.nz/","external_links_name":"St Bernards College official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Heights,_Buffalo,_New_York
University Heights, Buffalo
["1 Geography","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
Coordinates: 42°57′19.4112″N 78°49′39.48″W / 42.955392000°N 78.8276333°W / 42.955392000; -78.8276333The University Heights District is a neighborhood in Buffalo, New York. Geography The University Heights neighborhood is in the northern corner of Buffalo. Main Street (NY 5) bisects University Heights. Main Street in University Heights has an assortment of restaurants, bars, retail stores, and places of worship, many catering to the students of the University at Buffalo. The University Heights neighborhood is bounded on the west and south by the former Erie-Lackawanna Railroad right-of-way, across which is the North Buffalo, Buffalo, New York neighborhood. Kenmore Avenue, which forms the boundary between the City of Buffalo and the towns of Amherst and Tonawanda, forms the northern edge of the neighborhood. The Kenilworth neighborhood in Tonawanda and the Eggertsville neighborhood in Amherst lie across Kenmore Avenue. The Eastern Boundary is Main Street and the University at Buffalo. Gallery University Presbyterian Church, University Heights. A view of Main Street in the University Heights business district. See also Neighborhoods of Buffalo, New York External links University Heights is covered in the North Buffalo travel guide from Wikivoyage. References ^ "University at Buffalo Library". Archived from the original on 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 42°57′19.4112″N 78°49′39.48″W / 42.955392000°N 78.8276333°W / 42.955392000; -78.8276333 vte City of Buffalo, New York Metro area Western New York Government and services City Hall Common Council Fire Library Mayors Parks Police Transportation Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority Metro Rail Bus transit center Buffalo airport Niagara Falls airport Amtrak Depew station Exchange Street station Erie Canal Research and education University at Buffalo Buffalo Public Schools Buffalo State University Bryant & Stratton College Canisius University D'Youville University Erie Community College Medicine and healthcare Erie County Medical Center Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Kaleida Health (Buffalo General Medical Center) John R. Oishei Children's Hospital University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Gates Vascular Institute Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute Catholic Health Sisters of Charity Hospital Mount St. Mary's Hospital & Health Center Other topics Architecture tallest buildings Culture festivals Economy Flag History timeline Media Neighborhoods Notable Buffalonians Seal Parks and recreation Sports Category Commons vteNeighborhoods of Buffalo, New York Allentown Black Rock Broadway-Fillmore Canalside Central Park Cold Springs Delaware District Downtown East Side Elmwood Village Fillmore-Leroy First Ward Fruit Belt Hamlin Park Hospital Hill Humboldt Park Kaisertown Kensington Kensington Heights Lovejoy Larkinville Lower West Side Masten Park North Buffalo North Park Park Meadow Parkside Riverside Schiller Park South Buffalo Theatre District University District University Heights Vernon Triangle West Village Willert Park List Category
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[]
[{"title":"Neighborhoods of Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Buffalo,_New_York"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_May_29,_1938
Solar eclipse of May 29, 1938
["1 Related eclipses","1.1 Solar eclipses 1935–1938","1.2 Saros 146","2 References"]
20th-century total solar eclipse Solar eclipse of May 29, 1938MapType of eclipseNatureTotalGamma−0.9607Magnitude1.0552Maximum eclipseDuration245 sec (4 m 5 s)Coordinates52°42′S 22°00′W / 52.7°S 22°W / -52.7; -22Max. width of band675 km (419 mi)Times (UTC)Greatest eclipse13:50:19ReferencesSaros146 (23 of 76)Catalog # (SE5000)9371 A total solar eclipse occurred on May 29, 1938. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. This was the first of 41 umbral eclipses of Solar Saros 146. The first was in 1938 and the last will be in 2659. The total duration is 721 years. Related eclipses Solar eclipses 1935–1938 This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. Solar eclipse series sets from 1935–1938 Ascending node   Descending node 111 January 5, 1935Partial 116 June 30, 1935Partial 121 December 25, 1935Annular 126 June 19, 1936Total 131 December 13, 1936Annular 136 June 8, 1937Total 141 December 2, 1937Annular 146 May 29, 1938Total 151 November 21, 1938Partial Saros 146 It is a part of Saros cycle 146, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 76 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on September 19, 1541. It contains total eclipses from May 29, 1938 through October 7, 2154, hybrid eclipses from October 17, 2172 through November 20, 2226, and annular eclipses from December 1, 2244 through August 10, 2659. The series ends at member 76 as a partial eclipse on December 29, 2893. The longest duration of totality was 5 minutes, 21 seconds on June 30, 1992. Series members 21-37 occur between 1901 and 2200: 21 22 23 May 7, 1902 May 18, 1920 May 29, 1938 24 25 26 June 8, 1956 June 20, 1974 June 30, 1992 27 28 29 July 11, 2010 July 22, 2028 August 2, 2046 30 31 32 August 12, 2064 August 24, 2082 September 4, 2100 33 34 35 September 15, 2118 September 26, 2136 October 7, 2154 36 37 October 17, 2172 October 29, 2190 References ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018. Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC Google interactive map Besselian elements vteSolar eclipsesLists of eclipsesBy era Antiquity Middle Ages Modern era 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd Future Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Israel Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC) Assyrian eclipse (763 BC) Eclipse of Thales (585 BC) Total/hybrid eclipses→ next total/hybrid 1560 1598 1652 1654 1673 1699 1706 1715 1724 1766 1778 1780 1806 1816 1824 1842 1851 1853 1857 1858 1860 1865 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1875 1878 1882 1883 1885 1886 1887 Jan 1889 Dec 1889 1893 1896 1898 1900 1901 1903 1904 1905 1907 Jan 1908 Dec 1908 1909 1910 1911 Apr 1912 Oct 1912 1914 1916 1918 1919 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Apr 1930 Oct 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1943 Jan 1944 1945 1947 1948 1950 1952 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2023 → 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2033 2034 2035 2037 2038 2039 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2048 2049 2050 2052 2053 2055 Jan 2057 Dec 2057 2059 2060 2061 2063 2064 2066 2067 2068 2070 2071 2072 2073 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2081 2082 2084 2086 2088 2089 2090 2091 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2099 2100 2114 2117 2126 2132 2150 2153 2168 2178 2186 Annular eclipses→ next annular 1820 1854 1879 1889 1900 1901 1903 1904 1905 1907 1908 1911 1914 Feb 1915 Aug 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1929 1932 Feb 1933 Aug 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1943 Jul 1944 1945 1947 1948 1950 Mar 1951 Sep 1951 1952 Jan 1954 Dec 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 Mar 1969 Sep 1969 1970 1972 Jan 1973 Dec 1973 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2023 → 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2032 2034 2035 2036 Jan 2038 Jul 2038 2039 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2048 2049 2052 2053 Jan 2056 Jul 2056 2057 2059 2060 2061 2063 2064 2066 2067 2070 2071 Jan 2074 Jul 2074 2075 2077 2078 2079 2081 2082 2084 Jun 2085 Dec 2085 2088 2089 Feb 2092 Aug 2092 2093 2095 2096 2097 2099 2100 2101 Jan 2168 Dec 2168 Apr 2191 2200 Partial eclipses→ next partial Jan 1639 Apr 1902 May 1902 Oct 1902 Feb 1906 Jul 1906 Aug 1906 Dec 1909 Nov 1910 Apr 1913 Aug 1913 Sep 1913 Dec 1916 Jan 1917 Jun 1917 Jul 1917 May 1920 Nov 1920 Mar 1924 Jul 1924 Aug 1924 Dec 1927 Jun 1928 Nov 1928 Apr 1931 Sep 1931 Oct 1931 Jan 1935 Feb 1935 Jun 1935 Jul 1935 Nov 1938 Mar 1942 Aug 1942 Sep 1942 Jan 1946 May 1946 Jun 1946 Nov 1946 Apr 1949 Oct 1949 Feb 1953 Jul 1953 Aug 1953 Dec 1956 Mar 1960 Sep 1960 Jan 1964 Jun 1964 Jul 1964 Dec 1964 May 1967 Mar 1968 Feb 1971 Jul 1971 Aug 1971 Dec 1974 May 1975 Nov 1975 Apr 1978 Oct 1978 Jan 1982 Jun 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1982 May 1985 Apr 1986 Mar 1989 Aug 1989 Dec 1992 May 1993 Nov 1993 Apr 1996 Oct 1996 Sep 1997 Feb 2000 1 Jul 2000 31 Jul 2000 Dec 2000 Apr 2004 Oct 2004 Mar 2007 Sep 2007 Jan 2011 Jun 2011 Jul 2011 Nov 2011 Oct 2014 Sep 2015 Feb 2018 Jul 2018 Aug 2018 Jan 2019 Apr 2022 Oct 2022 → Mar 2025 Sep 2025 Jan 2029 Jun 2029 Jul 2029 Dec 2029 2032 2033 Feb 2036 Jul 2036 Aug 2036 2037 May 2040 Nov 2040 Jan 2047 Jun 2047 Jul 2047 Dec 2047 2050 Apr 2051 Oct 2051 Mar 2054 Aug 2054 Sep 2054 2055 May 2058 Jun 2058 Nov 2058 Mar 2062 Sep 2062 Feb 2065 Jul 2065 Aug 2065 Dec 2065 2068 Apr 2069 May 2069 Oct 2069 2072 2073 Jun 2076 Jul 2076 Nov 2076 Feb 2083 Jul 2083 Aug 2083 2084 2086 May 2087 Jun 2087 Oct 2087 2090 2091 Jun 2094 Jul 2094 Dec 2094 Apr 2098 Sep 2098 Oct 2098 Apr 2108 Jul 2195 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Planetary transit List of films featuring eclipses Solar eclipses in fiction Lunar eclipse  Astronomy portal  Solar System portal Category This solar eclipse–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigma
Power of Evil
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
For the Alexander Serov's opera, see The Power of the Fiend. 1985 filmPower of EvilDirected byKrzysztof ZanussiWritten byKrzysztof ZanussiCinematographySławomir IdziakMusic byWojciech KilarRelease date 1985 (1985) LanguageFrench Power of Evil (French: Le pouvoir du mal, Italian: Paradigma, also known as Paradigm) is a 1985 French-German-Italian drama film written and directed by Krzysztof Zanussi. Cast Vittorio Gassman: Gottfried Marie-Christine Barrault: Sylvie Benjamin Völz: Hubert Raf Vallone: Laboratory director Erika Wackernagel: Mutter Hans-Werner Marquardt: Alexander Hark Bohm: Notar References ^ Frank Bren (1986). World Cinema: Poland. Flicks Books, 1986. ISBN 0948911468. ^ Variety Film Reviews, Volume 19. R R Bowker Publishing, 1988. ^ Ewa Mazierska, Michael Goddard (2014). Polish Cinema in a Transnational Context. Boydell & Brewer, 2014. ISBN 978-1580464680. External links Power of Evil at IMDb vteFilms directed by Krzysztof Zanussi The Structure of Crystals (1969) Family Life (1971) The Illumination (1973) A Woman's Decision (1975) Camouflage (1977) Spiral (1978) The Constant Factor (1980) Imperative (1982) A Year of the Quiet Sun (1984) Power of Evil (1985) Inventory (1989) At Full Gallop (1996) Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease (2000) The Supplement (2002) Persona Non Grata (2005) Black Sun (2007) This article related to a French film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an Italian film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severed_Ties_(film)
Severed Ties (film)
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Severed Ties" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1992 American filmSevered TiesDirected byDamon SantostefanoStarringOliver ReedElke SommerProductioncompanyFangoria FilmsDistributed byColumbia TriStar Home VideoRelease date November 1, 1992 (1992-11-01) Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Severed Ties is a 1992 comedy horror film directed by Damon Santostefano. It was released to video by Columbia TriStar Home Video. Premise A regeneration experiment on a severed arm goes awry, turning the limb into a murderous, reptilian creature. Cast Oliver Reed - Doctor Hans Vaughan Elke Sommer - Helena Harrison Garrett Morris - Stripes Billy Morrissette - Harrison Harrison Johnny Legend - Preacher Roger Perkovich - Lorenz Denise Wallace - Eve Bekki Vallin - Uta External links Severed Ties at IMDb Severed Ties at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Damon Santostefano Severed Ties (1992) Three to Tango (1999) Last Man Running (2003) Bring It On Again (2004) Another Cinderella Story (2008) Best Player (2011) A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song (2011) Pure Country: Pure Heart (2017) This article about a 1990s horror film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatean_Agriculture
The Nabataean Agriculture
["1 'Nabataean'","2 Composition","3 Contents","3.1 Agriculture","3.2 Religion and philosophy","3.3 Magic","3.4 Folklore and literature","4 Influence","5 History of modern scholarship","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 Further reading","11 Editions","12 External links"]
10th-century Arabic text The Nabataean Agriculture Medieval manuscriptAuthorIbn WahshiyyaOriginal titleal-Filāḥa al-Nabaṭiyya (الفلاحة النبطية)LanguageArabicSubjectagriculture, occult sciencesPublication placeIraq The Nabataean Agriculture (Arabic: كتاب الفلاحة النبطية, romanized: Kitāb al-Filāḥa al-Nabaṭiyya, lit. 'Book of the Nabataean Agriculture'), also written The Nabatean Agriculture, is a 10th-century text on agronomy by Ibn Wahshiyya (born in Qussīn, present-day Iraq; died c. 930). It contains information on plants and agriculture, as well as on magic and astrology. It was frequently cited by later Arabic writers on these topics. The Nabataean Agriculture was the first book written in Arabic about agriculture, as well as the most influential. Ibn Wahshiyya claimed that he translated it from a 20,000-year-old Mesopotamian text. Though some doubts remain, modern scholars believe that the work may be translated from a Syriac original of the 5th or 6th century. In any case, the work is ultimately based on Greek and Latin agricultural writings, heavily supplemented with local material. The work consists of some 1500 manuscript pages, principally concerned with agriculture but also containing lengthy digressions on religion, philosophy, magic, astrology, and folklore. Some of the most valuable material on agriculture deals with vineyards, arboriculture, irrigation and soil science. This agricultural information became well known throughout the Arabic-Islamic world from Yemen to Spain. The non-agricultural material in The Nabataean Agriculture paints a vivid picture of rural life in 10th-century Iraq. It describes a pagan religion with connections to ancient Mesopotamian religion tempered by Hellenistic influences. Some of this non-agricultural material was cited by the Andalusian magician and alchemist Maslama al-Qurtubi (died 964) in his Ghayat al-Hakim ("The Goal of the Wise", Latin: Picatrix), while other parts were discussed by the Jewish philosopher Maimonides in his Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190). The French Orientalist Étienne Marc Quatremère introduced the work to the European scholarly community in 1835. Most 19th-century scholars dismissed it as a forgery, but from the 1960s onward several researchers have shown increased interest in its authenticity and impact. 'Nabataean' Main article: Nabataeans of Iraq The word 'Nabataean' (Arabic: Nabaṭī) in the title of the work does not refer to the ancient Nabataeans, the northern Arab people who established a kingdom at Petra during the late Hellenistic period (c. 150 BCE – 106 AD). Rather, 'Nabataean' is a term used by Arabic authors of the early Islamic period to designate the non-Arabic speaking, rural population of various conquered territories. Thus, we hear of "Nabataean" Kurds and Armenians, as well as of "Nabataeans of the Levant" (the term apparently used by Arabic authors for the ancient Nabataeans of Petra) and "Nabataeans of Iraq". Generally speaking, the term 'Nabataean' was strongly associated with a rural, sedentary way of life, which was perceived as backwards and as thoroughly opposed to the noble, nomadic lifestyle of the Arabs. The term 'Nabataeans of Iraq' was used to refer to the rural, Aramaic-speaking, native inhabitants of the Sawād, now central and southern Iraq. However, it was also used by scholars like Ibn Wahshiyya (died c. 930) and the historian al-Mas'udi (died 956) to refer to the inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia. These scholars believed that the ancient Mesopotamians had spoken Syriac, a prestige form of Eastern Aramaic during the 10th century which in reality goes back no further than the first century AD, and that this supposedly Syriac-speaking people had ruled over Mesopotamia from the legendary times of Nimrod until the advent of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century. Unlike the term 'Nabataeans of the Levant' then, the term 'Nabataeans of Iraq' did not refer to a historical people, but to an 'Aramaized' understanding of the Mesopotamian heritage. Given the perceived antiquity of the 'Nabataean' culture of Iraq, Ibn Wahshiyya believed all human knowledge to go back on 'Nabataean' foundations. This idea itself was not exactly a new one: already in the Hellenistic period a secret knowledge was often attributed to the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia, referred to in Greek as "Chaldaeans" (compare, for example, the Chaldaean Oracles), a term used (Arabic: Kaldānī) more or less as a synonym of 'Nabataean' by Ibn Wahshiyya and al-Mas'udi. However, in contrast to both earlier Hellenic authors and later Arabic authors such as Sa'id al-Andalusi (1029–1070), Ibn Wahshiyya was in direct contact with a living Mesopotamian tradition, making his "Chaldaeans" or "Nabataeans" more firmly rooted in empirical reality. Ibn Wahshiyya took great pride in his 'Nabataeans', as well as in the nobility of peasants more generally. Written at a time when ancient Mesopotamian culture was in danger of disappearing due to the Arab conquests, his work can be interpreted as part of the shuʽubiyya, a movement by non-Arab Muslims to reassert their local identities. In this view it is an attempt to celebrate and preserve the 'Nabataean' heritage of Mesopotamia. Composition Orchards and palm trees at Babylon, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Kufa The work purports to have been compiled by a man named Ibn Wahshiyya from Qussīn, a village near Kufa in present-day Iraq. It includes a preface in which he gives an account of its origin. This preface states that he found the book in a collection of books from the Chaldeans, and that the original was a scroll with 1500 parchment sheets. The original bore the lengthy title Kitāb iflāḥ al-arḍ wa-iṣlāḥ al-zarʽ wa-l-shajar wa-l-thimār wa-dafʽ al-āfāt ʽanhā (“Book of Cultivation of the Land, the Care of Cereals, Vegetables and Crops, and their Protection”), which Ibn Wahshiyya abbreviated to Book of the Nabataean Agriculture. Ibn Wahshiyya claimed that he translated the work from an "ancient Syriac" ("al-Suryāniyya al-qadīma") original, written c. 20,000 years ago by the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia. In Ibn Wahshiyya's time, Syriac was thought to have been the primordial language used at the time of creation. In reality, however, Syriac is a dialect of Eastern Aramaic that only emerged in the 1st century, although by the 9th century, it had become the carrier of a rich literature, including many works translated from the Greek. Ibn Wahshiyya said that he translated the text to Arabic in 903/4, and then dictated the translation to his student Abu Talib al-Zayyat in 930/1. These dates are probably accurate, because Ibn al-Nadim lists the book in his Kitab al-Fihrist ("The Book Catalogue") of 987, showing that the book was circulating in Iraq by the end of the 10th century. Ibn Wahshiyya said that the book was the product of three "ancient wise Kasdanian men", of whom "one of them began it, the second added other things to that, and the third made it complete." These three compilers were named Saghrith, Yanbushad, and Quthama. Scholarly opinion as to the authenticity of The Nabataean Agriculture has changed over time (see below). While it certainly does not date back to the Babylonian era as Ibn Wahshiyya himself claimed, scholars now believe that the work may actually have been an authentic translation from a pre-Islamic Syriac original. The Finnish scholar Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila proposed a three-stage textual history in 2006: 1. Free paraphrases of passages known from Graeco-Roman agricultural works. 2. Translation into Syriac either by several authors or by a single author (Quthama), probably in the sixth century or soon after...3. Translation of the putative Syriac text into Arabic by Ibn Wahshiyya (10th c.), who added his own glosses, usually marked as such in the text. Reconstructing the sources used in the first stage is difficult because the author translated them loosely, added his own material and commentary, and used oral informants to supplement the written sources. However, they must have included a Syriac or Arabic translation of the 4th-century writer Vindonius Anatolius. The author may also have used local sources from outside the Graeco-Roman tradition, such as the lost Rusticatio of Mago the Carthaginian. The Nabataean Agriculture was the first book written in Arabic about agriculture, although it was preceded by several books on botany and translations of foreign works on agriculture. Contents Contents by subject area Subject area Percent of the work Soils, fertilizers, irrigation 5% Arboriculture, fruit trees 25% Olive cultivation 3% Vineyards 16% Field agriculture 18% Garden cultivation 23% Seasonal calendar 7% Weather almanac 2% The book contains valuable information on agriculture and its associated lore. It is divided into approximately 150 chapters on olive trees, irrigation, flowers, trees, estate management, soils, legumes, and grains. Amidst its extensive agricultural material the text also contains religious, folkloric, and philosophical content. The style is "repetitive" and "not always completely lucid," according to Hämeen-Anttila; at the same time, Hämeen-Anttila notes that the author's attitude towards agriculture is "sober," and that he appears as a "learned and perspicacious observer." The ecologist Karl Butzer described the organization of the work as "perplexing", even "baffling", as when a treatise on corpses washed out of a cemetery interrupts the section on soils. Agriculture Then I translated this book...after I had translated some other books...I gave a complete and unabridged translation of it because I liked it and I saw the great benefits in it and its usefulness in making the earth prosper, caring for the trees and making the orchards and fields thrive and also because of the discussions in it on the special properties of things, countries and times, as well as on the proper times of labors during the seasons, of the differences of the natures of climates, on their wondrous effects, the grafting of trees, their planting and care, on repelling calamities from them, on making use of plants and herbs, on curing with them and keeping back maladies from the bodies of animals and repelling calamities from trees and plants with the help of each of the plants. A noria (water wheel) in Syria The overall structure of the agricultural information in The Nabataean Agriculture does not match the agricultural context of Mesopotamia, suggesting that the author modeled the work on texts from a Mediterranean environment. For example, the work provides limited coverage of sugar, rice, and cotton, which were the most important local crops in the 9th and 10th centuries. Sesame oil was more common in the region than olive oil, but Ibn Wahshiyya writes about the olive tree for 32 pages, compared to one page for sesame. Nevertheless, the geographic references and detailed information about weather, planting schedules, soil salinity, and other topics show that the author had firsthand knowledge of local conditions in the central Iraqi lowlands near Kufa. The book describes 106 plants, compared to 70 in the contemporary Geoponica, and offers thorough information on their taxonomic characteristics and medicinal uses. The section on the cultivation of the date palm was an important contribution and wholly original, and the extremely detailed treatment of vineyards goes on for 141 pages. The list of exotic plants, some of which are native only to India or Arabia, may have been based on the botany portions of Pliny's 1st-century Natural History. In soil science, The Nabataean Agriculture was more advanced than its Greek or Roman predecessors, analyzing the different soil types of the Mesopotamian plains (alluvial, natric, and saline), Syria (red clay), and the Zagros Mountains of northern Iraq (mountain soil). It provided accurate and original recommendations on soil fertilizer. In the area of hydrology and irrigation, the text offers "a treasure trove of information, ideas and subtle symbolism." This includes material on how to dig and line wells and canals, and description of norias (water wheels). Finally, there is a section on farm management, which shows evidence of Roman influence. Overall, the agronomic contributions of The Nabataean Agriculture are "substantial and far-ranging, including both agronomic and natural history data unknown in the Classical literature." Religion and philosophy For when we see plants, crops, running water, beautiful flowers, verdant spots and pleasing meadows, our souls are often delighted and pleased by this and are relieved and distracted from the sorrows that came to the souls and covered them, just as drinking wine makes one forget one's sorrows. As this is so, then when the vine climbs up the palm tree in such a soil as we have described before, looking at it is like looking at the higher world, and it acts on the souls in a similar manner as the Universal Soul acts on those particular souls that are in us. In various passages the book describes the religious practices of rural Iraq, where paganism persisted long after the Islamic conquest. Some of the book's descriptions suggest links between these Iraqi pagans, whom Ibn Wahshiyya called 'Sabians', and ancient Mesopotamian religion. The cult recognized seven primary astral deities: the Sun, the Moon, and the five known planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, Venus, and Mars). Of these Jupiter and Venus were good (the Auspicious Ones), while Saturn and Mars were evil (the Nefarious Ones). The gods are all subordinated to the Sun, the supreme being. There are other gods besides the seven; the text describes the fixed stars such as Sirius as gods, and refers to the Mesopotamian god Tammuz as well as to Nasr, a pre-Islamic Arabian deity. Ibn Washiyya's description of the Tammuz ritual is particularly valuable, as it is more detailed than any other Arabic source. In this ritual, people would weep for Tammuz, who was "killed time after time in horrible ways," during the month of the same name. Ibn Wahshiyya also explains that the Christians of the region had a very similar practice, the Feast of Saint George, and speculates that the Christians may have adapted their custom from the Tammuz ritual. The philosophical views of the author are similar to those of the Syrian Neoplatonist school founded by Iamblichus in the 4th century. The author believed that through the practice of esoteric rituals, one could achieve communion with God. However, the worldview of the text contains contradictions and reflects an author that is philosophically "semi-learned". One of the key philosophical passages is a treatise on the soul, in the section on vineyards, in which the author expresses doctrines very similar to those of Neoplatonism. Magic Why, when oak-headed snakes see pure emeralds, will they shed their eyes in less than the wink of an eye and remain eyeless? Is that caused by the primary qualities or by a special property?...What else could this be than the effects of things through their special properties? What would be the (material) cause for the effect of the special properties? The author often describes magic in a negative light ("All the operations of the magicians are to me odious") and sometimes identifies magicians with a rival religious group, the "followers of Seth". Magic for the author consists of prayers to the gods, the creation of talismans, and manipulation of the special properties of things. These special properties depend on the configuration of the astral bodies and can produce effects such as making someone invisible or attracting goats and pigs to someone. The effects are specific to certain items, so broad beans are capable of curing "agonizing love," while ten dirhams of ground saffron mixed with wine will cause anyone who drinks it to laugh until they die. Some magical procedures rely on sympathetic magic instead of astrology, such as the technique for restoring a spring which is running dry by having young, beautiful women play music and sing near the spring. The most spectacular instance of magic is the case of a Nabataean magician who succeeded in creating an artificial man, in a story similar to the golem traditions of Kabbalistic Judaism. Folklore and literature They say, for example, that a farmer woke up on a moonlit night and started singing, accompanying himself on the lute. Then a big watermelon spoke to him: “You there, you and other cultivators of watermelons strive for the watermelons to be big and sweet and you tire yourselves in all different ways, yet it would be enough for you to play wind instruments and drums and sing in our midst. We are gladdened by this and we become cheerful so that our taste becomes sweet and no diseases infect us.” The author frequently digresses from the main theme to tell folkloric tales, saying that he includes these both to instruct the reader and for entertainment, because "otherwise fatigue would blind soul." Many of the tales concern fantastical concepts such as talking trees or ghouls. Others are about Biblical characters or ancient kings, although the names of the kings are not those of any known historical kings, and the Biblical characters are altered from their customary forms. The tales are often related to agriculture, as when Adam teaches the Chaldeans to cultivate wheat, or King Dhanamluta plants so many water lilies in his castle that "the overabundance of water lilies around him, both their odour and their sight, caused a brain disease which proved fatal to him." There are some references to poetry, and fragments of debate poetry which are among the earliest in Arabic literature. Debate poetry is a genre in which two natural opposites such as day and night dispute their respective virtues. The examples in the text include boasts by olive trees and palm trees, and are similar in style to the Persian Drakht-i Asurig, a debate between a goat and a palm tree. At times, the stories conceal a hidden inner meaning, as in a text purporting that the eggplant will disappear for 3000 years. The author explains that this is a symbolic expression in which the 3000 years signify three months, during which eating eggplant would be unhealthy. Influence 18th-century depiction of Maimonides The Nabataean Agriculture is the most influential book on agriculture in Arabic. Dozens of writers used it as a source, from the Middle Ages until the 18th century. It was the first agronomical work to reach al-Andalus (modern Spain and Portugal), and became an important reference for the writers of the Andalusi agricultural corpus. Ibn al-Awwam in his Kitab al-filaha cited it over 540 times. Others who cited it include Jamāl al-Dīn al-Waṭwāṭ, Ibn Hajjaj, Abu l-Khayr, and al-Tighnari, and it influenced Ibn Bassal. The agricultural history of Yemen is not well known, but The Nabataean Agriculture must have reached Yemen by the era of the Rasulid dynasty, as demonstrated by quotations in the work of al-Malik al-Afdal al-Abbas (d. 1376). The Nabataean Agriculture also had a far-reaching impact on Arabic and Latin occult literature, through the fragments quoted in the Ghayat al-hakim ("The Goal of the Wise") by the Cordoban magician, alchemist and hadith scholar Maslama al-Qurtubi (died 964), an influential work on magic which was later translated into Latin under the title Picatrix. In the 12th century Maimonides quoted The Nabataean Agriculture in his Guide for the Perplexed, as a source on pagan religion. Later translations of Maimonides into Latin mistranslated the name of the work as De agricultura Aegyptiorum ("On Egyptian Agriculture"), which caused readers such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Samuel Purchas to refer to the book by this erroneous title. According to Ernest Renan, the book was also cited by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century. In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldun mentioned the work in his Muqaddimah, although he believed that it had been translated from Greek. Traces of Ibn Wahshiyya's influence also appear in Spanish literature. Alfonso X of Castile (1221–1284) commissioned a Spanish translation of an Arabic lapidary (book about gemstones) by someone named Abolays. This lapidary cites The Nabataean Agriculture (calling it The Chaldaean Agriculture), and Abolays claims, like Ibn Wahshiyya, to have translated the lapidary from an ancient language ("Chaldaean"). In the 15th century, Enrique de Villena also knew of The Nabataean Agriculture and referenced it in his Tratado del aojamiento and Tratado de lepra. History of modern scholarship 19th century Theodor Nöldeke, a fierce critic of The Nabataean Agriculture. The Nabataean Agriculture was first introduced to European scholarship in 1835 by the French scholar Étienne Quatremère. Daniel Chwolson popularized it in his studies of 1856 and 1859, believing that it provided authentic information about ancient Assyria and Babylonia. He dated the original text to the 14th century BC at the latest. However, his views provoked a "violent reaction" in the scholarly community, and a series of scholars set out to refute him. The first of these was Ernest Renan in 1860, who dated the work to the 3rd or 4th century. He was followed by Alfred von Gutschmid, who showed inconsistencies in the text and declared it a forgery of the Muslim era. In an article published in 1875, the eminent German scholar Theodor Nöldeke agreed with Gutschmid that the work was originally written in Arabic, going as far as to argue that Ibn Wahshiyya himself was a fiction, and that the true author was Abu Talib al-Zayyat. Nöldeke emphasized the Greek influences in the text, the author's knowledge of the calends (a feature of the Roman calendar), and his use of the solar calendar of Edessa and Harran rather than the Islamic lunar calendar. The eventual decipherment of cuneiform showed conclusively that The Nabataean Agriculture was not based on an ancient Mesopotamian source. 20th and 21st centuries Interest in the book was slight for the first half of the 20th century. Martin Plessner was one of the few scholars to devote attention to it, in an article published in 1928. Toufic Fahd began studying the work in the late 1960s, and wrote many articles on it in which he defended the idea that the text was not a forgery by Ibn Wahshiyya, but was rather based on a pre-Islamic original. Fuat Sezgin also defended the work's authenticity as a translation from a 5th- or 6th-century work, and published a facsimile of the manuscript in 1984, while Fahd completed his critical edition of the text between 1993 and 1998. Mohammad El-Faïz supported Fahd's views and studied the work from the standpoint of Mesopotamian agriculture, publishing a monograph on the subject in 1995. Despite the fact that several scholars had now argued for the work's authenticity, Nöldeke's views still had the most currency in the early 21st century. This changed when Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, in his monograph published in 2006, extensively argued that the work may well have been an authentic translation from the Syriac. The Nabataean Agriculture has not been translated into a European language in full, but Fahd translated parts of it in to French in his articles, and Hämeen-Anttila translated other parts into English. See also Andalusi agricultural corpus Arab Agricultural Revolution Chaldean (disambiguation) History of agriculture History of botany Islam and magic Notes ^ On Qussīn, see Yāqūt, Muʽjam al-buldān, IV:350 (referred to by Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 93). ^ Translated in Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, pp. 69–76. ^ Chaldean; the usual Arabic word is al-Kaldani, but Ibn Wahshiyya uses the variants al-Kasdani and al-Kardani. ^ Translated into French in Fahd 1970. ^ The practice is also mentioned in the Bible, Ezekiel 8:14: "Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the Lord's house which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz." ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2018 still follows the conventional attribution of the Ghayat al-hakim to Maslama al-Majriti (c. 950–1007). However, experts now attribute this work to Maslama al-Qurtubi: see Fierro 1996; De Callataÿ & Moureau 2017; cf. Attrell & Porreca 2019, p. 1. ^ There may have been a medieval translation into Spanish, but it was lost after 1626. References ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 36–37. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 37. ^ a b c d Fahd & Graf 1993. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 37–38. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 39–40. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 42. ^ a b Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 44. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 40, 44. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 44–45. ^ Crone & Cook 1977, pp. 85–88. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, p. 64. ^ a b c d e f g h Hämeen-Anttila 2018. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 98. ^ a b Fahd & Graf 1993, p. 837. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 3. ^ Rubin 1998, pp. 330–333. ^ Carrara 2006, p. 123. ^ a b Mattila 2007, p. 104. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, p. 66. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 16. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, p. 75. ^ a b c d Lahham. ^ a b Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 33. ^ Rodgers 1980, p. 6–7. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2004, p. 79. ^ Carrara 2006, p. 131. ^ al-Shihabi 1965. ^ Butzer 1994, p. 14. ^ Fahd 1996, p. 816. ^ Butzer 1994, p. 19. ^ Carrara 2006, p. 124–125. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, p. 71. ^ a b Hämeen-Anttila 1999, p. 44. ^ a b Butzer 1994, p. 18. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, p. 74. ^ a b c d e f g h i Butzer 1994, p. 17. ^ Butzer 1994, p. 16. ^ Butzer 1994, pp. 16–17. ^ a b Butzer 1994, p. 15. ^ Mattila 2007, pp. 134–135. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002b, p. 89. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002b, p. 93. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 46–52. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 79, 138. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 138. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002b, p. 95. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 143. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002b, p. 96. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002b, p. 96, 98. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2002b, pp. 99–100. ^ a b c d e f g h Fahd 1971. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 109. ^ Mattila 2007, pp. 104, 134. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 309. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 175, 188. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 190. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 190, 308. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 192. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2003b, pp. 37–38. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 318. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 312. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 317, 324. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 312, 322. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 313, 315. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 316. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 318–320. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 92. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2004, p. 82. ^ Fahd 1996, p. 846. ^ Butzer 1994, pp. 25–26. ^ Varisco 1997. ^ Varisco 2011. ^ Stroumsa 2001, p. 16. ^ Ben Maimon 1956, pp. 315, 318, 334, 338 (part 3, chpts. 29, 37): "The great book on this subject is the book On the Nabatean Agriculture, translated by Ibn Wahshiya. In a succeeding chapter I shall explain why the Sabeans had their religious doctrines written in a work on agriculture. The book is full of the absurdities of idolatrous people, and with those things to which the minds of the multitude easily turn and adhere ; it speaks of talismans, the means of directing the influence ; witchcraft, spirits, and demons that dwell in the wilderness. There occur also in this book great absurdities, which are ridiculous in the eyes of intelligent people." ^ Stroumsa 2001, p. 17. ^ Renan 1862, p. 7. ^ Ibn Khaldun 1958: "One of the Greek works, the Kitab al-Falahah an-Nabatiyah, was translated. It is ascribed to Nabataean scholars. It contains much information of the type (mentioned). The Muslims who studied the contents of the work (noticed that it belonged to) sorcery, which is barred (by the religious law) and the study of which is forbidden. Therefore, they restricted themselves to the part of the book dealing with plants from the point of view of their planting and treatment and the things connected with that. They completely banished all discussion of the other part of the book." ^ a b c Darby 1941, p. 433. ^ Quatremère 1835; See also the collected edition. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2003a, p. 41. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2003a, pp. 41–42. ^ Gutschmid 1861. ^ Nöldeke 1875. ^ a b Hämeen-Anttila 2003a, p. 42. ^ Fahd 1969, p. 84. ^ Plessner 1928. ^ a b Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 8. ^ Sezgin 1971, pp. 318–329. ^ Carrara 2006, p. 105. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 9. ^ El-Faïz 1995. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2003b, p. 38. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, pp. 10–33. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 333. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2006. Bibliography Attrell, Dan; Porreca, David (2019). Picatrix: A Medieval Treatise on Astral Magic. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-08212-7. Ben Maimon, M. (1956). Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publishers. pp. 315, 318, 334, 338 (part 3, chpts. 29, 37). OCLC 1031721874. Butzer, Karl W. (1994). "The Islamic traditions of agroecology: crosscultural experience, ideas and innovations". Ecumene. 1 (1): 7–50. doi:10.1177/147447409400100102. JSTOR 44251681. S2CID 145363850. Carrara, Angelo Alves (2006). "Geoponica and Nabatean Agriculture : A new approach into their sources and authorship". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. 16 (1): 103–132. doi:10.1017/S0957423906000245. S2CID 170931904. Crone, Patricia; Cook, Michael (1977). Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-21133-8. Darby, George O. S. (1941). "Ibn Wahshiya in Mediaeval Spanish Literature". Isis. 33 (4): 433–438. doi:10.1086/358598. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 330620. S2CID 143094175. De Callataÿ, Godefroid; Moureau, Sébastien (2017). "A Milestone in the History of Andalusī Bāṭinism: Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī's Riḥla in the East". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World. 5 (1): 86–117. doi:10.1163/2212943X-00501004. El-Faïz, Muhammad (1995). L'agronomie de la Mésopotamie Antique: Analyse du 'Livre de l'Agriculture Nabatéenne' de Qutama (in French). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004101993. Fahd, Toufic (1969). "Retour a Ibn Waḥšiyya". Arabica. 16 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1163/157005869X00225. ISSN 0570-5398. JSTOR 4055606. Fahd, Toufic (1970). "Conduite d'une exploitation agricole d'après 'L'Agriculture Nabatéenne'" . Studia Islamica (in French) (32): 109–128. doi:10.2307/1595213. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1595213. Fahd, Toufic (1971). "Ibn Waḥs̲h̲iyya". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-08118-6. Retrieved 8 January 2021. Fahd, Toufic; Graf, D. F. (1993). "Nabaṭ". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VII (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 834–838. ISBN 9004094199. Retrieved 3 January 2021. Fahd, Toufic (1996). "Botany and agriculture". In Roshdi, Rashed; Morelon, Régis (eds.). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. pp. 813–852. ISBN 978-0-415-12412-6. Fierro, Maribel (1996). "Bāṭinism in Al-Andalus. Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī (d. 353/964), Author of the "Rutbat al-Ḥakīm" and the "Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm (Picatrix)"". Studia Islamica (84): 87–112. doi:10.2307/1595996. hdl:10261/281028. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1595996. Gutschmid, Alfred von (1861). "Die Nabatäische Landwirtschaft und ihre Geschwister" . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 15: 1–110. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (1999). "Ibn Wahshiyya and magic". Anaquel de Estudios Árabes (X): 39–48. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2002a). "Mesopotamian National Identity in Early Arabic Sources". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 91: 53–79. JSTOR 23863038. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2002b). "Continuity of Pagan Religious Traditions in Tenth-Century Iraq" (PDF). In Panaino, A.; Pettinato, G. (eds.). Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project. pp. 89–108. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2003a). "A Mesopotamian corpus: between enthusiasm and rebuttal". Studia Orientalia (97): 41–48. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2003b). "Artificial man and spontaneous generation in Ibn Waḥshiyya's al-Filāḥa an-Nabaṭiyya". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 153 (1): 37–49. JSTOR 43381251. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2004). "The Oriental Tradition of Vindanius Anatolius of Berytus' "Synagōgē geōrgikōn epitēdeumatōn"". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 94: 73–108. ISSN 0084-0076. JSTOR 23862721. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018). "Ibn Waḥshiyya". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2019–1 (3rd ed.). Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004386624. Retrieved 8 January 2021. Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman (1958). Muqaddimah. Translated by Rosenthal, Franz. Lahham, Karim (ed.). "Ibn Waḥshīyah". Filaha Texts Project. Retrieved 31 January 2021. Mattila, Janne (2007). "Ibn Wahshiyya on the Soul: Neoplatonic Soul Doctrine and the Treatise on the Soul Contained in the Nabatean Agriculture". Studia Orientalia (101): 103–155. Nöldeke, Theodor (1875). "Noch Einiges über die 'nabatäische Landwirtschaft'" . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 29: 445–455. Plessner, Martin (1928). "Der Inhalt der Nabatäischen Landwirtschaft : Ein Versuch, Ibn Wahsija zu rehabilitieren" . Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German). 6: 27–56. Quatremère, E. M. (1835). "Mémoires sur les Nabatéens". Journal Asiatique. 15: 5–55, 97–137, 209–71. Renan, Ernest (1862). An Essay on the Age and Antiquity of the Book of Nabathaean Agriculture. Trübuer. Rodgers, R. H. (1980). "Hail, Frost, and Pests in the Vineyard: Anatolius of Berytus as a Source for the Nabataean Agriculture". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 100 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2307/601382. JSTOR 601382. Rubin, Milka (1998). "The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity" (PDF). Journal of Jewish Studies. 49 (2): 306–333. doi:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998. Sezgin, Fuat (1971). Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Band IV: Alchimie, Chemie, Botanik, Agrikultur bis ca. 430 H. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004020092. al-Shihabi, Mustafa (1965). "Filāḥa". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. Retrieved 15 January 2021. Stroumsa, Guy G. (2001). "John Spencer and the Roots of Idolatry". History of Religions. 41 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/463657. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 3176496. S2CID 161756502. Varisco, Daniel Martin (1997). "Review of 'L'Agriculture nabateenne: Traduction en arabe attribuee a Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connu sous le nom d'lbn Wahsiyya'". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (2). doi:10.2307/605523. JSTOR 605523. Varisco, Daniel Martin (2011). "Medieval Agricultural Texts from Rasulid Yemen". Filaha Texts Project. Retrieved 18 January 2021. Further reading Meyer, Ernst (1856). Geschichte der Botanik (in German). Vol. III. pp. 43–89. El-Samarraie, H. Q. (1972). Agriculture in Iraq during the 3rd century, A.H. Beirut: Librarie du Liban. Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2. Sezgin, Fuat (1996). Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Band IV: Alchimie-Chemie, Botanik-Agrikultur. Bis ca. 430 He (in German). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 318–29. ISBN 978-90-04-02009-2. Editions Fahd, Toufic (ed.). L'Agriculture nabatéenne: Traduction en arabe attribuée à Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connue sous le nom d'lbn Wahshiyya. Damascus: al-Ma‘had al-‘Ilmī al-Faransī lil-Dirāsāt al-‘Arabīyah. (3 vols., 1993–1998.) External links Ibn Wahshiyya at the Filaha Texts Project – contains bibliography and list of manuscripts Digitized manuscript at the Berlin State Library, 1058 Digitized manuscript at the Berlin State Library, 14th century Bodleian Library MS. Huntington 326 – facsimile of a medieval Arabic manuscript containing the text vteAlchemy in the medieval Islamic worldAlchemists8th century pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid) pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana 9th century Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber) 10th century Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith) Ibn Waḥshiyya Maslama al-Qurṭubī Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) 11th century pseudo-Avicenna al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist) 12th century al-Ṭughrāʾī Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Artephius 13th century al-Simāwī Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist) Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist) Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer) 14th century al-Jildakī Ibn al-Rassām Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām Concepts Takwin Philosopher's stone al-iksīr Alembic Athanor Works Book of Mercy Books of the Balances al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib Emerald Tablet Five Hundred Books al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma (Clavis sapientiae) al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ Nabataean Agriculture One Hundred and Twelve Books Seventy Books Sirr al-asrār (pseudo-Aristotle) Sirr al-asrār (al-Rāzī) Sirr al-khalīqa (Secret of Creation) Turba Philosophorum Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba (al-Nabarawi) vteAlchemy (general)AlchemistsGreco-Egyptian Agathodaemon (legendary) Chymes pseudo-Cleopatra pseudo-Democritus Hermes Trismegistus (legendary) Mary the Jewess pseudo-Moses Ostanes (legendary) Paphnutia the Virgin Zosimos of Panopolis Ancient Chinese Fang (alchemist) Ge Hong Master Geng Wei Boyang Byzantine pseudo-Olympiodorus Stephanus of Alexandria Synesius Arabic-Islamic Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) Alphidius pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās) Artephius pseudo-Avicenna Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith) Ibn Waḥshiyya al-ʿIrāqī Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber) pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid) al-Jildakī Maslama al-Qurṭubī al-Ṭughrāʾī al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) Late medieval pseudo-Albertus (pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova pseudo-Geber George Ripley Guido di Montanor Hugh of Evesham Johann of Laz John Dastin John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade) Magister Salernus pseudo-Michael Scot Ortolanus Paul of Taranto Petrus Bonus pseudo-Ramon Llull (pseudo-)Roger Bacon Taddeo Alderotti Thomas Norton Early modern Andreas Libavius Basil Valentine pseudo-Bernard of Treviso George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes) Gerhard Dorn Giovanni da Correggio Heinrich Khunrath Hennig Brand Isaac Newton Jakob Böhme Jan Baptist van Helmont Johann Rudolf Glauber John Dee Michael Maier Michael Sendivogius Paracelsus Pierre-Jean Fabre Robert Boyle Samuel Norton Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes) Wilhelm Homberg Modern Carl Jung Eugène Canseliet Frater Albertus Fulcanelli Mary Anne Atwood WritingsMajor Works Atalanta fugiens Aurora consurgens Liber de compositione alchemiae (Morienus) Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth Book of Mercy Books of the Balances Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit Cantong Qi Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz Clavis sapientiae (Miftāḥ al-ḥikma) De consideratione quintae essentiae Emerald Tablet (Tabula Smaragdina) Leyden papyrus X Liber Hermetis de alchemia (Liber dabessi) Liber ignium Liber lucis Mappae clavicula Mirror of Alchimy Mutus liber Nabataean Agriculture Ordinal of Alchemy Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Physika kai mystika Rosary of the Philosophers Rutbat al-ḥakīm (Step of the Sage) Seventy Books Sirr al-khalīqa (Secret of Creation) Sirr al-asrār (pseudo-Aristotle) Sirr al-asrār (al-Rāzī) Splendor solis Summa perfectionis Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air Turba philosophorum Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine Compilations Aureum vellus Bibliotheca chemica curiosa De alchemia Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum Fasciculus chemicus Musaeum Hermeticum Theatrum chemicum Theatrum chemicum Britannicum Tripus aureus Various Alembic Athanor Azoth Chrysopoeia Element Elixir of life Homunculus Iatrochemistry In art/entertainment Magnum opus Ouroboros Pill of Immortality Philosophers' stone Prima materia Rebis Takwin Yliaster Processes Substances Symbols (Unicode, Suns in alchemy) All articles Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"Ibn Wahshiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_magic"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"arboriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboriculture"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"ancient Mesopotamian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_religion"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Maslama al-Qurtubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maslama_al-Qurtubi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghayat al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picatrix"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Perplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed"},{"link_name":"Étienne Marc Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"}],"text":"10th-century Arabic textThe Nabataean Agriculture (Arabic: كتاب الفلاحة النبطية, romanized: Kitāb al-Filāḥa al-Nabaṭiyya, lit. 'Book of the Nabataean Agriculture'), also written The Nabatean Agriculture, is a 10th-century text on agronomy by Ibn Wahshiyya (born in Qussīn, present-day Iraq; died c. 930). It contains information on plants and agriculture, as well as on magic and astrology. It was frequently cited by later Arabic writers on these topics.The Nabataean Agriculture was the first book written in Arabic about agriculture, as well as the most influential. Ibn Wahshiyya claimed that he translated it from a 20,000-year-old Mesopotamian text. Though some doubts remain, modern scholars believe that the work may be translated from a Syriac original of the 5th or 6th century. In any case, the work is ultimately based on Greek and Latin agricultural writings, heavily supplemented with local material.The work consists of some 1500 manuscript pages, principally concerned with agriculture but also containing lengthy digressions on religion, philosophy, magic, astrology, and folklore. Some of the most valuable material on agriculture deals with vineyards, arboriculture, irrigation and soil science. This agricultural information became well known throughout the Arabic-Islamic world from Yemen to Spain.The non-agricultural material in The Nabataean Agriculture paints a vivid picture of rural life in 10th-century Iraq. It describes a pagan religion with connections to ancient Mesopotamian religion tempered by Hellenistic influences. Some of this non-agricultural material was cited by the Andalusian magician and alchemist Maslama al-Qurtubi (died 964) in his Ghayat al-Hakim (\"The Goal of the Wise\", Latin: Picatrix), while other parts were discussed by the Jewish philosopher Maimonides in his Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190).The French Orientalist Étienne Marc Quatremère introduced the work to the European scholarly community in 1835. Most 19th-century scholars dismissed it as a forgery, but from the 1960s onward several researchers have shown increased interest in its authenticity and impact.","title":"The Nabataean Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Nabataeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"a kingdom at Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200636%E2%80%9337-1"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200637-2"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahdGraf1993-3"},{"link_name":"sedentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism"},{"link_name":"nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahdGraf1993-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200637%E2%80%9338-4"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Sawād","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawad"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahdGraf1993-3"},{"link_name":"Ibn Wahshiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya"},{"link_name":"al-Mas'udi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi"},{"link_name":"ancient Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahdGraf1993-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200639%E2%80%9340-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200642-6"},{"link_name":"Chaldaean Oracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldaean_Oracles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200644-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200640,_44-8"},{"link_name":"Sa'id al-Andalusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_al-Andalusi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200644%E2%80%9345-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200644-7"},{"link_name":"shuʽubiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroneCook197785%E2%80%9388-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002a64-11"}],"text":"The word 'Nabataean' (Arabic: Nabaṭī) in the title of the work does not refer to the ancient Nabataeans, the northern Arab people who established a kingdom at Petra during the late Hellenistic period (c. 150 BCE – 106 AD). Rather, 'Nabataean' is a term used by Arabic authors of the early Islamic period to designate the non-Arabic speaking, rural population of various conquered territories.[1] Thus, we hear of \"Nabataean\" Kurds and Armenians,[2] as well as of \"Nabataeans of the Levant\" (the term apparently used by Arabic authors for the ancient Nabataeans of Petra) and \"Nabataeans of Iraq\".[3] Generally speaking, the term 'Nabataean' was strongly associated with a rural, sedentary way of life, which was perceived as backwards and as thoroughly opposed to the noble, nomadic lifestyle of the Arabs.[3][4]The term 'Nabataeans of Iraq' was used to refer to the rural, Aramaic-speaking, native inhabitants of the Sawād, now central and southern Iraq.[3] However, it was also used by scholars like Ibn Wahshiyya (died c. 930) and the historian al-Mas'udi (died 956) to refer to the inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia. These scholars believed that the ancient Mesopotamians had spoken Syriac, a prestige form of Eastern Aramaic during the 10th century which in reality goes back no further than the first century AD, and that this supposedly Syriac-speaking people had ruled over Mesopotamia from the legendary times of Nimrod until the advent of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century.[3][5] Unlike the term 'Nabataeans of the Levant' then, the term 'Nabataeans of Iraq' did not refer to a historical people, but to an 'Aramaized' understanding of the Mesopotamian heritage.[6]Given the perceived antiquity of the 'Nabataean' culture of Iraq, Ibn Wahshiyya believed all human knowledge to go back on 'Nabataean' foundations. This idea itself was not exactly a new one: already in the Hellenistic period a secret knowledge was often attributed to the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia, referred to in Greek as \"Chaldaeans\" (compare, for example, the Chaldaean Oracles),[7] a term used (Arabic: Kaldānī) more or less as a synonym of 'Nabataean' by Ibn Wahshiyya and al-Mas'udi.[8] However, in contrast to both earlier Hellenic authors and later Arabic authors such as Sa'id al-Andalusi (1029–1070), Ibn Wahshiyya was in direct contact with a living Mesopotamian tradition, making his \"Chaldaeans\" or \"Nabataeans\" more firmly rooted in empirical reality.[9]Ibn Wahshiyya took great pride in his 'Nabataeans', as well as in the nobility of peasants more generally.[7] Written at a time when ancient Mesopotamian culture was in danger of disappearing due to the Arab conquests, his work can be interpreted as part of the shuʽubiyya, a movement by non-Arab Muslims to reassert their local identities.[10] In this view it is an attempt to celebrate and preserve the 'Nabataean' heritage of Mesopotamia.[11]","title":"'Nabataean'"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babylon_Iraq_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Kufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200698-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahdGraf1993837-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila20063-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1998330%E2%80%93333-18"},{"link_name":"Eastern Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrara2006123-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattila2007104-20"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Nadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim"},{"link_name":"Kitab al-Fihrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Fihrist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002a75-24"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahdGraf1993837-16"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#History_of_modern_scholarship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahham-25"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_H%C3%A4meen-Anttila"},{"link_name":"Graeco-Roman agricultural works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoponici"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200633-26"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"Vindonius Anatolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindonius_Anatolius"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers19806%E2%80%937-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200479-28"},{"link_name":"Mago the Carthaginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mago_(agricultural_writer)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrara2006131-29"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200633-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Shihabi1965-30"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199414-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1996816-32"}],"text":"Orchards and palm trees at Babylon, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from KufaThe work purports to have been compiled by a man named Ibn Wahshiyya from Qussīn, a village near Kufa in present-day Iraq.[12][a] It includes a preface in which he gives an account of its origin.[b] This preface states that he found the book in a collection of books from the Chaldeans, and that the original was a scroll with 1500 parchment sheets.[13] The original bore the lengthy title Kitāb iflāḥ al-arḍ wa-iṣlāḥ al-zarʽ wa-l-shajar wa-l-thimār wa-dafʽ al-āfāt ʽanhā (“Book of Cultivation of the Land, the Care of Cereals, Vegetables and Crops, and their Protection”), which Ibn Wahshiyya abbreviated to Book of the Nabataean Agriculture.[14] Ibn Wahshiyya claimed that he translated the work from an \"ancient Syriac\" (\"al-Suryāniyya al-qadīma\") original, written c. 20,000 years ago by the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia.[15] In Ibn Wahshiyya's time, Syriac was thought to have been the primordial language used at the time of creation.[16] In reality, however, Syriac is a dialect of Eastern Aramaic that only emerged in the 1st century, although by the 9th century, it had become the carrier of a rich literature, including many works translated from the Greek. Ibn Wahshiyya said that he translated the text to Arabic in 903/4,[17] and then dictated the translation to his student Abu Talib al-Zayyat in 930/1.[18] These dates are probably accurate, because Ibn al-Nadim lists the book in his Kitab al-Fihrist (\"The Book Catalogue\") of 987, showing that the book was circulating in Iraq by the end of the 10th century.[12]Ibn Wahshiyya said that the book was the product of three \"ancient wise Kasdanian[c] men\", of whom \"one of them began it, the second added other things to that, and the third made it complete.\"[21] These three compilers were named Saghrith, Yanbushad, and Quthama.[14]Scholarly opinion as to the authenticity of The Nabataean Agriculture has changed over time (see below).[12] While it certainly does not date back to the Babylonian era as Ibn Wahshiyya himself claimed, scholars now believe that the work may actually have been an authentic translation from a pre-Islamic Syriac original.[22] The Finnish scholar Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila proposed a three-stage textual history in 2006:1. Free paraphrases of passages known from Graeco-Roman agricultural works. 2. Translation into Syriac either by several authors or by a single author (Quthama), probably in the sixth century or soon after...3. Translation of the putative Syriac text into Arabic by Ibn Wahshiyya (10th c.), who added his own glosses, usually marked as such in the text.[23]Reconstructing the sources used in the first stage is difficult because the author translated them loosely, added his own material and commentary, and used oral informants to supplement the written sources.[12] However, they must have included a Syriac or Arabic translation of the 4th-century writer Vindonius Anatolius.[24][25] The author may also have used local sources from outside the Graeco-Roman tradition, such as the lost Rusticatio of Mago the Carthaginian.[26][23]The Nabataean Agriculture was the first book written in Arabic about agriculture,[27] although it was preceded by several books on botany[28] and translations of foreign works on agriculture.[29]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"legumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrara2006124%E2%80%93125-34"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahham-25"},{"link_name":"folkloric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002a71-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila199944-36"},{"link_name":"Karl Butzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Butzer"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199418-37"}],"text":"The book contains valuable information on agriculture and its associated lore. It is divided into approximately 150 chapters on olive trees, irrigation, flowers, trees, estate management, soils, legumes, and grains.[31][22] Amidst its extensive agricultural material the text also contains religious, folkloric, and philosophical content. The style is \"repetitive\" and \"not always completely lucid,\" according to Hämeen-Anttila;[32] at the same time, Hämeen-Anttila notes that the author's attitude towards agriculture is \"sober,\" and that he appears as a \"learned and perspicacious observer.\"[33] The ecologist Karl Butzer described the organization of the work as \"perplexing\", even \"baffling\", as when a treatise on corpses washed out of a cemetery interrupts the section on soils.[34]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002a74-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hama-3_norias.jpg"},{"link_name":"noria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"soil salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199416-40"},{"link_name":"Geoponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoponica"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199416%E2%80%9317-41"},{"link_name":"date palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199415-42"},{"link_name":"soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"alluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium"},{"link_name":"natric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natric&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"saline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity"},{"link_name":"red clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultisol"},{"link_name":"Zagros Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"norias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199417-39"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199418-37"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Then I translated this book...after I had translated some other books...I gave a complete and unabridged translation of it because I liked it and I saw the great benefits in it and its usefulness in making the earth prosper, caring for the trees and making the orchards and fields thrive and also because of the discussions in it on the special properties of things, countries and times, as well as on the proper times of labors during the seasons, of the differences of the natures of [different] climates, on their wondrous effects, the grafting of trees, their planting and care, on repelling calamities from them, on making use of plants and herbs, on curing with them and keeping back maladies from the bodies of animals and repelling calamities from trees and plants with the help of each of the plants.[35]A noria (water wheel) in SyriaThe overall structure of the agricultural information in The Nabataean Agriculture does not match the agricultural context of Mesopotamia, suggesting that the author modeled the work on texts from a Mediterranean environment.[36] For example, the work provides limited coverage of sugar, rice, and cotton, which were the most important local crops in the 9th and 10th centuries.[36] Sesame oil was more common in the region than olive oil, but Ibn Wahshiyya writes about the olive tree for 32 pages, compared to one page for sesame.[36] Nevertheless, the geographic references and detailed information about weather, planting schedules, soil salinity, and other topics show that the author had firsthand knowledge of local conditions in the central Iraqi lowlands near Kufa.[37]The book describes 106 plants, compared to 70 in the contemporary Geoponica, and offers thorough information on their taxonomic characteristics and medicinal uses.[38] The section on the cultivation of the date palm was an important contribution and wholly original, and the extremely detailed treatment of vineyards goes on for 141 pages.[36] The list of exotic plants, some of which are native only to India or Arabia, may have been based on the botany portions of Pliny's 1st-century Natural History.[39]In soil science, The Nabataean Agriculture was more advanced than its Greek or Roman predecessors, analyzing the different soil types of the Mesopotamian plains (alluvial, natric, and saline), Syria (red clay), and the Zagros Mountains of northern Iraq (mountain soil).[36] It provided accurate and original recommendations on soil fertilizer.[36] In the area of hydrology and irrigation, the text offers \"a treasure trove of information, ideas and subtle symbolism.\"[36] This includes material on how to dig and line wells and canals, and description of norias (water wheels).[36] Finally, there is a section on farm management, which shows evidence of Roman influence.[36][d] Overall, the agronomic contributions of The Nabataean Agriculture are \"substantial and far-ranging, including both agronomic and natural history data unknown in the Classical literature.\"[34]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattila2007134%E2%80%93135-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002b89-45"},{"link_name":"Sabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabians"},{"link_name":"ancient Mesopotamian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002b93-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200646%E2%80%9352-47"},{"link_name":"astral deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_deities"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200679,_138-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006138-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002b95-50"},{"link_name":"Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius"},{"link_name":"Tammuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid"},{"link_name":"Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_(deity)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006143-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002b96-52"},{"link_name":"month of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz_(Babylonian_calendar)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002b96,_98-53"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Feast of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002b99%E2%80%93100-55"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Iamblichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamblichus"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006109-57"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattila2007104,_134-58"}],"sub_title":"Religion and philosophy","text":"For when we see plants, crops, running water, beautiful flowers, verdant spots and pleasing meadows, our souls are often delighted and pleased by this and are relieved and distracted from the sorrows that came to the souls and covered them, just as drinking wine makes one forget one's sorrows. As this is so, then when the vine climbs up the palm tree in such a soil as we have described before, looking at it is like looking at the higher world, and it acts on the souls in a similar manner as the Universal Soul acts on those particular\nsouls that are in us.[40]In various passages the book describes the religious practices of rural Iraq, where paganism persisted long after the Islamic conquest.[41] Some of the book's descriptions suggest links between these Iraqi pagans, whom Ibn Wahshiyya called 'Sabians', and ancient Mesopotamian religion.[42][43] The cult recognized seven primary astral deities: the Sun, the Moon, and the five known planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, Venus, and Mars).[44] Of these Jupiter and Venus were good (the Auspicious Ones), while Saturn and Mars were evil (the Nefarious Ones).[45] The gods are all subordinated to the Sun, the supreme being.[46] There are other gods besides the seven; the text describes the fixed stars such as Sirius as gods, and refers to the Mesopotamian god Tammuz as well as to Nasr, a pre-Islamic Arabian deity.[47] Ibn Washiyya's description of the Tammuz ritual is particularly valuable, as it is more detailed than any other Arabic source.[48] In this ritual, people would weep for Tammuz, who was \"killed time after time in horrible ways,\" during the month of the same name.[49][e] Ibn Wahshiyya also explains that the Christians of the region had a very similar practice, the Feast of Saint George, and speculates that the Christians may have adapted their custom from the Tammuz ritual.[50]The philosophical views of the author are similar to those of the Syrian Neoplatonist school founded by Iamblichus in the 4th century.[51] The author believed that through the practice of esoteric rituals, one could achieve communion with God.[51] However, the worldview of the text contains contradictions and reflects an author that is philosophically \"semi-learned\".[52] One of the key philosophical passages is a treatise on the soul, in the section on vineyards, in which the author expresses doctrines very similar to those of Neoplatonism.[53]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006309-59"},{"link_name":"Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006175,_188-60"},{"link_name":"talismans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talisman"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila199944-36"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006190-61"},{"link_name":"broad beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba"},{"link_name":"dirhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirham"},{"link_name":"saffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006190,_308-62"},{"link_name":"sympathetic magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_magic"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006192-63"},{"link_name":"golem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem"},{"link_name":"Kabbalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2003b37%E2%80%9338-64"}],"sub_title":"Magic","text":"Why, when oak-headed snakes see pure emeralds, will they shed their eyes in less than the wink of an eye and remain eyeless? Is that caused by the primary qualities or by a special property?...What else could this be than the effects of things through their special properties? What would be the (material) cause for the effect of the special properties?[54]The author often describes magic in a negative light (\"All the operations of the magicians are to me odious\") and sometimes identifies magicians with a rival religious group, the \"followers of Seth\".[55] Magic for the author consists of prayers to the gods, the creation of talismans, and manipulation of the special properties of things.[33] These special properties depend on the configuration of the astral bodies and can produce effects such as making someone invisible or attracting goats and pigs to someone.[56] The effects are specific to certain items, so broad beans are capable of curing \"agonizing love,\" while ten dirhams of ground saffron mixed with wine will cause anyone who drinks it to laugh until they die.[57] Some magical procedures rely on sympathetic magic instead of astrology, such as the technique for restoring a spring which is running dry by having young, beautiful women play music and sing near the spring.[58] The most spectacular instance of magic is the case of a Nabataean magician who succeeded in creating an artificial man, in a story similar to the golem traditions of Kabbalistic Judaism.[59]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006318-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006312-66"},{"link_name":"talking trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_tree"},{"link_name":"ghouls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoul"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006317,_324-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006312,_322-68"},{"link_name":"water lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006313,_315-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006316-70"},{"link_name":"debate poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_debate_poetry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"Drakht-i Asurig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006318%E2%80%93320-71"},{"link_name":"eggplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200692-72"}],"sub_title":"Folklore and literature","text":"They say, for example, that a farmer woke up on a moonlit night and started singing, accompanying himself on the lute. Then a big watermelon spoke to him: “You there, you and other cultivators of watermelons strive for the watermelons to be big and sweet and you tire yourselves in all different ways, yet it would be enough for you to play wind instruments and drums and sing in our midst. We are gladdened by this and we become cheerful so that our taste becomes sweet and no diseases infect us.”[60]The author frequently digresses from the main theme to tell folkloric tales, saying that he includes these both to instruct the reader and for entertainment, because \"otherwise fatigue would blind [the reader's] soul.\"[61] Many of the tales concern fantastical concepts such as talking trees or ghouls.[62] Others are about Biblical characters or ancient kings, although the names of the kings are not those of any known historical kings, and the Biblical characters are altered from their customary forms.[63] The tales are often related to agriculture, as when Adam teaches the Chaldeans to cultivate wheat, or King Dhanamluta plants so many water lilies in his castle that \"the overabundance of water lilies around him, both their odour and their sight, caused a brain disease which proved fatal to him.\"[64] There are some references to poetry,[65] and fragments of debate poetry which are among the earliest in Arabic literature.[12] Debate poetry is a genre in which two natural opposites such as day and night dispute their respective virtues. The examples in the text include boasts by olive trees and palm trees, and are similar in style to the Persian Drakht-i Asurig, a debate between a goat and a palm tree.[66] At times, the stories conceal a hidden inner meaning, as in a text purporting that the eggplant will disappear for 3000 years. The author explains that this is a symbolic expression in which the 3000 years signify three months, during which eating eggplant would be unhealthy.[67]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maimonides-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahham-25"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200482-73"},{"link_name":"al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Andalusi agricultural corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusi_agricultural_corpus"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Awwam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Awwam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199415-42"},{"link_name":"Jamāl al-Dīn al-Waṭwāṭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Wa%E1%B9%ADw%C4%81%E1%B9%AD"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1996846-74"},{"link_name":"Ibn Hajjaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Hajjaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abu l-Khayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_l-Khayr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Tighnari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tighnari"},{"link_name":"Ibn Bassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Bassal"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButzer199425%E2%80%9326-75"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Rasulid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarisco1997-76"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarisco2011-77"},{"link_name":"Ghayat al-hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picatrix"},{"link_name":"Cordoban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)"},{"link_name":"alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_studies"},{"link_name":"Maslama al-Qurtubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maslama_al-Qurtubi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Perplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStroumsa200116-79"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Maimon1956315,_318,_334,_338_(part_3,_chpts._29,_37)-80"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Samuel Purchas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Purchas"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStroumsa200117-81"},{"link_name":"Ernest Renan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Renan"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenan18627-82"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Muqaddimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khaldun1958-83"},{"link_name":"Spanish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_literature"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"lapidary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary_(text)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby1941433-84"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby1941433-84"},{"link_name":"Enrique de Villena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_de_Villena"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby1941433-84"}],"text":"18th-century depiction of MaimonidesThe Nabataean Agriculture is the most influential book on agriculture in Arabic.[22] Dozens of writers used it as a source, from the Middle Ages until the 18th century.[68] It was the first agronomical work to reach al-Andalus (modern Spain and Portugal), and became an important reference for the writers of the Andalusi agricultural corpus. Ibn al-Awwam in his Kitab al-filaha cited it over 540 times.[39] Others who cited it include Jamāl al-Dīn al-Waṭwāṭ,[69] Ibn Hajjaj, Abu l-Khayr, and al-Tighnari, and it influenced Ibn Bassal.[70] The agricultural history of Yemen is not well known, but The Nabataean Agriculture must have reached Yemen by the era of the Rasulid dynasty,[71] as demonstrated by quotations in the work of al-Malik al-Afdal al-Abbas (d. 1376).[72]The Nabataean Agriculture also had a far-reaching impact on Arabic and Latin occult literature, through the fragments quoted in the Ghayat al-hakim (\"The Goal of the Wise\") by the Cordoban magician, alchemist and hadith scholar Maslama al-Qurtubi (died 964),[12][f] an influential work on magic which was later translated into Latin under the title Picatrix.[12]In the 12th century Maimonides quoted The Nabataean Agriculture in his Guide for the Perplexed, as a source on pagan religion.[73][74] Later translations of Maimonides into Latin mistranslated the name of the work as De agricultura Aegyptiorum (\"On Egyptian Agriculture\"), which caused readers such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Samuel Purchas to refer to the book by this erroneous title.[75] According to Ernest Renan, the book was also cited by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century.[76] In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldun mentioned the work in his Muqaddimah, although he believed that it had been translated from Greek.[51][77]Traces of Ibn Wahshiyya's influence also appear in Spanish literature. Alfonso X of Castile (1221–1284) commissioned a Spanish translation of an Arabic lapidary (book about gemstones) by someone named Abolays.[78] This lapidary cites The Nabataean Agriculture (calling it The Chaldaean Agriculture), and Abolays claims, like Ibn Wahshiyya, to have translated the lapidary from an ancient language (\"Chaldaean\").[78] In the 15th century, Enrique de Villena also knew of The Nabataean Agriculture and referenced it in his Tratado del aojamiento and Tratado de lepra.[78]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke_-_Orientalische_Studien.jpg"},{"link_name":"Étienne Quatremère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattila2007104-20"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuatrem%C3%A8re1835-85"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chwolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chwolson"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2003a41-86"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"Ernest Renan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Renan"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"Alfred von Gutschmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Gutschmid"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2003a41%E2%80%9342-87"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutschmid1861-88"},{"link_name":"Theodor Nöldeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN%C3%B6ldeke1875-89"},{"link_name":"calends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calends"},{"link_name":"solar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_calendar"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Harran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran"},{"link_name":"lunar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd1971-56"},{"link_name":"decipherment of cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform#Decipherment"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2003a42-90"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2003a42-90"},{"link_name":"Martin Plessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Plessner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahd196984-91"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlessner1928-92"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila20068-93"},{"link_name":"Fuat Sezgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESezgin1971318%E2%80%93329-94"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila20068-93"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrara2006105-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila20069-96"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Fa%C3%AFz1995-97"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2003b38-98"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200610%E2%80%9333-99"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahham-25"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006-102"}],"text":"19th centuryTheodor Nöldeke, a fierce critic of The Nabataean Agriculture.The Nabataean Agriculture was first introduced to European scholarship in 1835 by the French scholar Étienne Quatremère.[18][79] Daniel Chwolson popularized it in his studies of 1856 and 1859, believing that it provided authentic information about ancient Assyria and Babylonia.[80] He dated the original text to the 14th century BC at the latest.[51] However, his views provoked a \"violent reaction\" in the scholarly community, and a series of scholars set out to refute him.[51] The first of these was Ernest Renan in 1860, who dated the work to the 3rd or 4th century.[51] He was followed by Alfred von Gutschmid, who showed inconsistencies in the text and declared it a forgery of the Muslim era.[81][82] In an article published in 1875, the eminent German scholar Theodor Nöldeke agreed with Gutschmid that the work was originally written in Arabic, going as far as to argue that Ibn Wahshiyya himself was a fiction, and that the true author was Abu Talib al-Zayyat.[51][83] Nöldeke emphasized the Greek influences in the text, the author's knowledge of the calends (a feature of the Roman calendar), and his use of the solar calendar of Edessa and Harran rather than the Islamic lunar calendar.[51] The eventual decipherment of cuneiform showed conclusively that The Nabataean Agriculture was not based on an ancient Mesopotamian source.[84]20th and 21st centuriesInterest in the book was slight for the first half of the 20th century.[84] Martin Plessner was one of the few scholars to devote attention to it, in an article published in 1928.[85][86] Toufic Fahd began studying the work in the late 1960s, and wrote many articles on it in which he defended the idea that the text was not a forgery by Ibn Wahshiyya, but was rather based on a pre-Islamic original.[87] Fuat Sezgin also defended the work's authenticity as a translation from a 5th- or 6th-century work,[88] and published a facsimile of the manuscript in 1984, while Fahd completed his critical edition of the text between 1993 and 1998.[87][89] Mohammad El-Faïz supported Fahd's views and studied the work from the standpoint of Mesopotamian agriculture, publishing a monograph on the subject in 1995.[90][91] Despite the fact that several scholars had now argued for the work's authenticity, Nöldeke's views still had the most currency in the early 21st century.[92] This changed when Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, in his monograph published in 2006, extensively argued that the work may well have been an authentic translation from the Syriac.[93] The Nabataean Agriculture has not been translated into a European language in full,[g] but Fahd translated parts of it in to French in his articles,[22] and Hämeen-Anttila translated other parts into English.[95]","title":"History of modern scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Hämeen-Anttila 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Hämeen-Anttila 2002a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2002a66-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila200616-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Fahd 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFahd1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel"},{"link_name":"8:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#Chapter_8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Hämeen-Anttila 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2018"},{"link_name":"Maslama al-Majriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslama_al-Majriti"},{"link_name":"Fierro 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFierro1996"},{"link_name":"De Callataÿ & Moureau 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Callata%C3%BFMoureau2017"},{"link_name":"Attrell & Porreca 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAttrellPorreca2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4meen-Anttila2006333-100"}],"text":"^ On Qussīn, see Yāqūt, Muʽjam al-buldān, IV:350 (referred to by Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 93).\n\n^ Translated in Hämeen-Anttila 2002a, pp. 69–76.\n\n^ Chaldean; the usual Arabic word is al-Kaldani, but Ibn Wahshiyya uses the variants al-Kasdani and al-Kardani.[19][20]\n\n^ Translated into French in Fahd 1970.\n\n^ The practice is also mentioned in the Bible, Ezekiel 8:14: \"Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the Lord's house which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz.\"[12]\n\n^ Hämeen-Anttila 2018 still follows the conventional attribution of the Ghayat al-hakim to Maslama al-Majriti (c. 950–1007). However, experts now attribute this work to Maslama al-Qurtubi: see Fierro 1996; De Callataÿ & Moureau 2017; cf. Attrell & Porreca 2019, p. 1.\n\n^ There may have been a medieval translation into Spanish, but it was lost after 1626.[94]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-271-08212-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-08212-7"},{"link_name":"Ben Maimon, M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Perplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp165.htm"},{"link_name":"Michael Friedländer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Friedl%C3%A4nder"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1031721874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1031721874"},{"link_name":"\"The Islamic traditions of agroecology: crosscultural experience, ideas and 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authorship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/openview/6dcf1241793da4437242d257a1f68231/1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0957423906000245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423906000245"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"170931904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170931904"},{"link_name":"Crone, Patricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Crone"},{"link_name":"Cook, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic 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rebuttal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journal.fi/store/article/view/41624/10713"},{"link_name":"\"Artificial man and spontaneous generation in Ibn Waḥshiyya's al-Filāḥa an-Nabaṭiyya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/150899"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43381251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43381251"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0084-0076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-0076"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23862721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23862721"},{"link_name":"The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean 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al-Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Muqaddimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_25.htm"},{"link_name":"Rosenthal, Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"\"Ibn Waḥshīyah\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.filaha.org/author_Ibn_wahshiyah.html"},{"link_name":"\"Ibn Wahshiyya on the Soul: Neoplatonic Soul Doctrine and the Treatise on the Soul Contained in the Nabatean Agriculture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journal.fi/store/article/view/52611/16376"},{"link_name":"Nöldeke, Theodor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke"},{"link_name":"\"Noch Einiges über die 'nabatäische Landwirtschaft'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/47761"},{"link_name":"\"Der Inhalt der Nabatäischen Landwirtschaft : Ein Versuch, Ibn Wahsija zu rehabilitieren\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/117005"},{"link_name":"Quatremère, E. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"\"Mémoires sur les Nabatéens\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.retronews.fr/journal/journal-asiatique/01-janvier-1835/339/1998155/1"},{"link_name":"An Essay on the Age and Antiquity of the Book of Nabathaean Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qF0x-V33EasC"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/601382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F601382"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"601382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/601382"},{"link_name":"\"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/download/38995713/Milka_Rubin_-_Language_of_Creation.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.18647/2120/JJS-1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18647%2F2120%2FJJS-1998"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Sezgin, Fuat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004020092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004020092"},{"link_name":"al-Shihabi, Mustafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_al-Shihabi"},{"link_name":"\"Filāḥa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/filaha-COM_0222"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Brill Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-07026-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07026-5"},{"link_name":"Stroumsa, Guy G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Stroumsa"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/463657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F463657"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-2710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3176496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3176496"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161756502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161756502"},{"link_name":"Varisco, Daniel Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/605523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F605523"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"605523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/605523"},{"link_name":"Varisco, Daniel Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco"},{"link_name":"\"Medieval Agricultural Texts from Rasulid Yemen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.filaha.org/medieval_agricultural.html"}],"text":"Attrell, Dan; Porreca, David (2019). Picatrix: A Medieval Treatise on Astral Magic. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-08212-7.\nBen Maimon, M. (1956). Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publishers. pp. 315, 318, 334, 338 (part 3, chpts. 29, 37). OCLC 1031721874.\nButzer, Karl W. (1994). \"The Islamic traditions of agroecology: crosscultural experience, ideas and innovations\". Ecumene. 1 (1): 7–50. doi:10.1177/147447409400100102. JSTOR 44251681. S2CID 145363850.\nCarrara, Angelo Alves (2006). \"Geoponica and Nabatean Agriculture : A new approach into their sources and authorship\". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. 16 (1): 103–132. doi:10.1017/S0957423906000245. S2CID 170931904.\nCrone, Patricia; Cook, Michael (1977). Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-21133-8.\nDarby, George O. S. (1941). \"Ibn Wahshiya in Mediaeval Spanish Literature\". Isis. 33 (4): 433–438. doi:10.1086/358598. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 330620. S2CID 143094175.\nDe Callataÿ, Godefroid; Moureau, Sébastien (2017). \"A Milestone in the History of Andalusī Bāṭinism: Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī's Riḥla in the East\". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World. 5 (1): 86–117. doi:10.1163/2212943X-00501004.\nEl-Faïz, Muhammad (1995). L'agronomie de la Mésopotamie Antique: Analyse du 'Livre de l'Agriculture Nabatéenne' de Qutama [The Agronomy of Ancient Mesopotamia: Analysis of the 'Book of the Nabatean Agriculture' of Quthama] (in French). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004101993.\nFahd, Toufic (1969). \"Retour a Ibn Waḥšiyya\". Arabica. 16 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1163/157005869X00225. ISSN 0570-5398. JSTOR 4055606.\nFahd, Toufic (1970). \"Conduite d'une exploitation agricole d'après 'L'Agriculture Nabatéenne'\" [Running a farm according to 'The Nabataean Agriculture']. Studia Islamica (in French) (32): 109–128. doi:10.2307/1595213. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1595213.\nFahd, Toufic (1971). \"Ibn Waḥs̲h̲iyya\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-08118-6. Retrieved 8 January 2021.\nFahd, Toufic; Graf, D. F. (1993). \"Nabaṭ\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VII (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 834–838. ISBN 9004094199. Retrieved 3 January 2021.\nFahd, Toufic (1996). \"Botany and agriculture\". In Roshdi, Rashed; Morelon, Régis (eds.). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. pp. 813–852. ISBN 978-0-415-12412-6.\nFierro, Maribel (1996). \"Bāṭinism in Al-Andalus. Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī (d. 353/964), Author of the \"Rutbat al-Ḥakīm\" and the \"Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm (Picatrix)\"\". Studia Islamica (84): 87–112. doi:10.2307/1595996. hdl:10261/281028. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1595996.\nGutschmid, Alfred von (1861). \"Die Nabatäische Landwirtschaft und ihre Geschwister\" [The Nabataean Agriculture and its siblings]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 15: 1–110.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (1999). \"Ibn Wahshiyya and magic\". Anaquel de Estudios Árabes (X): 39–48.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2002a). \"Mesopotamian National Identity in Early Arabic Sources\". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 91: 53–79. JSTOR 23863038.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2002b). \"Continuity of Pagan Religious Traditions in Tenth-Century Iraq\" (PDF). In Panaino, A.; Pettinato, G. (eds.). Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project. pp. 89–108.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2003a). \"A Mesopotamian corpus: between enthusiasm and rebuttal\". Studia Orientalia (97): 41–48.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2003b). \"Artificial man and spontaneous generation in Ibn Waḥshiyya's al-Filāḥa an-Nabaṭiyya\". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 153 (1): 37–49. JSTOR 43381251.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2004). \"The Oriental Tradition of Vindanius Anatolius of Berytus' \"Synagōgē geōrgikōn epitēdeumatōn\"\". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 94: 73–108. ISSN 0084-0076. JSTOR 23862721.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018). \"Ibn Waḥshiyya\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2019–1 (3rd ed.). Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004386624. Retrieved 8 January 2021.\nIbn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman (1958). Muqaddimah. Translated by Rosenthal, Franz.\nLahham, Karim (ed.). \"Ibn Waḥshīyah\". Filaha Texts Project. Retrieved 31 January 2021.\nMattila, Janne (2007). \"Ibn Wahshiyya on the Soul: Neoplatonic Soul Doctrine and the Treatise on the Soul Contained in the Nabatean Agriculture\". Studia Orientalia (101): 103–155.\nNöldeke, Theodor (1875). \"Noch Einiges über die 'nabatäische Landwirtschaft'\" [Some more about the Nabataean Agriculture]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 29: 445–455.\nPlessner, Martin (1928). \"Der Inhalt der Nabatäischen Landwirtschaft : Ein Versuch, Ibn Wahsija zu rehabilitieren\" [The Content of Nabataean Agriculture: An Attempt to Rehabilitate Ibn Wahsija]. Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German). 6: 27–56.\nQuatremère, E. M. (1835). \"Mémoires sur les Nabatéens\". Journal Asiatique. 15: 5–55, 97–137, 209–71.\nRenan, Ernest (1862). An Essay on the Age and Antiquity of the Book of Nabathaean Agriculture. Trübuer.\nRodgers, R. H. (1980). \"Hail, Frost, and Pests in the Vineyard: Anatolius of Berytus as a Source for the Nabataean Agriculture\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 100 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2307/601382. JSTOR 601382.\nRubin, Milka (1998). \"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity\" (PDF). Journal of Jewish Studies. 49 (2): 306–333. doi:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998.[dead link]\nSezgin, Fuat (1971). Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Band IV: Alchimie, Chemie, Botanik, Agrikultur bis ca. 430 H. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004020092.\nal-Shihabi, Mustafa (1965). \"Filāḥa\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. Retrieved 15 January 2021.\nStroumsa, Guy G. (2001). \"John Spencer and the Roots of Idolatry\". History of Religions. 41 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/463657. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 3176496. S2CID 161756502.\nVarisco, Daniel Martin (1997). \"Review of 'L'Agriculture nabateenne: Traduction en arabe attribuee a Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connu sous le nom d'lbn Wahsiyya'\". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (2). doi:10.2307/605523. JSTOR 605523.\nVarisco, Daniel Martin (2011). \"Medieval Agricultural Texts from Rasulid Yemen\". Filaha Texts Project. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meyer, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Friedrich_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_H%C3%A4meen-Anttila"},{"link_name":"The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qXjXAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-15010-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15010-2"},{"link_name":"Sezgin, Fuat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-02009-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02009-2"}],"text":"Meyer, Ernst (1856). Geschichte der Botanik [History of Botany] (in German). Vol. III. pp. 43–89.\nEl-Samarraie, H. Q. (1972). Agriculture in Iraq during the 3rd century, A.H. Beirut: Librarie du Liban.\nHämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2.\nSezgin, Fuat (1996). Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Band IV: Alchimie-Chemie, Botanik-Agrikultur. Bis ca. 430 He [History of Arabic Literature, Volume IV: Alchemy-Chemistry, Botany-Agriculture. Up to approx. 430 A.H.] (in German). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 318–29. ISBN 978-90-04-02009-2.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Agriculture nabatéenne: Traduction en arabe attribuée à Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connue sous le nom d'lbn Wahshiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ibnwahshiyya/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9%20-%20%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84"}],"text":"Fahd, Toufic (ed.). L'Agriculture nabatéenne: Traduction en arabe attribuée à Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connue sous le nom d'lbn Wahshiyya. Damascus: al-Ma‘had al-‘Ilmī al-Faransī lil-Dirāsāt al-‘Arabīyah. (3 vols., 1993–1998.)","title":"Editions"}]
[{"image_text":"Orchards and palm trees at Babylon, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Kufa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Babylon_Iraq_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg/250px-Babylon_Iraq_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.jpg"},{"image_text":"A noria (water wheel) in Syria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hama-3_norias.jpg/250px-Hama-3_norias.jpg"},{"image_text":"18th-century depiction of Maimonides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Maimonides-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theodor Nöldeke, a fierce critic of The Nabataean Agriculture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke_-_Orientalische_Studien.jpg/250px-Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke_-_Orientalische_Studien.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Andalusi agricultural corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusi_agricultural_corpus"},{"title":"Arab Agricultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution"},{"title":"Chaldean (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"History of agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture"},{"title":"History of botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany"},{"title":"Islam and magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_magic"}]
[{"reference":"Attrell, Dan; Porreca, David (2019). Picatrix: A Medieval Treatise on Astral Magic. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-08212-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-08212-7","url_text":"978-0-271-08212-7"}]},{"reference":"Ben Maimon, M. (1956). Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publishers. pp. 315, 318, 334, 338 (part 3, chpts. 29, 37). OCLC 1031721874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides","url_text":"Ben Maimon, M."},{"url":"https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp165.htm","url_text":"Guide for the Perplexed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Friedl%C3%A4nder","url_text":"Michael Friedländer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1031721874","url_text":"1031721874"}]},{"reference":"Butzer, Karl W. (1994). \"The Islamic traditions of agroecology: crosscultural experience, ideas and innovations\". Ecumene. 1 (1): 7–50. doi:10.1177/147447409400100102. JSTOR 44251681. S2CID 145363850.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/147447409400100102?journalCode=cgja","url_text":"\"The Islamic traditions of agroecology: crosscultural experience, ideas and innovations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147447409400100102","url_text":"10.1177/147447409400100102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44251681","url_text":"44251681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145363850","url_text":"145363850"}]},{"reference":"Carrara, Angelo Alves (2006). \"Geoponica and Nabatean Agriculture : A new approach into their sources and authorship\". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. 16 (1): 103–132. doi:10.1017/S0957423906000245. S2CID 170931904.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/6dcf1241793da4437242d257a1f68231/1","url_text":"\"Geoponica and Nabatean Agriculture : A new approach into their sources and authorship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423906000245","url_text":"10.1017/S0957423906000245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170931904","url_text":"170931904"}]},{"reference":"Crone, Patricia; Cook, Michael (1977). Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-21133-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Crone","url_text":"Crone, Patricia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)","url_text":"Cook, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21133-8","url_text":"978-0-521-21133-8"}]},{"reference":"Darby, George O. S. (1941). \"Ibn Wahshiya in Mediaeval Spanish Literature\". Isis. 33 (4): 433–438. doi:10.1086/358598. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 330620. S2CID 143094175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F358598","url_text":"10.1086/358598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753","url_text":"0021-1753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/330620","url_text":"330620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143094175","url_text":"143094175"}]},{"reference":"De Callataÿ, Godefroid; Moureau, Sébastien (2017). \"A Milestone in the History of Andalusī Bāṭinism: Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī's Riḥla in the East\". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World. 5 (1): 86–117. doi:10.1163/2212943X-00501004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212943X-00501004","url_text":"10.1163/2212943X-00501004"}]},{"reference":"El-Faïz, Muhammad (1995). L'agronomie de la Mésopotamie Antique: Analyse du 'Livre de l'Agriculture Nabatéenne' de Qutama [The Agronomy of Ancient Mesopotamia: Analysis of the 'Book of the Nabatean Agriculture' of Quthama] (in French). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004101993.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=efTgb7C7ElgC","url_text":"L'agronomie de la Mésopotamie Antique: Analyse du 'Livre de l'Agriculture Nabatéenne' de Qutama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004101993","url_text":"9004101993"}]},{"reference":"Fahd, Toufic (1969). \"Retour a Ibn Waḥšiyya\". Arabica. 16 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1163/157005869X00225. ISSN 0570-5398. JSTOR 4055606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005869X00225","url_text":"10.1163/157005869X00225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0570-5398","url_text":"0570-5398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4055606","url_text":"4055606"}]},{"reference":"Fahd, Toufic (1970). \"Conduite d'une exploitation agricole d'après 'L'Agriculture Nabatéenne'\" [Running a farm according to 'The Nabataean Agriculture']. Studia Islamica (in French) (32): 109–128. doi:10.2307/1595213. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1595213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595213","url_text":"10.2307/1595213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0585-5292","url_text":"0585-5292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595213","url_text":"1595213"}]},{"reference":"Fahd, Toufic (1971). \"Ibn Waḥs̲h̲iyya\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-08118-6. Retrieved 8 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-wahshiyya-COM_0346","url_text":"\"Ibn Waḥs̲h̲iyya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6","url_text":"90-04-08118-6"}]},{"reference":"Fahd, Toufic; Graf, D. F. (1993). \"Nabaṭ\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VII (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 834–838. ISBN 9004094199. Retrieved 3 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nabat-COM_0829","url_text":"\"Nabaṭ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004094199","url_text":"9004094199"}]},{"reference":"Fahd, Toufic (1996). \"Botany and agriculture\". In Roshdi, Rashed; Morelon, Régis (eds.). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. pp. 813–852. ISBN 978-0-415-12412-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed","url_text":"Roshdi, Rashed"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mnAXV09Z5bIC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12412-6","url_text":"978-0-415-12412-6"}]},{"reference":"Fierro, Maribel (1996). \"Bāṭinism in Al-Andalus. Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī (d. 353/964), Author of the \"Rutbat al-Ḥakīm\" and the \"Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm (Picatrix)\"\". Studia Islamica (84): 87–112. doi:10.2307/1595996. hdl:10261/281028. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1595996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595996","url_text":"10.2307/1595996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F281028","url_text":"10261/281028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0585-5292","url_text":"0585-5292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595996","url_text":"1595996"}]},{"reference":"Gutschmid, Alfred von (1861). \"Die Nabatäische Landwirtschaft und ihre Geschwister\" [The Nabataean Agriculture and its siblings]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 15: 1–110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Gutschmid","url_text":"Gutschmid, Alfred von"},{"url":"http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/21126","url_text":"\"Die Nabatäische Landwirtschaft und ihre Geschwister\""}]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (1999). \"Ibn Wahshiyya and magic\". Anaquel de Estudios Árabes (X): 39–48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_H%C3%A4meen-Anttila","url_text":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko"},{"url":"https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ANQE/article/download/ANQE9999110039A/3819/","url_text":"\"Ibn Wahshiyya and magic\""}]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2002a). \"Mesopotamian National Identity in Early Arabic Sources\". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 91: 53–79. 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Studia Orientalia (97): 41–48.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.fi/store/article/view/41624/10713","url_text":"\"A Mesopotamian corpus: between enthusiasm and rebuttal\""}]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2003b). \"Artificial man and spontaneous generation in Ibn Waḥshiyya's al-Filāḥa an-Nabaṭiyya\". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 153 (1): 37–49. JSTOR 43381251.","urls":[{"url":"http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/150899","url_text":"\"Artificial man and spontaneous generation in Ibn Waḥshiyya's al-Filāḥa an-Nabaṭiyya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43381251","url_text":"43381251"}]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2004). \"The Oriental Tradition of Vindanius Anatolius of Berytus' \"Synagōgē geōrgikōn epitēdeumatōn\"\". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 94: 73–108. ISSN 0084-0076. JSTOR 23862721.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-0076","url_text":"0084-0076"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23862721","url_text":"23862721"}]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qXjXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15010-2","url_text":"978-90-04-15010-2"}]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018). \"Ibn Waḥshiyya\". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2019–1 (3rd ed.). Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004386624. Retrieved 8 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-wahshiyya-COM_32287","url_text":"\"Ibn Waḥshiyya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004386624","url_text":"9789004386624"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman (1958). Muqaddimah. Translated by Rosenthal, Franz.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun","url_text":"Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman"},{"url":"http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_25.htm","url_text":"Muqaddimah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal","url_text":"Rosenthal, Franz"}]},{"reference":"Lahham, Karim (ed.). \"Ibn Waḥshīyah\". Filaha Texts Project. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filaha.org/author_Ibn_wahshiyah.html","url_text":"\"Ibn Waḥshīyah\""}]},{"reference":"Mattila, Janne (2007). \"Ibn Wahshiyya on the Soul: Neoplatonic Soul Doctrine and the Treatise on the Soul Contained in the Nabatean Agriculture\". Studia Orientalia (101): 103–155.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52611/16376","url_text":"\"Ibn Wahshiyya on the Soul: Neoplatonic Soul Doctrine and the Treatise on the Soul Contained in the Nabatean Agriculture\""}]},{"reference":"Nöldeke, Theodor (1875). \"Noch Einiges über die 'nabatäische Landwirtschaft'\" [Some more about the Nabataean Agriculture]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 29: 445–455.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke","url_text":"Nöldeke, Theodor"},{"url":"http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/47761","url_text":"\"Noch Einiges über die 'nabatäische Landwirtschaft'\""}]},{"reference":"Plessner, Martin (1928). \"Der Inhalt der Nabatäischen Landwirtschaft : Ein Versuch, Ibn Wahsija zu rehabilitieren\" [The Content of Nabataean Agriculture: An Attempt to Rehabilitate Ibn Wahsija]. Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German). 6: 27–56.","urls":[{"url":"http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/117005","url_text":"\"Der Inhalt der Nabatäischen Landwirtschaft : Ein Versuch, Ibn Wahsija zu rehabilitieren\""}]},{"reference":"Quatremère, E. M. (1835). \"Mémoires sur les Nabatéens\". Journal Asiatique. 15: 5–55, 97–137, 209–71.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marc_Quatrem%C3%A8re","url_text":"Quatremère, E. M."},{"url":"https://www.retronews.fr/journal/journal-asiatique/01-janvier-1835/339/1998155/1","url_text":"\"Mémoires sur les Nabatéens\""}]},{"reference":"Renan, Ernest (1862). An Essay on the Age and Antiquity of the Book of Nabathaean Agriculture. Trübuer.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qF0x-V33EasC","url_text":"An Essay on the Age and Antiquity of the Book of Nabathaean Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Rodgers, R. H. (1980). \"Hail, Frost, and Pests in the Vineyard: Anatolius of Berytus as a Source for the Nabataean Agriculture\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 100 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2307/601382. JSTOR 601382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601382","url_text":"10.2307/601382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/601382","url_text":"601382"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Milka (1998). \"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity\" (PDF). Journal of Jewish Studies. 49 (2): 306–333. doi:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/download/38995713/Milka_Rubin_-_Language_of_Creation.pdf","url_text":"\"The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18647%2F2120%2FJJS-1998","url_text":"10.18647/2120/JJS-1998"}]},{"reference":"Sezgin, Fuat (1971). 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S2CID 161756502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Stroumsa","url_text":"Stroumsa, Guy G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463657","url_text":"10.1086/463657"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710","url_text":"0018-2710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3176496","url_text":"3176496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161756502","url_text":"161756502"}]},{"reference":"Varisco, Daniel Martin (1997). \"Review of 'L'Agriculture nabateenne: Traduction en arabe attribuee a Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connu sous le nom d'lbn Wahsiyya'\". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (2). doi:10.2307/605523. JSTOR 605523.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco","url_text":"Varisco, Daniel Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605523","url_text":"10.2307/605523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/605523","url_text":"605523"}]},{"reference":"Varisco, Daniel Martin (2011). \"Medieval Agricultural Texts from Rasulid Yemen\". Filaha Texts Project. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco","url_text":"Varisco, Daniel Martin"},{"url":"http://www.filaha.org/medieval_agricultural.html","url_text":"\"Medieval Agricultural Texts from Rasulid Yemen\""}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Ernst (1856). Geschichte der Botanik [History of Botany] (in German). Vol. III. pp. 43–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Friedrich_Meyer","url_text":"Meyer, Ernst"}]},{"reference":"El-Samarraie, H. Q. (1972). Agriculture in Iraq during the 3rd century, A.H. Beirut: Librarie du Liban.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006). The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_H%C3%A4meen-Anttila","url_text":"Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qXjXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15010-2","url_text":"978-90-04-15010-2"}]},{"reference":"Sezgin, Fuat (1996). Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Band IV: Alchimie-Chemie, Botanik-Agrikultur. Bis ca. 430 He [History of Arabic Literature, Volume IV: Alchemy-Chemistry, Botany-Agriculture. Up to approx. 430 A.H.] (in German). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 318–29. ISBN 978-90-04-02009-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin","url_text":"Sezgin, Fuat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02009-2","url_text":"978-90-04-02009-2"}]},{"reference":"Fahd, Toufic (ed.). L'Agriculture nabatéenne: Traduction en arabe attribuée à Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Ali al-Kasdani connue sous le nom d'lbn Wahshiyya. Damascus: al-Ma‘had al-‘Ilmī al-Faransī lil-Dirāsāt al-‘Arabīyah.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ibnwahshiyya/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9%20-%20%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84","url_text":"L'Agriculture nabatéenne: Traduction en arabe attribuée à Abu Bakr Ahmad b. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn_Pall
Donn Pall
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1962) Baseball player Donn PallPall in 2017PitcherBorn: (1962-01-11) January 11, 1962 (age 62)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 1, 1988, for the Chicago White SoxLast MLB appearanceSeptember 27, 1998, for the Florida MarlinsMLB statisticsWin–loss record24–23Earned run average3.63Strikeouts278 Teams Chicago White Sox (1988–1993) Philadelphia Phillies (1993) New York Yankees (1994) Chicago Cubs (1994) Florida Marlins (1996–1998) Donn Steven Pall (born January 11, 1962), nickname "The Pope," is an American former professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1988 to 1998. Pall graduated from Evergreen Park High School in 1980. He later pitched for the University of Illinois. While in college he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. Since retirement from pitching he has worked as a Community Relations Representative for the White Sox. Pall was on the mound when the Phillies clinched the National League East in 1993. Because he was acquired too late in the season, however, he was not on the postseason roster. Pall grew up a White Sox fan and saw the team clinch the Western Division title in 1983. He won a championship in 1997 with the Florida Marlins. He is currently a stock broker and investment advisor. References ^ Staff article, no byline (Spring 1991). Thomas E. Recker (ed.). "Alumni News and Notes". The Signet, A Magazine for Members of Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity. LXXXII (2): 15. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League) This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"reference":"Staff article, no byline (Spring 1991). Thomas E. Recker (ed.). \"Alumni News and Notes\". The Signet, A Magazine for Members of Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity. LXXXII (2): 15.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiftry
List of generation III Pokémon
["1 Design and development","2 List of Pokémon","3 Reception","4 Notes","5 References"]
List of Pokémon species introduced in its third generation The international logo for the Pokémon franchise List of Pokémon by generation Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IVGeneration VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX Related: List of Pokémonvte The third generation (generation III) of the Pokémon franchise features 135 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 2002 Game Boy Advance games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. These games were accompanied by the television series Pokémon Advanced, which aired from November 21, 2002, until August 28, 2003, in Japan. The following list details the 135 Pokémon of generation III in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Treecko, is number 252 and the last, Deoxys, is number 386. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega Evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced. Design and development Pokémon are fictional species created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy. In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution. Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat. Nintendo Life noted in a retrospective that the third generation of Pokémon has a very different "feel" from the two generations that came before it because almost all of its 135 new Pokémon – save for Azurill and Wynaut – have no relation to those of the previous generations. Ruby and Sapphire features two "Mythical Pokémon" – Jirachi and Deoxys – both of which became available to coincide with their respective anime movies. Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire significantly increased the amount of "Dark" and "Steel"-type Pokémon in the series, as only a few Pokémon in previous generations used these typings. Hardcore Gamer also noted that many of the new Pokémon made use of "dual typing", where Pokémon have both a primary and a secondary type. This was not nearly as common in Red and Blue or Gold and Silver. List of Pokémon Pokémon Treecko Grovyle Sceptile Torchic Combusken Blaziken Mudkip Marshtomp Swampert Poochyena Mightyena Zigzagoon Linoone Wurmple Silcoon Beautifly Cascoon Dustox Lotad Lombre Ludicolo Seedot Nuzleaf Shiftry Taillow Swellow Wingull Pelipper Ralts Kirlia Gardevoir Surskit Masquerain Shroomish Breloom Slakoth Vigoroth Slaking Nincada Ninjask Shedinja Whismur Loudred Exploud Makuhita Hariyama Azurill Nosepass Skitty Delcatty Sableye Mawile Aron Lairon Aggron Meditite Medicham Electrike Manectric Plusle Minun Volbeat Illumise Roselia Gulpin Swalot Carvanha Sharpedo Wailmer Wailord Numel Camerupt Torkoal Spoink Grumpig Spinda Trapinch Vibrava Flygon Cacnea Cacturne Swablu Altaria Zangoose Seviper Lunatone Solrock Barboach Whiscash Corphish Crawdaunt Baltoy Claydol Lileep Cradily Anorith Armaldo Feebas Milotic Castform Kecleon Shuppet Banette Duskull Dusclops Tropius Chimecho Absol Wynaut Snorunt Glalie Spheal Sealeo Walrein Clamperl Huntail Gorebyss Relicanth Luvdisc Bagon Shelgon Salamence Beldum Metang Metagross Regirock Regice Registeel Latias Latios Kyogre Groudon Rayquaza Jirachi Deoxys List of Pokémon species introduced in generation III (2002) Name Type(s) Evolves from Evolves into Notes TreeckoKimori (キモリ)(0252)   Grass — Grovyle (#253) Wild Treecko live in overgrown forests and attack anyone who approaches their territory. It has claws on its feet that allow it to scale walls. It can sense humidity with its tail, and uses it to predict the weather. GrovyleJuputoru (ジュプトル)(0253)   Grass Treecko (#252) Sceptile (#254) It uses the leaves growing on its body to camouflage itself in forests. Its thigh muscles allow it to jump between tree branches to attack or run from opponents. A Grovyle played a major role in the plot of the spin-off games Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time, Explorers of Darkness, and Explorers of Sky. SceptileJukain (ジュカイン)(0254)   Grass Grovyle (#253) Mega Evolution It can slice trees down with its leaves, but prefers raising them. The seeds on its back contain nutrients. An acrobatic species, it can jump between tree branches to attack foes from above or behind. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. TorchicAchamo (アチャモ)(0255)   Fire — Combusken (#256) It has a flame sac inside it, making it warm to the touch. It can spit 1,800 °F (980 °C) fireballs. It dislikes darkness because it cannot see its surroundings. During the promotion of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire in America, a special Game Boy Advance with a Torchic theme was released at the New York Pokémon Center back in 2003. CombuskenWakashamo (ワカシャモ)(0256)   Fire / Fighting Torchic (#255) Blaziken (#257) It can kick 10 times per second. Its cries intimidate and distract foes. BlazikenBashāmo (バシャーモ)(0257)   Fire / Fighting Combusken (#256) Mega Evolution Its leg muscles allow it to jump over a 30-story building. It can blow fire from its wrists and ankles to burn its foes. Every few years, it sheds its feathers, and new ones grow in their place. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. It received an Ability called Speed Boost in generation V, which caused it to be banned to the "Ubers" tier in the Smogon competitive scene from generations V to VII, before falling to the "UUBL" tier in generation VIII, but due to the limited Pokémon roster of Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl, it was banned to Ubers in its competitive scene. Blaziken has received generally positive reception. IGN readers ranked Blaziken the 50th best Pokémon ever. Game Informer ranked it the 36th best Pokémon. In a poll by Official Nintendo Magazine's Tom East, Blaziken was voted the third-best Fire-type Pokémon. They stated, "A kung fu chicken? What's not to like?". In a poll of the best Pokémon from Ruby and Sapphire in celebration of the games having 10 years under their belt, Blaziken was ranked in third place. Another poll of the best Pokémon introduced in Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald placed Blaziken third. GamesRadar used Blaziken as an example of a human-shaped Pokémon done right. The Escapist's John Funk wrote that Blaziken was an "awesome" example of a Pokémon that players who refused to play past Red and Blue were missing out on. Game Informer's Jeff Marchiafava felt that Blaziken was less cool than other Fire-type Pokémon and stated that it has a 1970s "vibe". While he felt that the Mega Evolution was an improvement, he called it a "Mega Disappointment". Kotaku's Eric Jou also felt that it had a weak design and cited it as an example of Ruby and Sapphire's weak Pokémon designs. Several critics and websites have noted that Blaziken would be a good choice for a playable character in Super Smash Bros. MudkipMizugorō (ミズゴロウ)(0258)   Water — Marshtomp (#259) The fin on its head can sense changes in the air and water currents, so it acts as a radar. It is strong enough to lift boulders. Videos, images and copypastas involving Mudkip began surfacing in 2005, and by 2007, the Pokémon, along with variations of the misspelled phrase "so i herd u liek mudkipz", have become internet memes, receiving many tribute videos on YouTube. MarshtompNumakurō (ヌマクロー)(0259)   Water / Ground Mudkip (#258) Swampert (#260) It is adapted to living and moving in mud, where other Pokémon struggle to move. It has a thin film on its body that allows it to live on land. SwampertRagurāji (ラグラージ)(0260)   Water / Ground Marshtomp (#259) Mega Evolution It can lift and break boulders weighing over a ton, swim faster than a jetski, and swim while towing a ship. It can sense changes in the weather, and piles up boulders to protect its nest against storms. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. PoochyenaPochiena (ポチエナ)(0261)   Dark — Mightyena (#262) It hunts in packs. It barks to intimidate foes and chases prey until exhaustion. Despite its strategies, it is a cowardly species, and will turn tail if the foe fights back. MightyenaGuraena (グラエナ)(0262)   Dark Poochyena (#261) — It lives and hunts in packs of around 10 Pokémon, with a concrete hierachy. The leader coordinates attacks, and tries to prevent its prey from escaping battle. ZigzagoonJiguzaguma (ジグザグマ)(0263)   Normal — Linoone (#264) It walks in a zigzag pattern. A curious species, it takes interest in everything it finds, and is constantly looking for items on the ground. It may play dead to fool opponents. It has a Dark/Normal-type Galarian form. LinooneMassuguma (マッスグマ)(0264)   Normal Zigzagoon (#263) — It can run at 60 miles (97 km) per hour, though it struggles with turning. It has a Dark/Normal-type Galarian form. WurmpleKemusso (ケムッソ)(0265)   Bug — Silcoon (#266)Cascoon (#268) It feeds on leaves, and can pull the bark off a tree to consume its sap. To defend itself from predators like Swellow and Starly, it can eject poison from the spikes on its tail. It evolves into either Cascoon or Silcoon at seemingly random, though there is no conclusive scientific evidence regarding how it works. SilcoonKarasarisu (カラサリス)(0266)   Bug Wurmple (#265) Beautifly (#267) It cannot move much due to being in a cocoon, but has its eyes out to check for danger. It conserves energy for evolution. BeautiflyAgehanto (アゲハント)(0267)   Bug / Flying Silcoon (#266) — Despite its appearance, it is an aggressive species. It uses its proboscis to feed on pollen, nectar, water, fruit juices, and the bodily fluids of its prey. CascoonMayurudo (マユルド)(0268)   Bug Wurmple (#265) Dustox (#269) It hides in leaves and in the gaps between branches, or attaches dead leaves to its body for camouflage. Its silk is said to have superior texture and luster to that of Silcoon. DustoxDokukeiru (ドクケイル)(0269)   Bug / Poison Cascoon (#268) — It is nocturnal, and attracted to light. To defend itself, it spreads toxic scales. In urban areas, Dustox swarm around streetlights and bonfires, and eat the leaves from nearby trees. LotadHasubō (ハスボー)(0270)   Water / Grass — Lombre (#271) The leaf on its back is similar to a water lily. It ferries small Pokémon across lakes with it. While its leaf is too big and heavy for it to properly lift on land, it may travel on the ground when looking for clean water. LombreHasuburero (ハスブレロ)(0271)   Water / Grass Lotad (#270) Ludicolo (#272) It sleeps during the day and pranks others during the night. It may pull on fishing hooks to annoy fishermen. It is covered in a slimy film. It feeds on moss that grows underwater. LudicoloRunpappa (ルンパッパ)(0272)   Water / Grass Lombre (#271) — It enjoys dancing. Its cells produce energy when hit with the sound waves of cheerful or festive music. SeedotTanebō (タネボー)(0273)   Grass — Nuzleaf (#274) It hangs on tree branches and absorbs their nutrients. When it finishes eating, its body becomes heavier, and it falls down. It polishes itself with leaves daily. NuzleafKonohana (コノハナ)(0274)   Grass / Dark Seedot (#273) Shiftry (#275) It can use the leaf on its head as a flute, playing unsettling or comforting tunes. Its nose acts as a sensory point, so grabbing it weakens the Nuzleaf. A Nuzleaf played a major role in Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon. ShiftryDātengu (ダーテング)(0275)   Grass / Dark Nuzleaf (#274) — It is based on the Tengu. It can whip up cold, 100 ft/s (30 m/s) winds with the leaves on its hands. It is regarded in folklore as a protector of forests or herald of winder. It is said that it used to be a bird Pokémon that had its wings and beak replaced as punishment for its evil. It can read its opponents' minds. TaillowSubame (スバメ)(0276)   Normal / Flying — Swellow (#277) A gutsy species, it will fight larger Pokémon like Skarmory. It loses its will to fight if it becomes hungry. During colder seasons, it flies up to 180 miles (290 km) per day looking for warmer climates. SwellowŌsubame (オオスバメ)(0277)   Normal / Flying Taillow (#276) — Its preferred strategy is diving into opponents and prey, and grabbing them with its claws. It is proud of its feathers. Groups of Swellow will clean each other regularly. WingullKyamome (キャモメ)(0278)   Water / Flying — Pelipper (#279) Its uses its long wings to ride updrafts, and glide around the sea. Its beak lets it catch prey like Wishiwashi or Finneon, or hide valuable objects and food. Fishermen train or keep track of wild Wingull to look for fish Pokémon. A female Wingull named Peeko accompanies the sailor Mr. Briney in the Hoenn games. PelipperPerippā (ペリッパー)(0279)   Water / Flying Wingull (#278) — Its bill functions as a pouch, where it can carry eggs and small Pokémon like Wingull and Pyukumuku. Pelipper are commonly used as couriers or messengers. It preys on small fish Pokémon like Luvdisc, and can scoop up to 30 Wishiwashi at once. RaltsRarutosu (ラルトス)(0280)   Psychic / Fairy — Kirlia (#281) It uses its horns to sense someone's emotions. It hangs around happy people and Pokémon. When it feels threatened, it will hide and will not come out until the feeling dissipates. KirliaKiruria (キルリア)(0281)   Psychic / Fairy Ralts (#280) Gardevoir (#282)Gallade (#475) It grows stronger and more beautiful the happier its trainer is. Its horns are used to amplify its psychic power, to the point of distorting space, creating illusions, and allowing it to see into the future. It enjoys dancing during sunny mornings. Only male Kirlia can evolve into Gallade. GardevoirSānaito (サーナイト)(0282)   Psychic / Fairy Kirlia (#281) Mega Evolution A loyal and protective species, it can use all of its energy to open up a small black hole to defend its trainer. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. Gardevoir and Gallade's Mega Evolutions share similarities with the Paradox Pokémon Iron Valiant. SurskitAmetama (アメタマ)(0283)   Bug / Water — Masquerain (#284) It can release a thick syrup or a sweet scent from its antenna, and an oil from the tips of its feet. It uses the syrup as a defense mechanism, the scent to attract prey, and the oil to walk on water. It competes with Dewpider for food. MasquerainAmemōsu (アメモース)(0284)   Bug / Flying Surskit (#283) — Its four wings allow it to fly in place or in any direction, but become too heavy to carry it when wet. It uses its eye-patterned antennae to scare opponents. ShroomishKinokoko (キノココ)(0285)   Grass — Breloom (#286) When threatened, it scatters spores from the top of its head. Those spores can cause plants to wilt. It hides in piles of dead leaves during the day. It feeds on composted soil. BreloomKinogassa (キノガッサ)(0286)   Grass / Fighting Shroomish (#285) — It can stretch its arms to punch from farther away, jump around to close the distance, and spread spores from the seeds on its tail to incapacitate opponents. Its technique is comparable to boxing. SlakothNamakero (ナマケロ)(0287)   Normal — Vigoroth (#288) It sleeps 20 hours per day, and only eats three leaves a day. While it does not change its nest, it can swim across rivers. Its heart beats once per minute. VigorothYarukimono (ヤルキモノ)(0288)   Normal Slakoth (#287) Slaking (#289) Its heart beats ten times faster than a Slakoth's. It is energetic to the point of needing to run for an entire day to be able to sleep, and being stressed when it has to stand still for any period of time. SlakingKekkingu (ケッキング)(0289)   Normal Vigoroth (#288) — While it is considered the world's laziest Pokémon, moving only when it has eaten all the grass around it, it is constantly storing energy for attacks. While it has the highest base stat total of all common Pokémon, its ability, Truant, prevents it from moving every other turn. NincadaTsuchinin (ツチニン)(0290)   Bug / Ground — Ninjask (#291)Shedinja (#292) It is mostly blind, so it uses its antennae to sense the surroundings. It uses its claws to dig nests underground and carve into tree roots to absorb their nutrients. NinjaskTekkanin (テッカニン)(0291)   Bug / Flying Nincada (#290) — It is the fastest common Pokémon in the games, behind Deoxys' Speed Forme and Regieleki, and its Ability Speed Boost makes it faster each turn. Due to its speed, it was believed to be invisible. Hearing its cries for too long can cause headaches. ShedinjaNukenin (ヌケニン)(0292)   Bug / Ghost Nincada (#290) — When a Nincada evolves into Ninjask and there is an empty space in the player's party and a Poké Ball in their inventory, a Shedinja is created from the Nincada's shed exoskeleton. It has 1 HP, though its Ability Wonder Guard makes it immune to any attacks not super effective against it. It has no organs, does not breathe, and floats without flapping its wings. It is said that looking into the hole on its back can steal one's spirit. WhismurGonyonyo (ゴニョニョ)(0293)   Normal — Loudred (#294) A timid species. Though it is normally nearly inaudible, its cries when startled are as loud as a jet plane taking off. After it finishes crying, it falls asleep from exhaustion. LoudredDogōmu (ドゴーム)(0294)   Normal Whismur (#293) Exploud (#295) Its shouts can tip trucks and destroy wooden houses, though Loudred itself is temporarily deafened afterwards. ExploudBakuongu (バクオング)(0295)   Normal Loudred (#294) — It breathes in with the tubes on its body, and shouts with enough force to cause tremors. It can whistle from the tubes to express its feelings. MakuhitaMakunoshita (マクノシタ)(0296)   Fighting — Hariyama (#297) It trains by fighting Machop and knocking trees down. It may mistake an Alolan Exeggutor for a tree, and get flung away. HariyamaHariteyama (ハリテヤマ)(0297)   Fighting Makuhita (#296) — It stomps the ground to build strength. Its slaps can send 10-ton trucks flying and stop trains in their tracks. It is respectful to other Pokémon, praising them after battle. It is thought to be related to the futuristic Paradox Pokémon Iron Hands. AzurillRuriri (ルリリ)(0298)   Normal / Fairy — Marill (#183) It can throw its tail into the air, the momentum of which can also send Azurill flying up to 33 feet (10 m) away. The tail contains nutrients it needs to grow, and can float on water. Because its gender ratio did not match Marill's, with Marill having an even ratio while 75% of Azurill were female, one in three female Azurill would evolve into male Marill. This was fixed in generation VI. NosepassNozupasu (ノズパス)(0299)   Rock — Probopass (#476) Because its nose functions as an electromagnet, it can only ever face north. For this reason, hikers and explorers have been known to use it as a compass. It draws iron objects into its body for protection. Its magnetism can draw in potential prey or drive others away. SkittyEneko (エネコ)(0300)   Normal — Delcatty (#301) A playful species, it chases after anything that moves. It often runs in circles chasing its own tail, and becomes dizzy. DelcattyEnekororo (エネコロロ)(0301)   Normal Skitty (#300) — It does whatever it wants wherever it wants, so it does not keep a nest. It looks for clean places to sleep, and walks away from any potential fights. It is popular among women for the texture of its fur. SableyeYamirami (ヤミラミ)(0302)   Dark / Ghost — Mega Evolution Its design is inspired by the Hopkinsville goblin, an alien-like creature reported to be seen in Kentucky in the 1950s. It feeds on gems, and competes with Gabite for eating Carbink. Due to its diet, it has grown gemstones on its body. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. MawileKuchīto (クチート)(0303)   Steel / Fairy — Mega Evolution Its design is inspired by the Futakuchi-onna, a woman said to have a second mouth on the back of her head. Its second mouth is made from deformed steel horns. It tricks opponents with its non-threatening appearance, and eats them. The second mouth does not have taste buds, so it uses it to eat things it does not like the taste of. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. AronKokodora (ココドラ)(0304)   Steel / Rock — Lairon (#305) It feeds on metal from ores. If it gets too hungry, it may climb down from the mountains it lives in and eat railroad tracks. It sheds its armor on evolution. LaironKodora (コドラ)(0305)   Steel / Rock Aron (#304) Aggron (#306) It is territorial and enjoys showing off the sparks it can create by slamming into things. It eats iron ore and drinks spring water, and fights humans who go near either. AggronBosugodora (ボスゴドラ)(0306)   Steel / Rock Lairon (#305) Mega Evolution It treats the scratches on its armor as mementos. It takes a mountain as its territory, and protects it from trespassers. If the flora on it is damaged, it brings soil and plants trees around it. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. MedititeAsanan (アサナン)(0307)   Fighting / Psychic — Medicham (#308) It practices yoga, constantly training its body and mind and living on one berry per day. Because of its training, it can levitate. MedichamChāremu (チャーレム)(0308)   Fighting / Psychic Meditite (#307) Mega Evolution It can use its sixth sense, which has been refined by meditation, to predict opponents' moves. Its fighting style resembles dancing. It only eats once a month. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. ElectrikeRakurai (ラクライ)(0309)   Electric — Manectric (#310) It generated electricity from friction in the air, and uses it to stimulate its legs to run faster than a human eye can follow. Its body sparks more than usual before storms. ManectricRaiboruto (ライボルト)(0310)   Electric Electrike (#309) Mega Evolution It is based on the raijū, a yōkai associated with lightning and the god Raijin. It gathers electricity in its mane, and releases it, creating thunderclouds in the process. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. PluslePurasuru (プラスル)(0311)   Electric No evolution It drains energy from telephone poles, and creates sparks from its hands to use as pom-poms. Exposure to its and Minun's electricity could promote blood circulation. MinunMainan (マイナン)(0312)   Electric No evolution It creates pom-poms out of sparks, and cheers its teammates on with them. It hides under the eaves of houses during rain. VolbeatBarubīto (バルビート)(0313)   Bug No evolution It is attracted to the aroma given off by Illumise. Its tail glows. Swarms of Volbeat form geometric shapes in the sky. If the pond a swarm lives in becomes dirty, they will move away. IllumiseIrumīze (イルミーゼ)(0314)   Bug No evolution It releases a sweet aroma, and uses it to guide Volbeat around to make signs in the sky. Illumise that can make more complex signs are more respected among their peers. Researchers are attempting to study the meaning of those signs. RoseliaRozeria (ロゼリア)(0315)   Grass / Poison Budew (#406) Roserade (#407) The flowers on its arms have a soothing smell and poisonous thorns that it can shoot. An old tradition involves sending someone a Roselia's thorn as a challenge for a duel. GulpinGokurin (ゴクリン)(0316)   Poison — Swalot (#317) Most of its body consists of its stomach, whose acid can dissolve anything it can fit in its mouth. It releases gases while it digests food. SwalotMarunōmu (マルノーム)(0317)   Poison Gulpin (#316) — It shoots poison into opponents and prey, and eats them whole. It can fit automobiles in its mouth, and digest anything besides its own stomach. CarvanhaKibania (キバニア)(0318)   Water / Dark — Sharpedo (#319) It is based on the red piranha. It can bite through solid steel. Groups of Carvanha are known to destroy ships on a regular basis. If it is alone or in a group of less than five Carvanha, it becomes timid and flees. SharpedoSamehadā (サメハダー)(0319)   Water / Dark Carvanha (#318) Mega Evolution It is based on sharks. It can swallow water and shoot it from its rear to shoot itself up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h), though only for short distances. It is sensitive to the smell of blood. It can tear an oil tanker apart with its fangs. If broken, its fangs grow back instantly. Its dorsal fin is considered a delicacy, so it was a victim of overfishing. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. WailmerHoeruko (ホエルコ)(0320)   Water — Wailord (#321) It stores water inside its body. It can use it to inflate itself into a ball and bounce around, or expel it from its nostrils. It swims with its mouth open, feeding on whatever comes its way. It eats a ton of Wishiwashi per day. WailordHoeruō (ホエルオー)(0321)   Water Wailmer (#320) — Wailord travel with groups of Wailmer and other fish Pokémon, referred to as pods. If a Wailmer is attacked, the entire pod goes to defend it. A wailord can eat an entire school of Wishiwashi. Being 47.7 feet (14.5 m) tall, it is the largest common Pokémon, behind both forms of Eternatus and some Gigantamax Pokémon. Due to sharing an egg group with them, it is capable of breeding with small Pokémon such as Skitty and Diglett. NumelDonmeru (ドンメル)(0322)   Fire / Ground — Camerupt (#323) Its hump contains 2,200 °F (1,200 °C) magma, and can carry loads of up to 220 pounds (100 kg), though it slows down when wet or hungry. CameruptBakūda (バクーダ)(0323)   Fire / Ground Numel (#322) Mega Evolution Its body contains 18,000 °F (10,000 °C) lava. It erupts when angered, or once every ten years. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. TorkoalKōtasu (コータス)(0324)   Fire No evolution It lives in mountains and volcanoes, where it digs for coal. It fills its shell with coal and burns it for energy. If its fire goes out, it dies. It can blow smoke from its shell and nostrils, the pressure of which indicates its health. SpoinkBanebū (バネブー)(0325)   Psychic — Grumpig (#326) It holds a Clamperl's pearl with its ears. Its heart beats when it bounces. If it stops bouncing, it dies. If it loses its pearl, it becomes fatigued. GrumpigBūpiggu (ブーピッグ)(0326)   Psychic Spoink (#325) — The pearls on its body amplify its psychic power. It can control its opponents' minds by dancing. SpindaPatchīru (パッチール)(0327)   Normal No evolution It stumbles around as if it were permanently dizzy, though it thinks it is walking straight. This interferes with its opponents' aim. Each Spinda has a random pattern of spots on its body. There are 4,294,967,296 possible patterns. Junichi Masuda has noted that much planning and discussion had to be done to make this feasible in game and due to this, Spinda has become a favorite Pokémon of his. TrapinchNakkurā (ナックラー)(0328)   Ground — Vibrava (#329) It can crush boulders with its jaws. It digs a hole into the sand, and waits for unsuspecting prey to walk in. At night, it digs a spot under the sand to sleep. Due to the size of its head, it cannot get up if flipped upside down. VibravaBiburāba (ビブラーバ)(0329)   Ground / Dragon Trapinch (#328) Flygon (#330) Its wings are underdeveloped, so it cannot fly long distances with them, though it can create vibrations strong enough to cause headaches. After knocking prey out, it melts them with acid before eating them. FlygonFuraigon (フライゴン)(0330)   Ground / Dragon Vibrava (#329) — It kicks up sandstorms with its wings to hide. Their flapping makes a sound similar to singing. A Mega Evolution of Flygon was planned for generation VI, but was cancelled due to artist's block. CacneaSabonea (サボネア)(0331)   Grass — Cacturne (#332) Its body can store moisture, so it can live up to 30 days without drinking water. Its flower, whose size and fragrance depend on the harshness of its environment, is used to attract prey. It can shoot thorns, or wave its arms around like hammers. CacturneNokutasu (ノクタス)(0332)   Grass / Dark Cacnea (#331) — It stays immobile at day, and stalks prey until exhaustion at night. Its blood has the same genetic composition as sand. SwabluChirutto (チルット)(0333)   Normal / Flying — Altaria (#334) It does not like dirt, so it cleans everything it can with its wings. A friendly species, it may land on people's heads and act as a hat. AltariaChirutarisu (チルタリス)(0334)   Dragon / Flying Swablu (#333) Mega Evolution It catches updrafts and glides around the sky. Its singing is said to drive listeners to a dream-like state. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. ZangooseZangūsu (ザングース)(0335)   Normal No evolution It is covered in scars from its constant fights with Seviper. Its immune system makes it resistant to its venom. SeviperHabunēku (ハブネーク)(0336)   Poison No evolution It coils around opponents, or cuts them with its venomous tail. It sharpens its tail's blade constantly. It has an ongoing feud with Zangoose. LunatoneRunatōn (ルナトーン)(0337)   Rock / Psychic No evolution It gains energy from moonlight. Its physical state changes according to lunar phases. It was first discovered on a meteor crash site. SolrockSorurokku (ソルロック)(0338)   Rock / Psychic No evolution It gains energy from sunlight, and can give off light similar to it by spinning. It can read its opponents' minds and act accordingly. It is believed to have come from the sun. BarboachDojotchi (ドジョッチ)(0339)   Water / Ground — Whiscash (#340) It is based on the pond loach. Its body is covered with a film that protects it from bacteria and allows it to slip from predators' grips. WhiscashNamazun (ナマズン)(0340)   Water / Ground Barboach (#339) — It is based on the Namazu. It can predict earthquakes, or cause them with its caudal fin. It can sense opponents' locations with its whiskers. It eats anything that moves, usually whole. CorphishHeigani (ヘイガニ)(0341)   Water — Crawdaunt (#342) It is not native to Hoenn, having instead been imported from overseas as a pet. A hardy species, it can live in polluted waters and eat anything, so population has increased to the point of seeping into other regions. CrawdauntShizarigā (シザリガー)(0342)   Water / Dark Corphish (#341) — It takes a pond as its territory and drives other Pokémon away with constant fighting challenges. It is known to be able to fight off swarms of Basculin. Though its shell is hard, it needs to molt regularly. If its pincers fall off, it becomes timid until they grow back. BaltoyYajiron (ヤジロン)(0343)   Ground / Psychic — Claydol (#344) It is constantly spinning on its foot. Ancient paintings found in ruins depict Baltoy as part of a large society. ClaydolNendōru (ネンドール)(0344)   Ground / Psychic Baltoy (#343) — It is said to have been created 20,000 years ago as a mud doll or clay statue and animated by an unknown ray of light. Because its body melts in rain, it wraps itself with a coat of psychic energy. LileepRirīra (リリーラ)(0345)   Rock / Grass — Cradily (#346) It anchors itself to a rock in the sea and sways its tentacles as if they were petals to attract prey. It then swallows them whole. CradilyYureidoru (ユレイドル)(0346)   Rock / Grass Lileep (#345) — It lives in shallow waters. When the tide goes out, it hunts for prey on land. Though it struggles with moving due to its short legs, it can stretch its neck and tentacles up to thrice their normal length. It melts prey with digestive fluids shot from its tentacles. AnorithAnopusu (アノプス)(0347)   Rock / Bug — Armaldo (#348) It used to live in warm waters. Because the composition of the water has changed since it went extinct 100 million years ago, it can no longer thrive in the wild. ArmaldoĀmarudo (アーマルド)(0348)   Rock / Bug Anorith (#347) — It used to live on land, and dove to the sea to hunt. Its retractable claws can punch through steel. FeebasHinbasu (ヒンバス)(0349)   Water — Milotic (#350) It is based on the largemouth bass. Due to its shabby appearance, it is ignored by trainers and predators alike. It can live in any type or quantity of water and eat anything. Players consider it hard to find in the generation III and IV games. In Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald, it is found in a large route, on six fishing spots defined by a "trendy phrase" in an unrelated town, and in Diamond, Pearl, and Platinum, it is found in a specific area, in four random fishing spots that change daily. MiloticMirokarosu (ミロカロス)(0350)   Water Feebas (#349) — It is based on the oarfish. It is considered the most beautiful Pokémon of all, to the point of distracting and soothing potential opponents. Castform Powarun (ポワルン)(0351)   Normal No evolution A man-made Pokémon, made for experiments with weather. Its form and type reflexively change based on the current weather.   Fire During sunny weather, its body temperature rises, its skin dries out, and it becomes Fire-type. Attempts to force a change into this form by placing it near a heater have been unsuccessful.   Water During rain, its body stores and swells with water, which can be squeezed out as if it were a sponge. Attempts to force a change into this form by placing it on a shower have been unsuccessful.   Ice During hail or when covered in snow, its skin partially freezes. Attempts to force a change into this form by placing it on a freezer have been unsuccessful. KecleonKakureon (カクレオン)(0352)   Normal No evolution It can change the colors of its body, with the exception of its red stripe. It does so based on its mood, to hunt, or to hide. It can change its type during battle, based on the moves it uses or what it is attacked by. ShuppetKagebōzu (カゲボウズ)(0353)   Ghost — Banette (#354) It feeds on negative emotions like sadness, anger, and envy. If someone has strong negative feelings, Shuppet may swarm on their house and feed on it. BanetteJupetta (ジュペッタ)(0354)   Ghost Shuppet (#353) Mega Evolution It is said that a plush doll that was thrown away grew a grudge and became Banette. Its energy is stored inside its body. If the zipper on its mouth is opened, it leaks out. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. DuskullYomawaru (ヨマワル)(0355)   Ghost — Dusclops (#356) Its design is based on the Chōchin'obake. It has a single eye floating between its sockets. It feeds mostly on the life force of children, stalking its prey until exhaustion. It can float through walls. DusclopsSamayōru (サマヨール)(0356)   Ghost Duskull (#355) Dusknoir (#477) Its design is based on the mummy. It can hypnotize opponents into doing its bidding. It can absorb anything into its hollow body. Nothing a Dusclops absorbs comes out. TropiusToropiusu (トロピウス)(0357)   Grass / Flying No evolution Due to its diet, fruits similar to bananas grow on its neck twice a year. The fruit of Tropius native to Alola are sweeter than those of other regions. ChimechoChirīn (チリーン)(0358)   Psychic Chingling (#433) — It can produce seven different cries, which it uses for communication or to create ultrasonic waves in battle. AbsolAbusoru (アブソル)(0359)   Dark — Mega Evolution Using its horn, it can sense changes in the environment to predict disasters. Though it warns others of their coming and protects fields from them, it is commonly mistaken for their bringer. WynautSōnano (ソーナノ)(0360)   Psychic — Wobbuffet (#202) It squeezes itself against other Wynaut for training. Though it prefers living in cases, it enjoys fruit, and the gardens in which they grow. SnoruntYukiwarashi (ユキワラシ)(0361)   Ice — Glalie (#362)Froslass (#478) Snorunt are seen as omens of prosperity or snowstorms. A social species, it lives in groups of around five Snorunt and enjoys playing with children. GlalieOnigōri (オニゴーリ)(0362)   Ice Snorunt (#361) Mega Evolution Though its body is frail, it can cover itself in armor made from ice. It freezes prey before eating it, though it prefers pre-frozen prey like Vanillite. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. SphealTamazarashi (タマザラシ)(0363)   Ice / Water — Sealeo (#364) Its body is not adapted to swimming or walking, so it prefers rolling around. When happy, it claps its fins. If it finds prey, it will inform the Walrein that leads its herd. SealeoTodogurā (トドグラー)(0364)   Ice / Water Spheal (#363) Walrein (#365) It rolls things around its nose to check their smell and texture, or for fun. It is known to play with Poké Balls and Spheal. WalreinTodozeruga (トドゼルガ)(0365)   Ice / Water Sealeo (#364) — Its blubber protects it from opponents' attacks and harsh temperatures, and its tusks can break up to 10 tons of ice. If its tusks break, they grow back in a year. ClamperlPāruru (パールル)(0366)   Water — Huntail (#367)Gorebyss (#368) A carnivorous species, it clamps down on its prey and does not let go. Throughout its lifetime, it produces a pearl, which amplifies its psychic powers. The pearl is sought after by Spoink, and is considered 10 times more valuable than those of a Shellder. HuntailHantēru (ハンテール)(0367)   Water Clamperl (#366) — It is based on the onejaw. It lures prey in with its fish-shaped tail, and swallows them whole. Because it lives in the depths of the sea, it had gone undiscovered for a long time. GorebyssSakurabisu (サクラビス)(0368)   Water Clamperl (#366) — It is based on the snipe eel. Despite its appearance, it is a cruel species. It stabs its mouth inside prey, drains their bodily fluids, and leaves their bodies behind. RelicanthJīransu (ジーランス)(0369)   Water / Rock No evolution It is based on the coelacanth. It has not changed in over 100 million years. Its body is filled with fat and its scales are similar to rocks, so it can withstand and walk on the seafloor. LuvdiscRabukasu (ラブカス)(0370)   Water No evolution Various critics consider Luvdisc among the most "useless" and "lazily designed" Pokémon. It is based on the kissing gourami. It makes nests in Corsola colonies or coral branches. If two Luvdisc kiss each other, they can use both of their bodies as wings to fly temporarily. It is said that seeing a Luvdisc will guarantee eternal love in a relationship. BagonTatsubei (タツベイ)(0371)   Dragon — Shelgon (#372) It jumps down the cliffs it lives in hopes of being able to fly. Because of this, its head has grown hard enough to break rocks and withstand its falls. ShelgonKomorū (コモルー)(0372)   Dragon Bagon (#371) Salamence (#373) It is covered in a bony, armored shell. Its cells are in constant change to prepare for its evolution. The shell peels down right before it evolves. SalamenceBōmanda (ボーマンダ)(0373)   Dragon / Flying Shelgon (#372) Mega Evolution Finally able to fly, it expresses its happiness by blasting fire around and burning fields. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. BeldumDanbaru (ダンバル)(0374)   Steel / Psychic — Metang (#375) Instead of blood, it has magnetic currents coursing through its body. It pulls opponents in with magnetism and stabs them with the claws on its rear. MetangMetangu (メタング)(0375)   Steel / Psychic Beldum (#374) Metagross (#376) It is the result of a fusion between two Beldum, though its intellect is not reflective of that. On top of magnetism, it can use its psychic power to hold opponents in place. MetagrossMetagurosu (メタグロス)(0376)   Steel / Psychic Metang (#375) Mega Evolution It is the result of a fusion between two Metang. As opposed to Metang, its four brains make it more intelligent than a supercomputer. It pins opponents down and eats them with the mouth on its stomach. It can tuck its legs in to fly. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. RegirockRejirokku (レジロック)(0377)   Rock No evolution Regirock, Regice, and Registeel are part of a trio of Pokémon said to have been created by Regigigas. Regidrago and Regieleki were introduced to the group in generation VIII. The group is referred to as "legendary giants", "legendary titans", "legendary golems", or "Regis". It is composed entirely of rocks, with no known organs. If its body is damaged, it can graft other rocks onto its body to fix itself. RegiceRejiaisu (レジアイス)(0378)   Ice No evolution It is composed entirely of Antarctic ice, seemingly during the ice age. It can control winds as cold as −328 °F (−200.0 °C), and its body does not melt, even when exposed to magma. RegisteelRejisuchiru (レジスチル)(0379)   Steel No evolution Its seemingly hollow body is composed of an unknown metal, noted to be harder than any known mineral, and stretchy enough to allow for fluid movement. In European releases of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, Registeel had its Sprite altered to have both arms down, as in the North American and Japanese version, Registeel had its right arm up, which could be mistaken for a Nazi salute. LatiasRatiasu (ラティアス)(0380)   Dragon / Psychic — Mega Evolution It is part of the Eon Duo, along with its male counterpart Latios. Its feathers can refract light light to create illusions of invisibility or other forms, such as that of a human. It can understand and communicate with humans via telepathy, but prefers staying away from others. It lives in small herds with Latios. It and Latios gained mostly visually identical Mega Evolutions in generation VI. LatiosRatiosu (ラティオス)(0381)   Dragon / Psychic — Mega Evolution It is the other half of the Eon Duo, along with its female counterpart Latias. Its abilities are mostly identical to those of Latias, though it is slightly larger, faster, and worse at making sharp turns. It prefers compassionate trainers, and does not enjoy fighting. It and Latias gained mostly visually identical Mega Evolutions in generation VI. KyogreKaiōga (カイオーガ)(0382)   Water — Primal Reversion It, Groudon, and Rayquaza form the trio of Super-ancient Pokémon, referred to by fans as the Weather Trio. It is the mascot of Pokémon Sapphire and Alpha Sapphire. It can cause rainstorms spanning the entire world, and is said to have expanded the seas. It is said to have caused disasters by fighting Groudon, until Rayquaza stopped them. The three have then gone to rest. It and Groudon gained Primal forms in generation VI. GroudonGurādon (グラードン)(0383)   Ground — Primal Reversion It is the mascot of Pokémon Ruby and Omega Ruby. It can cause droughts spanning the entire world, and is said to have created continents, While normally calm, it is known to cause disasters when fighting Kyogre. It and Kyogre gained Primal forms in generation VI. RayquazaRekkūza (レックウザ)(0384)   Dragon / Flying — Mega Evolution It lives in the ozone layer and feeds on water and meteorites that wander into it. It is known to destroy potential threats to the planet such as meteorites, and to stop Kyogre and Groudon's fighting. It has an internal organ with a power similar to that of a Mega Stone, which gave it a Mega Evolution in generation VI. JirachiJirāchi (ジラーチ)(0385)   Steel / Psychic No evolution It encases itself in a crystal shell while sleeping, and only wakes up for a week every thousand years or when hearing singing in a pure voice. It can grant the wishes of those who put notes on its head. DeoxysDeokishisu (デオキシス)(0386)   Psychic No evolution Deoxys is capable of changing between four "Formes": Normal, Attack, Defense, and Speed, each with base stats suited for a different role. Until the introduction of Regieleki in generation VIII, its Speed Forme had the highest base speed stat of all Pokémon. Deoxys is mutation of an alien virus that was exposed to a laser beam. The organ on its chest, which appears to be its brain, can shoot laser beams. In March 2005, NASA teamed up with the Pokémon Trading Card Game team to use Deoxys' likeness to educate children about outer space and the ozone layer. As part of this, NASA created browser games on its website and Nintendo of America distributed promotional bracelets and postcards. Reception Reception to generation III's Pokémon has been polarized. Alex Carlson of Hardcore Gamer wrote in 2014 that the third generation of Pokémon games was not well received by fans of the series, with some people calling the generation the "worst in the series history". This was in part because Ruby and Sapphire did not allow players to transfer in their Pokémon from previous generations and, because of this, many older Pokémon were completely unavailable in the games until Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen were released a few years later. Meanwhile, many of the new Pokémon designs, such as those for Torchic, Feebas, Luvdisc, Castform and Clamperl, were criticized for being unoriginal. Contrastingly, some designs, including Breloom, Aggron, and the aforementioned Castform were praised for their coolness, with the large variety of unique legendary Pokémon also helping the third generation feel fresh and new. While Ruby and Sapphire were recognized for introducing less memorable designs than their predecessors, designs like Milotic, Salamence, Metagross, Rayquaza, and Blaziken made the overall generation a satisfying supplement to the existing Pokédex. The third generation has had its share of enduringly popular designs. Eighteen years after the release of Ruby and Sapphire, Rayquaza and Gardevoir finished eighth and ninth in 2020's Pokémon of the Year vote, with Flygon, Sceptile, and Blaziken also among the top 30. Rayquaza also finished eighth in a 2016 Japanese poll, with Jirachi and Kyogre among the top 25. A popularity vote on the Pokémon subreddit featured Blaziken at 5th, joined in the top 25 by Gardevoir, Absol, Flygon, and Mudkip. 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Battle Frontier Mystery Dungeon: Ginji's Rescue Team Related Poképark Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX vtePokémonby The Pokémon Company, owned by Nintendo, Creatures Inc. and Game FreakTimelineVideo gamesMain series(Gameplay)Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IV Red / Blue / Yellow Lavender Town Team Rocket Pokémon BulbasaurCharizardSquirtlePikachuRaichuJigglypuffPsyduck SlowpokeGengarVoltorbMr. MimeJynxMagikarp and GyaradosDittoEeveeSnorlaxMewtwoMewMissingNo. Gold / Silver Crystal Pokémon Wooper Unown Ruby / Sapphire Emerald FireRed / LeafGreen Pokémon Gardevoir Diamond / Pearl Platinum HeartGold / SoulSilver Pokémon Pachirisu Garchomp Lucario Generation VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX Black / White Black 2 / White 2 Pokémon Chandelure X / Y Omega Ruby / Alpha Sapphire Pokémon Klefki Sun / Moon Ultra Sun / Ultra Moon Let's Go, Pikachu! / Let's Go, Eevee! Pokémon Popplio, Brionne, and Primarina Mimikyu Sword / Shield Isle of Armor Crown Tundra Brilliant Diamond / Shining Pearl Legends: Arceus Pokémon Sobble Wooloo Galarian Corsola Fossil Pokémon Scarlet / Violet Hidden Treasure of Area Zero "Celestial" "Biri-Biri" Legends: Z-A Pokémon Sprigatito, Floragato, and Meowscarada Fuecoco Tinkaton Related Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD: Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution My Pokémon Ranch Bank Go live events Battle League Home Characters Brock Misty Team Rocket Rivals Cynthia Serena Lillie Hop Nessa Nemona Larry List of Pokémon Spin-offs Hey You, Pikachu! Snap New Snap Pinball Ruby & Sapphire Project Studio Puzzle League Puzzle Challenge Channel Dash Trozei! Battle Trozei Mystery Dungeon Ranger Shadows of Almia Guardian Signs Pokémate Rumble Blast U World Rush PokéPark Wonders Beyond Typing Adventure Conquest Art Academy Shuffle Pokkén Tournament Picross Detective Pikachu Returns Magikarp Jump Quest Masters EX Smile Café ReMix Unite Sleep Competitive play Play! Pokémon World Championships 2023 Wolfe Glick Ray Rizzo Park Se-jun Other Pokémon Pikachu Pokémon Mini Poké Ball Plus Super Smash Bros. Trading Card Game sets video game TCG Online Trading Figure Game Twitch Plays Pokémon Unofficial PETA satirical browser games Prism Sage Uranium Pokémon Essentials Micromon Pocket Mortys MediaTV seriesEpisodesSeasons 1–13 Indigo League "Pokémon, I Choose You!" 2.B.A. Master "Pokémon Theme" Adventures in the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Battle Dimension Galactic Battles Sinnoh League Victors Seasons 14–present Black & White Rival Destinies Adventures in Unova and Beyond "Te o Tsunagō" XY Kalos Quest XYZ Sun & Moon Ultra Adventures Ultra Legends Journeys Master Journeys Ultimate Journeys Horizons Theme songs "Gotta Catch 'Em All" "Meowth's Party" Specials Mewtwo Returns Removed from rotation "Dennō Senshi Porygon" Chronicles Characters Ash Ketchum Brock Misty Team Rocket Serena Lillie Liko FilmsAnimated The First Movie soundtrack "Don't Say You Love Me" Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution 2000 "The Power of One" "Toi et Moi" "Flying Without Wings" 3: The Movie 4Ever Heroes Jirachi, Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Ranger and the Temple of the Sea The Rise of Darkrai Giratina & the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark: Master of Illusions Black—Victini and Reshiram / White—Victini and Zekrom "Sora/Koe" Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel I Choose You! The Power of Us Secrets of the Jungle Live-action Detective Pikachu score "Carry On" Manga Volumes Pocket Monsters Adventures volumes 1–20 20–40 41–current Black and White The Electric Tale of Pikachu Magical Pokémon Journey Emerald: Challenge! Battle Frontier Mystery Dungeon: Ginji's Rescue Team Diamond and Pearl Adventure! Miniseries Origins Generations Twilight Wings Pokétoon Evolutions Hisuian Snow Paldean Winds Concierge Related 4Kids Entertainment Media Factory OLM Pokémon Live! Pokémon Apokélypse List of books Symphonic Evolutions "Electric" RelatedPeople Tsunekazu Ishihara Sayuri Ichiishi Junichi Masuda Shigeki Morimoto Atsuko Nishida Shigeru Ohmori Naoki Saito Takeshi Shudo Ken Sugimori Satoshi Tajiri Kunihiko Yuyama Imakuni? Organizations Ambrella Genius Sonority ILCA Wizards of the Coast Community MissJirachi Pokémon Challenges Marketing Pokémon Center Pokémon Jet Burger King Pokémon container recall Poképark Pokéfuta Pokémon 25th Anniversary Pokémon Fossil Museum Project Voltage Pop culture Pikachurin Zbtb7 Mazuca strigicincta Binburrum articuno Nocticola pheromosa Aerodactylus Bulbasaurus Pikachu virus Tía Pikachu Pokémon and pornography doujinshi incident Fakemon Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Pokémon franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"core video game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Ruby_and_Sapphire"},{"link_name":"National Pokédex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9dex"},{"link_name":"Treecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Treecko"},{"link_name":"Deoxys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxys"},{"link_name":"Mega Evolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Mega_Evolution"}],"text":"The international logo for the Pokémon franchiseThe third generation (generation III) of the Pokémon franchise features 135 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 2002 Game Boy Advance games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. These games were accompanied by the television series Pokémon Advanced, which aired from November 21, 2002, until August 28, 2003, in Japan.The following list details the 135 Pokémon of generation III in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Treecko, is number 252 and the last, Deoxys, is number 386. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega Evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced.","title":"List of generation III Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pokémon franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Game Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Freak"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Red and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9mon_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millenial-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"Azurill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurill"},{"link_name":"Wynaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynaut"},{"link_name":"Jirachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirachi"},{"link_name":"Deoxys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxys"},{"link_name":"anime movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon_films"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retrospective-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HardcoreGamer-5"}],"text":"Pokémon are fictional species created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy.[1] In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution.[2] Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat.[3]Nintendo Life noted in a retrospective that the third generation of Pokémon has a very different \"feel\" from the two generations that came before it because almost all of its 135 new Pokémon – save for Azurill and Wynaut – have no relation to those of the previous generations. Ruby and Sapphire features two \"Mythical Pokémon\" – Jirachi and Deoxys – both of which became available to coincide with their respective anime movies.[4]Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire significantly increased the amount of \"Dark\" and \"Steel\"-type Pokémon in the series, as only a few Pokémon in previous generations used these typings. Hardcore Gamer also noted that many of the new Pokémon made use of \"dual typing\", where Pokémon have both a primary and a secondary type. This was not nearly as common in Red and Blue or Gold and Silver.[5]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Treecko"},{"link_name":"Grovyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grovyle"},{"link_name":"Sceptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sceptile"},{"link_name":"Torchic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Torchic"},{"link_name":"Combusken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Combusken"},{"link_name":"Blaziken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Blaziken"},{"link_name":"Mudkip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mudkip"},{"link_name":"Marshtomp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marshtomp"},{"link_name":"Swampert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swampert"},{"link_name":"Poochyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Poochyena"},{"link_name":"Mightyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mightyena"},{"link_name":"Zigzagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zigzagoon"},{"link_name":"Linoone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Linoone"},{"link_name":"Wurmple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wurmple"},{"link_name":"Silcoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Silcoon"},{"link_name":"Beautifly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beautifly"},{"link_name":"Cascoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cascoon"},{"link_name":"Dustox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dustox"},{"link_name":"Lotad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lotad"},{"link_name":"Lombre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lombre"},{"link_name":"Ludicolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ludicolo"},{"link_name":"Seedot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Seedot"},{"link_name":"Nuzleaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nuzleaf"},{"link_name":"Shiftry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shiftry"},{"link_name":"Taillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Taillow"},{"link_name":"Swellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swellow"},{"link_name":"Wingull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wingull"},{"link_name":"Pelipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pelipper"},{"link_name":"Ralts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ralts"},{"link_name":"Kirlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kirlia"},{"link_name":"Gardevoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gardevoir"},{"link_name":"Surskit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Surskit"},{"link_name":"Masquerain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Masquerain"},{"link_name":"Shroomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shroomish"},{"link_name":"Breloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Breloom"},{"link_name":"Slakoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slakoth"},{"link_name":"Vigoroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vigoroth"},{"link_name":"Slaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slaking"},{"link_name":"Nincada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nincada"},{"link_name":"Ninjask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ninjask"},{"link_name":"Shedinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shedinja"},{"link_name":"Whismur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Whismur"},{"link_name":"Loudred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Loudred"},{"link_name":"Exploud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Exploud"},{"link_name":"Makuhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Makuhita"},{"link_name":"Hariyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hariyama"},{"link_name":"Azurill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Azurill"},{"link_name":"Nosepass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nosepass"},{"link_name":"Skitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skitty"},{"link_name":"Delcatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Delcatty"},{"link_name":"Sableye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sableye"},{"link_name":"Mawile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mawile"},{"link_name":"Aron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aron"},{"link_name":"Lairon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lairon"},{"link_name":"Aggron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aggron"},{"link_name":"Meditite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Meditite"},{"link_name":"Medicham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Medicham"},{"link_name":"Electrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Electrike"},{"link_name":"Manectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Manectric"},{"link_name":"Plusle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Plusle"},{"link_name":"Minun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Minun"},{"link_name":"Volbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Volbeat"},{"link_name":"Illumise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Illumise"},{"link_name":"Roselia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Roselia"},{"link_name":"Gulpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gulpin"},{"link_name":"Swalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swalot"},{"link_name":"Carvanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Carvanha"},{"link_name":"Sharpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sharpedo"},{"link_name":"Wailmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wailmer"},{"link_name":"Wailord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wailord"},{"link_name":"Numel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Numel"},{"link_name":"Camerupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Camerupt"},{"link_name":"Torkoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Torkoal"},{"link_name":"Spoink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spoink"},{"link_name":"Grumpig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grumpig"},{"link_name":"Spinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spinda"},{"link_name":"Trapinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Trapinch"},{"link_name":"Vibrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vibrava"},{"link_name":"Flygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Flygon"},{"link_name":"Cacnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cacnea"},{"link_name":"Cacturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cacturne"},{"link_name":"Swablu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swablu"},{"link_name":"Altaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Altaria"},{"link_name":"Zangoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zangoose"},{"link_name":"Seviper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Seviper"},{"link_name":"Lunatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lunatone"},{"link_name":"Solrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Solrock"},{"link_name":"Barboach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Barboach"},{"link_name":"Whiscash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Whiscash"},{"link_name":"Corphish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Corphish"},{"link_name":"Crawdaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Crawdaunt"},{"link_name":"Baltoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Baltoy"},{"link_name":"Claydol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Claydol"},{"link_name":"Lileep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lileep"},{"link_name":"Cradily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cradily"},{"link_name":"Anorith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anorith"},{"link_name":"Armaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Armaldo"},{"link_name":"Feebas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Feebas"},{"link_name":"Milotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Milotic"},{"link_name":"Castform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Castform"},{"link_name":"Kecleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kecleon"},{"link_name":"Shuppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shuppet"},{"link_name":"Banette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Banette"},{"link_name":"Duskull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Duskull"},{"link_name":"Dusclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dusclops"},{"link_name":"Tropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tropius"},{"link_name":"Chimecho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chimecho"},{"link_name":"Absol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Absol"},{"link_name":"Wynaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wynaut"},{"link_name":"Snorunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Snorunt"},{"link_name":"Glalie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Glalie"},{"link_name":"Spheal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spheal"},{"link_name":"Sealeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sealeo"},{"link_name":"Walrein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Walrein"},{"link_name":"Clamperl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Clamperl"},{"link_name":"Huntail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Huntail"},{"link_name":"Gorebyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gorebyss"},{"link_name":"Relicanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Relicanth"},{"link_name":"Luvdisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Luvdisc"},{"link_name":"Bagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bagon"},{"link_name":"Shelgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shelgon"},{"link_name":"Salamence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Salamence"},{"link_name":"Beldum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beldum"},{"link_name":"Metang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Metang"},{"link_name":"Metagross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Metagross"},{"link_name":"Regirock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Regirock"},{"link_name":"Regice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Regice"},{"link_name":"Registeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Registeel"},{"link_name":"Latias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Latias"},{"link_name":"Latios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Latios"},{"link_name":"Kyogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kyogre"},{"link_name":"Groudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Groudon"},{"link_name":"Rayquaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rayquaza"},{"link_name":"Jirachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jirachi"},{"link_name":"Deoxys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Deoxys"}],"text":"Pokémon\n\nTreecko\nGrovyle\nSceptile\nTorchic\nCombusken\nBlaziken\nMudkip\nMarshtomp\nSwampert\nPoochyena\nMightyena\nZigzagoon\nLinoone\nWurmple\nSilcoon\nBeautifly\nCascoon\nDustox\nLotad\nLombre\nLudicolo\nSeedot\nNuzleaf\nShiftry\nTaillow\nSwellow\nWingull\nPelipper\nRalts\nKirlia\nGardevoir\nSurskit\nMasquerain\nShroomish\nBreloom\nSlakoth\nVigoroth\nSlaking\nNincada\nNinjask\nShedinja\nWhismur\nLoudred\nExploud\nMakuhita\nHariyama\nAzurill\nNosepass\nSkitty\nDelcatty\nSableye\nMawile\nAron\nLairon\nAggron\nMeditite\nMedicham\nElectrike\nManectric\nPlusle\nMinun\nVolbeat\nIllumise\nRoselia\nGulpin\nSwalot\nCarvanha\nSharpedo\nWailmer\nWailord\nNumel\nCamerupt\nTorkoal\nSpoink\nGrumpig\nSpinda\nTrapinch\nVibrava\nFlygon\nCacnea\nCacturne\nSwablu\nAltaria\nZangoose\nSeviper\nLunatone\nSolrock\nBarboach\nWhiscash\nCorphish\nCrawdaunt\nBaltoy\nClaydol\nLileep\nCradily\nAnorith\nArmaldo\nFeebas\nMilotic\nCastform\nKecleon\nShuppet\nBanette\nDuskull\nDusclops\nTropius\nChimecho\nAbsol\nWynaut\nSnorunt\nGlalie\nSpheal\nSealeo\nWalrein\nClamperl\nHuntail\nGorebyss\nRelicanth\nLuvdisc\nBagon\nShelgon\nSalamence\nBeldum\nMetang\nMetagross\nRegirock\nRegice\nRegisteel\nLatias\nLatios\nKyogre\nGroudon\nRayquaza\nJirachi\nDeoxys","title":"List of Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HardcoreGamer-5"},{"link_name":"Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_FireRed_and_LeafGreen"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR-77"},{"link_name":"Torchic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchic"},{"link_name":"Feebas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feebas"},{"link_name":"Luvdisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvdisc"},{"link_name":"Castform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castform"},{"link_name":"Clamperl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamperl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HardcoreGamer-5"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR-77"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Breloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breloom"},{"link_name":"Aggron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggron"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Milotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milotic"},{"link_name":"Salamence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamence"},{"link_name":"Metagross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagross"},{"link_name":"Blaziken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaziken"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Gardevoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardevoir"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Flygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygon"},{"link_name":"Sceptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceptile"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Year-82"},{"link_name":"Jirachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirachi"},{"link_name":"Kyogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyogre"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"subreddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#Subreddits"},{"link_name":"Absol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absol"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Reception to generation III's Pokémon has been polarized. Alex Carlson of Hardcore Gamer wrote in 2014 that the third generation of Pokémon games was not well received by fans of the series, with some people calling the generation the \"worst in the series history\".[5] This was in part because Ruby and Sapphire did not allow players to transfer in their Pokémon from previous generations and, because of this, many older Pokémon were completely unavailable in the games until Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen were released a few years later.[71] Meanwhile, many of the new Pokémon designs, such as those for Torchic, Feebas, Luvdisc, Castform and Clamperl, were criticized for being unoriginal.[5][71][72] Contrastingly, some designs, including Breloom, Aggron, and the aforementioned Castform were praised for their coolness, with the large variety of unique legendary Pokémon also helping the third generation feel fresh and new.[73] While Ruby and Sapphire were recognized for introducing less memorable designs than their predecessors, designs like Milotic, Salamence, Metagross, Rayquaza, and Blaziken made the overall generation a satisfying supplement to the existing Pokédex.[74]The third generation has had its share of enduringly popular designs. Eighteen years after the release of Ruby and Sapphire, Rayquaza and Gardevoir finished eighth and ninth in 2020's Pokémon of the Year vote,[75] with Flygon, Sceptile, and Blaziken also among the top 30.[76] Rayquaza also finished eighth in a 2016 Japanese poll, with Jirachi and Kyogre among the top 25.[77] A popularity vote on the Pokémon subreddit featured Blaziken at 5th, joined in the top 25 by Gardevoir, Absol, Flygon, and Mudkip.[78]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pok%C3%A9dex_7-0"},{"link_name":"The Pokémon Company International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obstagoon_30-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Sword and Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Sword_and_Shield"},{"link_name":"Obstagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstagoon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_37-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_37-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kirlia_38-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Snorunt_64-0"}],"text":"^ Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex.[6]\n\n^ English and Japanese name, as well as National Pokédex number\n\n^ Only Galarian Linoone (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Obstagoon.\n\n^ a b c d e Starting in X and Y, Ralts, Kirlia, Gardevoir, Azurill and Mawile all gained the Fairy type.\n\n^ Only male Kirlia are capable of evolving into Gallade. However, both male and female Kirlia can evolve into Gardevoir.\n\n^ Only female Snorunt are capable of evolving into Froslass, however both male and female Snorunt can become Glalie.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The international logo for the Pokémon franchise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg/250px-International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (December 25, 2016). \"Pokémon Red & Blue – A Look Back At The 20-Year Journey To Catch 'Em All\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/12/25/pok-233-mon-red-amp-blue-a-look-back-at-the-20-year-journey-to-catch-em-all.aspx","url_text":"\"Pokémon Red & Blue – A Look Back At The 20-Year Journey To Catch 'Em All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001192920/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/12/25/pok-233-mon-red-amp-blue-a-look-back-at-the-20-year-journey-to-catch-em-all.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allison, Anne (May 2006). Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination. University of California Press. pp. 192–197. ISBN 9780520938991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520938991","url_text":"9780520938991"}]},{"reference":"Kurten, Guillermo; Steel, Tom (2023-08-11). \"Your Guide To The Pokémon Type Chart\". CBR. Retrieved 2024-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/pokemon-type-chart-guide/","url_text":"\"Your Guide To The Pokémon Type Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Merrick, Joe (2015-11-05). \"Feature: A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 3 - 2002 to 2006\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2016-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/11/feature_a_pokemon_retrospective_generation_3_-_2002_to_2006","url_text":"\"Feature: A Pokémon Retrospective: Generation 3 - 2002 to 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234512/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/11/feature_a_pokemon_retrospective_generation_3_-_2002_to_2006","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Alex (2014-05-13). \"How Ruby and Sapphire Changed the Pokemon Series Forever\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2016-12-25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heauton_Timorumenos
Heauton Timorumenos
["1 Characters","2 Plot","2.1 Prologue","2.2 Act one","2.3 Act two","2.4 Act three","2.5 Act four","2.6 Act five","3 Metrical scheme","3.1 Prologue","3.2 The scene is set","3.3 Syrus's first deception","3.4 The girls arrive","3.5 Syrus's second deception","3.6 Sostrata recognises her daughter","3.7 Syrus thinks of a new plan","3.8 Syrus's third deception","3.9 Chremes punishes Clitipho","3.10 All is forgiven","4 Homo sum, humani","5 Nam deteriores omnes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Ancient Roman play by Terence Illustration from a 19th-century edition Heauton Timorumenos (Ancient Greek: Ἑαυτὸν τιμωρούμενος, Heauton timōroumenos, The Self-Tormentor) is a play written in Latin by Terence (Latin: Publius Terentius Afer), a dramatist of the Roman Republic, in 163 BC; it was translated wholly or in part from an earlier Greek play by Menander. The play concerns two neighbours, Chremes and Menedemus, whose sons Clitipho and Clinia are in love with different girls, Bacchis and Antiphila. By a series of deceptions, Chremes' wily slave Syrus dupes Chremes into paying money owed to Bacchis, who is a prostitute. The other girl, Antiphila, is discovered to be Chremes' own daughter, whom he promises in marriage to Clinia. In his edition, A. J. Brothers calls this "the most neglected of the dramatist's six comedies". He adds: "Yet the Self-Tormentor, for all its occasional imperfections, in many ways shows Terence at his best; the plot is ingenious, complex, fast-moving, and extremely skilfully constructed, its characters are excellently drawn, and the whole is full of delightful dramatic irony. It deserves to be better known." The play has presented academics with a problem, it is not entirely clear whether Heauton Timorumenos is Terence's second or third play. In the prologue, Terence says he has altered the plot of the Greek play on which it is based by making it "double". However, due to the scant survival of Menander's play of the same name, there is no simple way to judge how much of Terence's version is translation and how much is invention. The play is set in a village in the countryside of Attica. On the stage are two houses, one belonging to Chremes, and the other to his neighbour Menedemus. All the action takes place in the street in front of the houses. Characters Menedemus – an Athenian gentleman, newly moved to the countryside, father of Clinia Chremes – Menedemus's neighbour, father of Clitipho Clinia – Menedemus's estranged son, in love with Antiphila Clitipho – Chremes' son and a friend of Clinia, in love with Bacchis Syrus – Chremes' slave Dromo – Menedemus's slave Antiphila – a girl raised by a weaveress, and beloved of Clinia Bacchis – a wealthy courtesan, beloved of Clitipho Sostrata – Chremes' wife Phrygia – Bacchis's slave Canthara – a nurse, servant of Sostrata Plot Prologue The prologue serves to defend Terence's method of playwriting. He asks the audience to judge the play by its merits, rather than by the opinions of critics. Act one Menedemus, a wealthy farmer, explains to his neighbour Chremes why he is punishing himself by working hard in his fields. Menedemus explains that he had reproached his son Clinia for his having a relationship with a penniless girl, and had held up his own youth as a soldier as a virtuous contrast. Clinia, shamed, has taken Menedemus more literally than he intended and has gone to live as a soldier in the East. By coincidence, immediately after Menedemus exits, Chremes encounters his own son, Clitipho with Clinia, who has returned from the East. Clitipho begs Chremes not to tell Menedemus, as Clinia is still afraid of his father's wrath. Chremes agrees for the moment but adds that a father's duty is to be severe. Once alone, Clitipho swears he will never be a tyrant in the mould of his father. Act two Clinia has sent for his lover, Antiphila, who has been in mourning for the old weaving-woman who brought her up. Antiphila arrives accompanied by Bacchis, the wealthy courtesan with whom Clitipho is in love. Clitipho is angered that his slave, Syrus, has presumed to invite his mistress to his father's house, as his father will disapprove of her. Syrus conceives a ruse for the meantime where Bacchis will pose as Clinia's mistress and Antiphila as her servant. The women arrive; Bacchis praises Antiphila for her virtue and beauty but warns that beauty and men's attention fade, and that she ought to find a man to love who will be constant for life. They meet Clinia and the young lovers are overcome with joy at the reunion. Act three Next morning, Chremes informs Menedemus that his son has returned, but believing that Bacchis is Clinia's mistress, he warns Menedemus against welcoming him home, explaining that Clinia is now in love with a spendthrift mistress. He advises Menedemus to allow Syrus to trick him out of some money, rather than showing himself to be a soft touch by simply giving it. When Chremes returns to his house, he suggests to Syrus that he ought to find some trick to get the money out of Menedemus; it is the duty of slaves sometimes, he says, to deceive their masters. On entering the house, he is surprised to find Clitipho embracing Bacchis, and tells him off. Syrus agrees to help Chremes, but only because it dovetails with his own scheme directed against Chremes. Syrus tells Chremes that Antiphila had been pawned to Bacchis by the old weaveress in return for a loan, and that Bacchis is willing to release her for 1000 drachmas (10 minae); he advises Chremes to tell Menedemus to buy Antiphila as she is a good bargain: a captive from Caria whose friends will pay handsomely for her release. Chremes thinks it unlikely that Menedemus will go for this, but Syrus assures him that the plan will still be effective even if Menedemus refuses. Act four Sostrata, Chremes' wife, has discovered, by way of a ring that Antiphila has given to her for safekeeping while she bathes, that Antiphila is her long-lost daughter whom she had given away to be exposed on Chremes' direction. Syrus realizes that his plan to get Menedemus to buy Antiphila cannot now work, as she is not a slave. He withdraws to consider a better plan. Clinia, on the other hand, is overjoyed because Antiphila is now revealed to be a suitable wife for him, so he will be able to abandon the deception. But Syrus says that while Clinia may tell his father the truth, he must keep up the pretense to Chremes for a while longer because Clitipho will be in trouble if Chremes discovers that Bacchis is Clitipho's mistress. When Clinia objects that Chremes will not allow him to marry his daughter while he believes Bacchis is Clinia's lover, Syrus persuades him to maintain the ruse for a day to give Syrus the time to get Bacchis's money. Syrus then tells Bacchis, who is threatening to expose him, to go to Menedemus' house where she will get paid. Syrus then tricks Chremes by telling him the truth: he tells him that Clinia has told his father that Bacchis is Clitipho's mistress and that Clinia himself wishes to marry Antiphila. Syrus advises Chremes that he should pretend to go along with this 'trick' and offer to give Clinia dowry money. But Chremes refuses to do this as it would be dishonourable. Syrus therefore persuades him that he himself should pay the money to release Antiphila, and send Clitipho to pay it to her. Chremes follows this advice and hands the money to Clitipho, to Clitipho's astonishment and delight. Meanwhile, Menedemus tells Chremes that Clinia wishes to marry Antiphila. But Chremes warns Menedemus that what Clinia said is just a trick to try to get money to pay for Bacchis. He advises Menedemus that he should pretend to go along with Clinia's statement and tell Clinia that the marriage had been agreed. Act five A short time later Menedemus comes and tells Chremes that he has been a fool. He saw Clitipho go into a bedroom with Bacchis and he now knows that Clinia was telling the truth. Chremes is in despair as he realises that Bacchis and all her attendants will quickly ruin him. Menedemus repeats the advice that Chremes gave to him at the start of the play: he should make his son abide by his wishes. Chremes gives his assent to the match between Clinia and Antiphila, and offers a dowry of two talents. But he asks Menedemus to help save his son by pretending that he, Chremes, is giving away all his estate to make a sufficient dowry. Clitipho is distraught when he hears this news, but his father tells him he would rather have his estate be thus disposed of than go to Bacchis by way of his heir. Syrus prompts Clitipho to ask his mother if he is really her son. The parents quarrel. Sostrata and Menedemus beg Chremes not to treat his son so harshly and Chremes relents, but on the condition that Clitipho give up Bacchis and take a different wife. Clitipho, preferring a full stomach to passion, agrees to marry a respectable girl. In the last lines of the play, Clitipho persuades Chremes to pardon Syrus for the trick he played on him. Metrical scheme Further information: Metres of Roman comedy Terence uses a variety of metres in this play. In terms of the number of lines the proportions are as follows: iambic senarii: 54% (this metre was unaccompanied) In this play, iambic senarii are used for setting the scene and giving background details; for the conversations between the old men; and for narrative. There are also some moments, such as when Chremes realises he has been duped, or when Antiphila recognises Clinia, when the music stops to express surprise. trochaic septenarii: 26% Trochaic septenarii are usually found at the end of a metrical section and are frequently used at moments when the action of the play moves on to a new phase. iambic octonarii: 13% Iambic octonarii are used by the boys and by Syrus to express their anxieties. This metre is also used when Sostrata recognises her long-lost daughter's ring. iambic septenarii: 5% Iambic septenarii are often associated with courtesans, as with Bacchis's second speech. They are also used here when Clinia expresses his joy at the prospect of marrying Antiphila. trochaic octonarii: 1% iambic quaternarii: 0.4% Since a senarius is shorter than a septenarius, in terms of the number of metrical elements, in fact only 48% of the play was unaccompanied, and the rest was sung to the sound of tibiae or reed pipes. Prologue Iambic senarii (lines 1–52) (49 lines) Terence defends himself against the criticisms of an older poet, and asks the audience to give his play a fair hearing. The scene is set Act 1.1 (53–174): iambic senarii (122 lines) Chremes visits his neighbour Menedemus to ask why he spends the whole of every day working in the fields. Menedemus explains that he regrets having encouraged his son Clinia to go abroad to fight. He misses him dreadfully and is punishing himself by hard labour. Act 1.2 (175–180): mixed iambic-trochaic (7 lines) Returning to his own house Chremes meets his son Clitipho, who tells him that Clinia has returned from abroad and is hiding in their house. Act 1.2–2.2 (181–241): iambic octonarii (60 lines) After his father has gone in, Clitipho complains about the strictness of fathers. – Clinia comes outside and expresses his anxiety about his girlfriend Antiphila. Act 2.3 (242–256): trochaic septenarii (15 lines) Chremes' slave Syrus and Menedemus's slave Dromo appear. Syrus reports that Antiphila is on her way together with some other women. Syrus's first deception Act 2.3 (257–264): iambic octonarii (8 lines) Clinia anxiously bewails his situation to Syrus, who reassures him that Antiphila still loves him. Act 2.3 (265–311): iambic senarii (47 lines) Syrus narrates what happened when he and Dromo reached Antiphila's house and how he found Antiphila was still being faithful. Act 2.3 (312–339): trochaic septenarii (28 lines) Clitipho now grows alarmed to hear that his own girlfriend Bacchis is in the group coming to his father's house. Syrus assures him that it is all part of a plan that he has devised. They will pretend that Bacchis is Clinia's girlfriend, and that Antiphila is Bacchis's maid. The girls arrive Act 2.3 (340–380): iambic senarii (41 lines) To persuade Clitipho to go along with his plan, Syrus pretends to be going to tell the women to go back again. Clitipho, desperate to see Bacchis, gives in and calls him back. As the women approach, Syrus tells Clitipho to make himself scarce. Act 2.4 (381–397): trochaic septenarii (17 lines) The courtesan Bacchis enters chatting with the young Antiphila. Act 2.4 (398–404): iambic octonarii (7 lines) Clinia blurts out how much he has missed Antiphila. Act 2.4 (405–409): iambic senarii (5 lines) Antiphila starts to faint from surprise. Clinia hugs her. They go inside. (Some time passes until daybreak.) Syrus's second deception Act 3.1–3.2 (410–561): iambic senarii (152 lines) Next morning Chremes goes to Menedemus's house and gives him the good news that his son has returned; but he advises him to say nothing for the time being. He suggests that Menedemus should allow Syrus to trick him out of 20 minae to avoid giving Clinia the impression that he is a soft touch who will support his every whim. On returning to his own house Chremes suggests to Syrus that he ought to perform some trick to get Menedemus to cough up the money that Clinia needs to pay for Bacchis. Act 3.3 (562–588): mixed iambic/trochaic (29 lines) Chremes comes out of the house scolding Clitipho, whom he has caught embracing Bacchis. Syrus adds his own reproaches and instructs Clitipho to make himself scarce. Act 3.3. (589–590): iambic senarii (2 lines) Clitipho departs in a surly mood. Act 3.3 (591–613): trochaic septenarii (23 lines) Syrus explains his plan to Chremes. He tells him that Bacchis is holding Antiphila as a pledge against a debt of 1000 drachmas incurred by Antiphila's recently deceased mother, a Corinthian woman; Bacchis is willing to hand over Antiphila if the money is repaid. Syrus suggests he can persuade Menedemus to pay the money since he will tell Menedemus that Antiphila is a captive from Caria, and Menedemus will be able resell her for a profit. Chremes is doubtful, but Syrus boasts that even if Menedemus refuses to pay, the plan will still work. Sostrata recognises her daughter Act 4.1 (614–622): iambic octonarii (9 lines) Chremes' wife Sostrata comes out holding a ring which she says proves that Antiphila is her own daughter who was given away at birth to a Corinthian woman. Her old nurse confirms it is the same ring. Act 4.1 (623–667): trochaic septenarii (45 lines) Seeing Chremes, Sostrata confesses that she failed to carry out his orders to expose the baby at that time and she begs his forgiveness. Syrus, overhearing them, immediately realises that the story is true and that his plan to get Menedemus to pay for Antiphila will no longer work. Syrus thinks of a new plan Act 4.2 (668–678): iambic octonarii (10 lines) Left alone on stage, Syrus expresses his anxiety. He desperately needs a new plan. Suddenly he thinks of one. Act 4.3 (679–707): iambic septenarii (29 lines) Clinia now comes out singing of his happiness that the way is clear for him to marry Antiphila. Syrus tells him that he must take Bacchis with him when he goes; but he is welcome to tell his father the truth. Act 4.3 (708): iambic senarius (1 line) In surprise, Clinia asks Syrus to explain. Act 4.3 (709–722): trochaic septenarii (14 lines) Syrus explains that for his plan to work Chremes must continue to think that Bacchis is Clinia's girlfriend until he pays the money, otherwise his friend Clitipho will be left without a girlfriend. Syrus's third deception Act 4.4 (723–748): iambic septenarii (26 lines) Bacchis comes out, full of annoyance that she has not yet been paid. In order to put pressure on Syrus, she orders her slave girl Phrygia to run with a message to the house of a certain soldier who has been wooing her. Syrus stops her and assures her that she will receive the money, but first she and all her maids must transfer to Menedemus's house. He knocks on Menedemus's door and orders the dull-witted Dromo to go and fetch all the maids and their belongings. They all go into Menedemus's house except Syrus. Act 4.5–4.8 (749–873): iambic senarii (126 lines) Chremes comes outside, delighted that the expensive Bacchis has moved to Menedemus's house. Syrus now tells him that Clinia has told Menedemus that Bacchis is Clitipho's girlfriend, and that he himself wants to marry Antiphila. In this way, says Syrus, Clinia hopes to get money from Chremes; Syrus suggests Chremes should pretend to go along with this idea temporarily. But (as Syrus knew he would) Chremes refuses to take part in any pretence and tells Syrus to try to get the money some other way. Syrus therefore suggests that Chremes should pay for Antiphila's release himself, and that it would be best to send Clitipho as the go-between. Chremes agrees and he goes inside to fetch the money. – Clitipho arrives back from his walk, still annoyed. Syrus tells him that Bacchis is now in Menedemus's house. Clitipho is at first dismayed, but then, to his astonishment, Chremes comes out and gives him money to take to pay Bacchis. Syrus and Clitipho depart to Menedemus's. – Left on his own, Chremes wonders how much money he will need to pay Antiphila's dowry when she gets married. – Now Menedemus comes out and tells Chremes that Clinia wants to marry Antiphila. But Chremes warns him that it is all a trick. He suggests Menedemus should pretend to go along with the trick and tell Clinia that the engagement has been agreed on. Each returns to his own house. Act 5.1 (874–907): trochaic septenarii (34 lines) Some time later Menedemus comes out again, telling himself that he has been a fool, but that Chremes has been an even greater one. Meanwhile Chremes also comes out, scolding his wife for talking so much about her new daughter. Menedemus tells him that Clinia didn't ask for any money, but that Clitipho went into a back bedroom with Bacchis and closed the door. Chremes punishes Clitipho Act 5.1 (908–939): iambic senarii (32 lines) Suddenly the music stops as Chremes realises that he has been duped. He is horrified at the thought of the expense that Bacchis and all her troupe of maids are going to cause him. As to Antiphila's marriage, he agrees to it, and promises a dowry of two talents. But to punish Clitipho, he requests Menedemus to tell Clitipho that Chremes has offered his whole fortune as a dowry, meaning that Clitipho will inherit none of it. Act 5.2 (940–979): trochaic septenarii (40 lines) Clitipho comes out, dismayed that his father has acted in this way. Chremes tells him that he is not annoyed with Clitipho or Syrus, but he has acted to prevent Bacchis squandering all his fortune. He goes inside. All is forgiven Act 5.2 (980–999): iambic octonarii (21 lines) Clitipho turns to Syrus and miserably asks what he is to do. Syrus hurriedly devises a new plan. He tells Clitipho that it seems that he can't really be Chremes's true son but only adopted. Clitipho agrees and goes inside to talk to his mother. Syrus congratulates himself on his clever plan. Act 5.2 (1000–1002): iambic septenarii (3 lines) Suddenly Syrus sees Chremes coming out, and, unsure of Chremes' mood, he escapes to Menedemus's house. Act 5.3 (1003–1023): mostly iambic octonarii, some trochaic septenarii (17 lines) Chremes and Sostrata come out, having a row. Each calls the other stupid. Chremes says that Clitipho is certainly her son since they behave the same way. Act 5.4–5.5 (1024–1067): trochaic septenarii (44 lines) Clitipho begs his mother to tell him if he is really her son. Sostrata reassures him but Chremes continues to speak angrily to Clitipho and call him all sorts of names. – Now Menedemus comes out and begs Chremes to forgive Clitipho. Chremes eventually agrees, but one condition: Clitipho must get married at once to a suitable girl. Clitipho is forced to agree and names one he is prepared to marry. Before the play ends Clitipho persuades Chremes also to forgive Syrus. Homo sum, humani The most famous line in the play is line 77: homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto. The line was quoted twice by Cicero (Leg. 1.33 and Off. 1.29–30) and later by Seneca and many other writers. St Augustine (Epist. 155.14) recounts that he had heard that when it was spoken "whole theatres burst into applause (theatra tota ... applausisse)". In its original context it is a defensive reply by the busybody old man Chremes to his neighbour Menedemus, who says "Have you got so much free time as to concern yourself with other people's affairs which have nothing to do with you?", to which Chremes replies, "I'm human: nothing human is not my concern". However, in later centuries, it received a much wider interpretation: Some would see in it, as Michel de Montaigne did, a man's confession of his emotional and spiritual weakness. Others, like John of Salisbury, perceive an expression of Christian charity. Others again make it a disavowal of intolerance and prudery in regard to human behaviour. Most would say that it had to do with being 'humane' in some very positive sense of this much used word... Among English authors who quoted it was Henry Fielding in Tom Jones (1749, Book XV, ch. VIII) who applies the quotation to his hero: “He was one who could truly say with him in Terence, Homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto.” A shortened version of the line, HVMANI NIHIL ALIENVM, is used as the motto of various institutions, such as the Law Society of Scotland and the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Nam deteriores omnes Another, less well known, quotation from the play is referenced in George Eliot's epigraph to Chapter 25 of her novel Daniel Deronda: nam deteriores omnes sumus licentiae (line 483) "For all of us are worse for licence" i.e. "if we are given free rein to do as we like". See also Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi Lucius Ambivius Turpio References ^ The play was referred by Cicero as ille Terentianus ipse se poeniens "that man in Terence who is punishing himself" (Tusc. Dis. 3.65). ^ A. J. Brothers (1988). Terence: The Self-Tormentor (Aris and Phillips). p. vii. ^ Lawrence Richardson Jr. (2006). "The Terentian Adaptation of the Heauton Timorumenos of Menander". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 46: 13–36. ^ The location of the village is not made clear in Terence's version, but the original play by Menander was set in the village of Halae Aexonides, about 2 hours' journey south east of Athens: H. D. Jocelyn (1973). "Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto (Terence, Heauton timorumenos 77)". Antichthon, Volume 7; p. 22. ^ Database by Timothy J. Moore of The Meters of Roman Comedy. Washington University in St Louis. ^ A. J. Brothers, Terence: The Self-Tormentor, p. 38. ^ Moore (2012), Music in Roman comedy p. 185. ^ Except for line 187, which is a trochaic septenarius. ^ The meaning of the verse and the history of its later interpretation is discussed at length by H. D. Jocelyn (1973). "Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto (Terence, Heauton timorumenos 77)". Antichthon, Volume 7, pp. 14–46. Published online in 2015 by Cambridge University Press. ^ The metre of the line is an iambic senarius. To be read metrically, it requires the elisions homo s(um) humani and m(e) alienum. ^ H. D. Jocelyn (1973). "Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto (Terence, Heauton timorumenos 77)". Antichthon, Volume 7; p. 14. ^ "I am a human being: I consider that nothing human is alien from me." (line 77). ^ The usual text is licentia, however. External links  Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Heautontimorumenos English translation by Henry Thomas Riley at Perseus: Heautontimorumenos Heautontimorumenos; the Self-Tormentor public domain audiobook at LibriVox Ricord, Frederick W. (1885). The Self-Tormentor (Heautontimorumenos) from the Latin of Publius Terentius Afer with More English Songs from Foreign Tongues. New York: Charles Scribner's. Retrieved 22 January 2018 – via Internet Archive. Terence with an English Translation by John Sargeaunt in Two Volumes (The Lady of Andros, The Self-Tormentor, The Eunuch). Vol. 1. London: William Heinemann. 1913. pp. 113–229. Retrieved 24 January 2018 – via Internet Archive. vteTerence's plays The Girl from Andros (166 BC) The Mother-in-Law (165 BC) The Self-Tormentor (163 BC) Phormio (161 BC) The Eunuch (161 BC) The Brothers (160 BC) Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Vatican Other IdRef 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heauton_Timouroumenos,_from_The_Comedies_of_Terence,_19th_century_reprint_MET_DP816807.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Terence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Menander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Menander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Illustration from a 19th-century editionHeauton Timorumenos (Ancient Greek: Ἑαυτὸν τιμωρούμενος, Heauton timōroumenos, The Self-Tormentor)[1] is a play written in Latin by Terence (Latin: Publius Terentius Afer), a dramatist of the Roman Republic, in 163 BC; it was translated wholly or in part from an earlier Greek play by Menander.\nThe play concerns two neighbours, Chremes and Menedemus, whose sons Clitipho and Clinia are in love with different girls, Bacchis and Antiphila. By a series of deceptions, Chremes' wily slave Syrus dupes Chremes into paying money owed to Bacchis, who is a prostitute. The other girl, Antiphila, is discovered to be Chremes' own daughter, whom he promises in marriage to Clinia.In his edition, A. J. Brothers calls this \"the most neglected of the dramatist's six comedies\". He adds: \"Yet the Self-Tormentor, for all its occasional imperfections, in many ways shows Terence at his best; the plot is ingenious, complex, fast-moving, and extremely skilfully constructed, its characters are excellently drawn, and the whole is full of delightful dramatic irony. It deserves to be better known.\"[2]The play has presented academics with a problem, it is not entirely clear whether Heauton Timorumenos is Terence's second or third play. In the prologue, Terence says he has altered the plot of the Greek play on which it is based by making it \"double\". However, due to the scant survival of Menander's play of the same name, there is no simple way to judge how much of Terence's version is translation and how much is invention.[3]The play is set in a village in the countryside of Attica.[4] On the stage are two houses, one belonging to Chremes, and the other to his neighbour Menedemus. All the action takes place in the street in front of the houses.","title":"Heauton Timorumenos"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Menedemus – an Athenian gentleman, newly moved to the countryside, father of Clinia\nChremes – Menedemus's neighbour, father of Clitipho\nClinia – Menedemus's estranged son, in love with Antiphila\nClitipho – Chremes' son and a friend of Clinia, in love with Bacchis\nSyrus – Chremes' slave\nDromo – Menedemus's slave\nAntiphila – a girl raised by a weaveress, and beloved of Clinia\nBacchis – a wealthy courtesan, beloved of Clitipho\nSostrata – Chremes' wife\nPhrygia – Bacchis's slave\nCanthara – a nurse, servant of Sostrata","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prologue","text":"The prologue serves to defend Terence's method of playwriting. He asks the audience to judge the play by its merits, rather than by the opinions of critics.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act one","text":"Menedemus, a wealthy farmer, explains to his neighbour Chremes why he is punishing himself by working hard in his fields. Menedemus explains that he had reproached his son Clinia for his having a relationship with a penniless girl, and had held up his own youth as a soldier as a virtuous contrast. Clinia, shamed, has taken Menedemus more literally than he intended and has gone to live as a soldier in the East. By coincidence, immediately after Menedemus exits, Chremes encounters his own son, Clitipho with Clinia, who has returned from the East. Clitipho begs Chremes not to tell Menedemus, as Clinia is still afraid of his father's wrath. Chremes agrees for the moment but adds that a father's duty is to be severe. Once alone, Clitipho swears he will never be a tyrant in the mould of his father.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act two","text":"Clinia has sent for his lover, Antiphila, who has been in mourning for the old weaving-woman who brought her up. Antiphila arrives accompanied by Bacchis, the wealthy courtesan with whom Clitipho is in love. Clitipho is angered that his slave, Syrus, has presumed to invite his mistress to his father's house, as his father will disapprove of her. Syrus conceives a ruse for the meantime where Bacchis will pose as Clinia's mistress and Antiphila as her servant. The women arrive; Bacchis praises Antiphila for her virtue and beauty but warns that beauty and men's attention fade, and that she ought to find a man to love who will be constant for life. They meet Clinia and the young lovers are overcome with joy at the reunion.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drachmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_drachma"},{"link_name":"minae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_(unit)"}],"sub_title":"Act three","text":"Next morning, Chremes informs Menedemus that his son has returned, but believing that Bacchis is Clinia's mistress, he warns Menedemus against welcoming him home, explaining that Clinia is now in love with a spendthrift mistress. He advises Menedemus to allow Syrus to trick him out of some money, rather than showing himself to be a soft touch by simply giving it. When Chremes returns to his house, he suggests to Syrus that he ought to find some trick to get the money out of Menedemus; it is the duty of slaves sometimes, he says, to deceive their masters. On entering the house, he is surprised to find Clitipho embracing Bacchis, and tells him off. Syrus agrees to help Chremes, but only because it dovetails with his own scheme directed against Chremes. Syrus tells Chremes that Antiphila had been pawned to Bacchis by the old weaveress in return for a loan, and that Bacchis is willing to release her for 1000 drachmas (10 minae); he advises Chremes to tell Menedemus to buy Antiphila as she is a good bargain: a captive from Caria whose friends will pay handsomely for her release. Chremes thinks it unlikely that Menedemus will go for this, but Syrus assures him that the plan will still be effective even if Menedemus refuses.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act four","text":"Sostrata, Chremes' wife, has discovered, by way of a ring that Antiphila has given to her for safekeeping while she bathes, that Antiphila is her long-lost daughter whom she had given away to be exposed on Chremes' direction. Syrus realizes that his plan to get Menedemus to buy Antiphila cannot now work, as she is not a slave. He withdraws to consider a better plan. Clinia, on the other hand, is overjoyed because Antiphila is now revealed to be a suitable wife for him, so he will be able to abandon the deception. But Syrus says that while Clinia may tell his father the truth, he must keep up the pretense to Chremes for a while longer because Clitipho will be in trouble if Chremes discovers that Bacchis is Clitipho's mistress. When Clinia objects that Chremes will not allow him to marry his daughter while he believes Bacchis is Clinia's lover, Syrus persuades him to maintain the ruse for a day to give Syrus the time to get Bacchis's money. Syrus then tells Bacchis, who is threatening to expose him, to go to Menedemus' house where she will get paid. Syrus then tricks Chremes by telling him the truth: he tells him that Clinia has told his father that Bacchis is Clitipho's mistress and that Clinia himself wishes to marry Antiphila. Syrus advises Chremes that he should pretend to go along with this 'trick' and offer to give Clinia dowry money. But Chremes refuses to do this as it would be dishonourable. Syrus therefore persuades him that he himself should pay the money to release Antiphila, and send Clitipho to pay it to her. Chremes follows this advice and hands the money to Clitipho, to Clitipho's astonishment and delight. Meanwhile, Menedemus tells Chremes that Clinia wishes to marry Antiphila. But Chremes warns Menedemus that what Clinia said is just a trick to try to get money to pay for Bacchis. He advises Menedemus that he should pretend to go along with Clinia's statement and tell Clinia that the marriage had been agreed.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act five","text":"A short time later Menedemus comes and tells Chremes that he has been a fool. He saw Clitipho go into a bedroom with Bacchis and he now knows that Clinia was telling the truth. Chremes is in despair as he realises that Bacchis and all her attendants will quickly ruin him. Menedemus repeats the advice that Chremes gave to him at the start of the play: he should make his son abide by his wishes. Chremes gives his assent to the match between Clinia and Antiphila, and offers a dowry of two talents. But he asks Menedemus to help save his son by pretending that he, Chremes, is giving away all his estate to make a sufficient dowry. Clitipho is distraught when he hears this news, but his father tells him he would rather have his estate be thus disposed of than go to Bacchis by way of his heir. Syrus prompts Clitipho to ask his mother if he is really her son. The parents quarrel. Sostrata and Menedemus beg Chremes not to treat his son so harshly and Chremes relents, but on the condition that Clitipho give up Bacchis and take a different wife. Clitipho, preferring a full stomach to passion, agrees to marry a respectable girl. In the last lines of the play, Clitipho persuades Chremes to pardon Syrus for the trick he played on him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metres of Roman comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metres_of_Roman_comedy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tibiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulos"}],"text":"Further information: Metres of Roman comedyTerence uses a variety of metres in this play. In terms of the number of lines the proportions are as follows:[5][6]iambic senarii: 54% (this metre was unaccompanied)In this play, iambic senarii are used for setting the scene and giving background details; for the conversations between the old men; and for narrative. There are also some moments, such as when Chremes realises he has been duped, or when Antiphila recognises Clinia, when the music stops to express surprise.trochaic septenarii: 26%Trochaic septenarii are usually found at the end of a metrical section and are frequently used at moments when the action of the play moves on to a new phase.iambic octonarii: 13%Iambic octonarii are used by the boys and by Syrus to express their anxieties. This metre is also used when Sostrata recognises her long-lost daughter's ring.iambic septenarii: 5%Iambic septenarii are often associated with courtesans, as with Bacchis's second speech.[7] They are also used here when Clinia expresses his joy at the prospect of marrying Antiphila.trochaic octonarii: 1%\niambic quaternarii: 0.4%Since a senarius is shorter than a septenarius, in terms of the number of metrical elements, in fact only 48% of the play was unaccompanied, and the rest was sung to the sound of tibiae or reed pipes.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prologue","text":"Iambic senarii (lines 1–52) (49 lines)Terence defends himself against the criticisms of an older poet, and asks the audience to give his play a fair hearing.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The scene is set","text":"Act 1.1 (53–174): iambic senarii (122 lines)Chremes visits his neighbour Menedemus to ask why he spends the whole of every day working in the fields. Menedemus explains that he regrets having encouraged his son Clinia to go abroad to fight. He misses him dreadfully and is punishing himself by hard labour.Act 1.2 (175–180): mixed iambic-trochaic (7 lines)Returning to his own house Chremes meets his son Clitipho, who tells him that Clinia has returned from abroad and is hiding in their house.Act 1.2–2.2 (181–241): iambic octonarii (60 lines)[8]After his father has gone in, Clitipho complains about the strictness of fathers. – Clinia comes outside and expresses his anxiety about his girlfriend Antiphila.Act 2.3 (242–256): trochaic septenarii (15 lines)Chremes' slave Syrus and Menedemus's slave Dromo appear. Syrus reports that Antiphila is on her way together with some other women.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Syrus's first deception","text":"Act 2.3 (257–264): iambic octonarii (8 lines)Clinia anxiously bewails his situation to Syrus, who reassures him that Antiphila still loves him.Act 2.3 (265–311): iambic senarii (47 lines)Syrus narrates what happened when he and Dromo reached Antiphila's house and how he found Antiphila was still being faithful.Act 2.3 (312–339): trochaic septenarii (28 lines)Clitipho now grows alarmed to hear that his own girlfriend Bacchis is in the group coming to his father's house. Syrus assures him that it is all part of a plan that he has devised. They will pretend that Bacchis is Clinia's girlfriend, and that Antiphila is Bacchis's maid.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The girls arrive","text":"Act 2.3 (340–380): iambic senarii (41 lines)To persuade Clitipho to go along with his plan, Syrus pretends to be going to tell the women to go back again. Clitipho, desperate to see Bacchis, gives in and calls him back. As the women approach, Syrus tells Clitipho to make himself scarce.Act 2.4 (381–397): trochaic septenarii (17 lines)The courtesan Bacchis enters chatting with the young Antiphila.Act 2.4 (398–404): iambic octonarii (7 lines)Clinia blurts out how much he has missed Antiphila.Act 2.4 (405–409): iambic senarii (5 lines)Antiphila starts to faint from surprise. Clinia hugs her. They go inside.\n(Some time passes until daybreak.)","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Syrus's second deception","text":"Act 3.1–3.2 (410–561): iambic senarii (152 lines)Next morning Chremes goes to Menedemus's house and gives him the good news that his son has returned; but he advises him to say nothing for the time being. He suggests that Menedemus should allow Syrus to trick him out of 20 minae to avoid giving Clinia the impression that he is a soft touch who will support his every whim. On returning to his own house Chremes suggests to Syrus that he ought to perform some trick to get Menedemus to cough up the money that Clinia needs to pay for Bacchis.Act 3.3 (562–588): mixed iambic/trochaic (29 lines)Chremes comes out of the house scolding Clitipho, whom he has caught embracing Bacchis. Syrus adds his own reproaches and instructs Clitipho to make himself scarce.Act 3.3. (589–590): iambic senarii (2 lines)Clitipho departs in a surly mood.Act 3.3 (591–613): trochaic septenarii (23 lines)Syrus explains his plan to Chremes. He tells him that Bacchis is holding Antiphila as a pledge against a debt of 1000 drachmas incurred by Antiphila's recently deceased mother, a Corinthian woman; Bacchis is willing to hand over Antiphila if the money is repaid. Syrus suggests he can persuade Menedemus to pay the money since he will tell Menedemus that Antiphila is a captive from Caria, and Menedemus will be able resell her for a profit. Chremes is doubtful, but Syrus boasts that even if Menedemus refuses to pay, the plan will still work.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sostrata recognises her daughter","text":"Act 4.1 (614–622): iambic octonarii (9 lines)Chremes' wife Sostrata comes out holding a ring which she says proves that Antiphila is her own daughter who was given away at birth to a Corinthian woman. Her old nurse confirms it is the same ring.Act 4.1 (623–667): trochaic septenarii (45 lines)Seeing Chremes, Sostrata confesses that she failed to carry out his orders to expose the baby at that time and she begs his forgiveness. Syrus, overhearing them, immediately realises that the story is true and that his plan to get Menedemus to pay for Antiphila will no longer work.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Syrus thinks of a new plan","text":"Act 4.2 (668–678): iambic octonarii (10 lines)Left alone on stage, Syrus expresses his anxiety. He desperately needs a new plan. Suddenly he thinks of one.Act 4.3 (679–707): iambic septenarii (29 lines)Clinia now comes out singing of his happiness that the way is clear for him to marry Antiphila. Syrus tells him that he must take Bacchis with him when he goes; but he is welcome to tell his father the truth.Act 4.3 (708): iambic senarius (1 line)In surprise, Clinia asks Syrus to explain.Act 4.3 (709–722): trochaic septenarii (14 lines)Syrus explains that for his plan to work Chremes must continue to think that Bacchis is Clinia's girlfriend until he pays the money, otherwise his friend Clitipho will be left without a girlfriend.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Syrus's third deception","text":"Act 4.4 (723–748): iambic septenarii (26 lines)Bacchis comes out, full of annoyance that she has not yet been paid. In order to put pressure on Syrus, she orders her slave girl Phrygia to run with a message to the house of a certain soldier who has been wooing her. Syrus stops her and assures her that she will receive the money, but first she and all her maids must transfer to Menedemus's house. He knocks on Menedemus's door and orders the dull-witted Dromo to go and fetch all the maids and their belongings. They all go into Menedemus's house except Syrus.Act 4.5–4.8 (749–873): iambic senarii (126 lines)Chremes comes outside, delighted that the expensive Bacchis has moved to Menedemus's house. Syrus now tells him that Clinia has told Menedemus that Bacchis is Clitipho's girlfriend, and that he himself wants to marry Antiphila. In this way, says Syrus, Clinia hopes to get money from Chremes; Syrus suggests Chremes should pretend to go along with this idea temporarily. But (as Syrus knew he would) Chremes refuses to take part in any pretence and tells Syrus to try to get the money some other way. Syrus therefore suggests that Chremes should pay for Antiphila's release himself, and that it would be best to send Clitipho as the go-between. Chremes agrees and he goes inside to fetch the money.\n– Clitipho arrives back from his walk, still annoyed. Syrus tells him that Bacchis is now in Menedemus's house. Clitipho is at first dismayed, but then, to his astonishment, Chremes comes out and gives him money to take to pay Bacchis. Syrus and Clitipho depart to Menedemus's.\n– Left on his own, Chremes wonders how much money he will need to pay Antiphila's dowry when she gets married.\n– Now Menedemus comes out and tells Chremes that Clinia wants to marry Antiphila. But Chremes warns him that it is all a trick. He suggests Menedemus should pretend to go along with the trick and tell Clinia that the engagement has been agreed on. Each returns to his own house.Act 5.1 (874–907): trochaic septenarii (34 lines)Some time later Menedemus comes out again, telling himself that he has been a fool, but that Chremes has been an even greater one. Meanwhile Chremes also comes out, scolding his wife for talking so much about her new daughter. Menedemus tells him that Clinia didn't ask for any money, but that Clitipho went into a back bedroom with Bacchis and closed the door.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chremes punishes Clitipho","text":"Act 5.1 (908–939): iambic senarii (32 lines)Suddenly the music stops as Chremes realises that he has been duped. He is horrified at the thought of the expense that Bacchis and all her troupe of maids are going to cause him. As to Antiphila's marriage, he agrees to it, and promises a dowry of two talents. But to punish Clitipho, he requests Menedemus to tell Clitipho that Chremes has offered his whole fortune as a dowry, meaning that Clitipho will inherit none of it.Act 5.2 (940–979): trochaic septenarii (40 lines)Clitipho comes out, dismayed that his father has acted in this way. Chremes tells him that he is not annoyed with Clitipho or Syrus, but he has acted to prevent Bacchis squandering all his fortune. He goes inside.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"All is forgiven","text":"Act 5.2 (980–999): iambic octonarii (21 lines)Clitipho turns to Syrus and miserably asks what he is to do. Syrus hurriedly devises a new plan. He tells Clitipho that it seems that he can't really be Chremes's true son but only adopted. Clitipho agrees and goes inside to talk to his mother. Syrus congratulates himself on his clever plan.Act 5.2 (1000–1002): iambic septenarii (3 lines)Suddenly Syrus sees Chremes coming out, and, unsure of Chremes' mood, he escapes to Menedemus's house.Act 5.3 (1003–1023): mostly iambic octonarii, some trochaic septenarii (17 lines)Chremes and Sostrata come out, having a row. Each calls the other stupid. Chremes says that Clitipho is certainly her son since they behave the same way.Act 5.4–5.5 (1024–1067): trochaic septenarii (44 lines)Clitipho begs his mother to tell him if he is really her son. Sostrata reassures him but Chremes continues to speak angrily to Clitipho and call him all sorts of names. – Now Menedemus comes out and begs Chremes to forgive Clitipho. Chremes eventually agrees, but one condition: Clitipho must get married at once to a suitable girl. Clitipho is forced to agree and names one he is prepared to marry. Before the play ends Clitipho persuades Chremes also to forgive Syrus.","title":"Metrical scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"St Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Michel de Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne"},{"link_name":"John of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Henry Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Law Society of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Society_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Australian Academy of the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_the_Humanities"}],"text":"The most famous line in the play is line 77:[9]homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto.[10]The line was quoted twice by Cicero (Leg. 1.33 and Off. 1.29–30) and later by Seneca and many other writers. St Augustine (Epist. 155.14) recounts that he had heard that when it was spoken \"whole theatres burst into applause (theatra tota ... applausisse)\".In its original context it is a defensive reply by the busybody old man Chremes to his neighbour Menedemus, who says \"Have you got so much free time as to concern yourself with other people's affairs which have nothing to do with you?\", to which Chremes replies, \"I'm human: nothing human is not my concern\".However, in later centuries, it received a much wider interpretation:[11]Some would see in it, as Michel de Montaigne did, a man's confession of his emotional and spiritual weakness. Others, like John of Salisbury, perceive an expression of Christian charity. Others again make it a disavowal of intolerance and prudery in regard to human behaviour. Most would say that it had to do with being 'humane' in some very positive sense of this much used word...Among English authors who quoted it was Henry Fielding in Tom Jones (1749, Book XV, ch. VIII) who applies the quotation to his hero: “He was one who could truly say with him in Terence, Homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto.”[12]A shortened version of the line, HVMANI NIHIL ALIENVM, is used as the motto of various institutions, such as the Law Society of Scotland and the Australian Academy of the Humanities.","title":"Homo sum, humani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliot"},{"link_name":"Daniel Deronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Deronda"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Another, less well known, quotation from the play is referenced in George Eliot's epigraph to Chapter 25 of her novel Daniel Deronda:nam deteriores omnes sumus licentiae (line 483)\"For all of us are worse for licence\" i.e. \"if we are given free rein to do as we like\".[13]","title":"Nam deteriores omnes"}]
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[{"title":"Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quod_licet_Iovi,_non_licet_bovi"},{"title":"Lucius Ambivius Turpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Ambivius_Turpio"}]
[{"reference":"Lawrence Richardson Jr. (2006). \"The Terentian Adaptation of the Heauton Timorumenos of Menander\". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 46: 13–36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ricord, Frederick W. (1885). The Self-Tormentor (Heautontimorumenos) from the Latin of Publius Terentius Afer with More English Songs from Foreign Tongues. New York: Charles Scribner's. Retrieved 22 January 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/selftormentorhea00rico#page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The Self-Tormentor (Heautontimorumenos) from the Latin of Publius Terentius Afer with More English Songs from Foreign Tongues"}]},{"reference":"Terence with an English Translation by John Sargeaunt in Two Volumes (The Lady of Andros, The Self-Tormentor, The Eunuch). Vol. 1. London: William Heinemann. 1913. pp. 113–229. Retrieved 24 January 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/terence00unkngoog#page/n12/mode/2up","url_text":"Terence with an English Translation by John Sargeaunt in Two Volumes (The Lady of Andros, The Self-Tormentor, The Eunuch)"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraphyllum
Tetraphyllum
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Species","3 References"]
Genus of flowering plants Tetraphyllum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Gesneriaceae Subfamily: Didymocarpoideae Genus: TetraphyllumGriff. ex C.B.Clarke Species See text Synonyms Tetraphylloides Doweld, nomen novum, necessity disputed Tetraphyllum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. As of April 2021, there was no consensus as to whether the correct scientific name for the genus is Tetraphyllum or Tetraphylloides, some sources using the former and some the latter. Its native range is Eastern Himalaya to Indo-China. Description Species of Tetraphyllum are perennial herbaceous plants. They have erect stems, which die after flowering (monocarpic). Typically the stems have what appears to be a whorl of four leaves at the very top of the stem with pairs of scale leaves lower down. The flowers are arranged in short cymes. The fused petals are pink or blue, forming a wide funnel shape. There are either four or two stamens. The fruit is a capsule that splits into four valves. Taxonomy The genus name Tetraphyllum for plants in the family Gesneriaceae was first published in 1883 by Charles Baron Clarke, with the name attributed to William Griffith. Earlier, in 1880, A. Hosius and W. von der Marck had published the same genus name for a fossil, which they considered might be a plant, classifying it as "Plantae incertae sedis". If both names were published under the botanical code (now the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants; ICNafp), then Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke is an illegitimate later homonym of Tetraphyllum A.Hosius & W. von der Marck. On this basis, in 2018, Alexander Borissovitch Doweld published the replacement name Tetraphylloides, which the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and Plants of the World Online regarded as the correct name as of April 2021. However, as early as 1881 it was doubted whether the fossil named in 1880 was actually a plant, and in 2019, Markus Bertling treated the 1880 name as applying to a trace fossil, and hence an ichnotaxon name not subject to the ICNafp, arguing that this rendered the 1883 name legitimate. IPNI does not accept this argument, on the grounds that the botanical status of the name, and hence its illegitimacy, applies at the time it was published. A 2020 key to the Gesneriaceae accepts Bertling's view and uses the name Tetraphyllum. Tetraphyllum is placed in subfamily Didymocarpoideae, tribe Trichosporeae. Species As of April 2021, Plants of the World Online accepted three species (placing them in the genus Tetraphylloides): Tetraphyllum bengalense C.B.Clarke, syn. Tetraphylloides bengalensis (C.B.Clarke) Doweld Tetraphyllum confertiflorum (Drake) B.L.Burtt, syn. Tetraphylloides confertiflora (Drake) Doweld Tetraphyllum roseum Stapf, syn. Tetraphylloides roseus (Stapf) Doweld References ^ a b c "Tetraphylloides Doweld". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ Möller, Michael; Nampy, Santhosh; Janeesha, A.P. & Weber, Anton (2017). "The Gesneriaceae of India: Consequences of updated generic concepts and new family classification". Rheedea. 27 (1): 23–41. doi:10.22244/rheedea.2017.27.1.5. ^ a b c "Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2021-04-19. ^ Clarke, C.B. (1883). "XV. Tetraphyllum". Monographiae Phanerogamarum Prodromi nunc Continuato, nunc Revisio Auctoribus Alphonso et Casimir de Candolle Aliisque Botanicis Ultra Memoratis, Vol. 5. Paris: G. Masson. pp. 135–136. Retrieved 2021-04-19. ^ Hosius, A. & Marck, W. von der (1880). "Die Flora der Westfälischen Kreideformation". Palaeontographica. 26 (137): 125–236. Retrieved 2021-04-19. p. 137. ^ Doweld, Alexander B. (2017). "Tetraphylloides, a new replacement name for Tetraphyllum C.B.Clarke (Gesneriaceae) non Tetraphyllum Hosius & von der Marck (fossil Magnoliophyta)". Phytotaxa. 392 (3): 293–295. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.329.3.13. ^ Bertling, Markus (2019). "Trace fossils mistaken as plants: the nomenclatural status of Tetraphyllum (Gesneriaceae)". Phytotaxa. 425 (1): 63–66. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.425.1.6. ^ a b Weber, A.; Middleton, D.J.; Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2020). "Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae". Rheedea. 30 (1): 5–47. doi:10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02. Taxon identifiersTetraphyllum Wikidata: Q9086511 GBIF: 3233460 GRIN: 11993 iNaturalist: 186725 IPNI: 14118-1 IRMNG: 1313882 ITIS: 825833 NCBI: 656721 Open Tree of Life: 245907 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17238-1 Tropicos: 40012116 WFO: wfo-4000037958 Tetraphylloides Wikidata: Q105997765 Wikispecies: Tetraphylloides CoL: 63V4G GBIF: 10764591 IPNI: 77173885-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77173885-1 WFO: wfo-4001303436
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Gesneriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesneriaceae"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraphyllum&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"link_name":"Indo-China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_77173885-1-1"}],"text":"Tetraphyllum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. As of April 2021[update], there was no consensus as to whether the correct scientific name for the genus is Tetraphyllum or Tetraphylloides, some sources using the former and some the latter.Its native range is Eastern Himalaya to Indo-China.[1]","title":"Tetraphyllum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"herbaceous plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"cymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence#cyme"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MollNampJaneWebe17-2"}],"text":"Species of Tetraphyllum are perennial herbaceous plants. They have erect stems, which die after flowering (monocarpic). Typically the stems have what appears to be a whorl of four leaves at the very top of the stem with pairs of scale leaves lower down. The flowers are arranged in short cymes. The fused petals are pink or blue, forming a wide funnel shape. There are either four or two stamens. The fruit is a capsule that splits into four valves.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Baron Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baron_Clarke"},{"link_name":"William Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Griffith_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPNI_17238-1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clar83-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HosiMarc80-5"},{"link_name":"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants"},{"link_name":"Alexander Borissovitch Doweld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borissovitch_Doweld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"replacement name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_novum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dowe17-6"},{"link_name":"International Plant Names Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"Plants of the World Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraphyllum&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPNI_17238-1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_77173885-1-1"},{"link_name":"Markus Bertling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markus_Bertling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ichnotaxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnotaxon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bert19-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPNI_17238-1-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WebeMiddClarMoll20-8"},{"link_name":"Didymocarpoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymocarpoideae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WebeMiddClarMoll20-8"}],"text":"The genus name Tetraphyllum for plants in the family Gesneriaceae was first published in 1883 by Charles Baron Clarke, with the name attributed to William Griffith.[3][4] Earlier, in 1880, A. Hosius and W. von der Marck had published the same genus name for a fossil, which they considered might be a plant, classifying it as \"Plantae incertae sedis\".[5] If both names were published under the botanical code (now the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants; ICNafp), then Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke is an illegitimate later homonym of Tetraphyllum A.Hosius & W. von der Marck. On this basis, in 2018, Alexander Borissovitch Doweld published the replacement name Tetraphylloides,[6] which the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and Plants of the World Online regarded as the correct name as of April 2021[update].[3][1] However, as early as 1881 it was doubted whether the fossil named in 1880 was actually a plant, and in 2019, Markus Bertling treated the 1880 name as applying to a trace fossil, and hence an ichnotaxon name not subject to the ICNafp, arguing that this rendered the 1883 name legitimate.[7] IPNI does not accept this argument, on the grounds that the botanical status of the name, and hence its illegitimacy, applies at the time it was published.[3] A 2020 key to the Gesneriaceae accepts Bertling's view and uses the name Tetraphyllum.[8]Tetraphyllum is placed in subfamily Didymocarpoideae, tribe Trichosporeae.[8]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraphyllum&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_77173885-1-1"},{"link_name":"Tetraphyllum bengalense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraphyllum_bengalense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetraphyllum confertiflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraphyllum_confertiflorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetraphyllum roseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraphyllum_roseum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"As of April 2021[update], Plants of the World Online accepted three species (placing them in the genus Tetraphylloides):[1]Tetraphyllum bengalense C.B.Clarke, syn. Tetraphylloides bengalensis (C.B.Clarke) Doweld\nTetraphyllum confertiflorum (Drake) B.L.Burtt, syn. Tetraphylloides confertiflora (Drake) Doweld\nTetraphyllum roseum Stapf, syn. Tetraphylloides roseus (Stapf) Doweld","title":"Taxonomy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tetraphylloides Doweld\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77173885-1","url_text":"\"Tetraphylloides Doweld\""}]},{"reference":"Möller, Michael; Nampy, Santhosh; Janeesha, A.P. & Weber, Anton (2017). \"The Gesneriaceae of India: Consequences of updated generic concepts and new family classification\". Rheedea. 27 (1): 23–41. doi:10.22244/rheedea.2017.27.1.5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22244%2Frheedea.2017.27.1.5","url_text":"10.22244/rheedea.2017.27.1.5"}]},{"reference":"\"Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke\". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2021-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipni.org/n/17238-1","url_text":"\"Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B.Clarke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"The International Plant Names Index"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, C.B. (1883). \"XV. Tetraphyllum\". Monographiae Phanerogamarum Prodromi nunc Continuato, nunc Revisio Auctoribus Alphonso et Casimir de Candolle Aliisque Botanicis Ultra Memoratis, Vol. 5. Paris: G. Masson. pp. 135–136. Retrieved 2021-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32082095","url_text":"\"XV. Tetraphyllum\""}]},{"reference":"Hosius, A. & Marck, W. von der (1880). \"Die Flora der Westfälischen Kreideformation\". Palaeontographica. 26 (137): 125–236. Retrieved 2021-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33300136","url_text":"\"Die Flora der Westfälischen Kreideformation\""}]},{"reference":"Doweld, Alexander B. (2017). \"Tetraphylloides, a new replacement name for Tetraphyllum C.B.Clarke (Gesneriaceae) non Tetraphyllum Hosius & von der Marck (fossil Magnoliophyta)\". Phytotaxa. 392 (3): 293–295. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.329.3.13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.329.3.13","url_text":"10.11646/phytotaxa.329.3.13"}]},{"reference":"Bertling, Markus (2019). \"Trace fossils mistaken as plants: the nomenclatural status of Tetraphyllum (Gesneriaceae)\". Phytotaxa. 425 (1): 63–66. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.425.1.6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.425.1.6","url_text":"10.11646/phytotaxa.425.1.6"}]},{"reference":"Weber, A.; Middleton, D.J.; Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2020). \"Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae\". Rheedea. 30 (1): 5–47. doi:10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22244%2Frheedea.2020.30.01.02","url_text":"10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate
All-Palestine Protectorate
["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Prelude","2.2 Formation","2.3 1948–1952","2.4 Decline and dissolution","3 Legal status","4 Foreign relations","4.1 Recognition","4.2 Passports","5 Government and politics","5.1 Government","5.2 National Council","6 Military","7 Geography","8 Dissolution and aftermath","9 See also","10 References","11 Sources","12 Further reading"]
1948–1959 Egyptian client state in Gaza All-Palestine Protectorateمحمية عموم فلسطين1948–1959The Gaza Strip after the 1950 Armistice.StatusPartial recognitionClient state of the Kingdom of Egypt and later Republic of EgyptCapitalJerusalem (claimed)Gaza City (de facto 1948)Cairo (de facto 1949–59)Common languagesPalestinian ArabicReligion Sunni Islam, ChristianityGovernmentRepublicPresident • 1948 Amin al-Husseini Prime Minister • 1948 Ahmed Hilmi Abd al-Baqi Historical eraCold War• Established 22 September 1948• 1949 Armistice 1949• Arab League places Gaza Strip under official aegis of Egypt 1952• Government dissolved (except Prime Minister's post) 1953• Suez Crisis 1956• Disestablished 1959 CurrencyEgyptian poundISO 3166 codePS Preceded by Succeeded by Mandatory Palestine Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic Today part ofGaza Strip The All-Palestine Protectorate, also known as All-Palestine, the Gaza Protectorate or the Gaza Strip, was a short-lived client state with limited recognition, corresponding to the area of the modern Gaza Strip, that was established in the area captured by the Kingdom of Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and allowed to run as a protectorate under the All-Palestine Government. The Protectorate was declared on 22 September 1948 in Gaza City, and the All-Palestine Government was formed. The President of the Gaza-seated administration was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, the former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee, while the Prime Minister was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha. In December 1948, just three months after the declaration, the All-Palestine Government was relocated to Cairo and was never allowed to return to Gaza, making it a government in exile. With a further resolution of the Arab League to put the Gaza Strip under the official protection of Egypt in 1952, the All-Palestine Government was gradually stripped of its authority. In 1953, the government was nominally dissolved, though the Palestinian Prime Minister, Hilmi Pasha, continued to attend Arab League meetings on its behalf. In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into a military occupation area of Egypt. There are differences of opinion as to whether the All-Palestine Protectorate was a puppet or façade of the Egyptian occupation, with negligible independent funding or influence, or whether it was a genuine attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state. Though the All-Palestine Government claimed jurisdiction over the entire territories of the former British Mandatory Palestine, at no time did its effective jurisdiction extend beyond the Gaza Strip, with the West Bank annexed by Transjordan and Israel holding the rest. The All-Palestine Protectorate relied entirely on the Egyptian government for funding and on UNRWA to relieve the plight of the Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip. During most of its existence, the All-Palestine Protectorate was under de facto Egyptian administration, though Egypt never made any claim to or annexed any Palestinian territory. Egypt did not offer the Gazan Palestinians citizenship. Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports, and those living in the Gaza Strip were not permitted to move freely into Egypt. However, these passports were only recognized by six Arab countries. Name According to Israeli academic Zvi Elpeleg, the term All-Palestine was coined to forestall any possible criticism by King Abdullah I of Jordan that the establishment of a Palestinian government meant acceptance of the partition plan. History Part of a series on the History of Palestine Prehistory Natufian culture Pre-Pottery Tahunian Ghassulian Jericho Ancient history Canaan Phoenicia Egyptian Empire Ancient Israel and Judah (Israel, Judah) Philistia Philistines Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Empire Classical period Seleucus Antigonus Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom Province of Judea Syria Palaestina Byzantine Empire(Palaestina Prima / Secunda) Islamic rule Muslim conquest Rashidun (Jund Filastin, Jund al-Urdunn) Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Crusader Ayyubid Mamluk Ottoman Modern era Mandatory Palestine Nakba All-Palestine Jordanian West Bank Egyptian Gaza Strip Israel State of Israel Military Governorate Israeli Civil Administration State of Palestine (Palestinian enclaves; Palestinian Authority; West Bank; Gaza Strip) vte Prelude Further information: 1948 Arab–Israeli War Egypt supervised the government of Palestine in Gaza as a trustee on behalf of the Arab League. An Egyptian Ministerial order dated 1 June 1948 declared that all laws in force during the Mandate would continue to be in force in the Gaza Strip. Another order issued on 8 August 1948 vested an Egyptian Administrator-General with the powers of the High Commissioner. Formation The protectorate was established in the Gaza enclave area captured by the Kingdom of Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. All-Palestine was declared on 22 September 1948 in Gaza City, and the All-Palestine Government was formed. The Prime Minister of the Gaza-seated administration was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha and the President was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee. In December 1948, just three months after the declaration, the All-Palestine Government was relocated to Cairo and was never allowed to return to Gaza, making it a government in exile. The Arab–Israeli War came to an end with the Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement of 24 February 1949, which fixed the boundaries of the Gaza Strip. The All-Palestine Government was not a party to the Agreement nor involved in its negotiation. 1948–1952 The All-Palestine Government was entirely relocated to Cairo in late October 1948 and became a government-in-exile, gradually losing any importance. Having a part in the All-Palestine Government, President al-Husseini also remained in exile at Heliopolis in Egypt throughout much of the 1950s. Decline and dissolution With further resolution of the Arab League to put the Gaza Strip under the official protectorate of Egypt in 1952, the All-Palestine Government was gradually stripped of authority. In 1953, the government was nominally dissolved, though the Palestinian Prime Minister Hilmi continued to attend Arab League meetings on its behalf. In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into military occupation area of Egypt. Legal status Ernest A. Gross, a senior U.S. State Department legal adviser, authored a memorandum for the United States government titled Recognition of New States and Governments in Palestine, dated 11 May 1948. He expressed the view that "The Arab and Jewish communities will be legally entitled on May 15, 1948 (the date of expiry of the British Mandate) to proclaim states and organize governments in the areas of Palestine occupied by the respective communities." Gross also said "the law of nations recognizes an inherent right of people lacking the agencies and institutions of social and political control to organize a state and operate a government." Though this is a generally accepted principle of international law, Gross' opinion was only internal US government advice. In any event, the British Mandate did expire on 15 May 1948. Other than the Arab Higher Committee, which was re-established in 1945 by the Arab League, the Palestinian Arab community had no government, and no administrative or unified military structure. It relied on the objective declared by the Arab League on 12 April 1948, and the expectation that the Arab armies would prevail over the Palestinian Jewish community. As the war progressed, however, the ineffectiveness of the Committee became obvious. When it appeared that the Arab forces would not defeat the Israeli forces (and with King Abdullah I of Transjordan taking steps to annex the West Bank), fresh political measures were taken in the form of resurrecting the All-Palestine Government. By the end of the war, however, the Arab Higher Committee had become politically irrelevant. There are differences of opinion as to whether the All-Palestine Protectorate was a mere puppet or façade of the Egyptian occupation, with negligible independent funding or influence, or whether it was a genuine attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state. Though the All-Palestine Government claimed jurisdiction over the whole former British Mandate of Palestine at no time did its effective jurisdiction extend beyond the Gaza Strip, with the West Bank annexed by Jordan and Israel holding the rest. The All-Palestine Protectorate relied entirely on the Egyptian government for funding and on UNRWA to relieve the plight of the Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip. The All-Palestine Government relocated to Cairo in late 1948, where it became a government in exile and gradually fell apart because of its impotence, four years later becoming a department of the Arab League. The protectorate finally dissolved in 1959 by decree of Nasser. Foreign relations Recognition Egypt, which manipulated its formation, recognized All-Palestine on 12 October, followed by Syria and Lebanon on 13 October, Saudi Arabia the 14th and Yemen on the 16th. Iraq's decision to the same was made formally on the 12th, but was not made public. Both Great Britain and the US backed Jordan, the US saying that the mufti's role in World War II could be neither forgotten nor pardoned. Shortly thereafter, the Jericho Conference named King Abdullah I of Transjordan, "King of Arab Palestine". The Congress called for the union of Arab Palestine and Transjordan and Abdullah announced his intention to annex the West Bank. The other Arab League member states opposed Abdullah's plan. Passports 1948 – Palestinian Passport number 1 – All Palestine Government During most of its existence, the All-Palestine Protectorate was under de facto Egyptian administration, though Egypt never made any claim to or annexed any Palestinian territory. Egypt did not offer the Gazan Palestinians citizenship. Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports, and were not permitted to move freely into Egypt. However, these passports were only recognized by six Arab countries. The passports ceased to be issued when the All-Palestine Government was dissolved, though some countries continued to recognize them for some time. Government and politics Government Main article: All-Palestine Government The All-Palestine Government was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War to govern the All-Palestine protectorate. It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan. Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine, its effective jurisdiction was limited to the All-Palestine Protectorate (Gaza Strip). The Prime Minister of the Gaza-seated administration was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha, and the President was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee. The new government had no administration, no civil service, no money, and no real army of its own. It formally adopted the Flag of the Arab Revolt that had been used by Arab nationalists since 1917 and revived the Holy War Army with the declared aim of liberating Palestine. The government was dissolved by Egypt in 1953, retaining only the Prime Minister office. National Council Main article: All-Palestine National Council The All-Palestine National Council, officially Palestinian National Council (PNC). was convened in Gaza on 1 October 1948, under the chairmanship of Amin al-Husayni. The Council passed a series of resolutions culminating on 1 October 1948 with a declaration of independence over the whole of Palestine, with Jerusalem as its capital. The council served the legislative arm of the All-Palestine Protectorate. Military Main articles: Holy War Army and Palestinian fedayeen The All-Palestine Government revived the Holy War Army with the declared aim of "liberating Palestine". The Army, however, never actually recovered from the defeat of the 1947–1949 Palestine war and was in fact a collection of Palestinian fedayeen militias. The militias often engaged in armed attacks on Israeli border areas in what became known as the Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency. Geography The Gaza Strip was the only area of the former British Mandate territory that was under the nominal control of the All-Palestine Government. The rest of the British Mandate territory became either part of Israel or the West Bank, annexed by Transjordan (a move that was not recognized internationally, except by UK). Dissolution and aftermath In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into a military occupation area of Egypt. In 1957, the Basic Law of Gaza established a Legislative Council that could pass laws which were given to the High Administrator-General for approval. In 1962, elections were held in the Egyptian-occupied Gaza and 22 Palestinian members were elected into the council. See also 1950s portalEgypt portalPalestine portal Jordanian annexation of the West Bank References ^ Kumaraswamy, P.R. The A to Z of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. 2009. p. 15. ^ a b c d Oron, Yitzhak (September 7, 1960). "Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960". The Moshe Dayan Center – via Google Books. ^ a b c Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History p. 464 ^ Elpeleg, Zvi (1 April 1989). "Why Was 'Independent Palestine' Never Created in 1948?". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ See Palestine and International Law, ed. Sanford R. Siverburg, McFarland and Company, 2002, ISBN 0-7864-1191-0, p. 11. ^ Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement Archived May 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949 ^ The memo is contained in the Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, volume 5, part 2, p 964 and is cited by Stefan Talmon, in Recognition of Governments in International Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p 36 ^ Laurens 2007, pp. 167–169. ^ See Jericho Declaration, Palestine Post, December 14, 1948, Front page ^ Gelber, Y. Palestine, 1948. Pp. 177–78 ^ a b Elpeleg, Z. Why Was 'Independent Palestine' Never Created in 1948?. MFA. 01 April 1989. ^ Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987-1988, Vol 4, by Anis F. Kassim, Kluwer Law International (1 June 1988), ISBN 90-411-0341-4, p 294 ^ "From Occupation to Interim Accords", Raja Shehadeh, Kluwer Law International, 1997, pages 77–78; and Historical Overview, A. F. & R. Shehadeh Law Firm Archived 2009-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Sources Laurens, Henry (2007). Une mission sacrée de civilisation. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-63358-9. Further reading Shlaim, Avi (1990). "The rise and fall of the All-Palestine Government in Gaza." Journal of Palestine Studies. 20: 37–53. Shlaim, Avi (2001). "Israel and the Arab Coalition." In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.). The War for Palestine (pp. 79–103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79476-5
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"client state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"All-Palestine Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Government"},{"link_name":"Gaza City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Hajj Amin al-Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj_Amin_al-Husseini"},{"link_name":"Arab Higher Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Hilmi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hilmi_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p._464-3"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_exile"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleeastrecord128-2"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"United Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"military occupation area of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"West Bank annexed by Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"UNRWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNRWA"},{"link_name":"Palestinian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees"}],"text":"1948–1959 Egyptian client state in GazaThe All-Palestine Protectorate, also known as All-Palestine, the Gaza Protectorate or the Gaza Strip, was a short-lived client state with limited recognition, corresponding to the area of the modern Gaza Strip, that was established in the area captured by the Kingdom of Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and allowed to run as a protectorate under the All-Palestine Government. The Protectorate was declared on 22 September 1948 in Gaza City, and the All-Palestine Government was formed. The President of the Gaza-seated administration was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, the former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee, while the Prime Minister was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha.[3] In December 1948, just three months after the declaration, the All-Palestine Government was relocated to Cairo and was never allowed to return to Gaza, making it a government in exile. With a further resolution of the Arab League to put the Gaza Strip under the official protection of Egypt in 1952, the All-Palestine Government was gradually stripped of its authority. In 1953, the government was nominally dissolved, though the Palestinian Prime Minister, Hilmi Pasha, continued to attend Arab League meetings on its behalf.[2] In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into a military occupation area of Egypt.There are differences of opinion as to whether the All-Palestine Protectorate was a puppet or façade of the Egyptian occupation, with negligible independent funding or influence, or whether it was a genuine attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state. Though the All-Palestine Government claimed jurisdiction over the entire territories of the former British Mandatory Palestine, at no time did its effective jurisdiction extend beyond the Gaza Strip, with the West Bank annexed by Transjordan and Israel holding the rest. The All-Palestine Protectorate relied entirely on the Egyptian government for funding and on UNRWA to relieve the plight of the Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip. During most of its existence, the All-Palestine Protectorate was under de facto Egyptian administration, though Egypt never made any claim to or annexed any Palestinian territory. Egypt did not offer the Gazan Palestinians citizenship. Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports, and those living in the Gaza Strip were not permitted to move freely into Egypt. However, these passports were only recognized by six Arab countries.","title":"All-Palestine Protectorate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zvi Elpeleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Elpeleg"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to Israeli academic Zvi Elpeleg, the term All-Palestine was coined to forestall any possible criticism by King Abdullah I of Jordan that the establishment of a Palestinian government meant acceptance of the partition plan.[4]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Prelude","text":"Further information: 1948 Arab–Israeli WarEgypt supervised the government of Palestine in Gaza as a trustee on behalf of the Arab League.[5] An Egyptian Ministerial order dated 1 June 1948 declared that all laws in force during the Mandate would continue to be in force in the Gaza Strip. Another order issued on 8 August 1948 vested an Egyptian Administrator-General with the powers of the High Commissioner.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Gaza City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Hilmi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hilmi_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Hajj Amin al-Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj_Amin_al-Husseini"},{"link_name":"Arab Higher Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p._464-3"},{"link_name":"government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_exile"},{"link_name":"Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement of 24 February 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The protectorate was established in the Gaza enclave area captured by the Kingdom of Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. All-Palestine was declared on 22 September 1948 in Gaza City, and the All-Palestine Government was formed. The Prime Minister of the Gaza-seated administration was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha and the President was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee.[3] In December 1948, just three months after the declaration, the All-Palestine Government was relocated to Cairo and was never allowed to return to Gaza, making it a government in exile.The Arab–Israeli War came to an end with the Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement of 24 February 1949, which fixed the boundaries of the Gaza Strip.[6] The All-Palestine Government was not a party to the Agreement nor involved in its negotiation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1948–1952","text":"The All-Palestine Government was entirely relocated to Cairo in late October 1948 and became a government-in-exile, gradually losing any importance. Having a part in the All-Palestine Government, President al-Husseini also remained in exile at Heliopolis in Egypt throughout much of the 1950s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleeastrecord128-2"},{"link_name":"United Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"military occupation area of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip"}],"sub_title":"Decline and dissolution","text":"With further resolution of the Arab League to put the Gaza Strip under the official protectorate of Egypt in 1952, the All-Palestine Government was gradually stripped of authority. In 1953, the government was nominally dissolved, though the Palestinian Prime Minister Hilmi continued to attend Arab League meetings on its behalf.[2] In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into military occupation area of Egypt.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest A. Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_A._Gross"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arab Higher Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Jewish community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishuv"},{"link_name":"All-Palestine Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Government"},{"link_name":"All-Palestine Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Government"},{"link_name":"UNRWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Palestinian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_in_exile"}],"text":"Ernest A. Gross, a senior U.S. State Department legal adviser, authored a memorandum for the United States government titled Recognition of New States and Governments in Palestine, dated 11 May 1948. He expressed the view that \"The Arab and Jewish communities will be legally entitled on May 15, 1948 (the date of expiry of the British Mandate) to proclaim states and organize governments in the areas of Palestine occupied by the respective communities.\" Gross also said \"the law of nations recognizes an inherent right of people lacking the agencies and institutions of social and political control to organize a state and operate a government.\"[7]Though this is a generally accepted principle of international law, Gross' opinion was only internal US government advice. In any event, the British Mandate did expire on 15 May 1948. Other than the Arab Higher Committee, which was re-established in 1945 by the Arab League, the Palestinian Arab community had no government, and no administrative or unified military structure. It relied on the objective declared by the Arab League on 12 April 1948, and the expectation that the Arab armies would prevail over the Palestinian Jewish community. As the war progressed, however, the ineffectiveness of the Committee became obvious.When it appeared that the Arab forces would not defeat the Israeli forces (and with King Abdullah I of Transjordan taking steps to annex the West Bank), fresh political measures were taken in the form of resurrecting the All-Palestine Government. By the end of the war, however, the Arab Higher Committee had become politically irrelevant.There are differences of opinion as to whether the All-Palestine Protectorate was a mere puppet or façade of the Egyptian occupation, with negligible independent funding or influence, or whether it was a genuine attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state. Though the All-Palestine Government claimed jurisdiction over the whole former British Mandate of Palestine at no time did its effective jurisdiction extend beyond the Gaza Strip, with the West Bank annexed by Jordan and Israel holding the rest. The All-Palestine Protectorate relied entirely on the Egyptian government for funding and on UNRWA to relieve the plight of the Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip. The All-Palestine Government relocated to Cairo in late 1948, where it became a government in exile and gradually fell apart because of its impotence, four years later becoming a department of the Arab League. The protectorate finally dissolved in 1959 by decree of Nasser.","title":"Legal status"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Foreign relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"mufti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj_Amin_al-Husayni"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jericho Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Conference"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"Egypt, which manipulated its formation, recognized All-Palestine on 12 October, followed by Syria and Lebanon on 13 October, Saudi Arabia the 14th and Yemen on the 16th. Iraq's decision to the same was made formally on the 12th, but was not made public. Both Great Britain and the US backed Jordan, the US saying that the mufti's role in World War II could be neither forgotten nor pardoned.[8]Shortly thereafter, the Jericho Conference named King Abdullah I of Transjordan, \"King of Arab Palestine\".[9] The Congress called for the union of Arab Palestine and Transjordan and Abdullah announced his intention to annex the West Bank. The other Arab League member states opposed Abdullah's plan.","title":"Foreign relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_-_Palestinian_Passport_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"}],"sub_title":"Passports","text":"1948 – Palestinian Passport number 1 – All Palestine GovernmentDuring most of its existence, the All-Palestine Protectorate was under de facto Egyptian administration, though Egypt never made any claim to or annexed any Palestinian territory. Egypt did not offer the Gazan Palestinians citizenship. Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports, and were not permitted to move freely into Egypt. However, these passports were only recognized by six Arab countries. The passports ceased to be issued when the All-Palestine Government was dissolved, though some countries continued to recognize them for some time.","title":"Foreign relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Palestine Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Government"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gelber177-10"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Hilmi Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hilmi_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Hajj Amin al-Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj_Amin_al-Husseini"},{"link_name":"Arab Higher Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p._464-3"},{"link_name":"Flag of the Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Holy War Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_War_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleeastrecord128-2"}],"sub_title":"Government","text":"The All-Palestine Government was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War to govern the All-Palestine protectorate. It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan. Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine, its effective jurisdiction was limited to the All-Palestine Protectorate (Gaza Strip).[10] The Prime Minister of the Gaza-seated administration was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha, and the President was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee.[3]The new government had no administration, no civil service, no money, and no real army of its own. It formally adopted the Flag of the Arab Revolt that had been used by Arab nationalists since 1917 and revived the Holy War Army with the declared aim of liberating Palestine. The government was dissolved by Egypt in 1953, retaining only the Prime Minister office.[2]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Palestine National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_National_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpeleg-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpeleg-11"},{"link_name":"Amin al-Husayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kassim-12"}],"sub_title":"National Council","text":"The All-Palestine National Council, officially Palestinian National Council (PNC).[11] was convened in Gaza on 1 October 1948,[11] under the chairmanship of Amin al-Husayni. The Council passed a series of resolutions culminating on 1 October 1948 with a declaration of independence over the whole of Palestine, with Jerusalem as its capital.[12] The council served the legislative arm of the All-Palestine Protectorate.","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy War Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_War_Army"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"1947–1949 Palestine war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war"},{"link_name":"Palestinian fedayeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency"}],"text":"The All-Palestine Government revived the Holy War Army with the declared aim of \"liberating Palestine\". The Army, however, never actually recovered from the defeat of the 1947–1949 Palestine war and was in fact a collection of Palestinian fedayeen militias. The militias often engaged in armed attacks on Israeli border areas in what became known as the Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency.","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bank, annexed by Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"}],"text":"The Gaza Strip was the only area of the former British Mandate territory that was under the nominal control of the All-Palestine Government. The rest of the British Mandate territory became either part of Israel or the West Bank, annexed by Transjordan (a move that was not recognized internationally, except by UK).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"military occupation area of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council_(Gaza_Strip)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shehadeh-13"},{"link_name":"Egyptian-occupied Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip"}],"text":"In 1959, the protectorate was de jure merged into the United Arab Republic, while de facto turning Gaza into a military occupation area of Egypt.In 1957, the Basic Law of Gaza established a Legislative Council that could pass laws which were given to the High Administrator-General for approval.[13] In 1962, elections were held in the Egyptian-occupied Gaza and 22 Palestinian members were elected into the council.","title":"Dissolution and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurens, Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Laurens"},{"link_name":"Une mission sacrée de civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VvovAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"La Question de Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Question_de_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Fayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-213-63358-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-63358-9"}],"text":"Laurens, Henry (2007). Une mission sacrée de civilisation. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-63358-9.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shlaim, Avi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Shlaim"},{"link_name":"Journal of Palestine Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130514063910/http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/diplomacy/Shlaim%2C%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20All%20Palestine%20Govt.pdf"},{"link_name":"Eugene Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Rogan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-79476-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79476-5"}],"text":"Shlaim, Avi (1990). \"The rise and fall of the All-Palestine Government in Gaza.\" Journal of Palestine Studies. 20: 37–53.[2]\nShlaim, Avi (2001). \"Israel and the Arab Coalition.\" In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.). The War for Palestine (pp. 79–103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79476-5","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"1948 – Palestinian Passport number 1 – All Palestine Government","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1948_-_Palestinian_Passport_2.jpg/220px-1948_-_Palestinian_Passport_2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"1950s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1950s"},{"title":"Egypt portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt"},{"title":"Palestine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Palestine"},{"title":"Jordanian annexation of the West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"}]
[{"reference":"Oron, Yitzhak (September 7, 1960). \"Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960\". The Moshe Dayan Center – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC","url_text":"\"Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960\""}]},{"reference":"Elpeleg, Zvi (1 April 1989). \"Why Was 'Independent Palestine' Never Created in 1948?\". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/why%20was%20-independent%20palestine-%20never%20created%20in%201.aspx","url_text":"\"Why Was 'Independent Palestine' Never Created in 1948?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606070518/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/why%20was%20-independent%20palestine-%20never%20created%20in%201.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Laurens, Henry (2007). Une mission sacrée de civilisation. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-63358-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Laurens","url_text":"Laurens, Henry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvovAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Une mission sacrée de civilisation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Question_de_Palestine","url_text":"La Question de Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard","url_text":"Fayard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-63358-9","url_text":"978-2-213-63358-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC","external_links_name":"\"Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA464","external_links_name":"p. 464"},{"Link":"https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/why%20was%20-independent%20palestine-%20never%20created%20in%201.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Why Was 'Independent Palestine' Never Created in 1948?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606070518/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/why%20was%20-independent%20palestine-%20never%20created%20in%201.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6","external_links_name":"Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140525024736/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://jpress.tau.ac.il/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TAUEn&BaseHref=PLS/1948/12/14&PageLabelPrint=1&EntityId=Ar00106&ViewMode=HTML","external_links_name":"See Jericho Declaration, Palestine Post, December 14, 1948, Front page"},{"Link":"http://www.shehadehlaw.com/businessLaw.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090509172526/http://www.shehadehlaw.com/businessLaw.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvovAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Une mission sacrée de civilisation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514063910/http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/diplomacy/Shlaim%2C%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20All%20Palestine%20Govt.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_territory
Customs territory
["1 List of customs territories","1.1 Unions","1.2 Exclusions for external territories","1.2.1 Australia","1.2.2 China","1.2.3 Europe","1.2.4 New Zealand","1.2.5 United Kingdom","1.2.6 United States","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
A customs territory is a geographic territory with uniform customs regulations and there are no internal customs or similar taxes within the territory. Customs territories may fall into several types: A sovereign state, including a federation A trade bloc that has a customs union An autonomous or dependent territory that is granted by the sovereign government some degree of independence in foreign trade and customs policy. There are also some unregulated lands (usually uninhabited) not part of any customs territory. As of 2010, most customs unions rarely operate as a single entity and are represented in relations with other customs territories either jointly by their member state governments and the union institutions or by only the member states. Thus, in practice, they rarely appear as a single customs territory and instead they operate as a multiple separate customs territories that have the same or similar customs tariffs. The European Union (EU) is the only trade bloc in which the union institutions have exclusive competence over the common external tariff and thus sign and ratify agreements with foreign states without direct participation of the EU member states. The EU is also the only trade bloc member of the World Trade Organization, but the EU member states also continue their own separate memberships, as not all of the WTO issues fall within the scope of exclusive EU competences. The governing organs (government or other responsible administrative entity for the states and territories, secretariat or similar international organization body for the trade blocs) of the customs territories negotiate and sign trade agreements. In some cases the negotiations are conducted by a trade bloc secretariat, but the actual agreement is signed by the member states of the trade bloc. It is also possible for a group of customs territories, that do not form a customs union (regardless if they cooperate as a different type of trade bloc), to negotiate trade agreements together and to sign the resulting agreement individually (for example, the European Free Trade Association). A customs territory usually has inspection stations at its borders. There can also be border checks between two parts of the same customs territory. For example, there are border checks between the Schengen Area portions of the EU customs territory and those portions in the Common Travel Area formed by the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies, and Ireland. Another example is the border checks between Israel and the Palestinian Territories, which are in a customs union. The European Union example is particularly complicated, since it also has different boundaries for EU VAT area, the EU excise duty area, the area where EU law applies, and the area considered by the EU statistics agency. List of customs territories Unions Countries which are members of a customs union, which in some cases may be considered a single customs territory: Andean Community of Nations (CAN)  Bolivia  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru Caribbean Community (CARICOM)  Antigua and Barbuda  Barbados  Belize  Dominica  Grenada  Guyana  Jamaica  Montserrat  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Suriname  Trinidad and Tobago Other CARICOM member states, The Bahamas and Haiti are not a part of the customs union arrangement although Haiti is in the process of acceding. East African Community (EAC)  Burundi  Kenya  Rwanda  Tanzania  Uganda Eurasian Customs Union  Armenia  Belarus  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Russia Russia unilaterally negotiated a free trade agreement (excluding sugar, alcohol, and tobacco) with  Abkhazia and  South Ossetia. These areas are claimed by  Georgia, which is not a member of the customs union. European Union Customs Union (internal border checks) - includes the territory of  European Union member countries, excepting many areas outside of continental Europe, and some exclaves and border areas. (See Special member state territories and the European Union for a detailed list.) Various treaties extend the EU customs area to include the non-EU states of:  Akrotiri and Dhekelia  Andorra (excluding agricultural produce)  Monaco  San Marino  Turkey (excluding agricultural produce)  Israel —  Palestinian Authority customs union (internal border checks) Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR)  Argentina  Brazil  Paraguay  Uruguay  Venezuela  Bolivia (pending as of May 2014) Southern African Customs Union (SACU)  Botswana  Eswatini  Lesotho  Namibia  South Africa   Switzerland —  Liechtenstein — Büsingen am Hochrhein customs union (no external border checks) United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union  Isle of Man  Guernsey  Jersey  England  Scotland  Wales Exclusions for external territories Countries with external territories variously put them inside or outside the main domestic customs area. Australia External territories of Australia are outside its main customs zone, but the inhabited ones get preferential tariff treatment. China The following customs territories are outside the customs territory of the  People's Republic of China: Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China  Hong Kong, autonomous territory of PR China  Macau, autonomous territory of PR China  Republic of China (Taiwan) (officially titled as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu or Chinese Taipei in the WTO) Europe Treatment of special territories of members of the European Economic Area varies. New Zealand Tokelau is in a separate customs zone from the North and South Islands of New Zealand, as are the freely associated states of Niue and the Cook Islands. United Kingdom Though Northern Ireland is considered an integral part of the United Kingdom and is not part of the European Union, to maintain a peaceful resolution of the Northern Ireland Conflict, it has an open border with the Republic of Ireland, which is part of the European Union customs union. Under the Northern Ireland Protocol, internal shipments from Great Britain to Northern Ireland are regulated as imports to the EU, but shipments from Northern Ireland can enter the rest of UK customs union barrier-free. United States Further information: Foreign trade of the United States § Customs territory The customs territory of the  United States includes the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S Commonwealth of  Puerto Rico. The following dependent United States territories are outside the customs territory and most administer customs separately:  American Samoa - Government of American Samoa  Guam - Government of Guam  Northern Mariana Islands - Government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands United States Minor Outlying Islands Wake Island - Department of the Air Force General Counsel Midway Islands - Department of the Navy Johnston Atoll - none (Other islands are uninhabited, although Palmyra Atoll, administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, is permanently staffed and has several private land parcels. It has no customs administration or duties.)  US Virgin Islands - Federal rules as modified by the Virgin Islands legislature, but implemented by U.S. Customs and Border Protection See also List of free economic zones Economic integration Member states of the World Customs Organization References ^ For example: Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European Community, of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part. ^ see the list of customs unions for references ^ "New Separatist Recruits for Russia's Customs Union". Eurasianet. ^ Some of the special EU member state territories are covered by EU law (Art.52 TEU and Art.355 TFEU), but nevertheless remain outside the EU customs territory. "Annex 1: Overview of European Union countries" (PDF). Retrieved 21 Apr 2014. ^ "External Territories". Australian Border Force. ^ Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei), World Trade Organization, retrieved 2014-09-10, Chinese Taipei has been a member of WTO since 1 January 2002. ^ Tokelau Customs Regulations 1991 ^ Niue Customs Act 1966, Niue Customs Tariff Act 1982 ^ Cook Islands Customs Legislation and Tariffs ^ 19 CFR 101.1 ^ 19 CFR 7.2 External links "List of non-EU countries". Retrieved 2014-04-12. Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"trade bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_bloc"},{"link_name":"customs union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_union"},{"link_name":"autonomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autonomous_areas_by_country"},{"link_name":"dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"foreign trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade"},{"link_name":"customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Customs_territory&action=edit"},{"link_name":"customs unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_customs_unions"},{"link_name":"customs tariffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_tariff"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"exclusive competence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon#Defined_policy_areas"},{"link_name":"common external tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_external_tariff"},{"link_name":"agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_pact"},{"link_name":"without direct participation of the EU member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"EU member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_member_states"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)"},{"link_name":"trade agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_agreements"},{"link_name":"European Free Trade Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association"},{"link_name":"inspection stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_control#Customs"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"Common Travel Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Travel_Area"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"EU VAT area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax#EU_VAT_area"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A sovereign state, including a federation\nA trade bloc that has a customs union\nAn autonomous or dependent territory that is granted by the sovereign government some degree of independence in foreign trade and customs policy.[citation needed]There are also some unregulated lands (usually uninhabited) not part of any customs territory.As of 2010,[update] most customs unions rarely operate as a single entity and are represented in relations with other customs territories either jointly by their member state governments and the union institutions or by only the member states. Thus, in practice, they rarely appear as a single customs territory and instead they operate as a multiple separate customs territories that have the same or similar customs tariffs. The European Union (EU) is the only trade bloc in which the union institutions have exclusive competence over the common external tariff and thus sign and ratify agreements with foreign states without direct participation of the EU member states.[1] The EU is also the only trade bloc member of the World Trade Organization, but the EU member states also continue their own separate memberships, as not all of the WTO issues fall within the scope of exclusive EU competences[citation needed].The governing organs (government or other responsible administrative entity for the states and territories, secretariat or similar international organization body for the trade blocs) of the customs territories negotiate and sign trade agreements. In some cases the negotiations are conducted by a trade bloc secretariat, but the actual agreement is signed by the member states of the trade bloc. It is also possible for a group of customs territories, that do not form a customs union (regardless if they cooperate as a different type of trade bloc), to negotiate trade agreements together and to sign the resulting agreement individually (for example, the European Free Trade Association).A customs territory usually has inspection stations at its borders. There can also be border checks between two parts of the same customs territory. For example, there are border checks between the Schengen Area portions of the EU customs territory and those portions in the Common Travel Area formed by the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies, and Ireland[citation needed]. Another example is the border checks between Israel and the Palestinian Territories, which are in a customs union. The European Union example is particularly complicated, since it also has different boundaries for EU VAT area, the EU excise duty area, the area where EU law applies, and the area considered by the EU statistics agency[citation needed].","title":"Customs territory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Andean Community of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Community"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"East African Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Eurasian Customs Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"European Union Customs Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUcustoms-4"},{"link_name":"Special member state territories and the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Akrotiri and Dhekelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Southern Common Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Common_Market"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Southern African Customs Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Büsingen am Hochrhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCsingen_am_Hochrhein"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"sub_title":"Unions","text":"Countries which are members of a customs union, which in some cases may be considered a single customs territory:[2]Andean Community of Nations (CAN)\n Bolivia\n Colombia\n Ecuador\n Peru\nCaribbean Community (CARICOM)\n Antigua and Barbuda\n Barbados\n Belize\n Dominica\n Grenada\n Guyana\n Jamaica\n Montserrat\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n Saint Lucia\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n Suriname\n Trinidad and Tobago\nOther CARICOM member states, The Bahamas and Haiti are not a part of the customs union arrangement although Haiti is in the process of acceding.\nEast African Community (EAC)\n Burundi\n Kenya\n Rwanda\n Tanzania\n Uganda\nEurasian Customs Union\n Armenia\n Belarus\n Kazakhstan\n Kyrgyzstan\n Russia\nRussia unilaterally negotiated a free trade agreement (excluding sugar, alcohol, and tobacco) with  Abkhazia and  South Ossetia.[3] These areas are claimed by  Georgia, which is not a member of the customs union.\nEuropean Union Customs Union (internal border checks) - includes the territory of  European Union member countries, excepting many areas outside of continental Europe, and some exclaves and border areas.[4] (See Special member state territories and the European Union for a detailed list.) Various treaties extend the EU customs area to include the non-EU states of:\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n Andorra (excluding agricultural produce)\n Monaco\n San Marino\n Turkey (excluding agricultural produce)\n Israel —  Palestinian Authority customs union (internal border checks)\nSouthern Common Market (MERCOSUR)\n Argentina\n Brazil\n Paraguay\n Uruguay\n Venezuela\n Bolivia (pending as of May 2014)\nSouthern African Customs Union (SACU)\n Botswana\n Eswatini\n Lesotho\n Namibia\n South Africa\n  Switzerland —  Liechtenstein — Büsingen am Hochrhein customs union (no external border checks)\nUnited Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union\n Isle of Man\n Guernsey\n Jersey\n England\n Scotland\n Wales","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"external territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_territories"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories","text":"Countries with external territories variously put them inside or outside the main domestic customs area.","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"External territories of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories - Australia","text":"External territories of Australia are outside its main customs zone, but the inhabited ones get preferential tariff treatment.[5]","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"PR China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_China"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"PR China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_China"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_Customs_Territory_of_Taiwan,_Penghu,_Kinmen,_and_Matsu"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"WTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories - China","text":"The following customs territories are outside the customs territory of the  People's Republic of China:Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China\n Hong Kong, autonomous territory of PR China\n Macau, autonomous territory of PR China\n Republic of China (Taiwan) (officially titled as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu or Chinese Taipei in the WTO)[6]","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special territories of members of the European Economic Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories - Europe","text":"Treatment of special territories of members of the European Economic Area varies.","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau"},{"link_name":"freely associated states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freely_associated_state"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories - New Zealand","text":"Tokelau is in a separate customs zone from the North and South Islands of New Zealand, as are the freely associated states of Niue and the Cook Islands.[7][8][9]","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conflict"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories - United Kingdom","text":"Though Northern Ireland is considered an integral part of the United Kingdom and is not part of the European Union, to maintain a peaceful resolution of the Northern Ireland Conflict, it has an open border with the Republic of Ireland, which is part of the European Union customs union. Under the Northern Ireland Protocol, internal shipments from Great Britain to Northern Ireland are regulated as imports to the EU, but shipments from Northern Ireland can enter the rest of UK customs union barrier-free.","title":"List of customs territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foreign trade of the United States § Customs territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States#Customs_territory"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Midway Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Islands"},{"link_name":"Johnston Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Palmyra Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"US Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions for external territories - United States","text":"Further information: Foreign trade of the United States § Customs territoryThe customs territory of the  United States includes the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S Commonwealth of  Puerto Rico.[10] The following dependent United States territories are outside the customs territory and most administer customs separately:[11]American Samoa - Government of American Samoa\n Guam - Government of Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands - Government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands\nUnited States Minor Outlying Islands\nWake Island - Department of the Air Force General Counsel\nMidway Islands - Department of the Navy\nJohnston Atoll - none\n(Other islands are uninhabited, although Palmyra Atoll, administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, is permanently staffed and has several private land parcels. It has no customs administration or duties.)\n US Virgin Islands - Federal rules as modified by the Virgin Islands legislature, but implemented by U.S. Customs and Border Protection","title":"List of customs territories"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of free economic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_economic_zones"},{"title":"Economic integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_integration"},{"title":"Member states of the World Customs Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Customs_Organization"}]
[{"reference":"\"New Separatist Recruits for Russia's Customs Union\". Eurasianet.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurasianet.org/new-separatist-recruits-for-russias-customs-union","url_text":"\"New Separatist Recruits for Russia's Customs Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annex 1: Overview of European Union countries\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 Apr 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/customs/procedural_aspects/general/sad/guide/1619-08annexi_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Annex 1: Overview of European Union countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"External Territories\". Australian Border Force.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/fta/other-preferential-arrangements/external-territories","url_text":"\"External Territories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Border_Force","url_text":"Australian Border Force"}]},{"reference":"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei), World Trade Organization, retrieved 2014-09-10, Chinese Taipei has been a member of WTO since 1 January 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm","url_text":"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei)"}]},{"reference":"\"List of non-EU countries\". Retrieved 2014-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/introduction/article_403_en.htm","url_text":"\"List of non-EU countries\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Customs_territory&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/montenegro/key_documents/interim_agreementlexuriserv_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European Community, of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part"},{"Link":"https://eurasianet.org/new-separatist-recruits-for-russias-customs-union","external_links_name":"\"New Separatist Recruits for Russia's Customs Union\""},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/customs/procedural_aspects/general/sad/guide/1619-08annexi_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annex 1: Overview of European Union countries\""},{"Link":"https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/fta/other-preferential-arrangements/external-territories","external_links_name":"\"External Territories\""},{"Link":"http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm","external_links_name":"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei)"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1991/0004/1.0/whole.html","external_links_name":"Tokelau Customs Regulations 1991"},{"Link":"https://niue.tradeportal.org/media/Customs%20Act%201966.pdf","external_links_name":"Niue Customs Act 1966"},{"Link":"https://niue.tradeportal.org/media/Customs%20Tariff%20Act%201982.pdf","external_links_name":"Niue Customs Tariff Act 1982"},{"Link":"https://www.mfem.gov.ck/customs-legislation-tariffs","external_links_name":"Cook Islands Customs Legislation and Tariffs"},{"Link":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-19/part-101.1","external_links_name":"101.1"},{"Link":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-19/part-7.2","external_links_name":"7.2"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/introduction/article_403_en.htm","external_links_name":"\"List of non-EU countries\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191018-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Basketball_Federation
Basketball Belgium
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Basketball BelgiumFIBA EuropeAssociation crestFounded1933; 91 years ago (1933)HeadquartersBrussels, BelgiumPresidentJan Van LantschootWebsitewww.basketballbelgium.be Basketball Belgium (French: Basketball Belgique, Dutch: Basketbal België, German: Basketball Belgien) is the governing body of basketball in Belgium. It was founded in 1933, and they became members of FIBA the same year. They are headquartered in Brussels. Basketball Belgium operates the Belgium men's national team and Belgium women's national team. They organise national competitions in Belgium, for both the men's and women's senior teams, and also the youth national basketball teams. The top professional league in Belgium is the BNXT League. See also Belgium men's national basketball team Belgium men's national under-20 basketball team Belgium men's national under-18 basketball team Belgium men's national under-16 basketball team Belgium men's national 3x3 team Belgium women's national basketball team Belgium women's national under-20 basketball team Belgium women's national under-19 basketball team Belgium women's national under-17 basketball team Belgium women's national 3x3 team References ^ "Belgium FIBA Europe". eurobasket.com. Retrieved 2022-10-18. ^ "Belgian Professional league". Retrieved 2022-10-18. External links Official website Belgium FIBA profile vteNational members of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA)FIBA Africa ALG ANG BEN BOT BUR BDI CMR CPV CAF CHA COM CGO COD CIV DJI EGY GEQ ERI ETH GAB GAM GHA GUI GBA KEN LES LBR LBA MAD MAW MLI MTN MRI MAR MOZ NAM NIG NGR RWA RSA STP SENl SEY SLE SOM SSD SUD SWZ TAN TGA TUN UGA ZAM ZIM FIBA Americas ANT ARG AUR BAH BAR BER BIZ BOL BRA BVI CAN CAY CHI COL CRC CUB DMA DOM ECU ESA GRN GUA GUY HAI HON JAM MEX MSR AHO NCA PAN PAR PER PUR MSR SKN VIN SUR TCA TRI URU USA ISV VEN FIBA Asia AFG BRN BAN BHU BRN CAM CHN PRK HKG IND INA IRI IRQ JPN JOR KAZ KGZ KOR KUW LAO LIB MAC MAS MDV MGL MYA NEP OMA PAK PLE PHI QAT KSA SIN SRI SYR TJK THA TKM TPE UAE UZB VIE YEM FIBA Europe ALB AND ARM AUT AZE BLR BEL BIH BUL CRO CYP CZE DEN ENG EST ESP FIN FRA GEO GER GIB GBR GRE HUN ISL IRL ISR ITA KOS LAT LTU LUX MDA MKD MLT MNE MON NED NOR POL POR ROM RUS SMR SCO SRB SVK SLO SWE SUI TUR UKR WAL FIBA Oceania ASA AUS COK FIJ FSM GUM KIR MHL NRU NCL NZL NMI PLW PNG SAM SOL TAH TGA TUV VAN Wallis & Futuna Pinnacle Events Olympics World Cup vteNational basketball associations of Europe (FIBA Europe)Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Great Britain England Scotland Wales Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia vteSports governing bodies in Belgium (BEL)Summer Olympic sports Aquatics diving swimming synchronized swimming water polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. beach volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating figure speed short track Ice hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing Alpine cross country Nordic combined freestyle jumping Snowboarding Other IOC recognised sports Air sports Bandy Baseball Billiard sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Motorsport Mountaineering and climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby union Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water ski Wushu Paralympic sports Other sports Rugby league Quidditch Belgian Olympic and Interfederal Committee Belgian Paralympic Committee This article about sport in Belgium is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This basketball-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Belgium men's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Belgium women's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BNXT League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNXT_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Basketball Belgium (French: Basketball Belgique, Dutch: Basketbal België, German: Basketball Belgien) is the governing body of basketball in Belgium. It was founded in 1933, and they became members of FIBA the same year. They are headquartered in Brussels.Basketball Belgium operates the Belgium men's national team and Belgium women's national team. They organise national competitions in Belgium, for both the men's and women's senior teams, and also the youth national basketball teams.[1]The top professional league in Belgium is the BNXT League.[2]","title":"Basketball Belgium"}]
[]
[{"title":"Belgium men's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium men's national under-20 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_under-20_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium men's national under-18 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_under-18_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium men's national under-16 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium men's national 3x3 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_men%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"title":"Belgium women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium women's national under-20 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_national_under-20_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium women's national under-19 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_national_under-19_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium women's national under-17 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_national_under-17_basketball_team"},{"title":"Belgium women's national 3x3 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_women%27s_national_3x3_team"}]
[{"reference":"\"Belgium FIBA Europe\". eurobasket.com. Retrieved 2022-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/basketball.aspx","url_text":"\"Belgium FIBA Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian Professional league\". Retrieved 2022-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://bnxtleague.com/en","url_text":"\"Belgian Professional league\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.basketballbelgium.be/","external_links_name":"www.basketballbelgium.be"},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/basketball.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Belgium FIBA Europe\""},{"Link":"https://bnxtleague.com/en","external_links_name":"\"Belgian Professional league\""},{"Link":"http://www.basketballbelgium.be/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Belgium","external_links_name":"Belgium FIBA profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball_Belgium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball_Belgium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad_(disambiguation)
Lotfabad (disambiguation)
[]
Lotfabad is a city in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Lotfabad (Persian: لطف اباد) may refer to: Lotfabad, East Azerbaijan Lotfabad, Anar, Kerman Province Lotfabad, Anbarabad, Kerman Province Lotfabad, Narmashir, Kerman Province Lotfabad, Rafsanjan, Kerman Province Lotfabad, Sardasht, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province Lotfabad, Seyyedvaliyeddin, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province Lotfabad, Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan Province Lotfabad District, in Razavi Khorasan Province Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotfabad, East Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_East_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Anar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Anar"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Anbarabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Anbarabad"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Narmashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Narmashir"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Rafsanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Rafsanjan"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Sardasht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Sardasht"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Seyyedvaliyeddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Seyyedvaliyeddin"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad, Nishapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad,_Nishapur"},{"link_name":"Lotfabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfabad_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lotfabad_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Lotfabad (Persian: لطف اباد) may refer to:Lotfabad, East Azerbaijan\nLotfabad, Anar, Kerman Province\nLotfabad, Anbarabad, Kerman Province\nLotfabad, Narmashir, Kerman Province\nLotfabad, Rafsanjan, Kerman Province\nLotfabad, Sardasht, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province\nLotfabad, Seyyedvaliyeddin, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province\nLotfabad, Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan Province\nLotfabad District, in Razavi Khorasan ProvinceTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Lotfabad (disambiguation)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lotfabad_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Jizhou_railway
Tianjin–Jizhou railway
["1 Stations for passenger services","2 See also","3 Notes and references","4 External links"]
Railway line in Tianjin, China Tianjin–Jizhou railway or Jinji railway (simplified Chinese: 津蓟铁路; traditional Chinese: 津薊鐵路; pinyin: Jīnjì Tiělù) is a 92 km long minor railway line in China connecting urban Tianjin and Jizhou. In 2015, a number of regional rail services referred as Line S9 started operating on the line. Stations for passenger services StationNo. Station Name Connections Distancekm Location Section English Chinese TJP Tianjin 天津  Jingjin   2   3   9  Hedong Tianjin–Shanhaiguan railway TBP Tianjin NorthTianjinbei 天津北  3   6  Hebei CFP Caozili 曹子里 Wuqing Tianjin–Jizhou railway CHP Cuihuangkou 崔黄口 DKP Dakoutun 大口屯 Baodi BPP Baodi NorthBaodibei 宝坻北 ECP Xiacang 下仓 Jizhou SKP Shangcang 上仓 JKP Jizhou NorthJizhoubei 蓟州北 Stations don't provide passenger services, but freight transports: Nancang, 129 Gongli, Beicang, Hangouzhen, Xinzhuang, Yangxinzhuang See also Transport in Tianjin Notes and references ^ "求证：津蓟线要加密，老北站要复活？-天津网". www.tianjinwe.com. Retrieved 2017-12-08. ^ "即日起，津蓟线-宝坻站正式更名"宝坻北站"". news.enorth.com.cn. 2022-08-30. Archived from the original on 2022-09-08. External links vtePublic transportation in Tianjin Metropolitan Area (TJ) Tianjin MetroLines in operation  1   2   3   4   5   6   8   9   10   11  Under construction  4  (North section)  7   8  (Phase 1 urban section, and 4 stations of Phase 2)  11  (West section)  B1   Z2   Z4   Jinjing  Under planning  4  (Middle section)  6  (Phase 2 rest two stations)  12   13   14   15   B2   B3   B4   B5   B6   B7   Z1   Jinwu   Jinning   Jinbin   Jingang   Ningwu   Shuanghu  CR S-trainLines in operation  Jinji  (S9) CR C-trainLines in operation  Beijing–Tianjin   Tianjin–Baoding   Beijing–Tangshan   Beijing–Binhai  Under construction  Tianjin–Chengde  Other CR railwaysCorridors  Coastal   Beijing–Shanghai  Major railways  Beijing–Shanghai   Tianjin–Shanhaiguan   Tianjin–Bazhou  TramsPlanned Xiqing SkyShuttle T2 Wuqing SkyShuttle 1 Baodi Tram 1 Eco-city Lower-traffic rail transit Closed First generation tram  TEDA  Transportation hubs Airports Tianjin Binhai (TSN) Railway stations Tianjin (TJP) Tianjin West (TXP) Tianjin South (TIP) Binhai West (FHP) Binhai (YKP) China: AH BJ CQ FJ GD/HK/MO GS GX GZ HA HB HE HI HL HN JL JS JX LN NM NX QH SC SD SH SN SX TJ XJ XZ YN ZJ vteIntercity, regional & suburban rail transit in China CR S-trainBeijing Sub-Central S2 Huairou–Miyun  Tongmi  Tianjin  Jinji  (S9) Yangquan  Yangda  Lianyungang  Lianyungang Suburban  Ningbo  Yongyu  (S1) Shaoxing  Shaoxing Urban Rail  Haikou  Haikou Suburban  CRH C-trainCR Shenyang  Changhun   Changbai   Bai'a (BCT-WWT)  CR Beijing  Jingjin   Jingxiong  CR Zhengzhou  Zhengkai   Zhengjiao   Zhengji  CR Shanghai  Jinshan  CR Wuhan  Wuxiao   Wuxian   Wuhuang  CR Chengdu  Chengguan   Chengpu   Guikai   Guiyang Loop Line   Yuwan  CR Jinan  Qingrong  CR Guangzhou  Guangzhu   Zhuji   Guangfozhao   Guanhui   Guangshen   Suishen   Xiashen (IOQ-OGQ)   Changzhutan  CR Lanzhou  Lanzhong  Transport in China Rail transport in China This China-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Transport in Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Tianjin"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunella_Bovo
Brunella Bovo
["1 Life and career","2 Death","3 Selected filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
Italian actress (1932–2017) Brunella BovoBovo in the 1950sBorn(1932-03-04)4 March 1932Padua, Kingdom of ItalyDied21 February 2017(2017-02-21) (aged 84)Rome, ItalyOther namesBarbara HudsonOccupationActress Brunella Bovo (4 March 1932 – 21 February 2017) was an Italian film actress. Life and career Born in Padua, Italy, after having had her film debut with a minor role in Ho sognato il paradiso and after having not been admitted to the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, in 1951 Bovo had her breakthrough role winning the audition for the role of the awkward homeless Edvige in Vittorio De Sica's neorealist fantasy-comedy Miracle in Milan. One year later she got an equally important role, the newlywed dreamer Wanda in Federico Fellini's The White Sheik. Despite the popularity gained with her early roles, her career continued mainly in B-movies, in which she was sometimes credited as Barbara Hudson. She was also active in television dramas. Her sister, Mariolina, was also an actress. Death On 21 February 2017, Brunella Bovo died in Rome, aged 84. Selected filmography Miracle in Milan (1951) The White Sheik (1952) Revenge of a Crazy Girl (1952) Finishing School (1953) Dieci canzoni d'amore da salvare (1953) The Loves of Salammbo (1960) References ^ "E' scomparsa Brunella Bovo, sognatrice de „Lo sceicco bianco": viveva a Passo Corese". Corriere di Rieti (in Italian). Gruppo Corriere S.r.l. 21 February 2017. ^ a b "Brunella Bovo, 84". Classic Images (509): 38. November 2017. ^ a b c Enrico Lancia, Roberto Poppi. Dizionario del cinema italiano – Le Attrici. Gremese Editore, 2003. ISBN 888440214X. External links Media related to Brunella Bovo at Wikimedia Commons Brunella Bovo at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian
Ibero-Caucasian languages
["1 Family status","2 Family name","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","5.1 Main publications","6 External links","6.1 Main research centers"]
Defunct proposed language family Ibero-CaucasianCaucasian(defunct)GeographicdistributionCaucasusLinguistic classificationProposed language familySubdivisions Northwest Caucasian Northeast Caucasian South Caucasian GlottologNone The term Ibero-Caucasian (or Iberian-Caucasian) was proposed by Georgian linguist Arnold Chikobava for the union of the three language families that are specific to the Caucasus, namely Ibero-Caucasian South Caucasian, also called Kartvelian. Northwest Caucasian, also called Abkhazo-Adyghean. Northeast Caucasian, also called Nakh–Dagestanian. The Ibero-Caucasian phylum would also include three extinct languages: Hattic, connected by some linguists to the Northwest (Circassian) family, and Hurrian and Urartian, connected to the Northeast (Nakh–Dagestanian) family. Family status The affinities between the three families are disputed. A connection between the Northeast and Northwest families is seen as likely by many linguists; see the article on the North Caucasian languages for details. On the other hand, there are no known affinities between South Caucasian and the northern languages, which are two unrelated phyla even in Greenberg's deep classification of the world's languages. "Ibero-Caucasian" therefore remains at best a convenient geographical designation. Family name The "Iberian" in the family name refers to Caucasian Iberia — a kingdom centered in Eastern Georgia which lasted from the 4th century BC to the 5th century AD, and is not related to the Iberian Peninsula. See also Languages of the Caucasus References Tuite, Kevin (2008). "The Rise and Fall and Revival of the Ibero-Caucasian Hypothesis". Historiographia Linguistica Vol. 35, No. 1-2. pp. 23–82. Further reading Main publications The Yearbook of the Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics (Tbilisi). Revue de Kartvelologie et Caucasologie (Paris). External links Main research centers TSU Institute of caucasiology Chikobava Institute of Linguistics of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (Tbilisi). Department of Caucasiology at the University of Jena (Germany). Faculty of Philology at the Tbilisi State University (Tbilisi). vteLanguage families of EurasiaEurope Indo-European Uralic Basque Iberian Tartessian Paleo-Corsican Paleo-Sardinian Camunic Ligurian North Picene Sicani Tyrsenian Eteocretan Eteocypriot Minoan West Asia Indo-European Afroasiatic Hattic Kaskian Hurro-Urartian Kassite Gutian Philistine Sumerian Proto-Euphratean ? Elamite Caucasus Kartvelian North Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian South Asia Indo-European Dravidian Sino-Tibetan Austroasiatic Nihali Burushaski Kusunda Harappan ? East Asia Sino-Tibetan Austroasiatic Hmong–Mien Kra–Dai Austronesian Turkic Mongolic Tungusic Koreanic Japonic Indian Ocean rim Great Andamanese Ongan Sentinelese Kenaboi North Asia"Paleosiberian" Ainu Nivkh Chukotko-Kamchatkan Yukaghir Yeniseian Other North Asia Uralic Rouran ? Eskaleut Proposed groupings Alarodian Altaic Borean Nostratic Dené–Caucasian Eurasiatic Dené–Yeniseian Dravido-Korean Elamo-Dravidian Ibero-Caucasian Indo-Hittite Indo-Pacific Indo-Semitic Indo-Uralic Karasuk Serbi–Mongolic Pontic Turanian Ural-Altaic Uralo-Siberian Uralic–Yukaghir Eskimo–Uralic Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric Arunachal Greater Siangic Siangic Digaro Mijiic Miju Hrusish Kho-Bwa East and Southeast Asia Andamanese Austric Austro-Tai Austronesian–Ongan East Asian Sino-Austronesian Substrata Atlantic Pre-Celtic Pre-Germanic Pre-Goidelic Pre-Greek Vasconic Pre-Vedic Pre-Finno-Ugric Paleo-Laplandic Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold. Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Chikobava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Chikobava"},{"link_name":"South Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvelian_Languages"},{"link_name":"Northwest Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Northeast Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Hattic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattic_language"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_language"},{"link_name":"Urartian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartian_language"}],"text":"The term Ibero-Caucasian (or Iberian-Caucasian) was proposed by Georgian linguist Arnold Chikobava for the union of the three language families that are specific to the Caucasus, namelyIbero-Caucasian\nSouth Caucasian, also called Kartvelian.\nNorthwest Caucasian, also called Abkhazo-Adyghean.\nNortheast Caucasian, also called Nakh–Dagestanian.The Ibero-Caucasian phylum would also include three extinct languages: Hattic, connected by some linguists to the Northwest (Circassian) family, and Hurrian and Urartian, connected to the Northeast (Nakh–Dagestanian) family.","title":"Ibero-Caucasian languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Caucasian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Greenberg"}],"text":"The affinities between the three families are disputed. A connection between the Northeast and Northwest families is seen as likely by many linguists; see the article on the North Caucasian languages for details.On the other hand, there are no known affinities between South Caucasian and the northern languages, which are two unrelated phyla even in Greenberg's deep classification of the world's languages. \"Ibero-Caucasian\" therefore remains at best a convenient geographical designation.","title":"Family status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caucasian Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"}],"text":"The \"Iberian\" in the family name refers to Caucasian Iberia — a kingdom centered in Eastern Georgia which lasted from the 4th century BC to the 5th century AD, and is not related to the Iberian Peninsula.","title":"Family name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"sub_title":"Main publications","text":"The Yearbook of the Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics (Tbilisi).\nRevue de Kartvelologie et Caucasologie (Paris).","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Languages of the Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Park
Santiago Metropolitan Park
["1 Origins and history","2 Attractions","2.1 Pools","2.2 Cable car","2.3 Funicular","2.4 National Zoo","2.5 Botanical Garden","2.6 Sanctuary","2.7 Bicentenary Children's Park","3 Torre Antena","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°25′25″S 70°37′57″W / 33.42361°S 70.63250°W / -33.42361; -70.63250Urban park in Santiago, Chile Parque Metropolitano de SantiagoView of San Cristóbal Hill, a large part of the park.TypeUrban parkLocationSantiago, ChileCoordinates33°25′25″S 70°37′57″W / 33.42361°S 70.63250°W / -33.42361; -70.63250AreaApproximately 722 hectares (1,780 acres)Created1922–1927Operated byMinistry of Housing and Urban Development Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo The Santiago Metropolitan Park is an urban park located within the city of Santiago, capital of Chile. Consisting of the San Cristóbal, Chacarillas and Los Gemelos hills, and the areas of Tupahue, Lo Saldés, Pirámide and Bosque Santiago, the park is located between four communes of Santiago – Huechuraba, Providencia, Recoleta and Vitacura – and covers around 722 hectares, making it the largest urban park in Chile and one of the largest in the world. The Santiago Metropolitan Park also maintains 16 Urban Parks distributed throughout 13 communes in Santiago, a total area of almost 150.1 hectares. The maintenance work is carried out through “Urban Parks’ Conservation, Maintenance and Safety” projects which involve cleaning, irrigation, replantation and management of vegetal species, maintenance of urban equipment, sanitation control, weed control, fertilization and safety among other activities. The park was created in April 1966, when incorporating the Chilean National Zoo and the services of San Cristóbal Hill, and is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. In September, 2012, the Chilean government launched a plan to significantly refurbish and expand the park between 2012 and 2016, a plan which includes building new footpaths, planting 100,000 more trees and expanding the National Zoo. Origins and history Statue of the Virgin Mary on the summit of San Cristóbal Hill. San Cristóbal Hill began to be used in 1903 with the installation of the Mills Observatory, currently known as the Manuel Foster Observatory, twin of the Lick Observatory of the University of California. The main icon on the hill, the Statue of the Virgin Mary on San Cristóbal Hill, was inaugurated on April 26, 1908. In 1916, a project led by Alberto Mackenna Subercaseaux and Pedro Bannen sought to transform the hill into a park and public recreational area. On September 28, 1917, Law No. 3295 was published in the Official Gazette which authorized president Juan Luis Sanfuentes to accept donations, purchase or expropriate land located between Bosque Santiago and San Cristóbal Hill, inclusive. Said land was declared for public use and the creation of the future park. The then Intendant of Santiago, Pablo Urzúa, took official possession of the park's land on June 17, 1918. It was however during the period of intendant Alberto Mackenna, between 1921 and 1927, that the Hill was landscaped and prepared for public use. Attractions Pools Pool on Tupahue Hill. The park has two open-air pools: the Tupahue pool (meaning “place of God” in Quechua) and Antilén pool (“there is sun” in Mapundungun). Both operate in the summer from November through March. The Tupahue pool was opened in 1966 on Tupahue hill, in what was originally a quarry. Surrounded by vegetation, there is a stone wall by Chilean muralist María Martner and Mexican Juan O’Gorman. The pool is 82 meters long and 25 meters wide. The Antilén pool was opened in 1976. It is located on the summit of Chacarillas hill with a 360-degree panoramic view of the city. The pool is 92 meters long and 25 meters wide. Cable car The Santiago Cable Car was opened in 1980 and takes visitors from the base of the hill, in Pedro de Valdivia Norte neighborhood (Estación Oasis) to the summit (Estación Cumbre) in 20 minutes, passing through Tupahue station. The Tupahue pool is located at Estación Tupahue, as is the Mapulemu Botanic Garden (“forest of the earth” in Mapundungun) and the Camino Real restaurant. At the summit, tourists can visit the Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill and take the Funicular, which runs between Barrio Bellavista and the summit of San Cristóbal Hill. As of 2012, the Cable Car remains closed due to mechanical failures. Its restoration has been marked as part of the government's Bicentenary Plan. In December 2014, it was announced that the cable car would be reopening in 2016 with work on the project starting in March 2015. The project will cost 9.5 million dollars. The cable car was reopened in November 2016. Funicular The Funicular de Santiago, which dates from 1925, has been declared a National Monument. It has two stations: the National Zoo and the summit. The funicular runs for almost 500 meters on a 45 degree incline, departing from Barrio Bellavista. The funicular has two carriages, with one displaying a memorial plaque commemorating Pope John Paul II, who rode in the carriage in 1987 en route to saying mass at the feet of the Virgin Mary statue located at the hill's summit. In September 2012, the funicular was marked for refurbishment as part of the Chilean government's Bicentenary Plan. National Zoo The Chilean National Zoo has thousands of animals representing 158 species. Botanical Garden Main article: Jardín Botánico Chagual Located within the park, the Botanical Garden contains various plants native to Chile and its mission includes conservation and research. Sanctuary Main article: Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill A religious sanctuary atop San Cristóbal Hill commemorating the Immaculate Conception, is notable for its large statue of the Virgin Mary. Bicentenary Children's Park This park was opened in 2012 and has an amphitheater, treehouses, water features, interactive fence and a cable car. Torre Antena The winning design for the new tower As it stands today, there are numerous Radio Antennas on the top of the hill that have become an eyesore. The Government of Santiago has come up with a solution to tear down all the existing antennas and instead combine them in one giant antenna that would also serve as a new landmark for Santiago. In late 2013 the city held a design contest for the new tower with the winning bid being announced in February of the following year. See also San Cristóbal Hill Jardín Botánico Chagual Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill References ^ Parque Metropolitano de Santiago – Quiénes somos ^ Parque Metropolitano de Santiago (s/f). Parque Metropolitano de Santiago - Quiénes somos (PHP). www.parquemet.cl. In Spanish. Retrieved November 14, 2012 ^ Metropolitan Park. Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. In Spanish. ^ Urban Parks. Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. In Spanish. ^ Parque Metropolitano. Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. ^ a b c Gobierno lanza Plan Bicentenario e invertirá $22 mil millones en Parque Metropolitano. La Tercera. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012. ^ a b c d El Observatorio de San Cristóbal. Zig-Zag (magazine), editorial. Vol. 2, No. 65. Retrieved November 15, 2012. ^ Mural de la piscina Tupahue del cerro San Cristóbal recuperará su atractivo. La Tercera. March 28, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ Parque Metropolitano de Santiago. News (in Spanish). ^ PurasNoticias. News (in Spanish). ^ Chile’s National Zoo still growing after 85 years of history. This is Chile. December 14, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2012. ^ Chagual Botanical Garden – Objectives Jardín Botánico Chagual ^ Casi 16 mil personas han visitado el Parque de la Infancia del cerro San Cristóbal a dos semanas de su apertura. Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012. ^ Primer Lugar Concurso Torre Antena Santiago: Smiljan Radic + Gabriela Medrano + Ricardo Serpell 05 February 2014. Retrieved 08 February, 2015. External links Official website Santiago Metropolitan Park Chilean National Zoo Santiago Funicular Jardín Botánico Chagual 360° virtual tour of San Cristobal Authority control databases VIAF WorldCat
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Consisting of the San Cristóbal, Chacarillas and Los Gemelos hills, and the areas of Tupahue, Lo Saldés, Pirámide and Bosque Santiago,[2] the park is located between four communes of Santiago – Huechuraba, Providencia, Recoleta and Vitacura – and covers around 722 hectares, making it the largest urban park in Chile and one of the largest in the world.[3]The Santiago Metropolitan Park also maintains 16 Urban Parks distributed throughout 13 communes in Santiago, a total area of almost 150.1 hectares. The maintenance work is carried out through “Urban Parks’ Conservation, Maintenance and Safety” projects which involve cleaning, irrigation, replantation and management of vegetal species, maintenance of urban equipment, sanitation control, weed control, fertilization and safety among other activities.[4]The park was created in April 1966, when incorporating the Chilean National Zoo and the services of San Cristóbal Hill, and is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.[5] In September, 2012, the Chilean government launched a plan to significantly refurbish and expand the park between 2012 and 2016, a plan which includes building new footpaths, planting 100,000 more trees and expanding the National Zoo.[6]","title":"Santiago Metropolitan Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgen_San_Crist%C3%B3bal.JPG"},{"link_name":"Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_on_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"Manuel Foster Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Foster_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Lick Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Observatory"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WwwmemoriachilenaclarchivospdfsMCpdfEl-7"},{"link_name":"Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_on_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"San Cristóbal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WwwmemoriachilenaclarchivospdfsMCpdfEl-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WwwmemoriachilenaclarchivospdfsMCpdfEl-7"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Sanfuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Sanfuentes"},{"link_name":"Intendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WwwmemoriachilenaclarchivospdfsMCpdfEl-7"}],"text":"Statue of the Virgin Mary on the summit of San Cristóbal Hill.San Cristóbal Hill began to be used in 1903 with the installation of the Mills Observatory, currently known as the Manuel Foster Observatory, twin of the Lick Observatory of the University of California.[7]The main icon on the hill, the Statue of the Virgin Mary on San Cristóbal Hill, was inaugurated on April 26, 1908.[7]In 1916, a project led by Alberto Mackenna Subercaseaux and Pedro Bannen sought to transform the hill into a park and public recreational area.[7] On September 28, 1917, Law No. 3295 was published in the Official Gazette which authorized president Juan Luis Sanfuentes to accept donations, purchase or expropriate land located between Bosque Santiago and San Cristóbal Hill, inclusive. Said land was declared for public use and the creation of the future park.The then Intendant of Santiago, Pablo Urzúa, took official possession of the park's land on June 17, 1918.[7] It was however during the period of intendant Alberto Mackenna, between 1921 and 1927, that the Hill was landscaped and prepared for public use.","title":"Origins and history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piscina_Parque_Santiago_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"Mapundungun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Pools","text":"Pool on Tupahue Hill.The park has two open-air pools: the Tupahue pool (meaning “place of God” in Quechua) and Antilén pool (“there is sun” in Mapundungun). Both operate in the summer from November through March.The Tupahue pool was opened in 1966 on Tupahue hill, in what was originally a quarry. Surrounded by vegetation, there is a stone wall by Chilean muralist María Martner and Mexican Juan O’Gorman.[8] The pool is 82 meters long and 25 meters wide.The Antilén pool was opened in 1976. It is located on the summit of Chacarillas hill with a 360-degree panoramic view of the city. The pool is 92 meters long and 25 meters wide.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago Cable Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Cable_Car"},{"link_name":"Mapundungun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_language"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_on_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"Barrio Bellavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Bellavista"},{"link_name":"San Cristóbal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latercera-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Cable car","text":"The Santiago Cable Car was opened in 1980 and takes visitors from the base of the hill, in Pedro de Valdivia Norte neighborhood (Estación Oasis) to the summit (Estación Cumbre) in 20 minutes, passing through Tupahue station. The Tupahue pool is located at Estación Tupahue, as is the Mapulemu Botanic Garden (“forest of the earth” in Mapundungun) and the Camino Real restaurant.At the summit, tourists can visit the Sanctuary on San Cristóbal Hill and take the Funicular, which runs between Barrio Bellavista and the summit of San Cristóbal Hill.As of 2012, the Cable Car remains closed due to mechanical failures.[9] Its restoration has been marked as part of the government's Bicentenary Plan.[6]In December 2014, it was announced that the cable car would be reopening in 2016 with work on the project starting in March 2015. The project will cost 9.5 million dollars.[10] The cable car was reopened in November 2016.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funicular de Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular_de_Santiago"},{"link_name":"National Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_National_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Barrio Bellavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Bellavista"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_on_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latercera-6"}],"sub_title":"Funicular","text":"The Funicular de Santiago, which dates from 1925, has been declared a National Monument. It has two stations: the National Zoo and the summit. The funicular runs for almost 500 meters on a 45 degree incline, departing from Barrio Bellavista.The funicular has two carriages, with one displaying a memorial plaque commemorating Pope John Paul II, who rode in the carriage in 1987 en route to saying mass at the feet of the Virgin Mary statue located at the hill's summit.In September 2012, the funicular was marked for refurbishment as part of the Chilean government's Bicentenary Plan.[6]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chilean National Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_National_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"National Zoo","text":"The Chilean National Zoo has thousands of animals representing 158 species.[11]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Botanical Garden","text":"Located within the park, the Botanical Garden contains various plants native to Chile and its mission includes conservation and research.[12]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Cristóbal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Hill"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"}],"sub_title":"Sanctuary","text":"A religious sanctuary atop San Cristóbal Hill commemorating the Immaculate Conception, is notable for its large statue of the Virgin Mary.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Bicentenary Children's Park","text":"This park was opened in 2012 and has an amphitheater, treehouses, water features, interactive fence and a cable car.[13]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_Antena_Santiago.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The winning design for the new towerAs it stands today, there are numerous Radio Antennas on the top of the hill that have become an eyesore. The Government of Santiago has come up with a solution to tear down all the existing antennas and instead combine them in one giant antenna that would also serve as a new landmark for Santiago. In late 2013 the city held a design contest for the new tower with the winning bid being announced in February of the following year.[14]","title":"Torre Antena"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerryne_James
Kerryne James
["1 Early career","2 Political career","3 References"]
Grenadan politician Kerryne Zennelle James (born 1997 or 1998) is a Grenadian politician from the National Democratic Congress from the currently serving as MP for St. John. Early career In 2018, she was a contestant on season 4 of Caribbean's Next Top Model. Political career James was elected in the 2022 Grenadian general election at the age of 24 becoming the country's youngest ever legislator. She was immediately appointed Minister of Climate Resilience, Environment and Renewable Energy in the Cabinet of Grenada. She later attended the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Sharm El Sheikh. References ^ "MP-Kerryne James – Grenada Parliament". grenadaparliament.gd. Retrieved 2023-09-23. ^ Caribbean's Next Top Model (TV Series 2013– ) - IMDb, retrieved 2023-09-23 ^ "Youngest elected representative in the history of Grenada - Kerryne Z. James". Caribbean American Passport. 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2023-09-23. ^ "New Grenada Cabinet named". www.nationnews.com. 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2023-09-23. ^ "Hon. Kerryne James Attends COP 27 In Sharm El Sheik, Egypt – 14-18 November, 2022". Wee 93.3/9 FM Radio Grenada. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2023-09-23. This article about a Grenadian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"MP-Kerryne James – Grenada Parliament\". grenadaparliament.gd. Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://grenadaparliament.gd/mp-st-john/","url_text":"\"MP-Kerryne James – Grenada Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Caribbean's Next Top Model (TV Series 2013– ) - IMDb, retrieved 2023-09-23","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2816196/fullcredits","url_text":"Caribbean's Next Top Model (TV Series 2013– ) - IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Youngest elected representative in the history of Grenada - Kerryne Z. James\". Caribbean American Passport. 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://caribbeanamericanpassport.com/youngest-elected-representative-in-the-history-of-grenada-kerryne-z-james/","url_text":"\"Youngest elected representative in the history of Grenada - Kerryne Z. James\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Grenada Cabinet named\". www.nationnews.com. 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationnews.com/2022/07/01/new-grenada-cabinet-named/","url_text":"\"New Grenada Cabinet named\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hon. Kerryne James Attends COP 27 In Sharm El Sheik, Egypt – 14-18 November, 2022\". Wee 93.3/9 FM Radio Grenada. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weefmgrenada.com/hon-kerryne-james-attends-cop-27-in-sharm-el-sheik-egypt-14-18-november-2022/","url_text":"\"Hon. Kerryne James Attends COP 27 In Sharm El Sheik, Egypt – 14-18 November, 2022\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Telegin
Konstantin Telegin
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 World War II","1.3 Trial and rehabilitation","2 Honours and awards","3 References","4 External links"]
Konstantin TeleginBorn(1899-11-03)November 3, 1899Tatarsk, Russian EmpireDiedNovember 16, 1981(1981-11-16) (aged 82)Moscow, Soviet UnionBuriedNovodevichy CemeteryAllegiance Soviet Union (1918–1956)Years of service1918–1956RankLieutenant GeneralCommands heldRed ArmyBattles/warsRussian Civil WarSoviet–Japanese Border WarsSoviet-Finnish WarSoviet-German War Konstantin Fedorovich Telegin (Russian: Константин Федорович Телегин, November 3  1899, Tatarsk, Russian Empire - 16 November 1981, Moscow, Soviet Union) was a Soviet general and a political officer. Biography Early life Telegin joined the Red Army in 1918 and fought in the Russian Civil War, becoming a member of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1919. He served as a Regimental Commissar assistant. In 1931 he graduated from the Lenin Military-Political Academy. At first he was a political officer in the NKVD, and later was transferred to the Army. He was present at the Battle of Lake Khasan and took part in the Winter War. In 1940 he returned to the NKVD, and soon was assigned to the army again. On the eve of the German invasion he was a Brigade Commissar. World War II Telegin was a member of the Defense Council of Moscow during the battle for the city. His most important role was as Chief Commissar, first in the Don Front and afterwards in the Central Front (Later renamed 1st Belorussian), where he became a close associate and a friend of Marshal Zhukov. Telegin took part in the battles of Stalingrad, Kursk, the Dniepr, Belarus, Poland, Pomerania and Berlin. He was present at the signing of the German Instrument of Surrender and a member of the commission tasked with identifying the remains of Hitler and the Goebbels family. He served as Zhukov's deputy in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. Trial and rehabilitation His close ties with Zhukov incurred Stalin's displeasure, and Telegin was dismissed from the Army in 1947. On 24 January 1948 he was arrested on the premier's personal orders and put on trial for alleged corruption, alongside Zhukov. He was condemned to 25 years in prison. After Stalin's death he was rehabilitated and returned to the Army in July 1953. Telegin retired to his Dacha in 1956, holding the rank of lieutenant general. He wrote several books on military affairs and his memoirs, Войны несчитанные вёрсты (War's Uncountable Leagues), the latter published in 1975. When he died of a heart attack, the Central Committee wished to bury him in the Kremlin Wall, but his family declined. Honours and awards three Orders of Lenin Order of Suvorov 1st class Order of the Red Star Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" Honorary Citizen of Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast References ^ Konstantin Telegin on hrono.ru. ^ A summary of Telegin's career on Respublika. ^ Telegin's verdict. ^ Telegin's biography on History.ru. ^ В пламени и славе. Очерки истории Сибирского военного округа. Новосибирск, Западно-Сибирское кн. изд-во, 1969. стр.380 External links Konstantin Telegin in Generals.Dk. War's Unaccountable Leagues on Victory.mil.ru. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Tatarsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarsk"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"political officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commissar"}],"text":"Konstantin Fedorovich Telegin (Russian: Константин Федорович Телегин, November 3 [O.S. October 22] 1899, Tatarsk, Russian Empire - 16 November 1981, Moscow, Soviet Union) was a Soviet general and a political officer.","title":"Konstantin Telegin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPSU"},{"link_name":"Lenin Military-Political Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Military-Political_Academy"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lake Khasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"German invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Telegin joined the Red Army in 1918 and fought in the Russian Civil War, becoming a member of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1919. He served as a Regimental Commissar assistant. In 1931 he graduated from the Lenin Military-Political Academy. At first he was a political officer in the NKVD, and later was transferred to the Army. He was present at the Battle of Lake Khasan and took part in the Winter War. In 1940 he returned to the NKVD, and soon was assigned to the army again. On the eve of the German invasion he was a Brigade Commissar.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle for the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Don Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Front"},{"link_name":"Central Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"1st Belorussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"Zhukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Dniepr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"German Instrument of Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Telegin was a member of the Defense Council of Moscow during the battle for the city. His most important role was as Chief Commissar, first in the Don Front and afterwards in the Central Front (Later renamed 1st Belorussian), where he became a close associate and a friend of Marshal Zhukov. Telegin took part in the battles of Stalingrad, Kursk, the Dniepr, Belarus, Poland, Pomerania and Berlin. He was present at the signing of the German Instrument of Surrender and a member of the commission tasked with identifying the remains of Hitler and the Goebbels family. He served as Zhukov's deputy in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacha"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Trial and rehabilitation","text":"His close ties with Zhukov incurred Stalin's displeasure, and Telegin was dismissed from the Army in 1947. On 24 January 1948 he was arrested on the premier's personal orders and put on trial for alleged corruption, alongside Zhukov. He was condemned to 25 years in prison.[3]After Stalin's death he was rehabilitated and returned to the Army in July 1953. Telegin retired to his Dacha in 1956, holding the rank of lieutenant general. He wrote several books on military affairs and his memoirs, Войны несчитанные вёрсты (War's Uncountable Leagues), the latter published in 1975. When he died of a heart attack, the Central Committee wished to bury him in the Kremlin Wall, but his family declined.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orders of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Order of Suvorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"Medal \"For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Victory_over_Germany_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22"},{"link_name":"Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarsk,_Novosibirsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"three Orders of Lenin\nOrder of Suvorov 1st class\nOrder of the Red Star\nMedal \"For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\"\nHonorary Citizen of Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast[5]","title":"Honours and awards"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Corrib
River Corrib
["1 Naming","1.1 Upper and Lower Corrib","2 Bridges","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°16′02″N 9°02′46″W / 53.26717°N 9.04599°W / 53.26717; -9.04599River in Galway, Ireland River CorribLooking north from the Salmon Weir Bridge in GalwayEtymologyStonyNative nameAbhainn na Gaillimhe (Irish)LocationCountryIrelandPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationLough Corrib Mouth  • locationGalway Bay and Atlantic Ocean at the Claddagh • coordinates53°16′02″N 9°02′46″W / 53.26717°N 9.04599°W / 53.26717; -9.04599Length6 kilometres (3.7 mi)Basin size3,101 km2 (1,197 sq mi)Discharge  • average104.8 m3/s (3,700 cu ft/s) Looking south from the Salmon Weir Bridge The River Corrib (Irish: Abhainn na Gaillimhe) in the west of Ireland flows from Lough Corrib through Galway to Galway Bay. The river is among the shortest in Europe, with only a length of six kilometres from the lough to the Atlantic. It is popular with local whitewater kayakers as well as several rowing clubs and pleasure craft. The depth of this river reaches up to 94 feet. The Corrib drains a catchment area of 3,138 km2. Although the Corrib is one of Ireland's shortest rivers, it has a mean long-term flow rate of 104.8 m3/s, making it Ireland's second-largest river (by flow), only surpassed by the River Shannon. Naming The translation of the Irish name of the river is Galway river i.e. from Gaillimh. In Irish it is sometimes called An Ghaillimh ("the Galway") and also incorrectly called Abhainn na Coiribe. The legend concerning its naming states that it was called after Gaillimh inion Breasail, the daughter of a Fir Bolg chieftain who drowned in the river. The word Gaillimh is believed to mean "stony" as in "stony river". The commonly held myth that the city takes its name from the Irish word Gallaibh, "foreigners" i.e. "the town of the foreigners" (from Gall, a foreigner) is incorrect as the name Gaillimh was applied to the river first and then later onto the town. Indeed, the earliest settlement at Galway was called Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe, or "the fort at the end of the Galway (river)". Kayaking the large standing wave at O'Briens Bridge The river gave its name to the town, which grew to a city, and from c. 1570 onwards, the city gave its name to the county. It also aided massively in the industrial development of the town, allowing it to develop electrical power before London. At the height of water power, there were over twenty water wheels in operation from races built on the river and its accompanying cut, the Eglinton Canal, which was built as part of the "Drainage and Navigation scheme of Lough Carra, Lough Corrib and Lough Mask" in the mid-19th century. The canal, which is about three-quarters of a mile long, had a sea-lock, a large basin, a second lock at Parkavore and five swivelling bridges. It is still in water but the swivelling bridges have been replaced by fixed bridges; the last vessel to use the navigation was the Amo II, a 90' motor-yacht that had been sold by the Guinness trustees to Frank Bailey, a Galway hotelier. Lough Corrib is the anglicised form of Loch Coirib which itself is a corruption of Loch nOrbsean which, according to placename lore, is named after the Irish god of the sea. There is good fishing to be had on both the lake and river. Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river called Αυσοβα (Ausoba) which probably referred to the River Corrib. Upper and Lower Corrib The Friars' Cut The part of the river that flows from the southern end of the lake to the Salmon Weir is known as the Upper Corrib. The weir, a set of weir gates also built during the above navigation scheme, was originally built from stone and timber but now only two of these gates remain and are only opened in times of flood. The rest have been replaced by fourteen steel gates, as shown in the photograph above. The main channel leaving Lough Corrib is called Friars' Cut or Friars' River (Irish: Abhainn na mBráithre) as it is the result of a very early piece of canal engineering. In 1178 the friars of Claregalway Abbey, being tired of the long detour they had to make to the west to enter the river, asked permission from the Blakes of Menloe to make an artificial cut, which in time became the main course of the river and was then widened. The section of the river that runs from the Salmon Weir through Galway city and out into Galway Bay is known as the Lower Corrib. Three bridges cross the Lower – the Salmon Weir Bridge, William O'Brien Bridge and Wolfe Tone Bridge. The only tributary of the Lower Corrib is Sruthán na gCaisleáin (Castle Stream) known by whitewater kayakers as the Shit Chute and the access point to the river, a small stream that flows through Newcastle, the grounds of NUI Galway, and empties into the Lower just downstream of King's weir, commonly known as the fish gates. The official publication for NUI Galway Alumni, Staff & Friends, Cois Coiribe, is named in reference to the Corrib. Bridges The Salmon Weir Bridge looking east towards Galway Cathedral Four bridges span Corrib in Galway. These are the Wolfe Tone Bridge, the William O'Brien Bridge, the Salmon Weir Bridge, and the Quincentenary Bridge. There is also a new pedestrian bridge adjacent to the Salmon Weir Bridge since 2023. See also Rivers of Ireland List of rivers of Ireland List of loughs of Ireland References ^ http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/IWM26.pdf ^ a b "South Eastern River Basin District Management system : Initial Characterisation Report : Physical Description" (PDF). Serbd.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2015. ^ SMILE – Sustainable Mariculture in northern Irish Lough Ecosystems Archived 12 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ecowin.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013. ^ Inland fisheries of Europe. Fao.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013. ^ Maurice Semple Reflections on Lough Corrib, self-published, 2nd ed 1989 ^ "Ireland" (PDF). romaneranames.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2019. ^ Delany, Ruth (2004). Ireland's Inland Waterways. Appletree Press. p. 170. ^ "Lower Corrib « NUI, Galway Kayak Club". Nuigkc.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Corrib. Lower Corrib River Guide Canoeing at O'Brien's Bridge, Galway Surfing O'Brien's Wave on the Lower Corrib from YouTube – No longer available 01Jul17 Jes Rowing on the Corrib Salmon fishing on the River Corrib (Galway Fishery), from Salmon Ireland The Eglinton Canal vteRivers of IrelandListFlowing north Bann Bush Faughan Foyle Roe Flowing to the Irish Sea Avoca Boyne Broadmeadow Ward Castletown Dargle Glencullen Fane Glyde Dee Lagan Liffey Morell Rye Camac Poddle Dodder Mayne Naniken Newry Quoile Santry Shanganagh River Slaney Tolka Vartry Flowing to the Celtic Sea Bandon Blackwater Lee Mahon The Three Sisters Barrow Nore Suir Flowing to the Atlantic Ballisodare Caragh Clare Corrib Erne Eske Feale Inny Laune Ferta Maine Moy Robe Shannon Swilly Tributaries of the Shannon Abbey River Boyle River Brosna Deel Fergus Inny Maigue Mulkear River Nenagh River Suck River names in italics indicate rivers which are partially or wholly in Northern Ireland, with the rest being wholly in the Republic of Ireland
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LowerCorrib3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Lough Corrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Corrib"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"Galway Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_Bay"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"whitewater kayakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serbd1-2"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serbd1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"River in Galway, IrelandLooking south from the Salmon Weir BridgeThe River Corrib (Irish: Abhainn na Gaillimhe) in the west of Ireland flows from Lough Corrib through Galway to Galway Bay. The river is among the shortest in Europe, with only a length of six kilometres from the lough to the Atlantic. It is popular with local whitewater kayakers as well as several rowing clubs and pleasure craft. The depth of this river reaches up to 94 feet.[1]The Corrib drains a catchment area of 3,138 km2.[2]Although the Corrib is one of Ireland's shortest rivers, it has a mean long-term flow rate of 104.8 m3/s, making it Ireland's second-largest river (by flow), only surpassed by the River Shannon.[2][3][4]","title":"River Corrib"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaillimh inion Breasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaillimh_inion_Breasail"},{"link_name":"Fir Bolg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir_Bolg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corrib2Dec2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking"},{"link_name":"electrical power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"water wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheels"},{"link_name":"Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Lough Carra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Carra"},{"link_name":"Lough Corrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Corrib"},{"link_name":"Lough Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Mask"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The translation of the Irish name of the river is Galway river i.e. from Gaillimh. In Irish it is sometimes called An Ghaillimh (\"the Galway\") and also incorrectly called Abhainn na Coiribe. The legend concerning its naming states that it was called after Gaillimh inion Breasail, the daughter of a Fir Bolg chieftain who drowned in the river. The word Gaillimh is believed to mean \"stony\" as in \"stony river\". The commonly held myth that the city takes its name from the Irish word Gallaibh, \"foreigners\" i.e. \"the town of the foreigners\" (from Gall, a foreigner) is incorrect as the name Gaillimh was applied to the river first and then later onto the town. Indeed, the earliest settlement at Galway was called Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe, or \"the fort at the end of the Galway (river)\".Kayaking the large standing wave at O'Briens BridgeThe river gave its name to the town, which grew to a city, and from c. 1570 onwards, the city gave its name to the county. It also aided massively in the industrial development of the town, allowing it to develop electrical power before London. At the height of water power, there were over twenty water wheels in operation from races built on the river and its accompanying cut, the Eglinton Canal, which was built as part of the \"Drainage and Navigation scheme of Lough Carra, Lough Corrib and Lough Mask\" in the mid-19th century. The canal, which is about three-quarters of a mile long, had a sea-lock, a large basin, a second lock at Parkavore and five swivelling bridges. It is still in water but the swivelling bridges have been replaced by fixed bridges; the last vessel to use the navigation was the Amo II, a 90' motor-yacht that had been sold by the Guinness trustees to Frank Bailey, a Galway hotelier.[5]Lough Corrib is the anglicised form of Loch Coirib which itself is a corruption of Loch nOrbsean which, according to placename lore, is named after the Irish god of the sea. There is good fishing to be had on both the lake and river.Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river called Αυσοβα (Ausoba) which probably referred to the River Corrib.[6]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friars%27_Cut,_Galway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Claregalway Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claregalway_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Salmon Weir Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_Weir_Bridge"},{"link_name":"William O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfe_Tone"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_Galway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NUI Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUI_Galway"}],"sub_title":"Upper and Lower Corrib","text":"The Friars' CutThe part of the river that flows from the southern end of the lake to the Salmon Weir is known as the Upper Corrib. The weir, a set of weir gates also built during the above navigation scheme, was originally built from stone and timber but now only two of these gates remain and are only opened in times of flood. The rest have been replaced by fourteen steel gates, as shown in the photograph above.The main channel leaving Lough Corrib is called Friars' Cut or Friars' River (Irish: Abhainn na mBráithre) as it is the result of a very early piece of canal engineering. In 1178 the friars of Claregalway Abbey, being tired of the long detour they had to make to the west to enter the river, asked permission from the Blakes of Menloe to make an artificial cut, which in time became the main course of the river and was then widened.[7]The section of the river that runs from the Salmon Weir through Galway city and out into Galway Bay is known as the Lower Corrib. Three bridges cross the Lower – the Salmon Weir Bridge, William O'Brien Bridge and Wolfe Tone Bridge.The only tributary of the Lower Corrib is Sruthán na gCaisleáin (Castle Stream) known by whitewater kayakers as the Shit Chute and the access point to the river,[8] a small stream that flows through Newcastle, the grounds of NUI Galway, and empties into the Lower just downstream of King's weir, commonly known as the fish gates.The official publication for NUI Galway Alumni, Staff & Friends, Cois Coiribe, is named in reference to the Corrib.","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galway_Salmon_Weir_Bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Galway Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"}],"text":"The Salmon Weir Bridge looking east towards Galway CathedralFour bridges span Corrib in Galway. These are the Wolfe Tone Bridge, the William O'Brien Bridge, the Salmon Weir Bridge, and the Quincentenary Bridge. There is also a new pedestrian bridge adjacent to the Salmon Weir Bridge since 2023.","title":"Bridges"}]
[{"image_text":"Looking south from the Salmon Weir Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/LowerCorrib3.jpg/295px-LowerCorrib3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kayaking the large standing wave at O'Briens Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Corrib2Dec2006.jpg/295px-Corrib2Dec2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Friars' Cut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Friars%27_Cut%2C_Galway.jpg/220px-Friars%27_Cut%2C_Galway.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Salmon Weir Bridge looking east towards Galway Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Galway_Salmon_Weir_Bridge.JPG/220px-Galway_Salmon_Weir_Bridge.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Rivers of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland"},{"title":"List of rivers of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland"},{"title":"List of loughs of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland"}]
[{"reference":"\"South Eastern River Basin District Management system : Initial Characterisation Report : Physical Description\" (PDF). Serbd.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222354/http://www.serbd.com/MultiDownloads/Creport/Chapters/Physical%20Description%20Ch3.pdf","url_text":"\"South Eastern River Basin District Management system : Initial Characterisation Report : Physical Description\""},{"url":"http://www.serbd.com/MultiDownloads/Creport/Chapters/Physical%20Description%20Ch3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland\" (PDF). romaneranames.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180652/http://www.romaneranames.uk/essays/ireland.pdf","url_text":"\"Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.romaneranames.uk/essays/ireland.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Delany, Ruth (2004). Ireland's Inland Waterways. Appletree Press. p. 170.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lower Corrib « NUI, Galway Kayak Club\". Nuigkc.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216192253/http://nuigkc.com/lower/","url_text":"\"Lower Corrib « NUI, Galway Kayak Club\""},{"url":"http://nuigkc.com/lower/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Corrib&params=53.26717_N_9.04599_W_region:IE_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°16′02″N 9°02′46″W / 53.26717°N 9.04599°W / 53.26717; -9.04599"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Corrib&params=53.26717_N_9.04599_W_region:IE_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°16′02″N 9°02′46″W / 53.26717°N 9.04599°W / 53.26717; -9.04599"},{"Link":"http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/IWM26.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/IWM26.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222354/http://www.serbd.com/MultiDownloads/Creport/Chapters/Physical%20Description%20Ch3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Eastern River Basin District Management system : Initial Characterisation Report : Physical Description\""},{"Link":"http://www.serbd.com/MultiDownloads/Creport/Chapters/Physical%20Description%20Ch3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ecowin.org/smile/loughfoyle.htm","external_links_name":"SMILE – Sustainable Mariculture in northern Irish Lough Ecosystems"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112090534/http://www.ecowin.org/smile/loughfoyle.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0798e/T0798E16.htm","external_links_name":"Inland fisheries of Europe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180652/http://www.romaneranames.uk/essays/ireland.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://www.romaneranames.uk/essays/ireland.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216192253/http://nuigkc.com/lower/","external_links_name":"\"Lower Corrib « NUI, Galway Kayak Club\""},{"Link":"http://nuigkc.com/lower/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishwhitewater.com/river_guide/river.php?id=238","external_links_name":"Lower Corrib River Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOdEzJj8CTA","external_links_name":"Canoeing at O'Brien's Bridge, Galway"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5Scz-s8bBM","external_links_name":"Surfing O'Brien's Wave on the Lower Corrib"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QLIHC2nwPw","external_links_name":"Jes Rowing on the Corrib"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224052231/http://www.salmon-ireland.com/salmon-rivers/western/river-corrib-galway-fishery.jsp","external_links_name":"Salmon fishing on the River Corrib (Galway Fishery), from Salmon Ireland"},{"Link":"http://irishwaterwayshistory.com/abandoned-or-little-used-irish-waterways/the-eglinton-canal-in-galway/","external_links_name":"The Eglinton Canal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulli_Vilaiyadu
Thulli Vilayadu
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","5 References"]
2013 Indian filmThulli VilayaduTheatrical release posterDirected byVincent SelvaScreenplay byVincent SelvaStory byVincent SelvaProduced byD. GovindarajStarringYuvarajDeepthi NambiarPrakash RajJayaprakashSooriSendrayanCinematographyS. K. BoopathyEdited byV. T. VijayanMusic bySrikanth DevaProductioncompanyRB StudiosRelease date 28 June 2013 (2013-06-28) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Thulli Vilayadu is a 2013 Tamil-language comedy thriller film written and directed by Vincent Selva and produced by D. Govindaraj. The film features newcomer Yuvaraj, Deepthi Nambiar, Soori, and Sendrayan in the lead roles. Prakash Raj and Jayaprakash play important roles with comic shades. Srikanth Deva has scored the music, while S. K. Boopathy has cranked the camera and V. T. Vijayan did the film's editing. The film released on 28 June 2013. Plot Raghu (Yuvaraj), Mano (Soori), and Thangavelu (Sendrayan) are faithful for politicians Singam (Prakash Raj) and Samipillai (Jayaprakash). Both politicians are fighting for 200 million rupees, which is meant to be used to bribe the people for the upcoming elections. in the meantime, the three men decide to jump in this and take it for their advantage. The men decide to go to Rajasthan to hide. On their trip, they meet a girl named Yamuna (Deepthi Nambiar), who is claimed to be Asin's younger sister. What is the next part of the chapter? Cast Yuvaraj as Raghu Deepthi Nambiar as Yamuna Prakash Raj as Singam Jayaprakash as Samipillai Soori as Mano Sendrayan as Thangavelu Singamuthu Manobala Madhan Bob Sujatha Rajendranath Bava Lakshmanan Madurai Muthu Yogiram Ankitha as an item number Soundtrack The soundtrack is composed by Srikanth Deva, collaborating with Vincent Selva for the fourth time. Director Mysskin, who earlier worked as an assistant director for Vincent Selva, had sung one of the songs. The audio was launched on 8 March 2013 by actor Vijay. No. Song Singers Lyrics 1 "Ammadi Aathadi" Mysskin Kabilan 2 "Sandi Kuthira" Renuka Pon. Ravindran 3 "Theme Music" Instrumental 4 "Vaa Machi Oothiko" Benny Dayal Na. Muthukumar 5 "Yaar Ivalo" Krish Release The film was released on 28 June 2013 alongside Annakodi. The film took a poor opening and grossed only ₹3.44714 lakh (US$4,100) in first week. The film opened with 78 shows on its first weekend in Chennai box office. It was removed after one week. It sold 3,800 tickets in Chennai during its lifetime. Critical reception The New Indian Express wrote:"lacklustre characters, insipid narration and shoddy screenplay make the film devoid of thrill, humour or excitement". References ^ "Game for these songs? - The Hindu". thehindu.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Prakash Raj's Big Bash For 150 Members - Prakash Raj - Jaya Prakash - Thulli Vilayadu - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com". behindwoods.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Friday Fury- June 28". Sify. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Mysskin croons for Vincent Selva - Chennai - The Hindu". thehindu.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Vijay launches Thulli Vilayadu audio - Tamil Movie News". IndiaGlitz.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Thulli Vilayadu box office collection". behindwoods.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Thulli Vilaiyaadu (Tamil) - The New Indian Express". newindianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016. vteFilms directed by Vincent Selva Priyamudan (1998) Iraniyan (1999) Youth (2002) Jithan (2005) Madurai Veeran (2007) Perumal (2009) Thulli Vilayadu (2013) Inga Enna Solluthu (2014) Virumandikum Sivanandikum (2016)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Selva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Selva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Soori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soori_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sendrayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendrayan"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindwoods-2"},{"link_name":"Srikanth Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_Deva"},{"link_name":"V. T. Vijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._T._Vijayan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sify-3"}],"text":"2013 Indian filmThulli Vilayadu is a 2013 Tamil-language comedy thriller film written and directed by Vincent Selva[1] and produced by D. Govindaraj. The film features newcomer Yuvaraj, Deepthi Nambiar, Soori, and Sendrayan in the lead roles. Prakash Raj and Jayaprakash play important roles with comic shades.[2] Srikanth Deva has scored the music, while S. K. Boopathy has cranked the camera and V. T. Vijayan did the film's editing. The film released on 28 June 2013.[3]","title":"Thulli Vilayadu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soori_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sendrayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendrayan"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Asin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin"}],"text":"Raghu (Yuvaraj), Mano (Soori), and Thangavelu (Sendrayan) are faithful for politicians Singam (Prakash Raj) and Samipillai (Jayaprakash). Both politicians are fighting for 200 million rupees, which is meant to be used to bribe the people for the upcoming elections. in the meantime, the three men decide to jump in this and take it for their advantage. The men decide to go to Rajasthan to hide. On their trip, they meet a girl named Yamuna (Deepthi Nambiar), who is claimed to be Asin's younger sister. What is the next part of the chapter?","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash"},{"link_name":"Soori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soori_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sendrayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendrayan"},{"link_name":"Singamuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singamuthu"},{"link_name":"Manobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala"},{"link_name":"Madhan Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhan_Bob"},{"link_name":"Sujatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujatha_Sivakumar"},{"link_name":"item number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_number"}],"text":"Yuvaraj as Raghu\nDeepthi Nambiar as Yamuna\nPrakash Raj as Singam\nJayaprakash as Samipillai\nSoori as Mano\nSendrayan as Thangavelu\nSingamuthu\nManobala\nMadhan Bob\nSujatha\nRajendranath\nBava Lakshmanan\nMadurai Muthu\nYogiram\nAnkitha as an item number","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mysskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysskin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu2-4"},{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vijay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiaglitz-5"}],"text":"The soundtrack is composed by Srikanth Deva, collaborating with Vincent Selva for the fourth time. Director Mysskin, who earlier worked as an assistant director for Vincent Selva, had sung one of the songs.[4] The audio was launched on 8 March 2013 by actor Vijay.[5]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annakodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annakodi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindwoods2-6"}],"text":"The film was released on 28 June 2013 alongside Annakodi. The film took a poor opening and grossed only ₹3.44714 lakh (US$4,100) in first week.[6] The film opened with 78 shows on its first weekend in Chennai box office. It was removed after one week. It sold 3,800 tickets in Chennai during its lifetime.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newindianexpress-7"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The New Indian Express wrote:\"lacklustre characters, insipid narration and shoddy screenplay make the film devoid of thrill, humour or excitement\".[7]","title":"Release"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Game for these songs? - The Hindu\". thehindu.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/game-for-these-songs/article4614211.ece","url_text":"\"Game for these songs? - The Hindu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prakash Raj's Big Bash For 150 Members - Prakash Raj - Jaya Prakash - Thulli Vilayadu - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com\". behindwoods.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-01/prakash-raj-jaya-prakash-03-09-12.html","url_text":"\"Prakash Raj's Big Bash For 150 Members - Prakash Raj - Jaya Prakash - Thulli Vilayadu - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friday Fury- June 28\". Sify. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630224707/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-28-news-tamil-ng2kMKdbajc.html","url_text":"\"Friday Fury- June 28\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-28-news-tamil-ng2kMKdbajc.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mysskin croons for Vincent Selva - Chennai - The Hindu\". thehindu.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mysskin-croons-for-vincent-selva/article3325836.ece","url_text":"\"Mysskin croons for Vincent Selva - Chennai - The Hindu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vijay launches Thulli Vilayadu audio - Tamil Movie News\". IndiaGlitz.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130312020008/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91661.html","url_text":"\"Vijay launches Thulli Vilayadu audio - Tamil Movie News\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91661.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thulli Vilayadu box office collection\". behindwoods.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thulli-vilayadu/thulli-vilayadu-box-office-jun-30.html","url_text":"\"Thulli Vilayadu box office collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thulli Vilaiyaadu (Tamil) - The New Indian Express\". newindianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714163050/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thulli-Vilaiyaadu-Tamil/2013/06/29/article1657754.ece","url_text":"\"Thulli Vilaiyaadu (Tamil) - The New Indian Express\""},{"url":"http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thulli-Vilaiyaadu-Tamil/2013/06/29/article1657754.ece","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtl%C3%A1n_del_Rio_(archaeological_site)
Ixtlán del Rio (archaeological site)
["1 Background","1.1 Los Concheros","1.2 Shaft Tomb Tradition","1.3 Aztatlán Tradition","1.4 Toponymy","1.5 History","1.6 Petroglyphs","1.7 Ceramic","2 The Site","3 Structures","3.1 Section A","3.2 Section B","3.3 Section C","3.4 Central Altar and Plaza C","4 Shaft Tombs","5 Notes","6 Further reading","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 21°02′23″N 104°20′41″W / 21.03972°N 104.34472°W / 21.03972; -104.34472 Shaft Tomb Tradition Culture – Archaeological Site Ixtlán del Río Round Structure Name: Ixtlán del Río Archaeological Site Type Mesoamerican archaeology Location Ixtlán del Rio, Nayarit  Mexico Region Mesoamerica Coordinates 21°02′23″N 104°20′41″W / 21.03972°N 104.34472°W / 21.03972; -104.34472 Culture Aztatlán Tradition - Nahua Language Nahuatl Chronology 300 BCE to 1521 CE Period Mesoamerican Preclassical, Classical, Postclassical Apogee 750 – 1100 CE INAH Web Page Ixtlán del Río Archaeological site (in Spanish) Ixtlán del Rio is an archaeological site located in the Ixtlán del Rio municipality, on the south west region of the Mexican state of Nayarit. It is also known as "Los Toriles" and contains the only vestiges of the western cultures in Nayarit. The presence of prehispanic vestiges in the form of petroglyphs are registered in five areas, the most important are "El Terrero", "Sayulapa" and "El Veladero", which depict sgraffiti lines and representations of abstract figures, such as spirals with rays. Of the traditional Shaft Tombs, five large concentration areas are identified, containing human bone remains; domestic pottery ollas, comales and cantaros (pitchers)]; as well as sculpture type remains (human and animal figures). Background In remote times in which early American settlers crossed the Behring Strait, several sedentary groups migrated south. The territory of present-day Nayarit State has manifestations of those settlers, chronologically and consecutively located in three cultural periods: Los Concheros, the shaft tomb tradition and the Aztatlán tradition. Los Concheros Los concheros ("concha" = shell), is a name given to groups dedicated to the sea exploitation of the ocean shores, and in the process developed the first settlements, with sea shells. According to archaeologist Gabriela Zepeda, the Matanchén and San Blas coves, it was in the Nayarit shores where history commenced in these lands. From about 2000 BCE up to 1500 CE, an amazing occupation persisted by a culture that perceived the sea as merciful and stormy God. It was also the origin of artistic ceramic modeling and cooking. Shaft Tomb Tradition Western Mexico archaeological sites. The orange circles show archeological sites. The larger green circles highlight the most important sites. Note that the sites form what has been called the "shaft tomb arc" which extends from northwest Nayarit through the central Jalisco highlands and down to Colima. Reconstruction of an excavated Shaft tomb exhibited at the Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México. On the traditional shaft tomb tradition, five major areas of concentration were identified, containing bones; ceramics for domestic use (pots, comales and pitchers); and remains of sculptural type (human and animal figures). The Shaft Tomb Tradition (500 BCE - 500 CE) constitutes a peculiar feature of mesoamerican prehispanic development in México, although there are analog burials forms elsewhere in the continent. Shaft Tombs thus far discovered in the Nayarit territory, were found and excavated outside of the settlement sites of that epoch, in vertical shafts (Wells), with one or two chambers where their dead were placed together with human and animal sculptures, also with large vessels that contained funerary offerings, these reflect the development achieved by this tradition, with the particular regional characteristics found. The Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition or shaft tomb culture refers to a set of interlocked cultural traits found in the western Mexican states of Jalisco, Nayarit, and, to a lesser extent, Colima to the south, roughly dating to the period between 300 BCE and 400 CE, although there are disagreements on this end-date. Nearly all of the artifacts associated with this shaft tomb tradition have been discovered by looters and are without provenance, making dating problematic. The first major undisturbed shaft tomb associated with the tradition was not discovered but until 1993, at Huitzilapa, Jalisco. The shaft tomb tradition is thought to have developed around 300 BCE. Some shaft tombs predate the tradition by more than 1000 years, for example, the shaft tomb at El Opeño in Michoacán has been dated to 1500 BCE but it is linked to central, rather than western Mexico. Like much else concerning the tradition, its origins are not well understood, although the valleys around Tequila, Jalisco, which include the archaeological sites of Huitzilapa and Teuchitlan, constitute its "undisputed core". The tradition lasted until at least 300 CE although, as noted above, there is disagreement on the end date. Aztatlán Tradition The archaeological ruins of "Los Toriles" are related to the Aztatlán tradition. Its buildings contain temples with stairs and worship places made of round stones jointed with clay, stone slabs and in some cases, with motif carved stones including spirals and a snake. The Aztatlán tradition is chronologically located on a period from 700 BCE throughout 1520 CE, it is considered a western mesoamerican cultural event that shares cultural traits with the Toltec and received cultural influences from central highlands. This rich tradition is manifested in their varied and beautiful complex ceramic and polished stone, obsidian, and jade, such as: arrowheads; human instruments, gods and animals. Metal work impacted the agricultural activity and environmental exploitation, manufactured utilitarian artifacts as well as ornamental and sumptuary objects. Architecture reached its peak when ballgame courts appeared, their construction prompted the organizing of large well designed platforms, patios and squares with pyramids of certain elevations, walkways and paved roads, stairways, worship stone carvings, columns as roof support, roofs, posts, palm and grass, utilization of adobe walls and floors. The burial was common in large pots where skeletons lie in sitting or extended position, accompanied by offerings primarily made of pottery. The " Aztatlán Tradition " flourished in the south of the State with the cultural development of Ixtlán de Río, on a period from around 750 BCE to 1110 CE, recognized as the Mid-Ixtlán period. Its early phase corresponds to the period that goes from 300 BCE to 600 CE. From the "Aztatlán Tradition" the Shaft Tombs are highlighted, and it is noted that the discovery of Smoking pipes vestiges in Amapa imply that tobacco was farmed, there are also samples that demonstrate the use of metals, form manufacturing needles and fish hooks, also bricks for construction evidence was found. In more recent times, within the "Aztatlán tradition", the now called Sentispac town, formerly known as Tzenticpac or Centicpac, was the seat of the lordship of the same name, which extended to Omitlán, Itzcuintla, Cillan and Atecomatlán and was occupied by Totorames native groups, who dominated and receiving tributes from Coras and Zayahuecos settled in the same coastal region. Toponymy The word "Ixtlán" is of Nahuatl origin, composed by the words "itz-" that means obsidian, and "-tlan", that means place with abundance, that is, "Place where obsidian is abundant". According to the Mexican Municipalities Encyclopedia, Ixtlán, means place dedicated to Ehécatl, Wind God . History This important site was very possibly occupied from 300 BCE through 600 CE. During the first stage a cultural complex was developed known as the Shaft Tomb tradition in which offerings were placed inside of funeral chambers. Between 500 and 600 CE the Shaft Tomb tradition is abandoned and its development is registered within an ample cultural region known as Aztatlán, with an apogee towards 750 and 1,100 CE. With the "Tradición Aztatlán" develops a new way of life and it begins towards 750 – 900 CE. This cultural development is identified as mid-Ixtlán period (750 - 1110) that represents the apogee of the city, dedicated to Ehécatl (Wind God); and late Ixtlán (1110–1525CE) identified by red smooth ceramic for domestic use as well as cajetes and tripod molcajetes decorated with white designs over red. The city was founded in the 12th century, by Nahuatlaca tribes en route towards the Valley of Mexico, forming the Ahuacatlán Lordship, known by its building construction and trading of obsidian goods. It is then that the urban settlement grows considerable with the construction of large terraces, palaces, temples and altars, acquiring a certain regional importance as manufacturing and commercial trade center. Although more than 85 mounds and structures have been located in the site, that remain still unexplored, at the moment it is only possible to visit fifteen structures, among them the building called Quetzalcoatl Temple that displays a circular shape with a parapet surrounding it and with peculiar perforations in cross shape. The temple has two altars on top of the Mexico Central Plateau style. Other important buildings are structures called "Reliefs Palace", "Columns Palace", the "Four Column Palace" complex and the "Square Palace". Ixtlán is the most studied archaeological zone in Nayarit. Its influence zone extended to the present day municipalities of Ixtlán del Rio, Ahuacatlán, Jala and Santa Maria del Oro. Their main towns were Cacalután, Tepuzhuacán, Mexpan, Zoatlán, Xala, Jomulco, Tequepexpan, Camotlán, Tetitlán, Acuitapilco and Zapotán. Petroglyphs In Santiago Ixcuintla, INAH has registered the existence of petroglyphs from the "Los Concheros" epoch, in the Las Parejas, Emérita, Yago, El Caballo and Acatán de las Piñas sites, with a total of 13 engravings, including the "Piedra Galana". The presence of prehispanic vestiges in the form of Petroglyphs are registered in five areas, the most important are "El Terrero", "Sayulapa" and "El Veladero", which depict sgraffiti lines and representations of abstract figures, such as spirals with rays. Ceramic Ancestor pair; 1st century BC-3rd century AD; height: 43.8 cm (171⁄4 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) This stage of prehispanic development distinguishes and identifies western Mexico from other mesoamerican cultural expressions, during the late formative period and early classical. The Nayarit shaft tomb complexes are identified within the early Ixtlán period (300 BCE to 300 CE), and three distinctive clay modeling styles have been defined: Chimisco, Ixtlán and San Sebastian. The pottery of this tradition shows abundance of colors, predominating red, orange, yellow beige and the "negative" form. Common themes are human beings as warriors, musicians, women, sick people and couples. The Site The Ixtlán del Río site is known as "Los Toriles", it was a constantly growing city and its inhabitants place huge importance to its buildings. They had urbanism knowledge, applied to an organized arrangement, with stairs, restricted accesses, open spaces, altars, sidewalks, drains, causeways, neighborhoods and palaces throughout the extensive city that flourished from 700 to 1200 CE. It had its heyday as a city during the "Aztatlán Tradition" period, in an area extended over eighty hectares. In the late phase, that corresponds to the period from 1110 to 1525 CE, had artistic red smooth ceramic expressions for home use, vessels and molcajetes tripods with white decor on red. This same period developed the metallurgy used to produce ornamental, ritual objects and obsidian bifacial instruments. On slopes they built extensive terraces, palaces, worship spaces, people’s homes, farmland areas and obsidian carving workshops. It is clear that it is still unknown what was their original culture, it is only known that they were predecessors of the Coras and Huichol or Wixáritari peoples, they believed in life after death. Accordingly, what their name was is not known, these were communities a little older than 2,200 years, and are known as belonging to the Shaft Tomb Tradition, constructed in vertical wells, round or square, representing the maternal uterus. Anthropologist Marina Anguiano concludes that at the Spaniards arrival to these lands, ethnic-linguistic groups existed of the Yuto-Aztec or Yuto-Nahuatl family, which had a socio-political structure divided into lordships, ruled by groups, possibly of noble rank, and a number of local lords. This archaeological site is considered related to the Aztatlán tradition, of which Corinca was the last governor. Its constructions contain temples with stairways and altars made from round stones jointed with clay, slab stones and, in some cases, with carved stones with spirals and a serpent. The site was founded, in the 12th century, by Nahuatlacas tribes while on their way to the Valley of Mexico, and formed part of the Ahuacatlán kingdom, known by its constructions and obsidian objects which they traded. The site has an unusual pyramid for Mesoamerica; it is a round construction 24 meters diameter by four meters high. It has five stairways harmonically distributed around its perimeter. A wall that ends on top has small cruciform windows. Probably this was a ceremonial center dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, central image of the Toltec culture. The shaft tombs are the most representative funeral constructions of the area, although there are other modalities such as "shaft tombs" or earth graves where dead people were barely buried near the surface. Ceramics are constituted by spherical glasses with vertical walls tall neck and triple bell support. The most frequent ornamental motifs are flowers and streamlined butterflies, deer and tiger heads. There are many ceramic vessels decorated with white over red color rhombuses and segments. Due to its special characteristics, ceramics and sculptures from this region are known as "Ixtlán style". The small 30 to 40 centimeters high sculptures distinguish themselves by ornaments consisting of earrings and nose perforations, where they placed one or more hoops. From the rich Ixtlán ceramics, scale models with excellent finishing are featured, from them we can intuit their forms of life, the social organization and the economic life characteristic of these towns. There are scale models that represent houses, groups in some activity and ballgame courts. These are always constructions with life and movement. Also, worth mentioning, are sculptures representing soldiers, identifiable from a spiked helmet; the chest is armor protected and in their hands a cane resembling a mallet. The lower part generally is naked. Ixtlán del Río another view of the Round Structure Structures Ixtlán del Río archaeological site has a plaza, with an altar with four small stairways and to the sides buildings that appear to be small rectangular rooms. These temples/rooms are built on platforms with adobe pilasters, as well as sidewalks and stairways. One of these temples has a road paved with stone slabs, which leads to the round monument, discovered in 1948 by Prof. José Corona Núñez and eloquently describes his discovery, stating: "the round monument has 30 meters in diameter by 4 meters high;" sloped walls crowned by a perforated parapet with crosses, as if skylights, four access stairs, limited by alfardas die finished, some of them still have cross shaped handrails. Above, within the round patio, limiting the parapets are pyramid bases, one to the north and another at the south, with stairs geared toward the center. The North has a smooth vertical panel and the south has a beveled cornice. According to the remains found, these bases maintained small altars with column portals, ceilings and stone altered battlements: one shaped as arrowheads, others composed of a disk with two circles engraved, this monument is called "Quetzalcoatl Temple" and is believed to belong to the Toltec horizon by the Toltec cultural traits observed in its architecture. In earlier times, between 300 BCE and 600 CE., flourished a cultural complex known as shaft tombs tradition characterized by underground architecture and offerings deposited inside the funeral chambers. Its origins are ancient and have been found in the neighboring States of Colima, Zacatecas, Jalisco and Michoacán. Around 500 to 600 CE.,the shaft tomb traditoion disappears and a new way of perceiving life starts from 750 to 900 CE. This cultural development is identified as the Aztatlán tradition and is known in the mid-Ixtlán period (750 to 1110) which represents the apogee of this city dedicated to the God of the wind; and late Ixtlán (1110 to 1525) identified by red smooth ceramics household items and cajetes and tripod molcajetes with white decor on Red. One of the temples has a stone slab paved road, which leads to the round building of section A. Section A Corresponds to the initial explorations of the site, composed of four structures; two of which are restored with rectangular shape with columns to the front, that limit spaces between the rooms, these two structures are part of the plaza with pyramidal foundation with central altar and other unexplored structures (mounds to the north and east of the plaza). The highlight of this complex is the circular pyramid, discovered in 1948 by Prof. Jose Corona Nuñez, it is the most important structure of the archaeological site that, from its design and finishing, constitutes one of the most beautiful works of the prehispanic architecture in western Mexico. "The monument is of round base 24 meters in diameter and 4 meters high, originally was a cylinder with vertical walls (compact drum) crowned with a perforated parapet with small cruciform windows that give the construction the aspect of a large brazier, with five stairs harmonically distributed in its contour"; in the superior part there are two rectangular altars, and it is known as a Quetzalcoatl or Ehécatl temple, due to its architectonic characteristics and elements. Section B It is composed by two plazas bordered by structures that correspond to buildings foundations and small pyramidal shape altars. Both plazas have nine monuments each, rectangular form, explored and restored; in center is a small foundation, similar to the ceremonial altar; dimensions and height varies and is in relation to the site topography and the plaza needs. The buildings stairways face the plaza, which has three closed spaces with one in front open and roof supporting pillars. Also there are remains of dirt floors, evidence of prehispanic occupation; constructive systems base in retaining walls with relief carved stone walls, with symbols religious and animal motifs. Section C It is the entrance to the archaeological zone; the south part has three explored and recovered structures that form part of a larger complex of plaza and buildings with a central altar. From the explored constructions one is outstanding, with two rectangular bodies and a single story whose stairways face towards the plaza. Also there are large columns that were used for support the roof of two large halls; the one to the east has a room and stairway integrated to the wall behind the structure. Central Altar and Plaza C Is a two bodied pyramidal shape structure with stairways in all four sides; an "alfarda", ended on a dice shaped element in the top. Two bodied Pyramidal foundation. Is located in the center of Plaza C; its stairway faces west and is limited by two unexplored mounds, that are part of the plaza. The structure, just as other monuments, has stone retaining walls that were stucco covered. Shaft Tombs During prehispanic times, western cultures buried to their dead in shaft tombs, these are vertical wells 1.5 to 16 meters deep, where diverse sculptures were placed as offering for the deceased; these were of various types of polychrome ceramic figures; animal forms, anthropomorphous and small and medium size scale models, which measured from five to 80 centimeters. The ceramic figures date back to the late Preclassical period (400 BCE to 200 CE) and to the Classical period (200 to 650 CE), these were discovered by archaeologists since 1945 until recent years in areas included in the states of Nayarit, Colima and Jalisco, where this funeral activity was practiced. In the case of the Ixtlán del Rio Archaeological Zone, the figures represent funeral processions, villages, people lying down or in beds, the flier and ballgame rituals, were modeled in reddish clay and decoration painted with black, red, orange, yellow and beige colors. According to art historian Lizeth Barreto Saucedo, these sculptures were modeled with reddish clay, dried and cooked in open fire. The funeral processions scale models are square or round, the carved figures depict many people; musicians, moving towards a house, while carrying the dead person for burial; they carry food plates and practice the cheek perforation ritual practice. The pieces representing the flier ritual, represents an individual dressed as a bird, on top of a pole on a flying simulation pose, can be leaning face down on the post or standing up looking upwards, houses are seen below and many people watching the ritual, some dance or play. Similarly, there are ball game sculptures, similar to the Mesoamerican I-shaped structure, the difference here is that there are houses in the ends of the representation, and some spectators. The dancers and musicians figures not only appear in the processions scale models, there are also exclusive pieces of people groups in circular dances or playing instruments, such as drums, snails and flutes. The largest sculptures (20 to 80 centimeters) are anthropomorphous figures decorated with facial painting and different types from clothes, some are standing up and other are seated. Women carry vessels or children, and men carry balls or instruments, some are soldiers with shields. Figures of both genders carry jewels, earflaps and cut shell collars. The facial painting is naturalist and streamlined. Also sculptures with human figures representations are known with cheek perforations, in which three to four people are displayed (men and women) interconnected by an instrument that crosses their cheeks. The individuals lying down or in beds are similar to those from Veracruz, emphasizing that are figures tied to a bed, which would seem to indicate that are women dead from childbirth or convalescent. Five types of scale models have been classified, representing houses, measuring approximately 18 centimeters high by 20 wide and are distinguished by its shed roof with the corners raised in triangles form. The type 1 house lacks walls, only shows the roof and people inside. House type 2 has an ample room with walls. Type 3, the building half walls are leaned. Type 4, has two levels, with a room on each level and stairs. And type 5 is similar to Type 4, except that the house is full of people. Among the scale models, there are also villages with a circular construction in the center, very similar to the pyramid of the Guachimontones Archaeological site in Jalisco, surrounded by houses as previously mentioned. Shaft tombs are vertical wells, whose surface can be circular or square, and have a depth of between 1.5 and 16 meters, and a width of between 0.80 and one meter; there are two types: familiar burials underneath the rooms, or cemeteries. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Arana Alvarez, Raúl M. "Zona arqueologica Ixtlán del Río" (Text based on work by Raúl Martín Arana Álvarez, Eduardo S. Contreras, José Corona Núñez & Rodolfo Castro Hernández.). INAH (in Spanish). Mexico. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Historia Nayarit" . Enciclopedia de los municipios (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ a b c d e "Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ The International Council of Museum estimates that 90% of the clay figurines come from illegal excavations ICOM Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Williams, Classic period page as well as Danien, p. 23. There is some evidence (Meighan & Nicholson, p. 42) that many tombs were looted in ancient times. ^ Williams, Classic period page and most other sources give the 300 BCE date. For example, Dominique Michelet in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures says "it probably started earlier" than 200 BCE. ^ Beekman (2000) p. 388 & 394. ^ The proposed end date of the shaft tomb tradition varies considerably. Williams as well as the De Young Museum give a date of 300 CE. The International Council of Museums, on the other hand, provides a date of 500 CE, while the Smithsonian and The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures give 600 CE. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Zona Arqueologica los Toriles" (in Spanish). Mexico: Buscanay. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ a b Pedro (Oct 24, 2006). "Los Toriles, Noticias de Historia Antigua y Arqueología" . El Informador (in Spanish). Retrieved September 1, 2010. ^ Corinca (1502-1530) was the last Lord of Aztatlán. He took office in 1513. During his Government, the tahue and achier peoples became tributaries of Aztatlán. In 1517, Aztatlán became part of the Chimalhuacana Confederation. ^ Quetzalcoatl temples probably dedicated to Ehécatl, are mesoamerican round buildings, generally related to Ehécatl. The circle is a perfect geometric figure, has no beginning or end, therefore infinite, as the gods. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lastra, Elda (November 18, 2009). "Esculturas de las tumbas de tiro en Ixtlán del Río" (in Spanish). Mexico: INAH. Retrieved September 1, 2010. Further reading Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan tradition Guachimontones Cora people — native groups in western Nayarit, México. Cora language Muisca—Chibcha peoples Chibcha language Chibchan language family — Central America & Colombia. Danza de los Voladores de Papantla — Voladores Ceremony. References Smith, Julian (2006) "Surprise Finds in Tequila Country" in Archaeology magazine November/December 2006. Weigand, Phil and Efraín Cárdenas, "Proyecto Arqueológico Teuchitlán", accessed May 2008. Miller, Wick. (1983). Uto-Aztecan languages. In W. C. Sturtevant (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10, pp. 113-124). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. McMahon, Ambrosio & Maria Aiton de McMahon. (1959) Vocabulario Cora. Serie de Vocabularios Indigenas Mariano Silva y Aceves. SIL. Casad, Eugene H.. 2001. "Cora: a no longer unknown southern Uto-Aztecan language." In José Luis Moctezuma Zamarrón and Jane H. Hill (eds), Avances y balances de lenguas yutoaztecas; homenaje a Wick R. Miller p. 109-122. Mexico, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Historia. Beekman, Christopher S (1994) "A Classic Period Political Boundary in the Sierra La Primavera Region, Jalisco, Mexico", presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Anaheim. Beekman, Christopher S (1996) "Political Boundaries and Political Structure: the Limits of the Teuchitlan Tradition" in Ancient Mesoamerica, Vol 7, No 1, pp. 135–147. Smith, Michael E. (2007) "Form and Meaning in the Earliest Cities: A New Approach to Ancient Urban Planning" in Journal of Planning History, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 3–47. Weigand, Phil (2001) "West Mexico Classic" in Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Vol 5, Peter N. Peregrine (ed), ISBN 978-0-306-46259-7. Weigand, Phil C. and Christopher S. Beekman (1999) "La Civilización Teuchitlan" in La Jornada, Suplemento Cultural, vol 210, no 1-4. Accessed May 2008. Weigand, Phil and Efraín Cárdenas, "Proyecto Arqueológico Teuchitlán", accessed May 2008. Williams, Eduardo, "Prehispanic West México: A Mesoamerican Culture Area", Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., accessed May 2008. External links Ixtlán del Rio Municipal Government Portal (in Spanish) Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México, Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit (in Spanish) Teuchitlán, Jalisco. Official Web Site (in Spanish) More information on Teuchitlán and Guachimontones (in Spanish) Galería de Fotos de Guachimontones (in Spanish)
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It is also known as \"Los Toriles\" and contains the only vestiges of the western cultures in Nayarit.[1]The presence of prehispanic vestiges in the form of petroglyphs are registered in five areas, the most important are \"El Terrero\", \"Sayulapa\" and \"El Veladero\", which depict sgraffiti lines and representations of abstract figures, such as spirals with rays.[1]Of the traditional Shaft Tombs, five large concentration areas are identified, containing human bone remains; domestic pottery ollas, comales and cantaros (pitchers)]; as well as sculpture type remains (human and animal figures).[1]","title":"Ixtlán del Rio (archaeological site)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"}],"text":"In remote times in which early American settlers crossed the Behring Strait, several sedentary groups migrated south. The territory of present-day Nayarit State has manifestations of those settlers, chronologically and consecutively located in three cultural periods: Los Concheros, the shaft tomb tradition and the Aztatlán tradition.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"}],"sub_title":"Los Concheros","text":"Los concheros (\"concha\" = shell), is a name given to groups dedicated to the sea exploitation of the ocean shores, and in the process developed the first settlements, with sea shells. According to archaeologist Gabriela Zepeda, the Matanchén and San Blas coves, it was in the Nayarit shores where history commenced in these lands. From about 2000 BCE up to 1500 CE, an amazing occupation persisted by a culture that perceived the sea as merciful and stormy God. It was also the origin of artistic ceramic modeling and cooking.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Western_Mexico_Archaeological_Sites.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShafttombMNAH.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Antropologia_e_Historia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enciixt-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition"},{"link_name":"Mexican states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_states"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"El Opeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ope%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tequila, Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila,_Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Teuchitlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuchitlan_tradition"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Shaft Tomb Tradition","text":"Western Mexico archaeological sites. The orange circles show archeological sites. The larger green circles highlight the most important sites. Note that the sites form what has been called the \"shaft tomb arc\" which extends from northwest Nayarit through the central Jalisco highlands and down to Colima.Reconstruction of an excavated Shaft tomb exhibited at the Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México.On the traditional shaft tomb tradition, five major areas of concentration were identified, containing bones; ceramics for domestic use (pots, comales and pitchers); and remains of sculptural type (human and animal figures).[3]The Shaft Tomb Tradition (500 BCE - 500 CE) constitutes a peculiar feature of mesoamerican prehispanic development in México, although there are analog burials forms elsewhere in the continent. Shaft Tombs thus far discovered in the Nayarit territory, were found and excavated outside of the settlement sites of that epoch, in vertical shafts (Wells), with one or two chambers where their dead were placed together with human and animal sculptures, also with large vessels that contained funerary offerings, these reflect the development achieved by this tradition, with the particular regional characteristics found.[2]The Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition or shaft tomb culture refers to a set of interlocked cultural traits found in the western Mexican states of Jalisco, Nayarit, and, to a lesser extent, Colima to the south, roughly dating to the period between 300 BCE and 400 CE, although there are disagreements on this end-date. Nearly all of the artifacts associated with this shaft tomb tradition have been discovered by looters and are without provenance, making dating problematic.[4] The first major undisturbed shaft tomb associated with the tradition was not discovered but until 1993, at Huitzilapa, Jalisco.[5]The shaft tomb tradition is thought to have developed around 300 BCE.[6] Some shaft tombs predate the tradition by more than 1000 years, for example, the shaft tomb at El Opeño in Michoacán has been dated to 1500 BCE but it is linked to central, rather than western Mexico. Like much else concerning the tradition, its origins are not well understood, although the valleys around Tequila, Jalisco, which include the archaeological sites of Huitzilapa and Teuchitlan, constitute its \"undisputed core\".[7] The tradition lasted until at least 300 CE although, as noted above, there is disagreement on the end date.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enciixt-3"},{"link_name":"Toltec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"Smoking pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_pipe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"}],"sub_title":"Aztatlán Tradition","text":"The archaeological ruins of \"Los Toriles\" are related to the Aztatlán tradition. Its buildings contain temples with stairs and worship places made of round stones jointed with clay, stone slabs and in some cases, with motif carved stones including spirals and a snake.[3]The Aztatlán tradition is chronologically located on a period from 700 BCE throughout 1520 CE, it is considered a western mesoamerican cultural event that shares cultural traits with the Toltec and received cultural influences from central highlands.[2]This rich tradition is manifested in their varied and beautiful complex ceramic and polished stone, obsidian, and jade, such as: arrowheads; human instruments, gods and animals. Metal work impacted the agricultural activity and environmental exploitation, manufactured utilitarian artifacts as well as ornamental and sumptuary objects.[2]Architecture reached its peak when ballgame courts appeared, their construction prompted the organizing of large well designed platforms, patios and squares with pyramids of certain elevations, walkways and paved roads, stairways, worship stone carvings, columns as roof support, roofs, posts, palm and grass, utilization of adobe walls and floors. The burial was common in large pots where skeletons lie in sitting or extended position, accompanied by offerings primarily made of pottery.[2]The \" Aztatlán Tradition \" flourished in the south of the State with the cultural development of Ixtlán de Río, on a period from around 750 BCE to 1110 CE, recognized as the Mid-Ixtlán period. Its early phase corresponds to the period that goes from 300 BCE to 600 CE.[2]From the \"Aztatlán Tradition\" the Shaft Tombs are highlighted, and it is noted that the discovery of Smoking pipes vestiges in Amapa imply that tobacco was farmed, there are also samples that demonstrate the use of metals, form manufacturing needles and fish hooks, also bricks for construction evidence was found.[2]In more recent times, within the \"Aztatlán tradition\", the now called Sentispac town, formerly known as Tzenticpac or Centicpac, was the seat of the lordship of the same name, which extended to Omitlán, Itzcuintla, Cillan and Atecomatlán and was occupied by Totorames native groups, who dominated and receiving tributes from Coras and Zayahuecos settled in the same coastal region.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enciixt-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"The word \"Ixtlán\" is of Nahuatl origin, composed by the words \"itz-\" that means obsidian, and \"-tlan\", that means place with abundance, that is, \"Place where obsidian is abundant\".[1][3]According to the Mexican Municipalities Encyclopedia, Ixtlán, means place dedicated to Ehécatl, Wind God .[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"molcajetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molcajete"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"Nahuatlaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlaca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enciixt-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"This important site was very possibly occupied from 300 BCE through 600 CE. During the first stage a cultural complex was developed known as the Shaft Tomb tradition in which offerings were placed inside of funeral chambers. Between 500 and 600 CE the Shaft Tomb tradition is abandoned and its development is registered within an ample cultural region known as Aztatlán, with an apogee towards 750 and 1,100 CE.[1]With the \"Tradición Aztatlán\" develops a new way of life and it begins towards 750 – 900 CE. This cultural development is identified as mid-Ixtlán period (750 - 1110) that represents the apogee of the city, dedicated to Ehécatl (Wind God); and late Ixtlán (1110–1525CE) identified by red smooth ceramic for domestic use as well as cajetes and tripod molcajetes decorated with white designs over red.[9]The city was founded in the 12th century, by Nahuatlaca tribes en route towards the Valley of Mexico, forming the Ahuacatlán Lordship, known by its building construction and trading of obsidian goods.[3]It is then that the urban settlement grows considerable with the construction of large terraces, palaces, temples and altars, acquiring a certain regional importance as manufacturing and commercial trade center. Although more than 85 mounds and structures have been located in the site, that remain still unexplored, at the moment it is only possible to visit fifteen structures, among them the building called Quetzalcoatl Temple that displays a circular shape with a parapet surrounding it and with peculiar perforations in cross shape.[1]The temple has two altars on top of the Mexico Central Plateau style. Other important buildings are structures called \"Reliefs Palace\", \"Columns Palace\", the \"Four Column Palace\" complex and the \"Square Palace\".[1]Ixtlán is the most studied archaeological zone in Nayarit. Its influence zone extended to the present day municipalities of Ixtlán del Rio, Ahuacatlán, Jala and Santa Maria del Oro. Their main towns were Cacalután, Tepuzhuacán, Mexpan, Zoatlán, Xala, Jomulco, Tequepexpan, Camotlán, Tetitlán, Acuitapilco and Zapotán.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAH"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"Petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"sgraffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgraffito"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enciixt-3"}],"sub_title":"Petroglyphs","text":"In Santiago Ixcuintla, INAH has registered the existence of petroglyphs from the \"Los Concheros\" epoch, in the Las Parejas, Emérita, Yago, El Caballo and Acatán de las Piñas sites, with a total of 13 engravings, including the \"Piedra Galana\".[2]The presence of prehispanic vestiges in the form of Petroglyphs are registered in five areas, the most important are \"El Terrero\", \"Sayulapa\" and \"El Veladero\", which depict sgraffiti lines and representations of abstract figures, such as spirals with rays.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancestor_Pair_MET_DT210536.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"}],"sub_title":"Ceramic","text":"Ancestor pair; 1st century BC-3rd century AD; height: 43.8 cm (171⁄4 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)This stage of prehispanic development distinguishes and identifies western Mexico from other mesoamerican cultural expressions, during the late formative period and early classical. The Nayarit shaft tomb complexes are identified within the early Ixtlán period (300 BCE to 300 CE), and three distinctive clay modeling styles have been defined: Chimisco, Ixtlán and San Sebastian.[9]The pottery of this tradition shows abundance of colors, predominating red, orange, yellow beige and the \"negative\" form. Common themes are human beings as warriors, musicians, women, sick people and couples.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"molcajetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molcajete"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"Coras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_people"},{"link_name":"Huichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedro-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedro-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encinay-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl"},{"link_name":"Toltec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ixtl%C3%A1n.jpg"}],"text":"The Ixtlán del Río site is known as \"Los Toriles\", it was a constantly growing city and its inhabitants place huge importance to its buildings. They had urbanism knowledge, applied to an organized arrangement, with stairs, restricted accesses, open spaces, altars, sidewalks, drains, causeways, neighborhoods and palaces throughout the extensive city that flourished from 700 to 1200 CE.[2]It had its heyday as a city during the \"Aztatlán Tradition\" period, in an area extended over eighty hectares. In the late phase, that corresponds to the period from 1110 to 1525 CE, had artistic red smooth ceramic expressions for home use, vessels and molcajetes tripods with white decor on red. This same period developed the metallurgy used to produce ornamental, ritual objects and obsidian bifacial instruments. On slopes they built extensive terraces, palaces, worship spaces, people’s homes, farmland areas and obsidian carving workshops.[2]It is clear that it is still unknown what was their original culture, it is only known that they were predecessors of the Coras and Huichol or Wixáritari peoples, they believed in life after death.[10] \nAccordingly, what their name was is not known, these were communities a little older than 2,200 years, and are known as belonging to the Shaft Tomb Tradition, constructed in vertical wells, round or square, representing the maternal uterus.[10]Anthropologist Marina Anguiano concludes that at the Spaniards arrival to these lands, ethnic-linguistic groups existed of the Yuto-Aztec or Yuto-Nahuatl family, which had a socio-political structure divided into lordships, ruled by groups, possibly of noble rank, and a number of local lords.[2]This archaeological site is considered related to the Aztatlán tradition, of which Corinca[11] was the last governor. Its constructions contain temples with stairways and altars made from round stones jointed with clay, slab stones and, in some cases, with carved stones with spirals and a serpent.[1]The site was founded, in the 12th century, by Nahuatlacas tribes while on their way to the Valley of Mexico, and formed part of the Ahuacatlán kingdom, known by its constructions and obsidian objects which they traded.[1]The site has an unusual pyramid for Mesoamerica; it is a round construction 24 meters diameter by four meters high. It has five stairways harmonically distributed around its perimeter. A wall that ends on top has small cruciform windows. Probably this was a ceremonial center dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, central image of the Toltec culture. The shaft tombs are the most representative funeral constructions of the area, although there are other modalities such as \"shaft tombs\" or earth graves where dead people were barely buried near the surface. Ceramics are constituted by spherical glasses with vertical walls tall neck and triple bell support. The most frequent ornamental motifs are flowers and streamlined butterflies, deer and tiger heads. There are many ceramic vessels decorated with white over red color rhombuses and segments.[1]Due to its special characteristics, ceramics and sculptures from this region are known as \"Ixtlán style\".[1]The small 30 to 40 centimeters high sculptures distinguish themselves by ornaments consisting of earrings and nose perforations, where they placed one or more hoops.[1]From the rich Ixtlán ceramics, scale models with excellent finishing are featured, from them we can intuit their forms of life, the social organization and the economic life characteristic of these towns. There are scale models that represent houses, groups in some activity and ballgame courts. These are always constructions with life and movement. Also, worth mentioning, are sculptures representing soldiers, identifiable from a spiked helmet; the chest is armor protected and in their hands a cane resembling a mallet. The lower part generally is naked.[1]Ixtlán del Río another view of the Round Structure","title":"The Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Busca-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"}],"text":"Ixtlán del Río archaeological site has a plaza, with an altar with four small stairways and to the sides buildings that appear to be small rectangular rooms.[1][9]These temples/rooms are built on platforms with adobe pilasters, as well as sidewalks and stairways.[9]One of these temples has a road paved with stone slabs, which leads to the round monument, discovered in 1948 by Prof. José Corona Núñez and eloquently describes his discovery, stating: \"the round monument has 30 meters in diameter by 4 meters high;\" sloped walls crowned by a perforated parapet with crosses, as if skylights, four access stairs, limited by alfardas die finished, some of them still have cross shaped handrails.[9]Above, within the round patio, limiting the parapets are pyramid bases, one to the north and another at the south, with stairs geared toward the center. The North has a smooth vertical panel and the south has a beveled cornice. According to the remains found, these bases maintained small altars with column portals, ceilings and stone altered battlements: one shaped as arrowheads, others composed of a disk with two circles engraved, this monument is called \"Quetzalcoatl Temple\" and is believed to belong to the Toltec horizon by the Toltec cultural traits observed in its architecture.[9]In earlier times, between 300 BCE and 600 CE., flourished a cultural complex known as shaft tombs tradition characterized by underground architecture and offerings deposited inside the funeral chambers. Its origins are ancient and have been found in the neighboring States of Colima, Zacatecas, Jalisco and Michoacán.[9]Around 500 to 600 CE.,the shaft tomb traditoion disappears and a new way of perceiving life starts from 750 to 900 CE. This cultural development is identified as the Aztatlán tradition and is known in the mid-Ixtlán period (750 to 1110) which represents the apogee of this city dedicated to the God of the wind; and late Ixtlán (1110 to 1525) identified by red smooth ceramics household items and cajetes and tripod molcajetes with white decor on Red.[9]One of the temples has a stone slab paved road, which leads to the round building of section A.[1]","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prof. Jose Corona Nuñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Corona_Nu%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"}],"sub_title":"Section A","text":"Corresponds to the initial explorations of the site, composed of four structures; two of which are restored with rectangular shape with columns to the front, that limit spaces between the rooms, these two structures are part of the plaza with pyramidal foundation with central altar and other unexplored structures (mounds to the north and east of the plaza). The highlight of this complex is the circular pyramid, discovered in 1948 by Prof. Jose Corona Nuñez, it is the most important structure of the archaeological site that, from its design and finishing, constitutes one of the most beautiful works of the prehispanic architecture in western Mexico. \"The monument is of round base 24 meters in diameter and 4 meters high, originally was a cylinder with vertical walls (compact drum) crowned with a perforated parapet with small cruciform windows that give the construction the aspect of a large brazier, with five stairs harmonically distributed in its contour\"; in the superior part there are two rectangular altars, and it is known as a Quetzalcoatl or Ehécatl temple,[12] due to its architectonic characteristics and elements.[1]","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"}],"sub_title":"Section B","text":"It is composed by two plazas bordered by structures that correspond to buildings foundations and small pyramidal shape altars. Both plazas have nine monuments each, rectangular form, explored and restored; in center is a small foundation, similar to the ceremonial altar; dimensions and height varies and is in relation to the site topography and the plaza needs. The buildings stairways face the plaza, which has three closed spaces with one in front open and roof supporting pillars. Also there are remains of dirt floors, evidence of prehispanic occupation; constructive systems base in retaining walls with relief carved stone walls, with symbols religious and animal motifs.[1]","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"}],"sub_title":"Section C","text":"It is the entrance to the archaeological zone; the south part has three explored and recovered structures that form part of a larger complex of plaza and buildings with a central altar. From the explored constructions one is outstanding, with two rectangular bodies and a single story whose stairways face towards the plaza. Also there are large columns that were used for support the roof of two large halls; the one to the east has a room and stairway integrated to the wall behind the structure.[1]","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INAH-1"}],"sub_title":"Central Altar and Plaza C","text":"Is a two bodied pyramidal shape structure with stairways in all four sides; an \"alfarda\", ended on a dice shaped element in the top. Two bodied Pyramidal foundation. Is located in the center of Plaza C; its stairway faces west and is limited by two unexplored mounds, that are part of the plaza. The structure, just as other monuments, has stone retaining walls that were stucco covered.[1]","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"Guachimontones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guachimontones"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elda-13"}],"text":"During prehispanic times, western cultures buried to their dead in shaft tombs, these are vertical wells 1.5 to 16 meters deep, where diverse sculptures were placed as offering for the deceased; these were of various types of polychrome ceramic figures; animal forms, anthropomorphous and small and medium size scale models, which measured from five to 80 centimeters.[13]The ceramic figures date back to the late Preclassical period (400 BCE to 200 CE) and to the Classical period (200 to 650 CE), these were discovered by archaeologists since 1945 until recent years in areas included in the states of Nayarit, Colima and Jalisco, where this funeral activity was practiced.[13]In the case of the Ixtlán del Rio Archaeological Zone, the figures represent funeral processions, villages, people lying down or in beds, the flier and ballgame rituals, were modeled in reddish clay and decoration painted with black, red, orange, yellow and beige colors.[13]According to art historian Lizeth Barreto Saucedo, these sculptures were modeled with reddish clay, dried and cooked in open fire.[13]The funeral processions scale models are square or round, the carved figures depict many people; musicians, moving towards a house, while carrying the dead person for burial; they carry food plates and practice the cheek perforation ritual practice.[13]The pieces representing the flier ritual, represents an individual dressed as a bird, on top of a pole on a flying simulation pose, can be leaning face down on the post or standing up looking upwards, houses are seen below and many people watching the ritual, some dance or play.[13]Similarly, there are ball game sculptures, similar to the Mesoamerican I-shaped structure, the difference here is that there are houses in the ends of the representation, and some spectators.[13]The dancers and musicians figures not only appear in the processions scale models, there are also exclusive pieces of people groups in circular dances or playing instruments, such as drums, snails and flutes.[13]The largest sculptures (20 to 80 centimeters) are anthropomorphous figures decorated with facial painting and different types from clothes, some are standing up and other are seated. Women carry vessels or children, and men carry balls or instruments, some are soldiers with shields. Figures of both genders carry jewels, earflaps and cut shell collars. The facial painting is naturalist and streamlined.[13]Also sculptures with human figures representations are known with cheek perforations, in which three to four people are displayed (men and women) interconnected by an instrument that crosses their cheeks.[13]The individuals lying down or in beds are similar to those from Veracruz, emphasizing that are figures tied to a bed, which would seem to indicate that are women dead from childbirth or convalescent.[13]Five types of scale models have been classified, representing houses, measuring approximately 18 centimeters high by 20 wide and are distinguished by its shed roof with the corners raised in triangles form.[13]The type 1 house lacks walls, only shows the roof and people inside. House type 2 has an ample room with walls. Type 3, the building half walls are leaned. Type 4, has two levels, with a room on each level and stairs. And type 5 is similar to Type 4, except that the house is full of people.[13]Among the scale models, there are also villages with a circular construction in the center, very similar to the pyramid of the Guachimontones Archaeological site in Jalisco, surrounded by houses as previously mentioned.[13]Shaft tombs are vertical wells, whose surface can be circular or square, and have a depth of between 1.5 and 16 meters, and a width of between 0.80 and one meter; there are two types: familiar burials underneath the rooms, or cemeteries.[13]","title":"Shaft Tombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INAH_1-19"},{"link_name":"\"Zona 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/nayarit/mpios/18006a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ICOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//icom.museum/redlist/LatinAmerica/english/page04.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080506134137/http://icom.museum/redlist/LatinAmerica/english/page04.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Classic period page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.famsi.org/research/williams/wm_classicperiod.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Classic period 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Toriles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708104923/http://www.buscanay.com/Ixtlan%20del%20Rio/Atractivos%20Turisticos/Los%20toriles.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.buscanay.com/Ixtlan%20del%20Rio/Atractivos%20Turisticos/Los%20toriles.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pedro_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pedro_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"Los Toriles, Noticias de Historia Antigua y Arqueología\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//historiayarqueologia.wordpress.com/2006/10/24/abriran-exposicion-sobre-culturas-prehispanicas-en-nayarit/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elda_13-14"},{"link_name":"\"Esculturas de las tumbas de tiro en Ixtlán del Río\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226:esculturas-de-las-tumbas-de-tiro-en-ixtlan-del-rio-&catid=45:especiales&Itemid=118"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Arana Alvarez, Raúl M. \"Zona arqueologica Ixtlán del Río\" [Ixtlán del Río Archaeological site] (Text based on work by Raúl Martín Arana Álvarez, Eduardo S. Contreras, José Corona Núñez & Rodolfo Castro Hernández.). INAH (in Spanish). Mexico. Retrieved March 1, 2016.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n \"Historia Nayarit\" [Nayarit History]. Enciclopedia de los municipios (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ The International Council of Museum estimates that 90% of the clay figurines come from illegal excavations ICOM Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Williams, Classic period page as well as Danien, p. 23. There is some evidence (Meighan & Nicholson, p. 42) that many tombs were looted in ancient times.\n\n^ Williams, Classic period page and most other sources give the 300 BCE date. For example, Dominique Michelet in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures says \"it probably started earlier\" than 200 BCE.\n\n^ Beekman (2000) p. 388 & 394.\n\n^ The proposed end date of the shaft tomb tradition varies considerably. Williams as well as the De Young Museum give a date of 300 CE. The International Council of Museums, on the other hand, provides a date of 500 CE, while the Smithsonian and The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures give 600 CE.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i \"Zona Arqueologica los Toriles\" [Los Toriles Archaeological Site] (in Spanish). Mexico: Buscanay. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ a b Pedro (Oct 24, 2006). \"Los Toriles, Noticias de Historia Antigua y Arqueología\" [Los Toriles, ancient history and archaeology news]. El Informador (in Spanish). Retrieved September 1, 2010.\n\n^ Corinca (1502-1530) was the last Lord of Aztatlán. He took office in 1513. During his Government, the tahue and achier peoples became tributaries of Aztatlán. In 1517, Aztatlán became part of the Chimalhuacana Confederation.\n\n^ Quetzalcoatl temples probably dedicated to Ehécatl, are mesoamerican round buildings, generally related to Ehécatl. The circle is a perfect geometric figure, has no beginning or end, therefore infinite, as the gods.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lastra, Elda (November 18, 2009). \"Esculturas de las tumbas de tiro en Ixtlán del Río\" [Shaft Tombs Sculptures of Ixtlán del Río] (in Spanish). Mexico: INAH. Retrieved September 1, 2010.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition"},{"link_name":"Teuchitlan tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuchitlan_tradition"},{"link_name":"Guachimontones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guachimontones"},{"link_name":"Cora people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_people"},{"link_name":"Cora language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_language"},{"link_name":"Muisca—Chibcha peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiscas"},{"link_name":"Chibcha language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha_language"},{"link_name":"Chibchan language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchan_languages"},{"link_name":"Danza de los Voladores de Papantla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_de_los_Voladores_de_Papantla"}],"text":"Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition\nTeuchitlan tradition\nGuachimontones\nCora people — native groups in western Nayarit, México.\nCora language\nMuisca—Chibcha peoples\nChibcha language\nChibchan language family — Central America & Colombia.\nDanza de los Voladores de Papantla — Voladores Ceremony.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Ixtlán del Río Round Structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ixtlan.jpg/300px-Ixtlan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Western Mexico archaeological sites. The orange circles show archeological sites. The larger green circles highlight the most important sites. Note that the sites form what has been called the \"shaft tomb arc\" which extends from northwest Nayarit through the central Jalisco highlands and down to Colima.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ancient_Western_Mexico_Archaeological_Sites.svg/350px-Ancient_Western_Mexico_Archaeological_Sites.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of an excavated Shaft tomb exhibited at the Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, México.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ShafttombMNAH.jpg/350px-ShafttombMNAH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ancestor pair; 1st century BC-3rd century AD; height: 43.8 cm (171⁄4 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancestor_Pair_MET_DT210536.jpg/250px-Ancestor_Pair_MET_DT210536.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ixtlán del Río another view of the Round Structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ixtl%C3%A1n.jpg/300px-Ixtl%C3%A1n.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Arana Alvarez, Raúl M. \"Zona arqueologica Ixtlán del Río\" [Ixtlán del Río Archaeological site] (Text based on work by Raúl Martín Arana Álvarez, Eduardo S. Contreras, José Corona Núñez & Rodolfo Castro Hernández.). INAH (in Spanish). Mexico. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inah.gob.mx/es/red-de-museos/266-zona-arqueologica-ixtlan-del-rio-o-los-toriles","url_text":"\"Zona arqueologica Ixtlán del Río\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia Nayarit\" [Nayarit History]. Enciclopedia de los municipios (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517162123/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_nayarit","url_text":"\"Historia Nayarit\""},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_nayarit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518061722/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/nayarit/mpios/18006a.htm","url_text":"\"Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit\""},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/nayarit/mpios/18006a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zona Arqueologica los Toriles\" [Los Toriles Archaeological Site] (in Spanish). Mexico: Buscanay. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104923/http://www.buscanay.com/Ixtlan%20del%20Rio/Atractivos%20Turisticos/Los%20toriles.html","url_text":"\"Zona Arqueologica los Toriles\""},{"url":"http://www.buscanay.com/Ixtlan%20del%20Rio/Atractivos%20Turisticos/Los%20toriles.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pedro (Oct 24, 2006). \"Los Toriles, Noticias de Historia Antigua y Arqueología\" [Los Toriles, ancient history and archaeology news]. El Informador (in Spanish). Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://historiayarqueologia.wordpress.com/2006/10/24/abriran-exposicion-sobre-culturas-prehispanicas-en-nayarit/","url_text":"\"Los Toriles, Noticias de Historia Antigua y Arqueología\""}]},{"reference":"Lastra, Elda (November 18, 2009). \"Esculturas de las tumbas de tiro en Ixtlán del Río\" [Shaft Tombs Sculptures of Ixtlán del Río] (in Spanish). Mexico: INAH. Retrieved September 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226:esculturas-de-las-tumbas-de-tiro-en-ixtlan-del-rio-&catid=45:especiales&Itemid=118","url_text":"\"Esculturas de las tumbas de tiro en Ixtlán del Río\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Maroochydore
Electoral district of Maroochydore
["1 Members for Maroochydore","2 Election results","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 26°36′S 153°6′E / 26.600°S 153.100°E / -26.600; 153.100State electoral district of Queensland, Australia Australian electorate MaroochydoreQueensland—Legislative AssemblyElectoral map of Maroochydore 2017StateQueenslandMPFiona SimpsonPartyLiberal National PartyNamesakeMaroochydoreElectors36,020 (2020)Area45 km2 (17.4 sq mi)Coordinates26°36′S 153°6′E / 26.600°S 153.100°E / -26.600; 153.100 Electorates around Maroochydore: Ninderry Ninderry Coral Sea Ninderry Maroochydore Coral Sea Buderim Buderim Kawana Electoral map of Maroochydore 2008 Maroochydore is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It covers parts of the Sunshine Coast and takes in coastal areas between Coolum Beach and Mooloolaba, including Maroochydore. The seat is currently held by Fiona Simpson of the Liberal National Party, who has held it since its creation ahead of the 1992 state election. Simpson was the Deputy Leader of the National Party from 2006 to 2008. Members for Maroochydore Member Party Term   Fiona Simpson National 1992–2008   Liberal National 2008–present Election results Main article: Electoral results for the district of Maroochydore This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2020 Queensland state election § Maroochydore. 2020 Queensland state election: Maroochydore Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal National Fiona Simpson 14,426 47.88 +3.21 Labor Alison Smith 7,737 25.68 +0.43 Greens Gabrielle Unverzagt 3,336 11.07 −2.81 Independent John Connolly 1,916 6.36 +6.36 One Nation Rod McCormack 1,247 4.14 −12.06 Animal Justice Tash Poole 926 3.07 +3.07 United Australia Greg Searle 248 0.82 +0.82 Independent Janet Creevey 149 0.49 +0.49 Independent Mark Wadeson 147 0.49 +0.49 Total formal votes 30,132 95.78 −0.48 Informal votes 1,327 4.22 +0.48 Turnout 31,459 87.34 +1.60 Two-party-preferred result Liberal National Fiona Simpson 17,814 59.12 +0.60 Labor Alison Smith 12,318 40.88 −0.60 Liberal National hold Swing +0.60 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Primary vote results in Maroochydore (Parties that have never gotten 5% of the vote are omitted)   National/Liberal National   Liberal   Labor   One Nation   Greens   Palmer United/United Australia Party   Katter's Australian   Independent Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Two-candidate-preferred vote results in Maroochydore References ^ "Representatives of Queensland State Electorates 1860-2017" (PDF). Queensland Parliamentary Record 2012-2017: The 55th Parliament. Queensland Parliament. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2020. ^ 2020 State General Election – Maroochydore – District Summary, ECQ. External links Green, Antony (9 June 2023). "Electorate Profile". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. vteElectoral districts of the Queensland Legislative AssemblyLabor (51) Algester Aspley Bancroft Barron River Bulimba Bundaberg Bundamba Cairns Caloundra Capalaba Cook Cooper Ferny Grove Gaven Gladstone Greenslopes Hervey Bay Inala Ipswich Jordan Keppel Kurwongbah Logan Lytton Macalister Mackay Mansfield Maryborough McConnel Miller Morayfield Mount Ommaney Mulgrave Mundingburra Murrumba Nicklin Nudgee Pine Rivers Pumicestone Redcliffe Redlands Rockhampton Sandgate Springwood Stafford Stretton Thuringowa Toohey Townsville Waterford Woodridge Liberal National (35) Bonney Broadwater Buderim Burdekin Burleigh Burnett Callide Chatsworth Clayfield Condamine Coomera Currumbin Everton Glass House Gregory Gympie Ipswich West Kawana Lockyer Maroochydore Mermaid Beach Moggill Mudgeeraba Nanango Ninderry Oodgeroo Scenic Rim Southern Downs Southport Surfers Paradise Theodore Toowoomba North Toowoomba South Warrego Whitsunday Katter's Australian (3) Hill Hinchinbrook Traeger Greens (2) Maiwar South Brisbane One Nation (1) Mirani Independent (1) Noosa
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QLD_-_Maroochydore_2008.png"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Assembly_electoral_districts"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpe-1"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Coolum Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolum_Beach,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Mooloolaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooloolaba,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Maroochydore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroochydore"},{"link_name":"Fiona Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Liberal National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"1992 state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Queensland_state_election"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia_%E2%80%93_Queensland"}],"text":"State electoral district of Queensland, AustraliaAustralian electorateElectoral map of Maroochydore 2008Maroochydore is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.[1]It covers parts of the Sunshine Coast and takes in coastal areas between Coolum Beach and Mooloolaba, including Maroochydore.The seat is currently held by Fiona Simpson of the Liberal National Party, who has held it since its creation ahead of the 1992 state election. Simpson was the Deputy Leader of the National Party from 2006 to 2008.","title":"Electoral district of Maroochydore"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members for Maroochydore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Results of the 2020 Queensland state election § Maroochydore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Queensland_state_election#Maroochydore"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_2020_Queensland_state_election&action=edit"},{"link_name":"2020 Queensland state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Queensland_state_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liberal National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Fiona Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Greens"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"John Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connolly_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"One Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation"},{"link_name":"Animal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"United Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"Two-party-preferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote"},{"link_name":"Liberal National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Fiona Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Liberal National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(Australian_politics)"},{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Two-candidate-preferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2020 Queensland state election § Maroochydore.[edit]\n\n2020 Queensland state election: Maroochydore[2]\n\n\nParty\n\nCandidate\n\nVotes\n\n%\n\n±%\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiberal National\n\nFiona Simpson\n\n14,426\n\n47.88\n\n+3.21\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nAlison Smith\n\n7,737\n\n25.68\n\n+0.43\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGreens\n\nGabrielle Unverzagt\n\n3,336\n\n11.07\n\n−2.81\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndependent\n\nJohn Connolly\n\n1,916\n\n6.36\n\n+6.36\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOne Nation\n\nRod McCormack\n\n1,247\n\n4.14\n\n−12.06\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnimal Justice\n\nTash Poole\n\n926\n\n3.07\n\n+3.07\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnited Australia\n\nGreg Searle\n\n248\n\n0.82\n\n+0.82\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndependent\n\nJanet Creevey\n\n149\n\n0.49\n\n+0.49\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndependent\n\nMark Wadeson\n\n147\n\n0.49\n\n+0.49\n\n\n\n\nTotal formal votes\n\n30,132\n\n95.78\n\n−0.48\n\n\n\n\nInformal votes\n\n1,327\n\n4.22\n\n+0.48\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTurnout\n\n31,459\n\n87.34\n\n+1.60\n\n\n\nTwo-party-preferred result\n\n\n\n\nLiberal National\n\nFiona Simpson\n\n17,814\n\n59.12\n\n+0.60\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nAlison Smith\n\n12,318\n\n40.88\n\n−0.60\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiberal National hold\n\nSwing\n+0.60Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Primary vote results in Maroochydore (Parties that have never gotten 5% of the vote are omitted)National/Liberal NationalLiberalLaborOne NationGreensPalmer United/United Australia PartyKatter's AustralianIndependentGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Two-candidate-preferred vote results in Maroochydore","title":"Election results"}]
[{"image_text":"Electoral map of Maroochydore 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/QLD_-_Maroochydore_2008.png/220px-QLD_-_Maroochydore_2008.png"}]
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